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Open Access Article
1 - Idris Bitlisi, clerkly writing History and Islamic paradigm in the Ottoman historiography
Mohammad Hossein SadeghiDue to the presence of Iranian scholars and scientists and the support of the sultans and princes, the Persian language and literature and, accordingly, Persian historiography have enjoyed a special place in the Ottoman Empire. So, under the patronage of the Ottoman cou MoreDue to the presence of Iranian scholars and scientists and the support of the sultans and princes, the Persian language and literature and, accordingly, Persian historiography have enjoyed a special place in the Ottoman Empire. So, under the patronage of the Ottoman court, several historical works were written. Idris Bitlisi has a special place among the Persian historians of the Ottoman court. So he can be considered the most prominent representative of Persian writing and Iranian historiography in the Ottoman court. After presenting a description of the life of Idris Bitlisi, focusing on the text of Hasht Bihisht and Salim Shahnameh as his two historiographical works, the present study aims to identify the main components of his history writing and historiography and explain these components in the final step. The findings of the current research show that the detailed report of events, using artificial and literary prose, the mixing of text with poems, verses, and hadiths, the lack of sufficient references to the sources of the narrations, and the Regular division of contents are the most important features of his history writing and the Presenting an imperial image of the Ottoman Empire, the effort in In order to legitimize the “Al-i Osman”, using the historical narrative to serve the political purposes of the Ottoman state, placing the court in the center of the narrative, not being limited to quoting political history, paying attention to governmental, scientific and social institutions, influential men and scholars, and Attention to the conditions of neighboring Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Statistics of the Victims of the Bani Qurayzah Ghazwah: A Study Based on the Method of Document-Text Analysis
Mahdi Malek Mohamadi Mohammad Kazem Rahman SetayeshIslamic narrative sources provided different statistics on the number of Jews killed in the Bani Qurayzah battle, mostly between 400 and 900. Except for a few, the other narrations are “mursal” and not musnad. Some historians and scholars have looked at the MoreIslamic narrative sources provided different statistics on the number of Jews killed in the Bani Qurayzah battle, mostly between 400 and 900. Except for a few, the other narrations are “mursal” and not musnad. Some historians and scholars have looked at the statistics with confirmation, some have denied them, and some have remained silent about them. In this article, we intend to date the mentioned statements as much as possible based on the method of document-text analysis, and determine the period and context of their emergence. In the next step, using some other narrations related to that battle and related historical information such as the number of tribes, we will analyze and evaluate the statistics. From all the studies, we can conclude that the relevant narrations, at least after the killing of Bani Qurayzah was accepted among Muslims, spread to various Islamic regions such as Mecca, Medina, and Kufa in the first half of the second century, and a little later. It has spread to cities like Baghdad and Basra. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - History of the Development of Jurisprudence in Second Caliph Era from the Perspective of Legal Anthropology: Legitimacy of Hajj al-Tamattu’
Hamidreza Azarinia Ihsan BahramlouAlthough the beginning of the formation of jurisprudence schools in the early second century is officially reported in the history of Islam, but the development of different jurisprudential tendencies is rooted in the diverse religious life of the Companions and tabi&rs MoreAlthough the beginning of the formation of jurisprudence schools in the early second century is officially reported in the history of Islam, but the development of different jurisprudential tendencies is rooted in the diverse religious life of the Companions and tabi’in in the first century. Islamic jurisprudence and law in the first century had a cultural nature and was woven into everyday life. Also, the development of Islamic law was accompanied by tension and social conflict within the Muslim society. Finally, these tensions formed a range of jurisprudence schools with different logics and legal structures. Therefore, the anthropological-cognitive analysis of the bio-jurisprudence of the Companions and followers to understand the differences between the jurisprudence schools of the second century is the problem of this study. The achievement of this article is the differentiation of jurisprudential-legal agencies of early Islam. In this article, by separating the network of legal activists, two legal agencies with different ideals and worldviews and distinct values were identified. The primitive jurisprudential system represented the ruling culture of the peninsula and was built by combining Islamic values for the benefit of the ruling values of the society. The prophetic system was also derived from holy revelation and prophetic sanctity. With the approach of legal anthropology in the era of the second caliph, the authors have examined the issue of Mut’ah-Hajj from the perspective of the aforementioned two agencies and have shown the fundamental difference between the sources and their jurisprudential-leg l logic. Both prophetic and primitive agency continued to exist in the first century and at the beginning of the second century they had a direct effect on the formation of the five schools of jurisprudence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - The Misogynous Statements in Nahj ul-Balāgha: A Non-Confessional Analysis
negar Zeilabi Marziye MohasesThe misogynous narratives that were reflected in Nahj ul-Balāgha, are typically understood as such by decontextualizing the statements and embedding them in the modern framework. Given the incongruity between the traditional statement and the feminist viewpoints of the MoreThe misogynous narratives that were reflected in Nahj ul-Balāgha, are typically understood as such by decontextualizing the statements and embedding them in the modern framework. Given the incongruity between the traditional statement and the feminist viewpoints of the modern era, the statements- as part of Islamic and especially, Shiite tradition- are inconsonantly compared with the modern outlooks. The present paper shows that many of those statements regarding women in Nahj ul-Balāgha are not buttressed by any reliable evidence as well as the content of those statements could be traced in the bulk of similar statements in the literary works written after the fourth century A.H. Moreover, given the cultural circumstances of the time that Nahj ul-Balāgha was embedded in, those attitudes towards women are intelligible and also they were accepted and considered to be consonant with the popular mentalities wrought into the historical and literary works contemporary with compiling Nahj ul-Balāgha and those composed in the subsequent centuries. To expound this hypothesis, attempts are made to analyze the evidence, context as well as cultural mentalities about women in Nahj ul-Balāgha, and its exegeses and sundry literary and historical texts produced up to the 6th/12th century in order to compare those texts with the former. The approach is non-confessional Manuscript profile -
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5 - Nature, Function, and Effects of the Greatest Divine Name: A Rehearsal of its Reading and Typology
RamazanAli Mardani Hamed Khani (Farhnag Mehrvash) Mahdi Afchangi MohammadAli MirIt is a widespread belief among Muslims that God has got a name which is unknown to almost everybody, hence only a very few and limited number of people might be aware of it. It is such that one who remembers God or calls on him through pronouncing His rarely known but MoreIt is a widespread belief among Muslims that God has got a name which is unknown to almost everybody, hence only a very few and limited number of people might be aware of it. It is such that one who remembers God or calls on him through pronouncing His rarely known but miraculous name will soon find his desire fulfilled, hence miraculous jobs may be accomplished in the world of creation only through pronouncing it. Muslims have since called it the Greatest Divine Name (ism-e A`zam) and have written a lot on how to obtain it, and its various functions, coupled with many related anecdotes. The present work surveys an overview and presents a classification of such conjectures, with an outlook unto its nature, hence an attempt to take an initial step to formulate a conception of the Greatest Divine Name in Islamic culture and teachings. Without overlooking its nature or historical process of identification, the present work attempts to piece together Muslims' attention to it, all drawing upon reliable anecdotes, exegetical comments, moral hints, and theological and philosophical views as scattered here and there in various works. It will then make a ground for reviewing various views of the phenomenon of the Greatest Divine Name, with the historical trends that fostered ahead any of them, together with their socio-cutural background Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Reflection of Cohens Narrations on The Prophet Sȋrah: An Analysis of Pre-Prophetic Mission Narrations
Naser Abedi Abedi Gholam Hosein Zargarinejad Sina Forouzesh Osman YousefiThe compilation of the Prophet’s sȋrah was begun many years after his and companion death in the Umayyad period and evolved in the Abbasid period. The next look, along with the foresight and the historical distance between the events and the writing and by being a MoreThe compilation of the Prophet’s sȋrah was begun many years after his and companion death in the Umayyad period and evolved in the Abbasid period. The next look, along with the foresight and the historical distance between the events and the writing and by being aware of the situation of their time, and the past news, caused the narrators to find a suitable opportunity for storytelling. One of the methods used by the narrators is to include the news of the Cohens in sȋrah .This article seeks to answer this question: What are the purposes of biographers who put the news of Cohens in the center of sȋrah and how have dealt with them? A study on the main sources shows that the inclusion of the Cohens reports in the stories was a kind of making authenticity for those stories. This means that a forged story with supernatural forces was represented genuine. This is something that was easily accepted in a society that was far from rationality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Districts and Strongholds of Jews in Hidjāz
فاطمه احمدوندJews as a migratory nation after many years of exile settled in Hedjāzfinally. Living in this region for several centuries, they producednoticeable political, economical, social and cultural effects. Thereforetheir settlement is very important in order to explain anothe MoreJews as a migratory nation after many years of exile settled in Hedjāzfinally. Living in this region for several centuries, they producednoticeable political, economical, social and cultural effects. Thereforetheir settlement is very important in order to explain another aspect oftheir social life and living condition in Hedjāz. In addition to theireconomic foresight and cleverness in political affairs, havingfundamental strongholds and living in fortified castles was animportant key in strengthening of Jews’ deploying positions and socialsituation in Hedjāz. Comparing Jews and Arabs settlements in Hedjāz,this article describes the structure and political-social applications ofJews’ districts in Hedjāz according to historical sources Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Fields of growing of philosophy and theology in Samanids Era
محبوب مهدویانSamanid state (261-389 A.H.) had an important and persistent role in growing and flourishing of Indian-Islamic culture and civilization. One of the most flourishing times of Islamic theology and philosophy occurred in Samanid era, so this paper is to examine the Samanid MoreSamanid state (261-389 A.H.) had an important and persistent role in growing and flourishing of Indian-Islamic culture and civilization. One of the most flourishing times of Islamic theology and philosophy occurred in Samanid era, so this paper is to examine the Samanid rulers’ educational, intellectual and cultural bases and also Samanid political, social, economical and administrative structure in order to recognize accordingly Samanids’ role in creating essential field for growing philosophy and theology in this era of the history of Khurasan and Transoxania. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Dihghāns and Islamic Conquests
شهرام امیریAs the representatives of the social middle class in Iran before Islam,Dihghāns had an active role in the inner changes of the society;particularly in Sassanid era that they were a joining link betweencentral government, Arian aristocrats, Zoroastrian priests, and peopl MoreAs the representatives of the social middle class in Iran before Islam,Dihghāns had an active role in the inner changes of the society;particularly in Sassanid era that they were a joining link betweencentral government, Arian aristocrats, Zoroastrian priests, and people.From the beginning of Islamic conquests and then during the first andsecond centuries after Hijra, their role became more prominent as theyconducted most of the economical and social changes in Islamic Iran,and protected the old Iranian culture and transmitted it to nextgenerations. This role is investigated in this article. Manuscript profile -
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10 - Bound woman Role in the Middle ages on the basis of its name
فریبا کاظم نیاIn this study is investigated the “bound woman role” or the behavioralnorms from them in the middle ages the hypothesis is that nominatingis the first protruding of “bound woman role”, and there muse be aetiological relation between the “bo MoreIn this study is investigated the “bound woman role” or the behavioralnorms from them in the middle ages the hypothesis is that nominatingis the first protruding of “bound woman role”, and there muse be aetiological relation between the “bound woman role” and hencenominating. On this basis, at first are surveyed the bound womannames as the title denoting feminine beauty and lookingcharacteristics, kindly names, humiliating names, work derivativenames, behavioral worth names, blessing names and the names takenfrom the locations in order to acquiring the nomination patterns. Then,these patterns are compared with the social roles obtained from thehistorical facts in order to answer the question that what kind ofrelation was between the “bound woman role” and its slavery andgender in the middle ages? Manuscript profile -
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11 - The Purpose of Ibn Farīghūn for Jawāmeʿ al-ʿulūm's writing: Viewpoints Review
Taher Babaei Ahmad Badkubeh HazavehJawāmeal-ʿulūm,a work from fourth-century AH in Transoxiana, consists of valuable information about administration and various kinds of science. There are many studies on the book that depicted distinctive contemplations on the subject of book and its author purpose. Th MoreJawāmeal-ʿulūm,a work from fourth-century AH in Transoxiana, consists of valuable information about administration and various kinds of science. There are many studies on the book that depicted distinctive contemplations on the subject of book and its author purpose. This article is expressing, comparing and finally criticizing the different points of view with contents of Jawāmeal-ʿulūm. It is concluded that the book is a collection of ethical information and also the knowledge of government structure, which has been written for high-ranking officials. References Abu Yaʿlā, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusayn al-Farrā, al-aḥkām al-sulṭāniyya, Revised by Muḥammad ḥāmid al-Fiḳī, Beirut, Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah, 2000 AD/1421 AH. Alam, Hooshang, “Jawāmiʿ al-ʿulūm athar-i Ibn Farighūn”, Negar Naderi(trans.), History of Science (journal-JIHS), No.8, 1388/ 2009. Al-Davoud, Seyyed Ali, “Āl-i Farīghūn”, The Great Islamic Encyclopaedia, Kazem Mousavi Bojnourdi (as supervisor), The Centre For The Great Islamic Encyclopaedia, 1368/1989. Al- Fārābī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad, Iḥṣā al-ulūm, Revised by Alī Bū-Mulḥim, Beirut, Dar wa Maktaba al-Hilāl, 1996 AD/ 1416 AH. Ibn Abī al-Rabīʿ, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad, Sulūk al-mālik fī tadbīr al-Mamālik, Revised by ʿArif Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Ghanī, Damascus, Dar Kanān, 1996 AD/1435 AH. Ibn Farighūn, Mūttaghbī, Jawāmi al-ulūm, Revised by Ḳays Kāẓim Djannābī, Cairo, Maktaba al-Thiḳāfa al-Dīnīya, 2006 AD/1426 AH. Ibid,Jawāmi al-ulūm,Fuad Sezgin (photo ed.), Frankfurt, manshūrāt maʿhad taʾrikh al-ʿulūm al-ʿarabīya wa al-islāmīya (Institut für Geschichte der ArabischIslamischen Wissenschaften), 1985 AD/1405 AH. Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ, Rasāil ikhwān al-ṣafā wa-khullān al-wafā Revised by ʿArif Tāmir, Beirut, Manshūrāt-i ʿUwayyadāt, (un d.). Ibn al-Nadīm, Abu ʾl-Faradj Muḥammad b. Abī Yaʿḳūb Isḥāḳ, Kitāb al- fihrist, Revised by Reza Tajadod, Tehran, Intisharāt-i Asadī, 1350/1971. Kallek, Cengiz, s.v.“Cevamiu l-ulum”, in DİA, Vol.7, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları İşletmesi, İstanbul, 1993 AD/1413 AH. Khadiv Jam, Hossein, Darāsāt ḥawl kitāb-i jawāmi al-ulūm, Shaʾyā b. Farighūn( Ballad), Tehran,(Un d.). 1350/1971. Ibid,“kitāb-i jawāmiʿ al-ʿulūm”,nāma-Mīnuwī. Habib Yaghmaei (as supervisor), Iraj Afshar, with cooperation of Muhammad Roshan, Tehran, Nashr-i Sanāʾī, 1350/1971. Al-Khwārazmī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Yūsuf, Mafātīḥ al-ulūm, Revised by Ibrāhīm al-Ābyārī, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub Arabī, 1989 AD/1409 AH. Mirjafari, Hossein, Asghar Montazer al-Ghaem, Muhammad Bagher Khazaeli, “Kitāb Jawāmiʿ al-ʿulūm wa ṭabaḳa bandī-i ʿilm”,Pazhūhish-nāma Tarikh, Islamic Azad University of Bojnourd, No.22, 1390/ 2011(Spring). Minorsky, Vladimir, Hawāshī wa talīḳāt bar ḥudūd al-ulam min al-mashriḳ ilā al-maghrib (translated and explained by V. Minorsky; with the preface by V. V. Barthold), Mir Hossein Shah(trans.), Kabul, Intishārāt-i Danishkadih Adabīyat Danishgah Kābul, 1342/1963. Mohaghegh, Mehdi, “Taḳsīm Bandī-i ʿulūm az Naẓar-i Dānishmandān-i Islāmī”, Politic Quarterly, No.1, 1370/1991. Roodgar, Ghanbar-Ali, “Dānishnāma Nigārī”, Dānishnāma Djahān-i Islām (The Encyclopedia of the Islamic World), Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel (as supervisor), Vol.17, Tehran, The Center For The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1392/2013. Al-Ṣūlī, Abū bakr Muḥammad b. Yaḥyā, Adab al-Kitāb, Revised by Muḥammad Bahdjat al-Atharī, Cairo, Maṭbaʿa al-Salafyya, 1922 AD/1341 AH. Vesel, Živa, Les Encyclopédies Persanes: Essai de Typologie et de Classification des Sciences, Institut francais de recherché en Iran, Bibliothèque iranienne no.31, Paris, Editions Recherche sur les civilizations, 1986 AD/1406 AH. Yāḳūt Ḥamawī, Shihāb al-Dīn, Mudjam al-Udabā (irshād al- arīb ilā marifat al-adīb), Beirut, Dar al-Gharb Islāmī, 1993 AD /1414 AH. Manuscript profile -
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12 - The Image of Khadīdjah in Early Sunni Historiography: A Study on the Narrations of Ibn Saʿd
Mojtaba Soltani Ahmadi Sarah Khatami Mostafa Gohari FakhrabadThe life of Hazrat Khadijeh in early sources that have been reported with historical differences has led to the formation of false claims about her. One of the sources that contains a detailed biography of Khadīdjah is Al-Ṭabaḳāt al-Kubrā by Muḥammad b. Saʿd Baṣrī (d.23 MoreThe life of Hazrat Khadijeh in early sources that have been reported with historical differences has led to the formation of false claims about her. One of the sources that contains a detailed biography of Khadīdjah is Al-Ṭabaḳāt al-Kubrā by Muḥammad b. Saʿd Baṣrī (d.230AH). The present study, by examining the case of Khadijeh's life in this book, explains the differences between the reports of earlier historians and compare with Ibn Sa'd's points of view. The findings of this study indicate that Ibn Saʿd's report on some issues such as Khadīdjah's age and how she got married with The Prophet seems to be correct. In contrary, his narrations about the Prophet's skepticism at the time of the first revelation and the importance of marrying ʿĀyisha are distorted. It seems that Ibn Saʿd tries to ignore some of Khadīdjah's virtues to pave the way for placing ʿĀyisha at the head of the wives of the Holy Prophet Manuscript profile -
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13 - Narration (day) of the Assassination of the Second Caliph in Shīīte Sources: Documentary and Textual Evaluation of the 9th Rabī'ul Awwal Narration
Alireza Fallahi Ghohrudi Sayyed Mohammadali Ayazi Mahdi Mehrizi Kazem GhazizadehIn some Shīīte sources, a narration with differences in the final chain and names of the narrators has been depicted that the 9th of Rabī’ul awwal was the day of the assassination of the second caliph and the biggest feast and celebration and all sins are fo MoreIn some Shīīte sources, a narration with differences in the final chain and names of the narrators has been depicted that the 9th of Rabī’ul awwal was the day of the assassination of the second caliph and the biggest feast and celebration and all sins are forgiven in this day. In this article, this narration has been evaluated and criticized from the aspect of sources, documents and text. According to the findings, the sources and narrators of the documents of this narration are unknown, and in some of the sources of the document, there are differences in the names of the narrators and long interruptions, so the narration documents are weak and unreliable. The text of the narration also lacks eloquence and harmony and is contrary to Qur'an, Sunnah, historical facts, rationality, and consensus. Also, the attribution of that to God, the Prophet (PBUH) and the Ahl’ul Bayt (PBUH) is rejected. This is while the original sources by Shia and Sunni basically agree on the date of the 26th of Dh’ul hajjah for the assassination of the second Caliph. Manuscript profile -
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14 - First Abbasid Caliphs, Philosophy and Theology
محبوب مهدویانThe advent of Abbasids resulted in fundamental changes ingovernment. The development of knowledge and thought acceleratedin a new background which was formed by Abbasids, and itsmanifestation was “translation movement”. Therefore, philosophy andtheology as t MoreThe advent of Abbasids resulted in fundamental changes ingovernment. The development of knowledge and thought acceleratedin a new background which was formed by Abbasids, and itsmanifestation was “translation movement”. Therefore, philosophy andtheology as the important indicators of thought experienced importantchanges due to the new situation.In this article, the attitude of first Abbasid Caliphs to philosophy andtheology; their motivations in challenging with them; their influenceon the development of these knowledges; the interaction oftheological sects and theologian with caliphate; and the process ofthese interactions in the development of philosophy and theology, areconsidered Manuscript profile -
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15 - The Functions of Genealogy in the Studies of Islamic History
mehdi Bigdeli Seyed Abolfazl razavi Reza ShabaniDue to political, social, and cultural causes, consideration of lineage was important among many nations. The Arab need for recognition of its descendants and the intellectual and cultural foundations of the common traditions in Islamic lands provided the prosperity of MoreDue to political, social, and cultural causes, consideration of lineage was important among many nations. The Arab need for recognition of its descendants and the intellectual and cultural foundations of the common traditions in Islamic lands provided the prosperity of writing the lineage, especially from the 3rd century AH, among Muslims, and created the independent knowledge known as ’ilm al-Ansab (genealogy) that held its specific status and function in Islamic civilization. Genealogy and its relationship with history can be a useful research in the field of interdisciplinary studies. The present paper, with a descriptive-analytic approach, addresses this fundamental question about the place and function of genealogy in historical studies. Accordingly, by explaining the historical place of genealogy, the functions of this knowledge in Islamic history will be analyzed Manuscript profile -
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16 - Abul Faraj Isfahānī's Historiography in Maqātil al-Tālibīyyīn: The Written Maqātil of Ahl al-Bayt (Peace be Upon Him)
Azar Anjomshoaa Mohammad Reza Hedayat Panah Mohammad Hasan MasoumiMaqātil al-Tālibīyyīn by Abul Faraj Isfahānī (356 AH), is one of the oldest and most prominent books of Maqātil. This article examines the historiography of Abul Faraj Isfahānī, especially where he dealt with Ahl al-Bayt (PBUH), tries to clarify some aspects of his hist MoreMaqātil al-Tālibīyyīn by Abul Faraj Isfahānī (356 AH), is one of the oldest and most prominent books of Maqātil. This article examines the historiography of Abul Faraj Isfahānī, especially where he dealt with Ahl al-Bayt (PBUH), tries to clarify some aspects of his historiography by evaluating and criticizing Abul Faraj's reports. Maqātil al-Tālibīyyīn is a source mostly relied on written sources and sometimes using oral sources. Abul Faraj compares and evaluates the narrations in order to measure their accuracy/inaccuracy and sometimes expresses her opinion, therefore, streaks of compound and analytical historiography can be seen in his work. Abul Faraj's tendency towards a group of Talibites has given a biased color to his historiography and has had an effect on the writing of the Maqātils. Despite this, his narrations were admired by the later scholars, especially the Imami Shia historians, and they found great value and credibility in the historiography of Ahl al-Bayt. Manuscript profile -
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17 - Risala fi [Tawziḥ Ashkal] al-Usṭurlab al-Kuriy: A Survey of an Anonymous Treatise on Spherical Astrolabe
سید جمال Mousavi سید محمّد MouzafariThis article is to survey an anonymous treatise entitled fi [TawziḥAshkal] al-Usṭurlab al-Kuriy. The author, according to himself, wasan astrolabe maker; therefore, his description of the spherical astrolabeis probably based on a sample made by him. On the basis of thec MoreThis article is to survey an anonymous treatise entitled fi [TawziḥAshkal] al-Usṭurlab al-Kuriy. The author, according to himself, wasan astrolabe maker; therefore, his description of the spherical astrolabeis probably based on a sample made by him. On the basis of thecomparison of this astrolabe with two other extant sphericalastrolabes, and according to some evidences, authors of this articleconcluded that this treatise is written in late sixth and early seventhcentury. There are at least three reasons for this claim. Furthermore,this article examines some interesting points about the etymology ofastrolabe, its usage, etc. Manuscript profile -
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18 - Jews in Kashan: A Survey on two Assumptions about Their Background and History
حسین حیدری علی فلاحیان وادقانیThe history of Jewish in Iran goes back to the ancient Babylonian captivity, Medes and Achaemenids. Despite their small numbers, they have been effective in Iran’s political, religious, scientific and economic life. Comparing to other places in Iran and othe MoreThe history of Jewish in Iran goes back to the ancient Babylonian captivity, Medes and Achaemenids. Despite their small numbers, they have been effective in Iran’s political, religious, scientific and economic life. Comparing to other places in Iran and other regions of the world, Kashan has provided a more favourable place for Jews to live and flourish for some centuries in a way that some Jews have called Kashan a Little Jerusalem or the galaxy of Jewish scholars and writers. This paper examines two assumptions about Jewish history in Kashan: the first notion talks about the Jewish presence in Kashan after the Babylonian captivity while the second one considers their migration from Spain and other European cities, especially after the Inquisition. The most important evidence for the first theory is kashan archaeological heritage, the oldness of Jewish community and their cemetery, Judeo-Kashani dialect (including Raji and Luftaii) and their oral tradition that contains ancient terms and language, including Medians. The evidence for the second assumption is the stories of Jewish and Christian travellers and Muslim historians. Manuscript profile -
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19 - Local Historiography in Syria: Tārīkh-i Dimashq (History of Damascus) by Ibn Qalānisī
Ameneh Baqeri Masoumali PanjehWriting and accomplishing Local histories in Syria, that was commenced since the third century AH, reached to a peak under the local states and so a number of local histories were provided particularly about two grand cities, Damascus and Aleppo. Tārīkh-i Dimashq(Histor MoreWriting and accomplishing Local histories in Syria, that was commenced since the third century AH, reached to a peak under the local states and so a number of local histories were provided particularly about two grand cities, Damascus and Aleppo. Tārīkh-i Dimashq(History of Damascus)by Ibn Qalānisī (d. 555 AH) is one of the prominent local history about Damascus which includes the events between 363 and 555 AH and focused primarily on Damascus and then Syria. Ibn Qalanisi described the developments inside and around Damascus as well as the relationships and conflicts of Muslim states such as Hamdanids, Fatimids and Seljuks together and also with Byzantium and the Crusaders.This book is one of the few sources about Damascus in the Fatimid, the Seljuks and the Crusaders era, and so significant for the study of Damascus and Syria in the fifth and sixth centuries AH. Ibn Qalānisī method in historiography is traditional and official, based on a fatalistic attitude and elitist insight without any kind of critical approach. References Abu Shama, Kitab al-Rawdatayn fiAkhbdr al-Dawlatayn, ed. Ibrahim Shamsuddin, Beirut, dar al kutub al ilmiyah, 1422 AD. Bahramian, Ali, “Ibn Qalānisī”, Great Islamic Encyclopedia, v.4, Tehran, Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1370 sh. Christie, Niall, “Ibn al-Qalānisī”, Medieval Muslim Historians and the Franks in the Levant, Edited by Alex Mallett, Leiden and Boston, Brill, 2014. al-Dahhān, Sāmī,“Origin and Development of the Local Histories of Syria”, Historians of the Middle East, ed. by Bernard Lewis and P. M. Holt, Oxford University Press, 1962. al-Dhahabi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad Shams ad-Din, Tarikh al-Islam, Beirut. Ibid, Siyara`lam al-nubala',Beirut, Mu'assasat al-Risalah, 1414 AH. Hasan Ibrahim Hasan, Ta'rikh al-dawla al-Fatimiyya, Cairo, 1964. Ibn al-Athir, Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Muhammad, Al-Kāmilfī al-tārīkh, Beirut, Dar sader, 1965. Ibn ʿAsākir, Alī ibn al-Ḥasan, TarīkhmadīnatDimashq, ed. ʿU.Gh. al-ʿAmrawī, 80 vols (Beirut,1995–2000), vol.XV, p.191 (no. 1749). Ibn al-Dawadarī, Die Chronik des Ibn ad-Dawdddri, AchterTeil, Der Berichtiiber die fruhenMamluken, ed. Ulrich Haarmann, Deutsches Archaologisches Institut Kairo Quellenzur Geschichte des islamischenAgyptensih (Freiburg, 1971). Ibn al-Fuwati, Madjma' al-adab fi mu'djam al-alqab, Edited by Muhammad Kazim, Tehran. Ibn ImadHanbali, Shadharat al-Dhahab fi Akhbar min Dhahab, Beirut, Dar al-Kitab al-'Ilmiya, 1998. Ibn Rajab, Abu al-Faraj 'Abdar-Rahman ibn Ahmad, Dhayl ‘aláṬabaqāt al-Ḥanābilah, Beirut, Dar Al Maarifah. Ibn Taghrībirdī, Jamal al-Din Yusuf, Al-Nujum al-Zāhira fi MulukMisrwa’l-Qahira. Edited by Mu˙ammadOusayn Shams al-Din. Vols. 1–16. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1992. Ibn Kathir, Ismail ibn Umar, Al-Bidāya wa al- Nihāya, Beirut, Maktabah Al- Maaref, 1990. Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-RaḥmānMuḥammad, al-Ibarwa al-dīwan al-mubtadiwa al-Khabarfītarikh al-Arabwa al-Adjamwa al-Barbarwa-min āṣarāhum min dhawī al-sulṭān al-akbar, Revised by KhalīlShiḥāda, Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 1988 AD/1408 AH. Ibn Khallikān, Shams al-DīnAbū Al-ʿAbbāsAḥmad Ibn Muḥammad, Wafayāt al-ayānwa-anbāabnā al-zamān, ed. Ihsan Abbas, 8 vols. (Beirut, 1972). Ibn al-Qalānisī,TarīkhDimashq: 360–555, ed. S. Zakkār (Damascus, 1983). Ibn QadiShuhba,al-Kawakib al-durriyya fi al-siraal-nūriyya, Beirut, 2014. Ibn ShakirKutbi, Uyūn al-tawārīkh, Edited by Ihsan 'Abbas, Beirut, Ibn Shahna, Abi al-Fadl Muhammad, al-Dur al-Muntakkhab fi Tarikh mamlaka Halab, ed. A. M. Darwish, Damascus, Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, 1984. Gibb,H.A.R. The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades, Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn al-Qalanisi, 1932 (reprint, Dover Publications, 2002). al-Jīlāwī, N.R.M., Ibn al-Qalānisī: Sīratuhuwa-manhajuhufīkitābihi (DhayltarīkhDimashq)(Baghdad, 2008). Haji Khalifa, Kashf al-ẓunūn ‘an asāmī al-kutubwa-al-funūn, Beirut, Dar al-Ihya al – Turath al-Arabi, Al-Qifti, Ta'rikh al-hukama,ed.Julius Lippert,Leipzig, 1903. Al-Qirmani, Ahmad Ibn Yusuf. Akhbar al-Duwalwa-Athar al-awal fi al-Tarikh. Edited by Ahmad Ou†ay† and FahmiSa'd. Beirut: 'Alam al-Kutub, 1992. al-Ṣafadī, Khalīl Ibn Aybak, al-wafi bi al-wafayat, 30 vols., eds. Hellmut Ritter, et al., Wiesbaden, Beirut 1962 – 2010. Al Samir, Faisal, Al-Dawla al Hamdaniya fi Mosul waHalab, Baghdad, 1970. Sibt ibn al-Jawzi, Yusuf ibn Abdullah, Mir’at al-zaman, Hyderabad, 1951. Stanford, Michael, A Companion to the Study of History, Blackwell, 1994. Al-Maqrizi, Taqi al-Din Ahmad, Al-Mawāiẓwa al-itibārfī dhikr al-khiṭaṭwa’l-āthār, ed. A.F. Sayyid, 5 vols, London, 2002–2004. Al-Munajjed, Salahuddin, Mu'jam al-Muwarrikhin al Dimashqiyin, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Jadida, 1978. Mustafa, Shakir, Tarikhal Arabi WalMuwarrikhun, Beirut, Dar El-IlmLilmalayin, 1978. Yāqūt al-Hamawī, ibn-'Abdullah al-Rūmī, Mu'jam al-udabā, Tehran, Sorush, 1381sh. Al-Yunini, DhaylMirat al-Zaman fial-Ta'rikh al-A'yan, Hyderabad, 1954-61. Manuscript profile -
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20 - The Concept of Fashion in Iran During the Qajar Second Period and Early Pahlavi Era Based on Memoirs and Daily Reports: A Sociological Study
Seddigheh NayefiNowadays, fashion is a significant cultural concept and one of the most powerful global economic industries. Despite its importance, the extent of related professions and its impact on cultural and economic issues of the modern era, there is no precise research and info MoreNowadays, fashion is a significant cultural concept and one of the most powerful global economic industries. Despite its importance, the extent of related professions and its impact on cultural and economic issues of the modern era, there is no precise research and information on how Iranians deal with this phenomenon. Iran's relationship with the West and its confrontation with concepts such as Western culture and modernity dated back to years before the Qajar period, but relevant documents and research indicate a lack of interest and serious influence of Iranians in the phenomenon of fashion and its manifestations (such as Western clothing style) until before the Qajar second period. Advanced research aims to analyze how Iranians deal with this phenomenon and their attitude towards it in this period by collecting historical data in a documentary approach with a sociological perspective. So, the documents such as reports and daily memoirs, used to compare the views of classical and contemporary sociologists on the concept of fashion. The research findings indicate that the consistency of the examined texts with the views of classical sociologists concepts and theories such as trickle-down theory, class imitation, the efforts to create or eliminate class distinctions, the display of ostentatiousness and leisure time of the affluent class led to the condemnation of fashion, not as the contemporary positive approaches towards fashion Manuscript profile -
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21 - The Fātimīd Period and the History of Islamic Civilization: A Theoretical Study
Zeinab FazliWhat is the position of the Fatimid period (297-567 AH) in the history of Islamic civilization? Although this historical period is considered more or less as an important period in the political and religious history of Islam, but in the studies of Islamic civiliz MoreWhat is the position of the Fatimid period (297-567 AH) in the history of Islamic civilization? Although this historical period is considered more or less as an important period in the political and religious history of Islam, but in the studies of Islamic civilization, it is not given a bright and prominent position to it. In fact, focusing on a specific period and territory in the civilization studies, specifically Iraq in the Abbasid era, has overshadowed the significance of other contemporary centers or important sub-civilizations under Islamic civilization, including the civilization of the Fatimids. Therefore, it is necessary to be re-examined and re-explain the relationship between this period and the history of Islamic civilization. To do that, the method of historical explanation with the theoretical-conceptual approach of the pluralism of the centers of civilizations has been used. Due to the adaptation of the Fatimid era to the most important requirements of a civilizational period, such as the establishment of a powerful government as the administrator and provider of community security, a vast political territory, from the Maghrib to the Shām including Hijāz and Yemen, with the centrality of Egypt as a favorable geographical base, as well as an active and productive human society of material and spiritual wealth, we can talk about a period known as Islamic civilization in the Fatimid period. Also, due to the efforts of the Fatimid rulers in upgrading the position of Egypt in terms of culture and civilization in the Islamic period, we can even mention the Civilization of the Fatimid era or the Civilization of the Fatimids. Manuscript profile -
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22 - 15 unknown schools in Khurasan (4^th Hidjri until 6^th Hidjri century)
قربان علی اسماعیلیLearning of Islam for Iranian proselite Muslims necessitated the genesis of some institution such as: mosque, scribe and religious school. The primary well-known schools which had cultural continuity over 4-6 Hidjri century, come to existence in this cities of Khurasan MoreLearning of Islam for Iranian proselite Muslims necessitated the genesis of some institution such as: mosque, scribe and religious school. The primary well-known schools which had cultural continuity over 4-6 Hidjri century, come to existence in this cities of Khurasan and Mawara' al-Nahr.considering the significance of school as a higher-education center, many inquiries have been done on [and about] it. Although many schools of Khurasan are presented in such inquiries, but a few of them are neglected. In this paper, afterwards , a survey review , based upon some resources, has been done over the name of the well-known schools in cities of Khurasan and Mawara' al-Nahr, then 15 other schools are presented; moreover the number of schools of Khurasan and Mawara' al-Nahr cities is compared by means of the tables and graphs. Manuscript profile -
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23 - Yemen Trade in the Rasulids Era (626-858 A.H.)
Ebrahim Mohammadi Hadi AlemzadehYemen, has continuously been a significant centre for importing and exporting hence its geographical location at the trade crossroads of the East and the West, particularly the bokhur (spice) road. Under Rasulids dominance (626-858A.H.), the commercial relationships bet MoreYemen, has continuously been a significant centre for importing and exporting hence its geographical location at the trade crossroads of the East and the West, particularly the bokhur (spice) road. Under Rasulids dominance (626-858A.H.), the commercial relationships between Yemen and different areas such as India, Egypt and Hijaz was developed and so the merchants carried the goods and products via sea routes from Yemen to Indian and Egyptian ports; and in return, importing different goods to Yemen. In addition, Yemen had also the commercial relationship with internal areas of Arabian Peninsula, especially Hijaz, by land and sea. The present article is an attempt to consider the causes of commercial development of Yemen in the Rasulids era. This study shows that in this period, Yemen was different from its prior time .It was due to the dominance of Mongols over the far East to Baghdad, that makes the commercial roads insecure and so the red sea became an alternative and safe route. It should be noticed that the role of Karemi merchants who had a disposal trade between Mediterranean sea and Indian Ocean coastlines to china via the Red sea was also developed the trade activities in Yemen. References Abū Makhrama, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh Ṭayyib, Tārīkh-i Thaghr Adan wa Tarādjum Ulamā- hā, Revised by Orvar Löfgren, Leiden, 1936/ 1314. Badkoobeh, Ahmad & Tajbakhsh, Ghadariyeh, “Rawābiṭ Bāzargānī-yi Ārāgūn wa Ḳashtāla bā Baybars wa Taḥrīm-i Iḳtiṣādī-yi Miṣr”, Journal of History & Civiliazation of Islamic Nation, No. 10, 1388/ 2009. Bakri, Abdallāh b. ʿAbd al ʿAzīz, al- Masālik wal- mamālik, Revised by Van Leeuwen, Dār al- Maghrib al- Islāmī, Beirut, 1992 AD/ 1412 AH. Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, Silsila- hā-yi Islāmī(The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual),Trans. Fereydoon Badrei, Bāz- Shināsī-yi Tāʾrīkh-i Islām wa Iran, 1371/ 1992. Brūsawī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, Awḍaḥ al- Masālik Alā Marifa al- Buldān, Dār al- Maghrib al- Islāmī, Beirut, 1427 AH/ 2006 AD. Buzurg b. Shahriyār Rāmhurmuzī, Adjāib al- Hind Barrt wa Baḥra, Trans. Muhammad Malek Zadeh, Cultural foundation of Iran, Tehran, 1348/ 1969. al- Fāsī, Taḳī al- Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, al- Iḳd al- Thamīn fī Tārīkh al- Balād al- Amīn, Mawʾasisa al- Risāla, Beirut, 1406 AH/ 1985 AD. al- Fīfī, Muḥammad b. Yaḥyā, al- Duwala al- Rasūliyya fī al- Yaman, Dirāsat fī Awḍāʿ-i- hā al- Siyāsiyya wa al- Ḥaḍāriyya, al- Dār al- ʿArabiyya al- Mawsūʿāt, 2005/ 1383. Hamdānī, Ḥasan b. Aḥmad, Ṣifat Djazīrat al- Arab, Revised by Muḥammad ʿAlī al- Akwaʿ, Maktaba al- Irshād, Sanʿāʾ,1410 AH/ 1989 AD. Ibn ʿAbd al- Madjīd, Tādj al- Dīn ʿAbd al- Bāḳī, Bihdjat al- Zaman fī Tārīkh al- Yaman, Revised by Muḥammad al- Ḥabashī, Dār al- Ḥikmat al- Yamāniyya, Sanʿāʾ, 1408 AH/ 1987 AD. Ibn Athīr, ʿIzz al- Dīn Abū al- Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad, al-Kāmil fī al- tārikh, Beirut, Dār Ṣadir, 1965/1343. Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, Safar-nāma-yi Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, trans. Muhammad Ali Movahed, Tehran, Bungāh-i Tardjuma wa Nashr-i Kitāb, 1980/ 1359. Ibn Daybaʿ, Abd al- Raḥman b. ʿAlī, Ḳurat al- Uyūn bi- Akhbār al- Yaman al- Maymūn, Revised by ʿAlī b. Muḥammad al- Akwaʿ, Matbaʿa al- Salafiyya, Cairo, 1374/ 1995. Ibid, Bughyat al- Mustafīd fī Akhbār Madīnat Zabīd, Revised by ʿAbd Allāh al- Ḥabashī, The Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies and Research, Yemen, 1374/ 1995. Ibn Djubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Safar-nāma-yi Ibn Djubayr, Trans. Parviz Atabak, Astan print, Mashhad, 1991/ 1370. Ibn Duḳmaḳ, Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad, al- Intiṣār li- Wāsiṭat iḳd al- Amṣār, Manshūrāt Dār al- Āfāḳ, Beirut, 1893/ 1271. Ibn Faḳīh, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad, al- Buldān, Revised by Yūsuf Hādī, ʿĀlam al- Kutub, Beirut, 1416 AH/ 1995 AD. Ibn al- Furāt, Naṣir al- Dīn Muḥammad, Tārīkh-i Ibn al- Furāt, Revised by Zurayḳ Ḳusṭanṭīn, Beirut, 1942/ 1320. Ibn Ḥawḳal, Abū ʾl- Ḳāsim, Ṣūrat al- Arḍ, Trans. Jafar Shoar, Bunyād-i Farhang-i Iran, Tehran, 1966/ 1345. Ibn ʾl- ʿIbrī, Gharīghūrīyūs (Gerīghōr) Malaṭī, Mukhtaṣar Tārīkh al- Duwal, Trans. Abdolmuhammad Ayati, ʿIlmī Farhangī, 1377/ 1998. Ibn Khurradādhbih, ʿUbayd Allāh b. Allāh, al- Masālik wa l- Mamālik, Trans. Hossein Gharachanlu, Nashr-i Nū, Tehran, 1991/ 1370. Ibn Mādjid, Shahāb al- Dīn Aḥmad, Kitāb al- Fawāid fī Uṣūl ilm al- Bahr wa l- Ḳawāid, Trans. Ahmad & Omid Eghtedari, Andjuman Āthār wa Mafākhir-i Farhangī. Tehran, 1372/ 1993. Ibn Manẓūr, Djamāl al- Dīn, Muḥammad b. Mukarram, Lisān al- Arab, Nashr-i Adab al- Hawza, Qom, 1363/ 1984. Ibn Mudjāwir, Yūsuf b. Yaʿḳūb, Ṣifat al- Balād al- Yaman wa Makka wa Ba al- Ḥidjāz, Revised by Mamdūḥ Ḥasan Muḥammad, Maktaba al- Thaḳāfat al- dīnīya, Cario, 1996/ 1375. Ibn Rusta, Aḥmad b. ʿUmar, al- Alāḳ al- Nafīsa, Trans. Hossein Gharachanlu, Amīrkabīr, Tehran, 1986/ 1365. Ibn Taghrībirdī, Djamāl al- Dīn Abū ʾl- Maḥāsin b. Yūsuf, al- Nudjūm al- Zāhira fī mulūk miṣr wa l- ḳāhira, Cairo, 1935/ 1313. Ibrāhīm, Muḥammad Karīm, “al- ʿAlāḳāt al- Tidjāriyya Bayn ʿAdan wa al- Hind Khilāl al- Ḳarnayn al- Sādis wa al- Sābiʿ al- hidjriyyan”, Markaz Dirāsāt al- Khalīdj, University of Basrah, 2002/ 1380. Idrīsī, Abī ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad, Nuhzat al- Mushtāḳ fī ikhtirāḳ al- Āfāḳ, Maktaba al- Thaḳāfat al- dīnīya, Egypt, (Und.). Ghassānī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbbās, al- Asdjad al- Masbūk wa al- Djawhar al- Maḥkūk fī Ṭabaḳāt al- Khulafā wa al- Mamlūk, Revised by Shākir Maḥmūd ʿAbd al- Munʿim, Dār al- Turāth al- Islāmiyya, Baghdad, 1395 AH/ 1975 AD. Himyarī, Ibn ʿAbd al- Munʿim, al- Rawḍ al- Miār fī Khabar al- Aḳtār, Revised by Iḥsān ʿAbbās, Syndicate of Publishers Union in Lebanon, Beirut, 1984/ 1363. Hudūd al- Ālam min al- Mashriḳ Alā al- Maghrib, Unknown Author, Revised by Manouchehr Sotodeh, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1340/ 1961. Ḳalḳashandī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbdallāh, Ṣubḥ al- Asha fī Ṣināat al- Inshā, Dārā al- kutub al- ʿIlmiyya, Beirut, 1915/ 1293. Karimi, Alireza & Rezaie, Muhammad, “Rawabiṭ-i Tidjārī-yi Iran wa Djinuwā dar Dawra-yi Ilkhānī”, History of Islam & Iran al-Zahra University, No. 18, Summer 1392/ 2013. Ḳazwīnī, Zakariyyāʾ b. Muḥammad, Āthār al- Bilād Wa Akhbār al- Ibād, Trans. Muḥammad Murād b. ʿAbd al- Raḥmān, University of Tehran, 1371/ 1992. Khazradjī, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan, al- Uḳūd al- Luluiyya fī Akhbār al- Dawla al- Rasūliyya, Revised by Muḥammad Bisyūnī, Yemen Center for Studies and Research, Dār al- Adab, Sanʿāʾ, 1403 AH/ 1982 AD. Labīb, Ṣubhī, “al- Tidjārat al- Kārmiyya wa Tidjarat Miṣr fī al- ʿUṣur al- Wusṭā”, al- Madjlla al- Tārīkhiyya l- Miṣriyya, No. 4, 1952/ 1330. Luḳmān, Ḥamza ʿAlī Ibrāhīm, Tārīkh Adan wa Djanūb al- Djazīra l- Arabiyya, Dar Misr For Printing, Cairo, 1959 AD/ 1379 AH. Madjid, ʿAbd al- Munʿim, al- Alāḳat bayn al- Sharḳ wa l- Gharb, Maktaba al- Djāmiʿa al- ʿArabiyya, Beirut, 1966/ 1344. Maḳdasī, Abū ʿAbdallah Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Aḥsan al- Taḳāsīm fī Marifat al- Aḳālīm,Trans. Alinaghi Monzavi, Shirkat- i Mūʾalifān wa Mutardjimān-i Iran, Tehran, 1361/ 1983. Maḳḥafī, Ibrāhīm Aḥmad, Mudjam al- Madan wa l- Ḳabāil al- Yamaniyya, Ṣanʿāʾ, Dār al- Kalama, 1985/ 1363. Maḳrīzī, Taḳī al- Dīn Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, al- Dhahab al- Masbūk fī Dhikr Min Ḥadjdj Min Khulafā wa al- Mulūk, Revised by Djamāl al- Dīn al- Shayyāl, Cairo, Maktaba al- Khāndjī, 1955/ 1333. Masʿūdī, Abū al- Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn, Murūdj al- dhahab wa Maādin al- Djawhar, Trans. Abul-Qasim Payandeh, Bungāh-i Tardjuma wa Nashr-i Kitāb, 1360/ 1981. Mojtaba, Khalifeh, “Tafawwuḳ-i Tidjārī-yi Daryā-yi Surkh Bar Khalīdj-i Fārs Dar Sada- Hā- yi Pandjum wa Shishum-i Hidjrī: Bā Taʾkīd Bar Naḳsh-i Tudjdjār-i Kārm”, Khalīdj Fārs, Farhang wa Tamaddun: Madjmūa Maḳālāt, 2008/ 1387. Pigulevskaia, Nina vikorovna, Tārīkh-i Iran Az Dawrān-i Bāstān Tā Pāyān-i Ḳarn-i Hidjdah-hum-i Mīlādī, Trans. Karim Keshavarz, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, 1349/ 1970. Rashīd al- Dīn Hamdānī, Faḍlallāh, Djāmi al- Tawārīkh, Revised by Bahman Karimi, Iḳbāl, Tehran, 1362/ 1983. Rāzī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbdallāh, Tārīkh-i Madīnat Sanā, Revised by Ḥusayn b. ʿAbdallāh al- ʿAmrī, Dār al- Fikr al- Muʿāṣir, Damascus, 1409 AH/ 1988 AD. Sīrāfī, Ḥasan b. Yazīd, Riḥla al- Sīrāfī, al- Madjmaʿ al- Thaḳāfiyya, Abu Dhabi, 1999/ 1377. Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Djarīr, Tārīkh al- umam l- Mulūk, Revised by Muḥammad Abū al- Faḍl Ibrāhīm, Dār al- Turāth, Beirut, 1967/ 1345. djm al- Dīn, Tārīkh al- Yaman, Revised by Muḥammad ʿAlī al- Akwaʿ, Cairo, 1967/ 1345. Vossoughi, Muhammad-Bagher,Ilal wa Awāmil-i Djābidjā’ī-yi Kānūn- Hā-yi Tidjārī Dar Khalīdj-i Fārs, Pazhūhishkadih-yi Tāʾrīkh-i Islām, 1389/ 2010. Yaʿḳūbī, Ibn Wāḍiḥ, al- Buldān,Trans. Abd al- Muhammad Ayati, Intishārāt-i bungāh-i tardjuma wa nashr-i kitāb, Tehran, 1343/ 1964. Yāḳūt Ḥimawī, Yāḳūt b. ʿAbdallāh, Mudjam al- Buldān (irshād al- arīb ilā marifat al- adīb), Dār al- Ṣādir, Beirut, 1995/ 1373. Yūsuf, ʿAbd al- Ḳādir Aḥmad, al- Uṣūr al- Wusṭā al- Urūbiyya, Beirut, al- Maktaba al- ʿAṣriyya, 1967/ 1345. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Position of Baghdad Shurta Institution and Its Power (from Establishment till Early Buyid Period)
سید هاشم آقاجری علیرضا اشتری تفرشیBaghdad shurta was one of the most important governmentalinstitutions in Iraq region during Abbasid caliphate. Alluding to thestory of the formation of this institution and some of its specialfeatures, this article is to consider different political motivations forbein MoreBaghdad shurta was one of the most important governmentalinstitutions in Iraq region during Abbasid caliphate. Alluding to thestory of the formation of this institution and some of its specialfeatures, this article is to consider different political motivations forbeing in control of Baghdad Police; influence of different authoritiesand politicians and their politics on it; backgrounds and ways throughthem political changes and competitions affected the prevalentprocedures of its management, such as choosing its chief; and itsfields of activity and duties. Manuscript profile -
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25 - The Method and Insight of the Historiography of Masturah Ardalān in the Book Tārīkh al-Akrād
Behzad MafakheriThe book Tārīkh al-Akrād by Masturah Ardalān is one of the works on the history of Kurdistan that includes the political events of Ardalān rulers by Mastoore Kurdestani. The question is that Tārīkh al-Akrād in which types of historiographies is being placed, and what is MoreThe book Tārīkh al-Akrād by Masturah Ardalān is one of the works on the history of Kurdistan that includes the political events of Ardalān rulers by Mastoore Kurdestani. The question is that Tārīkh al-Akrād in which types of historiographies is being placed, and what is its author approach, method and vision in this work? The findings of the research show that Kurdish history is in the category of traditional dynastic historiography and the principles of traditional historiography can be well observed in it. In analyzing the events, the author believed in divine dispensation and believed less in the role of human will and planning in the formation of events. In this context, she has done a little analysis of events and overall, due to providential thinking, she is more of a deterministic historian than a rationalist. The writing style of the book is also simple and literary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - An introduction to Ibn Khaldūn’s Viewpoints on the Islamic Civilization Decline
یوسف جعفرزادهDespite the whole ontological and epistemological paradigms which believethat the Essence and Attributes of God transcends this world andconsequently seek knowledge in metaphysics, Ibn Khaldūn as a TunisianMuslim philosopher and sage, in 8th century A.H., presents an in MoreDespite the whole ontological and epistemological paradigms which believethat the Essence and Attributes of God transcends this world andconsequently seek knowledge in metaphysics, Ibn Khaldūn as a TunisianMuslim philosopher and sage, in 8th century A.H., presents an interpretationof Islam religion that accordingly, despite the Divine Essence beingtranscendental, His Attributes as ‘Umrān (civilization) has an eternal processin society and history. Thus “knowledge” and “power” are symbols andfables of truth at society level.So he established a new paradigm by the name of ‘ilm al-‘Umrān (science ofcivilization). Because of Divine Presence and His Everlasting Creation insociety and history, through causes and effects, the paradigm is based onpost-essentialism. In this paradigm, the realm of intellectual activity, isneither mere matter nor absolute and abstract metaphysics, but anindeterminate and moderate realm between material and a supernatural one,in history.Islamic rationality and philosophy lagged behind the history, also the Islamiccivilization lost its fluidity and balance, because of rationality’sconcentration on “imperceptibly metaphysical-spiritual essence”, IbnKhaldūn thought. In this manner, the Islamic civilization was involved instiffness and deterioration. Therefore the Muslim’s material and spiritualimprovement require their epistemological attention to society and history,and at the same time keeping the balanced gap between truth-bestowingsociety and identity-bestowing social cohesion (asabiyya). According to histhought, in Islamic states, religion is the origin of this gap and a moderatelysocial structure. Nevertheless, in his thought development, determining ofruler’s will as the agent of fulfilling religion’s role in society, was replacewith “law” -that is based on intellect and narration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Violence and Torture in the Seljukid era
امید بهرامی نیاThis research refers to an important aspect of the events which occurred in Seljukid era in Iran: violence, torture and hard killing. Seljukid who obtained to power from nomadism utilized lots of torture and violence and did not observe the religious rules in inte MoreThis research refers to an important aspect of the events which occurred in Seljukid era in Iran: violence, torture and hard killing. Seljukid who obtained to power from nomadism utilized lots of torture and violence and did not observe the religious rules in interacting and dealing with others because of their nomadic temperament and their non-civil origin. They, in fact, despite standing in traditionalist groups and so called orthodox in Academic researches, neither practiced the religious rules, nor regarded the rights of people. These hard killings, tortures and inhumane behaviors, of course, did not perform just by Seljuk king, but also the competing groups and other players in the political field of their era, like Ismaili devotees, committed such violent acts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Historiography of Ibn Aybak in Kanz al-Durar
اسماعیل چنگیزیKanz Al Durar wa Djami’ Al Ghurar, a general history in ninevolumes compiled by Ibn Aybak Al Dawadari, a lesser knownMamlukid historian, contains a comprehensiveaccount of the historyof ruling dynasties of Egypt from Islamic conquest to thetime of thewriter. His c MoreKanz Al Durar wa Djami’ Al Ghurar, a general history in ninevolumes compiled by Ibn Aybak Al Dawadari, a lesser knownMamlukid historian, contains a comprehensiveaccount of the historyof ruling dynasties of Egypt from Islamic conquest to thetime of thewriter. His close relation with Mamluks as a high ranking officialinthe court of Mamluk rulers facilitated his access to governmentaldocuments andarchives and made his work a well documented historyespecially on the tow lastvolumes which are dealing with events of hiscontemporary period. This historymainly consists on political, militaryand literary issues but Ibn Aybak has alsothe social, economical andcultural events in his consideration. The author of thepresent articlehas studied Kanz Al Durar from a critical view and evaluateditsimportance in historiography of Egypt under Mamluks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - 〖Kh〗^w arazm outbreak school of I'tizal in 〖Kh〗^w arazmshahs era
ابراهیم باوفاTheological school of I'tizal has one of the most majestic and widespread period in territory of arazm on arazmshahs era. That territory, regarding to geographical and economic situation and commercial exchange with eastern nations and governments, especially north Euro MoreTheological school of I'tizal has one of the most majestic and widespread period in territory of arazm on arazmshahs era. That territory, regarding to geographical and economic situation and commercial exchange with eastern nations and governments, especially north European ones which were influenced by Greeks' thoughtful heritage, involved various ethnicities, religious and sects. This situation, considering the intellectual and cultural background, social security and political stability of arazm, was very effective and influential on I'tizal school in that territory, accepting and tending the people to it. It also helped to the expansion and development of culture and rational knowledge in that territory during arazmshahs period. Here is intended to study the social, cultural, intellectual and religious backgrounds of arazm; and to know arazmshahs cooperation in bringing about the conditions for developing the culture and rational knowledge in that territory. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Story as A Critical Text under N§sirÊd Period: Yåsuf Sh§h or Sit§rig§n-i FarÊbkhurdih by Akhåndz§deh
Hossein BayatlooThe critical texts have been expanded under Q§j§r dynasty by most Iranian critics and reformists. The various works were written under the influence of political and social developments of Iran. The works were as Siyāsatnāmeh, Rasāil- i Mashråtah, intell MoreThe critical texts have been expanded under Q§j§r dynasty by most Iranian critics and reformists. The various works were written under the influence of political and social developments of Iran. The works were as Siyāsatnāmeh, Rasāil- i Mashråtah, intellectual and Ulamā works, Maktåbāt- i Khiyāli and story. The story as a new genre showed how the writers criticized some unsatisfactory situation under Q§jar that worth to be studied carefully. Among those who were pioneered in the such cases, we can refer to Mirz§ Fath Ali Akhåndz§de who is used in Tamthil§t tried to criticize some aspects of the NasirÊd period. Apparently, the story of Yåsuf Sh§h or Sit§rig§n i -FarÊbkhurdih is the most significant critical text which he has written about Q§j§r society. In this paper the author tries to examine this story as a critical text. According to the research findings, Yåsuf Sh§h is the best story of Akhundz§de and his political and social ideas about unorganized conditions of N§sirid period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - On the Historical Explanation
مجید اکبریAn explanation is an answer to why-question as a description is an answer tohow-question. In the beginning of 20 century, a few philosophers of science,and philosophers of history too, believed that all scientists (and historians)must similarly explain the phenomena and MoreAn explanation is an answer to why-question as a description is an answer tohow-question. In the beginning of 20 century, a few philosophers of science,and philosophers of history too, believed that all scientists (and historians)must similarly explain the phenomena and (historical) events. D-N Modeland I-S Model have been introduced by philosophers and scientists duringthe four decade discussions. Moreover, the positivistic approach maintainsthat the explanations preserve the objectivity. Some philosophers, incontrast, argue that the early definition of objectivity isn't exact and rigorous.It is, here, claimed that Popper's view in which the objectivity is not a singlescientist's work but the critical debates and cooperative competitions amongthe scientists and philosophers, is the best proposal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - “Eyeglasses” in the Safavīd Era: A Study based on Ekhwanīyāt
Sara Zabanfahm Nasiri Hasan AllahayariEyeglasses were one of the most important inventions of the Europeans that met with great Demand and success during the Safavid period. Entry and spread of using glasses brought many reactions from people. Despite the silence of official sources, these reactions are fou MoreEyeglasses were one of the most important inventions of the Europeans that met with great Demand and success during the Safavid period. Entry and spread of using glasses brought many reactions from people. Despite the silence of official sources, these reactions are found in unofficial sources, such as poetry, Shahrāshūbs, and especially friendly letters Ekhwanīyāt observed. This research tries to use those letters to examine the reaction of Iranians to the eyeglasses in this period. Reactions to the glasses in this period was first curious and Jealousy then strong desire to possess it and real need or prescription of an ophthalmologist had not been very important. The interesting passion of Iranians to use glasses also under the influence of habits and mood, cultural and religious characteristics, poems of poets and developments and conditions of the society. The presence of Europeans in many cities and their use of tools and new inventions and the role of political ambassadors, businessmen and clerics in promoting eyeglasses are also undeniable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Sovereignty Over the Ra’āyā: Reflection of Safavid Ideology in “Man on a Composite Horse and Elephant” Paintings
Seddighe Nayefi asghar javani Mohammad Reza MoridiThe” Man on a composite horse and elephant” Paintings of Safavid belong to the world- composite paintings class that the scholars have acknowledged for emerging and abundance of them in the 16th / 10th century. Despite the attractiveness, those works faced s MoreThe” Man on a composite horse and elephant” Paintings of Safavid belong to the world- composite paintings class that the scholars have acknowledged for emerging and abundance of them in the 16th / 10th century. Despite the attractiveness, those works faced stagnation and changing concepts over the next following years. This research on the context of the theory of reflection attempts to explain the influence of society and the dominant ideology in the art works and analysis of the content of images and its adaptation to the Safavid society, the nature and function of the identity and function of the figurative compartments in those works and their role in society and the reflection of society on them. The most important achievements of this research are determining the present and absent groups in the community which is depicted in those works, extracting the main concept from encoding images including "Integrated and centralized governance" and "king as herder of ra’āyā", adjusting those concepts with the capabilities and defects of the ruling class ideology, having a critical look at the concepts and finally presenting reasons for the stagnation of their illustrations, such as reduction of the capacity of the early dynamic ideology and the wane of metaphors such as ”king as herder of ra’āyā”. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Conflict of Interest in the Imperial Bank and Its Effects on the Iranian Economy
Khashayar Seyed ShokriThe Imperial Bank of Persia was the most important foreign financial institution in Qajar era of Iran, which was established in 1306 AH (1889) by granting concession by Naser al-Din Shah and was active in Iran for a total of 60 years (total time of concession), so MoreThe Imperial Bank of Persia was the most important foreign financial institution in Qajar era of Iran, which was established in 1306 AH (1889) by granting concession by Naser al-Din Shah and was active in Iran for a total of 60 years (total time of concession), so that it can be named as one of the best examples of foreign direct investment during the colonial era in Iran. However the bank was facing serious conflict of interest issues, as it was the most important commercial bank in Iran, it had the exclusive right to print banknotes, the Iranian government was one of its most important customers, it had to answer to its non-Iranian shareholders, and the British authorities had certain political expectations from it. The main subject of this paper is to study the bank's policies facing these conflict of interests in order to better understand an important part of the financial history of the Qajar era, and the attempts has been made to do the research in historical way and by using descriptive-analytical method and with reference to the available sources and references. This study seeks to answer the question of whether the bank was able to perform its various tasks efficiently. The paper concludes that the bank was neither significantly profitable for its shareholders, nor did perform its' functions as a state-owned bank properly, and nor did its' duties in realizing the British government's colonial goals Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Social history: A new approach to historical studies
ابراهیم موسی پورThe social history as a new approach and attitude appeared since the second half of century in Europe and USA because of: (1) the change in the scope of historical study, especially from the beginning of century. (2) arising Anal approach as a type of an arg MoreThe social history as a new approach and attitude appeared since the second half of century in Europe and USA because of: (1) the change in the scope of historical study, especially from the beginning of century. (2) arising Anal approach as a type of an argumentation manner, explanation method [or model] and attitude for historians. In the last three decades, the social history is become the main and popular part of historical study. Before this period, though, historiographers have almost been attentive to the data from people's social life in historiography of century and the beginning of century, however it was by means of fashioning this new approach that the historians changed their view from chronology and their social life. The social history as a new approach endeavors to account and explain people's life in three domains: (1) the relation among them. (2) the relation between people [ community society ] and governments.(3) the relation between people and their worldly and spiritual life and suggesting causal explanation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - A Glory Report from History of Islam a Review on the Book of “History of Islam” Written by Late Dr Ali-Akbar Fayaz
عبدالرحیم قنواتThe book of History of Islam is one of the well known books writtenby late Dr Ali-Akbar Fayaz (1277-1350 solar calendar) which firstpublished in 1327 solar calendar. Since then it has been reprinted formany times by the University of Tehran. Dr Fayaz in this relativelys MoreThe book of History of Islam is one of the well known books writtenby late Dr Ali-Akbar Fayaz (1277-1350 solar calendar) which firstpublished in 1327 solar calendar. Since then it has been reprinted formany times by the University of Tehran. Dr Fayaz in this relativelyshort literary work, presented a documentary and excellence reportfrom important and long era of history of Islam. The book has manystrength points (using many valid references, well written text,following scientific neutrality) but it has also some weak points. If weignore unsuitability of the reprint, the chapters are not in the rightorder. Presenting some subjects irrelevant to the title of the book, notuniform referring method, disturbing brevity, using not clearsentences, some wrong geographical addresses, recording someinaccurate dates, careless recording of some historical events are otherweak points that should be considered. He hast also not criticisedsome of the historical reports. In this paper the book has been revisedin two sections:1. From outer elements points of view: writer, publisher and printing,readers and background of the literary work2. From inner elements points of view: title, volume, dividing intochapters, references, writing style, context of the book and style ofthe writer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Review of Ali Akbar Velayati’s Islamic Culture and Civilization
اسماعیل چنگیزی اردهاییIslamic Culture and Civilization written by Dr. Ali Akbar Velayati would beauthored and proposed as a text book for graduate students. This book, notonly has structural, methodic and contextual mistakes, but also involvescomposing, formal and editing errors too, because MoreIslamic Culture and Civilization written by Dr. Ali Akbar Velayati would beauthored and proposed as a text book for graduate students. This book, notonly has structural, methodic and contextual mistakes, but also involvescomposing, formal and editing errors too, because of its expanded scope ofthe subject and author’s lack of sufficient expert in many topics and itsvarieties; and also author’s confidence and trust on less authentic andimportant– i.e. second hand - resources, and inaccurate translations of somenon-Persian resources.The work has also a few controversies, incorrect analyses and invalidinferences which I would show them hereby a few evidences Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - History of Kibchak Khani, an Unidentified General History of Twelfth Century A. H
اسماعیل چنگیزی اردهاییThe second period of Indian Tiymuri dynasty(1118 -1274 AH.), is flourished by numerous historical works. The book History Of Kibchak Khani has been written by kibchak Khan, a Tiymuri commander and including new information about the events of his time. It is MoreThe second period of Indian Tiymuri dynasty(1118 -1274 AH.), is flourished by numerous historical works. The book History Of Kibchak Khani has been written by kibchak Khan, a Tiymuri commander and including new information about the events of his time. It is a general history in Persian and its style of writing is simple, smooth and unpretentious. The author has attempted to write all of the human history in a brief single volume. In the history of Islam, author has oriented his look toward the East, and especially has focused on the events of three neighbouring areas: Iran, Central Asia and India. The book includes useful information about the Kazaks, Kirgiz and Uzbeks. In spite of the paucity of sources about the Shiybani government, he demonstrated the detailed reports about its two branches (Abu- al Khiyriyan and Arab-shahiyan / Djaniyan), who had ruled in Transoxiana and consequently, it makes his work significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - The Mentalities of Muslim Geographers about The Wonders of the World (Third to the Seventh Centuries of Hegira): A Study on The Ancient Area of Egyptian Pyramids
negar Zeilabi zahra MahshariGeographical texts of the Muslim world in the medieval period presented the diverse data and readings of Wonders of the World. Rather than serving as objective accounts pertaining to the reality, the data are indicative of the mentalities of the authors’ MoreGeographical texts of the Muslim world in the medieval period presented the diverse data and readings of Wonders of the World. Rather than serving as objective accounts pertaining to the reality, the data are indicative of the mentalities of the authors’ contemporaneous societal and cultural discourses. The main question addressed here is what mentalities Muslim geographers- from the third/ninth to the seventh/thirteenth century- held about the Pyramids and thereabouts, including Sphinx of Giza. Can we find any instances of scientific investigation or anthropological exploration in their discourse? Are the ideas of those Muslim scholars reflecting the popular narratives and folktales among the commoners? Content analysis serves as the model of this study. First, the data contained in the most important geographical sources about the subject is descriptively explored. Then, history of mentalities is applied in order to inquire, process, and analyse the data. The findings suggest that the mentalities prevailing among the commoners, such as the magical characters to depictions and statues in these historical constructs, has the upper hand over other interpretations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - The Commercial Relations between Egypt and Venice in the Borji Mamluk Era
ahmadreza motevalliThe present paper focuses on the vicissitudes in commercial relations between Egypt and Venice in Borji Mamluk (784- 923 H.) that caused by internal and external factors. The most important forces were the attack of Timur to Syria and the fall of Constantinople by ottom MoreThe present paper focuses on the vicissitudes in commercial relations between Egypt and Venice in Borji Mamluk (784- 923 H.) that caused by internal and external factors. The most important forces were the attack of Timur to Syria and the fall of Constantinople by ottomans. Both factors resulted in the unsafety of all connecting roads and so the trading through Red Sea boomed and also the business between Egypt and Venice was improved. In contrary, sometime certain meddling of some kings and princes in trading and hoarding of goods as well as frauds and swooning which coincided with pirates’ attacks caused drastic falls in above mentioned relation between Venice and Egypt. In certain periods new discoveries by Portuguese in some routes between Europe and Asia brought them a profitable trade of spices and other Asian products which in turn caused tangible losses for Venice and Egypt. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Architectural Language of Persian Paintings (Survey of Persian Paintings as Historical Documents of Iranian Islamic Architecture)
Manouchehr Foroutan The documents of Iranian Islamic architecture especially visual documents are few and diffuse. However these documents were attended little. Considerable paintings of the Islamic era, especially Ilkhanid, Timurid and early Safavid period have remained that can be More The documents of Iranian Islamic architecture especially visual documents are few and diffuse. However these documents were attended little. Considerable paintings of the Islamic era, especially Ilkhanid, Timurid and early Safavid period have remained that can be evaluated and searched. This study, wants to show how Persian paintings (Miniature) as historical documents can be used for cognition Iranian Islamic architecture. What ways can be used for analysis them? What kinds of historical data can be apprehended and how validity them to be assessed? For answering these questions, "language" of Persian paintings must were understood. The research based on historical method. For understanding language of Persian painting applied three strategies: History of architectural representation was evaluated and tow ways of representation of architecture in painting were obtained. Expressive features of Persian paintings were reviewed. Therefore, Persian paintings that represented well-known buildings were compared whit the building. For example three paintings from Nezami's quintuplet poem (khamse) were selected and compared by Taq-e-Bostan and also three Persian painting that were represented Mecca. Persian paintings were compared whit samples of extant Iranian and other Islamic architecture. For example, representation of house in a Persian painting was evaluated. In each of parts a case was evaluated. Cases review process include: dating represented architecture and dating Persian painting; evaluating validity of the painting as historical document; attention to features manuscript; evaluating purports of text and determining the general topics and themes; measure the degree of match with the reality of architecture by evidence; comparing the Persian painting and contemporaneous extant architecture or other Persian paintings same version or school; detecting architectural elements and details in painting, rereading represented architecture and interpreting it. Finally, expressive features Persian paintings in representation of Iranian architecture are presented. Briefly Persian paintings features in the expression of Islamic architecture include: the use of multiple simultaneous isometric perspective; illustrating simultaneously inside and outside the space; imaging asynchronous events in an image; refer the three-dimensional two-dimensional; representing walls up to ceiling indoor; equal importance floor and wall display; components with respect to total of real space; independence scale of building and the human's scale; remove walls to see them back; reduce distances and compact show to space; choose the smallest component of architectural space for illustrating while maintaining a whole room due to limited spaces in the painting; display main elements and display some minor elements; use a virtual frame as metonymy of the inside and outside architecture. In addition, review showed that the difference representation (painting) and reality (building) in known buildings was significant. Referring to other texts (paintings and architecture) and compare those (intertextuality) by methods of historical semantics and symbolic show social meaning of the represented architecture. Using Persian paintings and relying on evidence in other fields can be readout architecture, to pay (for example a house of Ilkhanid period was readout). Persian paintings can be as "cognitive maps" to examine and review aspects of environmental psychology concepts such as "personal space", "proximity ", and "territorial behavior". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Environmently Responsive Education in Urban History
Seyed Majid Mofidi Shemirani -
Open Access Article
43 - The Theory of “Living Time ” in Periodization of Iranian Architectural History
Mehrdad Qayyoomi Bidhendi -
Open Access Article
44 - The Influence of Paris School of Fine Arts on Architecture Education in Iran
Hassan Rezaei Iraj Etessam Seyed Mustafa MokhtabadAmre’ei -
Open Access Article
45 - Elixir of Recent Vestiges; A Comparative Study of the Indentity Problem in the Qajar Chronology
محسن KhaliliCataloging of historical events could be done in three manners:historigraphy, chronology and beholding history. The author callsthem narration which has a distinguished speciality. He belives that asa matter of fact writing the events which have been taken place in theQ MoreCataloging of historical events could be done in three manners:historigraphy, chronology and beholding history. The author callsthem narration which has a distinguished speciality. He belives that asa matter of fact writing the events which have been taken place in theQajar dynasty into history was not never historigraphy and nor wasa chronology by itself. So there are several themes that run throughthe time which attemp to rethink beholding history in this way. Theauthor uses a modernized one: identity. He describes it as a processwhich leads to the realization of what is and who is. The content ofthis context can be analyzed on the basis of “Self-Else” , “traditionalreligiouslegitimate” and “authority”. In this article three texts of theQajar dynasty have been collate by these Substances: (elixir of history,royal vestiges, modern history). He concludes that identity have anyobjectivity itself. It is important to appreciate the full significance ofthe point that the history texts imply a process with men’s identity orindividaulity. This binary matching of identity with history has beenunderstood too inflexibly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - American Humor in Promoting the Talk over the Wall with a Focus on Robert Frost’s Poems
Ebrahim Sheikhzadeh Masoumeh Ouladian Ida Rochani Adi -
Open Access Article
47 - Understanding of Marketing Factors and Their Impact on the Attraction and Maintenance of Internet Business Customers (Case Study: Digi Commodity)
Mahmood MohamadiThe purpose of this study is to identify the factors of gamification and their impact on the attraction and maintenance of Internet business customers in the DJ's online store. The present research is a descriptive-survey research of structural equation model. The stati MoreThe purpose of this study is to identify the factors of gamification and their impact on the attraction and maintenance of Internet business customers in the DJ's online store. The present research is a descriptive-survey research of structural equation model. The statistical population in this research includes DJ's online store customers. To estimate the sufficient number of samples in this study, the Cochran model was used for estimating the sample size and the statistical samples were selected using simple random sampling. In the current study, the size of the statistical society is unlimited, and when the size of the statistical society is unlimited, the sample number will be 384 using the Cochran formula. Thus, 384 customers from DJ's store were selected as samples. At first, 11 variables were identified as the main variables of visualization. Then exploratory factor analysis was performed on them. Three main factors of game play, creation of virtual cyber sales and competition were extracted. Then, the effect of these three factors using the structural equation modeling technique Attraction and maintenance of customers were investigated and the results showed that all three factors of play, creation of virtual sales and competition have a significant effect on customer attraction and maintenance, respectively, direct effect of play (β = 0.45), creation of cyber sales (Β = 0.35) and competition (β = 0.20) on attracting and maintaining customers at the level (P <0.01) positive and meaningful Is significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Social aspects in juridical school of Hillah
mahboobe hosseini ozra entekhabian mohsen razmiHow are the social aspects of a school depicted at a historical juncture, and what role can jurists play in these aspects? In order to reach the answer to this question, in the model of juridical school of Hillah, with a descriptive-analytical approach, it examines hist MoreHow are the social aspects of a school depicted at a historical juncture, and what role can jurists play in these aspects? In order to reach the answer to this question, in the model of juridical school of Hillah, with a descriptive-analytical approach, it examines historical reports and jurisprudential and principled propositions. This essay first depicts the social phenomena that stood in front of the jurists of the Hillah school; Phenomena such as the Mongol War, popular uprisings against the Mongols, saviorism, tribalism, the multiplicity of religions and sects, the political and economic geographical location of Hillah, and the background of the social status of the Hillah jurists. Then he observes the scientific and practical works and activities of the jurists of Hillah in the social aspects with regard to this space. The result of this observation is the inference of the four aspects of "spirituality", "education", "reasoning rationalism" and "social interaction" and their types and varieties. In the final analysis, it is stated that the jurists, according to the principles of Sharia and doctrinal principles, succeeded in reforming and social guidance in a way that was more principled and broader than many rival governmental and social achievements. This success brought with it another double and reciprocal success, and that is the dynamism and development of the branches of jurisprudence, the principles of jurisprudence and the theological(kalam) foundations of Shia jurisprudence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Ignorant Era Jurisprudence The nature, resources, the principles and applications
Mohammad Bagher AmeriniaImportance of studying the background of Islamic jurisprudence is not covered for anyone. What nowadays is known as old jurisprudence and rooted in the field of religious canonization is introduced; in fact, a developed form of a system of history which the lessons of p MoreImportance of studying the background of Islamic jurisprudence is not covered for anyone. What nowadays is known as old jurisprudence and rooted in the field of religious canonization is introduced; in fact, a developed form of a system of history which the lessons of previous religions and commons always originated within simultaneous emergence of Islam, as so those installations are excepted from this process. The ignorant jurisprudence that was the same system of current law (even if simple) among the people in the age of pagan Arabs especially in the field of business and always within commons, was the most important historic background formation in the Islamic civilization that identified need assessment and introduced.This article dealing with the etymology of subject, analysis and applied manners and customs of the age, is trying to introduce Arabic ignorant religious jurisprudence studies, the principles and origins to identify it, and eventually the applicable role in religious Islamic jurisprudence and how to use it in the field. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Assaying the Role of the Intellectual Nurturing Center of Kids & Teenagers on Protecting & Strengthening Their Cultural Identity (Emphasizing on Story Telling)
دکتر سیدرضا صالحی امیری فریبا حبیبیThis research aims to assay the role of story telling at the Intellectual NurturingCenter of Kids & Teenagers (Kanoune Parvareshe Fekriye Koudakan va Nojavanan orKPF) on protecting and strengthening their cultural identity amongst the instructors.Questionnaires were MoreThis research aims to assay the role of story telling at the Intellectual NurturingCenter of Kids & Teenagers (Kanoune Parvareshe Fekriye Koudakan va Nojavanan orKPF) on protecting and strengthening their cultural identity amongst the instructors.Questionnaires were handed out and the research was done through the descriptiveresearch method. The researcher has initially defined culture, identity and variousviewpoints of cultural values; then, has studied the effect of mending cultural symbolsand social & geographical standards on culture formation and eventually studies howIran’s Culture and story telling has effected the extent of carrying and maintainingIran’s cultural heritage through generations. The results show that the researchhypotheses are correct and that the activities done by the Intellectual Nurturing Centerof Kids & Teenagers (KPF) positively affect their cultural identity by taking notice ofreligious beliefs, cultural values, legends, cultural heritage and cultural &geographical symbols. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Does the History of Engineering Require the Philosophy of Engineering?
