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Open Access Article
1 - The effects of solar drying on drying kinetics and effective moisture diffusivity of pistachio nut
Mohsen Mokhtarian Hamid Tavakolipour Ahmad Kalbasi-Ashtari Fatemeh Koushki -
Open Access Article
2 - Strategies to reduce microbial contaminations and increase the shelf life of pistachio fruit: a review
Edris Arjeh Ali Masoumi Mohsen Barzegar Hamid-Reza Akhavan -
Open Access Article
3 - The Study of Relationship between Economic Capital and Lifestyle (The case study of pistachio farmers in two village’s of Sirjan city in Iran)
Seyed Ahmad Firouzabadi Shima Safa -
Open Access Article
4 - Investigation the Pistachio Marketing Township, Iran
S. M. Mirdamadi F. Lashgarara S. Mirzaei -
Open Access Article
5 - Structural characteristics and economic value of pistachio species (Pistacia atlantica) in Gilan-e Gharb forests
Mohsen Javamiripour Rohollah Parvane Aliakbar DarabiThe ecosystem value, wild pistachio species importance and the product of raw turpentine in terms of creating employment, villager’s income and supplying raw materials for chemical, pharmaceutical, food industries and exporting it to European countries is a main i MoreThe ecosystem value, wild pistachio species importance and the product of raw turpentine in terms of creating employment, villager’s income and supplying raw materials for chemical, pharmaceutical, food industries and exporting it to European countries is a main interest to the government. The aim of this study was to investigate the ecosystem characteristics of pistachio species and the economic value of its gum in the direction of production rise in the Zagros in the Gilan-e Gharb forests that located in Kermanshah province. The studied forest stands with 700, 2100, 700 and 1000 hectares' area, respectively, are located in Kamreh Alirezavandi, Cheshmeh Sefid, Bapir and Balaleh in Gilan-e-Gharb in a mountainous and forested area. The desired area was determined using the available maps after filed visiting. Then, for griding, the study area in 10,000-scale maps was identified. Sampling by regular random method, was performed. In addition, the area of the sample plots is 4000 m2, have been surveyed. The results showed that the mean diameter at breast height in Kamreh, Bapir, Cheshmeh Sefid and Balaleh areas equal to 31.9, 35.5, 39.3 and 30.2 cm, respectively. Furthermore, the mean number of harvestable pistachio trees in Kamareh, Bapir, Cheshmeh Sefid and Balaleh areas is 30.15, 58.3, 44.45 and 32.25, respectively. The total height of pistachio trees in Kamareh, Bapir, Cheshmeh Sefid and Balaleh habitats is 5.6, 6.1, 4.5 and 4.2, respectively. The profit amount for the wild pistachio gum exploitation includes 821.7, 1623, 1740.5 and 2116 MilionRials in the Kamreh, Bapir, Cheshmeh Sefid and Balaleh, respectively. The findings of the present study showed that knowledge of the structural characteristics and production potential of turpentine in pistachio trees in the studied forest ecosystems and extraction of their gums based on habitat capacity is a significant step to protect this species and increase rural income and empower local communities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Barriers and Obstacles of Producing low Input Pistachio: The Case of Dasht Robat District of Sharbabak
Farangis Sadat Hoseini Dana Mehdi NooripoorThe human being has faced new crisis due to inappropriate and indiscriminate use of chemical materials in the process of agricultural production. Organic/ low-input agriculture has developed as a tool to face with upcoming issues and maintain ecological balance toward s MoreThe human being has faced new crisis due to inappropriate and indiscriminate use of chemical materials in the process of agricultural production. Organic/ low-input agriculture has developed as a tool to face with upcoming issues and maintain ecological balance toward sustainability. Thus, current study used a qualitative research method approach to investigate barriers and problems of organic/ low-input pistachio production in Dasht Robat District of Sharbabak County. Interview technique was used for data collection among key informant people who had adequate information about organic/ low-input products identified via snowball sampling. Results of present study showed that barriers of producing low input pistachio production were economic, market, education, application, production, hygiene, management, policy making, culture and participation. The common components were classified in five groups including application, economic, legal, technical and social factors using axial coding. More detailed findings are presented in the body of the paper. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Pistacia Vera L. on the severity of hypercholesterolemia lesions in rabbit aorta