علیرضا ثقه الاسلامیThis paper analyzes critically how the philosophy of engineeringaffects to collect the history of engineering so that it is answered indetail to this problem that “Does the history of engineering entail thephilosophy of engineering”. At first, it is identifi MoreThis paper analyzes critically how the philosophy of engineeringaffects to collect the history of engineering so that it is answered indetail to this problem that “Does the history of engineering entail thephilosophy of engineering”. At first, it is identified the relation ofbetween engineering and technique, in order to be explored the relationof between engineering and technology. Therefore, it is definedtechnology as an actual epistemic system and engineering as aknowledge and potential creative practice into the technologicalframework. Thus, it is understood the philosophy of engineering as adeveloped field of the philosophy of technology so that it isdistinguished as an independent philosophical field with having, atleast, a unique original question “what is engineering”. Therefore, someof issue and problem in the philosophy of technology transfer into thephilosophy of engineering and influence it, some of problem such as:the demarcation problem between engineered artifact and naturalobject, the demarcation problem between engineering and science, theexistential and historical priority problem between engineering andscience, and the autonomy problem of engineering knowledge to socialcontext. Finally, according to the applicable and open problems, it isshowed how the philosophy of engineering and its problems affects tocollect the history of engineering. Consequently, it seems thatresearchers of the history of engineering should concern the problemsfor their studies and think about them critically and strategically. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Duhem and Scientific Realism
مریم قاسمی نراقیDuhem’s viewpoint about physics is a systematic and mathematical onethat surely somehow has effected to his philosophical explanation ofscientific theories. For Duhem, the aim of science is classifying thephenomena in a good mathematical frame in which it could id MoreDuhem’s viewpoint about physics is a systematic and mathematical onethat surely somehow has effected to his philosophical explanation ofscientific theories. For Duhem, the aim of science is classifying thephenomena in a good mathematical frame in which it could identify thereal relationships among the theoretical identities without manifestingthem. Theories are not only full boxes of phenomena classified toolsthat are proper for today and improper for tomorrow. The mostimportant characteristic of a scientific theory is to predict phenomenaand experimental laws that is not discovered, but what is effective inthis novel predict is the relationship between identities. In the view ofontology, scientific theories make no commitment for theoreticalidentities. In spite that Duhem is a scientific historian, and by searchingin his works and ideas we can’t clearly say Duhem is the realist or theinstrumenalist about scientific theories. Even some believe that he istried to find a way between realism and instumentalism. In this paper,at first Duhem ideas about the aim and structure of physical theory willbe surveyed. Then by some pro and opponent ideas with Duhem'srealism we will demonstrate his ideas about scientific theories has moretendencies to structure realism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Content analysis of the illustration of children story books: primary school age groups during 80
Zohreh Mirhossieni Zahra Abazari Fatemeh MadaniPurpose: The purpose of this research is to analyze the children`s story books illustration during 80`s. Four factors are analyzed in this research:1. Appearance 2. Relation between illustration & content 3. Relation between illustration & primary school childre MorePurpose: The purpose of this research is to analyze the children`s story books illustration during 80`s. Four factors are analyzed in this research:1. Appearance 2. Relation between illustration & content 3. Relation between illustration & primary school children needs 4. Quality of illustrations. Method: The research method is conceptual content analysis. The criteria of The Children Book Council and The Children & Young Adult Intellectual Center are adopted in this research. According to the criteria, a checklist is prepared. On the whole, 335 books during decade 80's, were accidentally analyzed by the checklist. Findings: The findings show that, the first factor (Appearance) with 55.38% were in good conditions & 30.7% were not good enough.The second factor (Relation between illustration & content) with 70% were in good relations & 2% were not good enough.The third factor (Relation between illustration &children needs) with 60.3% were in good relations & 16% were not good enough.The fourth factor (quality of illustrations) with 44.73% were in good quality and 27% were not good enough. Conclusions: According to the findings, the published books of 80's for primary school children had a good status regarding appearances and their relation with the needs. The relation between the content & the illustrations was considered, but the quality of the illustration was less considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - The Development of Islamic Studies in the West
raoof nosratian Shahram PazoukiThis article examines the tumultuous history of Islamic studies in the West, which sheds light on current views and interactions between Westerners and Muslims. It explores the legacy of past encounters and interactions, which have shaped contemporary perspectives. The MoreThis article examines the tumultuous history of Islamic studies in the West, which sheds light on current views and interactions between Westerners and Muslims. It explores the legacy of past encounters and interactions, which have shaped contemporary perspectives. The article investigates the history of Western thought about Islam from its emergence to the present, and it offers a new perspective for Persian-speaking audiences. Rather than investigating specific historical periods or geographic schools, the article aims to identify significant paradigms in Islamic studies. Five paradigms are introduced: the biblical, polemic, historical-scientific, phenomenological, and cosmopolitanism paradigms. The article highlights how each paradigm influenced the formation of the next and describes the most prominent representatives and their works. By examining these paradigms, the article provides Islamic studies researchers with new ideas and may serve as a starting point for future articles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Dialectic of Identity and Salvation in Abrahamic Scriptures
mansour motamedi Yaser Aein Mahdi HasanzadehA religious tradition cannot be separated from the identification of faith through the intersubjective seeking of truth and salvation. By establishing a criterion for judging the attribution of people to that religion, this provision not only protects the theological me MoreA religious tradition cannot be separated from the identification of faith through the intersubjective seeking of truth and salvation. By establishing a criterion for judging the attribution of people to that religion, this provision not only protects the theological message of religion and legitimizes it, but also distinguishes religious community members from others in the social sphere. Regarding the Abrahamic scriptures, how believers envision God has had an impact on both those who are concerned with salvation and the quality of their relationships with other people. As a result of this dialectic, Abrahamic monotheism has evolved different ideas about identity and salvation over time. To understand the conceptual worldview that governs the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, and the Qur'an, this article examines the semantic field of identity and salvation using Izutsu's semantic method. We have also discussed how salvational approaches in the hermeneutics of Abrahamic scriptures, such as the reinterpretation of Abraham's spiritual heritage, have advanced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Religion and the Experience of the Holy from the Point of View of Mircea Eliade
Mehdi LakzaeiMircea Eliade (1907-1986) was one of the most outstanding scholars on religious studies, mythology and symbolism. He wrote a number of important works on subjects such as yoga and shamanism, morphology and general types of religious experience. He also had some importan MoreMircea Eliade (1907-1986) was one of the most outstanding scholars on religious studies, mythology and symbolism. He wrote a number of important works on subjects such as yoga and shamanism, morphology and general types of religious experience. He also had some important theories on the Holy and special function of religion. In his view, bringing about of the encounter of man and the Holy is the main function of religion and religious rituals as a whole. Religion helps man to recognize manifestations of the Holy in nature and History. Primitive man had a special talent in discovering the Holy in nature, so much so that for him all nature was the mainfestation of the Holy, while for the Hebrews it was manifested in history rather than nature. In this view, the Holy shows himself in the ups and downs of history, which in turn brings about considerable consequences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - The Influence of Joachim's Theory of Developmental Periods on Pioneering Reformists
Mansour Motamedi Zahra MighaniHumans' perception of time has always had important role in developing their belief system. Hebrews by having faith in an omnipotent God got free from the cycles of eternal growth and decline. Instead they believed in a unique ending of history. With Christianity histor MoreHumans' perception of time has always had important role in developing their belief system. Hebrews by having faith in an omnipotent God got free from the cycles of eternal growth and decline. Instead they believed in a unique ending of history. With Christianity history turned to a meaningful process and a Christian was believed to be a pilgrim going to an ultimate destination. Before Joachim, this ultimate was believed as the salvation of chosen believers and it was located out of universal history. But Joachim supposed history as a developmental process and brought the salvation into the universal history. It actually led to a hope for an earthly heaven. Pioneering reformist inspired by Joachim`s descriptions of apocalyptic chaos and Golden Age of Holy Spirit started a religious and anti-church reformation. John Wyclif, one of the first reformist, declared that the luxury of the church indicated that the end of the time was approaching. Believing in flourished minds and the relative self-autonomy of Christians in the last era of history led to the idea of spiritual church and objection against the authority of the existing church. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Study the Neutral Temperature in Multi Story Residential Buildings in Shiraz by Using PMV & AMV Indexes
Hamed Ayali Hadi Keshmiri Khosro MovahedBackground and Objective: As the level of people's expectations and their need to create comfort conditions in different environments becomes more and more noticeable, so the climate and environmental conditions, the inevitable psychological and physical impact on human MoreBackground and Objective: As the level of people's expectations and their need to create comfort conditions in different environments becomes more and more noticeable, so the climate and environmental conditions, the inevitable psychological and physical impact on human comfort conditions have. Therefore, determining the range of thermal comfort for each climatic zone in different forms of construction seems necessary. The purpose of this study is to identify the range of thermal comfort of the interior of multi-story residential buildings using predictive indicators of average views and average real views.In this regard, the forthcoming research will answer the question: What is the neutral temperature in multi-story residential buildings in Shiraz in the hot season?Method: In this research, different research methods have been used according to its various aspects, but the implementation stages of the research were divided into two parts: "data collection and information" and "analysis". Data and information required for this present study, based on experimental and field methods, the two main methods of questionnaire and measurement of variables using environmental measuring devices (Lutron LM-8000A and Extech T30) , Samples were collected from residential units and then the necessary rulings were issued with their analytical, inferential and classification descriptions.Findings: Most people in all studied spaces were feeling warm at ASHRAE scale. The air temperature of the interior spaces and predicted mean vote (PMV) of the comments as well as the actual mean vote (AMV) of the correlation coefficient are incremental and positive.Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that outside temperature and neutral temperature have a special relationship in warm months and these results are minor differences with other global studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Comparing Balami history literature and Tha'lebi history literature
Ashraf farajzadeh asghar rezaporian Amir Hosein HematiHistorical works can also be considered as literary works. On the other hand, the term of narrative is one of the most important aspects of literature that has involved the minds of many scholars in the field of literary criticism in recent decades. But in the history o MoreHistorical works can also be considered as literary works. On the other hand, the term of narrative is one of the most important aspects of literature that has involved the minds of many scholars in the field of literary criticism in recent decades. But in the history of Iranian literature, "historiography" and historical works were considered literary works per se. Because the secretaries, the scholars and the writers involved in writing history and one of the most important foundation of historiography for them has been familiarity with the art of writing and skill in literary techniques. From the middle of the fourth century onwards, independent of Arabic rhetorical treatises, Persian rhetoric books were gradually written. So historical treatises are also criticized.An important book on the history of Bal'ami related to the fourth century, written by Bal'ami and the history of Tha’alebi, apparently written by a theologian. In terms of the type of narrative, style and context, the use of narrative components is a clear example of the change or how the use of rhetorical industries has changed in this century. The present article analyzes the differences between the narratives in these two works in terms of narrative components, such as perspective, the extent of using dialogue as a driving component of the plot and metaphor, and other narrative components based on the opinions of new critics in the field of narrative Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - A comparative study of the novels "Chicago" by Alaa Al-Aswani and "Neighbors" by Ahmad Mahmoud
Mandana MangaliThe novel "Chicago" (2007) is one of the most powerful and most popular contemporary novels in the world in the field of culture and literature. Alaa Aswani (born 1957), a well-known Egyptian writer, deals with the conflicts of Egyptian-American life in the novel "Chica MoreThe novel "Chicago" (2007) is one of the most powerful and most popular contemporary novels in the world in the field of culture and literature. Alaa Aswani (born 1957), a well-known Egyptian writer, deals with the conflicts of Egyptian-American life in the novel "Chicago", conflicts resulting from the behaviors of a young Egyptian in the United States. Ahmad Mahmoud (1331-2002) is one of the writers of the southern school in Iran and the novel "Neighbors" was written in accordance with the coup d'etat of 1948, i.e, the first half of the 20th century and it investigates the problems and atmosphere ruling the colonized countries and peoples of the Third World and depicts them. Symbolism is present in both works. The time and place and the multiplicity of characters and the plot and elements are very strong in both. Aswani looks at oppression and discrimination through the intellectual community and sees the penetration of the incompetence of the governing commission in this part of society and even outside the borders. But Ahmad Mahmoud has a biased view of the conditions prevailing in the people and has pursued this issue with the theme of poverty and misery. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Analysis of the process of identity and development in the history of Beyhaqi, Kelileh and Demneh
leila kamrani parvaneh adelzadeh Kamran PashaieA thorough understanding of literary works depends on examining each of them from different angles. Since Beyhaqi's History contains messages in the fields of history, wisdom, and politics, it has often been studied and researched primarily from the perspective of socia MoreA thorough understanding of literary works depends on examining each of them from different angles. Since Beyhaqi's History contains messages in the fields of history, wisdom, and politics, it has often been studied and researched primarily from the perspective of social conditions and governmental and political currents. Which often have a separate identity from the history and politics of the dead.In this article, by meditating on the historical narrative, we seek to explore the process of identity and development of the author by exploring the words of Farklaf, and to look beyond the language of the author, the attitude that is the main foundation of his identity and development.Also, since Kelileh and Demneh's book contains messages in the field of history, wisdom and politics, first of all, it has been studied and researched often from the perspective of social situation and governmental and political currents, and with all its value, it is possible to Research has shown that concepts such as ethics, economic development, doctrinal and religious concepts, etc., have been overlooked. Manuscript profile -
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62 - Woman; Jalal Al Ahmad; Federico Garcia Lorca; Short Story; Play
زهره اله دادی دستجردی soodabe bashi zadehis research is a comparative study between the literature of Iran and the literature of Spain on the subject of women and his place in the family and society. The case study of this research focuses on short stories by Jalal Al Ahmad and three plays by Federico Garcia Morehis research is a comparative study between the literature of Iran and the literature of Spain on the subject of women and his place in the family and society. The case study of this research focuses on short stories by Jalal Al Ahmad and three plays by Federico Garcia Lorca with the names of Blood Wedding Names, Yerma, Bernarda Alba's House.In this comparative study, the status and role of women in the family and society in the literature of Iran and Spain are examined. To restrict the research field, Jalal Al-Ahmad's short stories and Federico Garcia Lorca's plays have been recognized as two authoritative authors in both countries. In the beginning, a brief overview of the history of life and socio-cultural activities of both writers has been presented, and the woman, his position and image have first been studied separately in each and every one of the works, and then adaptively.The following is a familiarization with the history of life and the days of Jalal al-Ahmad and Federico García Lorca; in order to become familiar with the historical, political and social context of their life, a comparative study of the status of women in their works is desirable. Manuscript profile -
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63 - A comparative study of the two-story rabbit intelligent story of Joseph and Wolf and Hare effect Mustafa Abdel Tawab effect Rahmandoust
Ahmad Omidali esmail eslamiFiction has a very important role in the development of children's personality. Children through stories and good stories, discover the many moral values. Through analyzing the elements of the story children can be helped to improve the quality of this kind of literary MoreFiction has a very important role in the development of children's personality. Children through stories and good stories, discover the many moral values. Through analyzing the elements of the story children can be helped to improve the quality of this kind of literary writers in order to most effectively rely on the strengths of the elements of the story. The aim of this research in the first phase, introduction to children's literature, and introduce these two important writer and Iranian, Egyptian, Youssef Mustafa Abdel Tawab Rahmandoust and also introduce elements of the story and the story of the clever rabbit and the wolf and rabbit effect Egyptian writer Iranian author's work. To achieve this goal, the analytical method used. The result of this was that the two writers in the field of art and story elements are similar and the difference between them is very small.Keywords: Story elements, Mostafa Rahmandoust, Yousef Abdel Tawab, children's literature, comparative literature. Manuscript profile -
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64 - A study of common romantic themes in the poems of Vlad and Ibn Zaydun with Lily and Majnoon (Nezami)
shahram edalatishahiThe present article compares the common themes of love in the poems of Walada and Ibn Zaydun with Lily and Majnoon (Nezami). In this article, the poem Lily and Majnoon, the immortal poem of Hakim Nezami Ganjavi, has been examined and verses from this poem that had roman MoreThe present article compares the common themes of love in the poems of Walada and Ibn Zaydun with Lily and Majnoon (Nezami). In this article, the poem Lily and Majnoon, the immortal poem of Hakim Nezami Ganjavi, has been examined and verses from this poem that had romantic themes have been compared with the poems of Walada and Ibn Zaydun, poets of the same age, written in Arabic. . Undoubtedly, the origin of this story belongs to the Arabs and its history dates back to the late seventh century AD. The name of Walada was always appropriate with the name of Abu al-Walid Ahmad ibn Zaydun, a minister and poet who saw a lot of love and affection for Walada and composed his most beautiful and delicate poems for him. The research method in this letter is the use of source books and a variety of library research (survey) and descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile -
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65 - the Analysis comparative of types of narrative in Samak-e-Ayar and the Count of Monte Cristo
Tahereh Hassani Mohammad Ali Davoodabadi Farahani Mohammad Reza GhariThe present research considers the analysis comparative types of narrative in Samak-e-Ayar and the count Monte Cristo. Samak-e- Ayar is the greatest inheritance of the Persian written in prose in the 6th century Hijri and the count Monte Cristo was created by Alexander MoreThe present research considers the analysis comparative types of narrative in Samak-e-Ayar and the count Monte Cristo. Samak-e- Ayar is the greatest inheritance of the Persian written in prose in the 6th century Hijri and the count Monte Cristo was created by Alexander Dumas in the 19th century A.D. which belong to Romance in the classification of fictional literature. The major problem in the research is how the types of narrative apply in these two outstanding Persian and French works. They will be studied by descriptive- analytical method. The narration is the most important fictional item in the works. The writers have considered not only the presentation of type of narrator but also characterization and description. The findings show that the narrator of Samak-e Ayar and count Monte Cristo are a text-oriented heterogonous unlimited wise person. It can be seen the types of narrative to two forms: the 3rd person singular and the 1st person plural. Multiplicity of the narrative can be seen in Samak-e- Ayar and the count Monte Cristo, so it causes to be more attractiveness. The narrator have the same function. It is endoscope of out. Manuscript profile -
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66 - Examining the sources of the story "Slave eats fruit with her king" and the analysis of its narrative elements in Arabic and Persian literature
Seyyed Mohammad Reza Ibnorrasool maryam kalantari somaye HassanalianThe story of "Slave eats fruit with her king" is among the educational stories that examples of its prose and verse can be found in Arabic and Persian literature .The oldest source of this narration is related to Arabic literature in the book "Al-imtāʿ wa MoreThe story of "Slave eats fruit with her king" is among the educational stories that examples of its prose and verse can be found in Arabic and Persian literature .The oldest source of this narration is related to Arabic literature in the book "Al-imtāʿ wa al-muʾānasaẗ"of Abu Hayyan Al-Tawhidi (4th century). After that, examples of Arabic and Persian prose and verse have mentioned it until the end of the ninth century. Rumi and Attar have also recreated the verse of this narrative in Persian literature in a creative way.This story which has mentioned in two different narratives leads to the same moral conclusion which is "loyalty and commitment". Therefore, examining the sources of this story not only acquaints posterity with the experiences of different ethnic groups, but also preserves and records the culture and history of the predecessors .This study not only finds the sources and compares the Arabic and Persian sources of the narrative, but also examines its narrative elements such as theme, plot, character, dialogue, perspective and scene, and identifies how Persian verse sources are similar to the old Arabic sources. The most important results of this study which is based on comparative analogy is that, the theme of the story is the same in all the Arabic and Persian sources, and Persian verse anecdotes have arranged the same theme with a different structure with the inspiration of ancient sources. Manuscript profile -
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67 - Comparative study of the Elements of Samarkand Story in Maqamate Hamidi and Maqamate Hariri
Mohammad Reza Najarian Zahra Karim Zadeh Shooshtari Nezhad Shima Faraji Far"Maqamate Hariri" and "Maqamate Hamidi" are technical proses in Arabic and Persian literature. The present article studies the Samarkand Story in both works from structural, perspective, infrastructure, voices, time and place, description, dialogues, personification, ch More"Maqamate Hariri" and "Maqamate Hamidi" are technical proses in Arabic and Persian literature. The present article studies the Samarkand Story in both works from structural, perspective, infrastructure, voices, time and place, description, dialogues, personification, characters and intertextual point of view as well as expressing the similarities and the differences. The Samarkand story in "Maqamate Hariri" is about an old man who advises people during the day but he ignores them all and does something different during the night. In "Maqamate Hariri's" an old man is described who talks about Samarkand's people miserliness pettishly but he changes his mind and praises Samarkand and its people just in time. The similarities show that Ghazi Hamideddin had enjoyed "Maqamate Hariri" in his literary work. Manuscript profile -
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68 - THE EXPRESSION OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE CHILDREN IN IRANIAN AND EUROPEAN LITERATURE
Zahra Abazi Elahe KhosraviThe present article is a content analysis of the children’s story books and studies the extent to which these books consider the psychological problems of the children. Problems such as aggressive behavior, lack of self-confidence, fear and distress. The MoreThe present article is a content analysis of the children’s story books and studies the extent to which these books consider the psychological problems of the children. Problems such as aggressive behavior, lack of self-confidence, fear and distress. The article also compares these problems as reflected in Iranian and European books while giving a definition of the children’s literature and its aims and objectives. The sample studied includes fifty one books published between the years 1375 to 1385 by Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults. The conclusive results show that the problem of lacking self-confidence has been pointed out more than other mentioned problems. Manuscript profile -
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69 - Studying the Historical Grammar of Language in "Khishkhaneh" story in Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī
Anvar Abbas MajidGrammar commands and topics have an unlimited range. Language, both spoken and written, is not stable and like many phenomena undergoes change and transformation. In the dynamic path of language, words, letters, verbs and any relating issue to language are som MoreGrammar commands and topics have an unlimited range. Language, both spoken and written, is not stable and like many phenomena undergoes change and transformation. In the dynamic path of language, words, letters, verbs and any relating issue to language are sometimes forgotten and sometimes changed which has made it difficult to know the language and grammar. Understanding grammatical processes and transformations from the past to the present leads to a better and more accurate understanding of ancient texts. "Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī" is one of the texts that has always been considered by researchers from literal, historical, social, geographical, and anthropological and etc. Knowing the language and grammatical points of the work leads to a correct understanding of the audience. The prose of the abovementioned book is an intermediate text. It is a combination of the steadfastness and simplicity of Samanid era and the technical prose of its time. The present study intends to survey the historical order of language in "Khishkhaneh" story. Manuscript profile -
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70 - A comparison between King Lear and the story of Fereydun
Masoomeh Khodadadi Mahabad Leyla Fatemi KaleshIn the present paper the story of Fereydun and King Lear have been studied considering the story elements of each story. Clear rationale that explains the comparison of these two stories is the joint decisions that both kings made for their lands. Followi MoreIn the present paper the story of Fereydun and King Lear have been studied considering the story elements of each story. Clear rationale that explains the comparison of these two stories is the joint decisions that both kings made for their lands. Following this decision, battles and events occurred that reveals the fate of each character in the story that is the notable and significant point of both stories. This review is independent of the epic, mythological, historical and literary aspects or the perspective of the influence and effect of nations’ literature on each other. Our approach is to compare the two stories based on plans, characters, events and their highlights. Manuscript profile -
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71 - Status of Comparative Literature in Persian Language and Literature
Shirin Behboudian Tahereh PalizbanIn this article, we provide a brief explanation about comparative literature and then compare the historical criticism and the comparative literature. And we mention the views of several wise and learned professors. And at the end, we do the comparative criticism of Kha MoreIn this article, we provide a brief explanation about comparative literature and then compare the historical criticism and the comparative literature. And we mention the views of several wise and learned professors. And at the end, we do the comparative criticism of Khaghani, Behtari and Pourkeshi in Shahnameh and the similar Greek works. Comparative literature is one of the today's new wide branches of the literature and drama which investigates the similarities and differences among the different samples of the literary works. And what is the intention of the researcher and critics in the comparative literature is not the literary work itself but the quality, manifestation and the reflection of the literary works of a nation on the literary works of another nation. Manuscript profile -
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72 - Comparison of Parable of “The Signet Ring and the Shepherd” in the Works of Nizami and Plato
Ahmad Farshbafian SafiPersian literature is enriched by mellifluous and beauteous stories which have passed from one generation to another in centuries and thus we have access to them at present time. There are also tales, stories and parables from other nations intermingled into Persian li MorePersian literature is enriched by mellifluous and beauteous stories which have passed from one generation to another in centuries and thus we have access to them at present time. There are also tales, stories and parables from other nations intermingled into Persian literature. Some tales, stories and parables have also gone to other countries and nations from Iran. Researching on how these literary forms have penetrated or entered other cultures and literatures is a very precious activity in which many people spend time. The present article studies the origin of one of the parables of “Iqbal Nameh” by Nizami named “The Signet Ring and the Shepherd” and how it is rooted in the parables of the book “The Republic” by Plato. Manuscript profile -
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73 - The Fictionalize System in Sadegh Hedayat and William Faulkner's Short Stories
Masoumeh Hakim Atar Hakim Atar Yadollah TaleshiThe present paper attempts to know Iran and America's fiction literature much better. The purpose is to express the narrative structure of Hedayat and Faulkner's short stories. Three short stories (Three drops of blood, Dash Akol, stray dog) by Hedayat and three (a rose MoreThe present paper attempts to know Iran and America's fiction literature much better. The purpose is to express the narrative structure of Hedayat and Faulkner's short stories. Three short stories (Three drops of blood, Dash Akol, stray dog) by Hedayat and three (a rose for Emily, The dry September, Barn burning) by Faulkner are chosen. Then the story elements of fictionalize which were interested by Faulkner and Hedayat have been surveyed. The present article also studies Faulkner and Hedayat's method in characterization, dialogue, point of view, intra – text and narration. Manuscript profile -
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74 - The Comparative Study of the Element of Plot in Ancient and Modern Stories from Iran and the Whole World
Mansureh Sharif ZadehOne of the most important elements of the stories is plot. Plot is in fact a pattern for connecting the events of the story based on some causal relationship. Stories before the 18th century in Europe and before constitutional revolution in Iran were written based on si MoreOne of the most important elements of the stories is plot. Plot is in fact a pattern for connecting the events of the story based on some causal relationship. Stories before the 18th century in Europe and before constitutional revolution in Iran were written based on simple plots and they were very different from today’s stories. Since plot originates from the nature of the characters, the reader needs intelligence and memory to understand it. The most obvious difference between ancient and modern stories is in fact plot; since the plot of ancient stories was based on simple and superficial causes while modern stories have plots based on complicated events resulting in challenges. The present article attempts to compare the element of plot in ancient Iranian stories (Khosrow and Shirin) and ancient European stories (Iliad & Odyssey) with modern Iranian stories (Tangsir) and contemporary European stories (War & Peace) to observe their points of similarity and differentiation. Manuscript profile -
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75 - Comparative Criticism of Feminism in the Works of Shahrnush Parsipur and Marguerite Duras
Muhammad Khosravi ShakibShahrnushParsipur and Marguerite Duras are two contemporary Iranian and French writers who share some similarities in their works due to the facts such as being a woman, a writer, an intellectual, living in a twenty century world and having experienced di MoreShahrnushParsipur and Marguerite Duras are two contemporary Iranian and French writers who share some similarities in their works due to the facts such as being a woman, a writer, an intellectual, living in a twenty century world and having experienced different feminist approaches and living in the East. The question is then what are these similarities? The research hypothesis based on the question is then liberal love, magical realism, breaking traditions and uprising against the current status of women, challenging false beliefs and superstitions and criticizing the present male chauvinist rules and regulations. Manuscript profile -
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76 - A Comparative Look Into the Story Writing of Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Gholam Hussein Saedi
Farhad Tahmasbi Maryam Al-Sadat SojoudiThe present article is an attempt to show that modern story writing in Iran has been influenced by the world dramatic literature. Studying the contemporary stories shows that Iranians have been influenced by worldmethods and literary schools. For certain political and i MoreThe present article is an attempt to show that modern story writing in Iran has been influenced by the world dramatic literature. Studying the contemporary stories shows that Iranians have been influenced by worldmethods and literary schools. For certain political and ideological reasons these influences have mostly been from the works of Russian literature. The article explores the works of Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Gholam Hussein Saedi as the representative story writers of two different cultures and from different times to conclude how the Russian writer has influenced the iranain one. Manuscript profile -
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77 - A Comparative Study on the position of “disbelief” And “belief” at Sadegh Hedayat and Bent-AlHoda Sadr’s Stories
Ahmadreza Heydarian Shahri Seyyed Roohollah Hoseini The following investigation is a comparative finding about differentapproaches of Sadegh Hedayat and Bent-Al Hoda Sadr, two prominent writers in persion and arabic literature respectively, with respect to believable thoughts by applying a single tool in a similar More The following investigation is a comparative finding about differentapproaches of Sadegh Hedayat and Bent-Al Hoda Sadr, two prominent writers in persion and arabic literature respectively, with respect to believable thoughts by applying a single tool in a similar epoch but in different geographical vastitude.The aim of this paper is to examine the style and type of approaches of the two skillful writers to their metaphysical and surrounding area.According to propounded novel ideas in interesting model of fiction, it is essential to examine introduced categories by a new look scientifically.The method of doing this research is descriptive and analytic. First some of the prominent stories of the two writers have been studied and then their views to the”Position of belief in life "have been compared.The present research attempts, by bringing some sections of story texts of these two writers and analyzing their datum, to draw directions of Hedayat in hisworks and its relationship with his disbelief and his wrong and superficial world view; on the other hand, it tries to demonstrate the role of belief as a fundamental pivot of Bent-Al Hoda Sadr’s stories and by using Islamic world view, in addition to adaption and fair critique, it aims to lead readers of this kind of fiction writing to a clear horizon. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - The comparison of personification in Iranian and foreign short stories
Shadman Shokravi Masoud NorouzianThe present article surveys the outlook to the systems theory and the status of its usage in analyzing the short stories. The personification and specially the relations between them at the beginning and the end of the story by emphasizing the systems theory has been st MoreThe present article surveys the outlook to the systems theory and the status of its usage in analyzing the short stories. The personification and specially the relations between them at the beginning and the end of the story by emphasizing the systems theory has been studied in this article. Some results have been obtained including: 1. A story is a system generally; namely the systematic system. 2. A system may respond a single firm response to all outputs in a special case. 3. One of the most important factors is sensitivity. The function of some short stories lacks this sensitivity. 4. The other factor is the random variable. The probability of differ-ent events is equal. 5. There are some systems which the final behavior is dependant from the beginning; indeed the output is dependent from the input. 6. The other capability in systems is the system’s memory or intel-lectualism. That’s why some of the stories are understandable despite of their complexity. 7. The last factor is the tendency toward form rather than the prear-ranged patterns. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - A Study of Good and Evil in the Stories of Prophet Yusuf and Iraj in Shahnameh
Alireza Daneshvar Vaziri Seyyed Ahmad KazerooniA comparative study of Yusuf’s story in the Holy Quran and Iraj`s story in Ferdowsi`s Shahnameh shows a unique conception of good and evil in the themes and characters of these two stories. Some of these topics are polygamy, sibling’s jealously, and extreme MoreA comparative study of Yusuf’s story in the Holy Quran and Iraj`s story in Ferdowsi`s Shahnameh shows a unique conception of good and evil in the themes and characters of these two stories. Some of these topics are polygamy, sibling’s jealously, and extreme fatherly love to the youngest child. One can observe some differences between these two stories as the first story ends in happiness and the second ends in tragedy. The current work examines the concepts of good and evil in these two stories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Short Story in Iran and Egypt: Applied Study of Aliacharf Darwisaan’s story " He doen’t have " and Yusuf Idris’s “A Glance”
Majid Salehbek Fatemeh BiglaryThe literature of an era is said to be the full-vision mirror of that era and a study of the literature of each era expresses the characteristics of that given period. This is particularly more evident with the modern genres of literature such as the novel and short sto MoreThe literature of an era is said to be the full-vision mirror of that era and a study of the literature of each era expresses the characteristics of that given period. This is particularly more evident with the modern genres of literature such as the novel and short story. The Literature of any country is influenced by its political, social and cultural conditions.Iran and Egypt are not excluded from this rule. There have been writers in both countries who turned their faces towards short stories with a realistic style to express the problems of their societies. This paper has chosen two of Iranian and Egyptian writers named Ali Ashraf Darvishian and Yousef Edris, who have to some extent similar styles in writing stories, and two of their short stories; and after presenting a short biography of each, and stating the elements contributing to the advent of "short story" in these two countries, has studied and contrasted these two stories and finally stated their similarities and differences in their social thought. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Comparison of the Stories Vis & Ramin and Tristan & Iseult
Mehdi Momtahen Naeemeh Shayesteh FarThe present article is an attempt to compare in summary two Iranian and European love stories. Both of these stories are about the inevitable love which changes the order of everything; and the lovers tolerate everything privately. Although there are similarities among MoreThe present article is an attempt to compare in summary two Iranian and European love stories. Both of these stories are about the inevitable love which changes the order of everything; and the lovers tolerate everything privately. Although there are similarities among the love stories of the world there are certain aspects of them which are still to be known. This article tries to ignore the geographical distance between the writers and compare the beauties of the two stories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - THE WORKS OF SADEGH CHUBAK AND THE HOW HE WAS AFFECTED BY THE WORKS OF ERNEST MILLER HEMINGWAY
Leila Hashemian Shahin EslamiSadegh Chubak as one of the greatest short story writers like Jalal Ale Ahmad and Sadegh Hedayat has made attempts in the promotion of simple writing and breaking the tradition of eloquence inherited from the past literature. He is a realist writer and hi MoreSadegh Chubak as one of the greatest short story writers like Jalal Ale Ahmad and Sadegh Hedayat has made attempts in the promotion of simple writing and breaking the tradition of eloquence inherited from the past literature. He is a realist writer and his stories include realities which familiarize the reader with the situation in the 14th century. His style of writing reminds the reader of the 20th century American writers in spite of having independency and being unique. The present article tries to show how Saegh Chubakhas been affected by Ernest Miller Hemingway the creator of the beautiful novel “The Old Man and The Sea” and the winner of the Nobel Prize. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Comparative Study on Magical Realism in Saedi and Márquez works
Arash Moshfeqi Elham AlaviThe present paper intends to study the elements of magical realism in Gholam Hossein Sa'edi and Gabriel García Márquez's works comparatively. Saedi – one of Iran's famous contemporary literary men in the field of story writing. Gabriel García MoreThe present paper intends to study the elements of magical realism in Gholam Hossein Sa'edi and Gabriel García Márquez's works comparatively. Saedi – one of Iran's famous contemporary literary men in the field of story writing. Gabriel García Márquez is also the one whose name is linked with magical realism and is known as avant-garde in the mentioned literature. Both authors have left similar works in this genre in which both can be seen bitter, morbid as well as satirist and nihilist. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - A study of similarities and differences of Sadegh Chubak and Edgar Allan Poe's short stories
Afsaneh Sehhati Shadman Shokravi Mahdi Farhoodi NiaSadegh Chubak is a pioneer founder of short story in Iran. Meanwhile Edgar Allan Poe is known as the founder of principles and bases of short story in the world. Chubak was the first Iranian to translate Poe's famous poem "The Raven" into Persian. The present article st MoreSadegh Chubak is a pioneer founder of short story in Iran. Meanwhile Edgar Allan Poe is known as the founder of principles and bases of short story in the world. Chubak was the first Iranian to translate Poe's famous poem "The Raven" into Persian. The present article studies the points of similarity and difference in themes and structures of their works. The results of such a comparison show that Sadegh Chubak just like Sadegh Hedayat was influenced by Allan Poe. But there are also differences between them, the most important of which is found in the themes and backgrounds of their stories. As opposed to Allan Poe, Chubak is a writer with an opposing point of view. two other structural features of Poe, are his innovations in applying minor events to the plot and imagery. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - A Study of the Bakhtinian Concept of Heteroglossia in Jamalzadeh’s “Kabaab-e Ghaaz”
Leila Hashemian Ebrahim Vasheghani Farahani Fardin SharifniaThis paper is an attempt to analyze the Bakhtinian concept of heteroglossia in Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh’s short story “Kabaab-e Ghaaz” (The Roasted Duck). Analysis of such features as comic style, language, contemporary reality, character zones, discour MoreThis paper is an attempt to analyze the Bakhtinian concept of heteroglossia in Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh’s short story “Kabaab-e Ghaaz” (The Roasted Duck). Analysis of such features as comic style, language, contemporary reality, character zones, discourse, and the author’s refraction and deviation gives the reader new insights into so far neglected or superficially considered layers and enables him/her to become more acquainted with the author’s language as well as with the relativism and dialogism of the ideological system of the story. Analysis of heteroglossia in Jamalzadeh’s works is important in that he is accredited with the beginning of realism in Iranian fiction. “Kabaab-e Ghaaz” is a comic short story and laughter, which is central to heteroglossia, acts as one of its conspicuous elements. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - A postmodern reading of the meaning of history in the two plays “Arcadia” by Tom Stoppard and “Death of YazdGerd” by Bhram Beizaei
Behzad Gaderi Sahmi Seyyedeh Anahit KazzaziIn recent decades there have been many critiques on the meaning of history and matters that historians have paid attention to in postmodern scientific and philosophical gatherings. The most important consequence of these critiques is challenging the task MoreIn recent decades there have been many critiques on the meaning of history and matters that historians have paid attention to in postmodern scientific and philosophical gatherings. The most important consequence of these critiques is challenging the task of history in providing an objective and scientific image of the past events. This relative perspective on the accuracy and authenticity of history vacillates in the achievement of the historical truth through questioning its nature and essence and asserts that historians have constantly replicated the past events through their power of imagination and dependency on personal beliefs. In harmony with deterioration of the meaning of history in philosophy, literary writers also decided to narrate the history in their works as the wanted. The offspring of this approach is a type of literature which could be termed “Replacement of History” in Persian. This research presents a comprehensive. postmodernist overview of history and then compares two replacements of history “Arcadia” by Tom Stoppard and “Death of YazdGerd” by Bhram Beizaei from this viewpoint. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Comparative Study on Dirty Realism in Chubak and Carver Works
Mahdi Norouz Mojgan Tahmasebi SetoodehRealism is a literary school which became popular during 1850 and 1880 in United States of America and Europe. The most important feature of realistic works is that it introduces human as a social creature and seeks all evil and good behaviors’ roots in the societ MoreRealism is a literary school which became popular during 1850 and 1880 in United States of America and Europe. The most important feature of realistic works is that it introduces human as a social creature and seeks all evil and good behaviors’ roots in the society. Raymond Carver is one of the American most famous short story writers who is known as a pioneer in dirty realism. Sadeq Chubak is one the most effective writers of Iran’s contemporary literature which dirty realism is remarkable in his works. The present paper is a comparative research to find out the existing similarities and differences in Carver and Chubak’s works in descriptive – analytical method. The approach of the research is historical and based on the “American School” theoretical framework. By studying their works, it could be find out that both writers narrate ruins, breaking downs and lacks in humans’ life y assisting a common language. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Comparative Study of Maqamat – e Hamidi – sixth Century's Scholar and Maqamat – e Hamedani and Hariri
Mahin Heidari Fariborz Hossenjanzadeh Mohammad Shayegan MehrIn the late fourth Hijri century, a new technique amongst story techniques which were common in Arabic contests was emerged; originated by Badi' al-Zamān al-Hamadāni and called it "Maqamat". Other Iranian and Arabic authors and writers imitated him and applied the MoreIn the late fourth Hijri century, a new technique amongst story techniques which were common in Arabic contests was emerged; originated by Badi' al-Zamān al-Hamadāni and called it "Maqamat". Other Iranian and Arabic authors and writers imitated him and applied the same title for their works. The present article studies the rhyme application in the most famous Arabic and Persian Maqamats. It also studies Badi' al-Zamān al-Hamadāni and Hariri's Maqamat and the effects of Persian writing on Arabic literature. Maqamat was not interested by Persians, because the subjects and the composing system were invaluable and the main plot was not satisfying; the critical aspect was too weak religiously and educationally. The paper also studies the reason for not being imitated by Iranians who own a remarkable background and virtuosity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - A Study on Effects of Political – Social Evolutions on Khair al-Din al-Zirikli and his Contemporaries
Fatemeh Qajari Enayatollah Fatehi NezhadKhair al-Din al-Zirikli is a multidimensional character who was active in various political, literal, historical and social fields. His most important work which is titled "Al-Aʻlām", is about scholars and celebrities' lives from ancient to the contemporary era and is o MoreKhair al-Din al-Zirikli is a multidimensional character who was active in various political, literal, historical and social fields. His most important work which is titled "Al-Aʻlām", is about scholars and celebrities' lives from ancient to the contemporary era and is of such a familiarity that affects all his life's aspects specially his literary and poetic aspect. The present paper studies his life style and works in his life time and after death. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Explanation of the reasons for the reputation of the narrative of Hafs Asim
farzaneh alizadeh Sayyid Fatimah Hosseini Mir Safi Sayyid Fatimah Hosseini Mir SafiDifferences in Quran recitation and the role of Quran recitation in understanding the book have certainly influenced the Quranic sciences to the modern age despite historical controversies. Yet, there is no consensus over the reasons for prioritizing one recitation over MoreDifferences in Quran recitation and the role of Quran recitation in understanding the book have certainly influenced the Quranic sciences to the modern age despite historical controversies. Yet, there is no consensus over the reasons for prioritizing one recitation over the others. Drawing on library studies and adopting a historical approach, the present study aimed to shed some light on the issue that ambiguity in some historical reports arises from particular Quran recitations in the Islamic world, the widespread use of Aasem’s recitation method according to Hafs , adopted as the formal recitation method in the Ottoman Empire, and the publication of the Holy Quran based on Aasem’s recitation method. Therefore, other recitation methods should be taken into account to avoid an unfair exaggerated account of the above recitation method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Intertextual Relations between Moses and "Tariq min Al Sama" stories
Javad Ranjbar Khatereh AhmadiThe present article attempts to study the intertextuality theory beside expressing and interpretation of intertextuality relations between Moses story and its influence on "Tariq min Al Sama" story. The results show that the author has enjoyed the hidden as well as appa MoreThe present article attempts to study the intertextuality theory beside expressing and interpretation of intertextuality relations between Moses story and its influence on "Tariq min Al Sama" story. The results show that the author has enjoyed the hidden as well as apparent intertextual items and has beautified his work by Quranic stories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Comparative Study of Quranic Narration Methods in Mathnavi-i Ma'navi and Cambridge Interpretation
Reza Ashrafzadeh Mohammad Behnamfar Nazanin EhsaniMathnavi-i Ma'navi is the result of the stories circulation in the period of time. These stories are the key to Molana's world and to know his creativity in story writing. Cambridge Interpretation is also one of the important interpretations which is especially importan MoreMathnavi-i Ma'navi is the result of the stories circulation in the period of time. These stories are the key to Molana's world and to know his creativity in story writing. Cambridge Interpretation is also one of the important interpretations which is especially important from literary point of view and includes stories which are brought in different parts of the book based on the related subjects. These stories could be studied from different aspects and viewpoints in Mathnavi-i Ma'navi and Cambridge Interpretation. The present research clarifies the relationship between two texts comparatively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Art and Education in the Story Characters of Surat Kahf
Seddigheh Mahdavi Kani Fahimeh MiriSurat Kahf is among the Surats that include four stories: Story of the Friends of the cave, the story of the owner of two gardens, the story of Moses (peace be upon him) and Abd-e-Saleh and Zulqarnain story; If we pay a close attention to this Surat, we c MoreSurat Kahf is among the Surats that include four stories: Story of the Friends of the cave, the story of the owner of two gardens, the story of Moses (peace be upon him) and Abd-e-Saleh and Zulqarnain story; If we pay a close attention to this Surat, we can find that each chapter consists of characters.Some have highlighted role and some minor roles and are alongside or against each other, cause the motion and introduction of the story conditions.This article is based on a different style according to this Surat and the role of hero and anti-hero in each story and it tries to draw the characters from both the artistic and educational views. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Implementation of the stories of Yoosef and Zoleikha in Quran and Bible
Abolghasem RadfarManifestation of the glory of God and the miracle of the Qur'an is eternal and true historical reason firmly and correctly and reasonably, certified true facts and sublime luxury and infinite sea, full of all good things and tips. Merits and it is more abundant in the f MoreManifestation of the glory of God and the miracle of the Qur'an is eternal and true historical reason firmly and correctly and reasonably, certified true facts and sublime luxury and infinite sea, full of all good things and tips. Merits and it is more abundant in the form of sentences and phrases informative stories and aphorisms. The story starts with the revelations that it has a high Wisdom And that the contents of the Qur'an and Ansansaz with real stories and experiences of past peoples ancestors correctly reaches us so we can benefit from educational content and advice. We're trying to compare them to further explore the role and importance of the Quran And understand the text and change the course of history has been distorted. Manuscript profile -
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95 - Study of the story of the eminence Soleyman(p.f.h) in the Qoran
Nahid Nasihat Naeimeh ParandujiOne of the literary gifts of the Qoran is its artistic creativity and creation in the true stories. The exalted God demonstrates all events and characters in a firm style .One of the stories portrayed in the holy verses is the story ofthe eminence Soleyman(p. f.h). Sinc MoreOne of the literary gifts of the Qoran is its artistic creativity and creation in the true stories. The exalted God demonstrates all events and characters in a firm style .One of the stories portrayed in the holy verses is the story ofthe eminence Soleyman(p. f.h). Since the story has the great importance today, this story as one of the most beautiful stories in the Qoran requires a new literary and artistic commentary. Whatever portrayed in the Qoran includes some short stories about ants, horses, informative hoopoe, queen Saba's belief in God, and some inhuman characters such as j inni, hoopoe, ant, wind, and capturing them to be at the service of the prophet and also knowing the language of birds .Each of these elements has been appeared by centering gratitude and sincerity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Orientalists and the distortion of the Noble Qur’an - A comparative study between the history of codification of the Old Testament and the Holy Qur’an.
mohammad javad rahmatiThere is an agreement between Shiites and Sunnis that the Holy Qur'an does not contain any distortion, increase or decrease, for sure. Of course, they provide documents from the Qur'an itself and from the Sunnah as well. Including His saying, Blessed and Exalted be He: MoreThere is an agreement between Shiites and Sunnis that the Holy Qur'an does not contain any distortion, increase or decrease, for sure. Of course, they provide documents from the Qur'an itself and from the Sunnah as well. Including His saying, Blessed and Exalted be He: “It is We who have sent down the Remembrance, and we will preserve it” (Al-Hijr 9). However, some orientalists took the path of challenging the Holy Qur’an by questioning the history of codification and compilation of the Holy Qur’an by analogy with their sacred books that were collected and codified during a long history after their prophets. So we made a comparison between the history of the Noble Qur’an and the history of the Old Testament; Until it becomes clear to us clearly that the Noble Qur’an continues and remains without any distortion, because it was collected and written down during the era of the Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace. Our study came in response to the statements of orientalists who said the Holy Qur’an has been distorted by dissecting their methodology in challenging the Holy Qur’an in its collection and codification, and by also showing the absurdity of their suspicions. The research was based on the inductive-analytical approach to reveal their malice through the belief of their scholars. Manuscript profile -
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97 - Bahram Beizai's historical plays in Arabic and Persian literature
Fazel Abbaszadeh Mehrdad AghaeiBahram Beizai is one of the top play-writers in Iran and a director of theater and cinema who has used myths, legends, folklore and oral literature in the best possible way in his plays. Beizaei's plays have a great importance due to their influence on ancient Persian a MoreBahram Beizai is one of the top play-writers in Iran and a director of theater and cinema who has used myths, legends, folklore and oral literature in the best possible way in his plays. Beizaei's plays have a great importance due to their influence on ancient Persian and Arabic treasures. As it is clear, Beizai in his plays continues Ferdowsi's way in re-reading and recreating history, myths and epics, and he has inspired ancient Persian and Arabic sources in his literary works, including plays. This researcher intends to categorize Bahram Beizai's plays in a descriptive-analytical manner in the framework of "reading-oriented" critique and evaluate them with a favorable summary of the author's theatrical sources and the author's specific processing and approach. The results of the research show that Bahram Beizai, by examining different historical periods and adapting the epic myths, Ashura, pre-Islamic and post-Islamic history of Iran, has been able to bind his works with contemporary currents and ideas by these re-readings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Investigation of police stories in Persian literature
Yousef Karami Chemeh mahdi torkshavand Meisam AhmadiInvestigation of police stories in Persian literature Abstract The story is one of the most important literary forms. This literary genre has several types, of which "police story" is one of them. More than 180 years have passed since the emergence of the fir MoreInvestigation of police stories in Persian literature Abstract The story is one of the most important literary forms. This literary genre has several types, of which "police story" is one of them. More than 180 years have passed since the emergence of the first complete examples of police stories in world literature; But it was around the last decade of the 13th century and through translation that this literary form entered Iran for the first time. Police stories are among the most popular literary works and have appeared in Persian literature in various forms during their lifetime. In this article, by using library sources and in a descriptive-analytical way, the history of the police story in Persian literature was investigated. The story is one of the most important literary forms. This literary genre has several types, of which "police story" is one of them. More than 180 years have passed since the emergence of the first complete examples of police stories in world literature; But it was around the last decade of the 13th century and through translation that this literary form entered Iran for the first time. Police stories are among the most popular literary works and have appeared in Persian literature in various forms during their lifetime. In this article, by using library sources and in a descriptive-analytical way, the history of the police story in Persian literature was investigated. Keywords: story, police story, Persian literature, history. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - The Invocation of Quranic Figures and Stories in Ma’ruf al-Rusafi’s Diwan
Ali PiraniShal Neman Onegh Raziyeh MaskaniThis article studies Quranic stories and figures, focusing on their use in Ma‘ruf al-Rusafi’s Diwan. The article explains the extent to which al-Rusafi has been influenced by these elements and has developed techniques to adapt them to his odes’ conten MoreThis article studies Quranic stories and figures, focusing on their use in Ma‘ruf al-Rusafi’s Diwan. The article explains the extent to which al-Rusafi has been influenced by these elements and has developed techniques to adapt them to his odes’ content by way of technical and thematic incorporation toward the creation of a spiritual atmosphere in his poetry, in such a way he hopes to reach his audience’s minds and perception. Al-Rusafi has drawn upon Adam’s story and hissubsequent fall from paradise, has summoned such characters as Belqais, the queen of Sheba; Moses and Jesus and their miracles; Prophet Muhammad and his perfection. Al-Rusafi has selected and alluded to specificsegments of the aforementioned stories that would best enrich the texture of his poems and serve his poetic purposes. To achieve their desired effect these allusions rely to a certain degree onhis audience’s familiarity with the Quranic stories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Jabra and Short Story
Hussein Shams Abadi Mohammad JahanbinThe present article studies the short stories by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra the Iraqi writer who was born in Palestine. He is among the neo-writers of Arabic literature concerning poetry, translation, criticism and novel. His collection “Ergh and other Stories” is MoreThe present article studies the short stories by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra the Iraqi writer who was born in Palestine. He is among the neo-writers of Arabic literature concerning poetry, translation, criticism and novel. His collection “Ergh and other Stories” is one of his first experiences in story writing. His stories seem to be an introduction or a conclusion to his novel which was inspired by romantic literature and mixes romanticism, realism and symbolism. Jabra writes from the breadth of his imagination until reality is revealed. Manuscript profile -
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101 - Analysis of the mother motif and its social relationship with other elements in the novel of "Haft Ruz Dar Hafteh"
Hedayatollah TaghizadehMotif is a common term in the literature, its most important feature is repetition, motivation and coherence of the text and it can understand the theme and style of the work by recognizing it. One of the great contemporary novelists, Qaeid wrote the social story of "Ha MoreMotif is a common term in the literature, its most important feature is repetition, motivation and coherence of the text and it can understand the theme and style of the work by recognizing it. One of the great contemporary novelists, Qaeid wrote the social story of "Haft Ruz Dar Hafteh" in which he described the war and misery of the peasant villagers. This article tries to examine the social manifestations and functions of the mother motif and its relationship with other elements by descriptive-analytical method by a brief look at the poet's life. The mother's motif reflects the Qaeid's thought and the special relationship that he has established and it indicates his role in the family. The result shows that Qaeid puts the real events and motif of the mother in an organized way in the novel and portrays her vital role for the central characters and refers the function of coherence, guidance, responsibility, educational, and sociality, and shows that the mother is closely related to the characterization, plot, and space of the story. Manuscript profile -
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102 - The Philosophy of Mewlana’s Storytelling
Behrooz HasannezhadRumi; the quiet bagpipe undoubtedly one of the greatest poets of Islamic literature and mysticism and Persian. Visit the cryptic and mysterious, with its itinerant Sufi Tabrizi angry black dress, also completely transformed her life and around the true story and the est MoreRumi; the quiet bagpipe undoubtedly one of the greatest poets of Islamic literature and mysticism and Persian. Visit the cryptic and mysterious, with its itinerant Sufi Tabrizi angry black dress, also completely transformed her life and around the true story and the established. So for his relief and comfort his disciples and answered the request and asked Hussam al-Din, the Masnavi and the anthem and observe it to be polite style and narrative knowledge and story and incorporated it, dressed and decorated garden created But the Maulana Shams was crazy big. Giant "magic"and "imagination"and "music" of their minds teapot, made of free literature can not observe and not drunk and lost the wild forest to create the necessary literature in respect of such intoxication was no wonder if Can be. Masnavi, like the Koran, was written around the story of the style to remain mysterious and symbolic, and the followers of all ages in the course "invites" the "wonder" also "mind" and "lessons" to learn and teach. Stories, the cups were made for fishing meanings. Therefore, the processing Masnavi tales philosophy but philosophy, the story does not stop processing Manuscript profile -
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103 - Mysticism Mask in Haqqi Yahya Literature
Alaeddin RamezanReligious view point is a part of social character structure. The religion is made of two parts: the first part is the legal section which is documented by the religious texts and prays and the second part is the issues that the social life has influence on them such as MoreReligious view point is a part of social character structure. The religion is made of two parts: the first part is the legal section which is documented by the religious texts and prays and the second part is the issues that the social life has influence on them such as superstition, myths and traditions. One of the phenomenon which have been created because of the social traditions entrance is the Sufism. The present paper studies the Sufism in Yahya Haqqi literature and the interpretation methods. Manuscript profile -
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104 - History of lexical and linguistic studies in the Arab Renaissance
Firooz Harirchi Mahmood Shakib Hamed Vahedi KarajabadSince the end of the nineteenth and twentieth century , the concept of the nature of the language and its function and studied were in change. That changes caused prosecution efforts which made by the western scientists to study most of the world language descriptively MoreSince the end of the nineteenth and twentieth century , the concept of the nature of the language and its function and studied were in change. That changes caused prosecution efforts which made by the western scientists to study most of the world language descriptively and historically ,comparely . KHALIL is the first who authored the lexicon in Arabic language, and who compiled a perfect lexicon between the whole languages in the world. For lexicons is important role in transmission of culture , science and meanings from one generation to another. The methods of the lexicons are in two kinds: meaning method , termic method. Scientists of the language in Europe and America constructed a new study in linguistics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Review On The Thoughts Of Najib Mahfouz
Akbar BashiriNajib Mahfouz was born in 1911. He got his B.A in philosophy and became interested in literature. His literary life started in 1921 with writing philosophical and social articles in newspapers. His literary life can be divided into three stages: 1. The Romantic stag MoreNajib Mahfouz was born in 1911. He got his B.A in philosophy and became interested in literature. His literary life started in 1921 with writing philosophical and social articles in newspapers. His literary life can be divided into three stages: 1. The Romantic stage including the works such as "Mohabbat Al-aghdar", "Radopis" and "Kafah Tebiyyah" 2. The stage of social realities including the works such as "New Cairo". 3. The stage of philosophical realities including the works such as "our neighbors children" Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Study of construction elements in the novel "The deputy’s Diary in the countryside"
Majid Saleh Beyk Farid GhaderiThe novel is a kind of fiction which continued walking until it became a literary genre that leads to art and humanity. And Towfigh al Hakim’s novel "The deputy’s Diary in the countryside" is a depiction of the tragedy retained, since a long MoreThe novel is a kind of fiction which continued walking until it became a literary genre that leads to art and humanity. And Towfigh al Hakim’s novel "The deputy’s Diary in the countryside" is a depiction of the tragedy retained, since a long time, control of the Egyptian society, in general, and the Egyptian countryside, in particular, until the divine promise of victory has been accomplished, and we saw in the current era the eradication of injustice, by a new revolution sent the spirit of happiness and hope to the structure of that society. For this, I focused my efforts in this article on a brief study of this novel following the approach here under: I commenced this article by an introduction that states briefly the most important phases included in this modern story, and a summary of the novel "Diary". After, I came to a brief explanation about the lives of "Towfigh al Hakim". Then I tried to deal with this topic studying its adaptability to the most important technical elements of short stories, namely: characters, events, time and place, and the narrative and dialogue, and I put thepoints on the letters in what it appeared to me that the author did not succeed in his report to do it; and finally I came to the conclusion taking a cursory glance at the most important results that I reached. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - The Emergence of Short Story and its Features in Egypt
Hossein Shamsabadi Fereshteh Afzali Gholamreza GolchinradShort story is built on a single story that have a single impact and it is a short detail of human life.The length of the short story and the time to read does not take from the listener and the reader but a short time. And that is one of the updated arts that have e MoreShort story is built on a single story that have a single impact and it is a short detail of human life.The length of the short story and the time to read does not take from the listener and the reader but a short time. And that is one of the updated arts that have emerged in the modern era and Arabs did not know this kind of story in past ages and it has no roots in the heritage of storytelling and in fact, the Arabs took it from Western literature after their relationship and their contact with the West.And the Egyptian short story has grown following the events of the First World War and it appeared with the emergence and generation of numerous conflicts in the world and the subsequent 1919 revolution after a break from French translations of short stories and explicit excerpts.And among the pioneers of the story of the early Arab is Jorji Zeydan, the forerunner of the historical story, and Jebran, the forerunner of the stories, and Mikhael Naemah, with whom have been completed the elements of the artistry stories and the pioneer character, Professor Mahmood Teymoor, the prominent short story writer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - To see the elements of fiction
Hassan Shavandi Azade KArimNovel for purposes of length is the longest kind of story.It has many of persons whichever has traction and particular rection. Navel is one of the kind of prose literature. At first,story for purposes of method was so poor but by passing the time sake relation of the MoreNovel for purposes of length is the longest kind of story.It has many of persons whichever has traction and particular rection. Navel is one of the kind of prose literature. At first,story for purposes of method was so poor but by passing the time sake relation of the Arabs with out of Saudi Arabia peninsula by talk and translatior was advanced. Navel settle life problems and human station on it's duration and under shade of fast progress of civilization Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Decoding "The River" by Zakaria Tamer
Yahya Marouf Ali Parvaneh Mehran Najafi HajivarMystification in literature is one of the methods of meaning transfer to the reader (audience) which makes the speech more attractive. Since the mystery involves different reasons and causes it is not possible consider special frame for its concepts. Mystery is the best MoreMystification in literature is one of the methods of meaning transfer to the reader (audience) which makes the speech more attractive. Since the mystery involves different reasons and causes it is not possible consider special frame for its concepts. Mystery is the best tool that a poet or author can apply it in order to express the close political and social conditions of a country. Zakaria Tamer – Syrian novelist – who has various experiences in novel writing, enjoys the mysteries in his works. "The river" is one of his mysterious stories in which he applied the mysteries in order to express his own thoughts and inner implications. This story contains some main and secondary characters who all played the role well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Importance of time in the story of the Qur'an from the perspective of modern fiction Criticism
Mazhar Moghaddamifar Homeyra HamidiThe importance of this subject returns to God deposited with man an inherent sense of time. And Koran gave great importance to the time, and most acts of worship in Islamic law have been associated with specific and fixed time-bounds such as prayer, fasti MoreThe importance of this subject returns to God deposited with man an inherent sense of time. And Koran gave great importance to the time, and most acts of worship in Islamic law have been associated with specific and fixed time-bounds such as prayer, fasting and pilgrimage, so that their performance can only be achieved through a commitment to its times up to day, month and year. And on this basis, human has needed to record the time so that he relies on its assessment and organization of the conditions of his material and moral life, so he was directed to record the time after a hard and long research, because years and their parts need a natural phenomenon, so that man focuses on it in programming his times. And it is clear that the natural calendars the one that supports the sun and the moon to calculate the time as he said: "He it is Who created the night and day and the sun and the moon, all travel along swiftly in their celestial spheres."(The Prophets Sura,33) And according to the Quranic stories that great men in the history were who knew the time and its value and who were prophet sent for this, we find that the prophets are the pioneers of the people in these four areas, in faith and science, and in good deeds, and in calling people to Allah, and in the patience to harm in calling to Allah, and these gainers are the winners in this world and the Hereafter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - A Study on "You & Us" Article from Storm
Batoul Mohseni RadGibran depicts two opposite groups in human society. The first group are the ones who are sympathy to others and create civilization and the second are the ones who are ebullient and unaware of others sadness and destroy the history and cause war and slaughter. The titl MoreGibran depicts two opposite groups in human society. The first group are the ones who are sympathy to others and create civilization and the second are the ones who are ebullient and unaware of others sadness and destroy the history and cause war and slaughter. The title of the article indicates analysis on the differences between happiness and sadness. Gibran shows that he is interested in expressing the details and this is the criteria of analytical thinking. Thus we come to conclusion that sadness derives from pain from Gibran's point of view. His goal of writing this book is to modify human society. His view to concepts would change depending on different times. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Omission in Short Stories from Cohesion and Coherence Point of View
Nasim Arabi Mina ArabiOmission technique in Arabic language would be done by a verbal or abstract correlation and its aim is to avoid the exhausting repetitions and make the context more attractive. This technique has other goals which is its main role in maximum shortening and make it more MoreOmission technique in Arabic language would be done by a verbal or abstract correlation and its aim is to avoid the exhausting repetitions and make the context more attractive. This technique has other goals which is its main role in maximum shortening and make it more comprehensive; in other word it intends to fortify the text by long and numerous concepts with short amount. On the other hand the theorists analyze the Cohesion and Coherence theory by an up to date view and have found remarkable effects of this technique on other elements of the text. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Innovation of Yousof Edris in short story
Hasan Majidi Mohammad Amin Roodini Ayeshe BeganjiThe revolution of 1919 and its positive and negative results reflex on the story’s form and subject. In this period, people were interested to draw events and reflect political and social events of society in their works. They want no more to see their desired MoreThe revolution of 1919 and its positive and negative results reflex on the story’s form and subject. In this period, people were interested to draw events and reflect political and social events of society in their works. They want no more to see their desired world in phantom and dream, because their information to problems of society had increased and they had acquired sufficient statement ability and self- confidence. Yusof Edris is one who his stories is showing the periodُ s literary and social particulars. He was known as literary Innovator with effecting from environment and translated stories of West and with creating stories by novel method and subjects. . Tendency of Yusof Edris is real. He has gone various processes noticed from society changes i. e. his realistic manner have also changed on the spur of the Societyُ s conditions which are these stages in order: Romance realism, critical realism, cryptic realism… Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Syrian Short Stories in thirties and middle forties
Fatemeh KhaliliThe present article is an attempt to review the Syrian Short Storyfrom the period between 1931 to 1947 and its development. Syrian Short Stories in this period are affected by cultural, political and historical events.The present article is an attempt to review the Syrian Short Storyfrom the period between 1931 to 1947 and its development. Syrian Short Stories in this period are affected by cultural, political and historical events. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - The Position of Palestinian Literature in Jabra Ibrahim Jabra's Works
Hussein Shamsabadi fereshteh afzali Asghar Moulavi Nafchi Parviz Lakzaeeyan FakoorJabra Ibrahim Jabra, one of the most prolific Arab authors, has enriched the Arabic library and the mind of his audience by first functioning as a link in a rich chain of past cultural, artistic, and literary heritage; and second by reflecting the modern Arab intellectu MoreJabra Ibrahim Jabra, one of the most prolific Arab authors, has enriched the Arabic library and the mind of his audience by first functioning as a link in a rich chain of past cultural, artistic, and literary heritage; and second by reflecting the modern Arab intellectual's classical mindset. He has a multifaceted career as a short story writer, novelist, critic, poet, playwright, and painting. His fictional style has scarcely been studied. He has printed seven novels and one story collection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Literary Analysis of Fables in Selected works of four Decades of Iran's Children Literature
Soheila Vaziri Mehr Mostafa Salari Behrouz RoumiyaniAnimals' stories or fables are one of the most effective and important methods which creates more eagerness and keenness in reader to follow the story events and result and transfer the ethical evil and good better; this is because of the dreamy aspect of this type of s MoreAnimals' stories or fables are one of the most effective and important methods which creates more eagerness and keenness in reader to follow the story events and result and transfer the ethical evil and good better; this is because of the dreamy aspect of this type of stories. Many books have been written in fables field and vast researches have been done as well but little attention to Iran's children works paid; most of researches in the field of fable are done on Iran's classic works such as Kalila and Dimna and some of Attar's works. The present article is written with the aim of finding the reaction of fable in selected works of four decades of Iran's children literature. To achieve this, initially exact meaning of fable is analyzed. The result of the research in four decades of Iran's children literature shows that fables are manifested in those decades in different forms either in poetries or in stories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - An analysis of evolution and formation of Maghamat
Mohammad MoradiMaghameh is one of the literary styles that has been created in the fourth century. The present article studies various aspects of this literary style. First it defines it and then studies its formation and growth followed by its characteristics, sources and different v MoreMaghameh is one of the literary styles that has been created in the fourth century. The present article studies various aspects of this literary style. First it defines it and then studies its formation and growth followed by its characteristics, sources and different views on it. It attempts to study Malek Al Shoara Bahar’s works and his goals in using Maghameh, affects and similes in his poetry. Also the affects of Persian and Arabic literati from Badi’ Al Zaman and his knowledge has been studied. At the end of the article Persian and new Arabic Maghamt has been introduced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - A Study of the Sexual Crises of Women in Naguib Mahfuz's Works
Hussein Shamsabadi Gholamreza golcheenrad fereshteh afzaliLiterature plays various roles, the major function being expressing reality through the forms of the novel and the short story. Naguib Mahfuz, one of the outstanding Arab novelists, has special talents in this respect. He expresses social problems critically. The sexual MoreLiterature plays various roles, the major function being expressing reality through the forms of the novel and the short story. Naguib Mahfuz, one of the outstanding Arab novelists, has special talents in this respect. He expresses social problems critically. The sexual crisis is one of the plights which is both discussed and challenged in his novels and short stories. He investigated sexual crises, especially among women, socially, philosophically, and psychologically, and considered that problem as political symbolism and not as his main theme. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - The myth of Arabic grammar formation
Mehdi MomtahenSome linguists believe that word in Arabic language was initially based on one syllabus; orators have changed them according to the special countries, tribes and societies. They have contrived special acumen for any prefixes, suffixes and affixes addition. Some other li MoreSome linguists believe that word in Arabic language was initially based on one syllabus; orators have changed them according to the special countries, tribes and societies. They have contrived special acumen for any prefixes, suffixes and affixes addition. Some other linguists believed that word was initially formed based on three letters, and thus different accents and languages were ramified of that. Arabic can be known as the master of languages because it has lived a long life. It became so strong that barely one can disappear any trace of it.The present article attempts to discover and spread the Arabic grammar and its formation in this language. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - An Introduction to Conceptual History of Citizenship; from a virtuous Notion to a Conception Based on the Right
داود فیرحی ahmad biglariToday, observance of "citizenship rights" is considered as one of the measures of the people's rule and also the effectiveness of political systems. In the past, such a notion of rights was not available to all citizens of a state. In fact, there were limited rights for MoreToday, observance of "citizenship rights" is considered as one of the measures of the people's rule and also the effectiveness of political systems. In the past, such a notion of rights was not available to all citizens of a state. In fact, there were limited rights for some groups in some societies. In the history of political thought, various interpretations of the notion of citizenship have taken place, insofar as the concept of virtue-based and participatory ethics has evolved into a law-based and law-based conception. Citizenship is one of the key concepts in the history of Western political thought, which has been based on a variety of intellectual traditions, reflecting different political and social backgrounds since ancient times. The present paper responds to the question of how membership in a political community has become a criterion for enjoying certain rights under citizenship rights? Utilizing "conceptual history" as a method in the history of political thought, it reinforces the claim that the transformation of the concept of right has implications for political thought, one of which is the emergence of equitable citizenship rights. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Research in Kianian Mythological and Historical Foundations
Manizheh Fallahi Malek Mohammad Farokhzad Abbas Ali VafaeiIn the present age, which is the era of the rule of history and historicism, the question of identifying the mythical time and historical foundations is a concern for research.Particularly, in Iranian studies, pinpointing the border between myth and history of the MoreIn the present age, which is the era of the rule of history and historicism, the question of identifying the mythical time and historical foundations is a concern for research.Particularly, in Iranian studies, pinpointing the border between myth and history of the national epic is arduous.For the first time, Bertles stated about the three distinct parts of Shahnameh with mythical , historical and athletic titles. According to this view,the age of Pishdadian era is mythical, but scholars disagree on the era of Kianyan. The existence of mythical elements in the stories of Kianyan dynasty raises the question of whether the Kianyan kings have historical characters or belong to legends and myths. In response to this question, scholars such as Windschmall and Spiegel and Darmstadt and Lommel and wikander and Dozmil have a mythical view that Kianyan or some of the kings of this dynasty are mythical.The existence of marvelous elements in the story of Kikavus and Kikhosro is the basis of this thinking. Another group of historians such as Henning and Mary Boevis and Chrirstensen, consider Kianyan kings the kings of East Iran to have ruled in the historical period before Achaemenids appierance and attendance Zoroaster in the kingdom goshtasp is the basis of this thinking In the present research, the views, arguments and evidence of these two groups of researchers have been criticized.The results of this study show that historians' theory is more reliable and closer to reality. Manuscript profile -
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122 - A Survey of Irony's Drama / Cum in The Story of "The King and the Kinezak" in the First Book of Molana's Masnavi
mohammad amin ehsani estahbanati Enayatollah SharifpourDespite the fact that Irony has many examples in Iranian poetic literature, he has paid less attention to critique. Irony is a form of expression that is roughly equivalent to commonly used literary terms such as anthropomorphic, humorous, permissive, contradictory, sar MoreDespite the fact that Irony has many examples in Iranian poetic literature, he has paid less attention to critique. Irony is a form of expression that is roughly equivalent to commonly used literary terms such as anthropomorphic, humorous, permissive, contradictory, sarcastic, mockery, and inspirational. Ironi is a literary arena and a special type of double-edged expression that is different from ambiguity. In other words, a kind of duplication is a counter-inference or a kind of inferiority contrary to the purpose of the speaker, which has become popular in European literature since the eighteenth century. Its lexical root dates back to the time of Socrates and ancient Greece. But this way of speaking has always been associated with language, as in many classical literary works, examples can be found, including Rumi's Masnavi. In this essay, we try to present the existing definitions of Irweni and its variants to the subject of Irony imitation in the story of the criminals of Maulana and to examine its hidden angles, while explaining the concept of Irene in poetry and expressing the distinction between this industry with ambiguity and indecision and other forms Two sides, in the form of a borderline between Irony and other literary industries, we will examine the manifestations of Irrowi's imitation in the story of "King and Kinnish" from Rumi. Manuscript profile -
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123 - Comparative analysis of the elements of the story in the lyrical diary of Zal and Rudabeh and the symbolic tragedy of Pelleas and Melisande
Hanieh Amini Masoome khodadadi Mahabaad Ashraf CheginiDue to the dynamism of literature, the effect of adaptation, composition and reproduction can always be sought among the literary works of the world. Comparative literature, meanwhile, is a tool for achieving influence and adaptation among world literature. Ferdowsi's i MoreDue to the dynamism of literature, the effect of adaptation, composition and reproduction can always be sought among the literary works of the world. Comparative literature, meanwhile, is a tool for achieving influence and adaptation among world literature. Ferdowsi's influence on the world is obvious to everyone, and in the meantime, Morice Maeterlinck's adaptation of the story of Zal and Rudabeh Ferdowsi in the symbolic play of Pelleas and Melisande is an example of this influence on world literature. The purpose of this study is a comparative study of story elements such as: plot, theme, perspective, characters, time and place and its role in influencing the common chain of storytelling and moral results of two valuable works of Zal and Rudabeh Ferdowsi and Pelleas and Melisande of Maeterlinck. In this article, a comparative analysis of elements with a descriptive-analytical approach based on library studies examined and with emphasis on commonalities and differences, the two epic-lyrical works and the symbolist play are analyzed and compared. We also explore human unwanted thoughts about love, fear of death, and the supernatural. The research findings show that both works have a continuous narrative structure that has used the elements of the story well in advancing the story. Also, the general plan of these two stories is such that they took place in a specific location and time frame and have a closed plot and plot and the elements of the story are completely coherent, but they are different in space and atmosphere. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - Realist Indigenousness in the Southern Climate (Case Study: Ahmad Mahmoud's Novel "The Story of a City")
mojtaba jafarikardgar fatemeh heydariRealism means realism, and its purpose is to show the real, objective, and external world, and to narrate and analyze phenomena, looking at cause and effect through a precise recreation of the details of life in a specific sense to refer to the nineteenth-century French MoreRealism means realism, and its purpose is to show the real, objective, and external world, and to narrate and analyze phenomena, looking at cause and effect through a precise recreation of the details of life in a specific sense to refer to the nineteenth-century French literary movement. General refers to a literary style that still persists in fiction.One of the school's most iconic manifestations is "Climate Story," which is often realistic in nature, as evidenced by the fact that the main raw materials and foundations in the construction and weaving of a literary work go back to the author's climatic origins.Among Iranian novelists, Ahmad Mahmoud is one of those writers whose novels encounter high frequencies of realist authors. As one of the most influential figures in the advancement of climate literature, he has published most of his novels, especially The Story of a City, in a completely indigenous geography under the school of realism.With a descriptive-analytical approach, this research introduces practical issues in the field of realism and explores how to reflect the components of indigenous realism in the southern climate in the novel in the two fields of structure (form) and content. The findings show that Ahmad Mahmoud is one of the most realistic climbers in the world due to his great interest in history and mentioning the realities of modern society, as well as his prejudiced love and attachment to the south and climatic manifestations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - The image of Khorasan in the thought and poems of the prince of poets Bahar
Seyedeh Shabnam Lajevardi Zadeh Mohammad Hesaraki Mansooreh AhmadijafariIn the literary and poetic heritage of the Persian language, there are many poems on the history, geography, culture and people of Khorasan that emphasize the important role of this land and its inhabitants. Among contemporary poets, the prince of poets Bahar poets has MoreIn the literary and poetic heritage of the Persian language, there are many poems on the history, geography, culture and people of Khorasan that emphasize the important role of this land and its inhabitants. Among contemporary poets, the prince of poets Bahar poets has a great passion for Khorasan. Among the motives that have led to composing poetry about the land of Khorasan in Bahar poems, we can mention religious, cultural, political, historical and love for the homeland and homeland. The purpose of this study is to clarify the dimensions of spring thought and motivations in the context of Khorasan, as well as the frequency of mention of Khorasan in his poems. This article has analyzed the Divan Poems Divan based on format and themes by analytical-descriptive method and while emphasizing the frequency of Khorasan motif in selected poems, has reached the conclusion that Khorasan in his poem is sometimes homeland. Sometimes it is his father's house and sometimes it is the place where he grew up. Also, the reflection and influence of Khorasan in the thought and poems of Bahar is the main pillar of his poems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Study and analysis of confrontational characters in mystical and theological allegories
Mahnaz Mahdizad Farid Haydar QolizadehFictional allegory in literary terminology refers to an extended narrative that has multiple layers of other esoteric meanings behind the apparent meaning, that Each of these layers of meaning needs to be discovered, studied and recognized. Anything that is considered t MoreFictional allegory in literary terminology refers to an extended narrative that has multiple layers of other esoteric meanings behind the apparent meaning, that Each of these layers of meaning needs to be discovered, studied and recognized. Anything that is considered the center of gravity in this way of decoding and plays a major role in discovering and interpreting the mysteries and hidden images in the anecdotes is the analysis of one of the important elements of storytelling, namely the characterization in these anecdotes. The use of symbolic confrontational characters is one of the important types of these characters that play a significant role in the allegorical anecdotes of Persian literature to induce secondary meanings that arise in the context of cultural, religious, social, historical, etc. Investigating and analyzing the symbolic role of confrontational allegorical characters in the form of three types of single, double and triple confrontation and discovering the hidden relationships of these characters with other narrative elements and matching them throughout the story with the main theme of the story can lead to the discovery of secondary meanings. And new anecdotes for the audience. The results of this division show the special functions of this type of contrast for specific topics that the authors have assigned each of these contrasts to specific topics related to that contrast. This article tries to analyze the confrontational characters in mystical and theological allegories with a (descriptive-analytical) method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - A Study of Audience Status in the Stories of “Sharh-e-Tarruf” (Focusing on Jaap Lintvelt’s Model)
maryam mohammadi Mohammad Shafi Saffari Reza SamizadeStructuralism is a theory that is devoted to the knowledge, study and evaluation of narrations based on rules and models that have created their fundamental structure. Plot in every story is part of the most important narrative elements which is studied in the analyses MoreStructuralism is a theory that is devoted to the knowledge, study and evaluation of narrations based on rules and models that have created their fundamental structure. Plot in every story is part of the most important narrative elements which is studied in the analyses of Structuralists. Jaap Lintvelt (2018) believes that in every story there is a narrative discourse focused on the aspects of narration. In Mostamli Bokhari’s Sharh-e-Tarruf relying on the audience status three types of narration with different messages have taken form in the world of story of Sharh Tarruf. Accordingly, in the present study we seek to analyze the structure and meaning of the world of story of the parables of this book relying on Jaap Lintvelt’s model and focusing on the audience story status. The results of current study that has been conducted based on a descriptive-analytic method taking advantage of the library sources show that by relying on the theory of Lintvelt in the world of story there are three types of narration in this book insofar as each one of them has a special narrative discourse. Manuscript profile -
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128 - Sign – semantic of place in the story of Zal birth
leila khezel farhad tahmasbi Sareh ZirakStudy of effect and function of places, includes meanings and data which is the subject of semiotics especially cultural semiotics. Principles of semiotics that is rooted in many comprehension sciences, can clear this subject for every one by emphasis on sign’s me MoreStudy of effect and function of places, includes meanings and data which is the subject of semiotics especially cultural semiotics. Principles of semiotics that is rooted in many comprehension sciences, can clear this subject for every one by emphasis on sign’s meaning and consideration of sign’s factors with different meaning directions. In this case, this study considers the places in Zal birth’s story in Ferdosy Shahnameh, by analytical – descriptive method. Therefore we want to specify different places in mentioned story by meaningful view and role of location signs analyzing. We also want to study the process of place’s interpretation in related story. The results are shown that the most of story events are located in Alborz Mountain. This mountain is a mythological place. Even most of the narrative places of this story tend to spatial, and leave their being. The analytical aspects are strengthened in them. They accept new signs that are rooted in mental experiences such as myth, history, culture, and shared memories of nation. Generally, places reinforce the mythical aspect of Zal birth’s story. Manuscript profile -
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129 - Investigating the Elements of Linked Cohesion and Its Relation to Meaning in the Story of Adam's Creation in Mersad Al-Ebad
Parvin Golizadeh Rezvan FatemiCoherence is a linguistic term for the text, coined in 1976 by McHaleidi and Ruqiyyah Hassan. Text for consistency requires elements, one of which is relational or conjunctive devices that make vocabulary and conjunction interlocking, especially text sentences.Every lit MoreCoherence is a linguistic term for the text, coined in 1976 by McHaleidi and Ruqiyyah Hassan. Text for consistency requires elements, one of which is relational or conjunctive devices that make vocabulary and conjunction interlocking, especially text sentences.Every literary text takes advantage of these elements and its function is based on a particular way of dealing with the subject under discussion. In this study, we examine these devices among the sentences of Adam's creation story in Morsad al-Abad in four types of incremental, oppositional, causal, and temporal relevance factors. By examining the related species, it was concluded that the function of enhancing and causative factors is more than other transplanting factors. The explanatory factor is most commonly used, which can be influenced by the subject under discussion, which is the description and description of Adam's creation story. Because this text narrates a mystical story for mysticism and mysticism enthusiasts, it must therefore use incremental or incremental factors to better portray the story and to effectively convey this mystical romance. Manuscript profile -
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130 - The Comparative Analysis of Charismatic Myth in Rahat-Al-Sodour and Beihaghi’s History
Hojat Rashidi Ahmad hasani ranjbar Shervin KhamseRahat-Al-Sodour and Ayat-Al-Sorour (603Ah.) is a historic book by Mohammad-Ibn-Ali-Ibn-Soleiman Raavandi in Seljuk dynasty. In addition to its historic advantages, from its perspicuity of composition and intricacy of the abundant social information, this book is conside MoreRahat-Al-Sodour and Ayat-Al-Sorour (603Ah.) is a historic book by Mohammad-Ibn-Ali-Ibn-Soleiman Raavandi in Seljuk dynasty. In addition to its historic advantages, from its perspicuity of composition and intricacy of the abundant social information, this book is considered as one of the most authentic and beneficial Persian books before the Mongol attack. The topic of charisma could be compared in this work with the other Persian-language works. One of the other famous Persian-language works is Beihaghi’s History, which had been authorized by Abolfazl Beihaghi, as a historic-literary book, and its main topic is the history of the first Masoud monarchy as the son of Mahmoud Ghaznavi. Therefore, charisma topic could be investigated in comparing these two given works. This topic has a particular glitter in both works. The most significant question mentioned in this query is that how are both authors’ viewpoints to the charismatic myth? It is concluded that although in Rahat-Al-Sodour and Beihaghi’sHistory, the topic of charismatic myth is obvious and traceable, their both viewpoints to this topic is different in concepts and application. The charismatic myth in Rahat-Al-Sodouris presented in the form of function, visual manifestation, celestial endorsement, and stipulation to the charismatic lexicon and in Beihaghi’s History is more conducted in the form and vesture of celestial fatalism, some ceremonial manifestation such as Mehregan festival, the power of hunting the Lion by Masoud, and etc. This research is conducted by the content analysis and using the library-based sources. Manuscript profile -
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131 - Humorous Article on Bahram Sadeghi s Work Based on Robert Delios Theory With Emphasis on (Empty Trench and Thermoses and Heaven)
Fereshte Moradi Navazollah Farhadi Mohammad ShafieiRobert Lillo's Theory of Linguistic Comedy is one of the complete linguistic theories of humor that was first put forward by Robert Raskin under the concept of "semantic paradigm" by Viktor Raskin. It is distinct and distinct from the non-linguistic one, and this is the MoreRobert Lillo's Theory of Linguistic Comedy is one of the complete linguistic theories of humor that was first put forward by Robert Raskin under the concept of "semantic paradigm" by Viktor Raskin. It is distinct and distinct from the non-linguistic one, and this is the only ambiguity that lends humor to the linguistic feature; these ambiguities occur in three phonetic, lexical, syntactic, and cognitive applications. BahramSadeghi also used linguistic paradigms to humorize his anecdotes. The results of this research, obtained by the descriptive-analytical method, show that Robert Lieu's semantic theory of theory and its theoretical framework are largely consistent with Bahram Sadeghi's satirical works.The results of this research, obtained by the descriptive-analytical method, show that Robert Lieu's semantic theory of theory and its theoretical framework are largely consistent with Bahram Sadeghi'ssatiricalworks. Manuscript profile -
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132 - Personalization practices in Barrey gomshodey Raii
yadolah Bahmani MotlaghThe main character of the story is one of the pillars without which it is not possible to create the story, but the story is one of the mechanisms capable of processing the element in the creation of an indelible mark shows author. Golshiri one of the outstanding works MoreThe main character of the story is one of the pillars without which it is not possible to create the story, but the story is one of the mechanisms capable of processing the element in the creation of an indelible mark shows author. Golshiri one of the outstanding works of contemporary novelists Sahbsbk is left behind.Barrey gomshodey Raei is one of tall tales, his effective elastic and which reflects the frustration of intellectuals in the late fifty's. This effect is prominent character in literature, this paper is to explore methods of characterization analytical methods the author has tried to achieve this effect. The results indicated that different methods Golshiri with familiar characters and story of each size and convenience and space is used. Old often choose names that are prominent religious color.Characterization, setting, dialogue and serve the story. Stream of consciousness style is evident in all parts of the story. Rmzgvngy of the main points of the story and the author has tried truth behind the contemporary socio-political atmosphere of the past have been perceived symbolic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Investigation of contrasts in five selected stories from the historical part of Shahnameh (Bahram Gour, Khosrow Anoshirvan, Yazdgerd III, Ardeshir Babakan, Bahman) based on the contrast approach of Louis Strauss
Zahra IranmaneshIn this article, we have examined the contrasts in five selected stories from the historical part of Shahnameh (Bahram Gour, the reign of Khosrow Anoshirvan, Yazdgerd III, Ardeshir Babkan, Bahman) based on the contrast approach of Louis Strauss. The research method is l MoreIn this article, we have examined the contrasts in five selected stories from the historical part of Shahnameh (Bahram Gour, the reign of Khosrow Anoshirvan, Yazdgerd III, Ardeshir Babkan, Bahman) based on the contrast approach of Louis Strauss. The research method is library and based on document research and its type is analytical-descriptive. The study of confrontation in the studied stories shows that the element of confrontation in these stories is very prominent and bold, and in fact the plot of each of these historical stories is based on confrontation. The type of confrontation in these stories, due to their historical nature, is mainly the type of confrontation of human characters. There are other confrontations besides the confrontation between human characters in these stories, among which we can see the confrontation of ideologies, justice and oppression, moral virtues and vices, the confrontation of human traits such as warfare and courage with weakness and incapacity, racial and ethnic confrontation and things like that were mentioned.In general, although the selected stories are historical stories, the components of Levi-Strauss's approach and theory can be seen in them, and the motivation of these characters for confrontation is only the motivations mentioned in the books. It is not historical, but ideals and goals, as well as their personality type and psychological characteristics, have a direct impact on these confrontations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Analysis of Greimas's action discourse in the story of "Bar dar kardan hasanak vazir" Narrated by Behaghi
Leila Rahmatian Abdolreza NaderifarBehaghi has created a magnificent story of narrative in the history of the Ghaznavi era, with the benefit of the actual scene over again. The readout of the discourse of this narrative can be with the signs that lead to the validity of the negotiation-the semantics of g MoreBehaghi has created a magnificent story of narrative in the history of the Ghaznavi era, with the benefit of the actual scene over again. The readout of the discourse of this narrative can be with the signs that lead to the validity of the negotiation-the semantics of get Greimas's theory in the discourse factors, be consistent and proper understanding of literary genres based on aesthetics in the context of a narrative. In the discourse of Greimas for understanding why some thing in common can be found only in one of them, involved factors organization and the representative of a whole component, Review one of the narratives and use the exact indications created by Bayhaqi it reveals the discourses of action that lie behind the signs. In this essay, we are going to study the narrative of Behaghi's narrative in the field of library research and in a descriptive-analytical approach. The Tarikh-e- Beyhaghi incorporates components of discourse systems related to the modern science of literature and by establishing a link between the construction and understanding of deeply constructed linguistic meanings in this historical process, the signs that have brought about different semantic boundaries for the main actor and the way of understanding action discourse. Greimas creates literary criticism for the reader in modern readings. And shows that classical literature texts and Iranian historical writings provide the perfect ground for semiotics and discourse studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - Genettian Narrative Typology at Odds: Scrutiny of False Analepsis in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
Miad Mahmoudizadeh Javad Yaghoobi Derabi Naimeh Tabatabai LotfiIn the world of narratology today, Gérard Genette’s narrative typology is among the most annotated schemata and it is widely popular since his narrative theory seems to prevail over a great number of narratives in the whole history of literature, ranging fr MoreIn the world of narratology today, Gérard Genette’s narrative typology is among the most annotated schemata and it is widely popular since his narrative theory seems to prevail over a great number of narratives in the whole history of literature, ranging from classic to modernist and postmodernist works. It is as if such works were following a prescribed scheme to expand and develop – which proves the universality of his narrative theory. Throughout this article, Genettian typology is discussed from a partially different perspective in one of the canonical British prose works in The Age of Sensibility. The dominance of Genettian typology in Tom Jones is undeniable as it shall be discussed how; however, a modification and manipulation of one of the anachronies – analepsis – and the introduction of a new type of analepsis – false analepsis – by Henry Fielding employed for the first time in the very period is the major focus of this article. In this study, false analepsis are justified by means of exemplification and multiple references to Tom Jones as the only case study of this article. Moreover, the impact of anachronies on this work is emphasized. Fielding’s work not only employs anachronies, but also introduces a new branch of anachronies, which is the very false analepsis as a form of anachrony. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - A Study on the Story Thresholds in Bozorg Alavi’s Short Stories (Based on Robert Funk's theory)
amin banitalebi masoud foroozandeh jahangir safari Esmail SadegeThe world of short stories includes the characters and events in which they are created, and the ultimate goal of any writer is to persuade the reader to enter this creative world. The entrance that opens the way for the reader to enter and be drawn to this imaginary wo MoreThe world of short stories includes the characters and events in which they are created, and the ultimate goal of any writer is to persuade the reader to enter this creative world. The entrance that opens the way for the reader to enter and be drawn to this imaginary world is the threshold of the story. Bozorg Alavi is one of the storytellers who has played a significant role in the evolution of short stories and the spread of critical realism insight, and in this regard, he has tried, especially in his early stories, to pay attention to modern storytelling techniques, including paying informed artists. Drawing on elements such as mystery and ambiguity, dialogue, conflict and indicative scenes evoke the reader's attention and interest. In the present study, the author, after a brief analysis of the theories presented in the field of storytelling, seeks to rely on Robert Funk's theory and add adverbs to it, using a descriptive-analytical method, after determining the beginning and end of the threshold of great short stories. Alavi and the mechanisms of their beginning, examine the initial sentences of the stories and, if necessary, point out their strengths and weaknesses. The results indicate that the great Alavi in his stories paid special attention to the combination of beginning and beginning with staging, and most of his storytelling skills were reflected in the initial staging section. Also, among the tricks of how to finish the threshold, he paid the most attention to the details of the story, which is the central focus of the narrative "clarity", but in this way, due to the rupture between the threshold and the middle of the story, he did not act very craftily. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - An Investigation of the Selected Linguistic Tricks (Vocabulary and Expressions), Fiction (Spatialization) and Content (Dreaming) in Short Stories by Female Writers from the 70s to the 90s
Fatemeh Ahmadi Mohammad MoradiThe study of women's storytelling and common techniques in their works has been one of the topics of interest in contemporary fiction research. However, Previous research has mainly focused on the study of women's novels, the collection of short stories by leading femal MoreThe study of women's storytelling and common techniques in their works has been one of the topics of interest in contemporary fiction research. However, Previous research has mainly focused on the study of women's novels, the collection of short stories by leading female writers has been less well-researched, especially in recent decades. Hence, a collection of short stories selected from 9 female authors in the literary awards of the 70s to 90s (three authors per decade) was selected and their short stories were analyzed according to the three linguistic tricks (words and expressions), Fiction (atmosphere) and content (dreaming). Furthermore, the evolution of such techniques have been analyzed and compared in the last three decades. The results of the study show that as we move from the 1970s to the 1990s, female writers have used feminine words and expressions less frequently in their short stories. Contrary to the linguistic course of the stories, from the perspective of creating a space, the writers of the stories of the 90s have used home spaces more than other decades (80s and 70s, respectively). In addition, among the home spaces, the most emphasis has been given to sad spaces. In terms of the content element of dreaming, the stories of the 70s differ from other decades, and in the 90s and 80s, this element had little representation in women's stories, a point that may be due to the escape from romantic concepts and a tendency towards realism in the short stories of these two decades. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - The Structure and Narrative Techniques of “autumn is the Last Season of the Year” Novel
Teymoor Malmir Zinat nateghpoorThe novel called autumn is the last season of the year, written by Nasim Marashi, includes some stories about the life of three girls. We have analyzed the structure of the narration of the novel. The novel includes two parts, titled “summer” and “autu MoreThe novel called autumn is the last season of the year, written by Nasim Marashi, includes some stories about the life of three girls. We have analyzed the structure of the narration of the novel. The novel includes two parts, titled “summer” and “autumn” that each of these two parts have three chapters, and each chapter is narrated from the viewpoint of one of the three main characters. The main plan of the novel, is based on the alternative narration by each of these three characters that has relationship with the other character. The predominant story of each of them is based on their own specific situation. All of three women have two types of narration. The method of their narration is similar. They use alternative method. The main content and thought of the novel is the statement of relativity. We have analyzed the method of narration, dichotomy, and conflicts of the novel, naming of the book and characters and the method of partitioning of the novel based on relativity. We have addressed the relativity of the method and different skills of the author, according to the thought and content of the novel, based on structural knowledge. The existence and presence of man is important for all three women, but the kind and amount of this importance is different in each case. The multilateral narration of the novel wants to represent the common problems of the young generation, especially 1360’s youth, in different areas and situations. The research data have collected by analytical by library approach and have processed by analytical and descriptive methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Examining the structure of the Persian proverb story Based on the model derived from Propp theory
Omid Ghahrremany Mohammad amir ObaydiniaThe study of the structure of texts has a hundred-year history, which is one of the ways to know literary texts. The proverbial story is better known as a narrative literary text such as fairy tales and tales in this way. Materials and methods of studying myths can be u MoreThe study of the structure of texts has a hundred-year history, which is one of the ways to know literary texts. The proverbial story is better known as a narrative literary text such as fairy tales and tales in this way. Materials and methods of studying myths can be used to identify its components. The structural methods of Propp, Grimas, Dundes, and Campbell are used to identify stories, tales, and myths. It may also be appropriate for a proverbial story. In the meantime, Vladimir Propp's method better explains the structure of the proverbial story. Therefore, using his theory, one hundred proverbial stories are studied. Functions are examined as main and fixed components and characters as variable components of the narrative. In addition, the strengths and weaknesses of the structural model are studied based on scientific methods. The degree of conformity of the pattern used with the structure of the proverbial story is also analyzed. Finally, by reducing the research materials and tools, a concise model is obtained that is suitable for recognizing and analyzing the story of proverbs. Analyzing the story of proverbs in this way is a step to identify and compare it with other narrative constructs in order to find its structure. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the working method is to analyze the structure and content of the material extracted from the available library resources. The results indicate a coherent structure in most proverbial stories that can be useful for other fields of humanities such as psychology and anthropology. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - A comparison of Kaveh the Blacksmith’s functions with Gobryas (Ug-ba-ru)’s functions
Behnam Gorji Masoud Foroozandeh Ali Mohammadi Asiabadi Esmail Sadege dah cheshmeiThe myth of Kaveh the Blacksmith in Shahnameh has specific signs, practices and actions which make the functions of the myth of this character. Given the overall similarity of the tale of Zahhak and Fereydun-in which Kaveh the Blacksmith has played a crucial role-to the MoreThe myth of Kaveh the Blacksmith in Shahnameh has specific signs, practices and actions which make the functions of the myth of this character. Given the overall similarity of the tale of Zahhak and Fereydun-in which Kaveh the Blacksmith has played a crucial role-to the historical narration of Babylon conquer written by Herodotus, Xenophon and Ctesias in the history of the Achaemenid Empire, reminds us of signs, practices and actions of Gobryas (Ug-ba-ru) who was the Cyrus the Achaemenid’s confederate.This thesis aims to examine and compare Kaveh the Blacksmith’s most important functions in narration of Shahnameh since his appearance in the tale of Zahhak and Fereydun with Gobryas (Ug-ba-ru), the Cyrus the Achaemenid’s confederate during Babylon’s conquer based upon available historical documents and reports. The present research is of analytic-comparative nature on the basis of library data which tries to demonstrate a similarity between the character functions in the myth and an evidence in the history. This comparison may result in a redefinition of Kaveh the Blacksmith’s character and of some of his functions in Shahnameh.For instance, regarding the historical and religious sources, one may examine his being a blacksmith as his title instead of his occupation. Furthermore, this analogy may help doubt the idea that Kaveh the Blacksmith is considered as popular and supplementary, suggested by some mythologists including Arthur Christensen, Mehrdad Bahar and Zabihollah Safa. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - comparison of appellations in the ''History of Sistan'' & “Poems of Khaghani”
Mohammad Mohammadi Malekabadi Mehrdad Chatraei Ghorbanali EbrahimiOne of the most interesting questions for humans is the reason for naming things (the appellation). In the texts of Persian poetry and prose, some writers and poets, in the course of their works, Etymologized some words and define their appellation(the reason of naming) MoreOne of the most interesting questions for humans is the reason for naming things (the appellation). In the texts of Persian poetry and prose, some writers and poets, in the course of their works, Etymologized some words and define their appellation(the reason of naming). Studying, analyzing, and classifying these appellations, indicates the way they look at the construction of words. In this article, some of these appellations that are included in the ''history of Sistan'' and "Divan-e-Khaghani" are examined and compared. For this purpose, we categorized the types of the appellation and mentioned the evidence from different books. Then we extracted and examined the examples of the appellation from the ''history of Sistan'' and "Divan-e-Khaghani". By examining the samples, it was found that the author of the ''history of Sistan'' has paid more attention to the etymology of words in expressing the appellation, and in some cases, he has referred to the Folklore but Khaghani has paid more attention to poetic games with words and offers innovative appellation. Of course, he has also paid attention to the appellation mentioned in other books. This article has been written in a descriptive-analytical way and the data has been collected in the library method. Although several articles have been published on the subject of the ''Appellation'' but so far no independent article has been published on the subject of ''Appellation in the history of Sistan''. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Investigating and Analyzing the Role of Dialogue Structure and Content in the Process of Siavash's Story
Elham Azadeh Ranjbar Hossein Bayat Naser Qoli Sarli Bahadur BagheriThe subject of the present article is the study and analysis of the narrative element of dialogue in Siavash's story. The story begins with a conversation between Toos and Giv, who has found Siavash's mother, and ends with a conversation between Siavash and Pilsem, the MoreThe subject of the present article is the study and analysis of the narrative element of dialogue in Siavash's story. The story begins with a conversation between Toos and Giv, who has found Siavash's mother, and ends with a conversation between Siavash and Pilsem, the elder brother, who asks him to convey his message to the elders. Therefore, Siavash's story is basically dialogue-based and all the information that the story is supposed to provide to the reader is transmitted to him through dialogue. In addition to this dialogue, in relation to other elements of the story, its different functions reveals. Ferdowsi uses it to describe and introduce the characters of the story. Shows narrative actions and conflicts, indirectly presents its idealistic thoughts to the audience. It objectifies mental phenomena, points tothe psychological problem of mental connection and language, and shows in practice that the functions of dialogue cannot and should not be neglected in the study of the story. The data of this research are provided through library studies and after classification, they are described using analytical method. This research shows more than anything that Ferdowsi, as a storyteller, not only knows the elements of the story, but is also more aware of how they work. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Sociological Criticism of the Short Story Collection Scattered Memories by Goli Taraghi
Mansooreh Bagheri Mazraeh Abdol Reza Modarres ZadehThe sociological criticism of literature is a scientific discipline which initially tries to extract social issues through the literary works by focusing on the content. The contemporary Hungarian thinker, George Lukacs, made major changes in this discipline. In L MoreThe sociological criticism of literature is a scientific discipline which initially tries to extract social issues through the literary works by focusing on the content. The contemporary Hungarian thinker, George Lukacs, made major changes in this discipline. In Lucien Goldmann's genetic structuralism approach, based on Lukacs’s views, the aesthetic techniques of the text in parallel with it’s content are studied and the overall structure of the story and the structures of society that story developed in, correspond to each other. With regard to the fact that intended research field of the present research is social novel, this article is going to deal with the short story in a descriptive-analytical way with genetic structuralism approach and by the case of study of Scattered Memories by Goli Taraghi, and seeks to explore how society is represented in the imaginary world of a short story collection. The results show that although none of the stories happened at the same time, this book approximately is in line with the events of Iran milieu after the revolution and after the war, in content and form. Moreover, by expressing the consequences of prejudice in the first decade of the revolution and the consequences of modernity in the second decade, it implicitly, invites the audience to pluralism and to avoid luxury. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Scrutinizing the Patriarchic Attitudes of Masoud Ghaznavi in Beihaghi History According to Eric Berne’s Theory
Nasrin Omrannejhad Parvaneh Adelzadeh Kamran Pashaei FakhreiAccording to theory of Eric Berne, any person involves specific behavioral patterns that depict his ego states. However, a person might depict different behavioral pattern under various ego states that are contrary to his previous behaviors. This viewpoint led to propos MoreAccording to theory of Eric Berne, any person involves specific behavioral patterns that depict his ego states. However, a person might depict different behavioral pattern under various ego states that are contrary to his previous behaviors. This viewpoint led to proposition of Ego state. Eric Berne, the founder of Transactional Analysis divides ego states into parent, adult and child. Based on this theory, parent is one of the personality states of a person that humans obtain it from their parents or power paradigm. Parent appears as the kind supportive parent and controlled parent. In the kind supportive parent state, the person has characteristics such as supportive, generous and intimate. In the state of the controlled parent, the person is selfish, punisher and tyrant. By descriptive and analytical method and by reference to the Beihaghi History and Eric Berne’s viewpoints and interdisciplinary approach, this research investigates the three components such as personality, types of parents and their exemplars in the personality of Amir Masoud Ghaznavi. The results show how Masoud Ghaznavi acts in different states and depicts the ego state of parent in his actions and what are the mental states of these behaviors. It is inferred that Masoud Ghaznavi has removed the state of adult and shows the state of tyrant parent and depicts the approaches such as power, threat, intimidation and tyranny. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - A Critique of the Short Story "General Amnesty" by Bozorg Alavi in the Light of Sociological Theory of Emile Durkheim's Punishment
Leila Khayatan Farzaneh Yousef Ghanbari Nasim Khajehzadeh Masoud KheradmandpourBozorg Alavi is one of the greatest contemporary novelists who has played a significant role in the development of short stories in contemporary literature. In all his stories, he has critically addressed various issues of society. One of Alavi’s short stories is MoreBozorg Alavi is one of the greatest contemporary novelists who has played a significant role in the development of short stories in contemporary literature. In all his stories, he has critically addressed various issues of society. One of Alavi’s short stories is the story of “general amnesty”. In this story, the author depicts the social realities and changes of that time. In this research, an attempt has been made to adapt the issues criticized in this story to Durkheim's sociological theory of punishment. Emile Durkheim thinks about punishment that punishment has the function of integrating society. In his view, when a crime occurs, the values and morals of society are violated. As a result, society feels threatened and reacts. Punishment is the emotional and natural reaction of society to the defect of collective values. In this research, the author intends to study the short story "General Amnesty" by Bozorg Alavi based on Durkheim's sociological theory of punishment in an analytical-descriptive and library method. The results show that although punishments change over time their origins will not change. From this point of view, the change of punishments is, in a way, the adaptation of the punishment to the collective conscience of the time. In fact, as society changes, so does punishment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Women’s portrait in Myth and History According to Shahnameh and Beyhaghi’s history
hadi Khdivar rahele Ensafi soroor -
Open Access Article
147 - A Glance at the Structural Elements of the Story of Joseph (PUH) in Holy Quran
Tooraj Aghdaie -
Open Access Article
148 - Discourse Analysis of Beyhaghi History Based on the Fray Language Transcendental Theory and Wittgenstein Language Game
Rasoul kazemzadeh Rahman Moshtaq Mehr Beyhaghi in his history refers to valuable points about the behavior and actions of individuals and the causes of the incidents. The audience is enchanted by his detailed and sequential descriptions and reads and accepts history on the pretext of its fictio More Beyhaghi in his history refers to valuable points about the behavior and actions of individuals and the causes of the incidents. The audience is enchanted by his detailed and sequential descriptions and reads and accepts history on the pretext of its fictional form. This history, like other histories, does not function as a stereotype, and Beyhaghi always tries to create a contradiction in the mind of the reader by using some linguistic signs and causes him to think about the analysis and retrieval of the blind points of history. Language, which is a body of games and linguistic functions, is a means to perceive these contradictions. However, the understanding of a language game requires participation in that as a form of life that the linguistic game in question lies in its context. This article tries to draw the reader attention to Beyhaghi’s efforts to bring the dialogues and discourses together and to explain all its angles and then analyze transcendence and language games of these discourses and emphasize the characters. The tricks and language games of this discourse and its people emphasize. By examining the voices of the texts, the reader becomes closer to the speaker’s mental circle and the true meaning is obtained. Therefore, it is necessary to step through the use of information and linguistic indications to fill the void text spaces and by analyzing the hidden layers of the text, reach from the “conversation” to the “sub-text” and activate the text meanings. At the same time, paying attention to the active elements in the context of the text, the style of writing and the implications and parallel stories, we get familiarize with using language games and the use of internal and external situations for each other for seduction and illusion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - An Analysis and Interpretation of Bozorg Alavi’s Dezashoub Based on the Sociology of Content Theory
meysam zare jahangir safariBozorg Alavi is among those great Iranian writers who play a significant role in the evolution and development of short story writing in Iranian contemporary literature. Taking a critical realism approach in his stories, Alavi writes about the society and lets his reade MoreBozorg Alavi is among those great Iranian writers who play a significant role in the evolution and development of short story writing in Iranian contemporary literature. Taking a critical realism approach in his stories, Alavi writes about the society and lets his readers to know about the community in which he used to live. Dezashoub is among his stories which reflect the changing milieu of his time. The present research has tried, via a descriptive-analytical approach, to consider the story of Dezashoub based on the sociology of content theory to unveil how the social life of people may change. The research revealed despite the fact that after modern social developments rural girls have found the opportunity to leave their village for big cities in order to enjoy schooling and higher education, they never go back to live in their villages, because the huge difference between the rural and urban facilities as well as the altered culture and lifestyle make them prefer the new urban life over their previous rural one. Manuscript profile -
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150 - Sociology of Literature in Jamalzadeh’s “Gholtashan Divan
Touraj AghdayiKHJ -
Open Access Article
151 - The influence of eastern thought and mysticism on the works of Henry Miller
shahyar Saadat -
Open Access Article
152 - The Study and Dissemination of Inflectional and syntactical Characteristics of The History of Sistan
Leila Jani Ali Mohammad SajjadiIranian literary scholars have shown less interest in the study of prose works than those in verse. This is why a great number of Persian literary works in verse have had the chance to be revised and reedited and go to print again and again, while the number of the pros MoreIranian literary scholars have shown less interest in the study of prose works than those in verse. This is why a great number of Persian literary works in verse have had the chance to be revised and reedited and go to print again and again, while the number of the prose works presented to the culturati and scientific society has been fairly less. However, the necessity of introducing the importance and true validity of Persian prose and emphasizing its significance from different viewpoints is strongly felt. Then the present paper tries to conduct a research on The History of Sistan (written c.445 AH), a primary resource for the early Persian prose evolution. This book was one of the unknown and forgotten works of Persian literature until Etemad Al-Saltana, Naser Al-Din Shah Qajar’s secretary of publications, printed it in Nos. 474 – 564 of Iran Daily (1920 – 1923) as installments of a serial. Later in 1935, Mohammad Taqi Bahar, the well-known poet and scholar, revised and reedited it with a comprehensive introduction to be published in the form of a book. The present research, based on Bahar’s revision, explores its inflectional and syntactical features including parts of speech, their functions, simple and complex sentence structures, subject and verb agreement, order of the components, deletions, coordination, subordination, etc. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - ASJJOI
Leil jani Ali Mohamad SajadiThe history of Sistan is one of the most valuable history books of the genesis era. this work includes two distinctive parts with two different styles from two different periods written by two persons. The first part includes the events of MoreThe history of Sistan is one of the most valuable history books of the genesis era. this work includes two distinctive parts with two different styles from two different periods written by two persons. The first part includes the events of 444- 445 Hejri, i.e. the early of the dominance of Saljoqi Dynasty . The second part includes the events after that year until 725 Hejri written the early of 8th century logistic study of Sistan History can demonstrate the written language feature of its era in terms of vocabulary, Verb syntax, sentence structure, … . Here it has been tried to identify this work in terms of their grammatical. Syntactic and contextual differences and similarities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - Characteristics of characterization in three stories of the great Alavi, Jamalzadeh, Al-Ahmad
fatemeh kaabasl navazollah farhadi The character as the most important element of the story from the past has had significant changes in terms of features and how to introduce it in the story. In the post-Constitutional literature, the short story was created with the presence of real More The character as the most important element of the story from the past has had significant changes in terms of features and how to introduce it in the story. In the post-Constitutional literature, the short story was created with the presence of real characters and not the legendary heroes, and the novices chose their story from ordinary people and created a significant transformation in storytelling. In this study, three stories of Mirza, Vilean al-Dawlah and Aftabe labe bam were reviewed for characterization, and we concluded that Alavi and Jamalzadeh introduced the characters through the description, but glory of other techniques such as action and dialogue use he does. Also, the characters of Jalal Al-Ahmad are more familiar to the reader than the characters of Alavi and Jamalzadeh. Alawi has created a political personality that has a behavioral complexity and is typical of the type. Vilean al-Dawla Jamalzadeh can also be considered a symbol of displaced people, but the characters are simple glories. The other result is that the character of Mirza and the characters of Al-Ahmad is apart from the mother of the family,are static , but Vilanah Al-Dula Jamalzadeh and mother of the story of Jalal are dynamic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - Hypertext, a New Challenge for Hermeneutics
Nozhat NoohiComprehending the relationship between textual signs with the signs of the other systems is of interest for modern hermeneutics .In the computer world today, hypermedia sites are rapidly expanding and they can provide texts along with graphic, audio, music a MoreComprehending the relationship between textual signs with the signs of the other systems is of interest for modern hermeneutics .In the computer world today, hypermedia sites are rapidly expanding and they can provide texts along with graphic, audio, music and speaking signs, so that a text changes – on the basis of informatics – into a hypertext. So the idea of “dialogue by means of a text” in the background of a hypertext would be of more significance. Then, hidden meanings of a hypertext are not to be discovered once and for all, and the interpretation will continue infinitely. In future, hypermedia synthetic literature will bear non-existing aspects of the text that in due course will challenge the hermeneutics. This article reviews hermeneutics in the realms of text and hypertext through emphasizing the media-based modern literary forms. Manuscript profile -
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156 - Holy Narration of Hamdo-llah Mostofi’s «Chosen History» and the occasions for expressing them
Ali Zakeri -
Open Access Article
157 - Analysis & Interpretationthe Literary Linguistic Structure of Beyhaghi's History& Hallaj al Asrar Bijan Ellahi
Farah Niazkar Morteza JafariThe history of Beyhaghi is one of the most important historical books that, in addition to mentioning the historical evidence of his era and his famous moral points, has been widely praised by the readers because of the literary language and the perfect knowledge and wr MoreThe history of Beyhaghi is one of the most important historical books that, in addition to mentioning the historical evidence of his era and his famous moral points, has been widely praised by the readers because of the literary language and the perfect knowledge and writing art of Iran's renowned historian. Beyhaqi, with the use of exquisite compositions, lexical interpretations, hybrid verbs and Persian proverbs, has been able to create a psychological, poetic and linguistic complexity of language. His art is the culmination of rhetoric of Persian language and the best example of the art of ancestors of the past, which made beauty in the simplicity of the word. The clarity of language, the power of the word, and the profound influence of his words, have influenced the linguistic and semantic influences of other poets such as Akhavan Sales and Ahmad Shamloo. Bijan Ellahi, a poet, translator and contemporary painter, has also influenced his linguistic structure in some of his works. In this article, the influence of Beyhaghi history on his poems has been discussed in various ways. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - Analysis and Interpretation of Zoroastrian Rituals in Verse Romance of Vis O Rāmin
Farhad Aslani kolsoum GhazanfariThe verse romance of Vis O Rāmin composed by Fakr Al-Din As, ad Gorgāni during the reign of the Saljuq Sultan togrel I (died 455 A.H.) is based on a Pahlavi written text. As Iranian-born Abū Nuwās (the Arab-speaking poet, died 198 A.H.) had mentioned the names Rāmin and MoreThe verse romance of Vis O Rāmin composed by Fakr Al-Din As, ad Gorgāni during the reign of the Saljuq Sultan togrel I (died 455 A.H.) is based on a Pahlavi written text. As Iranian-born Abū Nuwās (the Arab-speaking poet, died 198 A.H.) had mentioned the names Rāmin and Vis in one of his Fārsiāt (i.e. the Arabic poems in which he used to use Persian words), it is obvious that the story had existed before Gorgāni recomposed it into a verse romance. The now existing story includes some hints to the ancient Iranian rituals and beliefs like most of the remained stories from ancient times, but hasn't yet been under the attention of scholars as it deserves. Under the influence of highlighted Zoroastrian concepts in the romance, some scholars have studied these rituals. In addition, other Zurvanite beliefs in it have been explored by Helmer Ringgren about 50 years ago for the first time. In this research the authors have tried through a descriptive-analytical approach to trace the Zoroastrian rituals in this verse romance by referring to Zoroastrian sources, Islamic historiographies and recent researches. The results of the study revealed that the Zoroastrian rituals are recorded according to ancient sources and Zoroastrian narratives. Manuscript profile -
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159 - A Comparative Study of the Lives and Works of Mahmoud Dolatabadi and Yousef Edris
ghasem mokhtarikjklkjkl Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Narratology of “Story of Akvān the Demon”
Nasrin Beiranvand Hossein Arian Nasser Kazem KhanlouNarratology is a noteworthy branch of twentieth century criticism, and the general concept of it is the transition from the initial position to the second position and it becomes the basis for the actors’ actions to take place on. Algirdas Julien Greimas, the semi MoreNarratology is a noteworthy branch of twentieth century criticism, and the general concept of it is the transition from the initial position to the second position and it becomes the basis for the actors’ actions to take place on. Algirdas Julien Greimas, the semiotician narratologist, has done a lot to provide certain patterns in narratology. His narratology is based on Vladimir Propp's morphology of the tales. The present paper aims to investigate “Story of Akvān the Demon” in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh based on the actantial model of Grimas, and the researchers have studied the plot of the story through his semiotic square approach. Manuscript profile -
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161 - The Function of Language in Characterization as Applied in Sadeq Hedayat’s Short Stories
Fateme Heydari Nasrin NaseriOne of the touchstones to appraise the value and the durability of literary fiction is the appropriateness between the function of language and its users, i.e. fictional characters. Language has a close relationship with the paralinguistic and social propositions such a MoreOne of the touchstones to appraise the value and the durability of literary fiction is the appropriateness between the function of language and its users, i.e. fictional characters. Language has a close relationship with the paralinguistic and social propositions such as social status, age, gender, education, environment, job and hierarchy of authority. Sadeq Hedayat’s works are the inherent part of Iranian contemporary fiction. As the title of this paper may suggest, his works are worth to be studied in that sense. This paper explores, through an analytic-descriptive approach, the relationship between the function of language and Hedayat’s characters while considering the paralinguistic and social propositions. It also argues that Hedayat has been aware of the paralinguistic and social propositions and successful in applying them in characterization of his stories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - The identity of Machiavelli in the Third Book of Masnavi Ma’navi ( a case study of the story “A King who killed Christians” based on the key concepts of Niccolo Maciavelli)
Abolfazl ghanizadeThe western political, literary circles acknowledge Niccolo Machiavelli as an influential figure who played a major role in the shift of Renaissance into the intellectualism era in Italy. As a social reformist and political critic, he managed to influence public opinion MoreThe western political, literary circles acknowledge Niccolo Machiavelli as an influential figure who played a major role in the shift of Renaissance into the intellectualism era in Italy. As a social reformist and political critic, he managed to influence public opinion on government, religion, aristocracy as well as people. Relying on his two works, i.e. “Kings” and “Speeches” the scholars in the area of political sociology take the concepts like (1)virtue, (2) chance, (3) separation of ethics and politics, (4) description of types of kingdoms, (5) the balance of classes, as the basics of his theoretical framework. The author of this article claims that the political moves conducted in the story of Molavi entitled “A King who killed Christians” matches significantly with this theoretical framework. As such, this paper first addresses the basics of that theory followed by the described and analyzed concepts in the story and finally the mapping of the story with the theory of Machiavelli. Finally, it is concluded that in the studied story, the pattern of governance on people is greatly consistent with Machiavellian definitions and expectations in many respects Manuscript profile -
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163 - Morphology of the Story of “Zahhak” in Shahnameh and the Story of “Ravana” in Ramayana (The Fight between the Good and the Evil)
Elyas Nooraei Soghra Bavandpour -
Open Access Article
164 - The History of Apparel in Pre-Zahhak Period
Fateme Mohseni GerdkouhiApparel is among human beings’ primary essentials. The representation of apparel in the oldest myths of nations reveals how significant it had been for man. This paper studies the origination and evolution of apparel among Iranian tribes. First, the early re MoreApparel is among human beings’ primary essentials. The representation of apparel in the oldest myths of nations reveals how significant it had been for man. This paper studies the origination and evolution of apparel among Iranian tribes. First, the early representations of clothing in Iranian myths are searched historically, and then, its different forms and functions in the varying lives of Iranians are uncovered. The search is based on the mythological phase of Iranian tribes, from the Pishdadian dynasty coming to power to Pre-Zahhak era, and displays the socio-ritual impressions of using apparel in the literary, historical and mythological texts related to those eras. Accordingly, the Ghats, as the oldest Iranian text, is examined first, and the later Avestan and other medieval and Islamic narrations are studied after. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - The death of hallaj and its story elements narrated by Attar
Fereydon KureiIt is indispensable to follow some rules in narrating a literary story. One of these rules is specific elements which is called ‘‘story elements’’. In this study, the story elements of the story of Hossein Ebne Mansur Hallaj in Tazkeratol Olia At MoreIt is indispensable to follow some rules in narrating a literary story. One of these rules is specific elements which is called ‘‘story elements’’. In this study, the story elements of the story of Hossein Ebne Mansur Hallaj in Tazkeratol Olia Attar is analyzed, giving an example for each elements. In this narration of story, all story elements cannot be found. Because of its peculiarity some of story elements of omitted. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - Functional analysis of epic and historical Myths in Odes Shahryar
mahdi nowrooz reza JALILIOne of the most important literary elements explain the intellectual system, a poet, is a myth. Poets are often myth-maker and help this element can identify many of your thoughts and your mental seepage, stability and special Stability forgiven. The presence of myth an MoreOne of the most important literary elements explain the intellectual system, a poet, is a myth. Poets are often myth-maker and help this element can identify many of your thoughts and your mental seepage, stability and special Stability forgiven. The presence of myth and poetry in Persian language has a long history, which, given the rich history of Iran are obvious. In the meantime, there's a lot to consider this functional element. So, what is explored in the present research is a descriptive study - functional analysis of historical myths and epic odes's mirror will be. The most important myths are: Alexander, Jamshid, Khosrow and Shirin mainly functional teaching, praise and descriptive, historical, and ultimately, their aesthetic. Operating mysticism, and in only one case was seen of Alexander the Great, which, according to reflect considerable intellectual system's mystical ideas, strange Manuscript profile -
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167 - Marriage in «Veis and Ramin» Story
Seyed Mohammad Shahmoradi -
Open Access Article
168 - Analysis of the story themes of Aziz and Negar
Zahra Doori Razia FaqihiThis local and folklore system in Taleghan region has not been studied and its introduction is one of the first goals of this research. The course of this research has been done by the library method and the short introduction of this story is a prelude to presenting it MoreThis local and folklore system in Taleghan region has not been studied and its introduction is one of the first goals of this research. The course of this research has been done by the library method and the short introduction of this story is a prelude to presenting its basic analysis. There are several versions of this work at different times, each of which differs in detail from the other. These copies have not been written on top of each other and the narrators and enthusiasts, after years, from their memory and according to They wrote it to their own taste and that of their audience. The result of research and analysis in the themes shows that most of the themes of the story of Aziz and Negar can be seen in the literature of Iran and the world. Including: blindness, travel, habit, battle, madness and rivalry of lovers, letter and letter bearer, dervishes, apples and springs; The presence of such motifs in this story is one of its values. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - Comparative Study of the Elements of Fiction in Short Stories Written by Mostafa Lotfi Manfalouti and Jalal Ale-Ahmad
Qasem Mokhtari -
Open Access Article
170 - Story-Telling Process in the Anecdotes of Hadiqat-al-Haqiqa by Sanāʾi
Ali Mohammad Moazzeni Monir KhalilianSanāʾi Hadiqat-al-Haqiqa (The Garden of Truth) is a mystical and didactic book in verse conceived as a continuing discourse on a wide range of ethical and religious subjects in the form of stories, anecdotes and allegories. Brevity and simplicity is the main characteris MoreSanāʾi Hadiqat-al-Haqiqa (The Garden of Truth) is a mystical and didactic book in verse conceived as a continuing discourse on a wide range of ethical and religious subjects in the form of stories, anecdotes and allegories. Brevity and simplicity is the main characteristic of the book, and this research aims, through a descriptive-analytic approach, to investigate the processing system of Hadiqat-al-Haqiqa stories, especially its short anecdotes, and to study the elements of characterization, plot, dialogues and setting in them. To do so, thirty anecdotes of Hadiqat-al-Haqiqa were selected to be investigated and analyzed. According to the obtained results Hadiqat-al-Haqiqa contains many features of minimalism such as conciseness, simple plot, abundance of dialogue, limited number of characters and episodes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Anachronism in the story "The thief and the dogs" by Naguib Mahfouz
Abbas eghbaly Ali najafi ivaki batool ghorbaniTime in the novel follows a horizontal movement, but occasionally some disturbance occurs in time''s element which is called as anachronism by critics and is emerged as two retrospective and prospective forms. By taking a descriptive-analytic method, in the present stud MoreTime in the novel follows a horizontal movement, but occasionally some disturbance occurs in time''s element which is called as anachronism by critics and is emerged as two retrospective and prospective forms. By taking a descriptive-analytic method, in the present study an attempt was made to investigate the anachronism concept in novel The Thief and the Dogs by Naguib Mahfouz. The findings reveal that the anachronism applied by Naguib Mahfouz reflects the political and mental conflicts in Egypt leading to consistency in the story, the development of its atmosphere and the reader''s persuasion. Applying events related to the past is noticed more than the events related to the future. This story entails many external retrospective views considered as the main lines in the life of the story hero, indicating that these retrospective views make many problems in the story resolved. Keywords:"novel","story", "anachronism", "retrospective", "prospective", "The Thief and the Dogs", "Naguib Mahfouz" Manuscript profile -
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172 - Reflections of polyphonic narrative in the novel 'Confessions of a Silencer' by Mo΄nes al-Razzāz as a manifestation of postmodernism
Zahra Beheshti Shaker Amery Sadeq Askari Ahiakbar NoreseedehPolyphony is a technique that was proposed in novel and stories by Mikhail MikhailovichBakhtin and then by postmodernists. In Polyphony, multiple sounds of different characters are heard and the sound of main narrator of novel is forgotten. So there are some narrators i MorePolyphony is a technique that was proposed in novel and stories by Mikhail MikhailovichBakhtin and then by postmodernists. In Polyphony, multiple sounds of different characters are heard and the sound of main narrator of novel is forgotten. So there are some narrators in polyphony novels, and the common order of narrating story is not seen in such novels. We can say in such novels, different and even antithetic situations have special sounds. These sounds are placed between conversations of characters. Polyphony is one of the important properties of metanarrative. Merging subsidiary stories in the framework of main story, expressing daily dreams in a narrative frame and a world of dreams and nightmares are some properties of this kind of story. This property is existed in novel of "confesses of sound hider" (e`eterafatokatemalsout) by "mo`nes al-Razaz", the writer has merged a subsidiary story in the framework of main story. He uses daily memories and describes the dreams and nightmares of story characters. So the sounds of all novel characters have a role, and we can say that the novel doesn't have a normal form of first-person narrator or the third-person narrator. Although the third-person narrator occasionally appears, and intermixes to the other narrators of novel, but the narration direction of novel is continuing by sounds of the other characters. This essay explains about the polyphony technique and its sources, then surveys this technique and different narrators in the novel. And also, it surveys merging subsidiary stories in the framework of main story and appearance of a world of dreams and nightmares. This property has frequently a special place in polyphony novels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - Multiple Beginnings and its Relation to the Novel in the Story of “Endama Tashikh al-Zeab” by Jamal Naji
Reza Nazemian Majid BayatiThe beginning of the novel is the gateway to its world. So this may cause some novelists to stop writing their own novels; because starting a novel is one of the most difficult things about writing a story. The beginning of a story can guide the reader into its world, i MoreThe beginning of the novel is the gateway to its world. So this may cause some novelists to stop writing their own novels; because starting a novel is one of the most difficult things about writing a story. The beginning of a story can guide the reader into its world, if it is engaging and encouraging. So the first scene of the story can play a huge role in encouraging the reader and communicating with the text; because the beginning of the story is the bridge between the novelist and the reader. This research intends to examine the beginning of the novel based on its initial scene and it focuses on the techniques that the novelist used in the beginning of his novel. Although research on the beginning of the novel has had a prominent place in contemporary research on the novel, this field requires more effort to show the importance of the novel's beginning and to pay attention to its constitutive elements. The beginning of the novel “Endama Tashikh al-Zeab” has special potentials that draw our attention to it. The importance of this research is that it attempts to pay attention to the beginning of the story and its elements and examine the extent of connection of novel's beginning with the novel itself as an interconnected system and a text in the structural perspective. Therefore, this study deals with the first scene of the novel and draws attention to the relationship between the novel and its beginning. The results of this study show that the narrator has used techniques in this novel that those techniques have overcome on the modern novel and he has put the characters at tipping point of his attention to show a world full of contradictions. The narrator uses a polyphonic technique in this novel to avoid the traditional monotony. Manuscript profile -
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174 - Methodological Analysis of ”Arabic literature through history”book written By Dr Huda Al-Tamimi From a Historical and Political Perspective.
Davood Ahmadi Mohammad Ebarhim Khalifa ShushtariAbstract:Writing in relation to the history of literature, like all kinds of writing, has been evolved with the development of culture. Type of writing books, including the history of literature has also changed with the extention of knowledge branches and specializatio MoreAbstract:Writing in relation to the history of literature, like all kinds of writing, has been evolved with the development of culture. Type of writing books, including the history of literature has also changed with the extention of knowledge branches and specialization of studies and the necessity of publishing new research findings. The old history of literature which has been collected by biographies of poets and authors and also has been expressed their advantages and disadvantages based on her words, but the new books with new techniques are written along with analyzing and measuring political and social condition. This paper analyses the methodological analysis of”Arabic literature through history” book written by Dr Huda Al-Tamimi and methodological shortcomings history of literature in the Arabic literature books. In this research, first the current methodologies are analysed with analysis of history of literature books, then will be compared the Dr Huda Al-Tamimi methodology and current methodologies meaning of problems in the literature history. The method of this analysis is based on the descriptive – analytic method with adaptation and comparison and is reviewed from the views of the authorities of literature history. The aim of the author from the compilation of the book was provide the brief information a bout historical periods of Arabic literature which has grown in social, cultural and political base. It can also said that the method of writing the book was based on the method of contemporary Arab historians and it was historical aspect based on political division. Manuscript profile -
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175 - A Study of Bijan Najdi's Lyric Story of Wet Tuesday based on Eileen Baldeshwiler Theory
Mona Aramfar Ashraf Chegini Mohammadali ShafaeiThe vast field of fictional literature covers points and themes, each of which, due to its eloquence relations, has a wide range of various elements and themes. In the meantime, the study of these stories according to ideas of theorists, is a firm step in the way of cri MoreThe vast field of fictional literature covers points and themes, each of which, due to its eloquence relations, has a wide range of various elements and themes. In the meantime, the study of these stories according to ideas of theorists, is a firm step in the way of criticizing and analyzing texts in terms of discovering the internal elements of the text. Eileen Baldeshwiler is one of the theorists who has been able to present various relationships in the stories by emphasis on five principles of revelation of lyric stories. Therefore, in the present study, we decided to explain Bijan Najdi's story of Wet Tuesday according to the ideas of this theorist. The result of research in this field was that the Wet Tuesday that benefits of appropriate elements and themes, paves a good way for critique and analysis of lyrical principles. Hence, in the process of explaining this story according to the ideas of Eileen Baldeshwiler we can observe deep subjectivism on the basis of widespread anachronism and intersection of the emotional curve with the symbols and the intellectual challenges of the characters in the dreamy and mental images, The story is open ended and the author does not inform the reader of the fate and final of the hero. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - The study of Structural manifestations of the novel "The Secret History of the Ancient Persian Heroes" by Cyrus Shamisa Based on Gerrard Genette's Theory of Transtextuality
Fereshteh NaseriBy carefully examining various texts, we discover similar points and themes that guide us in recognizing the structural relationships and similarities of that text with other texts. Meanwhile, the use of Gérard Genet's legal Transtextuality relationships by creat MoreBy carefully examining various texts, we discover similar points and themes that guide us in recognizing the structural relationships and similarities of that text with other texts. Meanwhile, the use of Gérard Genet's legal Transtextuality relationships by creating different relationships between different texts and creating systems, encoders, cultural styles and descriptive rules, as well as discovering relationships between different texts, in turn, leads to uncovering common connotations and similarities between them. Hence, the "novel of the secret history of ancient Persian heroes", with its historical, scientific, ideological, social and cultural relations (along with other texts), provides a suitable ground for studying the foundations of "Transtextuality", including descriptive and analytical methods as well as its various characteristics. They are Intertextuality, Hypertextuality, Architextuality, Paratextuality, and metatextuality or textual transcendence. Therefore, this research studied and explained all the real events and allusions of this work and matched them with previous texts, to find out how Dr. Shamisa was able, by providing an appropriate structural space, to make the reader go towards knowing the foundations of sociology. To what extent has it succeeded in creating a intricate network of Transtextuality by creating a similar content and structural space by changing the volume and content of previous texts, and shortening and lengthening their time domain (Hypertextuality) as well as by consciously interfering with literary genres (Architextuality)? . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - "The house of thorn" novel as a metaphor for Noah's Flood
Nazanin Farzad“The House of Thorns” is a work of the contemporary Iranian writer, Abdolhossein Farzad. The time is stopped for the narrator at seven in the morning. This suspension in timelessness is an opportunity for the narrator to analyze history. His goal is to explo More“The House of Thorns” is a work of the contemporary Iranian writer, Abdolhossein Farzad. The time is stopped for the narrator at seven in the morning. This suspension in timelessness is an opportunity for the narrator to analyze history. His goal is to explore the past to find the moment of human evil; because the end of human dignity has paralyzed the narrator’s brain. This research is descriptive – analytical. The research findings show that it is a metaphorical work. This novel is a metaphor of Noah’s flood and the narrator’s bed is like Noah’s Ark. The storm of “The House of Thorns” and the waves which are hitting the ship of the narrator’s bed and occupying his mind, are metaphors for various waves of thoughts: waves of time, history, art, literature, poetry, philosophy and physics especially Quantum mechanics and till the end of the story and the end of the storm that the rainbow of “knowledge is power” appears, the author like Noah tries to talk about the problematic human and giving meaning to life with help of art ,poetry ,literature and humanistic cinema ,seeking to save mankind and human dignity by the Ark of his thoughts. Manuscript profile -
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178 - the image of the Intellectual character inshort stories by the Iranian writer, Goli Taraghi
Yadollah Malayeri Naser Ghasemi Kamal Baghjari Hadi HaghgooanAbstract In this research- through purposeful reading of Goli Taraghi’s works such as ‘I am “Ch” Guevara too’ (1969), ‘Scattered memories’ (1992), ‘Another place’ (2000), ‘Tow worlds’ (2002), ‘Anot MoreAbstract In this research- through purposeful reading of Goli Taraghi’s works such as ‘I am “Ch” Guevara too’ (1969), ‘Scattered memories’ (1992), ‘Another place’ (2000), ‘Tow worlds’ (2002), ‘Another chance’ (2014)- the characters of the intellectuals in Farsi short stories are reflected. Based on their opinions, sayings, side takings in front of the mass and rulers and feedbacks- giving the fact that these feedbacks are the result of the natural contrast between tradition and modernism, the intellectuals are classified in this survey as well. In this study, the immaturity of the intellectual’s character and her doubt about tradition and modernism is also revealed as the main feature of her personality. As it turns out, in Goli Taraghi’s works, in many cases, the intellectuals give up their creed due to the pressure of the power centers. On the other hand, the mass, get used to the everyday life, and choose personal profit over social responsibility. According to what mentioned, the intellectuals are divided into four groups: 1) indifferent, 2) excluded, 3) professional, 4) disable to connect to the mass. Manuscript profile -
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179 - Application of history in Turākinā by Mohammed Qasemzadeh and Zayni Barakāt by Gamal al-Ghitani: A Comparative Study
Yadollah Malayeri Jahad Feyzoleslam Mostafa AlvaniTradition is an important source for the writers, and history is one of the fundamental sources of the tradition from which the writer can refer and inspire in his literary works. The same applies to the Mohammed Qasemzadeh, the Iranian novelist, and Jamal Al-Ghitani, t MoreTradition is an important source for the writers, and history is one of the fundamental sources of the tradition from which the writer can refer and inspire in his literary works. The same applies to the Mohammed Qasemzadeh, the Iranian novelist, and Jamal Al-Ghitani, the Egyptian novelist, in many of their novels, especially in two novels studied in this study, ie. Turākinā and Zayni Barakāt. This study investigates similarities and contrasts of two novels in the application of history as one of their traditional components and tries to study incentives and reasons of these similarities and contrasts including concerns about the contemporary history of Iran and Egypt. The study relied on the ideas of György Lukács and Lucien Goldmann, the two distinguished figures of the genetic structuralism, who emphasized the study of the form of literary works and the impact of the infrastructure on them. The study, being a comparative study, also benefitted from the school of dialectical materialism known as the Slavic school, a theory that is fully consistent with the theory of the genetic structuralism. Finally, it became clear that among the most important incentives of application history in two texts were the events and concerns of the writers times including the issue of women. al-Ghitani's novel is by and large devoid of women, that is a sign of the ignorance of women in the contemporary Egypt society, whereas in Qasemzadeh's novel the story of women is significant, as is evident from the title and the text of the novel. Manuscript profile -
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180 - Examining the components of tradition and modernity in the novel 'āyene-hāye dar dār' (Lidded Mirrors)
Mahtab Tavakoli Bahram ParvinIn identify the causes of Iranian backwardness and finding appropriate solutions to exit of this situation, modernization movements, not only in the theoretical fields but also in literature, attracted the attention of theorists. Meanwhile, there are three views to mode MoreIn identify the causes of Iranian backwardness and finding appropriate solutions to exit of this situation, modernization movements, not only in the theoretical fields but also in literature, attracted the attention of theorists. Meanwhile, there are three views to modernity in literature: one group believes that modernity is a completely Western concept and is inefficient; the second group considers it acceptable due to its Western origin; and the third group maintains a balance between tradition and modernity. Houshang Golshiri, who has extensive knowledge in Persian literature and history, is one of the representatives of the third group. This research seeks to demonstrate how Golshiri, as a modern and at the same time traditional writer, has depicted the integration of modern and traditional storytelling methods without damaging the structure of the story and has given special importance to traditional elements in contemporary literature. The study is conducted using a library method and descriptive analysis to examine the components of tradition and modernity in the novel 'āyene-hāye dar dār' (Lidded Mirrors). The results of the investigations show that the use of narrative in classical texts, pragmatism, the use of short allegorical narrative, and the use of language as a traditional aspect are some of the old narrative methods in Golshiri's stories, and the combination of traditional and modern components together indicates his special attention to the place of tradition in literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - Ahmad Mahmud's Short Stories Morphology
Mahdi Mahoozi Shabnam LajvardizadehAhmed Mahmud is one of the most prominent Iranian writers in recent decades. He began his work with writing the short story entitled “Sob Mishe” and continued with” Mool”. He received a position among top rank writers with writing the novel   MoreAhmed Mahmud is one of the most prominent Iranian writers in recent decades. He began his work with writing the short story entitled “Sob Mishe” and continued with” Mool”. He received a position among top rank writers with writing the novel Hamsayeha. Many critics have criticized and studied his works and often dealt with the content of his stories. The paper first addresses form and structure briefly and then looks at Ahmad Mahmud's works and his writing style. In the main part of the paper, morphology of Ahmad Mahmud's 23 short stories in the collection of “az Mosafer ta Tabkhal” is investigated and analyzed in plan and plot, viewing point of view, narrator, characterization, the beginning and the end to show how the author narrates fate of urban poor classes in his stories through applying descriptive language and structural components of story harmonically. Manuscript profile -
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182 - Hamd-Al-Hamd's Zaman-Al-Boh : The Study of Theological, Moral Obligations and Realistic Elements
Seyed E brahim Arman Nilufar Khoda BakhshiStorytelling is a common phenomenon in all cultures. The Arab people also have recognized it and have preserved some of its heroes as well as the historical, moral heritage during different ages. However, novel and its elements is a modern genre which is borrowed MoreStorytelling is a common phenomenon in all cultures. The Arab people also have recognized it and have preserved some of its heroes as well as the historical, moral heritage during different ages. However, novel and its elements is a modern genre which is borrowed from Europeans. The present paper examines the realistic novel of the master writer Hamd-Al-Hamd. The reader will eagerly pursue all cultural , and social transformations in his novel. The paper focuses on the writer's devotion to the real life, incidents, and events. Manuscript profile -
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183 - Short Story in Arabic and Persian Literature: Case Study of Literary Works by Abd-al-Samee'a Bensaber and Javad Saeedipour
Abd- al-Ali Alebooyeh Langeroodi Zoheir Jansiz Vesam Roomieh Short story is one of the newborn literary genres that has drawn special attention of literary men and researchers to itself in recent years because of its general effect on literature and its special influence on reader of a literary work. This articl More Short story is one of the newborn literary genres that has drawn special attention of literary men and researchers to itself in recent years because of its general effect on literature and its special influence on reader of a literary work. This article investigates short story comparatively in Arabic and Persian literature. The aim of this paper is to discover latent aspects of short story in Persian and Arabic literature. The authors are going to compare short story in the two languages through studying factors related to birth of short story and also the opinion of critics in this literary field. Findings of this research show that critics of both languages agree to some extent about definition of short story and its narrative elements. This important conclusion has been obtained through analyzing samples of short stories in Arabic and Persian literature. And these critics have considered various names for this literary genre. The only difference existing in short story is its length. According to analytical- descriptive approach and library sources, the present study is to recognize narrative elements in elected samples and to define quality of its application in order to show how narrative spirit has been actualized in it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - The Study of Conceptual & Phonological Changes of Arabic Words in Bayhaqi's History
Mohammad Jannati far AliRedha Mohammad Redhaei Naiyreh NaDhar RiaThe fifth century (lunar calendar) is considered significant in the matters of historical aspects. It is the time in which dependent governments rose and little by little tried to free themselves from Arab governance. But it meant that governance of Turks and Mong MoreThe fifth century (lunar calendar) is considered significant in the matters of historical aspects. It is the time in which dependent governments rose and little by little tried to free themselves from Arab governance. But it meant that governance of Turks and Mongols were arriving. At that unsteady time that the political Iranian governments were facing, the historians were obliged to hold another responsibility and among them, Abolfazl Bayhaqi rose with his famous history so-called History of Beihaghi and he is at the top ranking. Presence of a body such as Risalat (Commission) and Clerical office implies that the social and administrative layers. Bayhaqi not only tried to use Arabic language just for public and conscious aspects of usage but because of his language environment he had to use Arabic language in all language levels, inevitably. Study of History of Bayhaqi by itself and also regarding such social and cultural circumstances in brief are all the factors clearing this issue. But beside this unconscious use which is considered as that era’s language suitability, Bayhaqi himself who was a great Arabic knower and well-grounded clerk has used the proverbs, poems and narrations at their place. Manuscript profile -
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185 - The Representation of West and East in Goli Taraghqi’s “Amineh’s Long Journey” and Ghada al-Samman “Write: I am not An Arab Woman”
Somaye Aghajani Yadollah MalayeriThis comparative study throws light upon common and uncommon points in drawing of the west and the east images. The study uses achievements of both American and Russian schools in comparative literature. Across this study we see that similar conditions of life in both A MoreThis comparative study throws light upon common and uncommon points in drawing of the west and the east images. The study uses achievements of both American and Russian schools in comparative literature. Across this study we see that similar conditions of life in both Arab and Iranian societies make texts similar: a consideration between human, especially women, status in Iran and Arab region. In the two stories, the East appears to be a place of violence and social and political repression, while the West is a shelter from oppression against women. What distinguishes the two texts in relation to the East and West is that Ghadaal-Samman describes in her story the cliché image of the East from the perspective of a Westerner, and deals with the identity crisis of the Arab human, where he sees himself in two different cultures while these two points were ignored by Taraghi in her text. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - Interpolating Tradition in Antar ibn Shaddad by Abou Khalil Alqabbani
Fatemeh ParchekaniCalling tradition is among clearest areas which can be found in modern dramatic literary and artistic texts. The ancient hero is quite well known and since long has found his place in literature and art of different nations especially in legends, epics MoreCalling tradition is among clearest areas which can be found in modern dramatic literary and artistic texts. The ancient hero is quite well known and since long has found his place in literature and art of different nations especially in legends, epics, folk tales, oral literature and dramatic texts such that it was in a battle with other elements and defeated them. Abou Khalil Alqabbani, the first Syrian playwright and among leaders of play writing in Arab and eastern world generally wrote many plays and borrowed some of their subjects from ancient narrations including “Antar ibn Shaddad”. Although there were other dramatic texts in Arabic literature about this hero, importance of Alqabani's play is latent in this fact that this is the first work of this kind in the Arab world and is investigated in descriptive- analytical method based on hero's characteristic in original story as a literary text and modern play as a dramatic art .The results of his study shows that although Alqabbani does not emphasize the story of Antar as a historical event, he calls story of the hero to describe situation in which he lives and social condition of his own society because his society needs to remind a brave hero with good ethic and chivalric features whom Antar represents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - Comparative Criticism and Investigation of Maqamat of Hamedani and Hariri
Ali Asghar HabibiMaqameh is declared as one of the most important literary techniques in Arabic literature. The main cause of this importance must be searched in the goal that writer of Maqameh fallows it , and that is teaching methods of expression in addition to prof MoreMaqameh is declared as one of the most important literary techniques in Arabic literature. The main cause of this importance must be searched in the goal that writer of Maqameh fallows it , and that is teaching methods of expression in addition to profiting of literal equation and vocal contradictory and musical Rhythmic methods adorned by kinds of different orders of creativity .in addition of mentioned items , we must not forget the role of narration and plot in fulfillment of different instructional goals and explanation of social , cultural and Folklore questions. The most famous writers of Maqamat in Arabic literature are Badieozaman Hamedani (inventor of Maqameh technique) and Hariri . Later this method with all of fablic, instructional technical dimension’s influence in persion literature with expansion of Arabic maqamat circle and exit from Arabic frame work. Meanwhile we can find the best manifestation of this effect in Hamedani’s Maqamat. In this paper, the writer tries to specify artistic and literary powerful report, technical, subjective, instructional, social, cultural, literary Arabic’s Maqamat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - Studying MinimmalistStory and its Elements in Holy Quran
Jalal Marami Mina ArabiMinimalist story is a kind of very short story that is summarized sometimes in some lines and sometimes in one page. It tells a short event and in addition includes deep contents.Studying verses of Holy Quran we can see stories in different forms and lengths. Meanwhile MoreMinimalist story is a kind of very short story that is summarized sometimes in some lines and sometimes in one page. It tells a short event and in addition includes deep contents.Studying verses of Holy Quran we can see stories in different forms and lengths. Meanwhile there are some storiesthat are not more than some lines in lengthso it is possible for the researcher to evaluate these stories based on technical standards of short story. If short story nature of these Koranic versesis proved, the popular view i.e. short story is western and modern will be questionedand marginalized. Defining short story, counting its features and comparing it with fictional samples from some Sura of Holy Quran including Al-Baqareh, Al-Hejr, Al-Nahl, and Al-Yasin, we investigate hypothesis of short story existence in Quran. The study shows theseKoranicsamples are short and tell a short event and include compact and great concepts in addition to shortness. Also they have main features of short story although complementary features can be recognized in them. Achieving this resultconfirms thehypothesisof the article and represents Islamic nature of short story origins. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
189 - A phenomenological Approach to Minimalistic Fiction: The Case study of Marzbannameh
fariba namdari Shahin OJagh AlizadehMinimalism is a school in art which creates everything with minimum elements. As this school eliminates all extra elements of a type to reach maximum briefness, sometimes it is hard to detect its nature. On the other hand, Phenomenology is a method for identifying knowl MoreMinimalism is a school in art which creates everything with minimum elements. As this school eliminates all extra elements of a type to reach maximum briefness, sometimes it is hard to detect its nature. On the other hand, Phenomenology is a method for identifying knowledge which is introduced in 20th century. This method tries to identify all phenomena including objective and non-objective that is interpreted as a method of how mind perceives objectsconcerning nature of phenomena. In this writing it is tried to mention some stories from Marzbannamehfrom Sa'aded al-dinVaravinifrom phenomenological perspective. This will show that revisions on classics of Persian literature can have new and various achievements. This is a library research from phenomenological approach. Manuscript profile -
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190 - A Critical Vision on the Appearance of Historical Drama in Iran
Naser GhasemiThe modern theater has planted its roots in the mid-nineteenth century in different ways, in particular translation, and the Iranian dramatists emotion of French plays, especially plays by Moliere. The theater initially was comedies, which was the neutralization of the MoreThe modern theater has planted its roots in the mid-nineteenth century in different ways, in particular translation, and the Iranian dramatists emotion of French plays, especially plays by Moliere. The theater initially was comedies, which was the neutralization of the gullible villagers and intimates of Iranian society. Then twist and raised plays that focused on live models of life and society. The Iranian theater characterized since its inception and historical tendency, has resorted Iranian playwright since they know the western theater from history and were inspired. Nostalgia to the past which is full of stories and exciting and funny anecdotes and heroic figures, to enlighten the people and awake them against the tyrants and foreign rulers were among common subjects , and also were written for the purpose of projections and re-evaluation of historical events from a contemporary perspective. This article explains the appearance of historical drama in Iran, and the reasons that led the playwrights to this literary genre, and to indicate the path of development through passing various stages, and also studies the historical dramas of that era with descriptive and analytical method Manuscript profile -
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191 - The allegorical language of the Roman Mulla
jafar havasihis point of view, the appearance of the stories is not very important, but what is important the results and his impressions of the stories. Most of the imaginary images used in Molvi's poems are allegories. Each of Molavi's stories and allegories can be look Morehis point of view, the appearance of the stories is not very important, but what is important the results and his impressions of the stories. Most of the imaginary images used in Molvi's poems are allegories. Each of Molavi's stories and allegories can be looked at from a special and different point of view, and one can see a wonderful and amazing sight as much as one's understanding and vision. Molavi's poems are not ordinary words in the field of literature, but rather authoritative and scholarly anecdotes and parables. He has brought the moral principles and diversity of opinions and experiences in the anecd Abstract In his works, Maulavi has used anecdotes and verses as parables to achieve new results. From otes. Maulavi's approach in allegorical stories is usually based on mystical teachings in order to explain and scientifically interpret the subjects. The author has tried to discuss the expertise and mastery of Rumi Mullah in stories and allegories in order to make clear and visible the degree of possession and initiative of Rumi in the design of stories and allegories. The method of compiling the article is library and using various sources and .analytical and descriptive method Manuscript profile -
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192 - Analysis of social allegories in the short story "Life Water" (Ab Zendegi) and "The case of the Antichrist Donkey" (Qazieh Khar Dajal) by Sadegh Hedayat
leila khayatan farzaneh Yosef- ghanbary nasim khajeh zadeh masood kheradmand pour. The study of reflection of literary elites thoughts has an effective way of evolving people public opinions by expression's art. The analysis of short stories based on the figure of speech used in them, in addition to receiving the delicacies of the role of the langua More. The study of reflection of literary elites thoughts has an effective way of evolving people public opinions by expression's art. The analysis of short stories based on the figure of speech used in them, in addition to receiving the delicacies of the role of the language element, appears as a dynamic phenomenon in the political and social conditions of its time. An article with the subject and title of social allegory analysis has not been found in stories and articles, but with the general title of fictional allegory; two scientific documents have been written in articles and dissertations. To write the article has been used sources such as books, literary sites and related articles. The research method in this article is based on descriptive-analytical method. First, there is a summary of the selected short stories, and then some of the allegories used are analyzed by content. Wherever the audience of popular literary works is people, more tangible and smooth type of literature such as allegory is usually used. Manuscript profile -
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193 - Take a look at allegorical stories and anecdotes in Boostan
masoud pakdelConsidering that the expression of the material in the form of anecdotes and stories is more effective and pleasant, Saadi in Boostan has used the allegorical anecdotes in quoting the teachings and excellent moral and legal contents.for a better understanding of literar MoreConsidering that the expression of the material in the form of anecdotes and stories is more effective and pleasant, Saadi in Boostan has used the allegorical anecdotes in quoting the teachings and excellent moral and legal contents.for a better understanding of literary works,they shoud be analyzed, that is why it is necessary to analyze allegorical tales of Boostan In this research, we try to answer the question by analytical-descriptive method and with the aim of knowing allegorical tales of Boostan how and for what purpose Saadi has used allegory and to what extent allegorical anecdotes have been effective in the beauty of the story and the transmission of concepts. The results show that Saadi has been successful in creating allegorical anecdotes and providing appropriate and diverse evidence and examples, and has expressed his valuable content in the form of allegorical short stories in a way that is very influential on readers. The expression of moral teachings in the form of stories, in addition to etiquette, has also caused their permanence Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - An Educational-Psychological Investigation of the King and the Bondmaid Story in Masnavi Ma’navi based on the Structural Model
Abolfazl Ghanizadeh Majid Sarmadi Fatemeh Koupa Ali MohammadzadehStory is the representation of human life where the reader attempts to find his or her whereabouts, to reach it, and to flee from it. Story has a rich number of codes and once they are unfolded, their interpretation would be of great significance for interpreting human MoreStory is the representation of human life where the reader attempts to find his or her whereabouts, to reach it, and to flee from it. Story has a rich number of codes and once they are unfolded, their interpretation would be of great significance for interpreting human life. Once any embedded code is taught, its richness is extended. In this article we try to encode the story of the King and the Bondmaid of Masnavi Ma’navi. Our objective is to reveal the form and content of the story taking the structural model as well as pursuing an educational goal. It is argued that the description of the different scenes of the story, and a closer look at the bitter and yet sweet psychological taste of the story will indisputably add something to the readers’ impression and insight. In general, this study is new in its approach and we hope to provide a novel, satisfying article for scholars and researchers. Manuscript profile -
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195 - A comparative study of similarities rhetorical discussion “connotative meaning” in "padeshah va kanizak" - an allegorical story of Mawlana- with Halliday’s systematic functional grammar
Fatemeh Salehi Ahmad ZakeriIlm-ol-Ma’a:ni, as one of the main branches of Islamic rhetoric, has a wide scale relation with linguistics and theories on modern literary criticism and its branches. M. A. Halliday is one of the renowned researchers of the school of linguistics in Britain whose MoreIlm-ol-Ma’a:ni, as one of the main branches of Islamic rhetoric, has a wide scale relation with linguistics and theories on modern literary criticism and its branches. M. A. Halliday is one of the renowned researchers of the school of linguistics in Britain whose “systematic functional grammar” (SFG) has many similarities with rhetorical discussions of “Xabar”, “Insha”, “connotative meaning”, … of Ilm-ol-Ma’a:ni. This paper intends to use the “padeshah va kanizak” - an allegorical story of Mawlana Jalal ad - Din - to study and introduce similarities and overlays between rhetorical discussion of “connotative meaning” and Halliday’s systematic functional grammar. Manuscript profile -
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196 - The studying symbols in children stories with emphasis on some books published in 1380s by children and teenager intellectual training association
Mandana Alimi Maliheh Hefz saheThe story in the literature making today to two real and Virtual Learning. use real words in real space and virtual and precise meaning to word usage in the sense unreal. Two kind of famous in the story are allowed, allegory and symbol of which are indirect and implicit MoreThe story in the literature making today to two real and Virtual Learning. use real words in real space and virtual and precise meaning to word usage in the sense unreal. Two kind of famous in the story are allowed, allegory and symbol of which are indirect and implicit concepts indicator in the story are. In fact symbol method is correct-that the author with the use of a subject under the cover the theme of other nothing and according to other things shows and scenes and concepts to appeal to witness and example before it takes the author in this article with method of case selection and 50 the story of the universals to the examination of two important elements in allegory and symbol of the story of the children and Teenager . research has been done shows the fact that there is emotional to the world and children element in allegory and symbol of the special and extensive literature to children. Use of different kinds of symbols and allegory are writers-writers special to the story literature children-educational goals in inserting and upbringing indirect in the stories helped. Using the-dimensional style (or character of) belong to the animal kingdom, objects, space and time relations for human reflection and transmission of messages in the form of moral literature children in Iran. and major part of the book has been translated into the published or by the Center of Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults the book special age group Children animals of the kind of the story. Manuscript profile -
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197 - Symbol and allegory in Rumi's Masnavi
jafar havasiThe masterpieces of literature are as prismatic as the prism that we look at each side we see a range of colors and new world in it. The symbols and parables used in spiritual masnavi are also. It is written out of a different perspective, and it has a strange vision, a MoreThe masterpieces of literature are as prismatic as the prism that we look at each side we see a range of colors and new world in it. The symbols and parables used in spiritual masnavi are also. It is written out of a different perspective, and it has a strange vision, as much as his vision and vision. symbols and parables are widely used in mystical works, which analysis and analysis leads to the opening of many nodes and ambiguities in the literature. The aim of this study is to examine the stands of symbols and symbols in Rumi's masnavi more relying on animals and animals, and by determining the place, what is the views of Mawlana on them? And each of these stories, the mystery and the symbols. the method of this study is descriptive and analytical and based on library research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
198 - Epics in poems of Roodaki
Ali- Asghar Baba-safari Undoubtedly the 4th century i.e. samanian governance should be recognized as peak of Islamic and Iranian civilization. In this era of Iranian history den to providing cultural, social, political etc and different technologies and sciences finds considerable prog More Undoubtedly the 4th century i.e. samanian governance should be recognized as peak of Islamic and Iranian civilization. In this era of Iranian history den to providing cultural, social, political etc and different technologies and sciences finds considerable progress and so Persian literature and poem is impressed by this medium, one of the important issues considered in literature of this era is epics and writing epic poems. The most famous poet of this era is Roodaki although is poems in lyrical literature and also learning takes place, but a little thinking in his poems shows that he was quite awarded of sterile and epic issues and cold by complete skill reflects this problem in his poem, and also poems of Roodaki shows epic medium that had covered on society of those days. Roodaki often has used in lyrical descriptions from element of epics, and thus has given special horror to his poems. In this article, epic appearances in Roodaki poem has been divided and defined under five general titles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
199 - Meter common rhythm and obsolete rhythm
mah NazariThe most exquisite and the greatest manifestations of our culture in our turbulent historical periods are the magnificent works in Persian literature reflecting all historical, cultural, social .psychological, aesthetic, and other aspects. To appreciate the value of the MoreThe most exquisite and the greatest manifestations of our culture in our turbulent historical periods are the magnificent works in Persian literature reflecting all historical, cultural, social .psychological, aesthetic, and other aspects. To appreciate the value of these invaluable gems, we must scrutinize over the delicate and witty points and distinguish between the good well as bad aspects because our contemporary literature is the logical continuation of the past literature. In this regard, knowledge of different genres, history of literature, prosody, stylistics, mysticism, history of language, grammar, rhyme and rhythm, Radif ,etc each provides a way for better understanding of literary works. Rhythmical language is an appealing subject for people, and some verses and musical statements remained from the time before Islam is an evidence of this. The evaluation of image laden language initiated from the time that a science or a craft entitled rhyme and rhythm was introduced. This article attempts to find a method for understanding the prevalent as well as obsolete meters ,and it provides statistical samples form various poetic in the works of the seventh and the beginning of the eighth century famous poets. Manuscript profile -
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200 - Sheikh Sanaan Parable of Old man's Tale from mosque to Pub
Seyed Ali Jaafari SadeghiSheikh Sanaan tale addressed by Attar Neishaboori in Manteq Altair Masnavi, is one of the permanent allegorical ancient Persian literature and is the source for creating number of the most basic allegorical motifs of Persian lyric. Therefore, it has been a lot of studie MoreSheikh Sanaan tale addressed by Attar Neishaboori in Manteq Altair Masnavi, is one of the permanent allegorical ancient Persian literature and is the source for creating number of the most basic allegorical motifs of Persian lyric. Therefore, it has been a lot of studies about this story's historical roots and origins, as well as its influence on the works of poets after Attar. Many researchers has found Sheikh Sanan historical features in the man named Abdulrazzagh Yemeni or Sanaani. And Ghazzali's "Tohfat almolook" (Kings Gift) is known as one of the earliest works that mentioned this story. In addition, the origin of the popular theme of old man's going from mosque to pub tale in Hafez lyrics have been seen in this story. In this paper aside from describing the multiple meanings of the mentioned theme several other common themes in the works of lyric poets of the sixth to eighth century related to Sheikh Sanaan tale are studied. However, the examples of mentioned themes applied before Attar narration are studied in Sanai's lyrics. Manuscript profile -
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201 - The story elements of “Twenty hours between dream and reality” story
Ali Dehghan Vahid AmiriNowadays, short story is considered the most important literary genre after poetry which gained popularity among people. As a technical story, short story involves elements such as plot, character, conflict, time and place, point of view and so on which all of them serv MoreNowadays, short story is considered the most important literary genre after poetry which gained popularity among people. As a technical story, short story involves elements such as plot, character, conflict, time and place, point of view and so on which all of them serve theme in organized and harmonic way. This research investigates the story elements in the story of “Twenty hours between dream and reality” by Samad Behrangi. Most of his stories are realistic. He has illustrated objective issues and problems of the poor and inferior class of the society in realistic way. In this article, the samples of the story elements have been presented besides brief explaining of the technical elements in the story “Twenty hours between dream and reality”. The results revealed that this story as one of the most effective and outstanding stories of Beharangi could succeed in admirable illustration of the homeless and street children by employing story elements. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - The Quality of Allegory Representation in Bayhaqi's History
soheil fatahi roghayeh alaviOne of the most important features that are considered in the stylistics of prose is the illustrative elements and the extent of its use in prose texts. Allegory, in particular, is significant because of the effect that it has on the attractiveness of speech. Through re MoreOne of the most important features that are considered in the stylistics of prose is the illustrative elements and the extent of its use in prose texts. Allegory, in particular, is significant because of the effect that it has on the attractiveness of speech. Through reading Bayhaqi's History (Tarikh-e Beyhaqi), this study, which has used an analytical-descriptive approach and is based on library sources, aims to investigate the key strategies of Beyhaqi in the way of expressing allegory. The prose of Bayhaqi's History is intermediate and the study of the techniques of using allegory is also effective in understanding the course of the transmission of the style of its epoch. This article has been written with the general aim of presenting the characteristics of allegory and the methods of its application in Bayhaqi's History. Particularly it seeks to clarify the place of allegory in Bayhaqi's History as well as the method, quality and scale used in the application of allegory. It is worth mentioning that no prior research has been done on the quality of allegory in Bayhaqi's History. The discussion addresses the retrieval of allegories from the Bayhaqi's History, as well as analysis of how it is interpreted and the statistical significance of each allegory. Meanwhile, allegory is often embellished with a literary quality in the form of poetic adjectives, which is not seen in other contemporary Beyhaqi texts. Also, the sublime meaning of Beyhaqi's speech sometimes reaches a degree of wisdom that can be turned into a magnificent allegory without the use of any illustration techniques. Under the heading of "sublime meaning," these cases were investigated. Often it is seen that Beyhaqi's speech is reminiscent of the poems and words of previous poets before and after him so that the mind familiar with the other text, instinctively understands it. In the meantime, Saadi's words are recalled more than others in Bayhaqi's History. Manuscript profile -
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203 - the pause in the story and the symbolic and symbolic characters of shahnameh
Jafar Havasishahnameh is not the only birth certificate of persian language that is the mirror of religion, thought, and ideals of iran and persia. the name of namur, more than one millennium, is the secret of our culture. shahnameh is the creator and god of the letter. in the form Moreshahnameh is not the only birth certificate of persian language that is the mirror of religion, thought, and ideals of iran and persia. the name of namur, more than one millennium, is the secret of our culture. shahnameh is the creator and god of the letter. in the form of anecdotes, in the form of stories, as well as in the characters, as well as in the characters of zahhak, as well as the afrasiab, the divan, and the eternal. the author in this article tries to visualize some symbols and symbolism of this great book in front of the reader. to achieve these goals, the library method has been used. Manuscript profile -
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204 - The reflection of precepts of Quranian Proverbes Jahangosha-e Joveiny History
Zahra SoleymaniThe works of Persian literati have long been an arena for the delivery of didactic literature as most of them have taken advantage of a variety of adages to enrich the intellectual and ethical bases of their poetry and prose. On the other hand, Persian literature has al MoreThe works of Persian literati have long been an arena for the delivery of didactic literature as most of them have taken advantage of a variety of adages to enrich the intellectual and ethical bases of their poetry and prose. On the other hand, Persian literature has always been interspersed with Quranic verses and enriched the literal and spiritual aspects of their works by adopting divine verses and Quranic tales. Of course, this feature is prominently noticeable in the style of "technical prose" and the Jahangoshaye Joveini History is considered to be one of it's most salient examples. Taking a brief look at "Joveini" and this historical book, this article is aimed at explaining the didactic role of divine verses by putting forward examples from Jahangosha's use of Quranic verses. It display's Joveini's success who has managed to open a new world from the amalgamation of various ideas in front of the listener by drawing on Quranic tales. Manuscript profile -
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205 - From "to be" till "to become" in a figurative story from Masnavi (Comparative review of “a figurative story” from Masnavi with “human in path of to be till to become” concept in existentialism philosophy)
Maryam Mortezaei Abroudi Reza Ashrafzade Batul Fakhre Islam Batul Fakhre IslamThis research with help of compare, analysis of themes and verification methods, probe footstep of existence philosophy lessons in a figurative story of Masnavi. In the story we accost with a large number of terms in meaning of “to be”, “to come” MoreThis research with help of compare, analysis of themes and verification methods, probe footstep of existence philosophy lessons in a figurative story of Masnavi. In the story we accost with a large number of terms in meaning of “to be”, “to come”, “to become”, “to go” with special semantic thematic that cause occur similarity of that with human transit and transcendence component from “to be” till “to become” in existentialism philosophy. Ahead research represents that Godhead experiment can be same boundary position in existentialism. “Suffering” is common component between Godhead philosophy of existence and this story for reach to God and prime existence realization. Metamorphosis and human existence transcendence till real image demonstration of oneself in existentialism lessons is another interpretation of travel to God and reach to unity and conjunction position. Finally wherefore both in elected story and in Godhead existentialism thought emphasis on importance of to be enthusiastic and in transit of constrains that human encounter with them and human authorization in direction of Godhead authorization take into account the enforceable. Manuscript profile -
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206 - Anaiysis of allegory in Persian short story Reiying on the story of "My batton eyes" by Bijan
fereshteh naseriModern short story is a new form of writing stories that allows the writers of our time to explore the issues of life in the new age with techniques and practices appropriate to the modern period, regardless of the constraints of the limitations of realism and naturalis MoreModern short story is a new form of writing stories that allows the writers of our time to explore the issues of life in the new age with techniques and practices appropriate to the modern period, regardless of the constraints of the limitations of realism and naturalism. Hence, modern short stories tended towards poetry and lyric writing. One of the most important features of this type of storytelling is turning to allegory. Allegory has a strong connection with narrative and the first mythical narratives have been called narrative allegory. The allegory shows that the lyrical short story is related to something outside the world of senses and sensory phenomena. The story of "My Button Eyes" is one of Bijan Najdi's lasting stories. This beautiful and influential story, in the language of a puppet, describes the story of the Iraqi invasion of Khorramshahr. This research examines the allegory in the short story "My Button Eyes" in an analytical way and acquaints the reader with the allegory and the allegorical short story. Manuscript profile -
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207 - The allegorical role of animals in Shahnameh stories
Fazel Abbaszadeh Mehdi JabbariAnimals with their symbolic and allegorical roles make stories wealth and attractive. Furthermore, poets and writers by using animals' allegorical trend and roles achieve moral and learning goals. Ferdowsi the wise man could use the personification of animals, in additi MoreAnimals with their symbolic and allegorical roles make stories wealth and attractive. Furthermore, poets and writers by using animals' allegorical trend and roles achieve moral and learning goals. Ferdowsi the wise man could use the personification of animals, in addition to attaching passionate to Shahnameh stories, shows the solidarity between early human and animals with allegorical art in line with his ethical teaching epic and mythical pretending. In this paper animals playing role in Shahnameh are divided into three groups: Divinity, devilish and divinity-devilish. Their allegorical roles have been exemplified. Manuscript profile -
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208 - Necessities in a rational judgment (a case study of allegorical story "Grocer and Parrot" in Masnavi's First Book)
Abolfazl GhanizadehIn this article, a descriptive-analytic approach in two general and specific sections, we study the process of judgment and decision making in the story, "Grocer and Parrot" by Moulavi. Roumi has written this story in 77 verses, while it has a narrative genre based on n MoreIn this article, a descriptive-analytic approach in two general and specific sections, we study the process of judgment and decision making in the story, "Grocer and Parrot" by Moulavi. Roumi has written this story in 77 verses, while it has a narrative genre based on necessities needed for a rational judgments. Mask, punishment, diagnosis, internal and external sensors, informational data, decision making, processing power of human are among the main topics addressed. This story teaches the reader that (a) how do the process of judgment and decision making take place?, and (b) how is it possible to reach such judgment? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
209 - Animal allegories (fables) in the poetry of Nasser Keshavarz
sara vosogyan mansh jalil nazary mohamad hady khalg zadeThe most famous type of allegory is fable or animal allegory in which each animal represents a type or group of people in society. Usually, children's poets and writers use this kind of allegory to tell children stories, and tell their stories in the language of a MoreThe most famous type of allegory is fable or animal allegory in which each animal represents a type or group of people in society. Usually, children's poets and writers use this kind of allegory to tell children stories, and tell their stories in the language of animals; One of these poets is Nasser Keshavarz, a modern poet and writer with a contemporary style. Since in relation to children's poetry, only the role and possible position in the education of children aged 6 to 12 (with a look at the Persian reading of the third and fourth elementary in the Pooyesh quarterly by Sheida Echresh has been discussed; Qualitatively, let's examine the importance of examining this research in order to open a new window for parents, educators and those involved in children's education, and encourage them to study more deeply and accurately the social allegorical concepts hidden in children's poetry. What animals and stories has Keshavarz used as an allegory in poetry and why? Introduce such instructive stories indirectly to children and adolescents and acquaint children with the common world of man and animal . Manuscript profile -
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210 - A Survey of the Story Elements in Nezami’s Haft Peikar
Mohammad Hossein MohammadiIn this articale, with regard to the art off narration of Nezami and fictional value of (seven fugure) haft pykar and the most outstanding part of it (seven dome) haft gonbad, it has been tried to investigate rules governing the structure of this stories of haft gonbad MoreIn this articale, with regard to the art off narration of Nezami and fictional value of (seven fugure) haft pykar and the most outstanding part of it (seven dome) haft gonbad, it has been tried to investigate rules governing the structure of this stories of haft gonbad in a descriptive-analytical way while giving clear and comprehensive definitions of fiction elements for the flufilment of this purpose first aprecise definition of fictional elements has been dealt with then with a short definition fictional element, each of the stories of haft gonbad has been analysed on the basis of fictional, like plot, scenery, them, character manner. At the end of article bout comes of the investigation have been stated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
211 - “Epigrammatic mechanisms in short stories written by Jalal Al-E-Ahmad”
Hossein Behzadi Andoohjerdi Maryam ShadmohamadiOne of the industrious Iranian authors in 1340s (1960s) is Jalal Al-E-Ahmad, who has challenged social, political and ideological issues in his works for several times, and criticism against social problems could be observed not only in his essays and other writings, bu MoreOne of the industrious Iranian authors in 1340s (1960s) is Jalal Al-E-Ahmad, who has challenged social, political and ideological issues in his works for several times, and criticism against social problems could be observed not only in his essays and other writings, but also in his short stories. Of five published collections of his short stories, four are the stories which are benefited from epigrammatic elements. At all these collections, Al-E-Ahmad has criticized public affliction, retardation, prevalence of superstitious beliefs, individuals’ indifference toward community and citizens, backdoor policy and inappropriate methods for campaign against fame-longing, vanishing cultural originalities and religious dogmas within these stories and to purpose such themes, he has adopted satiric framework like many other critic works. In addition to benefiting from satire as themes of his stories, Al-E-Ahmad utilizes verbal epigram (Satire in tale narrative’s interpretation or its main characters) and for this purpose, he employs epigrammatic mechanisms to serve on the given story. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
212 - Didactic effected of Klile and Demneh on MathnawiMolavi
Pouran Yousefi Poor KermaniSometimes, gnostics understand points and long meaning of mystic by fitness and little similarity of story with controversial meanings and could provide interpretation (also, commentary) by different look at personalities and occurrence of story and this is separate fro MoreSometimes, gnostics understand points and long meaning of mystic by fitness and little similarity of story with controversial meanings and could provide interpretation (also, commentary) by different look at personalities and occurrence of story and this is separate from moral meaning. For example, view of Molana to some Klile and Demneh stories (such as rabbit and lion's story) and their commentary. Gnostics pay certain attention to animals’ stories, because they are deal with unexplainable realities and facts.Of course, many religious and moral meaning have such traits which their understanding is not easy. But, these meaning have foreign proof more or less and according to that proof become valuable and well-known. This research was done in the purpose, the analytical effected of knowing Klile and Demneh on story Rabbits from MathnawiMolavi. Obtain results show that allegories of Molana are under the effect of Klile and Demneh by writing one story and manner of making scholarly sentences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
213 - Comparing the themes of salvation in the life stories of successful and unsuccessful quit drinking alcoholics
Ebrahim Ahmadi The purpose of this study was to answer the question of whether the themes of salvation in the life stories (ie, the person experiences unpleasant life events as causing positive changes in his character) is different in alcoholics who are successful and unsucce More The purpose of this study was to answer the question of whether the themes of salvation in the life stories (ie, the person experiences unpleasant life events as causing positive changes in his character) is different in alcoholics who are successful and unsuccessful in alcohol withdrawal. The population for this study were all alcoholics of Mashhad in 1992 (N=3000), and 127 alcoholics were selected by convenience sampling method. The main research tool were life stories of participants. Control variables were measured using revised life view test (skier, Carver, and Bridges, 1994), depressive feelings subscale of Epidemiological Research Centre depression scale (Radlaf, 1977), positive and negative emotions timing test (Watson, Clark, and Tleejen, 1988), anxiety subscale of short scale of symptoms (Dyragtys, 1975) subscales of the ability and efforts of multidimentional causality scale (Lfkvrt, Van Byayr, Weir, and Cox, 1979), alcohol dependence scale (Skinner and Allen, 1992), the scale of participation in Alcoholics anonymous (Tvnygn, Kanrs, and Miller, 1996), a five-point scale general health of short version health survey (Weir and Sherborne, 1992). Using a causal-comparative design, the life stories of alcoholic who had four or more years of alcohol withdrawal (ie were successful in alcohol) were compared with life stories of alcoholics who were 6 months or less of alcohol withdrawal (ie, unsuccessful in quitting alcohol). The data were analyzed using χ2, rpb, and F. Results showed that successful alcoholics significantly more than unsuccessful ones pointed in their life stories that bitter experience of last alcohol caused positive developments in their characters (p>0/001). This difference remained significant even after statistically controlling for unrelated variables (personality traits, severity of alcohol dependence, physical and mental health, and other themes in the story) (p=0/04). This study proved for the first time that the perception of the unpleasant events of life as factors that have contributed to positive changes in a person, can help to quit alcohol addiction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
214 - Investigating the English Specific Needs of the M.A Students of Ancient Iran History
Sedigheh Vahdat Asra Basiri Zohreh Gooniband Shooshtari Farshid Naderi -
Open Access Article
215 - The effect of creative play and storytelling curricullum on creativity and academic performance in fifth grade girl students in composition and art lessons
kazem alavi langroody Afsaneh RajaeiThe aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of creative play and storytelling curricullum on creativity and academic performance of the fifth grade girl students in composition and art lessons. The research method used in this study is quasi-experimental p MoreThe aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of creative play and storytelling curricullum on creativity and academic performance of the fifth grade girl students in composition and art lessons. The research method used in this study is quasi-experimental pretest - posttest with a control group. The statistical population are 1930 include all girl students of 5th grade in Najafabad city in the educational year 2011-12. The study sample has been chosen randomly in cluster on one stage include 70 students (35 experimental and 35control) to participate in the research. A long with their curriculum, the experimental group was thought the creative play and storytelling. Here, no any additional planning was thought. The Creativity of students was measured with video form of Torrance Creativity (B form, 1974) and their performances in education were compared using the marls of previous and current after the tests were given. The data collected were analyzed by using SPSS software version 18 along with inferential and co-variance statistics. The results showed that the conduct of curriculum creative playing and storytelling affected the academic performance and the fluid scores, the expansion scores, the initiative scores and flexibility score of fifth grade girl students were significant (p<0/05). Hence, it can be concluded that the creative play and storytelling has a significant effect on the creativity and academic performance of the students. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
216 - Stories for âphilosophy for kidsâ program based on critical thinking
javad farzanfar a.akbar ajamPresent research has done by using content analysis in intellectual type of stories to show how philosophy for kids can achive its main goals, fostering critical thinking, in the stories which are in children's literature. As much as possible, the researcher tried t MorePresent research has done by using content analysis in intellectual type of stories to show how philosophy for kids can achive its main goals, fostering critical thinking, in the stories which are in children's literature. As much as possible, the researcher tried to choose well-known stories for audiences and acceptable for critics, experts and writers of kids and teenagers literature and the movement of teaching philosophy for Children. For example Morteza Khosro nejad, Yahya Ghaedi’s ideas have been used and to improve the philosophic level of stories, Mir Abdelhosien Naghib zadeh’s idea has been used too. Purposive sampling is used for sample size. Studing stories stopped when researcher found out the repetitive points. The texts of stories were the analysis unit. The findings showed that the stories have the potential of developing critical thinking in their readers adequately and beautifully. Therefore, studying and discussing these stories by kids and teenagers can help the program of “philosophy for kids” and reaching better results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - Content Analysis of Sixth Grade Social Studies Text Book Based on the Elements of the Fundamental Reform Document of Education
alireza ghasemizad fatemeh asadollahiPresent research has done by using content analysis in intellectual type of stories to show how philosophy for kids can achive its main goals, fostering critical thinking, in the stories which are in children's literature. As much as possible, the researcher tried t MorePresent research has done by using content analysis in intellectual type of stories to show how philosophy for kids can achive its main goals, fostering critical thinking, in the stories which are in children's literature. As much as possible, the researcher tried to choose well-known stories for audiences and acceptable for critics, experts and writers of kids and teenagers literature and the movement of teaching philosophy for Children. For example Morteza Khosro nejad, Yahya Ghaedi’s ideas have been used and to improve the philosophic level of stories, Mir Abdelhosien Naghib zadeh’s idea has been used too. Purposive sampling is used for sample size. Studing stories stopped when researcher found out the repetitive points. The texts of stories were the analysis unit. The findings showed that the stories have the potential of developing critical thinking in their readers adequately and beautifully. Therefore, studying and discussing these stories by kids and teenagers can help the program of “philosophy for kids” and reaching better results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
218 - Designing a World Class University Curriculum Implementation Model in Iranian Higher Education Based on Grounded Theory
Nozhatozaman Moshfeghi mahammadali nadiThe purpose of this study was to design an executive model of the world class university curriculum in Iranian higher education based on Grounded Theory. In this study a qualitative method with a systematic approach to Strauss and Corbin and paradigmatic logic was used. MoreThe purpose of this study was to design an executive model of the world class university curriculum in Iranian higher education based on Grounded Theory. In this study a qualitative method with a systematic approach to Strauss and Corbin and paradigmatic logic was used. The scope of this research includes all available texts and reports to the United Nations from Malaysia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and China to launch a world-class university. Theoretical sampling was done according to the type of coding. Data analysis was performed based on three stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. The findings were categorized with 137 concepts into 46 subcategories and 19 main categories. Finally, the basic theory of the world-class university curriculum model for higher education in Iran was formulated as a conceptual model and story line. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
219 - The effect of spiritual Masnavi stories on the development of critical thinking skills of high school students
Kobra Zarei Sefiddari Vahideh Alipour sohila hossenpourschool students in District 3 of Karaj in the academic year of 1996-97. To conduct the research in the same conditions, both pretest groups were performed using the Watson-Glaser (1994) Critical Thinking Questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed by content validity by Moreschool students in District 3 of Karaj in the academic year of 1996-97. To conduct the research in the same conditions, both pretest groups were performed using the Watson-Glaser (1994) Critical Thinking Questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed by content validity by experts and reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.87. The training package (Masnavi Manavi stories) was presented to the experimental group in 16 sessions of 90 minutes in 8 weeks, while during this period the control group did not receive any intervention. After the training sessions on the experimental group, both groups underwent post-test under the same conditions. Univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance were used to analyze the data using SPSS25 software. After adjusting the pre-test scores, the difference between the experimental and control groups in the critical thinking variable was significant at the alpha level of 0.01; The adjusted mean of the experimental group (33.95) was higher than the adjusted mean of the control group (25.07). The results showed that teaching Masnavi spiritual stories in the development of critical thinking and its components (inference (sig = 0.83), identification of assumptions (sig = 0.47), inference (sig = 0.64), interpretation (sig = 0.71) and evaluation (sig = 0.28) ) Was effective. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
220 - Instructional Function of Masnavi’s Inter and Outer story On The Basis of Association Theory
Mohamad ali Khazanedarloo Mohamad kazem Yousefpour Hossein YaseriAssociation is one of the mental capabilities.This category as a style in instruction, has got a particular position in literary texts, especially mystical ones. In style of educational association, the nature of education is not predetermined, fictitious.this style mak MoreAssociation is one of the mental capabilities.This category as a style in instruction, has got a particular position in literary texts, especially mystical ones. In style of educational association, the nature of education is not predetermined, fictitious.this style makes the text produce, in other words.It produces writerly.The direction, and educational orientation is determined through the process of teaching and training. The principle and the essence of association is movement and dynamism. The topic of this rserarch is to stady the instructional of function of masnavi’s Inter and outer story based on association theory.our research shows that the association is an educational and instructional style and molavi’style in masnavi. Of the association, features in Masnavi of maanavi are speech processing, thoughtful variation, dynamism, multilayer text and unmonotonousness instruction. Molana’s creativity applied the association which is a compulsory process on the service of instruction, a voluntary one in which the instruction has been used for a change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
221 - The role of historicism and promiseism in the mystical thoughts of Sheikh Ahmad Ahsaei and the emergence of the Sheikhiyah Sect
Reza YousefvandIt is necessary to examine the school of Sheikhiya because this sect has played a significant role in the emergence of new religious deviations and social changes in the contemporary period. The special beliefs of Sheikh Ahmed Ahsai and after him Seyyed Kazem Rashti mad MoreIt is necessary to examine the school of Sheikhiya because this sect has played a significant role in the emergence of new religious deviations and social changes in the contemporary period. The special beliefs of Sheikh Ahmed Ahsai and after him Seyyed Kazem Rashti made the school of Shaykhia rise from the heart of Shiism and present a different face compared to its original origin, which is pure Shiism. In the division of the causes and factors based on which the promise and belief in the coming of the end-time savior causes the emergence of religious sects, two categories of factors can be mentioned: First, the category that is individual and related to specific individual claims; Like the Qadianiyya sect, the second category is social factors and refers to the social conditions of the creation of sects; Like the uprising of the Sudanese Mahdi. This group of factors, i.e. social conditions such as: poverty, oppression and corruption, and injustice, played a special role in the emergence of the Sheikhiya sect. The main question of this research is, what was the relationship between the emergence of the Sheikhiya sect and its underlying factors? The hypothesis under discussion is that there is a relationship between the requirements of the time and social conditions and the creation of the Sheikhiya sect. This article explains the hypothesis with a descriptive and analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
222 - Case Study and History of the Idea on Testaments Distortion in Mystical Comments of the Quran
Parviz Rastgar Hosein Heidari Peyman KamalvandThe testaments, as the holy books of Jews and Christians, due to some verses in the Quran, have been considered by Muslim interpreters over and over, and every one of them has paid their own attention according to their own approach, dealing with them from different asp MoreThe testaments, as the holy books of Jews and Christians, due to some verses in the Quran, have been considered by Muslim interpreters over and over, and every one of them has paid their own attention according to their own approach, dealing with them from different aspects. In this regard, due to the difference of approaches by mystics in interpreting the Quran and the mysterious aspects of the Quran and their paraphrasing approaches toward the holy book, the investigation and case study of this idea in the mystical interpretation could open new horizons for the Quran researchers. To this end, the paper tries to collect and first hand information and data on a library study method with a focus on the two areas of lexicology and historical study based on the available historical approach together with descriptive solution regardless of the philosophical presuppositions, dealing with the case study of dialogues on the testaments distortion within mystical interpretations. This paper concludes by the process and analysis of acquired information that first there was nothing talked about the distortion of the testaments in mystical interpretations up to the late fourth century. It appears that the originality of the testaments was dominant on mystical interpretations until the late fourth century. Second, this belief initiated in the fifth century with Qashirieh’s notion on the distortion of the testaments after whom this notion has been explained in the two types of spiritual and verbal ones under the verses concerning the testaments distortions in majority of interpretations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
223 - Rifts and Escapes in Mathnawi Ma'navi (Based on book 4, 5 and 6)
Ehsan Ansari Mahdi Mahoozi Seyedeh Mandana Hashemi IsfahanThe discovery of the hidden angles of the Masnavi text is not only impressive for the researchers of mysticism and decorative literature, but also a special fascination for fiction.In these years, efforts have been made based on Narrative Science of Masnavi stories, but MoreThe discovery of the hidden angles of the Masnavi text is not only impressive for the researchers of mysticism and decorative literature, but also a special fascination for fiction.In these years, efforts have been made based on Narrative Science of Masnavi stories, but in the field of structural recognition of Masnavi is less spoken Therefore, another look at the discourse structure of Masnavi can be considered as the basis for a variety of researches.The present article seeks to illustrate the Rifts and Escapes of the Masnavi text by relying on the stories of the second three books of Masnavi, and to explain the structure of Masnavi from another perspective. This study is for the first time based on the discourse of Rumi's Masnavi, which has never been investigated independently, of Masnavi rifts and escapes, and the structure of Masnavi has not been explored from this perspective. Three Rifts can be traced in Masnavi stories: narrative discontinuity, spoken discontinuity, and hybrid discord. According to the relation between the main stories and the inner stories, we find that many stories have a semantic link. Therefore, Rifts and Escapes are the basis for the creation of the Masnavi discourse / text, and play a fundamental role in development discourse and realizing Rumi's mystical aims. It must be understood that Rumi, with internal or external motivations, follow up and structure these rifts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
224 - Assessment of Different Mathematical Models for Analysis of Low-Velocity Impact on Composite Plates in Presence of Pre-loads
A Davar A Labbafian Mashhadi J Eskandari Jam M Heydari Beni -
Open Access Article
225 - Semi-analytical Solution for Time-dependent Creep Analysis of Rotating Cylinders Made of Anisotropic Exponentially Graded Material (EGM)
A Loghman V Atabakhshian -
Open Access Article
226 - Seismic Analysis of Rectangular Concrete Tanks by Considering Fluid and Tank Interaction
M Yazdanian S.V Razavi M Mashal -
Open Access Article
227 - A Comparative study of Brevity and Periphrasis in the History of Tabari and Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, Based on the Narration of Shapur Zolaktaf
mahmoud ramezani manizheh fallahi reza fahimiSassanid kings ruled in Iran for a long time and various historical books have been written about them . One of the famous kings of this period is Shapur Zolaktaf who ruled more than the other kings of this dynasty . His foreign policy in settling the border situation a MoreSassanid kings ruled in Iran for a long time and various historical books have been written about them . One of the famous kings of this period is Shapur Zolaktaf who ruled more than the other kings of this dynasty . His foreign policy in settling the border situation and expelling the invading Arabs and Romans is of great importance . The history of Tabari and Ferdowsi's Shahnameh are both among the books that have written about the reign of this king. In this research , while introducing the historiography method of these two authors, the method of narrating the story of Shapur Zolaktaf is also expressed. The history of Tabari describes this long period with brevity and does not elaborate on any of the events . However , Ferdowsi composed important parts of this story in a narrative way and used elements of description , dialogue and scene . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
228 - Investigating the story-telling style and narrative structure of the Masnavis of Khaldbarin, Nazer and Manzoor and Farhad and Shirin Vahshi Bafghi and comparing it with the standards of contemporary literature.