Rahmanian, E., Naeimi, S.*, Rassoli, B., Tahmasebi, F. .Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study is evaluating the effect of Pistacia Vera L. extract of Pistacia Vera L. on the severity of hypercholesterolemia lesions in rabbit aorta. For this purpose, 25 adult female rabbits pas MoreAtherosclerosis is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study is evaluating the effect of Pistacia Vera L. extract of Pistacia Vera L. on the severity of hypercholesterolemia lesions in rabbit aorta. For this purpose, 25 adult female rabbits passed adaptation period and they have been divided in to 5 treatment groups of 5 rabbits each, included: scheme, positive control 1, positive control 2, treatment and negative control. Scheme group was fed with normal diet. Positive control 1 and 2 were fed by corn oil and cholesterol as the same amount of treatment respectively. Treatment was fed with Pistachios extract with the amount of 1,000 mg/kg. Furthermore, corn oil with the amount of 1 ml/kg with adding 1 percent cholesterol of total consuming food weight were administrated to treatment by gavage. Negative control was prescribed with 1000 mg/kg oral administration of Pistachios. In this study, no change in aortic tissue was observed in the scheme group. In the positive control 1 (receiving corn oil), there was no precipitation. The treatment compared with negative control (receiving cholesterol) indicated less amount of fatty deposits in aortic tissue. In the negative control (receiving pistachio extract) there was also no precipitation. This study indicates that pistachio extract can help in reduction of atherosclerosis side effects and reducing fat deposits in aortic tissue layer intima and media in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Pistacia Vera L. on the severity of hypercholesterolemia lesions in rabbit aorta
Rahmanian, E., Naeimi, S., Rassoli, B., Tahmasebi, F. .Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study is evaluating the effect of Pistacia Vera L. extract of Pistacia Vera L. on the severity of hypercholesterolemia lesions in rabbit aorta. For this purpose, 25 adult female rabbits pas MoreAtherosclerosis is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study is evaluating the effect of Pistacia Vera L. extract of Pistacia Vera L. on the severity of hypercholesterolemia lesions in rabbit aorta. For this purpose, 25 adult female rabbits passed adaptation period and they have been divided in to 5 treatment groups of 5 rabbits each, included: scheme, positive control 1, positive control 2, treatment and negative control. Scheme group was fed with normal diet. Positive control 1 and 2 were fed by corn oil and cholesterol as the same amount of treatment respectively. Treatment was fed with Pistachios extract with the amount of 1000 mg/kg. Furthermore, corn oil with the amount of 1 ml/kg with adding 1 percent cholesterol of total consuming food weight were administrated to treatment by gavage. Negative control was prescribed with 1000 mg/kg oral administration of Pistachios. In this study, no change in aortic tissue was observed in the scheme group. In the positive control 1 (receiving corn oil), there was no precipitation. The treatment compared with negative control (receiving cholesterol) indicated less amount of fatty deposits in aortic tissue. In the negative control (receiving pistachio extract) There was also no precipitation. This study indicates that pistachio extract can help in reduction of atherosclerosis side effects and reducing fat deposits in aortic tissue layer intima and media in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Evaluation of the different levels of water supply in pistachio gardens using SEBAL algorithm (The case study of Sirjan Plain)
Alireza Badiehneshin Masoud Parsinejad Hamideh NooryRegarding the development trend of pistachio gardens in many provinces and the severe shortage of water resources in these areas, the supply of water requirement of pistachio is not feasible. In order to optimize management in water shortage conditions, it is necessary MoreRegarding the development trend of pistachio gardens in many provinces and the severe shortage of water resources in these areas, the supply of water requirement of pistachio is not feasible. In order to optimize management in water shortage conditions, it is necessary to evaluate the different levels of water supply during pistachio growth stages. The purpose of this study is determine the water supply status at different stages of pistachio growth using satellite images and SEBAL algorithm in Sirjan Plain. The actual evapotranspiration of pistachios was estimated using the SEBAL algorithm and Landsat 8 images. The result of this model was validated with Landsat 7 images. This model could calculate actual evapotranspiration of pistachio the same as other research with 20% error (0.6 mm/day). The results showed that supply of water in the third stage of growth (at the peak consumption) due to increased pistachio water requirement, insufficient water supply led to 30% deficit irrigation in Sirjan plain. In order to better irrigation management, production can be increased by reducing irrigation in the second stage and increasing irrigation in the third stage. The rate of deficit irrigation in the Sirjan Plain was 17% and it was in the tolerable threshold for the pistachio. The results show that the pistachio tree is resistant to deficit irrigation (up to 26%) in low salinity levels. In high water salinity (4000 μmho / cm), the effect of deficit irrigation and salinity is combined and pistachio production is rapidly reduced due to deficit irrigation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - The Effect of Two Types of Agricultural Waste Biochar on Some Physical Properties and Water Repellency of Soil