Masumeh asadzade farhad flahatkhah Najibeh HonarvarIn this research, in addition to comprehensive and clear definitions of story elements, in a descriptive-analytical way, "examining the style of storytelling and the narrative structure of the Masnavis of Khaldbarin, Nazer, Manzoor, Farhad, and Shirin Vahshi Bafghi and MoreIn this research, in addition to comprehensive and clear definitions of story elements, in a descriptive-analytical way, "examining the style of storytelling and the narrative structure of the Masnavis of Khaldbarin, Nazer, Manzoor, Farhad, and Shirin Vahshi Bafghi and comparing it with the standards of contemporary literature" . The findings of the research show that in the wild works, story elements are used to advance the stories, and a design based on causal relationships strengthens them from the beginning to the end. Therefore, the orderly series of events and causal relationships between them encourage the reader to continue the story; In composing Farhad and Shirin, Vahshey Bafghi paid more attention to the quality of elements and its coherence than other poems. In examining the style of storytelling, the quality of using elements such as: plot, characterization, debate and conversation, point of view, theme, and in the narrative structure, tools such as: description, change in point of view, conflict, knotting, diversity in dialogue, staging and methods of This type is examined from the point of view of contemporary storytelling. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
229 - Investigation of syntactic deviation in romantic dialogues in the story of Zal and Rudabe
Kimia Tajnia Kimia Tajnia Nemat Esfahani OmranConversations have been prevalent in the famous works of Persian poets and writers from the past until now in different ways. In the Shahnameh, the conversation is generally done in two ways, the face-to-face conversation and the distant conversation, and each of these MoreConversations have been prevalent in the famous works of Persian poets and writers from the past until now in different ways. In the Shahnameh, the conversation is generally done in two ways, the face-to-face conversation and the distant conversation, and each of these conversations is done with different people and with specific goals and perspectives. The dialogues of each story express the characters of that story and it is through the dialogues that one can reach the hidden angles of the characters of the stories. The story of Zal's love for Rudaba is one of the most important love stories of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. Because the result of this love is the birth of Rostam, the great hero of Shahnameh. In this research, the author is trying to investigate the syntactic norm avoidance with a descriptive-analytical approach and a library tool in romantic dialogues in the story of Zal and Rudaba. Also, investigate innovation and norm avoidance at its syntactic level. The results of the research show that Ferdowsi, in the story of Zal and Rudabeh, has distinguished his language from the standard language by using syntactic avoidance and has somehow made his poem stand out. In this type of norm avoidance, Ferdowsi messed up the structure governing the language and used the grammatical features of the language to highlight, and tried to create in this field. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
230 - Rhetoric description in the story of Siavash
tooraj aghdaieDescription is one of the effective tools for portraying the constituent of existence what and how and social life, as the speaker has experienced. Although description is bond to the all poetic genres, it is firmly bond to the epic poems. For this reason, Ferdowsi, use MoreDescription is one of the effective tools for portraying the constituent of existence what and how and social life, as the speaker has experienced. Although description is bond to the all poetic genres, it is firmly bond to the epic poems. For this reason, Ferdowsi, used it more in his epic as poetic visualization and imagery. But in this paper, Ferdosi’s virtuosity in reality description has been exclusively evaluated in Siavash story. It will be appeared that the Toos wise sage is using description both in the horizontal and the vertical axis of the story. This means that sometimes he uses the appropriate adjectives to people and things for better expressing and visualizing their features, sometimes, providing an accurate picture of persons , the scenes things without using adjectival compounds. Demonstrating the power of Ferdowsi in description, at first we take a look on his description from the perspective of "instructions" point of view and then we pay attention to the application of the description in siavash story. We tried to explain its role and visualization on Ferdosi’s view during the story, as well. Description aesthetics is also so important in the story of Siavash . However aristocracy description elements that are part of life of Siavash and other characters are of other categories in this article. The data for this study are analyzed, described and reported with qualitative methods. The numbers near the bits or parts of verses refers to the number of verses of Shahnameh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
231 - Grammatical and Vocabulary Archaism in Parvin Etesami’s Five Minimal Stories
ashraf malek hosseini mohamad reza zaman ahmadiArchaism is one of highlighting and personazing methods of language. This method is one of unfamiliarity of ancient elements (archaic) of language. The use of historical language elements in texture of time after it is called archaism. Language units (such as morpheus, MoreArchaism is one of highlighting and personazing methods of language. This method is one of unfamiliarity of ancient elements (archaic) of language. The use of historical language elements in texture of time after it is called archaism. Language units (such as morpheus, words, phrases, grammatical structures) have time seal on themselves, which means historical nature and language historicity. If we seperate past language elements from historical situations and transfer them to subsequent periods of language texture, then the speech time’s norm is broken and the speech takes distance from the historical texture which is born. Deep link of Parvin’s poem with Persian language and literature is clear and obvious in her various and perfect poetry. By passing centuries, Persian language has deserved her strength and authenticity dynamically. That shows richness of Persian language in vocabulary and content. Among contemporary poets, Parvin had tendency to classic poetry and she chose and used archaism as a place for making eloquence of language. Vocabulary and grammatical archaism in Parvin’s poetry has special position. In this research, I study four minimal stories of this famous poet based on the effect of ancient grammar and vocabulary in her poems that how much Parvin’s poetry was affected by which one of archaism types. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
232 - The Narrative Artistic Description in the Story of Samak-e Ayyar
Mohmmad sadegh Nazerian mah nazariOne of the most important and effective factors for depicting the nature and quality of being and human societies is descriptive.The writer can use the attributes of his taste to visualize. Prominent elementin Samake Ayyar’s story is the visualization and use of v MoreOne of the most important and effective factors for depicting the nature and quality of being and human societies is descriptive.The writer can use the attributes of his taste to visualize. Prominent elementin Samake Ayyar’s story is the visualization and use of virtual language that utilizes sensory and educational experiences with a descriptive grammatical or artistic-literary language and descriptive, and individuals or objects and, in general, the factors involved in the story. Cause an image has been presented in such a way that it can be described as a graphic story. Because in the narrative system, it has more visual signs. In the course of telling stories that have social cultural aspects, in addition to describing the different classes of court, lifestyle, and concerns, with issues and events, actions and unrealistic events (magical realism).In this article, the role of definitions, the narrative period and the advent of the story are examined, and the effective factors in the illustration of this story have been featured in descriptive-analytical manifestations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
233 - The Myth of Dragon-Killing in Avesta and Epic texts
Reza ashraf'zadeh mah'dokht shah'badi zadehKilling-dragon by Garshasb is, one of the first epic narrations ofdragon-killing that is mentioned both in Avesta and many other recenttexts. Undoubtedly, this heroic manner has formed many other dragonkillinglegends in our national epic tradition and it can be consider MoreKilling-dragon by Garshasb is, one of the first epic narrations ofdragon-killing that is mentioned both in Avesta and many other recenttexts. Undoubtedly, this heroic manner has formed many other dragonkillinglegends in our national epic tradition and it can be considered asan ancient pattern for them. Although this heroic manner- in conformitywith Islamic thoughts - has changed in passing from myth to epic, but it'smythological basis- as a heroic tradition- is preserved. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
234 - The Colloquial Language in Ali Mohammad Afghani’s Works
ali dehghan fatemeh hamam'chi The history of story writing in Iran is also the history of a revolution in the language, which, after the Constitutionalism, approximated lay peoples’ speech and moved away from the bombastic and vain language of the court people. This fe More The history of story writing in Iran is also the history of a revolution in the language, which, after the Constitutionalism, approximated lay peoples’ speech and moved away from the bombastic and vain language of the court people. This feature can be seen in Ali Mohammad Afghan’s works. Based on style and structure, his stories are classified under the category of regional stories. In regional stories, describing local rituals and customs and speaking colloquially constitute the basic aspect of the story. Presenting a general conceptualisation of language and language varieties, the present article focuses on the use of colloquial language in Afghan’s novels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
235 - Oath in Beyhaghi History
taghi amini fard zeynab torabiPersian literature in its long and vast history, has introduced great people who have created invaluable meanings and rituals and contributed greatly to the enhancement of a humane and humanitarian culture in the human society. Among the estimable and valuable rituals MorePersian literature in its long and vast history, has introduced great people who have created invaluable meanings and rituals and contributed greatly to the enhancement of a humane and humanitarian culture in the human society. Among the estimable and valuable rituals in Persian literature, the ritual of oath has a special status. BeyhaghiHistoryis one of the works in which the ritual of oath has been very frequently used. In this work, the author focuses on such topics as taking an oath, swearing somebody, swearing caliphs and emirs in, making an affidavit, and the presence of witnesses. The present article briefly covers these issues. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
236 - Analysis of Bounasr-e Moshkan's Death
seysd ali mohammad sajjady mehdi ma'hoozy mojir madadyBounasr-e Moshkan's death is an important event that raises manyquestions for a curious reader. Bounasr is the head of Divan-e Resaalat inthe Masoud's Court.The reader can't find any direct and clear reason for Bounasr's deathin the historical sources. Some say, Sultan MoreBounasr-e Moshkan's death is an important event that raises manyquestions for a curious reader. Bounasr is the head of Divan-e Resaalat inthe Masoud's Court.The reader can't find any direct and clear reason for Bounasr's deathin the historical sources. Some say, Sultan Masoud plotted against him.Bihaghi, himself doesn't talk about it.The main question in this article is whether Bounasr's death related toSoltan Masoud's intrigue or another factors have led to his death?The writer of this article has tried to ponder the Bounasr's death andfind the reason for it. The results show that his death is a social anddiscourse one. Of course, this paper is a beginning research that needs tobe continued by other scholars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
237 - The role of host-plants resistance on development of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) in laboratory
M. Jafary J. Karimzadeh H. Farazmand M. R. RezapanahHost-plant resistance is one of the effective and sustainable strategies in pest management programs against diamond-back moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae). In this regard, the effect of host plant type on life-histo MoreHost-plant resistance is one of the effective and sustainable strategies in pest management programs against diamond-back moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae). In this regard, the effect of host plant type on life-history parameters, such as survival and developmental period of P. xylostella was determined under the constant environmental condition. The experiments were carried out with five host plants, including Brassica pekinensis (Chinese cabbage) cv. Hero, B. oleracea var. botrytis (cauliflower) cv. Royal, B. oleracea var. capitata (common cabbage) cv. Globe Master and cv. Red Dynasty, and B. napus (rape) cv. SLM046. Batches of 10 neonate P. xylostella larvae were placed on leaf discs within individual Petri dishes (6 cm dia.) containing a moistened filter paper. To prevent starvation of larvae, the leaf discs were replaced every 24 h. Pupae were transferred to Petri dishes and kept until eclosion. Life stage and mortality were recorded every 24 h until all the insects had either died or emerged as adults. Each treatment (plant) was replicated 17 times (in total, 170 host larvae for each plant). The results showed that there were significant differences between host plants for life-history parameters measured. The highest and lowest developmental times (from neonate larva to eclosion) of the host occurred on Red Dynasty (17.3 days) and Hero (10.5 days), respectively. The most survival (from neonate larva to eclosion) of the host was observed on Hero (72%), whereas the least survival happened on Red Dynasty (16%) and SLM046 (20%). The mean pupal weight of the hosts fed on Hero (4.3 mg) was significantly greater than that on Royal (3.8 mg) and Red Dynasty (3.7 mg), which in turn, were significantly greater than that on SLM046 (2.9 mg). These results indicated that Hero was the most susceptible host plant to be attacked by P. xylostella, whereas Red Dynasty and SLM046 were partially resistant compared to other host plants. These findings emphasize on using the partially-resistant varieties such as Red Dynasty and SLM046 in pest management programs against diamondback moth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
238 - Cooling history and exhumation of the Nepheline Syenites, NW Iran: Constraints from Apatite fission track
Nasser Ashrafi Noriko Hasebe Ahmad Jahangiri -
Open Access Article
239 - Tectonic evolution of the Khoy ophiolitic complex, NW Iran
Javad Raghaghi Gargari Ali Solghi Mehran Arian -
Open Access Article
240 - Investigating the Historical Role of Militant Women in Establishing Divine Governance
Maliheh AsghariThe purpose of this study was to investigate the role of militant women during the history of mankind for the establishment and stewardship of divine rule. The study population in the present study was the mujahid women in establishing the divine sovereignty in history. MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the role of militant women during the history of mankind for the establishment and stewardship of divine rule. The study population in the present study was the mujahid women in establishing the divine sovereignty in history. Some of the mujahid women who were martyred on this sacred route were sampled in the study. The present research was a descriptive study of historical analysis. The method of collecting data was a library information using historical sources. The study considered several era before Islam and the early Islamic era, the Karbala incident, the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the sacred defense, the present time and the Age of Advent. Finally, by presenting a practical model for the Muslim community, the role of women in various dimensions was discussed in order to fulfill the Islamic ideal and the foundation of the rule of Mahdavi's justice. The results showed that throughout human life, women have always been openly and secretly active to pursuit the victory of the right against falsehood and the establishment of divine sovereignty, and devoted with their lives, time, talents and their right oriented thinking. Many of them had been martyred. As the activities of the mojahed women have played an important role in shaping human history, the comparative study of the lifestyle of the mojahed women in this age could also respond to many of the current cultural challenges by providing operational models. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
241 - Woman Role in the Short Stories Collection of Razieh Tojjar
Maryam Zare Pastaki Zad Narges JaberinasabThe purpose of this research is woman role in Razieh Tojjar short stories collection. In this research woman role and social position in Persian contemporary story writing is surveyd through descriptive- analytic method. Data analysis is based on qualitive analysis and MoreThe purpose of this research is woman role in Razieh Tojjar short stories collection. In this research woman role and social position in Persian contemporary story writing is surveyd through descriptive- analytic method. Data analysis is based on qualitive analysis and description of data content. In our studies, it is specified that Razieh Tojjar is one of the authors who has found special position in story writing. Field in recent two decades. The heros of her more stories are women and the main theme is women problems. In this article according to women role, analysis of speech and behaviou characters in her eight collections of short story, women are in the focus and under dominance of patriarchy system, they have no identity and personality independence. They are constantly threatened and don`t trust on any support. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
242 - Bolding of Feminine Language in the "My Mother's Dream" Story by Alice Munro
Hossein Solati Garineh KeshishyanThe purpose of this study was to study and highlight the elements of feminine language in Alice Munroe's book. The research universe consisted of "My Mother's Dream" Stories. The sample subsummed the feminine writing and language semiotics of Alice Munroe's works. MoreThe purpose of this study was to study and highlight the elements of feminine language in Alice Munroe's book. The research universe consisted of "My Mother's Dream" Stories. The sample subsummed the feminine writing and language semiotics of Alice Munroe's works.The research desgine was qualtive.The data collecting was conducted through the selction of gendered terminologies of the Persian version of the mentioned book. Few stories of Munroe's works with frequent feminine writing and language semiotics were reviewed via content analysis method to bold the feminine language experineces based on the conventional elements of the content analysis. To maintain the balance between language as a social product and translation as a media of social interaction, more attention was taken to the character and atmosphere of the story than words.The study concluded that promotion and bolding the elements of feminine language would provide a way to prevent the continuation of gender inequality. As a result, the findings of this study showed that in the gendered literature, the subject of one gender experience was deliberately given less attention so that women's experiences in societies with hidden masculine structures could be reflected. Thus, feminine writing sometimes went to the extremes to portray the masculine ineffectuality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
243 - The Effectiveness of Myths Storytelling with Role Playing on Moral Judgment and Self-efficacy in Girl Students
Mahtab Behmanesh Sahar SafarzadehThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of myths storytelling with role playing on moral judgment and self-efficacy in elementary school girl students. The statistical population of the study included all elementary school girl students in Ahvaz d MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of myths storytelling with role playing on moral judgment and self-efficacy in elementary school girl students. The statistical population of the study included all elementary school girl students in Ahvaz during the academic year of 2019-2020. The sample subsumed 18 female students who were selected by purposive sampling procedure and randomly allocated in two experimental and control group; 9 participants each. This study was a semi-experimental design with "pre-test, post-test and control group". Dorganda Sinha & Miravarma Moral Judgment Test (1998) and Muris Children Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (2001) were implemented to collect data. The experimental group was exposed to 10 storytelling intervention sessions, 60 minutes each. The control group received none. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to analyzed data. The results showed that myths storytelling with role playing had significant impact on moral judgment and self-efficacy in elementary school girl students. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
244 - The Critical Analysis of Dominant Discourse in Jalal Al-Ahmad’s Zan-e-Ziadi Story
Fereshteh Aliani Firooz Fazeli Bahar HoushyarThe aim of present study was the critical analysis of dominant discourse in Jalal Al-Ahmad’s Zan-e-Ziadi story by using Norman Fairclough’s approach. The studied universe was Zan-e-Ziadi stories collection with the same title by Jalal Al-Ahmad. The research MoreThe aim of present study was the critical analysis of dominant discourse in Jalal Al-Ahmad’s Zan-e-Ziadi story by using Norman Fairclough’s approach. The studied universe was Zan-e-Ziadi stories collection with the same title by Jalal Al-Ahmad. The research sample included power signs and socio-historical issues of Zan-e-Ziadi story. The design of the research was qualitative and studied by descriptive-analytic method on three levels namely, description, explanation, and analysis. The results of the study in this work of Al-Ahmad indicated that the powerful presence of authoritative and patriarchal discourse in the story and simultaneously in the society of the writer own time and even in the thoughts of the writer himself. As a result, the presence of men gender superiority culture and the persistence of domination and submissiveness had led to women marginalization and passiveness. The important point revealed by the story critical discourse analysis was that the tyrannical mentality was more responsible for the institutionalization of that culture more than tyrannical power. Hence in such a system the story main character (protagonist) was the victim of her own undeveloped thought, passiveness, accepting domination discourse, and institutionalizing it in her more than being defeated by the power and decision of men of her family. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
245 - A Comparative Study of the Woman's Characterization in Two Short Stories: "Mashang" by Moniro Ravanipour and “Bache Mardom” by Jalal Al-e-Ahmad
Azim Jabbareh Naserou Zahra ZareiThe purpose of the present research was a comparative study of female characterization in the two short stories "Mashang"(the simpleton) by Moniro Ravanipour and “Bache Mardom” (child of the people) by Jalal Al-Ahmad. The research population was the works of MoreThe purpose of the present research was a comparative study of female characterization in the two short stories "Mashang"(the simpleton) by Moniro Ravanipour and “Bache Mardom” (child of the people) by Jalal Al-Ahmad. The research population was the works of Moniro Ravanipour, and Jalal Al-Ahmad, and the studied sample was the woman character in the story of Mashang and “Bache Mardom”. The research design was descriptive-analytical. Data collection was done through the library method and through note card taking, and then, based on the two short studied stories, the characterization of woman by these two authors was analyzed and described. Findings showed that the story "Mashang" by Moniro Ravanipour was a successful example of female characterization in which the author addressed all the various physical, behavioral, intellectual, etc. dimensions of female identity and did not ignore any of them and the story of “Bache Mardom” by Jalal Al-Ahmad was an unsuccessful example of this type of characterization in which the author did not performed well in using the elements of the story and had often ignored the identity dimensions of the female character. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
246 - The Character and Role of Woman in Shahnameh Stories
حسین Ali NaghiThe Role and share of Woman in Ferdowsi Shahnameh stories has been as a controversial issue among the experts. Some claimed misogynistic stands for the Shahnameh while others denied such an attitude. The current research purposed to review the character, role and the co MoreThe Role and share of Woman in Ferdowsi Shahnameh stories has been as a controversial issue among the experts. Some claimed misogynistic stands for the Shahnameh while others denied such an attitude. The current research purposed to review the character, role and the contribution of women in Shahnameh Stories. The character of any Shahnameh woman is peerless and unique; such as their roles that are not similar in all stories and have different weights and frequency in each part of the Shahnameh: the mythology part, the heroic-epic part and the historic part. This article, at first, discussed the general atmosphere about women in Shahnameh stories and then reviewed the various roles of women in the tales and finally, analyzed each character and function of each woman in the trend of each story and tale. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
247 - The stand of woman in the passage of history and a study in her rights
حسن Haydari یوسف Ebrahimi NasabThe history of humanity civilization is a scale that can wiegh the position of right in past and present. when observing the rights of humans in the passage of time, the women rights have lawmakers` mistake, the reason of their mistake in making the tyrannical law MoreThe history of humanity civilization is a scale that can wiegh the position of right in past and present. when observing the rights of humans in the passage of time, the women rights have lawmakers` mistake, the reason of their mistake in making the tyrannical law against a half of society`s body was that they did not know to need the Islam school, and it were relying upon the defeated knowledge of humanity, and make up the human blessing on the basis of their imperfect mind`s senses. Of course, there have also been some profit – makers among them whom by using the chance to achieve their dirty goals, also demodify God`s instructions and messages.“Ministquio” in the book of “the spirit of rules” says: “The Japanese courts to penalize the criminal and rule broker women, make them naked in public squares of city for looking by people, and made them walking like four – leg animals.” Searching in the humans rights in history wether men or women is not such sweet, but the fate of women has been bitter for them in along with abusing for the numbers of temporary men. What the history has seen for exploiting of women rights drive us to review the past event of humans in the field of women rights before emerging the Islam, and present in a available short article. The present writing includes a glance at the women rights in civilizations before Islam, and tries to compare the woman right with the Islamic civilization and their rights in the temporary age. Woman before than the present developed and desirable position, everywhere and everywhen except in a valued, short and small periods of time, under the Islam light, assumed as human in different types and levels, non – human element, semi – human , infant, unallowed and or with the least right. On the way, the civilized nations are also not less than primitive and uncivilized societies. What has came in details in the following lines is a glance at women position in different societies and tribes approving the claim through the history. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
248 - The Effectiveness of Training by Storytelling Method on Social Skills and Academic Performance in "Experimental Science" Subject for Second Grade Students
Seyede Zeinab Moayedi Ahmadreza ojinezhad Fereshte dehghanianIntroduction: The aim of the current research is to investigate the effectiveness of training by storytelling method on social skills and academic performance in "experimental science" subject for second grade students of primary schools in Shiraz city. Research method MoreIntroduction: The aim of the current research is to investigate the effectiveness of training by storytelling method on social skills and academic performance in "experimental science" subject for second grade students of primary schools in Shiraz city. Research methodology: The current research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test in two experimental and control groups. In this research, subjects were placed in two control and experimental groups. The statistical population in this research included all the students of the second grade of primary school in Shiraz city in the academic year 2022-2023. The researcher selected four classes as a sample using a staged cluster sampling method. For this purpose, questionnaires were given to 80 students and 40 students were randomly selected as the experimental group and 40 students as the control group. The experimental group was trained through storytelling and the control group did not receive any training. The data were collected using two social skills questionnaires and academic performance questionnaires. Descriptive statistics test (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics of covariance analysis were used for data analysis. Findings: As the results indicated, storytelling has a significant effect on the academic performance and social skills of students in "experimental sciences." Storytelling has a significant effect on the dimensions of students' academic performance. Storytelling has a significant effect on the dimensions of students' social skills. Conclusion: It seems that the storytelling method has a significant effect on the social skills and academic performance of the "experimental science" subject of the second grade primary school students in Shiraz city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
249 - Effects of storytelling and narrative literary style (Kalila wa Dimna stories), on the development of creativity and Reducing anger in children
محمد خالدیان Ayoob Aoradi Sara ChalakAim: This study aimed to investigate the impact of storytelling and narrative literary style (Kalila wa Dimna stories), took on the development of creativity and reduce anger in children. Methods: The study population consisted of all second and third grades of element MoreAim: This study aimed to investigate the impact of storytelling and narrative literary style (Kalila wa Dimna stories), took on the development of creativity and reduce anger in children. Methods: The study population consisted of all second and third grades of elementary school students Ghorveh city in the school year 91-92. The sample size of 60 students were selected based on a random sample, Then, based on questionnaire scores, 22 of these patients, the lowest scores on the creativity scale and the highest scores on the anger scale were selected. Randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Experimental group, 10 sessions, storytelling and narrative literary style (Kalila wa Dimna stories), were affected by the independent variable, but the control group did not receive any intervention. To collect the data, the questionnaire creativity Scheffer and Parvaz & Khaledian anger questionnaire were used. In this study, experimental pretest posttest control group. Results: The results showed that the Average Creativity in the post-test scores of the experimental group significantly higher than the control group post-test scores, and also results showed that the Average anger in the post-test scores of the experimental group significantly lower than the control group post-test scores. Conclusion: The results showed that storytelling and narrative literary style (Kalila wa Dimna stories), to enhance and foster creativity and redue anger. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
250 - Iran political poetry from Reza Shah’s collapsing to the coupdeta of 28th in Mordad 1332
mehdi hasani bagheri sharifabadOne of the most important sections of Iran contemporary history is among the 1320 to the 1332. In this period, some kind of power vacume has been occurred in the country after Reza Shah had been collapsed from power by Mottafe qin.As the result of this situation and lac MoreOne of the most important sections of Iran contemporary history is among the 1320 to the 1332. In this period, some kind of power vacume has been occurred in the country after Reza Shah had been collapsed from power by Mottafe qin.As the result of this situation and lacking a dictatorship power, an free political space has been formed typically called a second – hand democracy. For the first time, different parties, groups and political teams with various thoughts and procedures found this chance to introduce themselves in this period after the beginning years of constitution.The effect of this period on Iran literature has been considered in this research and the main content of prospect belonging to the most important poets of this period has been tried to be considered by designing a question about the general condition of political literature in the domain of poetry by using library collecting information and descriptive-analysis method. Ultimately, it has been concluded that because of free political space during these years and expressing hopes to improve the condition, the prospect of Iran political literature in poetry has been faced with clear differences in comparison to Reza shah’s hard period. This condition made the poetry lead to humanity, commitment, inviting to , realism and designing optimistic concepts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
251 - Reflection of Charisma in Atab-al- Katabeh and Jahangosha History
hojat rashidi Ahmad Hasani Ranjbar Shervin KhamsehThe present article aims to analyse Charisma in Atab-al-Katabeh book as well as in Joveini’s Jahangosha History. Besides their historical efficacies, these two books are among the most valuable Persian books which are considered, from the abundant literary and soc MoreThe present article aims to analyse Charisma in Atab-al-Katabeh book as well as in Joveini’s Jahangosha History. Besides their historical efficacies, these two books are among the most valuable Persian books which are considered, from the abundant literary and social information, as the most authentic and most worthwhile Persian books. Charismatic myth is of the most basic skeletons of political thought in ancient Iran and as one of the main component of the Utopian king, as well. Charisma is the donation of celestial authentication and the shine which beams on everyone’s heart, outmanoeuvres of all. Due to beam this shine, oneself could become king and of crown meritorious. Since the ancient time afterwards, Charismatic myth had involved numerous alterations and divergences both in quality and function. The research findings have indicated that belief-in-Charisma in two given books have perked in kings related macro-incidents and some of their features and behaviours. In the present research, the researcher has shown charismatic glitters in four obvious usages of Charisma word of which the charismatic visual appearances, self-working charisma, and charismatic appearance are demonstrated as celestial authentication through content-analysis method as well as the library-based resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
252 - Survey Kurdish folklore
Jamal Ahmadi Arezoo BroomandiThe present study is Folklore Kurdish . Folklore , literature and elegant prose order that is written and oral or among the general public and generations to come to the future and carrying ideas and beliefs and feelings and imagination and advices and entertainment . s MoreThe present study is Folklore Kurdish . Folklore , literature and elegant prose order that is written and oral or among the general public and generations to come to the future and carrying ideas and beliefs and feelings and imagination and advices and entertainment . such literature shows the spirit of the nation, pulsing through the centuries of literature and always official and writing . with this difference, that if literature as well as official fails to pop culture show , literature Commons well and May - in - cheek of politeness Commons issued evident spirit of the nation . The study, which appears to be a library and analytical methodology - descriptive , after identifying inconclusive , and the Kurdistan popular literature . for the same purpose , an attempt has been made with the use of the resources , trust and concise description of it . as well as the result of the present study that all kinds of popular literature , a nice place to study cultures , beliefs, , chagrinا , thoughts and morality , people in the past - - to date Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
253 - Stylistic analysis of footnote or popular novels based on a look at the historical footnote novel "Hamoyeh" and the examination of the male character by Hossein Qoli Mustaan
akram asgari fatemeh pakroo Hamidreza ardestanirostamiThe writer's or poet's method is called a style that shows their specific concepts and topics. In literary works, the study of intellectual, literary and linguistic features makes the reader understand the author's point of view. Pavaraki novel is a new phenomenon and a MoreThe writer's or poet's method is called a style that shows their specific concepts and topics. In literary works, the study of intellectual, literary and linguistic features makes the reader understand the author's point of view. Pavaraki novel is a new phenomenon and a branch of It is literature.Language of the work: A footnote with simple language and general structure shows the weaknesses and cultural defects of the society.It reflects political, social and historical realities like a mirror. With the political and social upheavals of the end of the Qajar period, writers with a sharp pen showed the flaws of the society. The historical footnote novel "Hamoyeh" was written with the theme of love and simple prose and narrative language encouraging patriotism.Study method:This essay has analyzed the narrative of the intellectual content of the historical novel with a descriptive-analytical method.The noteworthy point is the analysis of the male historical characters of the work.Popular novels can be separated from elitist literature due to certain clichés and frameworks throughout the work, events, characters, story line, and fixed themes such as love triangles and squares, boy and girl falling in love. All these features are mainly around a simple axis and to make the story interesting.Conclusion: The language of these novels, according to the type of audience, is simple, far from complexity. In these novels, love and hoKeywords: popular footnote novel, love, homeland, historymeland are two main symbols.In fact, earthly love and love of the country are parallel to each other. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
254 - The subject of history in Qat’es and Robaeis of Mirza Seyyed Yahya Modarres, devoted to Fadaei Yazdi
Fateme Chashnigir Azizollah Tavakoli Kafiabad Mahmoud SadeghzadehPaying attention to the alphabet letters for the arrangement of the date material and syntactical calculations has been considered and used since a long time. Using the alphabet letters to reflect the material of history requires special artistry and mastery. One of the MorePaying attention to the alphabet letters for the arrangement of the date material and syntactical calculations has been considered and used since a long time. Using the alphabet letters to reflect the material of history requires special artistry and mastery. One of the poets with good taste who has commented on it in his valuable divan is Mirza Sayyed Yahya Madras, devoted to Fadai Yazdi (1282 AH), one of the poets of the return period. The purpose of writing this article is to get familiar with the history of the subject of history, then to calculate it in two formats of pieces and quatrains by citing examples of it in the Fadaei Yazdi’s Diwan. This research was done analytically and with library tools, and the scope of its study was in the form of Qat’e of an authentic manuscript in the handwriting of the poet in the personal library of Seyed Yahya Modaresi Vamegh, and in the form of Robaei from an authentic manuscript in the library of Ayatollah Marashi. Fadaei Yazdi, in his poem history words, mentioned the history in meaningful sentences and words, and used it to express issues such as birth, construction, book authoring, memory, and death of people. The death of people, especially the death of scholars and after that the birth of people has a high frequency. Out of a total of 88 pieces, in 32 pieces, he considered bringing the material of history, and its use in the form of quatrains is small. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
255 - Butterfly position and its literary benefits emphasizing the Safavid era
AZAM KARAMI Abdolhosein Farzad Mohsen AbolghasemiButterfly is one of the oldest and the most bizarre of Iranian office,which combining its features with the elements of the butterfly, as a symbol of love and affection, causes difficulties in the literary field and Contrary to what seems supposedly, the Safavids have b MoreButterfly is one of the oldest and the most bizarre of Iranian office,which combining its features with the elements of the butterfly, as a symbol of love and affection, causes difficulties in the literary field and Contrary to what seems supposedly, the Safavids have boosted this office than any other government. because the foundation of the Safavid government is based on pure surrender and devotion and a relationship between the ruler and the citizen who relied on religious and Sufi thoughts. The authors intend to study the role of Safavid in improving the position of the butterfly through the historical and literary studies of this position and its alignment with the literary texts of each period. Evidence of this research is based on the study of important historical and literary texts of each period and is extracted by analytical-descriptive method and historical order, and the study result is explained by drawing separate graphs. Studies indicate that although the Mongol attack and the influence of foreign words have led to lexical changes in this position, the concept and nature of the butterfly position have the same name and characteristics and the first function has been the same all along the history and in the deep religious relationship between king and Sufis with the abundance of butterfly elements in the literary works of the Safavid era, there has been a significant relationship that has promoted the status of this position and strengthened the symbol of the butterfly in poetry and literary works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
256 - Socialist realism in Neighbor and The story of a city by Ahmad Mahmoud
parvin zeinaliRealism is one of the literary criticisms in the world that has been engaging in ancient times in human thought. The processing of this thought began with Aristotle in the ancient times and so far this thought has continued with ups and downs. In the contemporary period MoreRealism is one of the literary criticisms in the world that has been engaging in ancient times in human thought. The processing of this thought began with Aristotle in the ancient times and so far this thought has continued with ups and downs. In the contemporary period in the nineteenth century in France and then in other countries a school and a movement was created that sought to consolidate the foundations of realism. ocialist Realism is one of the components of this school which became the focus of attention in Iran after the constitutional movement and became the basis for the formation of works including fictional literature with a social context. Ahmad Mahmoud is one of the prominent writers of socialist realism in Iran whoalways tried to portray the external and internal motives of the characters in the personal and social life in fiction. The present paper seeks to analyze two of Ahmed Mahmoud's novels with neighbors' titles and the story of a city based on socialist realism and to show the agreement of the structural model of socialist realism with the novels of Ahmad Mahmoud. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
257 - The effect of light on the stories of Rumi's stories Sanai
Katayoun Moradi ali mohammad mozeniThe effect of light on the stories of Rumi's stories SanaiAbstractStudying the influence of poets from each other, one of the issues that can further the understanding of literary works and helps researchers. In this article we try with descriptive analytical method and MoreThe effect of light on the stories of Rumi's stories SanaiAbstractStudying the influence of poets from each other, one of the issues that can further the understanding of literary works and helps researchers. In this article we try with descriptive analytical method and with the poetic evidence, examine the effect of light on Rumi narrativization Sanai.The result proves that Rumi with all greatness is deeply influenced by the ideas and work of the poet Ghazni and Consciously or unconsciously focuses his mind on Sanai's works. Maulana effectiveness Sanai, in the field of mind, language, images and stories is very clear and undeniable. However sanai as a guide for Rumi that learns to him the Direction, because sanai's thoughts, stories and comments in Rumi's works are lofty and deeper.Poetic images, spiritual thoughts, Fostering stories and the word of the poetry of Rumi much higher than the Sanai's lyrics. In the other words, In the creation of Works and mystical poetry, Sanai was leader and Rumi influenced by him and mystical poetry brings to a climax.Keywords:Sanai, Rumi, Stylistics, Story. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
258 - The five factor model of personality of Robert McCrae and Paul Costa in the history books Beyhaqi
laila adlparvar farahd falahatkhahBeyhaqi Abolfazl, the famous secretary of Ghaznavi period, has left a book that is worthy of study and review after successive centuries. He in addition to expression of historical points, amazes readers in analyzing of details and describing of psychological states. So MoreBeyhaqi Abolfazl, the famous secretary of Ghaznavi period, has left a book that is worthy of study and review after successive centuries. He in addition to expression of historical points, amazes readers in analyzing of details and describing of psychological states. So, to find concrete examples of the types of personality in psychology in this book is very convenient. In this paper, characterics of figures of Beyhaqi,s history, based on the Five factor models of Robert McCrae and Paul Costa, is studied. The statistical population of this search is Bayhaqi,s history. After reviewing the characterics of figures in this papers, is presented examples for each of the five personality types, neurosis, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Although, this comparing is proportional and some figures have the charactericsties several personality types all together and their traits in various environmental conditions, but, finally, the dominant personality type of figures has been specified. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
259 - The Psychological Theory of Emotional Intelligence and Humor and Humor Skill in the Garden "
amine azizi hadi haidarinia Mohammad Hossein FallahWriting scholarly articles and developing interdisciplinary topics in relation to them have been of interest to researchers in recent years. One of these topics is the reflection of the science of psychology in literary works and its adaptation to the new theories of ps MoreWriting scholarly articles and developing interdisciplinary topics in relation to them have been of interest to researchers in recent years. One of these topics is the reflection of the science of psychology in literary works and its adaptation to the new theories of psychology. In this article, emotional intelligence and humor and humor skills in the garden are reviewed and compared with today's science of psychology. In the garden, Saadi pursues the process of life towards moral and human evolution and uses the storytelling to express the best ways of living and, using imagery style, seeks to provide solutions to improve human relationships and behaviors. Saadi's goal in Bostan is to better educate all members of society, at any age, status, and with any social class, in order to achieve happiness and a healthy life. Approaches today, known as Emotional Intelligence, about eight hundred years after the beginning of the novel, include techniques for coping with social complexity and personal decision-making that lead to a positive outcome and a favorable situation. The study states that Saadi was aware of this skill and presented it to his audience with emotional imagery, which today is in line with the theories and skills presented by current psychologists. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
260 - "Father's" men and "Son's" men games in Bayhaqi history Based on Eric Burns' theory of games
parvaneh Adelzadeh nasrin omran nejhad Kamran Pashaie fakhriLiterature and art have some duties. By discharging of which, they can achieve an efficient concept, and these duties include to analyze human s as communities behaviors and to provide some influent approaching toward beauties attraction. From this point of view, the ne MoreLiterature and art have some duties. By discharging of which, they can achieve an efficient concept, and these duties include to analyze human s as communities behaviors and to provide some influent approaching toward beauties attraction. From this point of view, the necessity of searching in the interdisciplinary literature is perfectly felt. Eric Burn, founder of transactional analysis, introduced “Games” as psychology of human’s relationship: he interpreted. Anger cover As anger stamp In his “Games” theory. From which psychological reactions during human’s life are emanated. Present study has considered the “Games” of “Father's" men” and “Son's" men”in Beyhaghis History based on Eric Burns “Games” in descriptive. Analytical method. Exposing actors' motivations is the important role played by characters in identifying characters Obtained results demonstrated that more than half of hidden motivation of characters for initiating a relationship is to have the criminal and revenge purpose. And individuals appears as victims and annoying persons more than saviors Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
261 - Reflecting on the Crisis of Today's Female Identity in the "I am probably lost" Novel (From the perspective of social semiotics)
Sepideh Seyed Faraji Farhad Tahmasebi roghoye sadraeeSome women Iranian contemporary writers at some stage of their writing deal with the nature and identity of women. The narrator of the novel, probably lost, also seeks self-awareness and the discovery of individual identity, and in this way, he suffers from an identity MoreSome women Iranian contemporary writers at some stage of their writing deal with the nature and identity of women. The narrator of the novel, probably lost, also seeks self-awareness and the discovery of individual identity, and in this way, he suffers from an identity crisis and tries to overcome this crisis. Semiotics is one of the interdisciplinary research methods that analyzes the signs and is used in reading literary texts to understand the meanings hidden in them. In this article, an attempt has been made to study and analyze the social codes in the novel "Probably Lost" by Sara Salar, using the approach of social signs. An examination of the novel Lost in Social Semiotics suggests that the author has succeeded in representing and inducing his intended concept of identity crisis. Sarah Salar portrays the presence of social cues in identity codes such as place, clothing, food, and name; It emphasizes this concept especially through the association of past places as well as the anonymity of the main character. Signs of social etiquette are also abundant in this novel. The author has used various methods of non-verbal communication (such as tone and tone) as a platform to reflect the concept of identity loss; In this way, the offensive and unemotional tone of speech in the narrator's mental dialogues also serves to instill the concept of identity crisis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
262 - Identifying the components of national solidarity in socio-political poetry of the constitutional period (Case study: Farrokhi Yazdi and Mirzadeh Eshghi)
Aboutaleb Pakbaz mohammad Reza Ghari Mohsen Izadyarliterature can solve many political and social problems. Hence, in the constitutional literature, we see themes through which the speakers have tried to create solidarity among the people. In this research, which was done by descriptive-analytical method with the aim of Moreliterature can solve many political and social problems. Hence, in the constitutional literature, we see themes through which the speakers have tried to create solidarity among the people. In this research, which was done by descriptive-analytical method with the aim of recognizing the components of solidarity in the poetry of Farrokhi Yazdi and Mirzadeh Eshghi. We came to the conclusion that these two poets, using common elements among the whole nation, have used these themes in their poems to encourage people to unite.These common themes and components are related to national and religious identity, which stimulates their sense of Iran-friendliness. These elements include: a common land, a common history, a common religion. Farrokhi and Eshghi have tried to remind the features of the ancient history of Iran and past heroism, the importance of the homeland as a symbol of the mother, the need to preserve the Persian language and culture, the religion of Islam and the need to protect it from foreigners. To prepare the nation for solidarity against foreigners and irreligious rulers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
263 - Critique of Jung's Old Model in the Story of the King and the Essence of Ur
azadeh ebrahimipour moslem nadalizadeArchetypes are common images in the human subconscious memory and conscience that show the common manifestations of that period in each era, and recognizing their changes and transformations can increase our view of deep cultural, moral and religious currents in histori MoreArchetypes are common images in the human subconscious memory and conscience that show the common manifestations of that period in each era, and recognizing their changes and transformations can increase our view of deep cultural, moral and religious currents in historical periods. In his works, Jung mentions several archetypes, and considers each of them individually and in general connection as one of the most meaningful manifestations of the collective psyche ﻲ psycheﺗoh; It is one of the intertextual conditions of education and fluency. The most important reason is that. Editing is made clearer to the reader bﻳ,'s study of Jung's archetype by the famous Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung ﺑﺎ in a story from the sixth book of Masnavi There is a direct connection between psychology and Masnavi. Archetypes are common images in the human subconscious memory and conscience that show the common manifestations of that period in each era, and recognizing their changes and transformations can increase our view of deep cultural, moral and religious currents in historical periods. In his works, Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
264 - Investigating the relationship between religious teachings and structure and concept in the story of the zamen ahoo
hojat allah hasanvand mohammad kazaie gholamali hatm mohammad arefZamen ahoo is one of the valuable folk themes with an explicit moral-training message in the popular belief. The format of this theme is "the folk and oral story of Zamen Ahoo". Preliminary studies indicate the link between this "story" with religious texts and narratio MoreZamen ahoo is one of the valuable folk themes with an explicit moral-training message in the popular belief. The format of this theme is "the folk and oral story of Zamen Ahoo". Preliminary studies indicate the link between this "story" with religious texts and narrations related to the behavior of the Prophet (PBUH) and some infallible Imams (AS) towards animals. However, the Lack of sufficient resources and studies in this field and as a result, lack of accurate knowledge about the forms and qualities of this link, has led to less attention to this important issue. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to obtain the qualities of the relationship between religious concepts, texts and narratives with the components of the structure in the present story.This research has been done using descriptive-analytical method as well as library and documentary studies and answers to the questions such as: what is the relationship between religious-Islamic and Shiite texts and teachings with the formation of "The Story of Zamen Ahoo" according to its structure and concept. Studies have shown that: Separately sorted, the external structure of the story has a direct and close relationship with the narrations and events related to the Prophet (PBUH) and the Infallibles (AS) and it includes case references. Also,the concepts and themes (internal components) of the story are derived from and related to the original Islamic texts (Quran) and some hadiths; which includes general (ethical) references. Hence, the story has provided a ground and format to express Shiite-religious... Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
265 - Mystical impressions of the story of Yusuf (AS)
Maryam raisi ata mohammd radmanshStory of Joseph as one of the best tales has caused various perceptions about it. One of the most important viewpoints is interpretation of mystics. In this article, we explain the viewpoint of mystics by extracting the themes. In order to do so, Tazkirat al-Awliya, al- MoreStory of Joseph as one of the best tales has caused various perceptions about it. One of the most important viewpoints is interpretation of mystics. In this article, we explain the viewpoint of mystics by extracting the themes. In order to do so, Tazkirat al-Awliya, al-Risala al-Qushayriyyh, Kashf ul Mahjoob, Meybodi Interpretation and other books were reviewed and the themes of the story were analyzed in relation with high mystical concepts divisible into two parts of concepts related to love and other mystic ones .Such studies show that love is more prominent than every topic in this story . Paying attention to the stages of love makes us understand how love causes the story achieve one position of most beautiful stories .Love as one of houses of knowledge causes a basic change in existence of follower . Addressing the love and mystical concepts related to it, has changed story to one of most fruitful and interpretable Quran stories. Joseph’s beauty as mirror and knowing it as place where divine beauties are displayed, increase insight of such love. The zeal of beloved for lover, self-sacrifice in affection and truth of love are the themes which show that love is key topic of Joseph’s story from viewpoint of mystics. The mystics have also considered characters of story as symbols by like Zuleikha as blaming soul , Jacob as wisdom , Joseph as heart or follower of path involved in jealousy anger and lust power as result of the attention of Jacob . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
266 - Critique of the Type of Narrative in the Novel "Headless Palms" by Ghasem Ali Frasat based on the Theory of Jep Lint-Volt and the Model of Labau and Waltski
shahin ghasemiThis study critiques the structure of the narrative in Ghasem Ali Frost's novel "Headless Palms" based on the theory of Jep Lint-Volt and the model of Labau and Waltski. First, while introducing structuralist theories, a brief history of these two sciences in fiction wi MoreThis study critiques the structure of the narrative in Ghasem Ali Frost's novel "Headless Palms" based on the theory of Jep Lint-Volt and the model of Labau and Waltski. First, while introducing structuralist theories, a brief history of these two sciences in fiction will be pointed out and two communication patterns in plot structure will be analyzed. Based on this, a similar pattern can be drawn for these stories, because in all these stories, a valuable object called acting on human duty and defending Islam and the homeland is seen. Therefore, an important principle is always repeated in the stories of sacred defense, and that is the impersonality of the sender in these stories. Unlike other types of stories in which a character always leads the actor to a value object, in sacred defense stories there is always an inner force arising from religious beliefs that moves the actor and no worldly reward or external character is involved. It is necessary to know the different dimensions of the stories; the present study, the author uses new approaches to the analysis of the Holy Defense novel entitled "Headless Palms". Critique of the type of narrative in the novel "Headless Palms" . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
267 - The reflection of the social situation of Kurdistan in Ebrahim Younisi's Stories.
Halalah Amini reza sadeghi shahparAbstractMany of authors have paid special attention to specific geographical environments in their narratives and reflected social and political developments in that region. Ebrahim Younisi (1926 _ 2011) born in "Baneh" Kurdistan, in his stories has indicated to the dev MoreAbstractMany of authors have paid special attention to specific geographical environments in their narratives and reflected social and political developments in that region. Ebrahim Younisi (1926 _ 2011) born in "Baneh" Kurdistan, in his stories has indicated to the developments and disarraies in that region. In this research that is accomplished with descriptive-analytical method, the authors are trying to investigate social situation in Kurdish Areas in Ebrahim Younisi’s featured narratives. Younisi in his novels has spoken of social issues in Pahlavi | & || era and tried to disclose indigence of people that live at the borders especially villagers, unemployment, cultural poverty, lack of sanitary and welfare facilities, point of view of traditional society towards women and overriding many of their rights, corruption of administrative officers, injustice of the system of Lords and serfs, the political and social repression, people's distrust of the government, hypocrisy of local Sheikhs, despair...Key words: Ebrahim Younisi, Story, Society, Kurdistan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
268 - Analysis of the Wednesday story of Haft Peikar based on the new literature criticism
Mehri Aminisani Maryam SaeeidiIn this paper the Wednesday story from Nezami’s Haft Peikar has been analysed based on the Gilbert Durand theory. The analysis of mentioned story, have lead to extending the Gilbert Durand theory to a more comprehensive framework as such scient MoreIn this paper the Wednesday story from Nezami’s Haft Peikar has been analysed based on the Gilbert Durand theory. The analysis of mentioned story, have lead to extending the Gilbert Durand theory to a more comprehensive framework as such scientific theories have dynamic and extendable characteristics. According to the Gilbert Durand’s patern, sometimes the main course of text is about the daytime imagination and sometimes it is about the nighttime imagination and sometimes alters between both of them. From Durand’s point of view, in the ideal situation both clusters must be in the text. But in this story we encounter an interesting and prominent situation and that is when nighttime cluster turns into daytime cluster. It seems that Durand has not encountered such situation, because in his categorization we cannot find such a category of transforming one cluster to another. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
269 - Hbsiyha writing in Arabic and Persian Poetry (Comparative Research: Poetry Abvfras malk alshoaraye Bahar)
Toraj zainivand Payman SalehiHbsyh, any one of the poet's poetry is the conscience of her B sin, separation from relatives and friends, prison difficulties, resorting to elders and Amir and ... word says. In Arabic and Persian poetry, famous choral reputation in this field MoreHbsyh, any one of the poet's poetry is the conscience of her B sin, separation from relatives and friends, prison difficulties, resorting to elders and Amir and ... word says. In Arabic and Persian poetry, famous choral reputation in this field have reached. Abvfras Hamdani, poet and composer Abbasid period of the "Romans" in Arabic literature, the lead ball is stolen from others. Bahar poet laureate of the poets of the period Constitutional Persian literature is considered that the prison years Bndmvyh that is pulled up to the order. This research is based on the American school in comparative literature review and comparative analysis of themes and structures common or Hbsyh differently by the two poets pay. The basic research topics include: A) a short preface, writing about Hbsyh garlic in Persian and Arabic literature and research overview. B) Comparative analysis of the content and structure of para Mvyh Abvfras and Bahar. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
270 - Structural analysis of Three Short Stories of Shahryar Mandanipour (Sharghe banafshe, Shaame Sarv o Atash, and NarBanoo)
Mohammad Hossein Khanmohammadi Teymoor Malmir Golaleh MoradiToday, structuralism is one of current approaches to studying literary texts. Critics analyze literary texts to component parts by using this method. On other hand, they dispose superficial meaning to arrive virtual meaning and deep structure. In this research, by using MoreToday, structuralism is one of current approaches to studying literary texts. Critics analyze literary texts to component parts by using this method. On other hand, they dispose superficial meaning to arrive virtual meaning and deep structure. In this research, by using structuralism theories of theorist (Barthes, Bremond, and Todorov), three series of short stories of Shahryar Mandanipour (Abi mavaraye behar, Mahe nimrouz and Sharghe banafshe) has been investigated and identified simplicity and complexity of narration, the kind of narrator and deep structure of stories. Shahryar Mandanipour, is one of the writers of short story in Iran that belongs to third generation. By relying on the element of language, and new method of writing story, he has created prominent works in short story and novel genres. Deep structure of Mandanipour stories mainly consists of purports such as death and life, love and hate, war and its consequences, unhealthy relations between humane and etc. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
271 - A Comparative Study of Story Elements in Saadee's Golestan and Majd Khafie's Roze Khold
Mostafa Khodayari Zakiyeh DehnamakiSaadee's Golestan is one of the Persian language master pieces written in prose. This work, since its creation till now has been very attractive for Persian speakers considering its content, fluency and style. Throughout the history, many famous poets and authors have t MoreSaadee's Golestan is one of the Persian language master pieces written in prose. This work, since its creation till now has been very attractive for Persian speakers considering its content, fluency and style. Throughout the history, many famous poets and authors have tried to create works like Golestan, but non of them have been to compete seriously with Golestan. Majd Khafie's a famous poet and theosophist of eight centuries is one of the many who when created Roze Khold, joined the group of Golestan imitators and even over pass them. His book is one of the very similar copies of Golestan which is copied from Golestan. In this article, the concepts of story, tale and anecdote are defined and their differences are explained. Later, the authors have compared and contrasted language, style, characters, messages and other elements of stories of Golestan and Majd Khafie's Roze Khold. Through doing a comprehensive comparison and contrast of these two works next to using a documentary and library research, a significant, scientific and research based article is produced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
272 - Comparing Realistic and Modernistic Component Styles with Special Refrence to Ahmad Mahmoud and Mostafa Mostour Short Stories
Manouchehr Tashakori Parvin Golizade Nasrollah Emami Parvane HolousiIran’s south realm with cultural diversity and its special nature is an extra ordinary revelation source for story landscaping. Existence of Sea, large river, palm grove, oil and industry and even heat, which is south original back drop, has yielded that this regi MoreIran’s south realm with cultural diversity and its special nature is an extra ordinary revelation source for story landscaping. Existence of Sea, large river, palm grove, oil and industry and even heat, which is south original back drop, has yielded that this region’s writers utilize the God’s blessing in their works and with this method give their work a kind of style recognition. Actually Khuseztan as one of the most important poles for ecological literature in Iran after revolution and war sustained huge loss because of its writers’ immigration. Also according to political, economic, and social transition speed and as it follows cultural transformation in recent decades, the necessity of investigating these transitions, particularly in literature is sensed more than before. In glance to recent years’ fiction, distancing of this type of literature from realism school is evident and undeniable. It is incontrovertible that the old story writing methods are not responsive to the contemporary human’s mental requirements and psychotic difficulties also changing these methods seem inevitable. Concomitant with emergence of modern and postmodern art and literature in other countries, these literary works has attracted attention and was criticized and investigated. Unfortunately, in Iran critical and essential discussion has been seldom and has opened the arena for unprofessional and tactfully critiques. Therefore, the aim of the presented research is comparing the realism and modernism style constituents with emphasis on short stories of Ahmad Mahmoud and Moustafa Mastour. The research method is analytic-descriptive methodology. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
273 - Structure analysis of plot of Tahmuroth story
Jahangir safari amir fathiNarrative is the best method for report real in series of events. In the ready research the plot of Tahmuroth story (from Shahname-Ferdosi) as a member of incorporator, was analysis by the view point of some structuralists. In this story, first the stable situation is i MoreNarrative is the best method for report real in series of events. In the ready research the plot of Tahmuroth story (from Shahname-Ferdosi) as a member of incorporator, was analysis by the view point of some structuralists. In this story, first the stable situation is in working. In the days of Tahmuroth king ship, the tranquility envelop all around the country. Afterwards the happen mishap and this primary situation changes to undesirable. Tahmuroth started to righteous and courtesy and since bureau saw the complete calm of people, ill temper persuaded them to in refusal of his precept and discharge him of majesty. After Tahmuroth known their plans, the war happened and the bureau failed. Afterwards after that the hero get at to his target, a stable situation create. This condition happens in this story one time. The target of election this subject is adaptation this theoris on this kind of literary(story). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
274 - The Evaluation andReview on the Elements of Short Fiction in Stories by Ahmad Dehghan: Based on the collectoion of short stories named “I’m your son’s murder"
Abrahim Golparvar Hamid SamsamAhmad Dehghan is one of the most famous writers of the fiction about sacred defense in recent decade. Among his works, a set of stories named "I’m your son’s killer" is one of his masterpieces which contain several short stories. Element analysis of this bo MoreAhmad Dehghan is one of the most famous writers of the fiction about sacred defense in recent decade. Among his works, a set of stories named "I’m your son’s killer" is one of his masterpieces which contain several short stories. Element analysis of this book, in the field of war, made him famous; hence the recent article tries to show the connection between its parts, elements and interior components and tries to prove the ability of Dehghan in writing short stories such as romance, diaries, showing that this writer is familiar with the principles and premises of short stories and was able to present the master piece in the field of fiction about sacreddefenseby skillful initiating and ending,planning,coherent plot, suitable personification, effective scenes and using attractive, authentic stories with special speech styles. Research method is based on qualitative descriptive-analytic, data driven and the categorization gained descriptively on the basis of note taking, resources and information, then it has been analyzed deductively from part to whole. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
275 - Analysis of content and sociological elements of short stories in Iran from 1300-1332
Leila Khayatan Farzaneh Yousef Ghanbari Nasim Khajehzadeh Masoud KheradmandpourLiterary works of the Awakening and post-constitutional period have many social and political aspects and can be critiqued from a sociological point of view. One of the effective methods in criticizing literary texts, especially short stories, is sociological critique. MoreLiterary works of the Awakening and post-constitutional period have many social and political aspects and can be critiqued from a sociological point of view. One of the effective methods in criticizing literary texts, especially short stories, is sociological critique. In this method, the relationship between the structure and content of the story with the situation and changes in society is examined and how the artistic reflection and representation of society in the imaginary world of literary work is criticized and analyzed. The history of this kind of research and application of this method in Iranian short story criticism has proved the effectiveness of sociological criticism in short story criticism and study. Short story as a form of fiction was formed in Iran around 1300 AH by people like Jamalzadeh and continued its development along with literary currents. The first generation of short story writers, while getting acquainted with this emerging phenomenon, were able to create remarkable works and each of them followed a specific style that in the future, laid the foundation of Iranian short stories. In this research, the author has come to the conclusion through analytical-descriptive method and based on the theoretical framework of social criticism that the short story, like any other literary phenomenon, has continued to live in line with society and socio-political currents. Influenced and influenced by the community. Therefore, examining the content of this type of literature can be a new approach in the field of social studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
276 - National Epic Reflex in Stories People of Ghorveh
Teymoor Malmir Khaled SoltaniThe wide variety of ethnic groups and cultures in Iran has been a great advantage for this country, providing a rich substantial culture and a lively society. However, this variety and multiplicity has sometimes been used by the country's enemies as means for engenderin MoreThe wide variety of ethnic groups and cultures in Iran has been a great advantage for this country, providing a rich substantial culture and a lively society. However, this variety and multiplicity has sometimes been used by the country's enemies as means for engendering schism a diversion in the country. Ferdowsi's Shâhnâmeh, due to its richness and profundity, can play its traditional role of providing national identity and unity. In order to demonstrate the significant role of Shâhnâmeh in providing Iranian groups with a single national identity, we have analyzed the Shâhnâmeh stories used among the people of Ghorveh, a west Iranian town in which a variety of ethnic groups live. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
277 - Literary prominence in Tarikh-e Beihaqi (History of Beihaqi)
Tayebe Sheikh Veisi Abolghasem RadfarIn this research, recognizing the documentary seeks to highlight aspects literary on History of Beihaqi. It has been always a question that if Tarikh-e Beihaqi(History ofBeihaqi) is a historical work, why it is used as a textbook in literature, and why Persian Language MoreIn this research, recognizing the documentary seeks to highlight aspects literary on History of Beihaqi. It has been always a question that if Tarikh-e Beihaqi(History ofBeihaqi) is a historical work, why it is used as a textbook in literature, and why Persian Language and Literature students pay no attention to this work as history students do. In Tarikh-e Beihaqi(History of Beihaqi) authored by Abolfazl Beihaqi, there are some subtitles which can be considered as Beihaqi literature. Beihaqi’s skill in historiography indicates his mastery of writing. Though this work is an authentic document, it is mixed with narrations to the extent that it begins to get away from pure history and get close to literature. Although the historical aspect of this book cannot be overlooked, this research tries to introduce the literary aspect of Tarikh-e Beihaqi(History ofBeihaqi) in a descriptive-analytic method based on the complete researches and the original text of the book. Some of the results show that: 1. because of containing many literary subtleties, this book gets close to literature and sometimes it can be seen as a literary book; 2. having his own eloquence and literary style, Abolfazl Beihaqi enhanced the attraction of his book and presented it in the form of a documentary and interesting story. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
278 - Islamic revolution as a conceptual revolution Case study: concepts of republicanism and Islamism
mohadeseh jazaeiRevolution, as a political event, leads to major transformations in concrete and abstract structures. The concepts of "Republic" and "Islamism" are among the concepts that entered ideological conflicts between different groups as a result of familiarization of Iranians MoreRevolution, as a political event, leads to major transformations in concrete and abstract structures. The concepts of "Republic" and "Islamism" are among the concepts that entered ideological conflicts between different groups as a result of familiarization of Iranians with Western political concepts. The event of the revolution can be seen as the triumphant return of these concepts in the very important debates over determining the form of the government, with the phrase "Islamic Republic, not one word less and not one word more". Based on this, this article seeks to answer the question, what changes have the political concepts of the Islamic Republic undergone as a result of the revolution? What impact has this conceptual evolution had on the expectations of the Iranian society and ultimately on the political structures created? It seems that creating a break in the meaning of the concepts of "Republic" and "Islamism" and examining the existing competitions over these two concepts shows that the prevailing understanding, perception and interpretation of the meaning of political concepts can give shape and direction to political structures. The special perception of these concepts in shaping the horizon of expectation of the Iranian society caused the creation of a special type of institutions in the post-revolutionary society, which ultimately led to the imposition of limited choices in "historical futures". In this article, the first chapter of the Constitution, the first to the sixth principles, along with the detailed discussions about the draft text, as well as the final discussions of the review of the Constitution by the Assembly of Experts, using the approach of the history of concepts, with the aim of discovering and breaking down the meaning of these concepts, have been considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
279 - Historical geography from two perspectives: An introduction to the importance of historical geography around Iran's historical issues
Mohammad Jalal MakhaniIn this article, we will try to provide a description of the "what" is the historical geography and discussing a bout changes in historical geography in recent years and, basically, whether what is understood today from the concept of historical geography is the same. W MoreIn this article, we will try to provide a description of the "what" is the historical geography and discussing a bout changes in historical geography in recent years and, basically, whether what is understood today from the concept of historical geography is the same. Was it understood in the past or not? Therefore, in two parts, we will try to compare the definitions of historical geography among the ancients and contemporaries. The new understanding of historical geography that exists among German and English geographers, despite the great difference that the old understanding of this category had, has a lot of dynamics that can provide a wide objectivity for this concept so that the audience of this field with a practical, scientific, objective, dynamic and comprehensive - to deal with a static and subjective category. In our view, historical geography is not a static and learned category to understand the place of geographical names, but a very dynamic knowledge system, whose minimum function is to express an appropriate answer to our border, identity and history issues and a solid step to strengthen the national relations of Iranians. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
280 - Effects of teaching life skills through Creativity storytelling components elementary
Nahid Karimi Dariush Mehrafzoon Alireza JafariBackground: An individual’s creativity, potentials, and abilities are manifested in his thoughts, ideas, writings, behaviors, and actions and are among the fundamental requirements for today’s complicated, swift modern life. Creativity is one of the characte MoreBackground: An individual’s creativity, potentials, and abilities are manifested in his thoughts, ideas, writings, behaviors, and actions and are among the fundamental requirements for today’s complicated, swift modern life. Creativity is one of the characteristics that can ideally be developed and nurtured during an individual’s early years of life. Undoubtedly, part of the educational system’s inefficiency is due to its failure to pay adequate attention to creativity. All educational systems should provide children with considerable opportunities to develop their creativity. Objective: The present study aimed at investigating the effects of life skills education through storytelling on creativity among primary schoolchildren. Methodology: The study was based on the pre-test post-test experimental design with a control group. The research population consisted of all third-grade female students attending primary schools in the City of Qazvin in 2012-2013 school year. Multi-stage sampling was used to select the sample. The sample was subsequently divided into two groups, i.e., control group and experimental group. Next, the experimental group received training in six 30-45-minute sessions. The Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT) (Form B) was used as the data collection tool both before and after introducing the independent variable into the experimental group. The collected data were analyzed through ANCOVA (analysis of covariance) test. Findings: The findings showed that there was a significant different between the samples belonging to control and experimental groups (p < 0.05). This significant difference was observed in three components of creativity, namely, fluency, flexibility, and originality. Conclusion: The results indicated that life skills education through storytelling promotes creativity among primary schoolchildren. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
281 - Digital Storytelling and Theory of Mind: A media for creative mindreading
Zeinab Khosravi Reza Afhami Parviz AzadfallahTheory of Mind (mentalizing) is one of the most important skills for effective interpersonal relationships. In this respect, a great deal of investigations have studied how theory of mind can be enhanced across a range of methodological approaches. Moreover, stories hav MoreTheory of Mind (mentalizing) is one of the most important skills for effective interpersonal relationships. In this respect, a great deal of investigations have studied how theory of mind can be enhanced across a range of methodological approaches. Moreover, stories have long been theorized to influence how we perceive our social world and our peers. Scholars have questioned whether exposure to stories can improve mentalizing. Considering how digital technology has drastically changed the way we communicate and the way we tell our stories, this study investigates the potential of digital storytelling medium for Theory of Mind enhancement. For this purpose, we review previous studies on stories and how they can evoke social processes such as Theory of Mind. We then suggest 3 principles that characterize how digital storytelling can work as a tool for Theory of Mind enhancement. Unlike traditional storytelling medium, digital storytelling can be a participatory medium for creative mind reading. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
282 - Designing and Testing the Course of Training in Story Creation for Increasing of Creativity in Pre-School Children
Elham Alsadat Naji Mansour Hamidi Afzal Alsadat Hosseini Background: Creativity is the highest cognitive and public ability which some believe that helping for its improvement is the main goal of educational system. Reaching to this goal needs to have programs and methods to help training creativity. In spite of that, More Background: Creativity is the highest cognitive and public ability which some believe that helping for its improvement is the main goal of educational system. Reaching to this goal needs to have programs and methods to help training creativity. In spite of that, looking at the educational programs in the country indicates that considering the ability of creativity has no specific position. Actually this loss, especially in the pre-school program which has fundamental function, makes problem. Goal: Solving the shortage of creativity and helping to improve this ability in learners is the main goal of the research. Method: This research is a kind of experiment with control group. The sample of research was a group of pre-school learners which were randomly divided into two groups of control and experiment with each group being ten persons. The program of story creation was made and tested in twenty training sessions. The efficiency of the program was achieved by using Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking in pre-test and post-test. Results: The results show that after performing the experimental course there is a meaningful statistical difference between control and experiment groups in creativity. Conclusion: Applying the story creation experimental course helps the improvement of children's creativity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
283 - Comparing the effectiveness of play and storytelling on increasing children’s creativity
Nahid Radbakhsh Mohammad Ali Mohammadyfar Farahnaz Kian Ersi Introduction: Nowadays, all the programmers and politicians are facing this slogan: "destruction is waiting for you, unless you would be creative and innovative." Since the heads of the Ministry Of Education are responsible for the growth and improvement of child More Introduction: Nowadays, all the programmers and politicians are facing this slogan: "destruction is waiting for you, unless you would be creative and innovative." Since the heads of the Ministry Of Education are responsible for the growth and improvement of children's creativity , to achieve this purpose , they take steps toward true and oriented use of their talents and capabilities, so they keep finding and discovering new ways for improving children's creativity. The two of the newest and most appealing ways are playing and storytelling. The purpose of the present research is to determine the effect of playing and telling stories on the amount of student's creativity. Method: The research method is experimental with pre-exam-post-exam and group control. For this reason 48 female students in third grade of elementary school were chosen with bunchy accidental sampling method. For creativity evaluation, form B from Torrance evaluative questionnaire was used. Findings: The results indicated that the use of playing and telling stories method, increased creativity in all of its four factors in playing and telling stories groups in a meaningful way. Discussion : The use of playing and telling stories method, will cause the increment of the creativity in students by removing or destroying the creativity obstacles, thought immobility and helps solving the problems in a joyful and entertaining way. That’s why the students who are present in playing and storytelling meetings are more successful in finding original and new solutions for problems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
284 - The Investigation of the Effect of Verse and Story Based Training on Improving the Attitudes of Normal Children toward the Deaf and Blind Children
Farideh Kalhori Qumarth KarimiPurpose: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of poetry-based education and storytelling on improving the attitudes of normal children towards deaf and blind children. Methodology: The research method was quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test wit MorePurpose: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of poetry-based education and storytelling on improving the attitudes of normal children towards deaf and blind children. Methodology: The research method was quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population of the present study consisted of normal girls aged 7-12 years in comprehensive libraries in Tehran in the summer of 2014. Then 50 female students were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (25 people in each group). Data were collected using the Chidak-McMaster scale to measure children's attitudes toward children with disabilities. Rosenbaum, Aramstrang, King (1988) (CATCH). After the pre-test, 13 training sessions based on poetry and storytelling were held by experienced instructors for the experimental group. After the training sessions, post-test was performed on both experimental and control groups. Research data were analyzed by analysis of covariance. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in the scores of normal children's attitudes toward the blind and deaf children in the expriment group (verse and story based training group) in comparison with the control group who did not see training (P ≤.05). Conclusion: Findings of this research has implications for revision of educational programs of related organizations including the Education Organization and the Center for the Development of Children and Adolescents to change the attitude of children in different emotional, cognitive and social areas by verse and story based training to create more motivation in children to communicate with children with disabilities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
285 - China in Vamegh and Azra and Khorshid by Salman
Dr. Asieh Zabihnia Emran Comparative literature attempts to discover the cultural relationships among nations and literary evolutions. This literary orientation is effective in establishing peache and friendship among nations. The main objective of this study is to investigate China thro More Comparative literature attempts to discover the cultural relationships among nations and literary evolutions. This literary orientation is effective in establishing peache and friendship among nations. The main objective of this study is to investigate China through a descriptive-analytical approach in lyrical stories of “Jamshid and Khorshid” and “Vamegh and Azra”. In lyrical story of Jamshid and Khorshid (763 AH) the protagonist of this story, i.e. Khorshid is the only child of Chian’s Shapoor and commences on a risky journey in order to reach the moon. At the end of this mytical journey, he reaches the postion of Complete Man. In “Vamegh and Azra” by Lame’ei, Vamegh is the son of Chinese king and normally China is more prominent in this story as compard to Vamegh and Azra by Zahir Kermani. In Zahir’s story, travelling to China and Love is one of the subordinate characters to one of the Chinese beauties which is important and forms the main events of the story. In these four stories, love seeks a higher objective and provides the lover with much bigger and more significant achievements. The final objective in these four lyrical stories is not a narration of a lyrical story, but is a narration of achieving completion, expressing human affects, mental issues and finally creation of literary joy. China had a vast impact on Persian literature and Mystics from old times and in both stories, i.e. “Jamshid and Khorshid” and “Vamegh and Azra”, China is the symbol of land of motifs and beauties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
286 - A look at the allegory and symbol in the two stories "Entry whose lot was dead" by Sadegh Chubak and "My father's fence and dogs" by Shirzad Hassan
Salma Saedi Masuod Motamedi Shahrooz Jamali Fiction is one of the most prominent areas in which social issues and problems are well represented. Narratives highlight the characteristics of each society in the context and action of their characters and, in addition to describing and depicting it in a c More Fiction is one of the most prominent areas in which social issues and problems are well represented. Narratives highlight the characteristics of each society in the context and action of their characters and, in addition to describing and depicting it in a complex way and criticizing it in literary forms and expressions. In some social periods, writers can not easily express their ideas due to the tyranny and oppression of society and fear of government punishment, so they resort to symbolic formats and allegory of one of these forms. are popular. In the field of fiction, in Iran and Iraq, writers such as Sadegh Chubak and Shirzad Hassan are both among the leading writers of style and influence in contemporary literature, and in this regard, have left lasting works. Considering that Sadegh Chubak and Shirzad Hassan have discussed the issues and problems of their society with similar views, the story of "Entry whose lot was dead" by Sadegh Chubak, with the story of "My father's fence and dogs" by Shirzad Hassan have been selected for review and comparison. In the present study, it is tried to understand the meaning of the second layer of the mentioned allegorical stories based on the descriptive-analytical method. The results of the study indicate that the attention of both authors is focused on the general public and the lower masses of society, and each in the guise of an allegorical story, social relations and the fate of human beings in Iranian and Iraqi society during dictatorships. Reza Shah and Saddam Hussein have narrated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
287 - A study of the structural similarities between the story of Zahak Shahnameh with the story of "The Lion and the Rabbit" by Kelileh Woodmaneh and the Indian story of "Bahim Sin and Bakeh" by Mahabharata
Tayebeh Rahmani Soheila Mousavi Sirjani Abdolhossein Farzad The presence of animals in human life has caused these creatures to serve human thoughts first in mythical life and then symbolically. Kelileh Woodman is one of the works in which animals have played a role. Due to the rich culture and history of ancient civiliza More The presence of animals in human life has caused these creatures to serve human thoughts first in mythical life and then symbolically. Kelileh Woodman is one of the works in which animals have played a role. Due to the rich culture and history of ancient civilizations, Iran and India, the same and common myths can be seen in these two cultures. Given that the main theme is often common myths. Myths are very similar not only in content but also in structure. In this research, with descriptive-analytical method and library method, common roots and symbols in Zahak story with the story of "The Lion and the Rabbit" by Kelileh Woodmaneh and "Behim Sin and Bakeh" Mahabharata have been compared in terms of mythology and common cases have been analyzed and deciphered. . Kelilehudmaneh anecdotes have always been of interest to the authors of Persian texts and have created a bridge between Indian and Iranian culture. In this article, the roots of the story of "the lion and the rabbit" with the story of Behima and Bakeh (Mahabharata) and Fereydoun and Zahak (Shahnameh) in Indian and Iranian mythology have been searched and analyzed and deciphered. Their similarity is that a powerful tyrant (king or demon) kills a number of inhabitants (city / forest) every day to feed himself; The inhabitants of the city / forest send one or two people to him every day so that he does not harm others, and eventually one of the cruel prey causes his death and destruction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
288 - A Comparative Study of Shahnameh Narration from "Bahman Kingdom to the Beginning of the Parthians" with Independent Historical Books
Dr effat najar nobari Ferdowsi is the greatest pillar of the Persian language and literature of Iran and his famous Shahnameh, one of the greatest epic and literary books of Iran and the world. The Shahnameh, which has a general perspective in three parts of mythology, epic and history More Ferdowsi is the greatest pillar of the Persian language and literature of Iran and his famous Shahnameh, one of the greatest epic and literary books of Iran and the world. The Shahnameh, which has a general perspective in three parts of mythology, epic and history, and in the historical period shows itself from the kingdom of the Persian kings. One of the sections that has been neglected by Ferdowsi scholars is the historical section of Shahnameh, the main reason for which is Ferdowsi's lack of attention and reluctance to continue the narrations. This written method, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, shows that Ferdowsi, in writing this section, also pays more attention to oral narratives than to the originality of independent subjects and histories. He differs from others on the basis of his poetic feelings and may not be superfluous to the excesses and excesses in it. In this study, the narration of Shahnameh has been compared with some independent historical books such as the complete history of Ibn Athir, Mas'udi, Tha'alabi, Yaqoubi and the cultures of Shahnameh, Dehkhoda, Moin, etc. The location of the events is the number of kings and the length of their reign, which is more in line with Tha'alabi's narration. In most of the similarities between the historical books, it is consistent with the totality of the events and stories of these books. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
289 - Methodological Analysis of “Analysis of critical review of the history of Arabic literature” book written By seyyed Hossein seyyedi.
davood ahmadi Writing in relation to the history of literature has evolved over time. These changes have led to a variety of books on the history of literature as well as a variety of interpretations of these books. The aim of this study is to analyze the critical study of the More Writing in relation to the history of literature has evolved over time. These changes have led to a variety of books on the history of literature as well as a variety of interpretations of these books. The aim of this study is to analyze the critical study of the Arabic literary history book and compare this book with similar books. The reason for writing the seyedi's book, ask question and criticize the history of Arabic language and literature, but it seems that the aim of the author is expressions of concepts and literature definitions, presentation of theories of literature history, expression of literature history and methods of history of literature. The pattern of the books contents is very similar to “In the history of literature concepts and methods” by Hossein AL Vad, “Philosophy of orintalism and the effects of contemporary Arabic literature” by Ahmad smaeel lovich and“ Methods of literary research” by Feisal shokri.The results of this research show that compiled Arabic books were more mature than seyedi's book and seyedi's book has been the quoted of the books which mentioned above.The method of this article is based on descriptive_ Analytical and library method,then compare the effect of this research with similar researches with comparison and mach method Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
290 - Studying and analyzing story in the two short stories of "The Woman Who Lost My Man!" And "When To Hail"?
neda moradThe story is an artistic creation; the creative mind of the author is created with fundamental elements inspired by the inner and outer life of mankind and everything around him. The elements of the story, the foundation and the main structure of a story form that the e MoreThe story is an artistic creation; the creative mind of the author is created with fundamental elements inspired by the inner and outer life of mankind and everything around him. The elements of the story, the foundation and the main structure of a story form that the examination of these elements leads the audience to better understand the author's work because the author, based on his thoughts, uses the elements of the story and the result This is the creation of different works with different themes. Sadegh Hedayat and Simin Daneshvar are contemporary writers who often focus on women's issues and problems in their writing experiences. The present article analyzes the implications of this sociological and psychological concept in the elements of the two stories of "The Woman Who Lost My Man!" And "Who Happens to Kee?". The reason for choosing these two authors is the relevance of the subject in two stories. In this essay, in a preface and two speeches, a descriptive-analytic method is reviewed, along with an example of a witness, by revising the elements of women and society, women and politics, women and education, women and economics as well as women's characterize Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
291 - Exclusion and elimination of Siavahs from cultural semiotic in Shahnameh of Ferdowsi
leila khezel Dr.farhad tahmasbi Dr.sara Zirak The concept of cultural semiotics are existed by semioticians as the first concept that needed more consideration in cultural elements gathering respect. This knowledge provides deep understanding of ones and others culture by use of cultural elements. Shahname o More The concept of cultural semiotics are existed by semioticians as the first concept that needed more consideration in cultural elements gathering respect. This knowledge provides deep understanding of ones and others culture by use of cultural elements. Shahname of Ferdosi is one of good examples between multi-cultural texts by dealing with different ethnic groups. So we try to consider the story rejection and expulsion of Siavash in cultural semiotic respect and his position from his and others point of views by descriptive and analytical methods in this study. This study wants to specify why Siavash is known among his family and also others as a stranger. We want to expand the scope of cultural semiotic studies and also use the analytical tools in related text. The results show that Siavash is known as a stranger not only between Tooranian (as others), but also in his home land. From the point of view of one of his relatives (his father), he is a problematic person and should stay away from government. In this respect he is known as others. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
292 - Rumi's trick in the temporal relationship between narration and story in Masnavi manavi
server Beigi's house Dr.Seyyed Mahmoud Seyed Sadeghi Dr.Shams Al-Hajiyeh Ahmadi roknabadiStorytelling has a unique and completely different place in " Masnavi manavi". The aim of this research, which is descriptive-analytical and library method, is to study the temporal communication methods between narration and story in Masnavi anecdotes, through which a MoreStorytelling has a unique and completely different place in " Masnavi manavi". The aim of this research, which is descriptive-analytical and library method, is to study the temporal communication methods between narration and story in Masnavi anecdotes, through which a stylistic model and a list of narrative possibilities for a variety of classical Persian stories can be achieved. It provided the basis for the creation and invention of new methods. To achieve these goals, we must study and analyze the levels of narrative in Masnavi and the relationship between them. To analyze this issue, the method of recent or contemporary narratology has been used, which mostly includes the theory proposed by the second generation of narratologists (contemporary narratology). Like Genet and his commentators. The result is that Rumi's narration is aimed at mystical and moral goals and this purposefulness affects all dimensions and categories of narration and has made Rumi's narrative method special and distinctive. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
293 - Literary Adaptation in Iranian Cinema
narges salehi mohammad reza haji aqa babaeiLiterary works are valuable sources that manifest in various forms in different artistic areas. One of these areas is where literary texts are used in order to create films, a procedure known as adaptation. Adaptation here means using a written text partially or fully i MoreLiterary works are valuable sources that manifest in various forms in different artistic areas. One of these areas is where literary texts are used in order to create films, a procedure known as adaptation. Adaptation here means using a written text partially or fully in order to create a visual text, and several scholars maintain that this procedure takes place in three ways, namely free, faithful, and word-for-word. Other approaches have also been put forward. The current research looks at adaptation, focusing on both the narrative text and the visual text. Considering the visual text, three approaches to cinematic adaptation have been introduced and illustrated with examples from the Iranian cinema. Considering the narrative text, two approaches to the analysis of adapted works have also been reviewed. The current paper aims to address the shortcomings of approaches to the analysis of adaptation and put forward a new perspective that gives more weight to the elements of the literary text. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
294 - Examining and comparing the ways of representing the social position of "female characters" in the short story 20
نجمه najmeh alireza shabanlu Abdolhossein FarzadFictional literature in Iran has focused its attention on representing the realities of Iranian society from the very beginning of its formation. With a quick look at the works of fiction from the twenties to the fifties, the audience can clearly see the influence of re MoreFictional literature in Iran has focused its attention on representing the realities of Iranian society from the very beginning of its formation. With a quick look at the works of fiction from the twenties to the fifties, the audience can clearly see the influence of realism in the heart and text of the stories. The main reason for this approach in fiction literature is the political and social structure and conditions that govern Iran. The present study tries to answer the main question in a descriptive-analytical way, that according to the realist view that prevailed in the short story in the twenties, what image did the male writers draw of "woman" and her "social position" at this historical moment? are The statistical population of this research is the short stories written by Ebrahim Golestan, Bozor Alavi and Mahmoud Etemadzadeh in this decade. The findings of the research show that "female" characters in these stories are often mentioned as secondary characters and their processing method is in a way that is related to other characters. It seems that none of the "female" characters are directly introduced in these stories and their "actions", "thoughts" and "speech" are the main tools of the authors. They are to introduce these characters to the reader. These women have different names; but they have common characteristics that they are condemned to suffer and finally surrender due to economic, cultural and political anomalies. In general, although these "women" have been represented differently in some cases; the overall picture presented of them under the influence of the realistic view of short story writers in the twenties has many points in common with each other. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
295 - A Comparative Study of the Elements of Magical Realism in Fiction Moniroo ravanipour and Reza amirkhani
Dr.mandana alimi sara javid mozafari Magical realism or magical realism is a new way in the contemporary narrative of the world in which elements of reality and imagination are blended; this blend brings to the reader's wonder, and yet does not make In the natural course of the story a disorder or d More Magical realism or magical realism is a new way in the contemporary narrative of the world in which elements of reality and imagination are blended; this blend brings to the reader's wonder, and yet does not make In the natural course of the story a disorder or disorder is created. Among those who have used this method in Iran, are Maniro Rouhanipour and Reza Amirkhani. According to the research conducted, Maniro Psycho-Pourvaria Amirkhani has taken the most from the magical realism narrative method, including Social realism has also shown interest. One of the most important components of magical realism in the works of these two can be noted: the presence of magical elements, reality and imagination, mysterious atmosphere, the presence of spirits of the dead and the use of myths and stories The ancient South of Iran and attention to folk and superstitious beliefs and attention to social and political issues are one of the important components of magical realism in their works. The research method in this research is in terms of purpose, according to its nature, the type of theoretical research based on the study The library has been conducted and from the perspective of the research method, this research work is descriptive-analytical. The authors examine the components of magical realism in the works of these two writers and then adapt these components together. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
296 - The Analysis of Social Justice Based on History and Class Consciousness by Georg Lukacs, and A Mirror for the Sounds and the Second Millennium of the Mountain Deer by Mohammad Reza Shafi'i Kadkani
akram gargarachi shahriyar hasanzadeh naser naseriAlthough it seems that the books, History and class consciousness by George Lukacs and a mirror for the voices and the second millennium of the mountain deer by Shafi'i Kadkani, are completely different in the term of form and they are written in non-homogeneous formats MoreAlthough it seems that the books, History and class consciousness by George Lukacs and a mirror for the voices and the second millennium of the mountain deer by Shafi'i Kadkani, are completely different in the term of form and they are written in non-homogeneous formats, they profoundly enjoy the same ideological premises which are the outcome of the similar views of two Western and Eastern thinkers in explaining social justice in a dynamic society. The objective of the current study is to comparatively analyze the literary works to represent the unity of human needs and fulfill the aspirations of an ideal humankind with social dignity, which despite the spatial differences, has some conformity due to the similarity of life issues in the present age. The study has been conducted by the statistical method of descriptive-analytics, using library notes. The study is aiming to explore the rational response, the creation of driving force and the reduction of inequalities in order to create social and cultural development based on the theory of individual class consciousness. The results indicate that the process of social awareness formation using the enlightening social and philosophical content of these works consists of three different stages; the consciousness stage that reveals itself in the form of objectification, the second stage, during which the protest enters into symbolic forms and finally the third stage, which leads to consolidation. It is the supreme goal of the two liberal thinkers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
297 - Analysis of Story Elements in the "Postchi" Novel with Emphasis on the Structural Elements of the Plot
Sonia Faghani Maliheh Mahdavi Masoud Mahdian Every story is made up of parts that make up the body of that story, and the criticism of the authors' art of storytelling is expressed by examining and analyzing these elements. This article is devoted to the investigation of story elements in the novel "The Post More Every story is made up of parts that make up the body of that story, and the criticism of the authors' art of storytelling is expressed by examining and analyzing these elements. This article is devoted to the investigation of story elements in the novel "The Postman" by Chista Yathrebi. The selection criterion was the audience's attention and acceptance of this novel. The purpose of this research is to criticize and analyze the elements of the story and the quality of its use in this romantic novel in order to answer this question: "what are the most obvious story elements in the novel ‘The Postman’?" For this purpose, by using library-documentary manner, descriptive-analytical method, structural elements, after stating the general plan of the research, the literature review, and after explaining the types of stories, the important elements of this novel was investigated. The most important finding of this research is that the plot of the stories follows a certain cause and effect order and often has a simple and elementary plot. The characters are more human and static. The romantic and often true-like theme is present in the stories. The point of view used to narrate the stories is the first person point of view and the conversations are very effective in the process of the story. The author often mentions the scene in the manner of summarizing and shortening it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
298 - The Effect of Mental Imagery Strategy Instruction on Reading Comprehension of EFL Students
Kambiz Poushaneh Giti Berenj Foroush Azar -
Open Access Article
299 - Evaluation of Steel Braced Frames under Vertical and Horizontal Components of Near Field Earthquake
علی گل افشار متین روشنی محمد حسین ثقفیIn the common practice design of structures, Often the effect of vertical component of earthquake is ignored, but this component is important parameter especially in near field Earthquakes. The objective of this paper is study the effect of vertical and horizontal compo MoreIn the common practice design of structures, Often the effect of vertical component of earthquake is ignored, but this component is important parameter especially in near field Earthquakes. The objective of this paper is study the effect of vertical and horizontal component of earthquake ground motion in steel braced frames. First verification of numerical models through finite element software package (ABAQUS) is carried out. Comparison of the result of load displacement curve for numerical and experimental model shows matching result. After this, two concentrically braced frames with X-configuration are selected from previous researches. Four earthquake records have been used for this study. Kobe, Northridge, Tabas and Imperial Valley. Two components of earthquake are applied simultaneously to frames under nonlinear time history analysis. The results that extract from the analysis content of vertical and horizontal displacement of roof and plastic dissipated energy during earthquakes. the intensity of the former parameters is depend of earthquake intensity and frequency content of them. Assessing the result reveal that in the three story frame, the ratio of maximum vertical displacement to maximum horizontal displacement is crucial parameter with respect to seven story braced frame. Also the time of plastic energy dissipated for frames is short because of nature of near field earthquake. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
300 - Archaeological Survey of Prehistoric Sites of Fasa District
Majid Mansouri Ahmad Ali AsadiFasa is located in central east of Fars province, Iran. The first extensive archaeological survey in Fasa, carried out by Aurel Stein in 1934. Nevertheless, a more intensive archaeological survey, directed by Miroschedji was conducted in Fasa and Darab in 1971-72. Final MoreFasa is located in central east of Fars province, Iran. The first extensive archaeological survey in Fasa, carried out by Aurel Stein in 1934. Nevertheless, a more intensive archaeological survey, directed by Miroschedji was conducted in Fasa and Darab in 1971-72. Finally, an Iranian mission directed by Ali Asadi resurveyed Fasa in 2009, which prehistoric sites of this survey will be introduce and discuss in this paper. Base on the surface collections, the prehistoric of Fasa has been divided in several periods and has also been suggested a relative chronology for prehistoric of this region. No ceramic Neolithic sites were found in this survey, but ceramic Neolithic sites indicate a local culture in the Fasa. There was a dramatic increase in the number of the Bakun sites, which most part of the region were occupied by the Bakun occupants. Post-Bakunian sherds material were limited, so characteristics of these cultures are not clear yet. It appears that, there have been some local cultures in the Fasa after the Bakun period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
301 - Identification of Exchange in Prehistory
Hamidreza ValipourTrading was one of the important and attractive subjects for the archaeologists and anthropologists in the 70s and 80s A.D. Though The great role of trading is less emphasized in the evolution and development of the cultures and societies, it is still one of the major f MoreTrading was one of the important and attractive subjects for the archaeologists and anthropologists in the 70s and 80s A.D. Though The great role of trading is less emphasized in the evolution and development of the cultures and societies, it is still one of the major factors in this sense. The writer believes that without a good understanding of a social organization in a society, surveying the trading system in the society is something if not impossible, so imperfect Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
302 - The Archaeology of the Fifth Millennium BC of the Iranian Central Plateau and its Challenge
Hassan Fazeli NashliArchaeological investigation in the Qazvin plain during the 1970s presented new light to study the cultural developments of Iranian prehistory. In spite of its significance, these studies faced with two main problems of the inadequacy of using secure chronological data MoreArchaeological investigation in the Qazvin plain during the 1970s presented new light to study the cultural developments of Iranian prehistory. In spite of its significance, these studies faced with two main problems of the inadequacy of using secure chronological data and the second was that some of the excavators when found new ceramic types suggested the migration and invasion of new people within the central plateau. This paper revised the chronology of the fifth millennium BC sites based on the c14 dates and stratigraphic sequences in order to show the cultural historical approaches is not significant to understand the cultural carnages of the region. This is significant that the new chronological studies clearly show there is no relationship between the abandonment of old sites and settling of news sites. There are large gap between the sties which abandoned during the fifth millennium BC sites such as Tepe Sialk North to the emerging of new sites such as Sialk South. We suggested sits such as Sialk abandonment caused by natural phenomenon such as highly sedimentation and flooded from 5900 BC to 4500 BC and therefore such abandoned was not originated by invasion. This paper is also suggested that the fifth millennium BC communities of the Iranian central plateau can be view as tribal ranked societies and it is still too early suggest external warfare. It is important to say that when we see new ceramic types it is better to address it as an innovation and interaction rather an external stimuli for change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
303 - The Role of Sieving in the Prehistoric Pottery Industry of Iran
Farhang Khademi Nadoushan Alireza Hejebri Nobari Tahereh Azizipour Mohammad SaffariPottery is one of the arts that has remained among human societies until today. In the written sources left from the Islamic era, there are many references to sieving clay in the pottery industry. These sources indicate that the potters were familiar with sieving the so MorePottery is one of the arts that has remained among human societies until today. In the written sources left from the Islamic era, there are many references to sieving clay in the pottery industry. These sources indicate that the potters were familiar with sieving the soil through experience and knew that access to suitable mud for making pottery and for It is not possible to make glaze without sifting the soil. In this article, we discuss the importance of sieving in the prehistoric pottery industry and, referring to the results obtained from spectroscopic experiments on prehistoric pottery, we explain how sieving clay played an essential role in making and firing high-quality pottery. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
304 - A Study of Prehistoric Sites of Ijroud County of Zanjan, Based on Archeological Survey Results, Third Season
Abolfazl Aali Hamed Zifar Behnam Ghanbari Saeed ZolghadrIjroud is placed in western south of Zanjan province. As it is placed between east of Zagros and the west of Iran plateau, this city is an important place for archeological study. The third season survey was done in order to recognize historical traces of this city. Ijr MoreIjroud is placed in western south of Zanjan province. As it is placed between east of Zagros and the west of Iran plateau, this city is an important place for archeological study. The third season survey was done in order to recognize historical traces of this city. Ijroud-e-bala, western part of the Ijroud village and Saeid Abad village were considered to be survey. As a result of this survey, 75 traces related to different periods were recognized. Among all recognized precincts, 23 of them were related to Iron Age, Stone Age, Copper Age and Bronze Age. Precincts which are regarding to Stone-Bronze periods are the oldest and they are influenced by Dalma culture. Tow kind of clay were found in this precinct which one of them was simple and the other was painted. The traces related to Bronze period are concerned with middle and new periods. No traces related to old Bronze period were found. Comparison of traces showed cultural correlation with central Iran plateau in Bronze period. Cemeteries were found related to Iron Age I, II and III. All clays which were found in these cemeteries had similarities with clays which were found in Zanjan, north western of Iran and central plateau Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
305 - Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Abhar Rud Basin
Shokouh Khosravi Hamid Khatib Shahidi Hamed Vahdati Nasab Sajjad AlibaigiZanjan province, especially Abhar Rud basin, located in the middle of three cultural-geographical zones of the central plateau, west and northwest of Iran, is an important but unknown region as far as archeological studies are concerned. Climatic features, unique geogra MoreZanjan province, especially Abhar Rud basin, located in the middle of three cultural-geographical zones of the central plateau, west and northwest of Iran, is an important but unknown region as far as archeological studies are concerned. Climatic features, unique geographical situation and the exceptional location of the region on the natural pathway from the central plateau to northwest of Iran, have made this region attractive to all human groups from very old times. The geographical situation and location clearly explains why Abhar Rud basin is significant in archeological studies of Iran. However, we have little information on the changes that the region has undergone during prehistoric eras and about its relations with other cultural regions. Therefore, doing archeological researches, especially regional surveys, seem necessary. Knowing about the settlements pattern of the region can help us understand the interactions between this region and its neighboring culturalgeographical regions. Thus archeological surveys in the basin were carried out in two seasons between the years of 1382 and 1384. The surveys provided us with valuable information about the history of the settlements in the region. Here we will present the results of the archeological surveys carried out in the region and we will try to analyze them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
306 - Preliminary Report of the Prehistoric Sites Survey in Fasa Plain, 2009, Fars Province
Majid Mansouri Ahmad Ali AsadiFasa is one the most important areas in prehistoric of Fars province. Archaeological works in Fars, before and after the Islamic revolution in Iran in 1978, mostly had been epitomized to Kur River Basin. Although, the importance of prehistoric of Fasa revealed by Mirosc MoreFasa is one the most important areas in prehistoric of Fars province. Archaeological works in Fars, before and after the Islamic revolution in Iran in 1978, mostly had been epitomized to Kur River Basin. Although, the importance of prehistoric of Fasa revealed by Miroschedji’s survey in 1971-72 but he did not study this survey’s data very well and just published a brief article in 1973. Fasa surveyed again by an Iranian mission was conducted by A. A. Asadi in 2009 that 15 prehistoric sites were identified. In this paper, these 15 sites have been studied, and finally a relative chronology was suggested for each. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
307 - Analysis of the mythological story "Malik Mohammad, Malik Ahmad and Malik Jamshid" based on Joseph Campbell's theory
Marjan Aliakbarzadeh zehtab -
Open Access Article
308 - Review and Analysis of Iran's scent-bottles in Different Historical Periods
Hamidreza Mallahi Haeideh Khamseh Samad Nejad EbrahimiThe art of glassmaking in Iran, with a glorious historical background, visual richness and unparalleled beauty reached its peak of prosperity in different historical periods. Safavid and the Qajar era are among the brilliant periods of Iranian art, which in many fields, MoreThe art of glassmaking in Iran, with a glorious historical background, visual richness and unparalleled beauty reached its peak of prosperity in different historical periods. Safavid and the Qajar era are among the brilliant periods of Iranian art, which in many fields, was the continuation of the Timurid golden age. These works include the most outstanding examples of court objects, they include the most mundane objects and household utensils produced in workshops, which in each of these two groups, depending on the social class of their patrons and creators, have unique features. One of the unique glassmaking in that era was the production of scent-bottle. The root of the word "perfume" is derived from the Latin word "perfume" and means "passing smell". Scent-Bottles were containers that kept all kinds of perfumes (oily liquid, perfumes, and even pharmaceuticals) in it. Iran is one of the most important centers for the production of glass perfume bottles; however, no research has been done in this field. In this research, while taking a brief look at the historical background of glass production and its manufacturing technique, the form and motifs of Iran's glass perfume bottles have been examined and their manufacturing technique, shape, size and decorative motifs have been studied. The research method is historical-analytical and the purpose is to examine the differences and similarities of perfume bottles in different historical periods, and finally the results proved that there are fundamental differences between perfume bottles through different historical periods in Iran. Manuscript profile -
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309 - Review Paper Evolution and Prevalence of Cemeteries in Prehistoric Iran
Maryam Naseri -
Open Access Article
310 - Introduction to the influence and application of artificial intelligence in project management
Nima Najafzade kaleybar mohammad Jodeiri Abbasi reza fathipour -
Open Access Article
311 - A Storytelling Planning Process to Transform Environmental Values into Sustainable Cities and Sustainable Behaviours
Shahrzad Faryadi -
Open Access Article
312 - The Effectiveness of Social Skills Training with Storytelling on Social Behavior and Loneliness of Students with Aggressive Behavior
Abbas Ali Hossein Khanzadeh Homa Fallah Saravani Fahimeh Imankhah Mahboobe TaherAggressive behavior in children, is a common problem all over the world so, the need for increasing attention and research on effective solutions, it seems necessary, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of social skills training related to school and class MoreAggressive behavior in children, is a common problem all over the world so, the need for increasing attention and research on effective solutions, it seems necessary, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of social skills training related to school and classroom using storytelling technique on improve social behavior and decreasing loneliness of students with aggressive behavior. This is an experimental study in which pretest-posttest control group design was used. To take the purpose 30 students by Aggressive behavior diagnosis were selected by multistage random sampling from the Tehran primary schools (in Aprill educational year, 2015). Selected persons assigned in two experimental and control groups. Requirement information in this research were gathered by use of questionnaires that include of Social behavior teachers form measurement of Usher and Cassidy, loneliness of Asher and Wheeler, and Ahvaz Aggression of Zahedi and Najarian, For experimental group, Social Skills training with Storytelling were implemented at 8 weekly sessions in 60 minutes whereas control group has any training. Gathered data were analyzed by use of univariate and multivariate covariance analysis methods. the results of data analysis showed that using of social skills training related to school and classroom using storytelling technique are effective in improve total score of social behavior and deceasing loneliness in aggressive students. Based on these results, it can be said that social skills training with Storytelling can be used as a method of training programs to improve peer relations and reduce feelings of in aggressive students. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
313 - The Effectiveness of Creative Storytelling on Creativity and Problem Solving Ability of Preschool Children
Hamed Doost mohammadi Masoome Marvizadeh Ramesh Dadfar Tahere AyinThis study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of creative storytelling on creativity and problem solving ability of preschool children was conducted. Research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The study population inclu MoreThis study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of creative storytelling on creativity and problem solving ability of preschool children was conducted. Research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The study population included all preschool children (5-6 years old) in city of Yazd, that a sample of 30 subjects were selected by multistage cluster sampling and And randomly divided into two groups (n = 15) and control (n = 15). In both groups, pre-test was conducted and the experimental group and trial operation of creative storytelling and received 10 sessions and post-test for both groups. To gather data, the Tower of London and Torrance creativity questionnaire (picture form) was used. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance. The results showed that creative storytelling significantly improves problem solving ability and creativity of preschool children. Based on our results, we can say, creative storytelling can be an efficient method to improve problem solving ability and creativity of preschool children. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
314 - The Comparison Between Tow Methods of playing and storytelling in pre-school children self-help and Social skills
Maryam AfzalkhaniThe present study was conducted to compare the two methods of play and storytelling on self-help skills and social skills of preschool children in Varamin. Trascott (1989) and Spence (1999) Self-Help Skills Questionnaire were used to collect data. In order to conduct th MoreThe present study was conducted to compare the two methods of play and storytelling on self-help skills and social skills of preschool children in Varamin. Trascott (1989) and Spence (1999) Self-Help Skills Questionnaire were used to collect data. In order to conduct the research, the present study examines self-help skills and social skills through two methods of group storytelling and group play. Therefore, in this research, a quasi-experimental research method has been used with a pre-test-post-test design and It is done with the control group. Also, the statistical population of the present study includes all preschool children in Varamin. In the present study, 64 preschool children were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups including: 1- Games 2- Storytelling (each containing 16 people) and a control group of 32 people. The analysis of research data was performed by SPSS statistical software to describe the data of mean statistical indices and standard deviation and frequency distribution tables and bar graphs and in research hypotheses to keep the effect of scores from the statistical test of analysis of covariance used. The results showed that after adjusting the pre-test scores, the difference between the experimental and control groups in the variables of self-help skills and social skills is as follows. Increased There is also a significant difference between the preschool children of the experimental group and the control group in terms of social skills with pre-test control. And boy, there is no difference, and both methods are equally effective Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
315 - The effect of the implementation of the curriculum with the use of storytelling and drama (creative) and creativity learning elementary school fourth grade students in Tehran District 5
manizheh zakryabi maryam seif ali ahariatmadari ezatallah nadriIn this research the effect of using story – telling and creative – drama on the creativity of girl students at fourth – grade primary school is studied and other purpose is to give suggestions to the managers and specialists of education. Semi- experi MoreIn this research the effect of using story – telling and creative – drama on the creativity of girl students at fourth – grade primary school is studied and other purpose is to give suggestions to the managers and specialists of education. Semi- experimental method with the control group and pretest – post test is used. Statistical population of the study were girl student at fourth – grade primary school in 5 area of Tehran city in 86-87 school year, who were 4153. The sample of research was fourth – grade girl students at “Shohada school” in Cheshmeh city – town, who were 63. 32 of them were experimental group, and 31 were observed group. Information collecting instrument was Torrance creativity Test (form A). For comparing the scores of both group, T. Test is used, pre-test and post-test. Findings show that using story – telling and creative - drama in curriculum had some effects on the creativity of primary – school’s students Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
316 - “Darolfonoon” a new view to the world of knowledge
yousef motevaliDarolfonoon is irans first public school that was manged in accordance with European style. And was established by mirza taghee khan amir kabir. This school started its educational activitie sin rabialaval fifth in 1286 h/ 1851 a.d. The students were registrated there f MoreDarolfonoon is irans first public school that was manged in accordance with European style. And was established by mirza taghee khan amir kabir. This school started its educational activitie sin rabialaval fifth in 1286 h/ 1851 a.d. The students were registrated there for seven courses as follow: cavalry, infantry, artillery, engineering, medicine, and pharmacy. The teachers who were teaching there werefrom European countries. At the beginning every course had been lasted for sevenyears, but later, itreduced to four years . at this school practical teaching was as importantas theorical teaching, and equipments sueh as laboratory , pressing bouse, and library were all in serve of teaching at the beginning naseraldin was wery gondof about school activities, but gradually when liberal ideas were growing there, he became regardless to it. In spite of its earlier progresses. Darolfonoon couldnot get to its general schedules because of numerous reasons, but at least could to open anew window toward knowledye world. For Iranians. And also caused a number of them became familiar with Europe xientific gains, and reformist ideas Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
317 - The effect of storytelling and role playing on learning social skills by teachable mentally retarded children
robabeh abaresi saeed temuriThe present study investigates the effect of storytelling and role playing on learning social skills by teachable mentally retarded children. Te study is a quasi-experimental one, with pre-test, post-test and control group. The sample included 30 children who were assig MoreThe present study investigates the effect of storytelling and role playing on learning social skills by teachable mentally retarded children. Te study is a quasi-experimental one, with pre-test, post-test and control group. The sample included 30 children who were assigned randomly to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group experienced a 2.5 months of storytelling along with role playing. Based on t-test results, social skills in experimental group significantly improved. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
318 - truth telling according to king`s cruelty in Tarikh-i Bayhaqi
hossein asgharyhistorians had different kinds of obstacles in their way of writing the history in the past, and maybe the biggest problem was telling the truth according to the cruelty of the kings, and suppression of absolute society in that time can be seen variously in historical w Morehistorians had different kinds of obstacles in their way of writing the history in the past, and maybe the biggest problem was telling the truth according to the cruelty of the kings, and suppression of absolute society in that time can be seen variously in historical writings. In a quick research , these effects can be observed in the form of paradox and metaphor and sometimes vagueness with complex goals in Tarikh-i Bayhaqi . anyway Tarikh-i Bayhaqi is one of the most valuable literary works in the field of history writing. in this article we pay attention to the ways of Bayhaqi in writing the truth and we also talk about how he managed to enlighten a corner of the truth in spite of absolutism and cruelty of the king. It is obvious that in the past, historians had a complicated and difficult job at writing the truth according to the fact that they were working for the kings. so always there were obstacles in their way. they would write only what the king wanted or they would clarify a corner of the truth by means of literary tricks like metaphor an paradox so they could fulfil their obligation. Manuscript profile -
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319 - The refleetion of national and ceremonies festivities of Ghaznavite era in the book titled 'Tarikhe beihaghi'
rasol rostami farhad parvaneh mojtaba garavandOne of The manifestetionof each civilization is its.ceremonies which originates.from the cultare and rituals of its society. Abulfazl beihaghi is one of the Ghaznavi writers who has dealt with the ceremanics of his era.The main concern of this stwdy is haw these ceremoi MoreOne of The manifestetionof each civilization is its.ceremonies which originates.from the cultare and rituals of its society. Abulfazl beihaghi is one of the Ghaznavi writers who has dealt with the ceremanics of his era.The main concern of this stwdy is haw these ceremoies have been reflected in the book "Beihaghi history" by the author. The current stady has been done to investigate haw these ceremonies have been reflected in the same book. To do so we have adopted a discriptive – analytic approach to closely stady the book "Beihaghi history" and collect all the concepts and the words signifyiny those national and reteegiaus ceremonits and interpret the collected data. Based on our resuits" Beihaghi" has managed to depict all the national and relegioas ceremares of Ghaznavi era in his famaus book .national and relegioas ceremares of Ghaznavi era in his famaus book . Key words: Beihaghi, Beihaghi history, Ghaznavite era, national and religious ceremonies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
320 - truth tellingin Tarikh-i Bayhaqi
hossein asgharyhistorians had different kinds of obstacles in their way of writing the history in the past, and maybe the biggest problem was telling the truth according to the cruelty of the kings, and suppression of absolute society in that time can be seen variously in historical w Morehistorians had different kinds of obstacles in their way of writing the history in the past, and maybe the biggest problem was telling the truth according to the cruelty of the kings, and suppression of absolute society in that time can be seen variously in historical writings. In a quick research , these effects can be observed in the form of paradox and metaphor and sometimes vagueness with complex goals in Tarikh-i Bayhaqi . anyway Tarikh-i Bayhaqi is one of the most valuable literary works in the field of history writing. in this article we pay attention to the ways of Bayhaqi in writing the truth and we also talk about how he managed to enlighten a corner of the truth in spite of absolutism and cruelty of the king. It is obvious that in the past, historians had a complicated and difficult job at writing the truth according to the fact that they were working for the kings. so always there were obstacles in their way. they would write only what the king wanted or they would clarify a corner of the truth by means of literary tricks like metaphor an paradox so they could fulfil their obligation Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
321 - Social situation of people with disability in Qajar era
kamran ArvanThe purpose of this paper is to explore the documents and sources from Qajarid period to identify the status of disabled people in that time period. In addition this paper intends to detect this status in social structure and cultural and mentality content of Iranian so MoreThe purpose of this paper is to explore the documents and sources from Qajarid period to identify the status of disabled people in that time period. In addition this paper intends to detect this status in social structure and cultural and mentality content of Iranian society then present it without emotions and value judgments . On the other hand, to demonstrate disabled people’s position and social role , sociology theories and reflecting disabled people realities are utilized. The results related to Qajarid period reveal the trivial position of disabled people ,which was imposed by traditional structures of Iran society in social activities .This position and role was spread to all the political, economic, and cultural activities and a disabled person could not imagine a role for himself/herself in these social activities .The behavior originated from kinship and tribal commiseration as well as religious compassion had not been a remedy for this situation. Amir Kabir time and Constitution era , new attempts were made to change this situation, which their continuity created a new condition though partial (in time perspective) and regional (in geographical perspective). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
322 - The economic organization of Fatemiyan
hamidreza VerdiThe Economic organizations of Fatemiyan Abstract: Fatimid government (Caliphate) was established at North Africa in 909 AD (297 hegira) and it took power in Egypt in less than seventy years and consolidated the foundations of their government promptly. The present ess MoreThe Economic organizations of Fatemiyan Abstract: Fatimid government (Caliphate) was established at North Africa in 909 AD (297 hegira) and it took power in Egypt in less than seventy years and consolidated the foundations of their government promptly. The present essay is written in order to examine economy of Fatimid caliphate and its effect on stability of their government for more than two and a half century (909-1171) that has been conducted by librarian method and through referring to the valid sources of information. The major hypothesis of this is that the Fatimid could expand their political influence by means of an economic system based on trade, agriculture, and taxation and claim for caliphate over the entire Islamic world. The studied subject is that how Fatimid’s economic system operated and what financial sources they have employed for providing economic requirements and expansion of their sovereignty in Egypt and what objectives they had considered in their mind for developing these sources to acquire revenue. At last, it is expressed as conclusion that the Fatimid have benefitted from an effective and profitable economy in order to develop their political, social, ideological, and for survival of their government. Keywords: Bureaucracy, Economic history, Egyptian trade, Egyptian tax, Agriculture Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
323 - The Role of History in Political Science
seyed mohsen sadeghiHistorians study the human history and analyse the events and political scientists and politicians need to know about the history of the nation and the world and the political history of their homeland. Having a historical understanding would lead to better decision mak MoreHistorians study the human history and analyse the events and political scientists and politicians need to know about the history of the nation and the world and the political history of their homeland. Having a historical understanding would lead to better decision making by politicians for the present and the future. On the other hand, political science can be viewed as dealing with the present history, and political scientists by focusing on theories, practice the solutions to the current issues of the present and this can be viewed as a policy process for the future and making history. The role of history in this process is not a simple matter and in policy making and political science historical elements of a society cannot be ignored and this has been elaborated in various schools of thoughts and social mechanisms, i.e. path dependency. Historians study the human history and analyse the events and political scientists and politicians need to know about the history of the nation and the world and the political history of their homeland. Having a historical understanding would lead to better decision making by politicians for the present and the future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
324 - Historical course of flexibility in international treaties
عمیق amigh محمد ادیبی مهر علی پور قصاب امیریThe social developments of the day have begun to decline and disappear. But Islamic law with the feature of flexibility, has a solid and complete program to bring man to happiness in this world and the hereafter, and by maintaining dynamism, flexibility and the ability MoreThe social developments of the day have begun to decline and disappear. But Islamic law with the feature of flexibility, has a solid and complete program to bring man to happiness in this world and the hereafter, and by maintaining dynamism, flexibility and the ability to adapt to the temporal and spatial conditions in each period, the laws It has the necessary power to meet the needs of different human societies over time without changing its principles and foundations. In other words, the Islamic legal system is a living being that has changed and remained dynamic based on various temporal and spatial variables while maintaining its original and fixed identity.In this study, while stating examples of practical rules that indicate the flexibility and simplicity of Islamic law, the historical course of flexibility in treaties, factors that make it possible for Islamic laws to adapt to social changes, and strengthening the culture Flexibility and increased gravity are emphasized along with toughness.This article has been done in a descriptive-analytical method with the help of library tools and the analysis of thematic points and the inference of legal jurisprudential propositions. Manuscript profile -
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325 - Review of reforms and adjustments in the Ottoman country and the influence of Iranian intellectuals on Ottoman settings
parvin ranjbarReview:The common features of Iran and Osmani in the nineteenth century were an attempt to modernize. The leaders of these two countries were in a position to rebuild foreign stimulus, and the Iranian modernization program was partially affected by the Ottoman Empire. T MoreReview:The common features of Iran and Osmani in the nineteenth century were an attempt to modernize. The leaders of these two countries were in a position to rebuild foreign stimulus, and the Iranian modernization program was partially affected by the Ottoman Empire. These effects, due to various political, cultural and historical issues, brought about the challenges of modernization. The two countries are somewhat similar to Zia.Along with the efforts of the Ottoman intellectuals in Iran, some of the governorates have also made progress in reforming them. There are factors such as the cultural relations of Dumlest in history, the two countries' neighbors, long borders, Muslimship of the two countries and common hostility in the name of Russia, the possibility of Iran's modernization of the Ottoman And the reconciliation of the corrective programs of the two Muslim countries and neighboring countries.Given such a premise, the basis of the recent research is the question of what was the cause of the attitude of some Ottoman rulers and Iran in the nineteenth century to the phenomenon of modernization?What are some of the challenges facing reform and regulation in both countries?How has the Ottoman state influenced Iran's ideas and attitudes?The purpose of this article is to answer the top questions of a historical context using historical data by descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile -
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326 - Critique of the common sense of the Enlightenment from the perspective of Herder's historical thought
maryam Darbanian bijan abdolkarimiHistorical thinking refers to the attitude that considers man and his thinking in his historical and social context and considers any understanding, cognition, interpretation and action of man as historical. In contrast, non-historical thinking, influenced by Aristoteli MoreHistorical thinking refers to the attitude that considers man and his thinking in his historical and social context and considers any understanding, cognition, interpretation and action of man as historical. In contrast, non-historical thinking, influenced by Aristotelian essentialist thought and Cartesian mathematical reason, considers a single and universal meaning of reason,which it considers the criterion and benchmark of all historical periods. The main question of the article is with what attitude does Herder criticize the common interpretation of the Enlightenment and the purpose of this research is to examine the aspects of his criticisms in this field. Therefore, his views have been studied by descriptive-analytical method. Herder's philosophy of history is based on the principle of the dynamics of history and this dynamism is the result of movement and dynamism of human nature as a result of movement and dynamism of his thinking and thought.Herder believes in the historical nature of thought, and consequently in language, culture, religion, and all human dignity in general and considers all nations to share in the realization of a common goal, namely "humanity", according to their historical circumstances. Hence,as one of the historical philosophers, he criticizes the position of Enlightenment thinkers and opposes the common view of this age, which saw modern reason as the benchmark for measuring all things.The research hypothesis is that everyone considers non-historical thinking to be abstract, unrealistic and incapable of understanding the historical and cultural facts of each historical period and he believes that correct understanding is historical understanding. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
327 - Historical course of the presence of shamans and shamanic beliefs in human societies
zahra paridokhtan mohamad ghaderi mohamad sharifian hosien asghariBedouin Shamanism, Which Has Its Roots In Tens Of Thousands Of Years Ago, Can Be Considered A Kind Of Primitive Magic And A Special Ability That Is Effective With The Help Of Spirits And Inorganic Beings In Healing The Sick And In Accidents And Misfortunes. The Shaman H MoreBedouin Shamanism, Which Has Its Roots In Tens Of Thousands Of Years Ago, Can Be Considered A Kind Of Primitive Magic And A Special Ability That Is Effective With The Help Of Spirits And Inorganic Beings In Healing The Sick And In Accidents And Misfortunes. The Shaman Had The Power To Come Out Of His Body And, With The Help Of His Guardian Spirit, Enter The Realm Of Spirits, Where He Would Destroy The Spirits That Had Caused Him Personal Illness And Suffering.In This Article, With The Aim Of Who Are The Shamans And What Are Their Characteristics, When And In What Lands Did They Appear And In Which Societies Did They Appear Or Have More Manifestations, The Historical Course Of The Presence Of Shamans And Shamanic Ritual In Different Climates And Places. Descriptive-Analytical Method And A Library With Consideration And Study Of Historical, Religious And Mystical Books And Poetic Works From The Past To The Present.The Results Show That The "Shaman" Or "Shaman" Is A Magical-Religious Phenomenon That Appeared In Primitive Societies, Including The Eskimos And The Zoroastrian Era, And Its Remnants Spread Over Much Of Central, North, Siberia, The Urals And Altai. . Shaman Has Even Been The Primary Religion Of All Mongol And Tatar Ethnic Groups And Ethnic Groups. This Culture And Beliefs Are Still Found Among Various Ethnic Groups And Communities, Including The North American Indians And The Natives Of Australia And Malaysia, And Even Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
328 - Le rôle de l'éthique dans l'adhésion aux traités internationaux dans l'histoire contemporaine de l'Iran
omid amigh mohamad adibi ali porEthics in adherence to international treaties has always been considered by philosophers, scientists and jurists, especially in the contemporary history of Iran, as a rational necessity and a necessity of a healthy social life. Governments are logically inclined to main MoreEthics in adherence to international treaties has always been considered by philosophers, scientists and jurists, especially in the contemporary history of Iran, as a rational necessity and a necessity of a healthy social life. Governments are logically inclined to maintain their material and spiritual assets, especially their international prestige; And the ethics of commitment and responsibility will greatly help to increase that capital. Thus, adherence to the ethics of the treaty has often been used as a way to legitimize individuals in societies and has become a solid intangible guarantee during legal and political guarantees.By examining it in jurisprudence and law, in addition to explaining the extent to which governments adhere to treaties and treaties, especially in the international arena, which has always been a concern of governments in the history of nations, can also be considered by the country's diplomatic apparatus. To take. Therefore, in this article, by examining the role of ethics in the need to adhere to international treaties as one of the principles of foreign relations of the Islamic State and the basis of Islamic ethics in treaties, the distinction and commonality of ethics and law, citing verses, hadiths, reason And the international custom, following the basic solutions, deals with the duty of ethics in the law of international treaties in the contemporary history of Iran. Because the author believes that if the position of ethics in such sensitive international relations and its observance is properly explained, they will achieve it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
329 - An Analysis of Madaʾini Approaches in Writing History
hosein moradi nasabMadaʾini has vast knowledge and intelligence that is evident in writing various historical topics. His method of recording historical events was novel And it has preserved a valuable treasure for future generations. He was able to add new types to Islamic historiography MoreMadaʾini has vast knowledge and intelligence that is evident in writing various historical topics. His method of recording historical events was novel And it has preserved a valuable treasure for future generations. He was able to add new types to Islamic historiography by writing on various topics. This research was obtained through analytical method and study of original sources, from the lab of texts to his writings. His approach is based on religious beliefs and social beliefs, that shows his sense of responsibility towards the society of that time. This article answers that question what approach did Madani take in writing history; And what new forms it has created in Islamic historiography?The result is that he has paid attention to new issues in the biography of the Prophet and Shiite Imams with a new approach. On anthropology and social issues, He has written about prominent figures in society, recognize enemy, and women. Manuscript profile -
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330 - A reflection on the designs of the crowns of the Sassanid kings based on the religious, political and economic aspects of their time
majid jalil masir mohammad karim jamaliyousef esmaeel sangari ahmad kamrani farSocial history examines a wide range of different aspects of past human life and culture. A comprehensive study of the social history of any nation requires attention to all the causes and factors that are involved in the process of shaping their social history, which i MoreSocial history examines a wide range of different aspects of past human life and culture. A comprehensive study of the social history of any nation requires attention to all the causes and factors that are involved in the process of shaping their social history, which is one of the most influential components in the social history and collective identity of nations. In the Sassanid period, one of the most valuable legacies left from the artistic past is that the language of communication includes the meanings of their feelings, relationships, thoughts and ideas. By studying these works, the researcher will gain a clear understanding of their social, political, historical life, customs and beliefs. The purpose of this study is to identify and study the social history of the Sassanids as a great culture of ancient Iran based on the design and role of their crown. This research is based on the purpose of basic research and based on the nature and method of analytical-historical research. How to collect information in this research is a documentary method (library) based on which all historical sources and evidence have been studied. The results of this study show many symbolic concepts of the crown designs of Sassanid kings that can be studied by studying these designs and recognizing the hidden concepts in it to some extent to the prevailing social, political and religious situation and the independence and strength of the government and other political events. And achieved the social of that period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
331 - The historical course of critical knowledge in Europe
Bahman ModiriAt the same time as the philosophical and literary campaigns in ancient Greece, the rhetoricians of the western civilization basin paid attention to critical knowledge and evaluated and judged the content and message of the poems and writings of writers. Three famous ph MoreAt the same time as the philosophical and literary campaigns in ancient Greece, the rhetoricians of the western civilization basin paid attention to critical knowledge and evaluated and judged the content and message of the poems and writings of writers. Three famous philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, by analyzing poetry and speech criticism, made the issues of literary criticism a rule, and gradually, the art of criticism found a privileged place in European literature. This article, with a descriptive-analytical approach, aims to reflect on the flow of theorizing in the field of criticism in a passing perspective and illustrate the development and excellence of the knowledge of criticism in the history of Western literature. The result of the research shows that criticism began with philosophy and the questioning of Greek philosophers became an indicator for the evaluation of literary texts to the point where in the period of infancy, classical texts were also criticized and with such thinking and legacy, new schools of criticism emerged. Schools that are based on the combination of the most constructive and enlightened opinions and with their various manifestations introduce literature as a systematic and independent knowledge Manuscript profile -
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332 - Rashid o Din Fazlolah and history writing in Mongols era
amir akbariRashid o Din Fazlolah Hamadany, the great historian of Il Khani era, was a minister of Khazan and Aljayto for twenty minutes. Besides cultural reforms, he was credited with writing 52 books. Among his works, Jameo Tavarikh ( The Encyclopedia of History) is of great valu MoreRashid o Din Fazlolah Hamadany, the great historian of Il Khani era, was a minister of Khazan and Aljayto for twenty minutes. Besides cultural reforms, he was credited with writing 52 books. Among his works, Jameo Tavarikh ( The Encyclopedia of History) is of great value. Mongols who were interested in history created conditions for the growth of history writing. This gave scholars like Rashid o Din an opportunity to use all resources available to create great works such as Jameo Tavarikh. He used all documents about Il Khani from many nations to write Jameo Tavarikh as a universal book to fit Mongols empire. His book is actually is a collection of general, mythical history, local history, nations, geographical history and social, economic, epical, religious, ….developments. It can be regarded as a turning point in history writing and specifically in Mongols era. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
333 - Truth tellingin Tarikh-i Bayhaqi
hossien asgariHistorians had different kinds of obstacles in their way of writing the history in the past, and maybe the biggest problem was telling the truth according to the cruelty of the kings, and suppression of absolute society in that time can be seen variously in historical w MoreHistorians had different kinds of obstacles in their way of writing the history in the past, and maybe the biggest problem was telling the truth according to the cruelty of the kings, and suppression of absolute society in that time can be seen variously in historical writings. In a quick research, these effects can be observed in the form of paradox and metaphor and sometimes vagueness with complex goals in Tarikh-i Bayhaqi . Anyway Tarikh-i Bayhaqi is one of the most valuable literary works in the field of history writing. in this article we pay attention to the ways of Bayhaqi in writing the truth and we also talk about how he managed to enlighten a corner of the truth in spite of absolutism and cruelty of the king. It is obvious that in the past, historians had a complicated and difficult job at writing the truth according to the fact that they were working for the kings. so always there were obstacles in their way. they would write only what the king wanted or they would clarify a corner of the truth by means of literary tricks like metaphor an paradox so they could fulfil their obligation Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
334 - Issues and Evidence of Expediency in the Holy Prophets foreign policy
ali salmanporRecognizing expediency in issues and applying them as a natural behavior in the rational choice model is considered essential and inevitable in human life. Besides spiritual and religious development, the Holy prophet aimed at managing every day life and current issues MoreRecognizing expediency in issues and applying them as a natural behavior in the rational choice model is considered essential and inevitable in human life. Besides spiritual and religious development, the Holy prophet aimed at managing every day life and current issues correctly. Therefore, ample evidence support his being expedient, recognizing the essentials and realistic . According to Ghazali, this keeps religion, lives , rationality race and wealth safe, which is every ones responsibility not to waste any of them or part of each. Evidence of the Holy Prophets expediency can be seen both in war and peace, both in Mecca and Medine, and also in souch issues such as Yomodar invitation, immigration to Habashe, Tayef journey, immigration to Medine, Hodaybie peace treaty, encouraging Muslims, etc can be clearly seen. These issues and related considerations are the main focus of the present study as seen essential, enough discussion has been provided Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
335 - A speculation at Political currier of "Memories and Dangers" of Mehdi Quli Khan Mokhber Al-Saltaneh Hedayat
usef motvaliThe longest period of Prime Ministry position during Reza Shah was served by Mehdi Quli Khan Mokhber Al-Saltaneh Hedayat. He served this position from 1306 to 1312 for 6 years. He has written his memory which covers his life during the Seven Qajari kings and Pahlavi, en MoreThe longest period of Prime Ministry position during Reza Shah was served by Mehdi Quli Khan Mokhber Al-Saltaneh Hedayat. He served this position from 1306 to 1312 for 6 years. He has written his memory which covers his life during the Seven Qajari kings and Pahlavi, entitle of "Memories and Dangers". The picture he has tired to show from himself in this book differs totally or some time is in contrast to what we know about his political currier comparing with other sources. In this book he has tried introduce himself as anti-western and against foreign influence and against despotism and Reza Shah's Reform, but his currier show something else. However, the main purpose of this paper is showing that contrast in this book. In this paper it has been tried, base on some other sources and documents and by using historical research methods to examine the character of Mehdi Quli Khan Mokhber Al-Saltaneh Hedayat, as it was, not as he introduced himself in his book. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
336 - Research in historiography Bayhaqī Author profile
auoob mansuriIn this article we tried to say : the Beihaghi history,beyond the colloquial sense about the history book,in fact is an expressive moral,social and literary book, and in addition to having the features of reports,newspaper and film composing, it is like a historical sto MoreIn this article we tried to say : the Beihaghi history,beyond the colloquial sense about the history book,in fact is an expressive moral,social and literary book, and in addition to having the features of reports,newspaper and film composing, it is like a historical story and its a history of another kind. This article is ful of rhetoric and is a mirror of Beihaghi period. The Beihaghis excellent and quasi-cinematic descriptions is a place for contemplation. One of the most efficient and dramatic descriptions in Beihaghi history appears on «the gallows of Hasanak.» Beihaghi is awar of his moral duty,and his work is like an ethical book and his language is a courteous language,he does not use of discourteous words and makes decorous and trim sentences,the length and width he has given to his work, has broken the narrow frame of history and led his work to the realm of literature and novels. Beihaghi, with ambition,assiduity and patience in observing and recording the details and displaying the events and characterization and writing the dialogues and creating a sense of suspense in the audience, could write the first Persian historical novel with most central element ,namely characterization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
337 - Titles and epithets used by sovereigns in Iran before Islamic period
mehrangiz kiyaniIn ancient Iran sovereigns used many titles and epithets in order to spread their thoughts and views. Some of them were chosen following the predecessors and some other were chosen under the influence of different factors in the passage of time. By using tit MoreIn ancient Iran sovereigns used many titles and epithets in order to spread their thoughts and views. Some of them were chosen following the predecessors and some other were chosen under the influence of different factors in the passage of time. By using titles and epithets, sovereigns mostly intended to obtain absolute power, superiority and piety among people. Studying titles and epithets of sovereigns in ancient times and also effective factors in forming them becomes possible by paying attention to the history and civilization of past peoples. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
338 - The Gardens of Ghaznavids period : usages (according to the History of Beyhagi)
shahrzad sasanpourThe history of Beyhagi is not only one of the most famous Persian literary texts, But, in turn, it is an important source of cultural and social history of Iran in ghaznavids period. In this book, there are many entries about artists, architectural monuments and artwork MoreThe history of Beyhagi is not only one of the most famous Persian literary texts, But, in turn, it is an important source of cultural and social history of Iran in ghaznavids period. In this book, there are many entries about artists, architectural monuments and artworks including governmental and private gardens.This paper intend to study, from a social-cultural perspective, usages of gardens in this period. The main question of this research is whether the governmental gardens were built during this period only as a symbol of the glory of kings, to represent or they have other usages also. To answer this question, by examining the text, the relevant material was collected and classified and using descriptive-analytical method was set. The findings were organized in two parts: The first part, deals the garden features in the cities of Ghazni, Herat, Balkh, Nishapur, and the second part studies the usages of gardens from political, military, administrative, religious, sporting and recreational aspects of early Ghaznavids period Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
339 - Survey of The role and position of scholars and figures in North Khorasan promoting culture and civilization in Iran
usef motvaliNorth Khorasan origin men and women in different fields of science major religious and political culture in which each of their time on the Iranian culture and character of the area affected thoughts. The characters that in the Persian encyclopedia named as figure MoreNorth Khorasan origin men and women in different fields of science major religious and political culture in which each of their time on the Iranian culture and character of the area affected thoughts. The characters that in the Persian encyclopedia named as figures and celebrities which after their period for various reasons got special fame and reputation. Revision reconstruction and readout rate this influence and to prevent being forgotten scientific cultural and political figures, celebrities and the undeniable necessity for present and future generations for thousands of everyday experience, these characters is that their efforts on process civilizational and cultural development in their community have been Upper transition. North Khorasan, despite the historical richness of culture in the field of written history is very low and so poor that it is proper history and culture of recognition and history and impact of effective figures in various fields has not been paid. However, this paper made an attempt to address the role and place of these peoples to promote Iranian culture and civilization era is different. This article first role in the transformation of Fame North Khorasan refers to society and then some of those dimensions Shkhsyts case has been investigated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
340 - Historicism of Hafiz-e Shirazi
mohammad tayebiThe present paper with regard to Divan (Poetical works) and poems of Hafiz-e Shirazi discusses the extent of his attitude to the history knowledge, historical issues and related events and characters, subsets of his field as well as explanation and clarification of poin MoreThe present paper with regard to Divan (Poetical works) and poems of Hafiz-e Shirazi discusses the extent of his attitude to the history knowledge, historical issues and related events and characters, subsets of his field as well as explanation and clarification of point, and introduction of the roles of symbols and patterns based on historical and literary sources and references. The research findings in this field imply that the said poet was familiar with religious and national history and this very familiarity caused, far from detailed descriptions and explanations of events and biography of historical figures, whether positive or negative, induce on audience the most prolific historical interpretations and learnings through concise and precise sayings. In selecting the exemplary symbols and happenings Hafiz has considered the different branches of history his most considered figures, however, have been chosen from ancient and mythical eras and history of prophets. There is no doubt that one of the fascinating and effective symbols of the poet and his poems influenced on his Iranian and non. Iranian audience is his proper knowledge and understanding of history, realistic historicism selection and remittance of message with prolific historical concepts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
341 - Historical process of Iranian music from ancient era until emergence of Safawids
hamidreza safakish mahmoud seyedIranians believe that music is soul’s food and perfected form of human art which is created for making deep emotions in listeners’ heart. The value and importance of this art in history is its role to balance between people so is said that where talk MoreIranians believe that music is soul’s food and perfected form of human art which is created for making deep emotions in listeners’ heart. The value and importance of this art in history is its role to balance between people so is said that where talk stops, the music starts. Human beings have demanded to find a remedy for decreasing their pains and anxieties, put them in a timeless world and complete their psychological – spiritual and godly recognition. The author in this article is going to survey and study the historical process of music and the change of elements which have effected on its promotion and its fall from the ancient era until safawids. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
342 - Afghanistan and Iran from continuity to discontinuity
yusef motevaliLand which has called Afghanistan, had common history with Iran For various reasons such as climate, geographic, culture and religious .The northern and western parts of this country had comprehensive alliance with Iran until the fall MoreLand which has called Afghanistan, had common history with Iran For various reasons such as climate, geographic, culture and religious .The northern and western parts of this country had comprehensive alliance with Iran until the fall of Nader Shah Afshar, but after his death and his territory Analyze was steps into the way of discontinuity from Iran. However, Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founder of the independent Afghan government did not set themselves apart from Iran, but Statistics developments in the region, especially the British colonial policy provided the complete rupture areas to the governments of eastern regions of Khorasan. Revision of this rupture from power of the hierarchy of the job Barack and Sdvzayy to the Treaty of Paris and the separation of Herat is the subject of the present article, which codify with using historical research and cite to some of Iranians and Afghanis resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
343 - Historical sociology approach in Iran at the last 200 years
reza ali mohseniDevelopment and progress of each country is influenced by its structures and functions. political , cultural, legal and religious foundations are the main origin of society. The efficiency of main foundations and structures of a society indicate not only characteristics MoreDevelopment and progress of each country is influenced by its structures and functions. political , cultural, legal and religious foundations are the main origin of society. The efficiency of main foundations and structures of a society indicate not only characteristics, properties and content of structures of a nation, but also is a basis for development and progress of that country as well. On the other hand, the present status of each society mostly turns toward the status of its foundations and structures in the past. This article has studied the structural aspects of Iran in the last 200 years with a historical sociological approach. In study of these aspects, economical, political , cultural , educational , legal and religious structures have been focused in particular. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
344 - The representation of Islam factor in the historical reports of Qajar era.
mohsen khaliliHistory means research on events that at a certain time have been taken into account, observed and kept in mind by researchers and has built a structure of the story about same events. Reality is greater than history and in terms of number exceeds it highly. This leads MoreHistory means research on events that at a certain time have been taken into account, observed and kept in mind by researchers and has built a structure of the story about same events. Reality is greater than history and in terms of number exceeds it highly. This leads into identity generating. In this sense, identity is a criterion that historical event can be studied based on it. As we speak of identity as a process, indeed, we have spoke of the continuity of phenomenon having become historical in response to the questions of a people, group, ethno or nation about his past. With reviewing eight historical works, writer has sought to study the factor of Islamic identity in historical reports of Qajar era Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
345 - A study on the reasons of changing Caliphate center from Medina to Kufa (35-40 A.H)
Ali Akbar KhadrizadehThe necessity for moving center of Islamic Caliphate is among those subjects which always mattered during different period of Islamic history and follow-ed by important effects. Changing the center of Islamic Caliphate from Medina – as the first Islamic government MoreThe necessity for moving center of Islamic Caliphate is among those subjects which always mattered during different period of Islamic history and follow-ed by important effects. Changing the center of Islamic Caliphate from Medina – as the first Islamic government capital – to newly established city of Kufa, is considered one of the most important events of highness Ali (peace be upon him) Caliphate period. This alteration played an important role in shaping political events between 35 to 40 A.H. This city established in 17 A.H during Omar Caliphate, used as a military base and logistic center to make sure Arab achievements in Iran would continue, but eventually by increasing emigration of Arab tribes, Kufa became an important effective center in political and cultural affairs and served this special place during the Caliphate of highness Ali (PBUH) and Umayyad dynasty. On this basis, the article tries to survey briefly the reasons of changing Caliphate center from Medina to Kufa. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
346 - Shiite political position in contemporary Afghanistan, emphasizing the harm it
Seyyd Ghasem Razaghi Mosavi mohamad amin mirzaiNearly thirty percent (30%) of the Afghanistan population is Shia. The findings emphasize the concept of justice in Islam and human experiences based on equality and the role of all the people of a territory to show the need for inclusive participation of people in all MoreNearly thirty percent (30%) of the Afghanistan population is Shia. The findings emphasize the concept of justice in Islam and human experiences based on equality and the role of all the people of a territory to show the need for inclusive participation of people in all areas, especially power. This article Review the Political history OF contemporary Shiites to know threats within and outside the group as well. In reviews on Afghanistan this question is raised that what is the role of the Shiites in the political structure of contemporary Afghanistan. Formation of political power in Afghanistan without Shias, Ambiguity and tension in relations, is a situation that pervades the entire modern history of the country. There are serious obstacles for Shia to achieve the power structure, therefore it is necessary to Review Shiite political role and its challenges. Due to internal and external challenges, the Shiites are not present in the political structure of Afghanistan. Methods to achieve the objectives of this research is the study of political changes of Shiites and analysis. The absence of Shiites in power, have multiple reasons and they should identify the problems and their solutions. The results of this study are Explanation of internal and external challenges of Shiite group like Ethnic and discriminatory approach in Afghanistan Power System, Lack of political system, strategic plan among Shiites. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
347 - Tarikh-e Qom: Survey information sources
Omid Sepehri Rad ali aramjoAs regard to the document of knowledge of history, historical writings credits, in the first step, depends on the reliability of sources and how to use them. Thus, the bibliography of historical writings, especially local histories mainly written by feelings of patrioti MoreAs regard to the document of knowledge of history, historical writings credits, in the first step, depends on the reliability of sources and how to use them. Thus, the bibliography of historical writings, especially local histories mainly written by feelings of patriotism, is necessary. The present research meanwhile, study information resources of author of History of Qom, also discussed about how he used them. Reserch findings represents that author in addition to the common resources which are used by muslim historians, widely from documentary sources - though not paid for their independent identity from the source book - and also he has benefited from archaeological observations in their reports. Qomi on the underlying court documents and report, he measured other news and reports on the basis of them. Qomi although not used the monuments and old buildings as a source of information , but in different positions he has pointed out to them in order to develop descriptions and complete the report. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
348 - “Darolfonoon” a new view to the world of knowledge
yosef motavalli haghighiDarolfonoon is irans first public school that was manged in accordance with European style. And was established by mirza taghee khan amir kabir. This school started its educational activitie sin rabialaval fifth in 1286 h/ 1851 a.d. The students were registrated ther MoreDarolfonoon is irans first public school that was manged in accordance with European style. And was established by mirza taghee khan amir kabir. This school started its educational activitie sin rabialaval fifth in 1286 h/ 1851 a.d. The students were registrated there for seven courses as follow: cavalry, infantry, artillery, engineering, medicine, and pharmacy. The teachers who were teaching there werefrom European countries. At the beginning every course had been lasted for sevenyears, but later, itreduced to four years . at this school practical teaching was as importantas theorical teaching, and equipments sueh as laboratory , pressing bouse, and library were all in serve of teaching at the beginning naseraldin was wery gondof about school activities, but gradually when liberal ideas were growing there, he became regardless to it. In spite of its earlier progresses. Darolfonoon couldnot get to its general schedules because of numerous reasons, but at least could to open anew window toward knowledye world. For Iranians. And also caused a number of them became familiar with Europe xientific gains, and reformist ideas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
349 - The Role of History in Political Science
mohsen sadegiHistorians study the human history and analyse the events and political scientists and politicians need to know about the history of the nation and the world and the political history of their homeland. Having a historical understanding would lead to better decision mak MoreHistorians study the human history and analyse the events and political scientists and politicians need to know about the history of the nation and the world and the political history of their homeland. Having a historical understanding would lead to better decision making by politicians for the present and the future. On the other hand, political science can be viewed as dealing with the present history, and political scientists by focusing on theories, practice the solutions to the current issues of the present and this can be viewed as a policy process for the future and making history. The role of history in this process is not a simple matter and in policy making and political science historical elements of a society cannot be ignored and this has been elaborated in various schools of thoughts and social mechanisms, i.e. path dependency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
350 - Study on shiism and Sufism places in safavids policy
Yosef Motavali HaghighiSafavids were the first Iran's government (kingdom) who could made anImportand and useful combination between shi ism and safism and setupthir government an it. These two important elements had a determiningrole in different political issues such as, military, economic, MoreSafavids were the first Iran's government (kingdom) who could made anImportand and useful combination between shi ism and safism and setupthir government an it. These two important elements had a determiningrole in different political issues such as, military, economic, religious andin all their government aspects shiism as the most important thought ofsafavids government made wide changes in Iran sociely. Althoughsafavids kings religious behaviors with shiism and the scholars weren’tthe same ,like dismiss . of fagraup of Iranian shiit scholars and Invitationof scholars jibah Amel in lebonan JiB ALAMEL scholers tried toset upthe Ideas of shiit government in Iran. But soon they understonded thatthe main point in their invidatian was to firm the polidical life of shi itkings.Though they never stoped trying to gain control over palidical power andthey could gain power during some weals safavid kings.The net wery important element in safavid king power after shi ism wasSufism. Befor safavids use shi ism for their political aims they were sufi.And after that they tried to gain material power through Sufism thoughtsand it got faster whe timur (goorlcani) sat free a group of ttoman(osmanlis) slaves to khoeh ali. Safavid sufies whom absolutely obeyedtheir masters were the most important weapon for safavids in gainingpower. Although some times after safavid dynasty sat up, the ill_use ofsome suflism radical thought caused tensions between safavid kings andsufids. To solve and decrease these ten sions safavid rulers decreasedtheir connections with masters and that in long term causes the weaknessof sufids and consguently caused the weakness of safavids. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
351 - The Effect of Storytelling through Puppets on Speaking Fluency and Motivation of preintermediate Iranian English as Foreign language learners
Robab Ahmadi Zohre Mohamadi -
Open Access Article
352 - Groping Feedback Types on Interactional Patterns via Storytelling among EFL Iranian Young learners
marjan vosoughee mahshid Hosseini -
Open Access Article
353 - Evaluation of Torsional Single Story Structure During Earthquake According to Canadian provision
Seiyed Ali Haj Seiyed Taghia Masoud Ebrahimi Abdoulreza Sarvghad Moghadamc -
Open Access Article
354 - Effects of the Soil-Foundation-Structure Interaction on the Component Demand Modifier Factor of Concrete Gravity Beams based on ASCE 41-06 Standard
A Azarbakht E Rajabi -
Open Access Article
355 - Performance of Mid-rise Buildings with Tubular Structure Under the Effect of Near Field Earthquakes
Hooman Mazlooma Maryam Firoozi Nezamabadi -
Open Access Article
356 - A methodology for Determining the Seismic Vulnerability of Old Concrete Highway Bridges by Using Fragility Curves
Araliya Mosleh jose jara Humberto Varum -
Open Access Article
357 - Probabilistic Evaluation of Seismic Performance of RC Bridges in Iran
Mehran Seyed Razzaghi M. Safarkhanlou -
Open Access Article
358 - Assessment of ASCE 41-06 Pushover Procedure in Performance Evaluation of Concrete Vertical Irregular Buildings
Ehsan Danesh Dezfuli armin Aziminejadb -
Open Access Article
359 - Seismic Performance of Torsionally Stiff and Flexible Single Story Buildings Designed Based on Iranian Seismic Code(Standard 2800)
Seiyed Ali Haj Seiyed Taghia A.S. Moghadam -
Open Access Article
360 - The Effect of Compressive Strength Reduction of Column Section Expose due to Freezing-Thawing Cycles on the Seismic Performance of Bridges
Saeideh Alsadat Mousavi Mehran Seyed Razzaghi -
Open Access Article
361 - Reflection of the Islamic revolution Reza Baraheni's stories Based on the analysis the content analysis method
Vahideh Jedari Ali Ramazani Reza aghayarizahedReza Brahni (1401-1314) is a prominent contemporary critic, poet and storyteller, his stories are a reflection of the political conditions of Iran before the Islamic Revolution and the events of the revolution period. He has written the stories "Song of the Dead", "Secr MoreReza Brahni (1401-1314) is a prominent contemporary critic, poet and storyteller, his stories are a reflection of the political conditions of Iran before the Islamic Revolution and the events of the revolution period. He has written the stories "Song of the Dead", "Secrets of My Land", "Well to the Well" and "What happened after the wedding" based on the Islamic Revolution. In these stories, Baraheni, as an intellectual, aims to describe the society of the Pahlavi dynasty and express the political, cultural and economic problems of the society and has emphasized the conflict between the revolutionary forces and the elements of the Pahlavi dynasty. In this article, in a descriptive and analytical case, the four stories have been analyzed with the approach of sociology of literature. The results show : the confrontation of the revolutionary people with the elements of the regime is intellectual struggle, student protests, street demonstrations, armed guerrilla activities against the regime, the efforts of the people against the elements of the regime. And in opposition to them, torturing and killing the fighters, trying to suppress the revolutionary demonstrations, is the activity of the regime elements . Suffocation, tyranny, poverty and corruption are the main features of the society that show the harsh conditions of the people and the vulgar life of the regime Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
362 - The Causes of Continuing Left Parties Before and After the Islamic Revolution in Iran
mohammad taghe sadegh famian ghadim mohammad tohidfamResearch on the history of Iran's contemporary developments since the 1979 Islamic Revolution has always been cited as a turning point in the study of historical and social events. As the backgrounds of the revolution of the 1940s and 1950s shaped, political forces and MoreResearch on the history of Iran's contemporary developments since the 1979 Islamic Revolution has always been cited as a turning point in the study of historical and social events. As the backgrounds of the revolution of the 1940s and 1950s shaped, political forces and parties made different behaviors and decisions in response to this great revolutionary movement. One of the most important forces and political parties of the Left in the Second Pahlavi era is the Tudeh Party of Iran. This research is based on a descriptive-analytical research method that seeks to answer its main question. The main question of this study is how do the reasons for the continuation of the Left parties, especially the Tudeh Party, differ before and after the Islamic Revolution in Iran? One of the main reasons for the continuation of the Left parties, especially the Tudeh Party, is the social base of the Tudeh Party and its leaders before the 1979 Islamic Revolution, which failed to accompany the Islamic Revolution after the Islamic Revolution and to one of the opposition groups. Became Islamic. Alongside this internal cause, we can observe the change in the relations of the great powers after the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran. With the collapse of the rigid bipolar system, the pro-opposition forces inside Iran withdrew their support, forcing them to continue operating inside Iran. The Tudeh Party is at the forefront of these forces Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
363 - تاثیر تکنیک داستان، ترجمه به زبان اول و حل پازل از طریق واتس اپ بر یادگیری ضرب المثل ها بین زبان آموزان سطح متوسط ایرانی
اعظم علی سرائی سید عبدالمجید طباطبائی لطفی سید امیرحسین سرکشیکیاناین تحقیق تاثیر تکنیکهای داستان ، ترجمه به زبان اول ، و حل پازل از طریق شکلکهای نرم افزار واتس اپ بر یادگیری ضرب المثلهای انگلیسی توسط زبان آموزان خارجی را بررسی کرد. از بین 90 زبان آموز سطح متوسطه از دو آموزشگاه زبان در قم ، 60 دانش آموز هم سطح بر اساس تست مهارت Moreاین تحقیق تاثیر تکنیکهای داستان ، ترجمه به زبان اول ، و حل پازل از طریق شکلکهای نرم افزار واتس اپ بر یادگیری ضرب المثلهای انگلیسی توسط زبان آموزان خارجی را بررسی کرد. از بین 90 زبان آموز سطح متوسطه از دو آموزشگاه زبان در قم ، 60 دانش آموز هم سطح بر اساس تست مهارت نلسون و تست اولیه انتخاب شدند. 60 نمونه انتخابی سپس به 3 گروه تجربی به تعداد برابر تقسیم شدند. گروه تجربی اول با استفاده از تکنیک داستان مورد آموزش قرار گرفتند. گروه دوم به شیوه ترجمه به زبان اول و گروه سوم در معرض یادگیری از طریق شکلکهای نرم افزار واتس اپ قرارگرفتند. در ادامه 3 گروه در آزمون تست آخر شبیه تست ابتدایی شرکت کردند. اطلاعات بر اساس نتایج ANOVA مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که حل معما از طریق واتس اپ بیشترین تاثیر را داشت و همچنین نشان داد که سطح یاد گیری دانش آموزان از طریق داستان نسبت به ترجمه زبان اول بالاتر بود. نتایج این تحقیق میتواند کمک بزرگی در جهت آموزش زبان از طریق تکنولوژی باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
364 - نقش طرح ذهنی ساز آموزش تاریخچه واژگان در تقویت مهارت خواندن
غلامرضا عباسیان سعید مسکوکیانبه لحاظ روش شناسی، تدریس واژگان در طول تاریخ آموزش زبان با فراز و نشیب قابل ملاحظه ای مواجه شده است. بدین معنا که زمانی تدریس واژگان با ارکان دیگر زبان تلفیق و زمانی دیگر بعنوان رکنی مجزا به آن پرداخته می شد. لیکن در فرایند تدریس و یادگیری واژگان متغیرهای متعددی تاثیر گ Moreبه لحاظ روش شناسی، تدریس واژگان در طول تاریخ آموزش زبان با فراز و نشیب قابل ملاحظه ای مواجه شده است. بدین معنا که زمانی تدریس واژگان با ارکان دیگر زبان تلفیق و زمانی دیگر بعنوان رکنی مجزا به آن پرداخته می شد. لیکن در فرایند تدریس و یادگیری واژگان متغیرهای متعددی تاثیر گذار میباشند که در این میان متغیر تاریخچه واژگان به عنوان راهکار طرح کلی که تصور میشود تأثیر بسزائی بر درک مطلب داشته باشد کمترین توجه را تا به حال به خود جلب کرده است.از اینرو، این پژوهش در حقیقت تلاشی است برای یافتن چنین تلفیقی در بین واژگان، تاریخچه واژگان و توانائی درک مطلب گروهی از زبان اموزان سطح متوسط ایرانی زبان انگلیسی. در این راستا، ، 60 نفر از زبان اموزان بر اساس آزمون جامع زبان انگلیسی (CELT)همگون شناخته شده وبصورت تصادفی به دو گروه شاهد و آزمایش تقسیم و به منظور حصول اطمینان از توانائی دانش تاریخچه واژگان و درک مطلب در دو آزمون قبل و بعد از آموزش شرکت کردند. بررسی های آماری مربوط نشان داد اختلاف معنا داری در میانگین نمرات زبان آموزان هر دو گروه وجود داشته وبر این اساس ادعا می شود که تدریس تاریخچه واژگان بعنوان راهکار طرح کلی نقش آموزشی و انگیزشی معناداری در ارتقا توانائی درک مطلب زبان آموزان دارد. از لحاظ آموزشی، تاریخچه واژگان هنوز می تواند به عنوان سازوکاری برای ترغیب زبان آموزان در فرایند یادگیری مهارتهای زبانی به ویژه مهارت خواندن مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
365 - داربست بندی مهارتهای شفاهی و نگرش در زبان انگلیسی با استفاده از طراحی نقشه ی داستان و پادپخش
Mohammed Pazhouhesh ضرغام قپانچیتحقیق حاضر به بررسی تاثیر طراحی نقشه ی داستان (story map) و پادپخش داستان(story podcast) به عنوان متغیرهای آزمایشی در ارتقائ مهارتهای شفاهی زبان انگلیسی به عنوان متغیر وابسته پرداخته است. تعداد 36 دانشجوی کارشناسی زبان انگلیسی درسه گروه در درس بیان شفاهی داستان تقسیم شد Moreتحقیق حاضر به بررسی تاثیر طراحی نقشه ی داستان (story map) و پادپخش داستان(story podcast) به عنوان متغیرهای آزمایشی در ارتقائ مهارتهای شفاهی زبان انگلیسی به عنوان متغیر وابسته پرداخته است. تعداد 36 دانشجوی کارشناسی زبان انگلیسی درسه گروه در درس بیان شفاهی داستان تقسیم شده و در تحقیقی شبه تجربی و در چهارچوب طرح تحقیقی موسوم به مربع لاتین( Latin Squared) شرکت کردند. تمامی شرکت کنندگان بترتیب در معرض سه آزمایشگر بازگویی صرف داستان، بازگویی داستان پس از تکمیل نقشه ی داستان، بازگویی داستان پس از شنیدن پادپخش آن قرار گرفتند. ارزشیابی شرکت کنندگان در پایان هر مرحله نشان از تاثیر معنی دار اثر آزمایشگر داستان گویی با استفاده از نقشه ی داستان و داستان گویی پس از شنیدن پادپخش داشت. عملکرد کلی در مهارتهای شفاهی زبانی پس از شنیدن فایل های صوتی داستان بهتر و معنی دارتراز دیگر عملکردهای شفاهی در گروهها بود. نظر سنجی پایانی نشان داد بسیاری از شرکت کنندگان با این فن آوریها آشنایی زیادی نداشتند و استفاده از این رسانه ها را برای رشد توانایی شفاهی زبانی و مهارت سخن گفتن مفید می دانستند. هم چنین استفاده از این رسانه ها را در دروسی مثل بیان شفاهی داستان برای پرورش بسندگی زبان انگلیسی و ایجاد نگرش مثبت کارآمد می دانستند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
366 - تحلیل کاربرد نقشنماهای گفتمانی در داستانهای کودکان فارسی زبان
Iran Mehrabi Sariنقشنماهای گفتمانی عناصر زبانی هستند که نشانگر روابط متفاوت و پیوستگی میان واحدهای گفتاری میباشند. بیشتر پژوهشها درباره رشد این صورتهای زبانی، اغلب متمرکز بر مکالمات است تا داستان گویی، از این رو، پژوهش پیشرو به بررسی تأثیر سن و ابزار استخراج داستانگویی بر کاربرد نقش Moreنقشنماهای گفتمانی عناصر زبانی هستند که نشانگر روابط متفاوت و پیوستگی میان واحدهای گفتاری میباشند. بیشتر پژوهشها درباره رشد این صورتهای زبانی، اغلب متمرکز بر مکالمات است تا داستان گویی، از این رو، پژوهش پیشرو به بررسی تأثیر سن و ابزار استخراج داستانگویی بر کاربرد نقشنماهای گفتمانی در کودکان پیشمدرسهای پرداخته است. پانزده کودک تکزبانه طبیعی فارسیزبان، دختر و پسر، در این پژوهش شرکت داشتهاند که در سه گروه سنی 4-5، 5-6 و 6-7 طبقهبندی شدهاند. در این پژوهش، دو آزمون بازگویی و تولید داستان بر اساس دوکتاب متفاوت داستان کودک به منظور استخراج داستانهای کودکان این مطالعه بکاررفتند. این پژوهش نشان میدهد که عملکرد نقشنماهای گفتمانی در بافت داستانهای شفاهی، از معنا و نیز عملکرد گفتمانی معمول آنها در بافتهای دیگر پیروی نمیکند. در واقع، آنها تنها به ادامه روند داستان کمکمیکنند. محققین در حوزه داستانگویی بر این باورند که این نقشنماها در آغاز و پایان داستانگویی، در سوقدادن شنونده به سوی تفسیر درست داستان و نیز دنبال نمودن عناصر داستان ، کمک بسزایی دارد. یافتههای این پژوهش بیانگر آن بود که با توجه به عامل سن، هیچ تفاوت بسزایی در کاربرد این نقش نماها وجود ندارد. نکته قابل ذکر دیگر این است که تمامی کودکان در همه گروه های سنی عملکرد متفاوتی را در آزمون بازگویی داستان نسبت به آزمون تولید داستان با توجه به تعداد پارهگفتارها و نقشنماهای گفتمانی از خود نشاندادند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
367 - A Research on the Periodography of the Imamiyah Jurisprudence
mansour amirzadeh jirkoli Akbar FallahThe science of jurisprudence has witnessed many ups and downs and has gone through different periods since its emergence. However, periodography of jurisprudence is a newborn field of study.Knowledge of the historyof jurisprudence and its periods and the status of juris MoreThe science of jurisprudence has witnessed many ups and downs and has gone through different periods since its emergence. However, periodography of jurisprudence is a newborn field of study.Knowledge of the historyof jurisprudence and its periods and the status of jurisprudential practice in different periods can assist in a better understanding of jurisprudence and factors affecting its ups and downs. Sunni scholars have begun to write distinctly about the history of jurisprudence before Shia scholars, but they have failed to refer to the Shia history as an independent phenomenon. Shia jurisprudence historians have categorized Shia jurisprudence into different periods each using their own specific criterions. For instance, Shehābi has investigated different periods of jurisprudence based on time criterion, while Āsefi has studied the history of jurisprudence based on location criterion. This study used an analytical-descriptive method and contains two parts: the first part reports on ten cases of general periodographies of Imamiyah jurisprudence and then the related works has been analyzed following each case. In the second part of the paper, the authors have discussed Imamiyah jurisprudence within thirteen periods with respect to the development of jurisprudence due to the gradual evolution of jurisprudents' views. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
368 - The Effectiveness of Storytelling Techniques on Enhancing Social Intelligence of Elementary School Female Students - 4th and 5th grades, Academic Year 1390-1391
Sepideh Dadashzadeh Ali Reza PirkhaefiThe purpose of the current research was to find out the effectiveness of storytelling techniques on enhancing social intelligence of Elementary school female students. The research method was Quasi-experimental with two pre-test and post-test groups. The statistical pop MoreThe purpose of the current research was to find out the effectiveness of storytelling techniques on enhancing social intelligence of Elementary school female students. The research method was Quasi-experimental with two pre-test and post-test groups. The statistical population included female students of primary school, fourth and fifth grades in Meshkin Shahr in the academic year 1391-1392. The participants included sixty 4th and 5th female students in Meshkin Shahr, in the academic year 1390-1391, who were selected through cluster random sampling. These students were then assigned to two experimental and control groups, each with 30 students. The experimental group received story telling as the treatment for 10 sessions in 10 weeks. The participants in both groups took the pre-and post-test of social intelligence which was based on Iromoso’s model. The covariance analysis showed that there were significant difference between the experimental and control groups in social intelligence and its components. The results showed that storytelling was an effective method to increase the students’ social intelligence and can be used in educational environments by teachers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
369 - The effectiveness of training the optimism pattern through the storytelling method on increasing school children’s achievement
Hamzeh Ganji Kamran AmirianStorytelling as an indirect method of providing a framework for training and promoting self-understanding, efficiency and unity of experiences, can have an effective role on children and teenagers’ health. Therefore, the aim of the study was the effectiveness of t MoreStorytelling as an indirect method of providing a framework for training and promoting self-understanding, efficiency and unity of experiences, can have an effective role on children and teenagers’ health. Therefore, the aim of the study was the effectiveness of training the optimism pattern through the storytelling method on increasing school children’s academic achievement. The research method was quasi- experimental with experimental and control groups. The pre-test, posttest and follow- up stage were administered. To gather the data academic achievement test scores were used. Using the participants in storytelling workshop, the sample size was randomly chosen among the volunteers who added up to 31 people. Using the pre- test scores, matching group was chosen (experimental 15, control 16). The pre-test was administered 3 months after the completion of 12 treatment sessions and a follow- up test was administered six months after the post- test. Using descriptive and inferential statistics (t- test, ANOVA), the results showed that the mentioned method will increase the children’s academic achievement, it also showed that using this method may eliminate or reduce the other academic achievement problems, too. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
370 - Teaching Local History in History Courses from the Perspective of Secondary School History Teachers and Students in Kohkiloyeh and Boyerahmad Provinces
Mostafa Ghaderi Abdollah Mahmoodi Moazam Fatemeh Havas Beigi Khalil GholamiThe main purpose of this study was to investigate teaching different dimensions of local history in history courses from the perspective of secondary school history teachers and students. To conduct the research, 16 teachers were selected purposefully and 285 students w MoreThe main purpose of this study was to investigate teaching different dimensions of local history in history courses from the perspective of secondary school history teachers and students. To conduct the research, 16 teachers were selected purposefully and 285 students were randomly selected. The data collection tools for the quantitative data were two researcher made questionnaires for history teachers and students. The content validity was checked to determine the validity, and the Cronbach's alpha was measured to determine the reliability, which was 68.2 and 97.3 for the questionnaire number one and two, respectively. The qualitative data, in addition to the open-ended questions of the students’ questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews with 8 history teachers, were analyzed through grounded theory. The results showed that students and teachers have positive attitudes towards teaching the local history of the province. From the students points of view, teaching political history have the most importance and economical history has the leastimportance as compared to other dimensions. History teachers found teaching cultural-social history the most important and teaching economical history as the least important dimension of local history. Morever, among the teachers and students points of view regarding the importance of teaching local history in the history courses were: pedagogical necessity, understanding one’s living environment, meeting the spiritual needs of individuals, strengthening the spirit of patriotism, representation and preservation of local identity and multilateral development of the community. In order to teach local history, history teachers proposed the following methods: cooperative teaching-based teaching-learning method, narrating historical stories by the teacher (oral history), and teaching by electronical resources Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
371 - Site location of Multistory parking techniques with using Overlay Molding: a Case Study of Maragheh
Mostafaa Dizaji Ali AzarAll urban land is directly or indirectly dependent on parking. Hence, these levels are very important in urban planning. Parking is one of three main elements in urban transportation. In this study, it is tried to take place more locate spatial dimensions. The main obje MoreAll urban land is directly or indirectly dependent on parking. Hence, these levels are very important in urban planning. Parking is one of three main elements in urban transportation. In this study, it is tried to take place more locate spatial dimensions. The main objective of this study was to determine the right places to create multistory parking by using weighted overlay in GIS environment in the city of Maragheh. To achieve this objective, characteristics such as density, type of applications, the price of land, access and traffic flow were used. The criteria for locating multistory parking were standard of travel production centers following the criteria of educational zone, sports zone, commercial and service area, industrial zones, recreational areas - cultural, health zone, population density and building density with the sub-criteria as; access to the following criteria main artery and the main street and finally land use compatibility with the sub-criteria such as education, commercial, office and so on. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
372 - review of Rumi's modification in Masnavi lyrical stories with three different.
razie jannesare مهدی نوریان hossein masjedi mahboubeh khorasaniThere is no doubt, Mowlana's poetry beholden of mystical and wisdom texts. However, the answer, to this question, why Masnavi is one of the exquisite masterpieces of Persian Literature, has long considered the mind of researcher's in this area. The genius of Mowlana's t MoreThere is no doubt, Mowlana's poetry beholden of mystical and wisdom texts. However, the answer, to this question, why Masnavi is one of the exquisite masterpieces of Persian Literature, has long considered the mind of researcher's in this area. The genius of Mowlana's tale "is one of the reasons for this effect." Probably no poet like Mowlana hasn't taken modification of story, he sometimes writes a story with brevity and he sometimes writes a story redundance, the answer to this question, why Mowlana, on the structure of stories break down on the basis of it. Is one of the main objectives of this article in paper, the authors analyzed four stories and remark Mowlana's Modification in story of anecdotes with three different approaches, the result has been obtained that brevity and redundance in story conscious and specific goals. Mowlana is thinking in fiction and writes the story. The stories are accurate and no element of it can be omitted. It is finally observed that all anacdotes are inextricably inter twined. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
373 - Narrative Analysis of Farhad and Shirin by Vahshi Bafghi based on Temporal Structure
jahangir safari محمود AghakhaniThe narrative system of "Farhad and Shirin" by Vahshi Bafghi's, tells the story of love between Shirin (lover and wife of Khosro Parviz) and Farhad (artist and idol maker) and is one of the poems that has a narrative and theatrical structure. The method of narration and MoreThe narrative system of "Farhad and Shirin" by Vahshi Bafghi's, tells the story of love between Shirin (lover and wife of Khosro Parviz) and Farhad (artist and idol maker) and is one of the poems that has a narrative and theatrical structure. The method of narration and storytelling in this system is such that the poet using the elements of the story; They create a different atmosphere, including narrative plot, character, dialogue, perspective and description. This research has been done with the aim of analyzing the elements of the story in this system in a descriptive-analytical manner. This narrative system expands based on the linear time of the narrative And events occur one after the other in a chain; In such a way that first a balanced situation is established, Then, with an accident, this situation changes and an unbalanced situation prevails in the poem. After mentioning the incidents, the narration reaches a balanced state and ends. In fact, this system consists of a chain and five narrative elements, which ultimately determine the fate of the main character. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
374 - Contemporary Ghazal (Sonnet), Lyrical Genre and the Role of Romantic Ghazal; Content Analysis and Current Study
Yahya Talebian Ali Mohammad MahmoodiThe subject of literary genres and Persian poetry is one of the important debates that has not yet been properly represented or scientifically examined and analyzed. Lyrical literature is the most widely used type or genre in Persian poetry. In the twentieth century and MoreThe subject of literary genres and Persian poetry is one of the important debates that has not yet been properly represented or scientifically examined and analyzed. Lyrical literature is the most widely used type or genre in Persian poetry. In the twentieth century and following the profound changes in the foundations of contemporary Persian poetry, lyrical poetry appeared in another form called the school of Romanticism. Then, with the loss of old lyrical genres, it has acquired new aspects and structural and content types. Therefore, this qualitative research has reviewed and examined the definitions of lyrical literature and its evolution with a descriptive-analytical method. In another section, the course and extension of lyrical literature in the form of the all-encompassing and "extended" school of Romanticism has been studied and represented. Also, the way Iranian and Western critics and experts perceive this type of literature and its changes have been analyzed in this research. Moreover, due to the change in the view of this type of literature and the elimination of its classical types (satire, riddle, conundrum, habsieh -prison letter, praise, etc.) in contemporary poetry, it is worth researching the connection between the emotional mind of contemporary poetry and romanticism with this type of literature. It is good to know what a new look Romanticism has given to lyrical poetry and what dominant and repetitive developments has created in this type of literature. On the other hand, since Persian ghazal has been considered as a full-fledged mirror of the type of lyrical literature, by studying the lyrical mentality of the new lyric poetry, new and different components should be found in contemporary lyric poetry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
375 - Cultural Favor and Public Acceptance in the Story of Boostan by Sa’di (Analysis Based on Tzvetan Todorov's Theory)
Leyla Miri Asghar Dadbeh Abdolreza ModarreszadehDidactic or moral stories in Sa’di’s Boostan, like many other episodic stories in Persian texts, play a facilitating role in understanding the poet's mystical, social, and artistic ideas. In the Sa’di’s Boostan, there is a story titled “Tad MoreDidactic or moral stories in Sa’di’s Boostan, like many other episodic stories in Persian texts, play a facilitating role in understanding the poet's mystical, social, and artistic ideas. In the Sa’di’s Boostan, there is a story titled “Tadbir” (plan) in the delay of politics. In this story, we see a model that is consistent with the model proposed by Tzvetan Todorov for story analysis, and the result can be generalized to most of Boostan's stories. Todorov believes that there is a similar structure in the narratives, which include; The initial situation, the entry of the factor that disturbs the balance into the narrative, the disturbance of the balance, the attempt to establish the balance, and as a result, reaching the final stable state, which he interpreted as the transition part. In this article, which is written in an analytical research method, we intend to answer the question, based on Todorov's theory, how to solve the contradiction resulting from Sa’di’s consequentialism in the story with the external realities of society, and how the story in question can be analyzed based on Todorov's model. The result is that by creating a coherent structure in the story, Sa’di was able to accept his ideas and opinions to the reader despite the contradictions and contradictions with the real world and give the victory vote in the story in favor of whoever he wants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
376 - Analysis and Adaptation of the Plot of Bijan and Manijeh by Ferdowsi and Mem and Zin by Ahmad Khani
Edris Ghoytasiy Barat MohammadiThe story of Bijan and Manijeh is one of the few love stories of Ferdowsi in Shahnameh and is considered among the stories that Ferdowsi wrote in his youth. "Mem and Zin" is also one of the Kurdish romances that has been recited by Beytkhans (a kind of local singers) fo MoreThe story of Bijan and Manijeh is one of the few love stories of Ferdowsi in Shahnameh and is considered among the stories that Ferdowsi wrote in his youth. "Mem and Zin" is also one of the Kurdish romances that has been recited by Beytkhans (a kind of local singers) for many years, until the famous Kurdish poet Ahmad Khani arranged it in the form of Masnavi. The main purpose of this article is to examine the plot of "Bijan and Manijeh" by Ferdowsi and "Mem and Zin" by Ahmad Khani. The research method is descriptive-analytical. In both stories, the plot can be examined from different aspects. The events of both stories proceed uniformly based on the cause-and-effect relationship. The elements of the plot are observed in an orderly arrengment, and the metaphysical incidents in the story that harm the structure of the plot can be justified by the logic governing the tales and old stories. The plot in the stories "Bijan and Manijeh" and "Mem and Zin" are very similar, and all the elements, including conflict, crisis, suspense, and climax, have been observed according to the principles of story-writing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
377 - The Effect of Story Mapping on Writing Performance of Iranian EFL Learners
Omid Tabatabaei Nafise Radi -
Open Access Article
378 - Effect of Storytelling Instruction on Developing Iranian EFL Learners’ Oral Proficiency within ZPD-activated Proximal Context
Maryam Mardani -
Open Access Article
379 - Task-Based Language Teaching Vs. Conventional Language Teaching: The Case of News Story Writing in EFL Context
Negar Nowroozzadeh Abbas Bayat Abbas Mehrpooya -
Open Access Article
380 - Reading Achievement of Short Stories as a Way of Literature Incorporation and Improving Iranian Students' Grammatical and Vocabulary Knowledge
Akram Shekarian Behzadi Azar Bagheri Masoudzade -
Open Access Article
381 - The Effect of Storytelling on Elementary Students’ Self-Efficacy
arvin Razmjooei Reza Zarei Nader Shahamat Khadijeh Bozorginezhad -
Open Access Article
382 - Imam Hadi (p.b.u.h) in the valid historical references of Sunnis from Imamate to martyrdom
Hojjat Ebad Askari Ardeshir Asadbeigi Mohammad Hossein Rajabi DavaniThe historical reports and narratives are important references to understand and perceive the lifestyle of the pure imams. Some Shia Imams have been less and some more introduced in references for some reasons. The reference reports can be studied in two Sunni and Shia MoreThe historical reports and narratives are important references to understand and perceive the lifestyle of the pure imams. Some Shia Imams have been less and some more introduced in references for some reasons. The reference reports can be studied in two Sunni and Shia classifications. In this classification, the general histories are observed according to the Sunnis trends. Other references can be used by researchers such as Vafayat reports, A’lam, Rejal, and encyclopedia. Imam Hadi, the Shia Imam, has been less talked about in the references of Sunnis but is completely explained in other Shia references such as the other Shia Imams. This research is descriptive-analytical and investigates how much the 9th Imam’s, Imam Hadi’s, lifestyle is explained in the references of Sunnis about his Imamate period. It is shown in this research that some references have not concealed the reality but some others haven’t mentioned it. Explaining Imam Hadi’s lifestyle has been placed under the light of reporting the lifestyles of other caliphs and rulers of Abbasid times and events of Islam history. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
383 - The Comparison of Bertold Spuler's Views and Opinions with Russian Researchers on the Situation of Religion in Ilkhanid Period
karaim faraji Monirh kazemirashed Ali salarishadi manijeh sadriSeveral scholars have investigated the religious situation of the Mongol era. Each of them, in their own opinion, sometimes cited, and some by prejudice and according to their particular tendencies, have paid attention to it. However, in order to understand the nature o MoreSeveral scholars have investigated the religious situation of the Mongol era. Each of them, in their own opinion, sometimes cited, and some by prejudice and according to their particular tendencies, have paid attention to it. However, in order to understand the nature of religion and religious politics in the Mongol period, considering the conditions and requirements of the Mongol invasion, it is necessary to examine the views and opinions of different scholars, in order to determine the approaches of this research to this issue, and the reasons and how Such processes will be clear. On the other hand, the comparative and comparative evaluation of the opinions of these researchers and their assessment of "classical documents" and "historical evidence" can undoubtedly be important in this understanding and approach. Therefore, the present research analyzes the comparison and evaluation of the views of Spuler (as one of the Western scholars in the Mongol history) with the views and attitudes of the Russian scholars on the state of religion in the Mongol era, seeking to answer this main question. What is the analytical perspective on the Mongolian religious situation consistent with reality? The research method in this study will be based on comparative analysis Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
384 - Historical background of rebellion and repentance in Islamic government
Jafar Nasseri Mohammad hosein Nazemi ashani Alireza Salimi Seyed Alireza HosseiniRebellion is one of the most important topics of political and governmental jurisprudence in the history of Islam, the origin of which is verse 9 of surah hojorut. If two groups of Muslims fight and fight against each other, peace and reconciliation must be established MoreRebellion is one of the most important topics of political and governmental jurisprudence in the history of Islam, the origin of which is verse 9 of surah hojorut. If two groups of Muslims fight and fight against each other, peace and reconciliation must be established between them, and if one group overcomes and oppresses the other, they must rise up against the oppressor to fight the cause of God. But most jurists refer to this verse as the exclusion of obedience from the righteous Imam. According to the arguments and evidences in the era of rebellion absenteeism, there are also exiles against the Imam's successor, who is also the universal supreme leader, in other words a rebellion and an uprising and uprising, etc. Confrontation with the insurgents and the rebels is carried out by the Supreme Leader and the Islamic ruler. Based on the Alawite Book and Sire, and the Islamic state due to its importance and position from the beginning, especially during the reign of Imam Ali and the Prophet. Islam is confronted with such behaviors with the axis of the jurisdiction. Therefore, for any kind of treatment with the Outlaws, one should turn to the Prophet's function and, before taking any violent action against the Outlaws, give them guidance and guidance and answer any possible doubts. The main purpose of this article is to study the subject of rhetoric in historical and jurisprudential manner, using descriptive analytical method and library study tools. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
385 - Reflection of Var Ritual in Balouch Tribe Historical Stories ;Case Study of Malek Shah and Allahi
Mohammad Masih Hashemi Nia Fteme Janahmadi Halime Mirkazehi nezhadRituals and customs are the basic elements of culture and a way to know the ideology of people. The more variable rituals and customs of a nation are, the more that nation’s culture is varied and expanded. In the current situation of the world where identity crisi MoreRituals and customs are the basic elements of culture and a way to know the ideology of people. The more variable rituals and customs of a nation are, the more that nation’s culture is varied and expanded. In the current situation of the world where identity crisis is an issue, returning to traditional rituals and customs is one of the methods of preserving cultural identity. Balouch tribe is one of the original tribes of Iran, preserving its language, culture, and rituals. One of the rituals of the tribe is called Nal or Var, which is mentioned in many Balouchi stories too. One of these stories is Shahdad and Mahnaz in which the ritual is performed. To do this study, we interviewed some Balouch people in different regions. It is noticeable that despite religious awareness increase of people, it is still performed in different regions and in cases of theft, magic, and betrayal where there exists no proof to prove the convict’s sinfulness or innocence. A noticeable case of the ritual occurred for Malek Shah and Allahi, in 1871. There are numerous cases of the ritual but only some of them will be mentioned here. This study efforts to find out in which cases and accusations the ritual occurred more. The answer is that the Nal ritual was performed more for accusations of theft, magic and betrayal especially for theft. This study is based on an analytic-descriptive and field-research methodology. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
386 - Local historiography of the Nasserite period based on the characteristics of the local history of Persia
rasol mazaheri soheila torabi shokuh arabiLocal historiography of the Qajar period underwent changes under the influence of socio-political developments of this period. In addition to outlining the general topics of local historiography in the Nasserite period, in this regard, the characteristics of Persian loc MoreLocal historiography of the Qajar period underwent changes under the influence of socio-political developments of this period. In addition to outlining the general topics of local historiography in the Nasserite period, in this regard, the characteristics of Persian local history books in the Nasserite period are discussed and while introducing the local history books of the Nasserite period, the characteristics of three works of Persian local history The four topics of the connection between history and geography, the national attitude in local Persian historiography, the attitude of historians towards the government and the diversity of sources and the use of European works are examined. The purpose of this study is to find out what characteristics of the local histories of Persia during the Nasserite period and what topics their authors paid attention to. This research has examined the data using a library method and a descriptive-analytical method.The results of this study indicate that the local histories of Persia in this period have many commonalities in most features and some of them, like Ajam works in some features such as attitudes to political and governmental issues and local historiography with a national perspective seem different. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
387 - Applying Theoretical Approaches of Sociology in Oral History
Mohsen Kazemi Morteza Nouraei Reza Shabani SamghabadiOral history as an interdisciplinary field has made the pragmatics and theoretical functions of other disciplines ‎of humanities, particularly social sciences, being noted in this kind of historiography. There are several approaches ‎for sociological studies; su MoreOral history as an interdisciplinary field has made the pragmatics and theoretical functions of other disciplines ‎of humanities, particularly social sciences, being noted in this kind of historiography. There are several approaches ‎for sociological studies; such as linguistics and anthropology. These days linguistics is a totally apprehensive ‎discipline that is in search of constructing and finding deeper signs, meanings and concepts of human, and the ‎thought, behavior, act and sensation of his/her. A human with his unknown labyrinth that anthropology might ‎reveal some (a bit) knowledge of his/her inner and outer world. ‎Oral history as a phenomenon related to human, about human and his/her world; is about to find a way to ‎transfer his/her messages, concepts and narratives that pass through the language. Human owns the language and ‎language as a thought plays its role in the structure of society and human institutions. Human is surrounded by ‎his/her believes, costumes, folklores and the sociocultural institutions. Identifying this human needs a language, ‎meanings, signs and symbols that can attained to some degree through linguistic and anthropological studies. ‎Studying some functions and linguistic concepts beside anthropological ideas and theories can reveal more aspects ‎of oral history. This paper tries represent a way for hesitation on unknown aspects of oral history based on ‎perceptive and explanatory methodology and presenting introductory discussions on linguistics and anthropology. ‎ Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
388 - The historical course of the mystical hadith "I was a hidden treasure" in the sources of Muslim mystics
jalal usofi enayat ali hosein ehteshami mohammad reza freydooniOne of the shortcomings of hadith studies is the lack of sufficient information about the historical course of hadiths. Knowing the historical evidence of hadiths helps to evaluate the authenticity of hadiths. Mystics have their own principles in dealing with hadith. Th MoreOne of the shortcomings of hadith studies is the lack of sufficient information about the historical course of hadiths. Knowing the historical evidence of hadiths helps to evaluate the authenticity of hadiths. Mystics have their own principles in dealing with hadith. The difference of their basis with the scholars of hadith has caused mystics to be sometimes attributed to forgery and distortion of hadiths. It seems that the analysis of the historical course of the hadiths by the mystics with precise scientific methods paves the way for understanding their principles and rules in the face of the hadiths. This study examines the historical course of the hadith "Konto Kenzan Makhfiia" in 110 mystical sources. An attempt has been made to analyze the history of use and frequency of this hadith quantitatively and qualitatively using modern scientific methods. The research findings show that in different historical periods, this hadith has been considered by mystics. This information can be helpful in examining the validity of the Keynesian hadith document. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
389 - A passage on the political history of the Sassanid era, relying on the crowns of kings (Case study of the reign of Bahram I to Narsi)
Majid Jalil masir Mohammad Karim Yousef Jamali esmaeeil sangari ahmad kamraniAmong the works that have played a significant role in identifying the culture, civilization and art of ancient Iran, is the works of art of the Sassanid period, research on which removes countless unknowns. Signs of changes in the political history of the Sassanids can MoreAmong the works that have played a significant role in identifying the culture, civilization and art of ancient Iran, is the works of art of the Sassanid period, research on which removes countless unknowns. Signs of changes in the political history of the Sassanids can be found in the study of various works and especially the designs engraved on the crowns of the kingdom. The purpose of this study is to look at the political history of the Sassanid monarchy by studying several examples of crowns of the Sassanid period. This research is based on the purpose of basic research and based on the nature and method of historical-analytical research. The question that can be asked in this article is what is the reason for the different types of royal crowns in the surviving works and on what basis? By studying the Sassanid political history and deep reflection on the diversity and different designs of the Sassanid kings, it can be assumed that each of the Sassanid kings, according to the independence of thought, religion and the power of the creator of his own crown, was a sign of the king's power. The result of the study and analysis is that these crowns bring with them information about the political events and happenings in the history of the Sassanid dynasty. Sassanid princes from the beginning of the dynasty to the end of it used various crowns whose crowns are different from each other. It was partial and general. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
390 - Ownership or land seizure: The social history of structure Transformation of Land ownership in Iran
Keramatollah Rasekh Ramin RasoulofThe purpose of this article is to study the history of structure Transformation of Land ownership in Iran. This study was conducted in the context of the new historical sociology, in particular in relation to the works of Charls Tilly and Micheal Mann, on the basis of w MoreThe purpose of this article is to study the history of structure Transformation of Land ownership in Iran. This study was conducted in the context of the new historical sociology, in particular in relation to the works of Charls Tilly and Micheal Mann, on the basis of which the subject is carried out using documentary and bibliographic methods. Iran's economy at the turn of the twentieth century was a self-coeffient agricultural economy. The basis of this economic structure was the relationship of land acquisition as land ownership, which was justified in terms of Islamic principles and the prevailing custom of society. On this basis, the public attitude to property was negative, so that the property was not socially accepted and respected. It was the sphere of intervention of powerful people and groups. Even the “new middle class” that emerged mainly in the 20th century, did not support property rights, but by advocating a quasi-socialist economy, communal property, and cooperative economics, ultimately represented the same economic approaches to ownership that was traditionally held. The result of this research is that traditional economic and property relations are justified, in the sense that they are reinterpreted in the context of new categories such as “cooperative”, “equality”, “justice”. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
391 - Critical analysis of the effects and consequences of the prohibition of compiling a prophetic hadith in the early days of Islam
morteza darabi yadollah malki jafar tabanThe sunnis believe that the prophet Mohammad ordered the prohibition of transcribing the hadith. They have cited the prophet’s speech in this regard in some of their sources. However, they are unaware of the fact that these narrations have no basis. This article i MoreThe sunnis believe that the prophet Mohammad ordered the prohibition of transcribing the hadith. They have cited the prophet’s speech in this regard in some of their sources. However, they are unaware of the fact that these narrations have no basis. This article investigated the prohibition of transcribing the hadith after the demise of Prophet Mohammad. The followings can be counted as the effects of the prohibition of transcribing the hadith: the easiness of forging the hadith, the spread of lies and forgetfulness of the prophet’s lifestyle,the ruin of large number of prophet’s hadiths, the release of the Israelis and distorting the truth of the religion, the arbitrary interpretation and disagreement among Muslims, and the seclusion of prophet’s households. The effects of Jewish scholars on the caliph, and their religious and political beliefs can be the other reasons for the prohibition of transcribing the hadith. The prohibition of transcribing the hadith also created the ground for forging the hadith and spreading lies in the name of the Prophet. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
392 - Nomenclature and etymology of some historical names in the history of Ajam and Waqar Shirazi sultans.
hamid khodaparast mehdi famoori Mohammad Reza Masoumi"History of the Ajam Sultans" is the work of Waqar Shirazi, who in the period of literary return, following the example of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, reads Roza al-Safa, and Bahram ibn Farhad's Chaharchaman civilization was written. This book deals with the four periods of P More"History of the Ajam Sultans" is the work of Waqar Shirazi, who in the period of literary return, following the example of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, reads Roza al-Safa, and Bahram ibn Farhad's Chaharchaman civilization was written. This book deals with the four periods of Pishdadian, Kianian, Parthian and Sassanid. In this work, the author tries to bring his written language closer to the ancient Iranian style and revive it. Therefore, he did not use Arabic words and instead used some more descriptive words. The purpose of this article is to study the "naming and etymology" of some historical names in the "History of Ajam Sultans" and the dignity of Shirazi. This article has been done in a library method and in a descriptive-analytical manner. The result of the research shows that the author has used a consistent procedure in writing the book throughout the book and while classifying the periods, he has also mentioned the etymology of the periods and kings.Keywords: History of Ajam Sultans, Shirazi Dignity, Naming, Etymology Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
393 - A review of the history of Iranian horticulture with emphasis on water behavior in the formation system of Birjand horticulture
mohammad shabani reza mirzaei farhad khosravi seyed mohammad reza khalilnejadWater is important in the view of architects in Birjand horticultural system, but water (in terms of process, functional and environmental dimensions) can make the audience rise and mobilize psychological pleasure in the horticultural system. In terms of process dimensi MoreWater is important in the view of architects in Birjand horticultural system, but water (in terms of process, functional and environmental dimensions) can make the audience rise and mobilize psychological pleasure in the horticultural system. In terms of process dimensions, water is present in Birjand horticultural system in different ways. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical, which after analyzing the content, we will analyze the data. The results show that water is one of the main elements in the gardening system in Birjand and is present in the garden in at least three aspects: conceptual, functional and aesthetic. The water of springs and aqueducts has enlivened the gardens of Birjand and by flowing in streams, waterfalls and low slopes, it has made the view of the garden beautiful and its air pleasant. The presence of water in the gardens of Birjand has a hierarchy that can have a significant effect on the consequential (psychological) dimensions of water behavior in the garden system. In other words, the presence of water in the garden has two functional and symbolic functions, that is, from a functional point of view, it irrigates trees and plants and creates freshness in the space. He finds that in fact, it responds to the need to understand its existence. Water is important in the eyes of architects in the garden system of Birjand. And process and functional dimensions have a significant effect on the consequential (psychological) dimensions of water behavior in the Birjand gardening system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
394 - Representation of the Prophet’s Battles in the Iranian Books on the History of Islam from 1980 Till Now
Zarifeh Mir farinaz Hooshyar Soheila Torabi FarsaniAbstractAfter migration to Medina, the prophet of Islam (PBUH), was inevitably forced to have fights with the enemies of Islam, namely, pagans and Jews. According to great Maghazi (Raids) reporters in the Islamic World, the battles that the prophet had to have were for MoreAbstractAfter migration to Medina, the prophet of Islam (PBUH), was inevitably forced to have fights with the enemies of Islam, namely, pagans and Jews. According to great Maghazi (Raids) reporters in the Islamic World, the battles that the prophet had to have were for the following reasons: for the breach of promise as in the battle of Banu Qaynuqa in Medina; for the prevention of aggression as in the battle of the Trench; for the retaliation and reciprocation; for the economic blockade imposed, the battle of which is by today’s standards quite legitimate and authorized, as in the battle of Badr; and finally for the prevention of expansion of wars as in the battles against the sporadic raids the Romans had along the borders, and as in the battle of Tabuk. Such battles consisted of ‘Qazvahs’ and ‘Saryehs,’ which were often defensive. . By using a descriptive-analytical method, this study aimed to explore the different approaches and the ways of representation of the Prophet’s battles by the Iranian scholars publishing different books on the history of Islam from 1980 till now. The findings of the study revealed that the Prophet’s battles have been represented by using religious-ideological, chronicling, and descriptive-analytical approaches in such books. . The research results show that all the prophet’s Ghazwas (the battles the prophet was personally all reported from a narrative, descriptive, analytic, religious, and faith perspective. Key Words: battles, authors, books on the history of Islam, the Prophet Muhamm Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
395 - Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the historical course of hadiths considered by Muslim mystics
jalal usofi enayat ali hosein ehteshami mohammad reza freydooniOne of the shortcomings in the subject of hadith and narration is the lack of sufficient information about the historical course of hadiths. Knowledge of the historical evidence of hadiths and whether hadiths existed in Islamic sources in the early centuries can help as MoreOne of the shortcomings in the subject of hadith and narration is the lack of sufficient information about the historical course of hadiths. Knowledge of the historical evidence of hadiths and whether hadiths existed in Islamic sources in the early centuries can help assess the validity of hadiths. Different Islamic sects have shown special attention to the hadiths of the Infallibles. Among mystics, they have also addressed this issue and in their works, while referring to the hadiths of the Infallibles (AS), they have based their foundations on this basis. Muslim mystics have their own principles in dealing with hadith. The difference between their basis and other Islamic sects has sometimes caused mystics to be attributed to forgery and distortion of hadiths. Paying attention to the historical course of hadiths by mystics with scientific methods can be a way to understand their rules and principles in dealing with hadiths. This research has examined the historical course of seven hadiths considered by Muslim mystics in one hundred and ten mystical sources. An attempt has been made to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the historical course and frequency of these hadiths using modern research methods. Research findings show that some mystical hadiths were few in number in the early centuries and have been favored by mystics in recent centuries. However, some hadiths have appeared in mystical works since the beginning of Islam. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
396 - Investigating the reflection of the expansion of Shiism in Khorasan and its impact on the tomb of Ali ibn Musa al-Reza (AS) in geographical and historical sources from the third century to the end of the Timurid period.
yousof zohorian Ardeshir asadbeigi sharbanoo delbari alireza roohiThe scholars and elders of each religion are very important to their followers. The position of Imam Reza (as) and his grateful tomb have always been popular throughout the history of the people, including Muslim geographers. Also, various groups of people have always t MoreThe scholars and elders of each religion are very important to their followers. The position of Imam Reza (as) and his grateful tomb have always been popular throughout the history of the people, including Muslim geographers. Also, various groups of people have always tried to maintain their religious sites. The collection of buildings and places of honor Aliben- Mussi -al- Reza (AS) is considered to be very beautiful artwork. Because in each of its parts there is a work of art. The appearance of verandahs, porches and flower beds is designed specially by architects and engineers and is made with special designs and numerous architectural, tiling, mirroring, gilding, painting, carving, calligraphy and inscriptions in the courtyard Nourani Imam Reza (AS) and his mausoleum are a reminder of the various artistic manifestations of Iran's different period from the third century AH that fascinated the wonder and beauty of the art as well as the travelers and geographers.The present article tries to identify the viewpoints of tourists and geographers about Imam Reza (AS) with a historical, analytical and descriptive approach. In this research, first, Imam Reza (as) enters Maraw and his martyrdom and then goes to the viewpoint of travelers and geographers about their tomb. By studying the historical and analytical sources of available resources, it seems that the appearance of porches, porches and flower beds, specially designed by architects and engineers, is made with special designs, Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
397 - Analysis of historical features and main elements of the story of Prophet Moses in the light of understanding the atmosphere of revelation of verses
Fatemeh Babaali Mohammad Mehdi Taqdisi Jafar NekoonamAbstractThe study of Qur'anic stories based on the atmosphere of revelation reveals some facts and concepts. In this article, the story of Prophet Moses as a section of history has been studied with such an approach. This study seeks to answer the question that; What ar MoreAbstractThe study of Qur'anic stories based on the atmosphere of revelation reveals some facts and concepts. In this article, the story of Prophet Moses as a section of history has been studied with such an approach. This study seeks to answer the question that; What are the historical features and main elements of the story of Prophet Moses? And to what extent is knowing the space of revelation of verses effective in recognizing these main features and elements? In this article, the story of Prophet Moses based on knowing the atmosphere of revelation of verses and with analytical and comparative method, has been studied and the historical features and main elements of the Qur'anic story of Prophet Moses have been achieved, including: Conditions Fear, the thoughts of the children of Israel and their actions, the discussion of time and back and forward events along with the atmosphere, attention to the elements and events in the time of Prophet Moses, the use of words indicating certainty or doubt and .... Of course the relevant verses The story of Prophet Moses also includes general rules that are valid in other times and places, and this is the divine tradition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
398 - Insight and Method Historiography of Hamzeh Esfahani In the Sanni al-Muluk and al-arz al-Anbia
Zekrollah Mohammadi Pourya EsmaeiliThis article examines the historiography style of Hamzeh Esfahani, the historian of thefourth century AH. His book is Sanni al-Muluk and al-arz al-Anbia, which was writtento Arabic in 350 AH. There are ten episodes that have been dedicated in several chapterto the histo MoreThis article examines the historiography style of Hamzeh Esfahani, the historian of thefourth century AH. His book is Sanni al-Muluk and al-arz al-Anbia, which was writtento Arabic in 350 AH. There are ten episodes that have been dedicated in several chapterto the history of the kings of Iran, Rome, Greece, the Copts, the Israelites, the Qassani,and Quraysh. The author was heavily patriotic and influenced by Shubia movement,which is very clear in the content of the book. This question arises, what was the basis ofthe insight and method of historiography of Hamzeh Esfahani? The hypothesis is asfollows, his vision is universal and is based on divine appreciation, because it deals withthe history of the various tribes according to divine providence and his methodology isbased on the historiography of the dynasties, which is based on the tradition of Iranianhistoriography. This article with use the method of historical research is based on thedescription and analize, examines the dimensions and angles of the subject gives. Themain findings of the research show, which Hamzeh Esfahani, influenced by SassanidPahlavi texts such as, Xvatai-Namag, as well as with awareness of governments, tribesand various religions, named as the book History of the Prophets and the Kings, So thisway Link and matched between the two and with a clever to draw the attention of thepeople to his book, which is interesting in this regard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
399 - The position of rashidun caliphs in the Sufi currents of khorasan in the 6th century AH
mohammadreza saidi zohair siamian sina forozeshThe end of the fifth century AH in the history of Khorasan with The end of the fifth century, throughout the sixth and seventh centuries AH is one of the most important periods in the history of Sufism. The emergence of many great Sufi elders, the establishment of MoreThe end of the fifth century AH in the history of Khorasan with The end of the fifth century, throughout the sixth and seventh centuries AH is one of the most important periods in the history of Sufism. The emergence of many great Sufi elders, the establishment of the oldest organized methods, the formation of some rituals, the growth and development of monasteries as formal social institutions, are prominent features of this period. While the religions of the society were facing each other among the Sunnis and Shiites, the Sufi currents tried to reduce these sectarian differences by presenting unifying concepts. Among these issues were the differences between the Islamic sects, the issue of the caliphate, the Imamate, and the position of my Rashidun caliphs in terms of political legitimacy and ideological superiority, but the Sufi currents tried to define the issue differently by offering a different definition of the issue. Rashidun caliphs should be considered Sufis in Islamic thought and culture. The problem of the present research is what was the position of the personality of the Rashidun caliphs in the Sufi currents of the sixth century AH in Khorasan? The position of the Rashidun caliphs in the Sufi currents seems to be convergently defined, given that Sufism and mysticism have always been the inspiration and unifier of Muslims. In the present study, the typology of religious and social concepts of the life of the four caliphs in Sufi literature has been studied in a semantic way. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
400 - study examples of words and common expressions Dialect Sistani the history of Bayhaqi
ardeshir sanchouli jadidThe history of Beyhaqi is one of texts that a lot of ancient words and sometimes obsolete to be seen in that, So that even the meaning of certain words or combinations this worth book covered for the exponents , while many hard words of this book on native dialects in i MoreThe history of Beyhaqi is one of texts that a lot of ancient words and sometimes obsolete to be seen in that, So that even the meaning of certain words or combinations this worth book covered for the exponents , while many hard words of this book on native dialects in iran is prevalent. Sistani dialect is one of the idioms that could be a very rich and authoritative source for understanding the roots and word interpretations of ancient texts, like similar Beyhaqi’s history. In this article has endeavor some of words and compounds Bayhaqi history, that is still used in the dialect Sistani with the same ancient meaning, with some examples of the use of these words and compounds in other ancient texts show , in the hope that it will be useful for researchers. Such words and compounds: Achar, Stara, Elf, Ashnas, Aftozarrd, Bega, Pire, Reng, Jough, Trengo, lat, Leit, Eston, Spast, Rouz Soukhtan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
401 - Theme Creations of Shīrku Bīkas by the Allusion into the Prophets Story
mohammad irani samira kananiThe stories about the prophets by no attention into the conscience and ritual difference have been attracted for the difference-nation-poets. Reflecting this stories wasn't far from kurdish poets. . Shīrku bīkas is one of the biggets poets of kurdish literature in the c MoreThe stories about the prophets by no attention into the conscience and ritual difference have been attracted for the difference-nation-poets. Reflecting this stories wasn't far from kurdish poets. . Shīrku bīkas is one of the biggets poets of kurdish literature in the current age and he -by utilication from prophets story- had notice to say the meanings and other destinations like political censure social difficulties and problems ethnic difficulties and kurds ethnic popular struggle. Shīrku- by using his artistic imagination- finds some shares between his items and prophets events and then according to his words he points the prophets life events and then he finds artistic connection between himself, his homeland, his history, his homeland events and prophets life. We, the writers of this essay, have tried to peruse the reflection of prophets visage analytically and descriptively in the shīrku bīkas poets and check the heterologies in how to represent the prophets try with rebuild the allusions and creat the political social themes in this well-known poets poem. The conclusions of this research shows that this famous kurdish literature poet, in allusion to the prophets story, doesn’t have any idea about the prophets religious and creedy belief event but his oppinion is to saying his homeland political and social meanings on the cover of literary images and arts. Therefore, he can be counted as an under taking poet that he had used his poet for reflecting the nation and ethnic difficulties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
402 - Analysis of fictional elements in the Bakhtiari imaginative myths (Case Study: Sparrow Tale with Farsani Local Accents)
Hamzeh Mohammadi Dehcheshme Hamid Rezaei Elham MahmoodiBakhtiari myths are narrated in simple language and it appeared so close to Farsi language, which combined with local one. However, in expressing other aspects of public literature, ie, tongues and proverbs, myths and stories, the main source of narration is the dialect MoreBakhtiari myths are narrated in simple language and it appeared so close to Farsi language, which combined with local one. However, in expressing other aspects of public literature, ie, tongues and proverbs, myths and stories, the main source of narration is the dialect of the area in question. Bakhtiari tales have semantic and structural similarities to linguistic proximity and the legends of the central regions of Iran. Regarding a few changes to these myths, most of them can be converted to a potential source of material for most audiences even in other regions. Apart from the importance of collecting such stories in the field of anthropology, sociology, social history of ethnic groups, etc., in terms of language, the inclusion of syntax, vocabulary and type of pronunciation, they have great importance in the structure of the tales. It is possible to record the syntax, vocabulary and pronunciation of their syllables by preserving and recording the stories. Moreover, in a period, it tends to use the official language to help disappearing dialects; accordingly, in this research one of the local myths of Bakhtiari (Sparrow story) has been collected and translated into Persian accent. Then, considering the descriptive method and content analysis, the story elements in this story have been analyzed. Due to the disappearance of many dialects and the new ones, the purpose of the present research is to preserve the stories and dialect used among them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
403 - The study of epic themes of Shah Ismaeil and Golzar’s story regarding the analytic psychology of Jung and Campbell’s unique myth theory
Atikeh Rasmi Sakineh RasmiThe story of "Shah Ismail and Golzar" is one of the collections of "Ashiqlar" stories and is influenced by the story of Shah Ismail Safavi and one of the most famous stories of Azerbaijan. The hero and his horse "Qamardai" were born with the mythical apple and the praye MoreThe story of "Shah Ismail and Golzar" is one of the collections of "Ashiqlar" stories and is influenced by the story of Shah Ismail Safavi and one of the most famous stories of Azerbaijan. The hero and his horse "Qamardai" were born with the mythical apple and the prayer of the poor man. The hero grows up away from real life in a dark world, but in adolescence, he is called to individuality by stepping into a bright world in order to find the talent for individualism. This story is very rich in archetypes and mythological themes, and therefore corresponds to all stages of the hero's journey, except "refusal to return", and on the other hand, it has given that popular literature was a manifestation of archetypes, five key archetypes. Jung Analytical Psychology, that is, the self, the anima, the animus, the shadow and the mask fully reflected in it. This article analyzes mythology and psychoanalysis while classifying the elements of the story in the Arne-Thompson method in a descriptive-analytical way. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
404 - Descriptive, structural and contentual study of the girl of Julah’s legend
Asghar ShahbaziFolk tales are one of the genres of pulp fiction. In this regard, the legend of the girl Julah, is one of the legends of the people of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari in Persian a common speech in the village of Gishangan, which has not been recorded and analyzed with this na MoreFolk tales are one of the genres of pulp fiction. In this regard, the legend of the girl Julah, is one of the legends of the people of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari in Persian a common speech in the village of Gishangan, which has not been recorded and analyzed with this narration. In this article, the author introduces and reports the complete myth, and explores it from the perspective of the elements of the story and the myth. Finally, he examines it based on the morphological pattern of the stories (Propp's pattern). The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical (content analysis) and the method of data collection is field type. This myth is strong in terms of the elements of the story; Actions, like most myths, are external, varied, and different; The viewpoint is the third person singular and the narrator is the omniscient; Characters are varied, but often anonymous; Finally, the Chinese introduction, comlexing, apex, joining, and descent are briefly arranged. The ground for breaking the habit is strong in it. Coincidence and destiny are well visible, and one of its main themes is destiny. The dual confrontations are depicted in the form of the king and the poor, the wicked and the benevolent, the liar and the truthful. Events, while compact, like many legends, have independence, and the similarities of the themes in this myth occur in the form of the presence of Simorgh, demon, demon’s dream, turning to stone, disappearing, amazing medicine, and so on. This myth is also examined and characterized according to Propp's model, which often has its own functions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
405 - An investigation of some Tabari's sayings of three Tabari speaking poets regarding Tabarestan's History book by Ebn-Isfandiar
aref kamar poshti mohamad hadi khalegh zadehThe history of Tabarestan written by baha-Al-din Mohammad-Ibn- Hassan-Ibn-Isfandiar _ known as Ibn-e-Isfandiar from Amol_ is one of the most valid local histories ever written in Iran. In fact, Ibn-e-Isfandiar is the father of the historiography in Mazandaran. The prose MoreThe history of Tabarestan written by baha-Al-din Mohammad-Ibn- Hassan-Ibn-Isfandiar _ known as Ibn-e-Isfandiar from Amol_ is one of the most valid local histories ever written in Iran. In fact, Ibn-e-Isfandiar is the father of the historiography in Mazandaran. The prose of this book, which was edited and published in two volumes by the deceased Abbas Ighbal Ashtiani in 1320, is literary. The fourth chapter of the first volume talks about the biography of scholars, pious people, historians, physicians, astrologers, and poets. Divarehvaz or Mastemard, Barbad Jariri Tabari, Qazi Hajim, and Isfahbod Khorshid Mamatiri are among the poets introduced in this section. These lines of verse were previously translated and explained by Dr. Sadegh Kia in his book, Vajenameh (wordbook) Tabari, published in 1327 by Tehran university publications. Wherever he could not find or was not sure about the meaning of a word or phrase, Dr. Kia used question marks (?) or dotted lines (…). This article is, in fact, the explanation of some of the dotted lines and question marks of Dr. Kia's Tabari Wordbook. Some of the poems of three great Tabari speaking poets of Ibn-e-Isfandiar's Tabarestan History, namely Divarevaz(Mastemard), Qazi Hajim, and Isfahbod Khorshid Mamatiri are explained in this article. This article has been written based on Ibn-e-Isfandiar Tabarestan History and Kia's Tabari Wordbook Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
406 - Criminological Explanation of The Influence of Lived Experiences on The Strengthening of Criminal Tendencies in Cyber Space Subject of Study: Great Tehran Prison (Fashafouye)
Gelavizh Sheikholeslami vatani Mohhamad Ashouri Nasrin Mehra Mohammad Ali MahdaviSabetIn the process of evolution from thought to criminal action, what happens to a cyber-criminal in his/her initial or continuous desire to commit a crime is the strong criminal tendency and the lack or, in some case,s weakness of the deterrents that cause him not to join MoreIn the process of evolution from thought to criminal action, what happens to a cyber-criminal in his/her initial or continuous desire to commit a crime is the strong criminal tendency and the lack or, in some case,s weakness of the deterrents that cause him not to join the society. This gradual process, which concentrates on risk components in different age periods based on three basic components including learning patterns and learned lessons, suppressed childhood experiences and memories and finally the lack of family and social bonds, will be studied in this paper. Therefore, the present research, employing causality perspective, explains how the social forces (family, friends, culture, environmental conditions, poverty, etc.) can be effective in creating a criminal identity? An approach that aims to achieve practical results tested a range of variables in the light of theoretical criminological foundations on the statistical population of cyber-criminals to be able to achieve a causal cognitive model based on the most important factors influencing their criminal course. Variables that often cause the appearance, continuity and stability of cybercrimes are acquired and learned and that the human nature (inheritance) play insignificant role the formation of cyber crimes. Hence, the current research, which is a collective and phenomenological research, is descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method, and in terms of purpose is practical. The statistical population of this research consists of a group of convicts of Great Tehran Prison (Fashafouye) who are serving their sentence in the said prison. The findings describe the fact that the propensity for cybercrime and movement towards it is not a single event but a product of a gradual and staggered process. It is worth mentioning that the statistical calculations were done using SPSS22 software and based on descriptive-inferential statistics (by applying the multivariate regression equation method). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
407 - Ibn al-Ghaḍāirī’s al-Rijāl in the viewpoints of the Rijālī scholars Since the fifth century AH
Mohammad Reza AramIbn al-Ghazāirī's book, titled al-Ḍu'afā, has always been the subject of controversy in terms of its validity, influence, and its different hadithic and jurisprudential views stemmed from it .This was the motivation for the present study and, in an analytica MoreIbn al-Ghazāirī's book, titled al-Ḍu'afā, has always been the subject of controversy in terms of its validity, influence, and its different hadithic and jurisprudential views stemmed from it .This was the motivation for the present study and, in an analytical-historical way, explaining different views about the book, and the evaluating the rate of Ibn al-Ghazāirī’s reliability, this question was explored that to some extent this figure was trustworthy among the Rijāl scholars since the fifth century. This research found that ibn al-Ghazāirī's mistrusting is in conflict with the credentials given to him by the renowned scholars, and this claim that he was excessive in mistrusting the trustworthy transmitters was not confirmed. It was also revealed that Ibn al-Ghazāirī had judged the Hadith narrators by correct criteria. Research has shown that from the 5th century onwards, scholars such as Najāshī, ‘Alāmmah Ḥillī, and Ibn Dāwūd Ḥillī, and later scholars such as Muhammad Tunikābunī, Muhammad Taqi Shūshtarī, and Abdul Hādī Faḍlī and Khānsārī, have trusted Ibn al-Ghazāirī and have been influenced by his sayings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
408 - The Historical Background of 'Ayn al-Quzāt Hamidāni's attitude towards the hadith "Utlubu al-‘Ilm wa lu Biṣīn" (Seek knowledge, even though it is in China)
javad faramarziThe Sufis and Muslim philosophers have in many cases provided a different understanding of the traditions. Among such Muslim scholars is 'Eyn al-Quzāt Hamidāni (killed in 525 AH). He does so in discussing various traditions. For example, in discussing the narration of " MoreThe Sufis and Muslim philosophers have in many cases provided a different understanding of the traditions. Among such Muslim scholars is 'Eyn al-Quzāt Hamidāni (killed in 525 AH). He does so in discussing various traditions. For example, in discussing the narration of "Utlubu al-‘Ilm wa lu Biṣīn" (Seek knowledge, even though it is in China) he says that the meaning of the narrative is to go to a spring called "Ṣād" to learn interior and secret knowledge, a source that implies a secretive meaning. It is appropriate to ask what historical roots existed in his time to cause him to have such attitude to this narrative . As we shall see, this notion is rooted in his Gnostic and mystical thinking. According to the Gnostic thought - partly on the path of its transmission through Christianity and Manoit to Iran and subsequently to Iran after converted to Islam - the material world and material science are worthless. Gnostics give authenticity to the metaphysical world and 'Eyn al-Quzāt was influenced by them as well. Another mysterious thought that 'Eyn al-Quzāt was influenced by is the one presented by Plato, who believed in the universe of the forms and that the principle of all things existed in the higher world and regard material objects as shadows and darkness. Although his viewpoints of hadiths have historical roots outside of the Muslim world, aspects of such beliefs can be viewed in various religions and schools of interest to esoteric interpretations of Shiite Islam in particular. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
409 - The History of the Discipline “Tanāsub al-Āyāt” (The Verses Coherence)
Atiye Akbari mohammad ali mahdavi rad Rouhollah ShahidiThe Discipline of “Tanāsub al-Āyāt” was introduced as a science in the eighth century, and what is stated in the books of the Qur'anic sciences as the history of this science is focused on the works of this century and afterward in which they explicitly have MoreThe Discipline of “Tanāsub al-Āyāt” was introduced as a science in the eighth century, and what is stated in the books of the Qur'anic sciences as the history of this science is focused on the works of this century and afterward in which they explicitly have mentioned the kinds of relation and connection between verses and suras. The present study aimed to answer the question that what was the reason of the proportion idea and what was the path of Muslim scholars to convert the proportion between the Quran’s verses and suras into a scientific concern? this idea is rooted in the area of the I’jāz of the Qur'an order and the concept of order from the third century. According to the commentators, the conversion of the relation between the words to the relation between the verses is the turning point of this path, which is seen in the Bāqilānī’s works. Then, in the fifth century, the introduction of a relativistic attitude to commentary books such as Sheikh Tusi's commentary, al-Tibyān, was also a ground for the knowledge proportion. Finally, in the sixth century, the intersection of the commentary science with the subject of the expressive I’jāz of the Qur'an, which was particularly raised in the interpretation of the Zamakhsharī, al-Kashāf, became the beginning of the growth and acquisition of this knowledge among commentators and scholars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
410 - The development of The Qur’anic idea “al-Shahid” from Court Witness to the Martyr: Quranic background for the formation of the concept
Ashraf Montazeri Hamed Khani (Farhang Mehrvash)The formation of Islam, like all other great and historic movements, was owed to many sacrifices. Thus, from its earliest days, selfless death was considered an important value for the advancement of the sacred ideal. The metaphor of "death in the way of God" was used i MoreThe formation of Islam, like all other great and historic movements, was owed to many sacrifices. Thus, from its earliest days, selfless death was considered an important value for the advancement of the sacred ideal. The metaphor of "death in the way of God" was used in the Qur'an to refer to this death; A Metaphor that lost its widespread use to indicate this meaning in favor of another meaning, and from the distant past whose exact time we do not yet know, the term of "martyrdom or Shahadah" took its place; The term in the post-Qur'anic Arabic language means to testify in court cases, and most of its Qur'anic uses are translated in the same sense. It is not easy to see the similarities between self-sacrificing death and the testifying which caused the use of this metaphor, we also do not know the period in which such replacement took place, and the steps that led to the application of such a term for sacred death. Searching for the applications of the interpretation of the martyr and his family in the Qur'an from a critical point of view and understanding the meaning of the Qur'anic “Shahadah” to analyze the causes and elements and grounds for establishing the mentioned replacement is the subject of this study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
411 - The History of the Concept "Ḥamd"; Investigating Semantic Changes from the Pre-Islamic Period to the Holy Qur’an and Islamic Culture
Mohammad Hosein Akhavan Tabasi amirhosein hoseinzadeIvary Morteza Ohadi"Ḥamd" is a key concept in the Quranic theology that underwent fundamental changes in meaning upon entering Islamic culture. The lexicographers and commentators have considered ḥamd to mean praise (madh) or thanksgiving (shokr). In traditions and Islamic culture, the sa More"Ḥamd" is a key concept in the Quranic theology that underwent fundamental changes in meaning upon entering Islamic culture. The lexicographers and commentators have considered ḥamd to mean praise (madh) or thanksgiving (shokr). In traditions and Islamic culture, the same meaning for ḥamd has been reflected. Meanwhile, in its pre-Islamic history and in semantic languages, ḥamd had two meanings: first, it means "fire, heat" and second, "desire, interest and pleasure"; that the second meaning is constructed from the first meaning. These semantic evidences show that ḥamd has undergone a fundamental change in its meaning through its life. in this research, by the historical method, the concept of ḥamd is investigated at the pre-Islamic era, age of Qur’an and the period of Islamic culture, and its semantic changes through the history, by the approach of history of concept. This research has reached the conclusion that the meaning of ḥamd in the Holy Qur’an is along its pre-Islamic meaning (desire, interest and attention) and it should not be carried over the changed meaning that evolved in the Islamic era (praise, thanks). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
412 - 'A'isha and Traditions of the Companions: The First External Criticism of Hadith
yahya Mirhoseini kamal sahraei ArdakaniAisha, the wife of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), is known as one of the most important transmitters of Hadith in terms of quantity, due to her long life with the Holy Prophet (PBUH), her great influence among the companions, and the meeting of many of her followers. In addit MoreAisha, the wife of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), is known as one of the most important transmitters of Hadith in terms of quantity, due to her long life with the Holy Prophet (PBUH), her great influence among the companions, and the meeting of many of her followers. In addition to narration, she also played a role in understanding and criticizing Hadith; To the extent that she was considered one of the serious critics of narrations. Aisha, who introduced herself as one of the most knowledgeable in the tradition of the Prophet (PBUH), also dealt with the pathology of narrations. Some of these refinements are related to the identity and totality of the Hadiths, which are called external criticism in textual criticism. This descriptive study deals with her efforts in this field; The one that was later categorized in the science of Hadith with the term Ja'l wa Waḍ' (forgery), and was also included in the discussions of the ‘Ilal al-Hadith (problems of Hadiths). Criticisms can be expressed in this classification: confronting the entry of Arab superstitions, confronting the myths of neighboring regions, confronting false citations, correcting narrations about religious rulings, as well as opposing narrations that could weaken the position of women in society. The result of the article, in addition to showing the role of Aisha in the critique of Hadith and her verbal and practical confrontation with the narrations that some of the companions quoted inappropriately from her point of view, can show the first rules in the field of Hadith criticism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
413 - The Role-Playing of "Man" and "Mā" In the Historical Context of the Emergence of Quranic Readings
RUHALLAH NAJAFITo understand the historical contexts of the emergence of Qur'anic readings, it is important to examine the repetitive patterns of reading differences. For this purpose, in the present article, we will look at the position of "Man" and "Ma" in the difference of readings MoreTo understand the historical contexts of the emergence of Qur'anic readings, it is important to examine the repetitive patterns of reading differences. For this purpose, in the present article, we will look at the position of "Man" and "Ma" in the difference of readings, and by examining various evidence of the differences among the readers, we will recognize the role of "Man" and "Ma" in the emergence of readings. In the readings of the Qur'an, the various pronunciation of "Man" as Man or Min is repeatedly seen . On the other hand, sometimes in readings outside the official Muṣḥaf, "Man" is replaced by "Ma". In addition, the hesitation between considering the wording or the meaning of "man" or "ma" has led to differences in the masculine or feminine readings of some verbs. In the present study, we want to defend the hypothesis that the flexibility of Arabic language structures, along with the fact that the official Qur'an was devoid of punctuation and Arabic symbols, led to the emergence and development of differences in readings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
414 - History of the concept of the term companions And typology of different approaches to it
Ghasem Bostani fatemeh moradi kohnakiAdherence to idioms, especially ancient idioms, is one of the most important and difficult issues that human beings have always faced. The term "companions" is one of these ancient and widely used terms in the texts of Islam, in which there is a difference of opinion; I MoreAdherence to idioms, especially ancient idioms, is one of the most important and difficult issues that human beings have always faced. The term "companions" is one of these ancient and widely used terms in the texts of Islam, in which there is a difference of opinion; In such a way that this issue has become a point of contention and it has become difficult to identify the examples of the companions. This study has tried to carefully examine the semantic changes and evolutions of the term Companions throughout the history of Islam in historical reports and has used a descriptive-analytical method to achieve this. The results show that there is no effect or sign indicating the definition of the Companions or the people to whom the Companions refer, in the Qur'an or the hadiths, and the term Companions is a historical term, not a religious one. In the definitions offered over different centuries, two approaches have been emphasized that the dominant approach has been the approach of the narrators, but the definition of the fundamentalists has preceded the definition of the narrators. Lack of clarification of the definition of the Companion in the Shari'a, differences in the lexical meaning of the Companions, the precedence of the discussion of justice over the definition of the Companions and the presentation of a specific definition of the Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
415 - A Historical Analysis of Views on the Role of Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf Thaqafī in Establishing the Final Text of the Holy Qurʾan
Hadi Gholamrezaii Kavous RoohibarandaghIn the books of Quranic sciences, we see numerous and sometimes contradictory materials about the role of Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf in the recognition of the current text of the Holy Qurʾan. Ḥajjāj's character and especially Sajestāni's narrative of his eleven changes have becom MoreIn the books of Quranic sciences, we see numerous and sometimes contradictory materials about the role of Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf in the recognition of the current text of the Holy Qurʾan. Ḥajjāj's character and especially Sajestāni's narrative of his eleven changes have become an excuse to doubt the authenticity of the Qur’an. In this article, we collected, criticized and analyzed the sayings of Muslim scholars and orientalists with descriptive-analytical method and analyzed what Ḥajjāj did in relation to the Qurʾan and what was his motivation for this work. According to this research, Sajestāani's narrative is acceptable by providing explanations and does not contradict the validity of the Qurʾan. The main work of Ḥajjāj has been promoting the ʿUttomān Muṣḥaf and completing the project of Tawḥīd Muṣaḥaf and eliminating incorrect recitations, especially the recitations of ibn Masʿūd. A goal that Ḥajjāj, like ʿUthmān, could not fully achieve. His motivation was also the love of ʿUthmān and the hatred of the Qariyans and Mawālī for appearing in the war of ibn Ashʿath; A war that was about to destroy not only Ḥajjāj and Banī Umayyad but also the Islamic Caliphate forever. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
416 - The method of discovering Tadlis and its motives in Islamic narrative relations; Example: Darqotni's narration from Jea'bi
Mohammad Afi Khorasani Rouhollah ShahidiTadlis has been one of the significant phenomena in the process of transmitting hadiths, and not paying attention to it will damage the validity of hadith Sanads. This phenomenon is rooted in the history of hadith and many narrators at different levels have committed it MoreTadlis has been one of the significant phenomena in the process of transmitting hadiths, and not paying attention to it will damage the validity of hadith Sanads. This phenomenon is rooted in the history of hadith and many narrators at different levels have committed it. One of the important issues in studying this phenomenon is the method of discovering it in hadith Sanads as well as recognizing the motivations of narrators to do it. In this article, based on an objective example, this important issue has been addressed; This is an example of the Unusual names that Darqotni has used to name his master Muhammad ibn 'Umar Je'abi. A case-by-case analysis of each of these names first proved that they were all in fact refer to Ji'abi; Then the unusualness of these names about Ji'abi and, as a result, Darqotni's Tadlis in mentioning him was proved. In the end, various hypotheses were expressed in Darqotni's possible motives for the Tadlis, the most important of which was his suspicion of Ji'abi at the later period of his life, which may have been pretended not to narrate much from him by changing the method of naming Jiabi. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
417 - A historical course of interpretations Surah Yusef's Narrative
Hosein Arian sedighe solimani yusof aaliIn this article, the historical course of the story of Yusef is different interpretations is examined. The purpose of the article is to examine the history of the interpretation of Surah Yusef and to examine this story and the commentators' attitude towards a single Qur MoreIn this article, the historical course of the story of Yusef is different interpretations is examined. The purpose of the article is to examine the history of the interpretation of Surah Yusef and to examine this story and the commentators' attitude towards a single Quranic story. First, the story has been extracted according to the narration of the commentators and its keys points, then the obtained keys have been analyzed and divided into separate sections, the evidence of each of them has been mentioned. Finally, the method of narration and the approach if commentators to the story of Yusef and their interpretations have been examined. Interpretations of the Quran exist in different interpretations classes or groups due to the tendency or method of interpretation. In this research, with regard to different interpretations groups, the key interpretations or exegetes have been mentioned.The method of research is the Discourse analysis of the commentators' word and the texture of interpretations has been examined from the semantic and pragmatic.The method of research is the Discourse analysis of the commentators' word and the texture of interpretations has been examined from the semantic and pragmatic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
418 - Historical-content review of medical hadith sources
Elham OSTADISome are of the opinion that religion has exclusive involvement in the field of medicine and the only way to reach medical knowledge and treatment of patients is revelation. foundation of Islamic medicine is the noble verses of the Qur'an and hadiths. The imams are MoreSome are of the opinion that religion has exclusive involvement in the field of medicine and the only way to reach medical knowledge and treatment of patients is revelation. foundation of Islamic medicine is the noble verses of the Qur'an and hadiths. The imams are a guide, and even to advance their point of view, they have relied on the rule of tolerance in referring to weak hadiths.This writing is based on the documentary-library method, while examining some useful sources in Islamic medicine such Towhid-e-Mofaddal, Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah and some medical hadiths found in the book of Usul Al -Kafi; based on their historical course; The research has analyzed the mentioned point of view. As a result, although logical induction is not reliable, especially if it is not complete; But due to the fact that most of the sources are facing weak document or content; This partially correct case shows that establishing a scientific foundation with the title of Islamic medicine by relying only on verses and hadiths is not a proper and logical thing and may lead to the disasters of scientific interpretation. Because establishing the solid foundations of religion based on weak hadiths and issues; It inevitably leads to the weakness and weakness of religion and becomes a factor for the apostasy of people who have not found health due to fake hadiths. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
419 - Polygamy: A Critical Approach to the Reports of Qājār Period Travel Writers from the Perspective of the Holy Qur’an and Hadiths
ali balvardiThe Qajar period is one of the most prominent periods in the history of Iran and the peak of the presence of missionaries and travel writers in Iran. In this historical period, European travel writers visited Iran as personal tours and sometimes as delegations from Euro MoreThe Qajar period is one of the most prominent periods in the history of Iran and the peak of the presence of missionaries and travel writers in Iran. In this historical period, European travel writers visited Iran as personal tours and sometimes as delegations from European superpowers. Travel writers, each with a special motivation and insight, investigate the social, political and cultural situation of their travel destination, according to their spirit and cultural and social aspect, and while carrying the culture of their land with them. In their reports, they have pointed out the violation of women's rights due to polygamy, for example, they have reported reports of polygamy among the Muslim community of Iran during the Qajar period. This research aims to answer the question, is this accusation and misrepresentation of travel writers of violating women's rights true? This hypothesis is followed that the travel writers, first of all, have expressed these reports with malicious purposes. Secondly, by reviewing the history in the past periods in Iran and the rest of the world, especially Europe, it becomes clear that polygamy was prevalent among many nations before Islam, and it is Islam that organized this phenomenon through laws such as establishing justice among spouses. To prevent women's rights and dignity from being violated. The purpose of the author in this research is to clarify the purposes of travelogue writers in distorting Iranian and Islamic culture through Islamic foundations, especially the verses of the Holy Quran. The method of writing this article; Descriptive, based on the reports of Qajar period travel writers, and then analytical method, based on Islamic principles in response to misconceptions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
420 - Seismic Performance Investigation of Buckling Restrained Braces with Parallel Yielding Double Core
Kourosh Mehdizadeh Abbasali Sadeghi Seyede Vahide HashemiThe buildings equipped with buckling restrained brace (BRB) are earthquake resistant structures that have two properties of high lateral stiffness and ability to absorb and dissipate energy at the same time In this study, a parallel double core mechanism with the same c MoreThe buildings equipped with buckling restrained brace (BRB) are earthquake resistant structures that have two properties of high lateral stiffness and ability to absorb and dissipate energy at the same time In this study, a parallel double core mechanism with the same core length and with different yielding stress was used to investigate the seismic performance of buckling restrained brace of single core and double core. Therefore, in this research, three 3-dimensional 3, 6 and 9-story buildings equipped with concentric buckling restrained braces were designed according to AISC-LRFD Code along with the controlling of the seismic criteria based on standard 2800 version 4th in ETABS 2017 software. Then, the two dimensional perimeter frames equipped with buckling restrained brace were modeled in SeismoStruct 2018 software in two states of single core and double core. In order to investigate the behavior of these structures, the adaptive pushover nonlinear static analysis and time history nonlinear dynamic analysis were performed under three far fault earthquakes. The results presented that the use of a parallel yielding double core increased the elastic stiffness of the structures but does not cause a noticeable change in the lateral strength of the prototypes. Also under applied earthquakes, the hysteresis curves were obtained and these figures showed that the use of a parallel double core increased the earthquake energy dissipation. In general, the use of the double core buckling restrained brace reduced seismic responses such as roof displacement, roof acceleration, drift and base shear by approximately 20%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
421 - The Influence of The Interaction of Soil And Structure on Rein forced Concrete Tall Buildings With Flat Slabs And Internal Resistant Core of Tube in Tube System With Consideration of Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis
Reza Hoseini ashkan khodabandehlouIn this study, 2 reinforced concrete 3D building frames for a 28-storey building are going to be considered and analyzesThese frames are in both X andYdirections with tube in tube structural system and a flat plate roof with rigid internal core in the shape of H, in a r MoreIn this study, 2 reinforced concrete 3D building frames for a 28-storey building are going to be considered and analyzesThese frames are in both X andYdirections with tube in tube structural system and a flat plate roof with rigid internal core in the shape of H, in a relatively high risk zone (A=0.3 g) on two kinds of soil, with and without soil-structure interaction.The goal of this study is to determine the maximum drift and displacement of the storeys under gravity loads(dead live) and lateral load of earthquake. A discrete model based on a buried footing Cone Model in homogeneous half space of volf and meek is used to model the soil under the foundation and also to determine dynamic stiffness coefficient and Soil damping cofficient and a substructure method with the footing rigidity assumption is used to analyze the frames with the soil-structure intraction effect. A dynamic analysis of the nonlinear timeline history of seven accelerograms is used to analyze earthquake load and geometric modeling of all frames with internal core has been done in sap2000-V17software.The results show that the maximum drift and displacement of the storeys with soil-structure interaction in X and Ydirection was not different with the one without interaction and that they are equal. By changing the type of soil with and without soil-structure interaction, the maximum drift of storeys in X direction had a descending increment process of 22 percent and in Y direction, had 25 percent is increment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
422 - Seismic Behavior Upgrade of Steel Moment FramesUsing Viscous Dampers and Determination of Their Proper Damping Forces
seyyed Mehdi Zahraei Omid MohammadiEnergy dissipation systems have been broadly used in structures during the recent decades in order to reduce earthquake and wind forces as well as reduction of structural lateral drifts within the code limits. Viscous damper is considered as one of the energy dissipatio MoreEnergy dissipation systems have been broadly used in structures during the recent decades in order to reduce earthquake and wind forces as well as reduction of structural lateral drifts within the code limits. Viscous damper is considered as one of the energy dissipation systems which are classified as velocity-dependent dampers among passive control systems and have been paid attention and their further detailed properties taken into account by many researchers. Viscous damper consists of a piston with some orifices inside the cylinder which contains highly viscous fluid. Energy dissipation of this damper is through pushing viscous fluid out of the orifices. These are two types of these dampers: linear and nonlinear from which linear type with velocity power of one is more practical. The structural damping force is usually set according to the procedure described in FEMA273 and are optimized by three controlled modes of displacement, velocity and acceleration. This study examines the effect of adding viscous dampers on seismic behavior of steel moment frames. For this purpose, three steel moment frames of 1, 3 and 6-story all in 3 bays, with viscous dampers having power factor of 1, 0.8 and 0.6 are selected. These sample structures are subjected to the nonlinear time history analysis under the El Centro, Kobe and Northridge earthquakes, and their response including displacement, acceleration and base shear is compared in two cases of with and without viscous dampers. Finally, regarding nonlinear time history analysis results based on the structural behavior in three modes controlled by displacement, velocity and acceleration, proper damping forces are specified as 94.7, 240.1 and 557.1 kN respectively for one, three and six story structures based on maximum acceleration and base share obtained from FEMA273. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
423 - The Investigation Effect of Viscous Damper on the Floor level on Seismic Response at Reinforced Concrete Tall buildings with Internal Resistant Core the Tube in Tube System
sajjad Alizadeh ashkan khodabandelouApplication of dampers as means of attenuation of earthquake energy is one of the most significant approaches and viscose damper is the most popular one. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of viscose dampers on decreasing the vulnerability of tall struc MoreApplication of dampers as means of attenuation of earthquake energy is one of the most significant approaches and viscose damper is the most popular one. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of viscose dampers on decreasing the vulnerability of tall structures at earthquake and selection of the optimal arrangement of dampers in these structures. so, two types of concrete special moment frames with central cores with 26 floors were designed with SAP2000 software. Then, they were applied to five earthquake records and their vulnerabilities were investigated according to non-linear timehistory dynamic analysis. Then, dampers were erected into the structure and modeled. To do so, the dampers were horizontally positioned in the structure and the models were evaluated again using non-linear timehistory dynamic analysis. The results obtained by investigating three parameters of maximum Floor displacement, base shear, and structure Acceleration verified signified decrease in all three parameters. In such a way that the displacement of the structure, between 10 to 25 percent,the base shear 15 percent, as well as the acceleration of the input to the structure, to about 17 to 20 percentage reduction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
424 - The Effect of SMA Damper on Energy Dissipation and Eduction of Vibration Amplitude of Multi-Story Steel Frames
Ali Seyedkazemi milad esmaeili saman eftekhar ardabili morteza hoseinali beygiIn recent years, the idea of using durable materials which are capable of absorbing energy and have high ductility are highlighted in structural engineering. One example of these materials is shape memory alloys which show predefined physical properties in different c MoreIn recent years, the idea of using durable materials which are capable of absorbing energy and have high ductility are highlighted in structural engineering. One example of these materials is shape memory alloys which show predefined physical properties in different conditions. These materials show little residual strain under loading and unloading cycles even when passing through the yield area. In fact, they create regenerative forces in structures. In this study, the effect of shape memory alloys on energy dissipation and reducing vibration amplitude of multi-story steel frame is investigated. For the present purpose, shape memory alloy rebars are used in the middle of the diagonal elements of braces. ABAQUS software is used in the present study. To validate models, first, two-story braced frame with shape memory alloy used in the laboratory studies of Han et al (2003) is modeled and analyzed in the software. The results obtained by the two laboratory and analytical methods are in acceptable agreement. To investigate the effect of height on the seismic performance of the buildings equipped with this type of dampers, 3- and 12-story buildings were considered and reciprocating nonlinear analysis and nonlinear dynamic time history analysis using Tabas accelerogram were performed. Results show that using this type of dampers cause quick energy dissipation and a significant reduction in the vibration amplitude and base shear so that the existence of shape memory alloy in 3-story building makes the ability of the structural system in dissipating energy and the initial stiffness of the system increase 2.5 and 2 times respectively. Moreover, with an increase in height, its effectiveness in controlling the seismic response of structure is reduced between 10-15 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
425 - Online adaptive neuro-fuzzy controller design to attenuate the seismic responses in a 20-story benchmark structure
Rasoul Sabetahd Seyed Arash Mousavi Ghasemi Ramin Vafaei Poursorkhabi Ardashir Mohammadzadeh Yousef ZandiIn the present research, design of a strong and online adaptive controller in the active cable control system is discussed to overcome the earthquake vibrations of multi-story buildings. Considering all variables as unknown, this study introduces a new type 2 adaptive n MoreIn the present research, design of a strong and online adaptive controller in the active cable control system is discussed to overcome the earthquake vibrations of multi-story buildings. Considering all variables as unknown, this study introduces a new type 2 adaptive neuro-fuzzy controller. Using the MLP neural network (multi-layer perceptrons), Jacobian and the structural system estimation are extracted. This estimated structural system model is implemented into the online controller system in the next step. Adaptive controllers are tuned using a post-propagation algorithm and Extended Kalman Filter and are thus able to control and tune the controllers and the cable system. In this method, a PID controller is also used, which increases the strength and stability of the adaptive neural-fuzzy controller system two against earthquake vibrations. The superiority of the proposed controller system over an online simple adaptive controller is also demonstrated. This controller is utilized as an implicit reference model. In this proposed method, Extended Kalman Filter is innovatively used to tune online controllers. In this research, the performance of both controllers is investigated under the far and near fault field pressures. Based on the numerical results, the adaptive neural-fuzzy controller performs about 21% better than the online simple adaptive controller in minimizing the seismic responses of the structure during an earthquake and reaching the control criteria when the parametric characteristics of the structure change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
426 - Comparing the Performance of Short Link Beam in Buckling Unrestrained and Restrained Eccentric Braced Frames under non-linear Static and Dynamic Analysis
Arash Hossein Shahi aboozar salehAccording to the fact that our country is located in one of the seismic zones of the world, the possibility of strong earthquakes in different regions is inevitable. Over the past years, researchers have proposed different systems for absorbing and dissipating earthquak MoreAccording to the fact that our country is located in one of the seismic zones of the world, the possibility of strong earthquakes in different regions is inevitable. Over the past years, researchers have proposed different systems for absorbing and dissipating earthquake energy in structures, which, in this regard, unrestrained buckling braces have been focused by engineers. The purpose of this research is to examine the behavior of short link beam in steel frames with buckling and non-buckling braces. For this purpose, three structures, 3, 6 and 9 stories with buckling and non-buckling braces are designed according to valid regulations and all seismic rules have also been controlled. Then, their lateral two-dimensional frame is modeled with eccentric braces on the SeismoStruct 2016 software. In order to investigate the behavior of the link beam, nonlinear static and time history analysis have been used for three far-field earthquakes and type 2 soil. In the following, the results of the shear force and the bending moment of the link beam and the nonlinear static analysis curves of the frames in two models with buckling and non-buckling braces are compared. The results of nonlinear static analysis show that the moment and shear in the non-buckling link beam can be up to 38 and 50 percent more than the frame with buckling braces, respectively. Non-linear time history analysis shows a higher growth of link beam forces in a frame with non-buckling braces than nonlinear static analysis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
427 - A Comparison of Modal Analysis of Ritz Vector Mode (Ritze) and Eagan Vector (Eigen) based on nonlinear Time History (NTH) Dynamic Analysis
seyed ali mousavi davoudi Morteza NaghipourNowadays, the requirements of designing structures based on low weight and high strength in structural engineering science, have increased the possibility of unwanted and destructive vibrations in these systems. Also, using of computer softwares for modeling alone canno MoreNowadays, the requirements of designing structures based on low weight and high strength in structural engineering science, have increased the possibility of unwanted and destructive vibrations in these systems. Also, using of computer softwares for modeling alone cannot accurately predict the dynamic behavior of structures. For this reason, a fundamental approach to experimental techniques was developed and made progress in the field of modal analysis. In recent years, modal analysis has been applied as a tool to determine and enhance the dynamic properties of structures. The vibrational modes obtained from the modal analysis, are useful for understanding the behavior of the structure correctly. Modal analysis is also used in modal time history analyzes and quasi-dynamic analysis of response spectrum. An important point in modal analysis is that when using modal analysis there are two types of analytical models named special vector state and Ritz vector state. Finding the best method for modal analysis of structural responses is very important in modal analysis, so far no comprehensive studies have been conducted to date. Considering the importance of this issue, in this study the evaluation of the accuracy between the two modes of vectors (Ritz) and (Eigen) in modal analysis is done. It is concluded that the modal analysis of Eigen vector is more accurate than Ritz vector and the results of Eigen modal analysis are closer to reality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
428 - Analytical and Comparative Review of Methods for Determining the Storey Stiffness
mohammad reza tabesh poor azadeh noorifardSoft story has caused the failure of many buildings in previous earthquakes. Several factors such as greater height of columns, removing some columns, lateral bracings, shear walls or infill walls due to architectural design in a story especially ground floor are the ma MoreSoft story has caused the failure of many buildings in previous earthquakes. Several factors such as greater height of columns, removing some columns, lateral bracings, shear walls or infill walls due to architectural design in a story especially ground floor are the main reason of this phenomenon. Most of the seismic codes have criteria for vertical irregularity. This is usually based on the ratio of stiffness between adjacent storeys, but there is no recommendation for calculating the storey stiffness. On the other hand a great number of previous studies on stiffness have focused on approximate methods and exact methods have been almost neglected. In this study, soft storey, weak storey and approximate methods in literature are reviewed and then six exact methods for calculating the storey stiffness by using structural analysis software are investigated. This study is done on 2D reinforced concrete frames. Based on analysis results, method 3 with no modification in the model of structure and the triangular distribution of lateral forces similar to seismic forces has acceptable accuracy and desirable efficiency for designing and controlling structures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
429 - Investigation of the Effect of Soil Structure Interaction on the Response of Structures with Viscoelastic Damper under Different Damping
masoud pourbaba saeid javaherzadeh fariba seyyedi mohammadiUsing additional dampers for reducing input energy of structures is an effective way for dissipating input energy of structures. Including appropriate tools in dissipating the input energy of structures is viscoelastic damper. Generally, according to the structural anal MoreUsing additional dampers for reducing input energy of structures is an effective way for dissipating input energy of structures. Including appropriate tools in dissipating the input energy of structures is viscoelastic damper. Generally, according to the structural analysis, the soil under structures is assumed to be rigid and the effect of soil structure interaction has been ignored. However, in reality, this soil is not rigid and the soil beneath the structures changes the dynamic specifications of structures and thus response of it. Structural response and damper performance depend on various components including type of earth movement and soil specifications. In this research, a few two-dimensional special concrete frames were examined. For frame modeling of additional damper, we used Kelvin method and for modeling of soil structure interaction effects with additional damper we used spring and damper equivalent method in the OpenSees app. Studied frames after rehabilitation with damper have been analyzed under dynamic nonlinear time history analysis. This analysis was done in three damping 5%, 10% and 15%. And at the end the results of soil-structure interaction impact with viscoelastic damper under different damping are studied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
430 - Optimal intensity measures for probabilistic seismic demand modeling of multi-span continuous concrete box girder bridges subjected to near-field earthquakes
Hoodean Malekzadeh Hassan Abbasi Mahmood Hooseini Armin Aziminejad Mohammadreza Adib RamezaniSeismic intensity measures (IMs) perform a pivotal role in probabilistic seismic demand modeling. Past studies investigated appropriate IMs for structures, including the vital component of the transportation system, the highway bridges. These studies were mainly focused MoreSeismic intensity measures (IMs) perform a pivotal role in probabilistic seismic demand modeling. Past studies investigated appropriate IMs for structures, including the vital component of the transportation system, the highway bridges. These studies were mainly focused on far-field earthquakes and did not consider the strong vertical component of ground motions in near-field earthquakes. In order to evaluate the optimal IMs for the multi-span continuous concrete box girder bridges subjected to near-field earthquakes, ten sample bridges were modeled and then subjected to three-component records of 164 near-field earthquakes applying the OpenSees software framework. In the present research, 5 engineering demand parameters considering the most critical response parameters related to columns and deck were selected, along with 24 intensity measures considering the horizontal and vertical components of ground motions. Base on the optimality investigation method, parameters such as efficiency, practicality, proficiency, sufficiency, and relative sufficiency were considered. In total, 8200 nonlinear time-history analyses were conducted. The results presented that the peak ground velocity of the horizontal component (PGVH), velocity spectrum intensity of the horizontal components(VSIH), and Housner intensity of horizontal components (HIH) were the optimal intensity measures, and vertical component of ground motions in near-field earthquakes should be considered in optimality investigation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
431 - The effect of position and percentage of TMD in plan on seismic performance of concrete structures
said javaherzadeh maryam eslam mohamadiThe most modern control techniques to improve the structural behavior of structures against unconventional forces of wind and earthquake. In this regard, researchers using innovative tools such as tund mass damper (TMD) to reduce seismic vibrations. This paper exa MoreThe most modern control techniques to improve the structural behavior of structures against unconventional forces of wind and earthquake. In this regard, researchers using innovative tools such as tund mass damper (TMD) to reduce seismic vibrations. This paper examines the effect of the position and the percentage by mass damper TMD plan on seismic performance of concrete structures. For this purpose, a concrete structures eighteen floor, are selected. The TMD are uniformly distributed along the height of the structural models. Nonlinear dynamic time history analyses are used to determine the add TMD related response reduction. The results show an reduction in the dynamic response, by increasing damping ratios of structural systems caused by add TMD. Therefore, such systems can be used to retrofit buldings and improve their behavior under earthquake used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
432 - Seismic Control of Structures Using Tuned Liquid Dampers (TLD) Adaptable with Water Level
Nakisa Azari Farshid FathiTuned Liquid Dampers (TLD) are widely utilized today because of their simple structure, no need for external energy sources and low construction and implementation costs. They have also been used effectively to reduce the responses of structures against the earthquake e MoreTuned Liquid Dampers (TLD) are widely utilized today because of their simple structure, no need for external energy sources and low construction and implementation costs. They have also been used effectively to reduce the responses of structures against the earthquake excitation. By adjusting the water level, inside the TLD tank, so that the vibration frequency of the fluid is equal to the main frequency of the structure, the best efficiency is obtained for this passive control system in reducing the response of the structures. Many efforts have been undertaken to make this type of damper usable even under normal conditions, so that to be used as a water storage tank for the buildings. However, in such case, due to the variable level of water consumption in the damper tank, its efficiency will not necessarily be high at the time of an earthquake. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to introduce an improved model, instead of conventional TLD, that perform the best efficiency in reducing structural responses at the different water levels in the reservoir. For this purpose, by applying seven earthquake records to the studied analytical model, the efficiency of two control systems has been compared with each other. The results of nonlinear time history analyses indicate that the maximum building responses in the proposed control system have been effectively reduced, for the different reservoir water levels, compared to the conventional TLD system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
433 - Investigation of redundancy factor at buildings with nonparallel systems irregularity
azim bani jalali seyyed sina kourehli In this paper, the redundancy factor at buildings with nonparallel systems irregularity has been investigated. For this purpose, four concrete moment resisting frames with different heights and spans designed in ETABS software. Because of irregularity of the studi More In this paper, the redundancy factor at buildings with nonparallel systems irregularity has been investigated. For this purpose, four concrete moment resisting frames with different heights and spans designed in ETABS software. Because of irregularity of the studied buildings in plan, the story which resist more than 35% of the base shear in the direction of interest should be found. Then, loss of moment resistance at the beam-to-column connections at both ends of a single beam should be tested. The obtained results show that the story strength reduced less than 33% and the resulting system have not an extreme torsional irregularity. So, the redundancy factor at studied buildings is equal one. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
434 - The Effect of Tuned Mass Damper Location on its Performance in MDOF Structures
morteza baigoly Farzan Hadad Shargh Fayaz Rahimzadeh RofooeiThe use of single or multiple tuned mass dampers is one of the methods to reduce earthquake vibrations caused by earthquakes in recent decades. One of the problems with using mass dampers is the large amount of space occupied by these systems in the structures. This spa MoreThe use of single or multiple tuned mass dampers is one of the methods to reduce earthquake vibrations caused by earthquakes in recent decades. One of the problems with using mass dampers is the large amount of space occupied by these systems in the structures. This space can sometimes make a lot of trouble for structural architects. The results of previous researches indicate that the dampers tuned on the first mode of the structure located on the roof floor, exhibit the highest efficiency. However, in some structures, due to architectural limitations, their implementation on the roof floor becomes problematic and it is appropriate to place dampers on other floors of the structure. In this research, the effect of damper placement on different floors of structures on their performance will be investigated under time history analysis. For this purpose, three structures of 5, 15, and 25 stories are designed and mass dampers are provided for each of them. These dampers are then placed on different floors of the structure and are analyzed. The results of this study present that the relocation of dampers has regulatory influences on the performance of dampers. These effects can be predicted in the form of an equation obtained in this study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
435 - Seismic Performance of RC Frames Equipped with Zipper Braces Subjected to the Near-field and Far-field Earthquakes
Seyyed Ramin Abtahi Babak BehforouzIn recent years, near-fault earthquakes have received more attention due to their variable frequency nature, pulsing motion, and causing incremental damage. On the other hand, due to the abundance of concrete structures in Iran, more than any other structures, they are MoreIn recent years, near-fault earthquakes have received more attention due to their variable frequency nature, pulsing motion, and causing incremental damage. On the other hand, due to the abundance of concrete structures in Iran, more than any other structures, they are at risk of damages caused by near-fault earthquakes. This issue clearly indicates the necessity of using new lateral bracing systems in RC structures. One of the lateral bracing systems is the combination of Chevron braces with zipper elements. Owing to this issue, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the seismic performance of RC frames equipped with zipper braced elements under near-fault earthquakes. Therefore, seven far-fault and seven near-fault earthquake records and three RC frames of 3, 6, and 9 floors with and without considering zipper elements were selected. Then, RC frames were designed using linear static analysis, after which all frames were analyzed by dynamic nonlinear time history analysis. After performing the analysis, the results such as total displacement, relative displacement, story shear, and plastic hinge formation were compared. The results of this study present that the zip-shaped elements have significantly succeeded in transferring asymmetric loads of the lower story braces to the upper stories and have prevented the creation of a soft story in the first height level of the structure. Finally, the comparison of the results ehibits the significant effect of the distance from the fault on the overall and relative deformations of the structures with increasing the height of the stories Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
436 - Investigation of Nonlinear Seismic Behavior of High-rise Reinforced Concrete Buildings and their Improvement by Viscoelastic Dampers
Faraz Kazemi ashkan khodabandehlouOwing to the destruction of high-rise buildings during recent earthquakes, the use of a structural system of reinforced concrete moment frame with viscoelastic damper causes a loss of seismic energy and consequently reduces lateral displacement. In this study a high-Ris MoreOwing to the destruction of high-rise buildings during recent earthquakes, the use of a structural system of reinforced concrete moment frame with viscoelastic damper causes a loss of seismic energy and consequently reduces lateral displacement. In this study a high-Rise, 20-Storey, three-dimensional reinforced concrete frame with 8 Models, of which 4 models with moment frame structural system and 4 models with moment frame + viscoelastic damping system in two directions of X, Y located in the high seismic zone (A=0.3g) on the soil type III is considered. The aim of the present study is to investigate the horizontal lateral displacement (absolute and relative) of the stories, the base shear of frames under gravity loads, and lateral loads of the earthquake. In order to modeling the viscoelastic materials, the Kelvin-Voigt model and to determine damping ratio(ζ) of frames with viscoelastic damper, stiffness coefficient (Kv) and damping coefficient (Cv) of viscoelastic dampers, the modal strain energy method have been applied. For seismic analysis of models without and with dampers, dynamic analysis of nonlinear time history via direct integration and modal (FNA) methods have been utilized, respectively. Geometric modeling of all frames was done using the SAP2000-V15 software. The results indicate that with increasing span length (model 2 compared to model 1 and model 4 compared to model 3) and increasing the height of stories (model 3 compared to model 1 and Model 4 compared to model 2), the maximum absolute lateral and relative displacement of stories, and base shear along with X, Y without and with viscoelastic damper have an increasing trend. Also, the maximum percentage increase of the mentioned models with damper compared to without damper along with X, Y has decreased Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
437 - The Effect Of Soil And Structure Interaction On High-Rise Reinforced Concrete Buildings With Internal Resistant Core Tube In Tube System And With To Consider Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis
Armin Razzaghi ashkan khodabandehlouThis research are considered and analyzed threedimensional high rise building three frames of 28-story reinforcedconcrete in each direction X,Y structural structure of a tube in tube,In the zone of high relative risk(A=0.3g),With fixed number and bays the le MoreThis research are considered and analyzed threedimensional high rise building three frames of 28-story reinforcedconcrete in each direction X,Y structural structure of a tube in tube,In the zone of high relative risk(A=0.3g),With fixed number and bays the length,different heights and types of soil(I, III), Once without affecting soil-structure interaction Once again, the effects of soil-structure interaction are considered and analyzed. The purpose of the present study is to determine the maximum lateral displacement frames floors of gravity loads(dead,live)and earthquake loads. In order to analyze the structure of the structurethe soil-structureintraction impact of the substructure is assumed to be used for the modeling of the sub-surface soil from the cone model,the structure of the structure and the determination of the dynamic hardening coefficient and damping coefficient soil of the discrete model based on the cone model in the homogeneous space stream.In order to analyze earth quake loads in the studied models,a dynamic analysis of the nonlinear time history of the modal method under seven accelerations accelerations.The geometric modeling of the all frames with shear walls in the SAP 2000-V17 software package was performed.The results show that with increasing elevation of floors(model 1 to 3),the maximum lateral displacment floors on type I soil in the direction of X increase in the direction Y is significant increase,in model ,in the model 2 to 1by changing the type of soil type, the maximum lateral displacment floors with out and with Soil-Structure intraction in the each two direction is dramatic increase Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
438 - Evaluation of the Simultaneous Application of Vertical and Horizontal Mass Isolation Techniques in the Moment Steel Frame Structures
Noosheen Ghorbani Farshid FathiIn the recent decades, many efforts have been made to reduce the damages caused by strong earthquakes to the structural and non-structural systems of buildings utilizing various methods of seismic control of structures (active and passive). One of the most common passiv MoreIn the recent decades, many efforts have been made to reduce the damages caused by strong earthquakes to the structural and non-structural systems of buildings utilizing various methods of seismic control of structures (active and passive). One of the most common passive seismic control systems is the horizontal isolation of buildings at their base level or base isolation. Another type of seismic isolation system, which is called vertical mass isolation and has been proposed in recent years, tries to separate the stiffness system and mass sub-system of the structures in some way. In this research, the more efficient Simultaneous application of the horizontal base isolation together with the vertical mass isolation techniques, along with the use of a damping devices (such as viscous dampers), to improve the seismic performance of moment steel frame structures, has been investigated. For this purpose, the performance of the proposed hybrid system was evaluated by performing nonlinear time history dynamic analysis under the horizontal component of earthquake acceleration records. The results of the analysis obviously presented significant reductions in the maximum seismic responses of the studied structures especially for displacements, drifts and base shears compared to those responses of the other types of conventional structural systems with similar characteristics Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
439 - The Effect of Story Animations on Social Development and Adjustment on Educable Mentally Retarded Students
Zahra Kiarasi Somayeh Kiarasi Azadeh KiarasiThis study aimed to investigate the effect of story animations on social development and social adjustment of 8-14 year-old educable mentally retarded students of Dezful in the 2014-15 school year. The research method was quasi-experimental and was conducted with pre-te MoreThis study aimed to investigate the effect of story animations on social development and social adjustment of 8-14 year-old educable mentally retarded students of Dezful in the 2014-15 school year. The research method was quasi-experimental and was conducted with pre-test and pre-test design with a control group. The study population included all educable mentally retarded students studying in Soodeh special school, with the numbers of 70 people. The sample consisted of 40 girl and boy educable mentally retarded students (IQ range was 60 to 74) which randomly selected and assigned to experimental and control groups. Participants also included Raven's colored test, Weiland social development scale, and children's social adjustment questionnaire. Reliability of social development and social adjustment tests was 0.75 and 0.77 respectively. Experimental group received 22 sessions of group intervention (watching electronic story books with animation) and in contrast, the control group received no intervention. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics including variance MANCOVA analysis. Comparison of the results of the post-test subjects showed that social development and social adjustment average of the experimental group compared with the control group was increased significantly. Therefore, it was concluded that story animations have a positive impact on social development and adjustment of educable mentally retarded students. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
440 - The Impact of Digital Storytelling on EFL learners' Listening Anxiety
Mehrak Rahimi Elham SoleimanyThe aim of the present study was investigating the impact of digital storytelling on language learners’ listening anxiety. Sixty intermediate language learners participated in the study and were sampled as the experimental (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. Their e MoreThe aim of the present study was investigating the impact of digital storytelling on language learners’ listening anxiety. Sixty intermediate language learners participated in the study and were sampled as the experimental (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. Their entry level listening anxiety was assessed by Foreign Language Listening Anxiety Questionnaire (FLLAQ) with respect to three factors: emotionality, worry, and anticipatory fear. Both groups received listening instruction based on communicative language teaching (pre-listening, listening, and post-listening). Pre-listening and post-listening activities of both groups were the same. For 14 weeks, the experimental group watched and listened to digital stories made by Corel Video Studio Pro X7 in the listening phase of their listening class. Meanwhile, the control group just listened to the narration of the same stories. FLLAQ was used as a posttest to assess participants’ listening anxiety at the end of the experiment. The result of multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) revealed that the listening anxiety of the experimental group lowered significantly at the end of the experiment in comparison to the control group considering the FLLAQ and its three dimensions. Examining the effect sizes, however, showed that the treatment effect was the strongest for lowering emotionality dimension of listening anxiety (partial eta squared=0.773) in comparison to worry (partial eta squared=0.552) and anticipatory fear (partial eta squared=0.247). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
441 - Sociological analysis of the processes of sleeping in grave (case study :(Zabol city)
Fatemeh Sadrnabavi Asma SefatgolThe phenomenon of sleeping in the grave has been formed in some cities of Iran in recent yeas. This phenomenon is considered one of the most serious social problems in urban society. These people cannot manage their lives naturally, so their conditions have caused them MoreThe phenomenon of sleeping in the grave has been formed in some cities of Iran in recent yeas. This phenomenon is considered one of the most serious social problems in urban society. These people cannot manage their lives naturally, so their conditions have caused them to lye outside mormal social connection networks. The present study, using a qualitative approach seeks to study the processes of sleeping in graves among homeless.The method used is the narrative analysis and has been done using the technique of open and in-depth interviews. Sample was purposefully selected, and selection was continued until saturation was reached. Hoopert’s method of narrative research was utilized. Instrument validation was through Denizin angle criterion and reliability was based on four criteria: the accuracy of the processes followed, comprehensibility, the use of sufficient documentation and evidence, and the provision of error handling mechanisms. Findings indicated that three key and constructive models of the burial process can be presented; 1- Family history of addiction model 2_ Cultural poverty model 3- Social-economic factors model Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
442 - .A sociological inquiry about alienation, the city and the story (Investigating the phenomenon of alienation in the Moscow metropolitan community in the story of the "Heart of a dog")
Khayyam AbbassiIn this article, the phenomenon of individual alienation in the Moscow metropolitan area is studied in Mikhail Bulgakov's long story "The Dog". The long story "Heart of a Dog" echoes Bulgakov's frustration with the Russian Revolution of 1917 AD. The question in this art MoreIn this article, the phenomenon of individual alienation in the Moscow metropolitan area is studied in Mikhail Bulgakov's long story "The Dog". The long story "Heart of a Dog" echoes Bulgakov's frustration with the Russian Revolution of 1917 AD. The question in this article concerns the way the phenomenon of urban alienation in the Soviet Union emerged as a model in Soviet fiction, and how Bulgakov attempted to shape, describe, and solve this problem. This research lies in the interpretive paradigm and utilized the qualitative method and the story under study is selected by the “famous sample” sampling technique. In analyzing this story from a sociological point of view, alienation theories of Marx, Max Weber and Simmel were also utilized. The results showed that Bolgakov, by analyzing the story in the form of Fabel and Joke succeeded in the application of Marxian ideaology of Leninist-Stalinist for depicting human urban proletarians in the first years of the October Revolution and the analysis of its negative consequences. Apart from this result, the author has also pursued and stated additional goals such as his explicit opposition to the Russian October Revolution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
443 - Analysis of the short story "Sabr kon Allah Ti Ti" by Qasim Kashkoli with the theory of "Eileen Baldeshwiler"
zahra eshaghi sakineh garivani ahmad foroozanfarPoetic or lyrical short story is considered as one of the types of postmodern story, so; Eileen Baldschweiler's theory of the mentality and the inner world of the characters is narrated with a direct and direct image and with a lyrical language, and it shows the mental MorePoetic or lyrical short story is considered as one of the types of postmodern story, so; Eileen Baldschweiler's theory of the mentality and the inner world of the characters is narrated with a direct and direct image and with a lyrical language, and it shows the mental states and ups and downs of the feelings and emotions of the main character about a specific issue. The purpose of thisim Kashkoli, based on Eileen Baldeshwiler's theory. The present research has been collected by descriptive-analytical method and by referring to the library and gathering information. The results of the research indicate that the author has made the emotional emotions and the inner world of the main character bolder with the method of expressing external events, and in this way expresses different associations. Concise and lyrical language is one of the author's skills in writing this story. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
444 - Analysis of the archetype of the miraculous childhood journey of the hero in the myth of Zal Joseph Campbell Pattern Pattern
shahrzad bahmaniInfluenced by the views of Jung and Freud, Joseph Campbell presented the archetype of the hero's journey to show that the hero's journey in the narrative-epic stories of different nations usually follows a fixed pattern. According to him, this model consists of three st MoreInfluenced by the views of Jung and Freud, Joseph Campbell presented the archetype of the hero's journey to show that the hero's journey in the narrative-epic stories of different nations usually follows a fixed pattern. According to him, this model consists of three stages of separation, arrival and return, which is called the nucleus of a single myth. The aim of the present study is to determine the extent of Zal's miraculous childhood journey in Ferdowsi Shahnameh with this model. To achieve this goal, descriptive-analytical method and based on library sources, archetypes of Zal myth were studied with a focus on the theory of the hero's journey "by Joseph Campbell. The results of this study indicate the adaptation of this journey to the mentioned pattern, Although a small part of Campbell's pattern in this myth has been displaced or does not exist due to the hero's miraculous childhood journey Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
445 - .Study of Narration Speed in “the Sound and the Fury”
Dr. Darreh Dadjou Elham Shirvani ShaenayatiWilliam Faulkner is a modernist writer who mainly influenced on Iranian authors including Symphony of Dead Persons, by Abbas Maroufi. In this essay, we analyze the speed of narration in “the Sound and the Fury” by relying on Gerard Genette’s narrative MoreWilliam Faulkner is a modernist writer who mainly influenced on Iranian authors including Symphony of Dead Persons, by Abbas Maroufi. In this essay, we analyze the speed of narration in “the Sound and the Fury” by relying on Gerard Genette’s narrative discourse theory and its effective factors. Speed and rhythm of narration is a very important element in narration and one of the most important parameters in plot. Narration speed is analyzed for the reason that it shows the period of time the actions and events happen in a literary work and the volume of book they have occupied in evaluation with this period. In many sections of novel “the Sound and the Fury”, acceleration is negative and speed of narration slow; but total narration speed to the whole of novel is middle; because parameters of increasing or decreasing speed of narration were used in a balanced form in this novel, which caused the balanced speed in the whole of novel. The author used some techniques for compensation of narration slowness in different parts of novel in order to increase the stimulation; as a result, this novel is full of excitement, dynamics, movement, fear and unrest, internal and external challenges in spite of the slow speed of narration. In other words, this rhythmic novel has a slow rhythm and fast tempo. Therefore, this essay analyzes the speed of narration and its effective factors, as well as the author’s techniques for increasing narration movement and dynamics in an analytical form. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
446 - Survey of Narrative Elements in 'Chahar Chaman" Poem
Nima Ramezani Ahmad Ghanipour malekshah Bahije sadat TeimuriMany of the great Persian poems have powerful narrative structure and they transfer ideas and concepts from the language of different real or symbolic characters. One poem that is categorized in this field is Chahar Chaman, a poem by Shahdaie Shirzi. This article MoreMany of the great Persian poems have powerful narrative structure and they transfer ideas and concepts from the language of different real or symbolic characters. One poem that is categorized in this field is Chahar Chaman, a poem by Shahdaie Shirzi. This article aims at answering the question that what kind of belief and thought are each of the symbolic characters going to present? And how does Shahdaie exploit narrative elements for the progress of meta-thoughts? This article, which is the opening-way in recognizing Chahar Chaman poem, investigates the narrative structure of this unknown poem by analyzing its character, point of view, and scenery, and tries to survey the reason of utilizing plants and flowers in relation to its subject. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
447 - Morphology of the short story Yad fi al-Qabar by Ghassan Kanfani based on the theory of Vladimir Propp
Ezzat Mollaebrahimi Parastoo Bahmani AlvaresThe story can play an influential role in conveying various political, social, cultural, economic concepts. Contemplation in stories and accuracy in the sequence of events in it helps the audience to better understand its concepts. Examining the narrative structure of t MoreThe story can play an influential role in conveying various political, social, cultural, economic concepts. Contemplation in stories and accuracy in the sequence of events in it helps the audience to better understand its concepts. Examining the narrative structure of the short story will reveal the hidden relationships in its infrastructure and reveal the structure and form of the story better. One of the prominent methods of examining fictional texts is the analysis of the structure of stories from the morphological point of view of Vladimir Propp - a famous Russian anthropologist and linguist. Although Propp has defined certain functions for fairy tales, this model can be adapted to other types of stories. What, Propp's systematic mind was constantly seeking to structure the stories and put them in a certain framework. The current research aims to evaluate and analyze and explain the short story. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
448 - Modern narrative techniques in the cheetah story series that ran with me
homa hooshyar reza sadeghi shahpar ghahreman shiriOne of the keys to unraveling the complexities and understanding or obscuring of modern stories is to understand the narrative style and storytelling techniques. Each story generates unique questions and answers associated with narrative practices. Choosing and Creating MoreOne of the keys to unraveling the complexities and understanding or obscuring of modern stories is to understand the narrative style and storytelling techniques. Each story generates unique questions and answers associated with narrative practices. Choosing and Creating the Narrative Style opens up to the author among the old or recurring concepts and themes of the narrative - a new world. Bijan Najdi is one of the contemporary modernist storytellers who has special techniques in storytelling, and these particular techniques distinguish his stories from those of other contemporary storytellers. In the present article, Bijan Najdi's collection of cheetahs that ran with me is examined from the perspective of modern narrative techniques. The research results show that he used modern narrative techniques such as: narrative narrative, plural narrative, and delirious narrative, use of cinematic techniques, angle of view rotation, and so on. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
449 - The Historical Escape of Shahnameh and Haft Peykar with Ethical and Educational Approaches in the Story of Bahram V
Mansoureh ShahriyariMost of the literary heroes, including those of poetic, epic, dramatic, and didactic nature, are products of historical figures. One of these characters is Bahram Gur, whose reign has been adorned with mythical embellishments in literary sources. He is counted among the MoreMost of the literary heroes, including those of poetic, epic, dramatic, and didactic nature, are products of historical figures. One of these characters is Bahram Gur, whose reign has been adorned with mythical embellishments in literary sources. He is counted among the Sassanian kings and has garnered attention and popularity from historians, writers, artists, and more. This research takes a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing library sources, to examine the portrayal of this character in both historical and literary domains. The stories related to Bahram Gur in historical and literary sources have been expressed with notable distinctions, yet they all share a common goal, which is the education of society. The aim of this research is to answer the question of how storytelling has been utilized as a tool for education. To elucidate this matter, we first delve into the perspectives of historians regarding this character and then analyze Bahram's portrayal in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Nezami's Haft Peykar. The findings indicate that, despite focusing on a single character in this research, different perspectives and analyses have been presented. When we approach historical texts from a literary standpoint, employing elements of emotion and imagination, the sole purpose is no longer mere description of facts. As Ferdowsi and Nezami have demonstrated in their depictions of Bahram's character, they have created didactic narratives with historical escapades. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
450 - Analysis of the educational function in the Reality therapy approach and Glasser's Choice theory in the story " Lion and Animals " of the first book of Masnavi Manavi
Noushin Derakhshan, Abolfazl GhanizadehBased on the reality therapy approach and selection theory of William Glaser People choose behaviors when they fail to meet their needs. That is, they choose certain behaviors and actions so that they may be able to meet their needs. He believes that all behaviors are a MoreBased on the reality therapy approach and selection theory of William Glaser People choose behaviors when they fail to meet their needs. That is, they choose certain behaviors and actions so that they may be able to meet their needs. He believes that all behaviors are always selected at the moment Are the best choice of person to satisfy one or more needs; However, he may have chosen inefficient and ineffective behavior due to the lack of effective methods. These five needs are embedded in human genes to meet these needs, the person collects images in his mind. The difference between this set of images is the desired world and the perceptual world that leads the person to general behaviors that It is suggested by the creative brain system when struggling and trying to achieve desires Rumi seven hundred years ago in the story of "shir and Nakhjiran" the first book of the spiritual masnavi has arranged a debate between the lion, nakhjiran and the rabbit that Their behavior is consistent with the authors' theory of Glaser theory. In the present article, to prove this hypothesis, after the introduction, the research background and mentioning the theoretical framework are analyzed as examples of behaviors and In the end it is concluded that the behaviors that Consistent with Glasser's theory, according to the animal debate situation Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
451 - Similarites and differences between child and adult stories
maryam khalili Jahantigh soghra RahimiAlthough all stories are created by extending plot and giving details to it,the way of using plot with regard to age group of readers is different.A writer who writes for the children uses a language suitable for them and a writer who writes for adults makes use of a la MoreAlthough all stories are created by extending plot and giving details to it,the way of using plot with regard to age group of readers is different.A writer who writes for the children uses a language suitable for them and a writer who writes for adults makes use of a language apprppriate for them.Plot also varies according to the age group of readers; therefore, in this study the aim is to compare and contrasr those plots that are created for adults and children. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
452 - Personalization of Search Engines, Based-on Comparative Analysis of User Behavior
Shekoofe Bostan Mohamad Ghasemzadeh -
Open Access Article
453 - Historical geography of Guilan cities in trems of tourism
Mohammad Taqi Rahnamaei Seyed Mehdi Musakazemi Seyed Ali Hosseini Behnaz PourkhodadadCities are important tourist destinations. Many tourists visit historical monuments during their travels. But in many cases, they do not have much information about their historical geography. For this reason, they do not have deep perceptions of cities. Cities have bee MoreCities are important tourist destinations. Many tourists visit historical monuments during their travels. But in many cases, they do not have much information about their historical geography. For this reason, they do not have deep perceptions of cities. Cities have been one of the most important social fields, throughout history, that Many historical, political and cultural challenges have occurred in them, that following these challenges, the location of cities has moved. Some of them have lost their role and importance due to natural and historical events, and perhaps cities that have gained new importance following a political decision.Guilan is one of the most important tourist destinations in Iran. But the main motivation of tourists is mainly to use the natural attractions of Guilan. Few people know how the two cities of Lahijan in Guilan Biepish and Fooman in Giulan Biepas, where the government was based of them in the past, have given up their role to a small town, Rasht, following a political decision, Or how a fishing village called Anzali is formed into a port and tourist city and this city becomes a refuge for expelled Polish, Russian and Armenian immigrants, or how with the limitation of political and economic relations between Iran and the former Soviet Union, Karganrood has declined and its inhabitants are moving to the current location of Hashtpar, which is one of the most active cities in the province today.This article tries to analyze the cities of Rasht, Lahijan, Fooman, Bandar Anzali and Talesh from the perspective of historical geography And define spatial-historical developments these cities with the aim of amplifing a deeper view of them. With the hope that this research can be a basis for a better and deeper understanding of Iranian cities and explain the relationship between historical geography, cities and tourism.The research method is documentary and field observations and the historical maps of these cities have been used to explain their historical geography. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
454 - Social, cultural, geographical history similarities between Iran and Tajikistan
mohamad rahmaniToday, one of the basic procedures to increase political, social and economic relationship is to found similarities between countries, especially culture, language… Iran and Tajikistan in central Asia have many similarities in history, language and religion, the MoreToday, one of the basic procedures to increase political, social and economic relationship is to found similarities between countries, especially culture, language… Iran and Tajikistan in central Asia have many similarities in history, language and religion, therefore this interests and ties to ancestral customs and traditions cause to increase attachments between Iranian and Tajik nations. Nouruz ceremony and love of joint literature and great Persian poets lead to close relationships between two nations, which can spread Islamic, Iranian culture throughout the region and therefore to establish the cultural and art capacity, and to fulfill this, it is necessary to create literary associations and to hold cultural programs and Persian language instruction, that create a new grounds and opportunities in central Asia for Iran and probably the most effect is rehabilitation of Silk Road, because of their geographical situation and long distance to free waters, will introduce Iran as safest country to transport energy and trade in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
455 - The effectiveness of storytelling on Aggression and anxiety in elementary school students
esmat fazeliPurpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of storytelling on students' aggression and anxiety. Method: This research was a semi-experimental, pre-test, post-test, control group or control group. The sample consisted of 30 subjects who were MorePurpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of storytelling on students' aggression and anxiety. Method: This research was a semi-experimental, pre-test, post-test, control group or control group. The sample consisted of 30 subjects who were selected randomly from among primary school students in Mahshahr in the academic year 1396-1397. They were randomly divided into two experimental groups (15 people) and control (15 people). Aggression Questionnaire (Bass & Perry, 1998), Anxiety Scale (Spence, 2007), and Parykh and Majdi's (2009) Storytelling Toolkit. Statistical analysis of multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) and one way to collect data was performed. Results: The results showed that the level of aggression and anxiety in the experimental group decreased at the end of the intervention. Conclusion: Stress therapy can moderate the students' aggression and anxiety. Similar studies with subjects from different cities and with different cultures can enhance the generalizations of the findings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
456 - Sociological Analyze Identification of indicators for developing a peraon’s career vision in the Society
ahsan mashcate akbar Etebaryan hamid DawazdehemamiThe purpose of this research was designing a model to identify a person’s vision for choosing a career path. The research method was mixed in the form of qualitative (content analysis) and quantitative (Delphi). The community studied in the qualitative phase was related MoreThe purpose of this research was designing a model to identify a person’s vision for choosing a career path. The research method was mixed in the form of qualitative (content analysis) and quantitative (Delphi). The community studied in the qualitative phase was related books and articles and overall of 35 papers and books were reviewed and content analysis. In the quantitative phase, 12 experts from 16 selected participated in the research and the model was evaluated by them. In qualitative section, extracting concepts and determining the categories was used to analysis and in quantitative section, the Lavoshe ratio was used to evaluate the indices, components and dimensions. Finally, 246 categories of issues related to the career prospect were extracted by removing and integrating categories with the same themes and the key indicators were reduced into 37 items. These indicators were classified into 3 Dimensions: story plot, story theme, desirable futuer and 13 main components including strengths, missions, successes and failures, personality arches, Primitive memories, draft, myths and metaphors, environmental interests, time perspective, rational thinking, peripheral and systemic prospects, desirable worlds and possible scenarios. After performing a quantitative phase through the Delphi method and calculating the Lauvash coefficient, the two components of the initial memories and the draft were eliminated due to obtaining a lower coefficient of 0.56 And the remaining 3 dimensions and 11 components and 32 indicators were approved and finalized. The results of this research include theoretical and applied achievements for human resource managers of organizations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
457 - Investigating the Effect of Using Multistory Pipe Dampers and their Combination with Braces on Structure Performance
Sated Behzad Talaeitaba Erafn Jalali -
Open Access Article
458 - Performance of Steel Beams Strengthened by Steel Pre-Stressed Cables and Memory Alloys under Static and Dynamic Loads
reza dadkhah tehrani Davoud Tavakoli -
Open Access Article
459 - Placing sensors optimally in base-isolated steel structures using a multi-objective optimization approach
Mehdi Firoozbakht Hamidreza Vosoughifar Alireza Ghari Ghoran -
Open Access Article
460 - Comparative Study of Seismic Response of Base Isolated Building with Plan Eccentricities and Elevation Eccentricities
Lavkesh Rameshrao Wankhade -
Open Access Article
461 - Practical Engineering Approach for Generating the Torsional Earthquake Excitation from Translational Components
Sandeep C. Potnis Raviji S. Desai I.D Gupta -
Open Access Article
462 - Modal Identification Of A Tested Steel Frame Using Linear Arx Model Structure
Yavuz Kaya -
Open Access Article
463 - Effect of Foundation Depth on Seismic Response of the Cable-stayed Bridge by Considering of Soil Structure Interaction
Siddharth Gopalkrishna Shah Chandresh H Solanki Jatin D. Desai -
Open Access Article
464 - The role of modern information tools in Qajar era in Tabriz
mosa majidy elnaz SardariniaIn this study we try to show a part of initiative and creative power in the field of information in Tabriz during the contemporary history of Iran; that is an example to being pioneer and history making of Tabrizians in the field of thought, knowledge and culture. The e MoreIn this study we try to show a part of initiative and creative power in the field of information in Tabriz during the contemporary history of Iran; that is an example to being pioneer and history making of Tabrizians in the field of thought, knowledge and culture. The extent of these creations and innovations is very spread and consists of literature and art, education, science and technology, anticolonization and antidespotic movements but in this article we try to have a summary view at the transitions and transformations in the fields of information, literature, education and their effects on the changes of society. In addition to establishment of print industry of Iran in Tabriz, foreign books have been translated into Farsi for the first time in this city, so this city is the pioneer of translation, modern composition or simple writing have been tought by Talebov, one of the son worthy of this city. We owe authority of the first encyclopedia in the Islamic world, writing the first novel, children literature, national journalism to pioneer and powerful humans raised from Tabriz. Several facts have caused to appear these changes, like increasing foreign relationships and traveling to European and neighbor countries. And also, meeting new industries and technologies, translation of published works in this fields, elite and pioneer people’s birth in Iranian society are the presence of sending students to European countries. To be in the way of Silk Road, being neighbor with Ottoman, Russia and European countries, traveling foreign merchants and politicians, and also living Crown Prince in this city have made Tabriz to one of the most important Iranian cities in contemporary history of Iran. And we can say that in this period of history especially in recent two centuries, this proud city is not only a usual city, but also a museum of epics. And, it is pioneer in several political, social, artistical, literary and scientific fields, and finally the entrance of modern information tools in the city led to awaken the Iranians and to Constitution Movement (Mashroote). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
465 - A study of pictures of story books for children aging 7 to 12 published by the Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults during 2001-2009
tahereh fazaliThe present research aims at evaluating the amount of desirability of pictures of story books for children aging 7-12, published by the Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults (IIDCYA) during 2001-2009. The method of research in first sec MoreThe present research aims at evaluating the amount of desirability of pictures of story books for children aging 7-12, published by the Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults (IIDCYA) during 2001-2009. The method of research in first section is library method and in second section is content analysis. The society of research includes all story books (68 titles) of children the range of 7-12 which has been published by IIDCYA. The collected data have been analyzed by both descriptive and inferential statistics. On the basis of findings, it was realized that the amount of desirability is more than average in the most of pictures of story. Finally, some recommendations for improving the pictures, and some suggestions for further research were offered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
466 - Conceptual history of Tadbir-e-Manzil in the period of Translation Movement and its sociopolitical implications
Hossein Sharif Ara Morteza BahraniThe concept of Tadbir-e-Manzil (household management) is a concept in history of political thought in Islam. It refers to management of household and the way family members participate in carrying out and regulating the affairs of Manzil (household). With the aim of ach MoreThe concept of Tadbir-e-Manzil (household management) is a concept in history of political thought in Islam. It refers to management of household and the way family members participate in carrying out and regulating the affairs of Manzil (household). With the aim of achieving a new understanding of Tadbir-e-Manzil and its formation and evolution in its semantic domain, this article’s question is a question about the origin and the nature of its concept, its semantic evolution, and its sociopolitical implications within the framework of its conceptual history and in the period of translation movement. The period during which the process of translation causes an environment of cultural exchange that introduces a possibility of semantic comparison of concepts in relation to their sociopolitical realities. Studies show that Tadbir-e-Manzil in its conceptual origin and in its sociopolitical reality in ancient Greece as Oikonomia, has been a support to the concept of Greek citizenship, in relation to its ethics and economic production status. And then in the course of its semantic transition and change to the realm of the Islamic Iranian civilization, it has been selected and applied as Tadbir-e-Manzil by Moslem scholars in relation to Islamic sociopolitical realities as well as Islamic acting space of translation movement. In fact the main issue is that Tadbir-e-Manzil, in an obvious difference with ancient Greek Oikonomia, has been used in accordance with Islamic political reality based on individual Islamic morality and political obedience. Tadbir-e-Manzil presents Islamic innate and sublime tendencies in achieving prosperity. It also gives continuity to the acting of political reality based on Divansalary as a system managing house and household. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
467 - Seismic Reliability Evaluation of the Jacket Structure of an Offshore Platform Based on Nonlinear Time History Analyses
M Hosseini S Karimiyan -
Open Access Article
468 - Simplified Seismic Dynamic Analysis of Sloshing Phenomenon in Rectangular Tanks with Multiple Vertical Baffles
M Hosseini H.R Vosoughifar P Farshadmanesh -
Open Access Article
469 - Explaining the factors affecting the quality of hosting international military competitions (SIZM) based on the oral history approach
Hooman Ordookhani farshad Tojari Zinat NikaeenConsidering the increasing importance of international military competitions (SISM) at the global level, the need to improve the quality of hosting in these competitions is felt more and more. This research aims to explain the factors affecting the quality of hosting in MoreConsidering the increasing importance of international military competitions (SISM) at the global level, the need to improve the quality of hosting in these competitions is felt more and more. This research aims to explain the factors affecting the quality of hosting international military competitions by using the oral history approach and the descriptive-analytical research method. Based on the findings of the research, the responses of the statistical community of the research were focused on five components, which include security, location and accommodation conditions, socio-cultural conditions, political conditions and finally the opening and closing conditions of the games. Based on the answers of experts; Iran's conditions and performance in order to improve the security of all players and spectators have been evaluated as very favorable. In addition, the opening and closing conditions, as well as the accommodation of the athletes, and all the basic indicators in the location of the temporary residences of the players, were given due attention. However, one of the main restrictions on Iran's hosting conditions in Sizm competitions based on the response of the statistical community is the socio-cultural and political conditions governing the country, which are mentioned in detail at the end of the research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
470 - Effectiveness of Web-based Tools in Learning Idiomatic Expressions: A CALL Study
Saeed Kheiri Hassan Solaimani Ali Asghar Rostami Abu Saeedi Mehdi KaramiWith the development of technology and due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, most of the ELT courses in Iran have shifted to online learning since March 2020. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the effectiveness of four online technological tools of teaching idioms. To MoreWith the development of technology and due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, most of the ELT courses in Iran have shifted to online learning since March 2020. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the effectiveness of four online technological tools of teaching idioms. To this aim, 106 pre-intermediate learners of English took part in the study. A language proficiency test was administered to ensure the homogeneity of the sample. A total number of 80 students were selected as the final participants who were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: In group A, concept maps of the same idioms were drawn with the help of an online mind-map maker. Group B were presented with online flashcards which included definitions and examples of idioms. Group C received etymological elaboration from an online dictionary of the origins of idioms, and group D listened to online audio stories of all the idioms. Each group of the participants received the treatment for 12 sessions and took part in the pretest, posttest, and delayed posttest. The results of a one-way ANOVA indicated that the most gains were achieved by story-telling. The findings imply implications for teachers, syllabus designers, and materials developers in using appropriate instructional methods for teaching idioms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
471 - Environmental History as a Model of Eco-Criticism in Gregory’s The Other Boleyn Girl and Virgin Earth
Atieh Rafati Saeed Yazdani (Corresponding author) Fatemeh AzizmohammadiEco criticism is the study of the relations between the physical environment and literature. It involves an earth-centered approach to literary studies. The subject of eco criticism takes between nature and culture, explicitly the cultural artefacts of language and lite MoreEco criticism is the study of the relations between the physical environment and literature. It involves an earth-centered approach to literary studies. The subject of eco criticism takes between nature and culture, explicitly the cultural artefacts of language and literature. . As Hughes (2009) debates, even though eco-criticism has become a field in literary theory and in the extensive landscape of environmental history and cultural ecology, it could benefit from an enhanced frame work. Environmental History is relevant to numerous things, the history of the mutual relations between human race and remnants of nature. Cultural Ecology, on the other hand, is based on the interaction between man, culture and environment. It describes the roots of peculiar cultural type which characterize specific cultural space. This research attempts to analysis the Philippa Gregory’s The Red Queen based on the features of environmental history and cultural ecology as an eco-criticism hybrid model. In her novel, Gregory tries to define the true history and surrounding of Margaret Beaufort’s life who became the mother of the first Tudor’s king (Henry VII). First, with the reference to the features of environmental history and cultural ecology a model of analysis will be structured. Then, the analysis of Gregory’s novel based on these features will be indicated. Finally, the results of the analysis will be discussed to confirm how it can be implied as a novel’s approach to literary theory. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
472 - بررسی تأثیر در بلای کبوترها اثر لوئیز اردریک
Ladan Mokhtarzadeh Zahra Jannessari Ladani Negar Sharifمطالعه حاضر به بررسی تجربیات عاطفی شخصیتها در رمان بلای کبوترها اثر لوئیز اردریک در پرتو مفاهیم مورد نظر پاتریک کوم هوگان از باب تأثیر در روایتشناسی عاطفه میپردازد. این مقاله بر آن است تا مفاهیم عاطفه، روایت عاطفه، روابط دلبستگی، جغرافیای عاطفه و تاریخ عاطفه را در رم Moreمطالعه حاضر به بررسی تجربیات عاطفی شخصیتها در رمان بلای کبوترها اثر لوئیز اردریک در پرتو مفاهیم مورد نظر پاتریک کوم هوگان از باب تأثیر در روایتشناسی عاطفه میپردازد. این مقاله بر آن است تا مفاهیم عاطفه، روایت عاطفه، روابط دلبستگی، جغرافیای عاطفه و تاریخ عاطفه را در رمان اردریک ردیابی کند تا چگونگی ارتباط عواطف و روابط را در روایت جغرافیا، تاریخ، و به ویژه در آنچه که بر روایت و موضوعات داستان تأثیر میگذارد، بررسی کند. مقاله حاضر به طور خاص نشان میدهد که چگونه رمان نامبرده اردریک به عنوان نمونهای برای مطالعه تأثیر و روایت عاطفه عمل میکند که در آن تاریخ و جغرافیای بومیان آمریکای آجیبوا را که به دلیل عوامل اجتماعی و هستیشناختی به خوبی فاش نشده است، به تصویر میکشاند. بنابراین، این مطالعه به بررسی پارادایمهای هستیشناختی و معرفتشناختی در زندگی و تاریخ بومیان آمریکا میپردازد که توسط بازماندگان آجیبوا تجربه شده است. به علاوه، این مقاله استدلال میکند که چگونه عاطفهشناسی بر روی شخصیتهای اقلیت تاثیرگذار است و چگونه مفهوم عاطفه از نظر هوگان در رمان اردریک قابل ردیابی است. در رمان بلای کبوترها، بازماندگان آسیبدیده با خاطرات عاطفی در زمان حال خود تسخیر شدهاند. در نتیجه، شخصیتها به طور مداوم از زمان حال به گذشته در رفت و آمد هستند. بدین ترتیب، زمان، خطی بودن خود را در روایت از دست میدهد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
473 - Proportion of Quranic stories with the purposes of the surahs
Fatemeh Baseri Maryam Haji Abd-Albaqiگرچه هدفمندی سوره­ها با تدبر تصدیق می­گردد، اما همچون برخی از مباحث جدید علوم قرآنی با مخالفت­ها و موافقت­های بسیاری مواجه شده است. ازآنجاکه قصص قرآن در بطن سوره واقع گردیده، با اثبات هدفمندی هر سوره و ارتباط هدف اصلی سوره با قصص عنوانشده، نتایج مطلوبی Moreگرچه هدفمندی سوره­ها با تدبر تصدیق می­گردد، اما همچون برخی از مباحث جدید علوم قرآنی با مخالفت­ها و موافقت­های بسیاری مواجه شده است. ازآنجاکه قصص قرآن در بطن سوره واقع گردیده، با اثبات هدفمندی هر سوره و ارتباط هدف اصلی سوره با قصص عنوانشده، نتایج مطلوبی حاصل می­گردد. همچون پاسخ به چرایی تکرار و پراکندگی برخی از قصه­ها در قرآن، علت ایجاز و یا تفصیل برخی از داستان­ها و از همه مهمتر، پاسخی به شبهه مستشرقان و همرأیان ایشان که تکرار را نتیجه غیر وحیانی بودن قرآن می­دانند و درنهایت این مسئله را اثبات می­نماید که ساختار قصه­ها تابعی از اغراض سوره­ها هستند. در این راستا، داستان حضرت ابراهیم (ع) در سور مختلف بررسی شد اما به جهت رعایت اختصار تنها در سور «بقره، انعام، مریم، حجر و ممتحنه» به تفصیل بیان شده است و ارتباط داستان و محور سوره در سایر سور در ضمن جدول ارائه گردیده است. با نظر به پژوهش صورت گرفته می­توان گفت: قصه­های قرآنی بهعنوان بخش اعظمی از آیات قرآن، در راستای هدف و غرض سوره تکرار شده و بجای نقل منسجمِ داستان در یک سوره، تصاویر بُرش خورده از یک داستان بهصورت پراکنده در راستای هدف مزبور در سوره­ها مطرحشدهاند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
474 - Abu Ali Farsi Interpretive Methodology
Muhsen Zarei Jalyani Muhammad Mahdi Rezwani Haqiqi Shirazi Ahmad JafariAbu Ali Farsi is one of the great and famous writers of the fourth century AH and one of the famous scholars and Imam al-Nahwiyun of his time. He is the author of valuable and valuable writings on interpretation and syntax that have been cited by commentators. The findi MoreAbu Ali Farsi is one of the great and famous writers of the fourth century AH and one of the famous scholars and Imam al-Nahwiyun of his time. He is the author of valuable and valuable writings on interpretation and syntax that have been cited by commentators. The findings indicate the existence of a commentary book by Abu Ali Farsi that has been lost, but his commentary works and opinions can be retrieved from his other writings as well as from commentary societies of the fifth century onwards. The findings also show that there is no name of Abu Ali Farsi in the history of Tafsir. Therefore, this library analytical article has found an approach to the interpretive method of that great scientist by researching the works and writings of Abu Ali and his interpretive opinions in the works of other commentators. The importance of this research is to revive the interpretive heritage of the past, especially the ancients. Because it is basically necessary to complete what and the function of interpretation in the early centuries AH, all the elements were achieved. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
475 - The Structural Similarity of the Story of Susan the Minstrel in Borzu Nāmeh with the Creation Myth in Bundahesh
Jabbār Nassiri Esshāq ToqyāniThe last half of the epic of Borzu Nāmeh by Atā bin Yaqub Nākuk Razi, is based on the battle of Susan the Minstrel (rāmeshgar) with Iranian Heroes, and because of its independent structure, it is recounted as a separate story. According to the scholars, in its infrastru MoreThe last half of the epic of Borzu Nāmeh by Atā bin Yaqub Nākuk Razi, is based on the battle of Susan the Minstrel (rāmeshgar) with Iranian Heroes, and because of its independent structure, it is recounted as a separate story. According to the scholars, in its infrastructure, the story, like other national epics, narrates the ancient Iranian myths. From mythological point of view, by using two elements of action and character, the Creation myth of Bundahesh has been re-narrated in Borzu Nāmeh. It seems that by comparing the structure of the re-narrated myth and the structure of Borzu Nāmeh, it can be judged whether some verses and stories of the epopee have been added later. In this way, by referring to the text and structure of the myth, we can comment on the authenticity of the added or deleted parts of the epopee. Contrary to the opinion of some scholars and with regard to the reflection of the Creation myth of Bundahesh in Borzu Nāmeh, it seems that the story of Susan the Minstrel had not been added later to the epopee and is part of the main body of it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
476 - The Tale of Euhemerus and Euhemerism
Sirous Shamisā Shoobāneh SarrāfOne of the oldest and most important schools in mythology, without doubt, is Euhemerism which considers myths as distorted accounts of historical events. Although, for a long time, this theory has had many supporters in Iran, there has been little research attempted on MoreOne of the oldest and most important schools in mythology, without doubt, is Euhemerism which considers myths as distorted accounts of historical events. Although, for a long time, this theory has had many supporters in Iran, there has been little research attempted on it. In the present article, we examine the history of Euhemerism from the time of publication of Euhemerus’s Sacred History in 300 BC to the 18th century when it became an established school in mythology. We demonstrate how and why Euhemerus's point of view, a theory about ancient gods, has gradually turned into a school of thought in modern mythology. In this regard, we utilize original texts and have translated a part of Sacred History to Persian. Finally, we attempt to find reflections of Euhemerus's work in Persian literature and to show that a part of Kush-nama can be considered as an adaptation of his work. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
477 - Techniques of Contraction and Expansion of Narration in Masnavi Manavi (The Case Study: Daquqi Story)
mehrdad Akbari Gandomani Mahdireza Kamali BaniyaniThe analysis of narrative functions is one of the most important methods of understanding a story. Series of events that occur naturally or unnaturally in a story lay the foundations of it. The course of events in many stories is a transition from one state to another o MoreThe analysis of narrative functions is one of the most important methods of understanding a story. Series of events that occur naturally or unnaturally in a story lay the foundations of it. The course of events in many stories is a transition from one state to another one and then returning to the previous situation. Accordingly, anything that keeps suspended the reader at the end of the story, leads to narrative contraction, and anything that causes to openness and continuation of the story, leads to narrative expansion. Since Masnavi Manavi has a nested structure and uses the style of” story-in-story”, it is one of the most notable samples of this technique’s application. In this paper, the story of Daquqi (in the third book of Masnavi) is analyzed. It seems that MulānāJalāl-al Din Rumī, is influenced by internal factors and his own education, has created a kind of allegorical narration; and from the beginning of the story and with regards to the mystical space, the method of story-in-story and etc., he has made his narration a place for successive association of ideas and images. The created narrative contractions and expansions in the story lead to suspensions that creating the enthusiasm of readers for reaching to the end of the story as an obvious result of it. After considering the method of fiction in Masnavi, and explaining the association and its important indices, the present research attempts to divide all verses into three stages of beginning, middle, and end of the story, and to analyze the formation of narrative contraction and expansion in these three stages. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
478 - The Narrative Structure of the Story of Pire Changhi Based on Labov and Waletzky's Model
Shokrollah Poorkhāles Roghayeh ĀliyāniIn storytelling, the events of the story are driven by a cause and effect relationship, and go to a certain point. By studying the narrative structure of a work, its concepts and deep-structure can be identified. William Labov and Joshua Waletzky, theorists of narrative MoreIn storytelling, the events of the story are driven by a cause and effect relationship, and go to a certain point. By studying the narrative structure of a work, its concepts and deep-structure can be identified. William Labov and Joshua Waletzky, theorists of narrative structure, believe that oral narratives have their own principles and criteria; they propose a structure for oral narratives. According to the Labov, a narrative consists of six principal parts: an abstract, an orientation, the complicating action, the result or resolution of the action, a final coda to close the story, the evaluation. The present article tries to examine the story of Pire Changi (the Harpist) in Masnavi of Manavi based on the narrative model of Labov and Waletzky. The results of the research show that Masnavi, despite being an old book, can be adapted to modern theories (including theory of Labov and Waletzky), and the evaluation, as the most important part of this theory, exists in free (independent) narrative clauses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
479 - Possible Worlds in the Narrative Structure of Masnavi Manavi; A Case Study: The Story of Dezhe Hooshroba (The Castle of Fortress)
Zeinab Hājabokahaki Ashraf Sheibāni Aghdam Mohammad Ali GozashtiThe theory of possible worlds is one of the theoretical foundations of cognitive stylistics that is rooted in Leibniz's philosophy. Understanding how narratives are narrated is central to this theory; it illustrates the text-reader interactions and the relationship of r MoreThe theory of possible worlds is one of the theoretical foundations of cognitive stylistics that is rooted in Leibniz's philosophy. Understanding how narratives are narrated is central to this theory; it illustrates the text-reader interactions and the relationship of reader with literary narrative. Masnavi Manavi, as one of the largest source of the mystical literature, encompasses the foundations of practical and theoretical mysticism. By using descriptive-analytic method and based on the theory of possible worlds, in the present article the attempt is made to propose a new reading of Masnavi Manavi. Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī, as the narrator of the stories, speaks subtly about narrative discourses and creates worlds, including epistemic, fantasy and ideal worlds, in the mind of reader. In the story of Dezhe Hooshroba (the castle of Fortress), the theory of possible worlds is mostly portrayed as an epistemic world with the aim of teaching mystical doctrines based on the pattern "if ... so". In the ideal world portrayed in the story, Rūmī uses the conjunction of "or" and terms that include desiring, yearning, and demanding. For him, love is the most important means of discovering, constructing and taking intuition of the ideal world. Love helps the sālek (the holy traveler) in the path of intuitive knowledge. We have access to these worlds in temporal, linguistic and natural way, but the frequency of temporal access is greater. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
480 - The Mythological Motifs in a Sistani Tale: Nahang Boor va Shahzādeh
Seid Mahdi Rahimi Ali Akbar Sāmkhāniāni Ebrāhim Mohammadi mohammad Fātemi-maneshThe purpose of this article is to examine the mythological motifs in a local Sistani legend called Nahang Boor va Shahzādeh (the story of the Blond Whale and the Prince). The story has rich mythological themes and Scythian, Greek, Chinese and Indian mythical representat MoreThe purpose of this article is to examine the mythological motifs in a local Sistani legend called Nahang Boor va Shahzādeh (the story of the Blond Whale and the Prince). The story has rich mythological themes and Scythian, Greek, Chinese and Indian mythical representations can be found in it. By using descriptive-analytical method, the present study investigates the mythological themes, such as drinking blood, killing dragon, Aphrodite, the number three, crossing water with a horse, passing from fire, the desire for immortality, victory over death in the story. The richness of the mythological themes in the story suggests the need to pay more attention to the native culture and folk tales of Sistan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
481 - An Intertextual Reading of Two Stories from Masnavi Manavi and Decameron
AFSANEH SAADATI Hasan YazdanpanahOne method of gaining a deep understanding of texts is through examining the interactions between different works. Authors are often influenced by each other's writings, whether intentionally or unintentionally. The focus of the essay is to explore the intertextual read MoreOne method of gaining a deep understanding of texts is through examining the interactions between different works. Authors are often influenced by each other's writings, whether intentionally or unintentionally. The focus of the essay is to explore the intertextual reading of two stories: "The Sufi Who Caught His Wife with a Strange Man" from Masnavi Manavi, and the second story from Day Seven of Decameron ("Peronella Hideth a Lover of Hers in a Vat, Upon Her Husband's Unlooked for Return") through the lens of Genet's theory of transtextuality. These two stories share similarities in themes such as unfaithfulness, betrayal, enjoying life, women's cunning, and the fear of scandal. The present research adopts an analytical-comparative approach to compare these two classic works and highlight their commonalities and differences. The research findings suggest that Boccaccio recreated a story from Masnavi Manavi in a remarkable manner within his own tales. The study not only establishes a favorable foundation for comparative analysis but also paves the way for further exploration of Rumi's works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
482 - Traditional Rituals of Sistan and Some of Their Mythological Themes: An Analysis
mohammad fatemimaneshRituals are an integral part of the culture and history of the people of Sistan, an Iranian tribe, which has been uniquely expressed through their religious, ethnic, and tribal beliefs. Based on the mythological, anthropological, historical, and psychological characteri MoreRituals are an integral part of the culture and history of the people of Sistan, an Iranian tribe, which has been uniquely expressed through their religious, ethnic, and tribal beliefs. Based on the mythological, anthropological, historical, and psychological characteristics of the Sistani people, their rituals set them apart from other Iranian tribes. Furthermore, these rituals have been depicted in the ancient tales of this region, serving as the foundation for various literary analyses. The purpose of this research is to explore the rituals portrayed in the stories of the people of Sistan and analyze their underlying themes using a descriptive-analytical approach, combined with the critical lens of myth criticism. Extensive studies confirm that Sistani narratives encompass a range of rituals, with notable examples including blood drinking, the myth of Oushidar, incestuous marriages, witchcraft, and mourning ceremonies. Many of these rituals originated from the ancient Iranian and Zoroastrian cultures, as well as the customs and practices of ancient tribes like the Scythians, eventually becoming deeply ingrained within the Sistan region's populace. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
483 - The Methods of Storytelling in Qur'an and Their Influence on Masnavi Manavi: Prologues and the Methods of Narrative
Hossein FaālArāghinezād Soheilā Mousavi SirjāniThe stories of Qur'an are among the narrative works that can be looked at in terms of structure and method of storytelling; because the art of storytelling in Qur'an, along with the interesting narrative techniques, has given it such beauty that it can be examined from MoreThe stories of Qur'an are among the narrative works that can be looked at in terms of structure and method of storytelling; because the art of storytelling in Qur'an, along with the interesting narrative techniques, has given it such beauty that it can be examined from various angles. On the other hand, Rumi's Masnavi Manavi is one of those narrative works that contains many stories. Since the style of storytelling in any narrative work plays an effective role in configuring the narrative, the purpose of the present research is to compare the methods of storytelling of Quran and Masnavi Manavi with descriptive-analytical method. After examining the two books, it is concluded that the methods of storytelling in Qur'an, including the beginning of stories and narrating them, has a special variety and Rumi has been significantly influenced by these methods, especially methods such as diorthosis praecedens, breaking storyline, reading empty spaces and denarration in narrating stories. The results of the research indicate that Rumi has used the method of storytelling of Quranic tales, as the excellent examples, to cultivate stories of Masnavi Manavi. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
484 - Psycho-Mythological Analysis of a Story of Children: The Study of the Horn that got Croup; Based on the Theory of Individuation
Amir Hossein Zanjanbar Ayoob MoradiJung considers psychoanalysis as archeology of human consciousness. On this basis, the term "archetype", which underlies the theory of the process of individuation, is derived from a combination of the terms archeology and typology. Individuation is the archetype of psy MoreJung considers psychoanalysis as archeology of human consciousness. On this basis, the term "archetype", which underlies the theory of the process of individuation, is derived from a combination of the terms archeology and typology. Individuation is the archetype of psychological development which is involuntary, gradual, regular and strong. It consists of a chain of archetypes such as shadow, persona, wise old man, anima. The goal of the process of individuation is the conscious integration of the components of this archetypal chain in the form of a single archetype called "self". Jung's psycho-mythological analysis is based on the discovery and interpretation of archetypes, and in the present research, we use this method of analysis to recognize and interpret archetypes related to the process of individuation in the story The horn that got Croup, written by Hamed Habibi and illustrated by Alireza Goldooziyan. We are also looking for an answer to the question of how the archetypes of psychological development are represented in the text and images of the story. The innovation of the research is that it examines the theory of individuation in a text composed of text and image. In other words, it considers the interaction of archetypes related to individuation in the verbal and visual text. The results show that the pattern of identification in such stories is the reproduction of the archetype of individuality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
485 - Evolution in the function of myth and epic in the historical books of the Mughal and Ilkhanid periods (based on the Jahangasha Jovini history, Rashid al-Din Fazlullah Jame al-Tawarikh and Wasaf history)
hasan shahryariThe political and social conditions of the Mughal-Ilkhani era are connected with the wide presence of Iranian myths and epics in the historical books of this era. The different goals of historians have caused a change in the function of myth and epic. Therefore, it is n MoreThe political and social conditions of the Mughal-Ilkhani era are connected with the wide presence of Iranian myths and epics in the historical books of this era. The different goals of historians have caused a change in the function of myth and epic. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the evolution in the use of myth and epic in these sources and to know its capacities. The present research has reached the following results with the library and descriptive-analytical method: 1. Jovini, inspired by the Shahnameh, sought to create a prose epic and used epic characters and atmosphere to realize his anti-Mongol and pro-Iranian ideas. By cleverly comparing the Khwarezmshahs to the Iranians and the Mongols to the Turanians, he interpreted history based on epics and recreated the epic battles of the Iranians. 2. Rashid al-Din Fazlullah has a significant place in familiarizing foreigners with Iranshahri concepts and ideas. He seeks to create a platform for recreating the political ideas of ancient Iran, including Shah and Iranshahr. 3. By expressing the way of ruling the mythological and historical kings of Iran, Wasaf tries to adopt the culture and reduce the ill-temper of the Mongols and Ilkhans in order to train them as kings with the Iranian religion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
486 - mythical places in the scrolls of storytelling
Salman Rahimi zahra golamiOne of the mythological bases with which humans have always had a transcendental relationship is place. Accepting the mythical role of some places and their sanctity is a theme that can be seen in mythological, epic and storytelling narratives and is manifested in the f MoreOne of the mythological bases with which humans have always had a transcendental relationship is place. Accepting the mythical role of some places and their sanctity is a theme that can be seen in mythological, epic and storytelling narratives and is manifested in the form of mountains, caves, wells, springs, crypts, fortresses, gardens, enchanted places, etc. In mythological belief, the place is different from what is defined in the cosmic and material environment; and the material and worldly objects and phenomena become transcendental and sacred affairs. By staying on a mythical place, the hero matures and evolves, and undergoes spiritual transformation as well as immortality. This research aims to introduce mythical places and analyze their function and quality in the narratives of scrolls of storytelling; and by studying the epic narratives of the Shahnameh and scrolls of storytelling, it tries to investigate and analyze examples of important themes of mythical places. In this regard, the mythical quality of the places in the scrolls were analyzed. The mountain is one of the holiest places due to its high position and proximity to the sky, and other mythical and sacred places such as springs, castles, crypts, and gardens are often located on top of mountains. The research methodology in this article is descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
487 - The Story of Sheikh San’ān: A Jungian Approach
سعید بزرگ بیگدلی احسان پورابریشم According to Jungian Archetypes, the story of Sheikh San’ān is the story of confronting conscious and unconscious. Sheikh San’ān was a well-known man of religion, who, after having spent fifty years of his life worshiping God almighty, fell in love w More According to Jungian Archetypes, the story of Sheikh San’ān is the story of confronting conscious and unconscious. Sheikh San’ān was a well-known man of religion, who, after having spent fifty years of his life worshiping God almighty, fell in love with a young beautiful Christian girl. The archetypes of anima, wise old man (pir-e dānā) and hero, and other concepts such as shadow, rebirthing and journey can be explored from Jungian point of view. Considering the Jungian concept of individuation, the present article strives to analyze the story of Sheikh San’ān. . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
488 - Figures of Speech: A Historical Approach
هوشمند اسفندیارپور In Persian language, a comprehensive and critical research on the history of figures of speech and their innovators has not been undertaken yet. This study modestly tries to examine the history of figures of speech, based on the works of Ibn Motaz, Qoddamate Ib More In Persian language, a comprehensive and critical research on the history of figures of speech and their innovators has not been undertaken yet. This study modestly tries to examine the history of figures of speech, based on the works of Ibn Motaz, Qoddamate Ibn Jafar, Abu Helāl Askari, Ibn Rashiq Qirvāni and Ibn Abilasba. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
489 - The Mythical Themes of the Story of Good and Evil in Nizami’s Haft Paykar
seyed ahmad PārsāMost of ancient beliefs and rituals are presented in old stories and legends. The aim of present article is to study the mythical themes of "the story of good and evil" in Nizami’s Haft Paykar and its relationship with Shahnāmeh. The relation of theme of "the stor MoreMost of ancient beliefs and rituals are presented in old stories and legends. The aim of present article is to study the mythical themes of "the story of good and evil" in Nizami’s Haft Paykar and its relationship with Shahnāmeh. The relation of theme of "the story of good and evil" in Haft Paykar with the story of Zahhāk and Kāveh, as well as the relation of both with one of the basic beliefs of Aryans, the principle of goodness and badness which is rooted in the battle of Ahurā Mazdā and Ahriman, are studied by using descriptive, content analysis and library methods. The research shows that Nizami’s story is influenced by the story of Zahhāk and Kāveh and in some cases it can be considered as the complement of Shahnāmeh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
490 - Review of Literary Aspects of Fotooh-ol-Salatin (Shahnameh Dakan)
. Abolghasem Radfar Ala-e-ddin Hasan Bahmani, the founder of Bahmanian dynasty in Dakan, commanded Persian-speaking people to settle in south of India. After that some mystics, poets, scholars, artists, and merchants emigrated from Iran, Dehli and other Indian cities to south of I More Ala-e-ddin Hasan Bahmani, the founder of Bahmanian dynasty in Dakan, commanded Persian-speaking people to settle in south of India. After that some mystics, poets, scholars, artists, and merchants emigrated from Iran, Dehli and other Indian cities to south of India. One of the distinguished immigrants was Aboulmalek Asami, poet and author of Fotooh-ol-Salatin (Shahnameh Dakan). In this article, literary aspects of this book will be studied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
491 - Mythical Origin of Name in Epic literature
mahmoud rezaei dasht arzhanehHiding the name or revealing it is one the prominent themes in epic literature. The aim of present research is studying the concept of "name" and revealing or hiding it in Shānāmeh, heroic poems and tūmārhā-ye naqqālī (notebooks of storytelling). By using library a MoreHiding the name or revealing it is one the prominent themes in epic literature. The aim of present research is studying the concept of "name" and revealing or hiding it in Shānāmeh, heroic poems and tūmārhā-ye naqqālī (notebooks of storytelling). By using library and content analysis methods, these works have been examined. The results show that in confronting enemy the heroes choose one of these three methods: in 25 cases, the heroes reveal frankly their own name. In 5 cases, they confront their enemies with a forged name, and only in one case they refer to their epithet and honorific title. Apparently, these methods are in contradictory but not so if examined carefully. All three methods have a mythic and ritual origin revealing the role of name in the beliefs of ancient Iranians. In the past, some people believed that name is an important part of man's being and if his name is revealed to his enemies, he will be spellbound and defeated. So, in confronting the enemy, the heroes tried to hide their name or used a forged one. But, some other heroes believed that if the enemy utters their name that will enforce and excite the enemy to attack, so the heroes pre-empt and shout their own names and the enemy will be intimidated. The third aspect is that epithet is not a living part of the hero’s existence. So while refraining from revealing the name they could refer to their epithet facing the enemy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
492 - The Talisman of Jamshid The Analysis of a Mythological Theme in Heroic Poems and Story-telling Texts (Naqqali); Based on Sām-nāmeh
Manoochehr Joukār Mahmood Rezāe Dashtearzhanah Mokhtār Ebrāhimi Lāle ĀshnāAccording to one of Iranian myths, Khvarenah (splendor or Farrah) separates from Jamshid in the disguise of a Warghan (Symorgh or falcon) and is released to Mitra, Fereydoun and Garshāsb. It is one of the ancient mythological underpinnings that has a strong reflection i MoreAccording to one of Iranian myths, Khvarenah (splendor or Farrah) separates from Jamshid in the disguise of a Warghan (Symorgh or falcon) and is released to Mitra, Fereydoun and Garshāsb. It is one of the ancient mythological underpinnings that has a strong reflection in Iranian mythology, epic and story-telling texts (naqqali). A mythological underpinning undergoes a variety of alterations- based on the temporal and spatial context- in its journey from the world of myth to the logical sphere of epic so that it would appear rational to the minds of readers. Then, in changing from epic to folk literature, has been transformed in accordance with the taste of people. Therefore, a mythological motif distances thematically from its origin to such an extent that it is difficult to locate its roots. In the present article, the attempt is made to consider the nexus of Jamishid’s talisman with separation of his Khvarenah and its releasing to Garshasb in the following heroic poems and story-telling scrolls (tumār): Sām-nāmeh, Garshāsb-nāmeh, Bahman-nāmeh, Farāmarz-nāmeh, Jahāngir-nāmeh, Shahryār-nāmeh, Tumar Naqqāli Shāhnāmeh, Tumār Haft Lashkar, Tumār Kohan Shāhnāme Ferdowsi, Tumār Shāhnāmeh Ferdowsi, Zarrin Qabānāmeh, Tumār Sāme Savār va Dokhtar Khāqān Chin. According to the authors of this paper, the attempts of Sistani heroes to open the talisman of Jamshid and to get the treasure or the sword embedded in the talisman are symbolic representation of releasing the heroic splendor (Khvarenah) from Jamshid to Garshāsb and it is presented as a metamorphic form in heroic poems and story-telling texts (naqqali). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
493 - The Story of More Charming Than Green; A Narrative and Mystical Analaysis
Masumeh Hāmidoost Ahmad RaziIn analyzing Iranian mystical literature, the critics and literary scholars have mainly focused on Persian poems, but in recent decades, prose writings, especially short stories, have played an important role in reflecting mystical beliefs, deeds and doctrines. More cha MoreIn analyzing Iranian mystical literature, the critics and literary scholars have mainly focused on Persian poems, but in recent decades, prose writings, especially short stories, have played an important role in reflecting mystical beliefs, deeds and doctrines. More charming than green, written by Ali Moazzeni, is one of these short stories. The aim of present article is to analyze the story by using descriptive method. The story is considered in three levels: theme, literary images and narrative method, in order to show that how mystical concepts have been reconstructed in the story. In this story, the concepts like spiritual journey (suluk), self-knowledge, God's testing, peace and friendship, saintship, unity of vision and ease of mind have joined with religious issues and mystical themes and have been presented in new forms. Using literary images and different methods of narration associated with mystical themes have led to coherence of the story. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
494 - Samak-e Ayyār: A Literary Analysis
خورشید نوروزی Samak-e Ayyār is an ancient fictional story about an Iranian ayyār (a warrior who has courage and chivalry) first told orally by Sādaqa b. Abūl-Qāsim Shirāzi, then Collected and writting down by Farāmarz Ibn Khodādād Arrajāni in the 12th Century (6th Cen More Samak-e Ayyār is an ancient fictional story about an Iranian ayyār (a warrior who has courage and chivalry) first told orally by Sādaqa b. Abūl-Qāsim Shirāzi, then Collected and writting down by Farāmarz Ibn Khodādād Arrajāni in the 12th Century (6th Century AH). Samak-e Ayyar is described as a popular romance, while some consider it an epic. The present article tries to analyze Samak-e Ayyār by taking into account the two literary genres, romance and epic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
495 - The Analysis of the Story of Sheikh Sanān Based on Campbell's Theory of Monomyth
Mohammad Reihāni raheleh abdolahzadeh borzooAccording to Joseph Campbell's theory of monomyth, after a ritual invitation, the hero gets separated from his society, begins his journey, learns through ritual forces in an unknown land, is taught the ritual of initiation and returns for reforming his society. The jou MoreAccording to Joseph Campbell's theory of monomyth, after a ritual invitation, the hero gets separated from his society, begins his journey, learns through ritual forces in an unknown land, is taught the ritual of initiation and returns for reforming his society. The journey appears with some symbols and symptom in the form of archetypes. According to the theory of Jung, it is an instance of facing conscious and unconscious. By using descriptive method the present article tries to analyze the story of Sheikh Sanān regarding to Joseph Campbell's theory of monomyth and Jungian symbols. Sheikh Sanān, the symbol of unconscious, is separated from his people and motherland the call of the unconscious at night; then is taught by anima of existence in West, the symbol of unknown land of unconscious, and finally he is worthy of reconciliation to unconscious of soul. The daughter is symbol of anima of Sheikh Sanān; she teaches love and its finer points to him; in return Sheikh Sanān hands over knowledge and faith, as symbols of conscious, to her. In this journey, 400 devotees, as the elements of conscious, surrender to will of unconscious. The return of Sheikh Sanān from Rome to Mecca is a symbol of individuality and perfection and corresponds to Campbell's theory of hero's return to home. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
496 - Psychological Analysis of the Story of Siyāvash Based on Freudian Pattern of "Structure of Mind"
Mohammadreza Rozbeh Kayānoosh DāniyāriFreud's psychoanalytic theory has deeply influenced the literary works and works of art, and gave rise to psychological criticism. Personal unconscious and structure of mind theories are the most eminent results of Freudian outlook. According to these theories, the stru MoreFreud's psychoanalytic theory has deeply influenced the literary works and works of art, and gave rise to psychological criticism. Personal unconscious and structure of mind theories are the most eminent results of Freudian outlook. According to these theories, the structure of mind has a tripartite structure: ego, id and super ego. Each one reflects a dimension of the human mind. In the story of Siyāvash, as narrated in Shahnameh, the prominent characters are the representative of the tripartite; Sudabeh as the symbol of id, Siyāvash as the super ego and Kavus as the ego. Action and reaction each one of them explains the structure of human mind. In the same way, and from another perspective, Afrasiab, king of Turan, can be seen as symbol of ego, Garsivaz, the brother of Afrasiab, as the symbol of id and Siyāvash as the symbol of super ego. Based on such an analysis, the present article reconsiders the story of Siyāvash. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
497 - “Suluk” in the Story of Sheikh Sanān and Siddhartha: A Comparative Analysis
Eshāq Toqyānī Zohreh MoshāverīThere are common grounds in the world's great literary works which have their roots in adaption or following common patterns. “Suluk” (spiritual journey) and struggle towards perfection are instances of these common grounds. There are remarkable similarity b MoreThere are common grounds in the world's great literary works which have their roots in adaption or following common patterns. “Suluk” (spiritual journey) and struggle towards perfection are instances of these common grounds. There are remarkable similarity between the story of Sheikh Sanān, composed by Farīdad-Dīn Attār (1145 –1221) in Mantiq-ut-Tayr, and Siddhartha, a novel written by Hermann Hesse, the German contemporary poet and novelist. Referring to the similarities and differences between these works, and by analyzing the actions of characters, the present article shows that the main characters in both works are trying to reach perfection through suluk, in which worldly love is one of the important parts of this spiritual journey Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
498 - The Psychoanalysis of Characters and Mystical Symbols in the Story of Romiyan–o-Chiniyan of Masnavi Manavi
Parvin Golizādeh Nasrin GobānchiThe way symbols and characters- as the two important elements of a story- are presented in Masnavi Manavi, comes from Molana’s viewpoints about human. This study intends to investigate some of the mystical and hidden aspects of Masnavi Manavi based on psychologica MoreThe way symbols and characters- as the two important elements of a story- are presented in Masnavi Manavi, comes from Molana’s viewpoints about human. This study intends to investigate some of the mystical and hidden aspects of Masnavi Manavi based on psychological and mythical concepts. Therefore a number of the narrative elements of the story of Romiyan–o–Chiniyan (Romans and Chinese) are studied here regarding psychological concepts provided by psychologists like Jung, Murray, Freud and Adler. Some of these concepts are analyzed in relation to mystical and mythical elements. In this story, Yung theories about characterization, collective beliefs, and archetypes are more visible than the theories of Fraud and Adler. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
499 - The Mythical Analysis of Suvashun: the 1953 Iranian Coup D ' état
Mohammad Alijāni Hoseinalī Qobadī Saeed Bozorg BigdelīDuring the history, political and social events have always influenced myths. One of the most important contemporary events which has influenced political, social, cultural and literary structures of Iran is the 1953 coup d'état in the country. After the coup d'& MoreDuring the history, political and social events have always influenced myths. One of the most important contemporary events which has influenced political, social, cultural and literary structures of Iran is the 1953 coup d'état in the country. After the coup d'état, Iranian contemporary novelists, by avoiding direct expression, used an ambiguous, symbolic and mythical language for expressing social problems and informing the masses and intellectuals. Suvashun, written by Simin Dāneshvar (1921 –2012), is one of the most prominent Persian novels which by using national and religious myths, reflects the social and intellectual state of Iranian people after the 1953 coup. Dāneshvar recreates the mythical characters, narrations and situations and combines them with Islamic and Iranian ones. By using descriptive and analytic methods, based on mythical criticism, this article tries to study the reflection of myth in Suvashun. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
500 - The Influence of Gnostic Mysticism in Haft Paykar of Nizami
Mahindokht FarrokhniāHaft Paykar, composed by Nizami Ganjavi, is a symbolic work with well integrated structure. It shows not only Nizami’s power of storytelling but also his acquaintance with literary, cultural and mystical heritage of the past. Part of this heritage belongs to MoreHaft Paykar, composed by Nizami Ganjavi, is a symbolic work with well integrated structure. It shows not only Nizami’s power of storytelling but also his acquaintance with literary, cultural and mystical heritage of the past. Part of this heritage belongs to Gnostic mysticism, Manichaeism and hermetic philosophy. The aim of present article is to show the traces of these ideas in one of stories of Haft Paykar. After introducing Gnostic mysticism, it is indicated that how Muslims got acquainted with Gnostisim. Then, we look at the influence of Gnostic themes in the fifth story of Haft Paykar, the story of Princess of turquoise Dome or the story of Māhān. The Gnostic themes that are considered are as follows: duality of body and mind, the fall of Adam, captivity, oblivion and nostalgia, pessimism, knowledge, rebirth and salvation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
501 - Ibrahim Adham Repentance: One Anecdote and Eight Narrations
Gholamrezā Hātefi Majoomard Amir Hosein Hemati Asqar RezāpouriyānEmploying stories and anecdotes to express spiritual teachings and illustrating deep mystical concepts have long been practiced by the Persian-speaking poets and writers. In the meantime, sometimes we encounter stories that due to their structural and conceptual capacit MoreEmploying stories and anecdotes to express spiritual teachings and illustrating deep mystical concepts have long been practiced by the Persian-speaking poets and writers. In the meantime, sometimes we encounter stories that due to their structural and conceptual capacities, different narrations are presented about them. The story of Ibrahim Adham Repentance is one of them. Most of the mystical sources have pointed to his repentance. Mostamli Bokhari, Abul-Ghāsem Ghushairi, Hujwiri, Khwaja Abdullah Ansari, Attār of Nishapur, Jalāl ad-Dīn Rūmī and Kamal al-Din Hosein Ghazorghahi are the famous writers who have discussed the story. In the present article, the attempt is made to compare these narrations by using descriptive and analytic method. Based on fictional elements, the differences and similarities of eight narrations have been considered. The results show that in the narration of Attār of Nishapur actions are more than others; scenery is only seen in Attār's version, and in Tazkirat-al-Auliyā characterization is more prominent than otherseven narrations. Furthermore, Attār and Ghushairi emphasize dramatization of their own narrations while using proper dialogues and appropriate characters and situations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
502 - The Analysis of the Story of the Castle of Fortress of Forms Based on Theories of Jung
Soheilā Namāz Alizādeh The story of the castle of Fortress of Forms (Qaleh Zat o-Suvar or Hooshroba) is the unfinished and the last long tale in Masnavi Manavi. The topic of the tale is struggle of three princes to succeed in obtaining a Chinese princess. Using descriptive-analyt More The story of the castle of Fortress of Forms (Qaleh Zat o-Suvar or Hooshroba) is the unfinished and the last long tale in Masnavi Manavi. The topic of the tale is struggle of three princes to succeed in obtaining a Chinese princess. Using descriptive-analytical and library methods, the present article attempts to analyze some archetypes of the story in the light of Carl Gustav Jung's views. The findings indicate that the holy union is a mystical interpretation of self-knowledge and the mean that helps reaching station of the Perfect Man. Beloved or the woman in the story is an image of archetype of anima that in difficult stages of the journey appears dream like figure to the hero and helps him to know the dark aspects of himself and purify his soul and body from worldly attachments. In other word, the Chinese princess is the unconscious character of the poet and three young princes, she appears in the form of a gentle and solemn woman and guide them to unite with the eternal truth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
503 - The Analysis of the Story of “the Arab and Pot of Water” in Mosibat-Nāmeh, Masnavi and Daftar-e Haftom-e Masnavi
abdoal majid yuosefi neko hasan haidariThe story of “the Arab and pot of water” has been narrated in some poetry texts, like Mosibat-Nāmeh of Attār, Book I and Book VII of Masnavi Ma'navi. For recognizing power of creativity and storytelling of the authors of these books, the present article trie MoreThe story of “the Arab and pot of water” has been narrated in some poetry texts, like Mosibat-Nāmeh of Attār, Book I and Book VII of Masnavi Ma'navi. For recognizing power of creativity and storytelling of the authors of these books, the present article tries to study some elements of story, such as plot, character, dialogue, verisimilitude and point of view. Some narratologists, like Gerald Prince and Rimmon–Kenan interpret point of view as “focalization”. Based on their views, the analysis of point of view or focalization in the story of “the Arab and pot of water” shows that the numbers of focalized characters in Book I of Masnavi Ma'navi are more than other books. It seems that Jalāl-al Din Rumī expands the plot, increases the numbers of characters and prolongs the dialogues, and on this way, he fascinates the story. The authors of present article attempt to show which poets have successfully acted; the unknown poet of Book VII of Masnavi Ma'navi, despite having the Book I of Masnavi Ma'navi, has not been able to use the ways of storytelling of Jalāl-al Din Rumī. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
504 - Bahrām: From Myth to Reality (Similar Features of a Common Name)
Hooshang Mohammadi AfshārIn ancient myths, often common names have the same destiny and are influenced by the same eternal pattern and archetype. The examples of these names are abundant in Iranian myths and national epics. Among the most popular names that are mythical, ritualistic and epic, w MoreIn ancient myths, often common names have the same destiny and are influenced by the same eternal pattern and archetype. The examples of these names are abundant in Iranian myths and national epics. Among the most popular names that are mythical, ritualistic and epic, we find the name of " Bahrām" that in Aryan culture and ancient Iranian history has his own functions such as god of war, god of victory, the promised, the savior, king and armed, trooper and victorious. By using descriptive and analytical method, the present research attempts to identify and analyze the personality of the famous Bahrāms in Iranian mythology and national epic, and to prove that the examples of this name in Iranian mythology and history of Iran have almost same feature, function and destiny. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
505 - The Effectiveness of Parent-Child Story-Telling With Role Play on Creativity of Preschool Children
Sara Sadat Arabi Zanjani Ali Zadeh Mohammadi Parisa Sadat Seyed MousaviThis study aimed to compare the effectiveness of parent-child story-telling with and without role-play on the creativity of preschool children. The study population included 4 to 6-year-old children and their mothers. The sample consisted of 42 preschool children ( MoreThis study aimed to compare the effectiveness of parent-child story-telling with and without role-play on the creativity of preschool children. The study population included 4 to 6-year-old children and their mothers. The sample consisted of 42 preschool children (24 girls and 18 boys), who were randomly assigned to three experimental, compare, and control groups. In order to gather data, the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (1998) was used in the three stages of evaluation of creativity. The results of the covariance analysis indicated that story-telling with role-play had efficacy on the creativity of children and according to the following tests had more efficacy than the story-telling without role-play. According to repeated measures analysis of variance, the efficacy of parent-child story-telling with role-play on general creativity and all its components was stable through time and the efficacy of parent-child story-telling without role-play on creativity was stable only in general creativity and the components of originality and elaboration. According to the results, the methods of parent-child story-telling with role-play can be used to increase the creativity of children, whether at home or educational places Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
506 - The Effectiveness of Group Story–Based Social Skills Training on Children Externalizing Behavior Problems
Neda Yahya Mahmoudi Ashkan Naseh Sirus Salehi Taher Tizdastthe purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of group story–based social skills training on children externalizing behavior problems. Two hundreds and sixty seven mothers completed the Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach & Rescorla Morethe purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of group story–based social skills training on children externalizing behavior problems. Two hundreds and sixty seven mothers completed the Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001/2005). Forty eight students with high scores on the CBCL were selected and randomly assigned to either an experimental group (N = 24) or a control group (N = 24). Experimental group received eight story-based social skills training sessions for four weeks. Control group did not receive any training in this period. The data were analyzed using multiple covariance analyses. In contrast to the control group, experimental group demonstrated significant reduction in aggressive and rulebreaking behaviors by the end of the course. The findings of this study may be of practical importance for prevention and treatment of‎children’s‎externalizing behavior problems in clinical settings and schools. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
507 - the effectiveness of attachment-based storytelling on reducing bedtime problems and enhancing child-mother relationship
Shayeste Shokoufefard Mohammad Ali Mazaheri Karine Tahmassianthis study investigated the effectiveness of attachment based storytelling on reducing children’s bedtime problems and enhancing child-mother relationship, and comparing this method with positive routines. The sample consisted of 30 children ages between four and Morethis study investigated the effectiveness of attachment based storytelling on reducing children’s bedtime problems and enhancing child-mother relationship, and comparing this method with positive routines. The sample consisted of 30 children ages between four and six years who complained about bedtime problem from Shiraz nursing homes using convenience sampling. The participants were randomly assigned into attachment based storytelling, positive routines, and control groups. The experimental groups received the training sessions. At the end of training sessions post-test was conducted. The participants’ mothers completed the Child Sleep Habit Questionnaire (Owens, Spirito, & McGuinn, 2000) and the Child-Parent Relationship Scale (Pinata,1992). The results of analysis of variance (repeated measures) indicated that while bedtime problems reduced in both the attachment based storytelling group and positive routines, it was in the attachment based storytelling group which the childmother relationship was enhanced significantly. The findings suggested that the clinical application of attachment based on storytelling not only reduced sleep problems but also improve mental and emotional health of the child and the family. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
508 - Storytelling and development of the concept of god in iarnian and lebanese children
Parirokh Dadsetan Omaime M. Aligh Kazem R. Tabatabaee Masoud Azarbaijani Maryam BayatThis research explored the effects of storytelling on the development of the concept of God in Iranian and Lebanese children. 238 (138 Iranian and 100 Lebanese) girls and 222 (107 Iranian and 115 Lebanese) boys 6-11 years old were randomly assigned to an experimental an MoreThis research explored the effects of storytelling on the development of the concept of God in Iranian and Lebanese children. 238 (138 Iranian and 100 Lebanese) girls and 222 (107 Iranian and 115 Lebanese) boys 6-11 years old were randomly assigned to an experimental and a control group. The experimental group received eight sessions of forty-five minute storytelling. The control group received none. Before and after all sessions of storytelling, clinical interview (Lawrence, 1965) was conducted to measure the concept of God. Analysis of covariance showed that storytelling had a positive effect on the development of concept of God and all its components. There were no gender and cultural differences in the total score of the concept of God; but Iranian children scored higher on the components of “existence of God” and “omniscience”. The Lebanese children scored higher in the “invisibility” component. Boys described God as more omnipotent than girls did. In the post test, boys in experimental group scored higher on the “nature of God” component than the girls and control group. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
509 - Review of Romances in Persian and Arabic (Case study: Leyli and Majnun Nizami)
shahram edalatishahiIn Persian literature, to express lyrical and romantic themes, along with the form of sonnet, it is also common to use romantic verses. Storytelling is one of the types that was noticed very early in Persian poetry. At the end of the 6th century, the order of romantic s MoreIn Persian literature, to express lyrical and romantic themes, along with the form of sonnet, it is also common to use romantic verses. Storytelling is one of the types that was noticed very early in Persian poetry. At the end of the 6th century, the order of romantic stories reached its perfection by Nizami Ganjavi. He arranged some famous stories of his time and the performances of this poet were so skillful that most of the composers of romantic verses, knowingly or not, have been influenced by his style and manner of storytelling. One of his brilliant poems is Leyli and Majnun, whose origin should be sought in Arab literature. This story has been imitated many times by poets in different languages. The Eastern world has known the tragic story of Leyli and Majnoon in its literature since ancient times. Over the years, this story has inspired dozens of great poets in the creation of fantastic poems, and it is still reflected in the works of poets, writers, playwrights and musicians of different nations of the East. Undoubtedly, the origin of this story belongs to the Arabs and its history goes back to the end of the 7th century AD. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
510 - Gholam hossein Saedi and his position in Iranian cinema
mahnaz Mohammadi Mohammad kalhor Fereshteh Sadat EttefaghfarGholamhossein Saedi followed writers such as Sadegh Hedayat, Bozorg Alavi, and Jalal-E Al Ahmad in search of social perfection and full-heartedly felt the sufferings and hardships of the society and acted with great excellence in repaying them in his stories. He was one MoreGholamhossein Saedi followed writers such as Sadegh Hedayat, Bozorg Alavi, and Jalal-E Al Ahmad in search of social perfection and full-heartedly felt the sufferings and hardships of the society and acted with great excellence in repaying them in his stories. He was one of many writers of the last hundred years and the top story writers in the forties. The stories of that decade reflect the spiritual failures of the intellectuals after the coup on August 19, 1953, and this theme can be seen in many of his writings. One of the most important features of that period was the censorship, ruling the space of writing stories and poems, which caused a group of writers to turn to playwriting and use its symbolic aspect to express their intentions and content. Saedi was also among these writers. He was one of the most successful writers in Iran's dramatic literature. The political themes of Saedi's works were more visible in his plays. According to the political conditions of the 1940s, the subject, and the content of his plays, he has expressed openly or mockingly and satirically issues such as tyranny and oppression, freedom of expression, land reform law, and the confrontation of people's poverty with the current of modernization. Three prominent intellectual cinema films of the years before the Islamic Revolution: Cow, Mina's circle, and Peace in the Presence of others, are taken from Saedi's stories. In addition to analyzing Saedi's works, it will highlight the influence of Saedi's works on the Iranian cinema of that period. To reveal his role and position in the intellectual cinema of the years before the revolution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
511 - The comparative study between two stories ‘Hengam’ by Mandanipour and ‘A very old man with enormous wings’ by Marquez
Mehdi Parham Elham Jafarzadeh Elaheh JafarzadehSometimes magical realism is known as a historical-political and post-colonial way of writing stories, and sometimes as a method composed of a special literary vision and technique, and also as an exclusively local-regional style. As it can be seen from the background o MoreSometimes magical realism is known as a historical-political and post-colonial way of writing stories, and sometimes as a method composed of a special literary vision and technique, and also as an exclusively local-regional style. As it can be seen from the background of the research, usually the existence of some components makes it possible to prove magical realism in a work. The different roles and importance of these components have given researchers a different perspective on the main and secondary nature of each of them, as well as the number of each.The components of the magical realism style have been investigated in different ways, and what is more or less agreed upon by the researchers is a combination of fantasy techniques and the facts of life. According to the comparative aim of the present article, the common use of some of these cases in a limited way shows the closeness of these two works, Hengam and A very old man with enormous wings, respectively written by Shahriar Mandanipour and Gabriel García Márquez. The present paper is a content-structural review and identifies and describes the identical components in these two stories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
512 - The dialectically function of BOOD and NABOOD in Bood and Nabood `s collection of Jamalzadeh and Mikhail Noaymeh
Masomeh ZareThe words of BOOD and NABOOD are two opposites words that they are root in eastern literatureand the most it`s sign popular wordswere BOOD and NABOOD. This is showed that first old stories of the East structured on the story elements and permeate into west fiction, the MoreThe words of BOOD and NABOOD are two opposites words that they are root in eastern literatureand the most it`s sign popular wordswere BOOD and NABOOD. This is showed that first old stories of the East structured on the story elements and permeate into west fiction, the second concept of antagonism in this two opposites words was dialectically philosophy to help story elements and move to formation of unification that the meaning of story. This concept was regardless of formed visionof author and its meaning. This dialectically function was studied in many elements as angle vision, space, character and …… .Some of the this function have antagonism and some when was interpreted change concept. Sometimes this antagonism existed between one element as antibiosis and also This study could be one angle an element and other element for example antagonism between character and space. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
513 - Studying Application of Story in Story in the German and Iranian Literature with considering of its Oriental Characteristics
Kambiz Safiie Mohammad Hossein HaddadiOne could see, considering German and Iranian Literatures, that Story in Story, as an oriental Technique, which penetrated from Iran to European literature, has been applied in different ways in Iran and Europe. The Mode of application of Technique created a new Genre i MoreOne could see, considering German and Iranian Literatures, that Story in Story, as an oriental Technique, which penetrated from Iran to European literature, has been applied in different ways in Iran and Europe. The Mode of application of Technique created a new Genre in Fiction in Europe and especially Germany, which firstly has been assigned as Characteristics of Novel. Some Scholars saw Falkentheorie (as Symbol of turning point or reversal in the Story) in the Novel as essential, but others did not take it seriously. Main Objective of Iranian Authors, using Story in Story, was to psychotherapy of psychotic people. But European Authors applied the Technique in different Manner. Obviously, one sees the Difference in various literary Epochs. The Paper is concentrated on Description of these Differences; furthermore, using some Examples from oriental and occidental literatures, the Paper analyses Features of Story in Story. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
514 - Feminism and Democracy in the Passage of History
Mohammad Towhidfam Lila EisavandAbstract During the twentieth century, many social movements that took shape was one of the women's movement and causes many changes in the status of women. Later, feminist women's movement and was named to the enormous changes that have been experienced three waves of MoreAbstract During the twentieth century, many social movements that took shape was one of the women's movement and causes many changes in the status of women. Later, feminist women's movement and was named to the enormous changes that have been experienced three waves of feminism have been called. The first wave of the women's movement began in 1850 and lasted until 1920. In this era of political freedom to women won the right to vote. The second wave women's movement began in 1920 and lasted until 1980, women in this period to some legal reforms were influenced by the trends were at the time and Marxist feminism, socialist and radical of those requirements. The third wave started from the 1980s and continues to this day’s Claim that the third waves of cultural structures have an impact on their communities. Feminism of the past to the dominant male-dominated, particularly in the funds has drawn criticism. Feminists claim that human knowledge has been able to open a new perspective. The struggle against the domination of men in political, social, cultural and economic mission of women in the three waves of feminism. Feminists believe that freedom and democracy ordained destiny of all human. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
515 - An Assessment of Obama's Foreign Policy in the East Asian Region
Mohammad Sadegh BabakanAbstract The United States has long regarded itself as the power of the Pacific region and the main purpose of US foreign policy is to prevent a large power or a set of powers aimed at controlling Eurasia. Earlier in 2011 the Obama administration was turning from Sout MoreAbstract The United States has long regarded itself as the power of the Pacific region and the main purpose of US foreign policy is to prevent a large power or a set of powers aimed at controlling Eurasia. Earlier in 2011 the Obama administration was turning from South Asia and the Middle East to the Asia-Pacific region. This article examines US foreign policy in East Asia with an emphasis on recent history and challenges. It also examines US relations with four key political entities: Japan, the Republic of Korea (South Korea), China and Taiwan. The main purpose of the present paper is to answer the key question of how US foreign policy under Barack Obama's presidency towards East Asia can be assessed. In response to the question the underlying assumption is that Asia is once again the focus of US foreign policy attention and the Obama administration's pivot to East Asia can be seen as the most prominent sign of US pre-occupation announcing the full role of Asia in its foreign policy over the next decade. The results of the research indicate that the American strategic and economic goal is to curb the growth and dynamism of Asia and from the point of view of the realism and deterrence logic the United States will certainly endeavor to prevent China from rising as a strategic competitor in East Asia. It should be noted that the research method used in this paper is of analytical-explanatory nature and using available data. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
516 - An explicit method for numerical solution of the equation governing the motion of a particle under arbitrary force fields
Ghiyam Eslami Masoumeh Zeinali -
Open Access Article
517 - تغییر الگوی کشت و تأمین درجه-روز رشد برای مراحل فنولوژیک سه نوع لگوم گرمسیری در جنوب کرمان و رابطه آن با عملکرد دانه
محمد حاتمی حسین حیدری شریف آباد حمید مدنی عنایت الله توحیدی نژاد غلامرضا افشارمنشبه­ منظور مطالعه تاثیر تغییر الگوی کشت در تأمین دمای رشد و نمو در مراحل مختلف فنولوژیک سه نوع لگوم گرمسیری در جنوب کرمان و بررسی رابطه دما با عملکرد دانه، آزمایشی به­صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار، در سال 98-1397 در مرکز تحقیقات ک Moreبه­ منظور مطالعه تاثیر تغییر الگوی کشت در تأمین دمای رشد و نمو در مراحل مختلف فنولوژیک سه نوع لگوم گرمسیری در جنوب کرمان و بررسی رابطه دما با عملکرد دانه، آزمایشی به­صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار، در سال 98-1397 در مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی جیرفت اجرا شد. تیمار­های آزمایش شامل سه تاریخ کشت،10، 20 و 30 بهمن و سه نوع لگوم گرمسیری شامل لوبیا تپاری یا محلی جیرفت، لوبیا چشم بلبلی و ماش سبز بود. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین نیازمندی به درجه-روز رشد از کاشت تا جوانه­زنی، از کاشت تا سبز شدن و مراحل یک تا پنج برگی در هر سه تاریخ کشت مربوط به ماش سبز بود. بعد از ماش، بیشترین نیاز به درجه-روز رشد در مراحل فوق، به­ترتیب در لوبیا تپاری یا محلی جیرفت و لوبیا چشم بلبلی مشاهده گردید. در مراحل گلدهی، تشکیل و پر شدن غلاف و رسیدگی، تفاوت بین ماش و دو نوع لوبیا در مقدار درجه-روز رشد کمتر گردید. اگرچه، تأخیر در کاشت در هر سه گیاه منجر به کاهش تامین درجه-روز رشد از گلدهی تا رسیدگی کامل شد اما هر سه گیاه در تاریخ کشت­های انجام شده، عملکرد دانه بیشتری نسبت به تاریخ­های کشت رایج داشتند. به­گونه­ای که ماش در هر سه تاریخ کشت دارای عملکرد دانه یکسان با میانگین 770 کیلوگرم در هکتار بود. لوبیا تپاری بیشترین عملکرد را در کشت زودهنگام یعنی در تاریخ 10 بهمن با میانگین 3/2 تن در هکتار تولید نمود. این لگوم در تاریخ­های کشت 20 و 30 بهمن ماه با 39 % کاهش عملکرد دانه نسبت به تاریخ کشت اول همراه بود. در بین سه لگوم گرمسیری لوبیا چشم بلبلی بیشترین میزان عملکرد دانه را با میانگین 6/4 تن در هکتار و در تاریخ­های 10 و 30 بهمن بدون تفاوت تولید و در تاریخ کشت 20 بهمن 26% کاهش در عملکرد دانه مشاهده شد. در مجموع در منطقه جیرفت، تاریخ کشت­های زود­هنگام زمستانه با توجه به تأمین دما و رطوبت لازم جهت تکمیل فرایند رشد و نمو و تکمیل مراحل فنولوژیک برای لگوم­های گرمسیری، با توجه به تأثیر منفی خشکسالی بر چرخه رشد گیاهان و همچنین عملکرد آنها، به­طور کامل نسبت به کشت بهاره برتری داشتند و این یافته می تواند در مدیریت استفاده از دمای هوا برای کاهش مصرف آب نیز در منطقه موثر باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
518 - Comparative Studying of Two Fictional Elements in the narratives of " Zal and Rudabeh " with " Romeo and Juliet "
Akram Nadiri Kiwi Nahid Ja'fariAbstract One of the traits of the story which has significant role in the writing scheme, coherence, and its development, is characterization and plot; because the writer should know how and with what language and function to MoreAbstract One of the traits of the story which has significant role in the writing scheme, coherence, and its development, is characterization and plot; because the writer should know how and with what language and function to create a character and give him/her the suitable rank and role and untie the puzzles which have been emerged during the events. In the oriental and occidental language and literature, the reason that poetry and prose works appeal the literary men is that they not only are indebted to the attractiveness of these individuals and heroes of this kind of story but also are the reasons of personal interference and the language and thought of its creator. This research has been done in bibliographical method and in descriptive – analytical style to investigate the effective elements in creating plot and characterization of the two significant factors in the two narratives of " Zal and Rudabeh " and " Romeo and Juliet ". The result of the comparison of the two stories are very similar to each other and the different frequencies of the types of personality are close to each other, except two clear differences which appear in the number of symbolic and simple characters, in the view point of story plot in both narratives. One can distinguish five ties that in the beginning both explain contradicting families which bring about different hindrances but at the end one attains joy and unity while the other ends in sorrow and death. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
519 - The Psychological Pathology (contamination and rejection) and the Analysis of the Individual Ministers' Behavior in the Ghaznavid's Court in the History of Bayhaghi based on Eric Berne Theory
Nasrin Omran Nejad Parvaneh Adel Zadeh Kamran Pashaei FakhriPsychological pathology is the study of the psychological abnormality and psychopathy which is created in human being in two levels of interpersonal and intrapersonal because of severe excitation and anxiety. The relation of interpersonal one is a kind of important and MorePsychological pathology is the study of the psychological abnormality and psychopathy which is created in human being in two levels of interpersonal and intrapersonal because of severe excitation and anxiety. The relation of interpersonal one is a kind of important and basic motivation for adaptation. And its mark is lack of defensive situation, having sincerity and satisfaction. The more human being is able to harmonize the internal tendency and the expectation of society, the more adaptable it will be. Deficiency in relationship and failure in communication and un-coordination and its conflict have unfavorable impact on the function of the peripheral people. Eric Berne divides the interaction of human personality into child, parent and the matured. He believes that if there is a harmony among these, the individual will be safe from characteristic point of view but at times it hinders the man function normally. Berne has called these cases " contamination and rejection ". In this research we analyze the behavior of the Ghaznavid's ministers by the two above – mentioned components and deal with their structural problems . The findings of the research show that most of the relations which are accompanied with tension are the outcome of anger, psychosis and unconscionability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
520 - The Reflection of Realistic Components of the story of " Guileh Mard from Bozorg Alavi
Reza Dehghan Ashtivan Akbar Sha'bniAbstract After the constitutional revolution and translation of Western stories into Persian, we have witnessed the presence of literary schools in Persian story writing. Among them, realism was the most appealing for Iranians MoreAbstract After the constitutional revolution and translation of Western stories into Persian, we have witnessed the presence of literary schools in Persian story writing. Among them, realism was the most appealing for Iranians and experienced the different levels of socialistic, climatic and psychologic periods. Bozorg Alavi is of the prominent representatives of Realism in Farsi story writing. He has dealt with the situation of Iranian society and has challenged the ruling system of the time in the story of " guileh Mard ". His political, social and cultural concerns are highlighted in this story. We have investigated and explored the most important realistic components of the story in a descriptive – analytic method. It seems that Bozarg Alavi had realistic approach in representing the social, political and cultural problems regarding to the time, setting, characterization, scenery and description of events and views. These were the ideals that he believed in them and accomplished in his literary message. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
521 - Types of Allegory in Persian Literature
Sardar BafekrAbstract Allegory is the most important and prolific literary skills in the didactic and Indian style. The base of this art lies on simile in which the poet or the writer likens a matter to a simpler one to prove it or uses an MoreAbstract Allegory is the most important and prolific literary skills in the didactic and Indian style. The base of this art lies on simile in which the poet or the writer likens a matter to a simpler one to prove it or uses an ordinary example to transfer his ideas to the reader. Using this method in the didactic literature has flavored and strengthened the ethic maxims and doubled its attraction. Allegorical stories are frequent in didactic literary works but in Indian style the frequency of equation is more prevalent than other types of allegory. Having elaborated the numerous types of allegory, we will bring samples for each of them from important works of Persian literature and criticize their strengths and weaknesses. The type of research is based on the ability of literary arrays in the important didactic and Indian style and consider the view points of clear-sighted authorities. The ultimate conclusion of this article is that using the different types of allegory is the main and essence of didactic literature and Indian style are also of the mysteries the beauty of language and its impact on the readers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
522 - Analysis of " The Salim and Salma Poetry " based on the morphological theory of Propp
Farhad Falahat Khah leila adlparvarAbstract Propp, the Russian folklorist, has presented a pattern for the analysis of fairy tales. He believes that it is applicable to the other Indo – European folkloric tales, too. The writers of this paper have decided to analyze " The Salim and Salma's Poetry MoreAbstract Propp, the Russian folklorist, has presented a pattern for the analysis of fairy tales. He believes that it is applicable to the other Indo – European folkloric tales, too. The writers of this paper have decided to analyze " The Salim and Salma's Poetry " by using the morphological theory of Propp which comprises thirty one functions. By recounting those functions and their components we wanted to determine what applications are available and what are not according to Propp's methods. To achieve the accurate results from this study, we analyzed the story by using Propp's method as far as it was possible, by utilizing tables and charts. The dutifulness , extracted linking elements, horizontal – vertical charts and also motion charts of the tale were stated in the form of a formula. Finally tales' characters and overall structure of story were elaborated to the readers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
523 - Priority of Content to Form in Classic Minimality of Iran from the View Point of the Marzbannameh & the Siasatnameh
Fariba Namdari Shahin Ojaghali ZadehAbstract Through the exploration of classical works of Iran, some modern literary species can be seen completely to comply with its components and structure, a sample of which is the minimal story and inc MoreAbstract Through the exploration of classical works of Iran, some modern literary species can be seen completely to comply with its components and structure, a sample of which is the minimal story and includes a complete story but in the shortest level it includes maintaining the nature of the story. On the other hand, in classical works of Iran including poetry and prose, due to the combination of literature with religious, mystical thoughts, usually the content takes priority to form. This is a trend in our classic poetry, its narrative poetry is so powerful that much of it looks like lay. In this condition, story with powerful content and intangible form will be more effective compared to poetry affected by content and form sides of story including preparation of characters and mixing them with themes has become stereotype and are treated like quotations. Of course this subject does not have any research record but for minimal in classic literature, some papers were published that through library research method and content analysis, it is tried to discuss the priority of content to form in three aspects to handle characterizing , lay out , and theme. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
524 - Studying the Fictional Elements in the Contemporary Stories in the 10th , 11th , and 12th High School Classes
Majid Soltani Mahdi Novrooz Akbar Sha&# Batool Fakhre IslamAbstract Educational researchers believe that the literary, religious, cultural, national and thinking foundation of any generation forms in its childhood and juvenile period and an important of it is on the shoulder of educat MoreAbstract Educational researchers believe that the literary, religious, cultural, national and thinking foundation of any generation forms in its childhood and juvenile period and an important of it is on the shoulder of educational system of every country. Text books are the most important tools of this formation among which Farsi books, because of paying attention to fictional literature are the best way to narrate the human contemplations and thoughts. The fictional element, in this research – the stories in 10th, 11th, 12th high school classes have analytically and thematically been studied. It seems that the authors are interested more in novels and long stories. Most fictional elements have been used repeatedly. Summary of short stories in comparison with novels and long stories were associated with less damage in fictional elements and themes. There is no thematic variation in text books. Therefore, no diversity of stories is seen in it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
525 - Studying the Fictional Elements in the Contemporary Stories in the 10th , 11th , and 12th High School Classes
A'zam Bazgir Alvar Mahmood Tavoosi Maryam Amir Arjomand Fatemeh EmamiAbstract Educational researchers believe that the literary, religious, cultural, national and thinking foundation of any generation forms in its childhood and juvenile period and an important of it is on the shoulder of educatio MoreAbstract Educational researchers believe that the literary, religious, cultural, national and thinking foundation of any generation forms in its childhood and juvenile period and an important of it is on the shoulder of educational system of every country. Text books are the most important tools of this formation among which Farsi books, because of paying attention to fictional literature are the best way to narrate the human contemplations and thoughts. The fictional element, in this research – the stories in 10th, 11th, 12th high school classes have analytically and thematically been studied. It seems that the authors are interested more in novels and long stories. Most fictional elements have been used repeatedly. Summary of short stories in comparison with novels and long stories were associated with less damage in fictional elements and themes. There is no thematic variation in text books. Therefore, no diversity of stories is seen in it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
526 - Analyzing the Fictional Devices in " The Yousef and Zolaykha " of Jaami
Barat MohammadiAbstract The original story of Yousef and Zolaykha is a real event which has been reflected in the Holy Qur'an and other divine books. However, in Persian literature, with the imagination of the narrators and poets it has been MoreAbstract The original story of Yousef and Zolaykha is a real event which has been reflected in the Holy Qur'an and other divine books. However, in Persian literature, with the imagination of the narrators and poets it has been extended and highlighted and offered according their own mentality. Jaami has illustrated this in the most melodic and exquisite way and focused on Zolaykha for her axial role in the fiction. By describing and implementing the devices, Jaami has added specific manifestations to it and created the necessary attraction and movement. Therefore, it is better to study the skills used in it to illuminate its events and interactions and discover its hidden beauty. To attain this it was essential to investigate its plot, title, theme, tone, settlement, scene, narrator, perspectives, and characterization. The findings indicate that the events of the story proceed harmonically and reaches its logical climax; and the device of characterization and creating the scene is of Jaami's special interest. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
527 - The Historiographical Infra – Story Regarding the Red Symbol of Siavash Kasraee
Ma'soumeh SadeghiAbstract This essay is concerned with historiographical infra – story which is one of the most common types of post modern stories. In infra story the writer distorts the characters and events from the histor MoreAbstract This essay is concerned with historiographical infra – story which is one of the most common types of post modern stories. In infra story the writer distorts the characters and events from the history. However, he mingles historical events with imaginary elements and illustrates a new story . This research scrutinizes the historical infra-story characteristics in the " red symbol " which is a prose work composed by Siavash Kasraee, one of the famous contemporary poets. Kasraee is a social poet and the red symbol is considered as one of his critical social works. This is an analytical-descriptive research and holds components such as self awareness of nature, the failure of narrating trend, altering the history, myth and time. This prose work is regarded as a prominent historical infra story. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
528 - Criticism on the Works of Ali Dashti and Mohammad Hejazi
Mohammad Issa Zadeh Haji AghaAbstract From the view point of the promulgation or limitations of Persian Literature, especially in story-writing field, the years 1320 – 1300 are of thorough significance. The liberal forces who considered thems MoreAbstract From the view point of the promulgation or limitations of Persian Literature, especially in story-writing field, the years 1320 – 1300 are of thorough significance. The liberal forces who considered themselves the winners of constitution revolution, wished that the victory process and social structure be continued. But in front of them there were new powers that wanted to strengthen its bases. Struggling to attain power which existed in all ranks of society, had influence on the literature, too. The liberalists wanted to unmask the reality to the ordinary people; and the newly founded Pahlavi power wanted, by eliminating the impediment and suppressing the opposition, to legitimize its monarchy in the view of people. Both sides had understood the importance of literature, especially story-writing, and wanted to take benefits of its impact to develop their desires. Consequently, two types of literature and story-writing , with different purposes, were developed in Iranian society which can be called : court and folk literature. Senator Ali Dashti and Senator Motioddowleh Mohammad Hejazi were the leading figures of court literature and their only purposes were to entertain people and lead their minds to other problems including extravagant love and unbridled self-indulgence to divert people's attention from social problems. The stories of these two court writers, in this article, have thematically been investigated to show which of the problems were of importance in their ideas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
529 - Psychoanalytical Criticism on the Propounded Features in the Bayhaghi History based on the new Psychological Schools of Freud, Rogers, Maslow, and Adler
Sara Mohammadi Arash MoshfaghiAbstract Bayhaghi's history is of the valuable and profitable works which its writer has used his whole craft to create a lasting source. Contracting ideas and thoughts of various characters have been used in it. Abulfazl Bayh MoreAbstract Bayhaghi's history is of the valuable and profitable works which its writer has used his whole craft to create a lasting source. Contracting ideas and thoughts of various characters have been used in it. Abulfazl Bayhaghi was a savant and sharp-witted man who had the acts and behaviors of the politicians under his scrutiny vision. Psychoanalytical criticism of literary texts is a new scientific approach among the literary and artistic works. The Bayhaghi history, with having different players who work with harmony, make possible this criticism and studying for this research which are beneficial in psychology of the characters in Bayhaghi's era in the period of the Ghaznawid's dominance by utilizing the modern psychologic science theories and the ideas of great people like Freud, Adler, Rogers, ans Maslow to find out the reason of some events and inefficiencies which led to the decline of the Ghaznavid kingdom. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
530 - Analysis of the possibility and the nature of African Philosophy Based on the Heinz Kimmerle’s Intercultural reading of the History of Philosophy
Ali Sanaie Reza DehghaniIn this paper, we describe and analyze the view of Heinz Kimmerle about the possibility and the obstacles to the realization of African philosophy. Under the influence of Gadamer's hermeneutics, Kimmerle speaks of mixing horizons of understanding into a dialogue between MoreIn this paper, we describe and analyze the view of Heinz Kimmerle about the possibility and the obstacles to the realization of African philosophy. Under the influence of Gadamer's hermeneutics, Kimmerle speaks of mixing horizons of understanding into a dialogue between two cultures. In his view, in order to interact with different cultures, it is necessary to keep away from centralism, while preserving the cultural identity, so that dialogue can be made between them. According to a reading that has spread through the spread of European colonialism and the Enlightenment, and the shadow of the history of philosophy, philosophy is rooted in Western thought, and other nations, especially the African tribes, lack philosophical thinking. According to Kimmerle, this European-Western thinking is a serious obstacle to intercultural dialogue. In light of the analysis that Kimmerle presents of the advent of African philosophy, rewriting the history of a new philosophy is based on the principles of intercultural dialogue, which in turn provides the basis for mutual respect on the international level and the realization of lasting peace in the world. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
531 - Sociological Explanation of Iranian National Identity
taha ashayeru akbar zolfaghari fatemeh namiyan elham hosseninza National identity is a collective reality and it is the highest level of identity that finds meaning within a land. National identity reflects the social belonging, common sense, and general beliefs of a community with linguistic, geographical, historical, More National identity is a collective reality and it is the highest level of identity that finds meaning within a land. National identity reflects the social belonging, common sense, and general beliefs of a community with linguistic, geographical, historical, cultural, symbols, customs, and common norms. Identity in Iran has been a social issue since the constitutional era and has been reflected in the historical works and literature of intellectuals and thinkers. The purpose of this research is to investigate the sociological causes of Iranian national identity? And how has this identity evolved? To answer this question, the research has analyzed and analyzed all empirical studies between ۱۳79 to ۱۳۹7 cm2. The statistical population consisted of 26 research papers and sample size of 19 studies. The results showed that 65% men, 35% women, 59% married, 41% single, 65% college educated and 36% diploma and lower, ethnicity, 31% Fars, 28% Turk, 10% Bakhtiari and 9% of Kurds, 59% of Shia respondents, 25% Sunnis and 16% other religions. National identity is 35% high, 32% medium and 33% low. The magnitude of Cohen's work shows that social capital, value and normative factors, identity, media consumption, and attitudes have influenced the formation of Iranian national identity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
532 - The effection of poets on critical national identity
Amiesmael Azar Identity, national identity in particular. Is an issue which has not been dealt with yet, or if any, the definitions and discussions raised have barely accomplished. The present research has initially defined the national and individual identity and the relation b More Identity, national identity in particular. Is an issue which has not been dealt with yet, or if any, the definitions and discussions raised have barely accomplished. The present research has initially defined the national and individual identity and the relation between identity and culture. Therefore, the concept of the term “national” is clarified prior to deal with national identity. Since among principles of the research is to specify the specify the identity domain associated with society and city, a wide range of identities such as historical, geographical, political, religious, spiritual and cultural are explained. The rule of myths, customs, traditions, social contracts and ceremonies as regards identity are also discussed. The Iranian identity in poems of the prominent and impressive poets in the Constitution era as well as the way they were processed is to be notified. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
533 - Predicting the Risk of Injury in Athletes Based on Two Factors of Injury History and Functional Movement Screening Test Score
nadjmeh afhami reza siamaki najmeh sadeghiMovement patterns disorders can lead to injury, although can result from athletes'' injuries and the absence of proper rehabilitation. Studies on risk factors are necessary to prevent sports injuries. The present study aimed to predict predisposed athletes according to MoreMovement patterns disorders can lead to injury, although can result from athletes'' injuries and the absence of proper rehabilitation. Studies on risk factors are necessary to prevent sports injuries. The present study aimed to predict predisposed athletes according to injury history and functional movement screen test (FMS). Twenty-seven professional female athletes (15 handball and 12 futsal athletes aged 20.67±4.35 and 21/58±3/05 years old respectively) participated in this cross-sectional study. At first, the consent form and personal information were completed by the subjects, and their injury history was recorded according to the standard injury history form, and then they participated in the FMS test. Subsequently, athletes'' injuries were recorded during training and competition for a period of 6 months. Data were analyzed by Kappa, t-test, Fisher exact test, and Regression logistic with SPSS and alpha level set at α=0.05. The results of the study showed that the history of injury can significantly predict FMS test scores (P Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
534 - Presenting a Model to Stimulate Demand for Sports in Iranian Society
fatemeh ghavami Rasool Nazari reza shajieAbstractMovement patterns disorders can lead to injury, although can result from athletes' injuries and the absence of proper rehabilitation. Studies on risk factors are necessary to prevent sports injuries. The present study aimed to predict predisposed athletes accord MoreAbstractMovement patterns disorders can lead to injury, although can result from athletes' injuries and the absence of proper rehabilitation. Studies on risk factors are necessary to prevent sports injuries. The present study aimed to predict predisposed athletes according to injury history and functional movement screen test (FMS). Twenty-seven professional female athletes (15 handball and 12 futsal athletes aged 20.67±4.35 and 21/58±3/05 years old respectively) participated in this cross-sectional study. At first, the consent form and personal information were completed by the subjects, and their injury history was recorded according to the standard injury history form, and then they participated in the FMS test. Subsequently, athletes' injuries were recorded during training and competition for a period of 6 months. Data were analyzed by Kappa, t-test, Fisher exact test, and Regression logistic with SPSS and alpha level set at α=0.05. The results of the study showed that the history of injury can significantly predict FMS test scores (P <0.05). In addition, athletes with a history of injury are more predisposed to injury. Athletes with a history of injury and FMS scores less than 17 were more 4 times predispose to sports injury than athletes with FMS scores above 17. Coaches, athletic trainers, therapists, and sports rehabilitators can design an accurate and effective injury prevention model by taking an injury history and performing FMS in line with other pre-season participation examinations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
535 - A Study and Analysis of the Developments of Women's Political and Social Rights in Iran
foziye keshavarz hamid zarabi korush ostovarsangari babak baseriWomen's rights are more in the spotlight today than ever before in human societies and political and social institutions, which, if not addressed, will create many problems in societies, regardless of the damage to women's physical and mental health. They make up half o MoreWomen's rights are more in the spotlight today than ever before in human societies and political and social institutions, which, if not addressed, will create many problems in societies, regardless of the damage to women's physical and mental health. They make up half of the world's population. The oppression and injustice that has historically been imposed on women's society has led international and domestic legislators to enact laws and regulations to prevent such oppression and to protect women's rights in all areas; Iran is no exception to this rule. In Iran, with the Constitutional Revolution in 1304 AH, the first constitution was written and despite the efforts of women in the emergence of this movement, the first constitution and its amendment did not mention women, but later ordinary laws were passed on women. They laid down. With the victory of the Islamic Revolution in 1978, the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran paid more attention to women's rights and the family was considered a fundamental and sacred institution, and the Islamic Consultative Assembly passed more and more laws on women's political and social rights. We are also witnessing positive changes in Iranian laws regarding women; In this article, with the method of descriptive-analytical research, an attempt has been made to express the changes in the legislation of Iran regarding women, from Qajar to the present day. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
536 - Reflecting the Changes of Iranian-Islamic Culture in the Data of Social History; A Case Study of Hadiths of Musnad al-Riḍā (as)
Azam Javadi Alireza Ashtari TafreshiMusnad al-Riḍā (as) is a collection of hadiths of Imam Riḍā (as) which, apart from the validation of hadiths, contains valuable data about social history, especially the daily life of Iranians, Muslims and Shiites. This research with a library method and a descriptive-a MoreMusnad al-Riḍā (as) is a collection of hadiths of Imam Riḍā (as) which, apart from the validation of hadiths, contains valuable data about social history, especially the daily life of Iranians, Muslims and Shiites. This research with a library method and a descriptive-analytical method and using the social history approach to recognize, extract and analyze social history data including daily life, i.e. happiness and mourning, leisure and entertainment, naturalismand the environment, health and grooming, clothing and food in this work and based on the conceptual framework of Bourdieu's discourse fields. This research has shown that the behaviors of Iranian culture in the first two centuries of Islam were widely reflected in this work and except for the cases of a number such as drinking wine, consumption of pork meat, games such as chess and backgammon are not limited by Islamic behavior and are not limited by specific elements such as the promotion of rituals and religious occasions such as Ghadīr holidays and the mourning of Imam Hosein (as), and in general, in other cultural and social aspects, there has been harmony and compatibility between the ancient culture of Iranians and the preaching culture of the Islamic religion or the two fields of Iranian and Islamic discourse. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
537 - Idrīs Bitlīsī, Clerkly Historiography and Islamic Paradigm in the Ottoman Historiography
جعفر نوری shirin saiddi hadi arefniaThe presence of Iranian scholars and scientists and the support of the sultans and princes of it, the Persian language, literature and historiography got a special place in the Ottoman Empire. Under the patronage of the Ottoman court, several historical works were writt MoreThe presence of Iranian scholars and scientists and the support of the sultans and princes of it, the Persian language, literature and historiography got a special place in the Ottoman Empire. Under the patronage of the Ottoman court, several historical works were written. Idris Bitlisi has a special place among the Persian historians of the Ottoman court, and he can be considered as the most prominent representative of Persian writing and Iranian historiography in the Ottoman court. After presenting a description of the life of Idris Bitlisi, focusing on the text of Hasht Bihisht and Salim Shahnameh as his two historiographical works, the present study aims to identify the main components of his history writing and historiography and explain these components in the final step. The findings of this research show that the detailed report of events, using artificial and literary prose, the mixing of text with poems, verses, and hadiths, the lack of sufficient references to the sources of the narrations, and the Regular division of contents are the most important features of his history writing and the Presenting an imperial image of the Ottoman Empire, the effort to legitimize the Ottomans, using the historical narrative to serve the political purposes of the Ottoman state, placing the court in the center of the narrative, not confining to quoting political history, paying attention to governmental, scientific and social institutions, influential men and scholars, and pay attention to the conditions of neighboring nations are among his historiographical features. Based on the findings of this research, it is possible to prove that Bitlisi's use of complicated and artificial prose aimed to establish his position in the Ottoman court and present an imperial image of the Ottoman Empire, and legitimize it to deal with rivals such as the Safavids and Mamluks Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
538 - Idrīs Bitlīsī, Clerkly Historiography and Islamic Paradigm in the Ottoman Historiography
Mohammad Hossein SadeghiThe presence of Iranian scholars and scientists and the support of the sultans and princes of it, the Persian language, literature and historiography got a special place in the Ottoman Empire. Under the patronage of the Ottoman court, several historical works were writt MoreThe presence of Iranian scholars and scientists and the support of the sultans and princes of it, the Persian language, literature and historiography got a special place in the Ottoman Empire. Under the patronage of the Ottoman court, several historical works were written. Idris Bitlisi has a special place among the Persian historians of the Ottoman court, and he can be considered as the most prominent representative of Persian writing and Iranian historiography in the Ottoman court. After presenting a description of the life of Idris Bitlisi, focusing on the text of Hasht Bihisht and Salim Shahnameh as his two historiographical works, the present study aims to identify the main components of his history writing and historiography and explain these components in the final step. The findings of this research show that the detailed report of events, using artificial and literary prose, the mixing of text with poems, verses, and hadiths, the lack of sufficient references to the sources of the narrations, and the Regular division of contents are the most important features of his history writing and the Presenting an imperial image of the Ottoman Empire, the effort to legitimize the Ottomans, using the historical narrative to serve the political purposes of the Ottoman state, placing the court in the center of the narrative, not confining to quoting political history, paying attention to governmental, scientific and social institutions, influential men and scholars, and pay attention to the conditions of neighboring nations are among his historiographical features. Based on the findings of this research, it is possible to prove that Bitlisi's use of complicated and artificial prose aimed to establish his position in the Ottoman court and present an imperial image of the Ottoman Empire, and legitimize it to deal with rivals such as the Safavids and Mamluks Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
539 - Psychometric Properties of Confidence Scale in Marital Relationships And its relation to the scale of love story
raheleh زرگرباشی عبدالحسن فرهنگیPsychometric Properties of Confidence Scale in Marital Relationships And its relation to the scale of love storyPsychometric Properties of Confidence Scale in Marital Relationships And its relation to the scale of love story Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
540 - Analysis of Deconstructive logic in narrative of Rostam and Sohrab
Mohsen Akbarizadeh(batlab akbarabadi)In every narrative there exists a kind of deconstructive logic that is formed by the contrast between components of the narrative structure, namely, events and plot. Concentrating on each of these components creates different readings. Due to its tragic genr MoreIn every narrative there exists a kind of deconstructive logic that is formed by the contrast between components of the narrative structure, namely, events and plot. Concentrating on each of these components creates different readings. Due to its tragic genre, the tale of Rostam and Sohrab must lead to disaster. This feature turns events towards specific plot structure, and therefore, it is implied that the events are laid according to the intention of the author and in line with genre of tragedy; hence, the outcome of tragedy becomes inevitable. On the other hand, logic and probabilities formed in the text because of chain of events implies that the logic behind events led the story towards a tragic end. Based on this paradox, an attempt is made in this article to study this conflict in the tale of Rostam and Sohrab to analyze the plot and its semantic and structural consequences. Weaknesses of the events, boldness of the plot, poor causal relations, rising action in order to compensate for the semantic fallacies, justifying causality of events by fate and determinism, rising suspense and plot deconstruction are among the consequences and techniques formed by the deconstructive tension between the narrative and the plot in the tale. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
541 - History of mentality and Shahnameh Studies
Mostafa Arezomand Leialakol Saiied Ali GhasemzadehAbstract History of mentality is a novel method in Historiography which attempts to recognize the public mentality and discover the spirit of time to strive at what is known as “total history”. Linguistic, literary, and artistic sources are filled with MoreAbstract History of mentality is a novel method in Historiography which attempts to recognize the public mentality and discover the spirit of time to strive at what is known as “total history”. Linguistic, literary, and artistic sources are filled with information among which one can identify nations’ attitudes. Hence, literary masterpieces with their widespread influence over nations’ mentality gain particular interest here. The singular role of Shahnameh in the history of Persian mentality and formation of persistent national identity amid the Persian literary works and the related arts is worthy of attention. Inspection of historical and cultural sources is a subject mostly overlooked in the common literary and historical researches, therefore, this article pays attention to this aspect, and by using descriptive analytic method aims to explain and analyze the instances of impact of Shahnameh over Persian mentality. The outcome of research indicates that the theory of history of mentality can pave the way for recognition and presentation of Persian thought patterns. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
542 - The study of epic aspects in the dramatic art of illustrated storytelling “Parda Khwani”
Majid FadaeiAbstract Recitation is a kind of epic storytelling using screens on which are displayed illustrated scenes drawn from epic, mythological, and religious stories. Putting together three elements of speech, picture, and performance made this art to be counted as the MoreAbstract Recitation is a kind of epic storytelling using screens on which are displayed illustrated scenes drawn from epic, mythological, and religious stories. Putting together three elements of speech, picture, and performance made this art to be counted as the most influential and dramatic form of epic storytelling in between the traditional Iranian arts. However despite possessing unique characteristics, by comparison to other Persian arts recitation has not been studied thoroughly. This article is an attempt to deal with the recitation origins of this dramatic art of illustrated storytelling and the manner of its performance, and also examine its epic aspects. The results obtained show that its history and origin goes back to the period before Islam in particular to the time that Mani, the Persian painter prophet emerged. After Islam and in particular in Safavid era recitation received ample attention and this art was developed since due to retaining epic aspects, it was assumed as a unifying art. Based on the researches, this epic aspect of this ancient art were drawn from Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh narrative and religious epics, being the main source for naqqals’ narratives. The epic present in the narrative conveyed epic aspect to the other two chief components of the recitation that is painting and performance in such a way that one can name recitation the epic art of illustrated recitation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
543 - The critical account of nine narratives from Iranians’ uprisings during Imam Ali’s caliphate taken from the religious epic of Dalil Al-Jinan
fatemeh sadeghi ali asghar bashiriAbstract The book of poetry Dalil Al – Jinan wa Rukn Al – Iman Fi Waqayi Al - Jamal wa Al - saffayn wa Al – Nahrawan is composed by Abbas Nasekh Turk in the eleventh century Hijri. This collection as its name suggests concerns Imam Ali and his b MoreAbstract The book of poetry Dalil Al – Jinan wa Rukn Al – Iman Fi Waqayi Al - Jamal wa Al - saffayn wa Al – Nahrawan is composed by Abbas Nasekh Turk in the eleventh century Hijri. This collection as its name suggests concerns Imam Ali and his battles Jamal, Saffayn, and Nahrawan. Amid this religious epic there are nine stories regarding uprisings occurred in various cities and regions in Iran. These areas are as follows: Ghore, Mazandaran, Sistan, Ghaen, Marv, Fars, Isfahan, Amol, and Ahwaz. In historical sources also there are certain references to Iranians’ revolts in the reign of Imam Ali the most of important of which occurred in Ahwaz, Fars, Khorasan, Rey, Daylam, and Sajestan areas. Using descriptive analytic method this research discusses the narratives in this religious epic and compares them with the historical ones. The results reveal that some of these narratives such as the revolt of Khorriat in Ahwaz or people’s revolt in Fars are to a certain extent correspond with historical sources, however other revolts such as that of Kavus Ibn Gobd in Isfahan or Faramarz Ibn Hoshang in Mazandaran are not referred to in historical texts. It is assumed that these accounts come from sources no longer available today or that they are stories shifted form one historical period to another. There is also this possibility that these popular tales are narratives finding their ways in this book of poetry. In other words they are myths and popular tales which have transformed into history. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
544 - Investigation of Bahram Chubin's rebellion and Khosrow Parviz's flight to Rome in Shahnameh and other historical sources
hamide parvanThe story of Bahram Chobineh's rebellion and Khosroparviz's escape to Rome is described in detail in the Shahnameh and other historical sources. In Persian and Arabic sources, the route of Khosrow's flight to Rome and what happens there are briefly described, and histor MoreThe story of Bahram Chobineh's rebellion and Khosroparviz's escape to Rome is described in detail in the Shahnameh and other historical sources. In Persian and Arabic sources, the route of Khosrow's flight to Rome and what happens there are briefly described, and historians do not agree about this part of his kingdom. In addition to Persian and Arabic sources, this story is also mentioned in Byzantine, Armenian and Syriac sources. In this research, which was carried out by descriptive and analytical method by using library tools, this story was investigated in the Shahnameh and other historical sources and compared with each other. By examining various sources, it became clear that Ferdowsi's source, which reaches Khodaynameh through Shahnameh Abu Mansouri , was the most detailed version of Khodaynameh; Because Ferdowsi and after him the author of Nahayeh al-Arb, tell the most complete and accurate narration of this story. Ferdowsi's narrative in telling this story is so precise that it is possible to use the Shahnameh as a historical source in researches related to the Sassanids.In the Byzantine and Armenian sources, Theophylact's history and choronicle of seert have the closest narrative to the Shahnameh; Considering the similarity of these sources with each other and since some authors state their sources, by putting together these stories and other narrations like it, it may be possible to use them in reaching a new understanding of khodaynameh Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
545 - The impact of historical traditions of India on the contemporary Persian history and literature
Mehdi MahooziSince antiquity, the two historical nations of Iran and India have had many things in common in terms of culture and language in particular during the reign of Akbar Shah and Aurangzeb. The propagation of the eloquent Persian language in the subcontinent of India in tha MoreSince antiquity, the two historical nations of Iran and India have had many things in common in terms of culture and language in particular during the reign of Akbar Shah and Aurangzeb. The propagation of the eloquent Persian language in the subcontinent of India in that period as well as consecutive journeys made by the Persian literates and historians to that land all, reveal to the great extent that Indian tradition in the eyes of Persians has had a mysterious attraction. In this article, attempt is made to point out clearly the influence of those historical traditions of the people in the subcontinent of India on the contemporary Persian history and literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
546 - The tradition of story making and the standpoint of minstrels in the narration of heroic romance
Mohammad Reza Rashed MohasselThe existence of common names and similar narratives in Avesta and Indian epics is indicative of the antiquity of the Persian epic and mythological stories since at least the time of the companionship and symbiosis of Indo-Iranian people, that is more than two tho MoreThe existence of common names and similar narratives in Avesta and Indian epics is indicative of the antiquity of the Persian epic and mythological stories since at least the time of the companionship and symbiosis of Indo-Iranian people, that is more than two thousand years BC. Certain signs regarding fantastic animals, extraordinary birds and various narratives from Dumuzid myth and Inanna are representative of common grounds with Indo-European peoples and the inhabitants of Mesopotamia. References made by Herodotus, Ctesias, and Xenophon in books and the reports given by Chares of Mytilene, chamberlain of Alexander the Great bear witness to the fact that religious, heroic and lyrical stories had been kept in cultural centers and treasuries of Iranian kings. Other narratives such as the story of Rostam and Sohrab and the story of Kavus’s ascent to the heaven all point to the accounts minstrels created often in versified form and sang in different regions perhaps with little change. These narratives which are more often heroic, lyrical allegories have many instances in the story of Khosrow Parviz and Barbad in Shahnameh. Although minstrels had arisen from the heart of the populace and had mostly narrativized for their sake, they had enjoyed special treatment within the circles of nobles and rulers and had regular visits to their courts. In this article attempt is made to highlight the importance of these improvisators and clarify their place and position in the society of that time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
547 - Stories and allegories in Masnavi Mawlana and their relationship with spiritual law (shari’at), spiritual path (tariqu’at), and truth
Abdul Hossein Zarrin KoubStories and allegories in Masnavi Mawlana are true introduction to comprehend Masnavi and a path to enter it’s unknown realm. Since in Mowlana’s teachings truth is inseparable from the spiritual law (Shari’at), and the spiritual way (Tariqu’at) a MoreStories and allegories in Masnavi Mawlana are true introduction to comprehend Masnavi and a path to enter it’s unknown realm. Since in Mowlana’s teachings truth is inseparable from the spiritual law (Shari’at), and the spiritual way (Tariqu’at) also reveals the states of the soul of the prophets, by pursuing these states (Ahval) and stages (Maqamat) of the prophets and saints in Masnavi, one can better understand the secret spiritual path and the truth. Hence contemplation on such stories will enable one to unveil the mysteries in Masnavi in order to appreciate its subtilities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
548 - Mythological and epic foundations in the story of Beasts of Mazandaran in Shahnameh
Arash Akbari MafakherThis article seeks to identify the epic and mythological foundations of the story of the Beasts of Mazandaran in Shahnameh with particular attention to their records in Avestan, Pahlavi, Soghdi and other texts. The very first epic and mythological origin of this s MoreThis article seeks to identify the epic and mythological foundations of the story of the Beasts of Mazandaran in Shahnameh with particular attention to their records in Avestan, Pahlavi, Soghdi and other texts. The very first epic and mythological origin of this story is in the Avestan and Pahlavi texts. In these texts, the beasts appear in two divine and manlike structures and stand against Ahuramazda, deities and men. However, in the ninth book of Dinkard, an independent story makes the epic framework of the story of Beasts of Mazandaran. In this story, beasts are gigantic men who stand against Feraydun . This narration is conveyed to the first report in Koushnameh. These gigantic men in the report of Dinkard and Koushnameh having passed through the stories of Nariman and Maghreb Beasts, Sam and Nareh beasts of Mazandaran and Soghdi Rostamnameh acquire demonic nature and transform into demonic beasts with magic forces and superhuman deeds. In the end, the story of beasts of Mazandaran after being demythologized is conveyed to the second report of Koushnameh Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
549 - The impact of heroic chants in the formation of Persian epic stories
Farzad GhaemiThe basis of the epic stories among different human ethnic groups is known to be the chants and scattered oral narratives told by the minstrels and public entertainers. Often accompanied by music and dramatic, theatrical and ritual movements, these narratives were perfo MoreThe basis of the epic stories among different human ethnic groups is known to be the chants and scattered oral narratives told by the minstrels and public entertainers. Often accompanied by music and dramatic, theatrical and ritual movements, these narratives were performed for the aristocrats and for the people and sometimes sur place underwent fundamental transformations. In this article first the views of the scholars regarding the oral chants and their narrators among different nations and the role of these poems in the formation of grand epic works were dealt with. Then evidence regarding the oral history of these narrations in ancient Iran and the social and artistic role of Ashkani minstrels who had the major part in the realization of this oral tradition has been presented. Finally, the tradition of recording these oral narratives reaching its peaks in the Sassanid era has been investigated. This created a trend whose continuation in the Islamic era in terms of translation of these works into Farsi and Arabic and their poetic recreation by the Iranian poets has produced the movement of the composition of Shahnameh in the Eastern Iran, and later on led to the formation of the rich Persian literature treasury. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
550 - Recognition of Khodaynameh according to Ibn Muquaffa
Roghieh Shibanifar“Khodaynameh is one of the outstanding works in Persian literature. It is written in Pahlavi language and deals with the mythic- narrative history of the ancient Persia. Unfortunately nothing has survived in the original language. Khodaynameh can More“Khodaynameh is one of the outstanding works in Persian literature. It is written in Pahlavi language and deals with the mythic- narrative history of the ancient Persia. Unfortunately nothing has survived in the original language. Khodaynameh can be regarded as a literary genre which holds various narratives (dehqani, mobadi and pahlavani) in it. This book in the second century Hijri was translated into Arabic by Abdullah ibn –Muquaffa entitled Syrolmuluk fragments of which remained in some Arabic texts. Recognition and reconstruction of these narratives makes the dream of reaching Syrolmuluk and consequent work Khodaynameh come true to some extent. This essay deals with this approach profiting from Arabic texts particularly Nihayat al-arab fi akhbar al – furs wa-l-Arab which holds a major part of Syrolmuluk in the time span from the reign of Ghoshtasp till the reign of Khosrow Parviz. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
551 - Historiography Style in Shahnameh Ferdowsi
Zagros ZandSome do not recognize Shahnameh as a historical text since being an epic or due to its versified form and despite its mythic sections its historical value is underestimated. This research aims to find answers to the questions regarding the style and the manner o f histo MoreSome do not recognize Shahnameh as a historical text since being an epic or due to its versified form and despite its mythic sections its historical value is underestimated. This research aims to find answers to the questions regarding the style and the manner o f historiography of Shahnameh, recognize its historiographical characteristics and to show the value and standpoint of Shahnameh in the trend of historiography in Iran. Casting a look upon the ancient Persian historiography, and the first Islamic centuries those characteristics were analyzed to show that the style used in Shahnameh was the continuation of the ancient way in historiography. The method was to search for the historiographical elements and themes in the text, having in mind Ferdowsi’s reasons, purposes and motivation for recording history, bringing evidence from the Shahnameh text and classify them into six sections. The poetic, fictive and mythological aspects of the text and also the ethical and national purposes of Ferdowsi to enliven and immortalize the Persian national identity in no way undermined the historical aspect of the events. Based on these findings it could be understood that apart from sharing the historiographic characteristics of the ancient Iran and its rebirth, Shahnameh has taken this style to its utmost power and efficiency and hence has influenced greatly the histories succeeding it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
552 - The study of the dramatic aspects of folk literature with emphasis on the story of Amir Arsalan Namdar
Atefeh Nourpisheh GhadimiThe story of Amir Arsalan Namdar is a nightly storytelling in the chamber of Nasereddin Shah Ghajar which was told by the narrator of his court, Naghib al-Mamalek and then was written down by the pen of Shah’s daughter. Despite the aristocratic ambience of i MoreThe story of Amir Arsalan Namdar is a nightly storytelling in the chamber of Nasereddin Shah Ghajar which was told by the narrator of his court, Naghib al-Mamalek and then was written down by the pen of Shah’s daughter. Despite the aristocratic ambience of its origin it was rapidly turned into the most popular and admired Persian folk tales. Unfortunately such works precisely due to being folkloric have never been truly analyzed in terms of literary and dramatic aspects. However in this article first the European equivalent of this genre of literature namely romance is dealt with, then certain theories of Northrop Fry, the great literary critic regarding the structure of such stories are presented, and finally the main story of Amir Arsalan is told and its outstanding dramatic points and theatrical potentialities are analyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
553 - Characterization in the story of Forud, role of archetypal characters in screenwriting
Nosratollah Haddadi Mahmoud Tavoosi shahin ojaghalizadehChristopher Vogler is a master of writing screenplays and a representative of structural pattern of character or the hero’s journey in the world. Following Joseph Campbell’s example regarding the fundamental role of mythological motifs and psychologica MoreChristopher Vogler is a master of writing screenplays and a representative of structural pattern of character or the hero’s journey in the world. Following Joseph Campbell’s example regarding the fundamental role of mythological motifs and psychological ideas of Carl Gustave Jung Vogler deals in a dramatic manner with the recognition and function of characters in the story. This research is concerned primarily with studying character of Forud which according to Voglers’s viewpoint is a manifestation of a tragic hero archetype. Moreover it seeks other similarities between other characters in the story with seven archetypal character model devised by Vogler. Characterization in connection with the structure of the story from Vogler’s perspective is so versatile and all pervading that almost embraces viewpoints of the most prominent researchers of story genres. Upon analysis of the structure and characters of the Forud’s story in Shahnameh one gets to the conclusion that not only Shahnameh is one of the best sources for this kind of research but also Vogler’s “the writer’s journey” is one of the best references for cinematic recreation of Shahnameh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
554 - Evaluation and comparison of the story of Rostam and Shoghad with the most leading structural models for three act screenplay
Nosratollah Haddadi Mahmoud Tavoosi Shahin Ojagh AlizadehAbstract Without a doubt among the prominent works in Persian literature, Shahnameh is the richest source for screenplay adaptation. A good screenplay needs a solid structure which is provided by the recognition of super models. Wellknown masters of three a MoreAbstract Without a doubt among the prominent works in Persian literature, Shahnameh is the richest source for screenplay adaptation. A good screenplay needs a solid structure which is provided by the recognition of super models. Wellknown masters of three act screenplay are Syd Field, representative of story based structural pattern, and Christopher Vogler, representative of character based or hero’s journey structural pattern. Shapour Shahbazi is the only Iranian who has suggested a new solid pattern for screenplay. The purpose of this article is to compare and evaluate the structure of the story of Rostam and Shoghad with the above patterns and reveal that not only Shahnameh is worthy of being compared with leading patterns but also it possesses such dramatic and cinematic potential that in itself is a role model since the final criterion for the excellence and success of a story does not necessarily lie on its agreement with the accepted patterns and indeed is dependent on the durable presence and the influence on the audience. Nevertheless, mal recognition of the literary text and not applying the efficient artistic patterns to screenplay is the major reason for the misfortune of the adapted films in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
555 - The Account of death in Tarikh Bayhaghi
Maryam As’adiThis article is concerned with the analysis of manner of death regarding the characters in Tarikh Bayhaghi and discussion of its relevant issues. As the role players of this book are quite distinct in their characters, their deaths are also quite unique from diffe MoreThis article is concerned with the analysis of manner of death regarding the characters in Tarikh Bayhaghi and discussion of its relevant issues. As the role players of this book are quite distinct in their characters, their deaths are also quite unique from different aspects such as sensitivity, quality, and consequences it entails. In the first part the following deaths under the titles “particular and sensitive deaths”, “ordinary deaths”, “epic deaths”, “political-religious deaths” are analyzed. In the second part, methods of death of persons are discussed under the title of murder, natural death, sudden death, and unknown death. Part three is divided into two sections, characters before and after death. Part four deals with such issues as will, funeral procession and mourning, and finally part five is concerned with elegy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
556 - Raciting Shahnameh, in Passing from myth to tale for children
Roghieh SheibanifarThis research deals with the investigation of how Shahnameh is used for today’s children based on the theory of “Shahnameh moving from myth to tale”. The essence of Shahnameh containing a period of Iran’s mythological history, is based upon the P MoreThis research deals with the investigation of how Shahnameh is used for today’s children based on the theory of “Shahnameh moving from myth to tale”. The essence of Shahnameh containing a period of Iran’s mythological history, is based upon the Persian myths which with passage of time have turned into allegories in Shahnameh and have left their positive and negative characteristics in the mysteries, secrets, symbols and messages of the stories some of which do not correspond with the children’ world. Therefore, for familiarizing children with the stories of Shahnameh it seems appropriate to put aside the negative characteristics of myths as far as child’s culture is concerned and concentrate on the positive aspects and in this way sections of the story in a format of a short story can artistically and literarily be presented to them in a simple language. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
557 - Oral narratives regarding the story of Goshtasb in Shahnameh
Pegah KhadishThe story of Goshtasb’s journey to the Roman Empire and his marriage with Katayun, a Byzantine princess in Shahnameh is one of the stories that is strongly continued its literary life in the oral culture of Iranians. What has been Ferdowsi’s source to narrat MoreThe story of Goshtasb’s journey to the Roman Empire and his marriage with Katayun, a Byzantine princess in Shahnameh is one of the stories that is strongly continued its literary life in the oral culture of Iranians. What has been Ferdowsi’s source to narrate this story is not clearly known however in nearly all general history books written in Farsi after shahnameh this story is present. In this regard what exists today with variety of narrations among the Iranian ethnic groups is a story called Seapony and in the international tale-type index it is classified under type 314. Although there are minor differences with the Shahnameh narrative, this story has kept many of its structural and semantic characteristics. Since the most ancient international written narratives dates back to the twelfth century, Ferdowsi’s narrative takes precedence over them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
558 - Types of Characterization in Shahnameh Ferdowsi
Yousef Nikrouz Mohammad Hadi AhmadianiCharacter and plot are the most important elements of fiction. The fundamental corner stone of every literary work both in old and new fiction is character. In other words in a fiction without a character there would be no actions. In stories characters are dealt with i MoreCharacter and plot are the most important elements of fiction. The fundamental corner stone of every literary work both in old and new fiction is character. In other words in a fiction without a character there would be no actions. In stories characters are dealt with in two ways direct or indirect. Shahnameh can be regarded as a fictional work teemed with characters and its uniqueness owes itself largely to the fact that Ferdowsi paid his utmost attention to create characters. Through characterization, the characteristics, temperaments, ideologies and other features of a character is revealed to the reader. This research therefore is an attempt to analyze Ferdowsi’s point of view towards characters and study types of characterization employed by him. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
559 - Talebi, the composer of Shoughnameh
Mehdi Mahoozi Maryam Amir ArjmandTalebi, the composer of Shoughnameh Mohammadi in the tenth century A.H. , being fluent in both Farsi, and Arabic started this work in masnavi style in the year 947 A.H., and terminated it in the holy Makeh in 949 A.H. The transcription of this unique copy in a cal MoreTalebi, the composer of Shoughnameh Mohammadi in the tenth century A.H. , being fluent in both Farsi, and Arabic started this work in masnavi style in the year 947 A.H., and terminated it in the holy Makeh in 949 A.H. The transcription of this unique copy in a calligraphic style was made by a calligrapher, Saghi-Ibn Solieman in 950 A.H. Soughnameh is the account of the spiritual journey of Beloghia, the Egyptian king, on his way to the place of pilgrimage of Prophet Mohammad which was composed in 4941 lines. The basic theme of this story is the longing and enthusiasm for reaching the Prophet’s sanctuary. Being largely under the influence of Masnavi Moulana, and Golshan Touhidi written by Shahedi, yet in terms of structure, Shoughnameh bears a lot of resemblance to Attar’s Mosibatnameh. Nevertheless, in expressing religious and moral issues, its tone like that of Sanaei Ghaznavi becomes more instructive and domineering. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
560 - Maqalat Shams and Minimalism
Barat MohammadiThe growth of industry and modernism not only transformed the life of man but also influenced the realm of Art and Literature to a large extent. Appearance of Minimalism as a movement in the field of storytelling is the consequence of such influence. The wri MoreThe growth of industry and modernism not only transformed the life of man but also influenced the realm of Art and Literature to a large extent. Appearance of Minimalism as a movement in the field of storytelling is the consequence of such influence. The writer employs the minimum number of diction in order to tell a story with a simple plan. Although Minimalism is a new genre in the west, but in the vast realm of Persian Literature there are numerous instances which totally corresponds with the features of a minimalistic story. Maqalat Shams Tabrizi holds great significance not only in terms of content, religious and mystical instructions but also in terms of storytelling. The most significant characteristics of the accounts and anectodes in Maqalat are the fact that they are succinct, laconic and concise, have attractive themes, without excrements which make them fall in complete accordance with the minimalistic features of storytelling. Analysis of such stories in Maqalat based on those features is the purpose of this article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
561 - Characters and techniques of characterization of Saadi in Golestan
Roghieh ShanbeiSince antiquity people were attracted to tales and stories. From the simplest form to the most complicated novels of today, people were fascinated by the characters, and heroes, to witness life and come into contact with different modes of life and learn lessons from th MoreSince antiquity people were attracted to tales and stories. From the simplest form to the most complicated novels of today, people were fascinated by the characters, and heroes, to witness life and come into contact with different modes of life and learn lessons from them. In fact stories as much as history played a significant role in peoples’ upbringing and education. In some instances even more than history since the worlds depicted in stories and the knowledge gained in pursuing the fate of its heroes could not be contained in history. People are mostly fascinated by the actions of the characters since they could easily identify themselves with them. The more real the characters, the more they appealed to the reader. Irrespective of the fact whether the characters were active or passive, and what the angle of vision was in the story because it was related to peoples’ lives and experiences they were attractive. Therefore the most attractive stories among people were those that had the best character and theme and the best characters where those who took form from the society and its events. Looking at Golestan from this angle, that is the manner in which Saadi uses techniques of characterization to create characters consistent in their behavior, motivated in their action and are plausible or lifelike leads us to another characteristic of this masterpiece which renders it forever eternal and delightful. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
562 - The elements of the story of virtuous woman in Attar’s Elahi Nameh
Fatemeh EmamiVirtuous woman is the title of the first story from the first article taken from the first Attar’s Masnavi, Elahi Nameh. It is a story with 309 couplets and is considered the third longest after the story of “Sheikh Sanaan”, and “Rabee&rdqu MoreVirtuous woman is the title of the first story from the first article taken from the first Attar’s Masnavi, Elahi Nameh. It is a story with 309 couplets and is considered the third longest after the story of “Sheikh Sanaan”, and “Rabee” in Attar’s Masnavis. The criticism and investigation of this story could penetrate into obscure corners of Attar’s art of storytelling. The purpose of this article is to analyze the different elements of the story of the virtuous woman and investigate the technique of defamiliarization in order to throw some light on the structure of storytelling used by Attar. The most significant analytical points, expressing the genealogy of the story, studying different elements of the story such as, point of view, character and characterization, plot, language, tone, and theme made possible the outcome of this research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
563 - Moulana and Minimalism (Study of Minimalistic stories in Divan Shams)
Ramin Sadeghi NejadRegarding literary theory and criticism, it is customary to believe that one can only apply them to contemporary texts. However criticism is a scientific tool and every text, whether classic or contemporary, from the modern perspective is prone to criticism and ex MoreRegarding literary theory and criticism, it is customary to believe that one can only apply them to contemporary texts. However criticism is a scientific tool and every text, whether classic or contemporary, from the modern perspective is prone to criticism and examination. One of the literary genres which has undergone significant changes over the recent years is the short story and a new offshoot of storytelling which becomes shorter and more concise each day is termed minimalism and as the name suggests in Farsi it is named and . They both share common characteristics. In rich classic Persian literature whether in prose or poetry, there are numerous anecdotes and stories which in many respects fall into the category of minimalistic stories. The present article is an attempt to present and examine examples of such stories fromMoulana’s Divan Kabir. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
564 - Comparison of general psychological health among Iranian students with and without history of sexual abuse
Safieh Behzadi Seyed Afraz AminAlthough the definition of sexual abuse is slightly different for the child and the adult, but it generally refers to behavior that is intended to achieve sexual pleasure without mutual rational consent. Earlier studies indicate that this phenomenon has a devastating ef MoreAlthough the definition of sexual abuse is slightly different for the child and the adult, but it generally refers to behavior that is intended to achieve sexual pleasure without mutual rational consent. Earlier studies indicate that this phenomenon has a devastating effect on the general and mental health of victims. The purpose of this study was to compare the general health status of students with & without history of sexual abuse. For this purpose, in a comparative post-event study that included 256volunteer students in Tehran (fall & winter 1395), the general health status and history of sexual abuse among subjects were studied and compared. The results of U Mann-Whitney tests (Bonferroni corrected), indicated that the general health of the group with a history of sexual abuse was more threatened than the normal group. Also among the different subscales of general health include Somatic symptoms, Depression, Anxiety and insomnia and Social dysfunction, only somatic symptoms was different significantly between two groups and it was more complained in abused group. It should be noted that distribution of depression was not significantly different between two groups, but it was near significant level and the group with a history of sexual abuse was more complained. Despite the simple research method and conditions in all various stages of this study, it seems that the phenomenon of sexual abuse and its complications is also serious in our country (Iran). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
565 - A reading on the importance of using the oral history approach in order to improve the quality of holding international sports events selected by the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Hooman Ordookhani farshad tojari زینت نیک آئینAbstract The increasing importance of the military's physical fitness and its important role in their victory or defeat during war is obvious to everyone. In this regard, the headquarters of the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the physical training MoreAbstract The increasing importance of the military's physical fitness and its important role in their victory or defeat during war is obvious to everyone. In this regard, the headquarters of the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the physical training organization of the armed forces are one of the government organizations that request the organization of the World Military Competition. Therefore, achieving success and hosting this event plays a very important role in the position of countries in all dimensions (political, social, economic, cultural, etc.). This research, which is qualitative and practical in nature, is based on the oral history approach, to provide strategies and how the oral history approach is effective in improving the quality of hosting international military competitions. According to the nature of the research, three experts in the field of oral history were selected for the Sisem competitions. The method of sampling was purposeful and theoretical sampling was used. The results of the research indicate that strategies such as government and management support, public infrastructure, accommodation conditions for players, social and cultural conditions, environmental conditions, transportation conditions and finally safety and security can be mentioned. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
566 - Idrīs Bitlīsī, Clerkly Historiography and Islamic Paradigm in the Ottoman Historiography
Mohammad Hossein SadeghiThe presence of Iranian scholars and scientists and the support of the sultans and princes of it, the Persian language, literature and historiography got a special place in the Ottoman Empire. Under the patronage of the Ottoman court, several historical works were writt MoreThe presence of Iranian scholars and scientists and the support of the sultans and princes of it, the Persian language, literature and historiography got a special place in the Ottoman Empire. Under the patronage of the Ottoman court, several historical works were written. Idris Bitlisi has a special place among the Persian historians of the Ottoman court, and he can be considered as the most prominent representative of Persian writing and Iranian historiography in the Ottoman court. After presenting a description of the life of Idris Bitlisi, focusing on the text of Hasht Bihisht and Salim Shahnameh as his two historiographical works, the present study aims to identify the main components of his history writing and historiography and explain these components in the final step. The findings of this research show that the detailed report of events, using artificial and literary prose, the mixing of text with poems, verses, and hadiths, the lack of sufficient references to the sources of the narrations, and the Regular division of contents are the most important features of his history writing and the Presenting an imperial image of the Ottoman Empire, the effort to legitimize the Ottomans, using the historical narrative to serve the political purposes of the Ottoman state, placing the court in the center of the narrative, not confining to quoting political history, paying attention to governmental, scientific and social institutions, influential men and scholars, and pay attention to the conditions of neighboring nations are among his historiographical features. Based on the findings of this research, it is possible to prove that Bitlisi's use of complicated and artificial prose aimed to establish his position in the Ottoman court and present an imperial image of the Ottoman Empire, and legitimize it to deal with rivals such as the Safavids and Mamluks Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
567 - Internal Conflicts and External Pressures: The Collapse and Fall of the ṬūlūnÊd State in Egypt and Syria
masoomali panjehWith the murder of Khumārawayh in 282 AH, the glory and greatness of the ṬūlūnÊds ended, and the period of decline and collapse began. Why did the collapse and Fall come about and how did it happen? In the analysis of the collapse of the government, there are internal f MoreWith the murder of Khumārawayh in 282 AH, the glory and greatness of the ṬūlūnÊds ended, and the period of decline and collapse began. Why did the collapse and Fall come about and how did it happen? In the analysis of the collapse of the government, there are internal factors and external causes. During the last decade of their rule, the Ṭūlūnids (282-292 AH) were continuously engaged in internal conflict, among the sons of Khumārawayh and their uncles, the sons of Ibn Ṭūlūn. The children and successors of the Khumārawayh, who inherited a deserted treasury, did not have the power and experience of governance. So, the power and administration of affairs in the country was in the hand of the Commanders of the ṬūlūnÊd Army. Those commanders repeatedly betrayed the ṬūlūnÊds in the fateful moments and joined the enemy, Abbasids. The Qarmatian rebellions in Syria and the Tulonians' inability to suppress and restrain them, opened the Caliph's troops to Syria and then to Egypt, which resulted in the end of the Tulonians. Manuscript profile
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