Asieh Naroui Javad Zamani Shapour Koohestani Farideh Abbaszadeh AfsharBackground and purpose: In recent decade, biochar application as a soil amendment has received attention from many researchers around the world. With respect to report of different impacts of biochars on soil properties and crop type the use of biochar in soil as an ame MoreBackground and purpose: In recent decade, biochar application as a soil amendment has received attention from many researchers around the world. With respect to report of different impacts of biochars on soil properties and crop type the use of biochar in soil as an amendment must be scientifically and practically studied in relation to the type of soil, type of biochar and type of plant to investigate and determine its positive or negative effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of biochar derived from pistachio waste and date palm leaves on some physical properties and water repellency of soil. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, two types of soil (i.e. sand and sandy loam) were combined with two types of biochar, date palm leaf biochar (DPLB) and pistachio harvesting waste biochar (PHWB), at 4 application levels (1, 2, 3, and 5% by weight), also the treatment without biochar application was considered as a control. These biochars were mixed with soil and after a two-month incubation period, then physical properties of soil such as bulk density, specific surface area, hygroscopic moisture, water repellency, and dispersible clay were measured and the obtained results were statistically analyzed. Results: The results showed that the application of biochars generally decreased the bulk density (BD) and increased the specific surface area (SSA) and hygroscopic moisture content (HMC) in the both soils. Although the application of DPLB caused decrease in dispersible clay (DC) of the soils but PHWB increased this parameter compared to the control. Application of 5% DPLB in both soils reduced DC by 60% but on the other hand, PHWB increased DC by 43% and 114% in sandy soil and sandy loam soil, respectively. In general, the low levels of biochar application (1% level) caused a significant decrease in the water repellency of sandy loam soil compared to the control, and increasing the levels of biochar application, resulted in an increase in soil hydrophobicity. The effect of DPLB application in sandy loam soil on water repellency was not significant, and the application of PHWB had a different effect on water repellency of sandy soil. Increasing levels of PHWB caused a significant decrease in water repellency of sandy soil, so that the application of 5% of PHWB reduced this index by 31% in this soil. It seems that PHWB has increased the SSA of sandy soil and on the other hand, the greater tendency of this biochar to absorb water on the surface (increased HWC), has increased the tendency of sandy soil to suck the water, so decreased the water repellency of this soil. Conclusion: In general, the effects of the studied biochars on the physical properties of the both soils were positive, and the reduction of the BD and DC also the increasing of the SSA and HWC could be considered as an increasing in the soil quality, but this doesn't mean that the application of biochars can have positive effects on plant growth in the soil, because the aspects of the impact of these amendments on other soil properties (i.e. chemical properties) should also be considered. So, considering that the effect of biochar can be greatly influenced by the combination of biochar properties and soil conditions, effective use of biochar in agricultural soils requires prior evaluation of the biochar effect based on soil and plant conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Determination of Mechanical Properties of Pistachio nut and its kernel (Ahmad Aghaei variety)
Mohammad Gholami Parashkouhi Behnam Gooshki Mashaallah Kermani Shahram Mohseni Mehrdad Salimi BeniIntroduction: The knowledge of the mechanical properties of the fruits is an essential requirement for designing and optimizing the processing systems.Materials and Methods: In this study the mechanical properties of Pistachio nut and its kernel (Ahmadaghaei variety) su MoreIntroduction: The knowledge of the mechanical properties of the fruits is an essential requirement for designing and optimizing the processing systems.Materials and Methods: In this study the mechanical properties of Pistachio nut and its kernel (Ahmadaghaei variety) such as rupture force, deformation till rupture point and rupture energy in three levels of moisture contents ( harvesting moisture content to final product moisture content; 35.6, 20.1 and 4.6% ) for safekeeping were calculated. In order to carry out this work, samples were under loading in direction of pistachio width within two parallel flat surfaces.Results: The results showed that the rupture force, deformation till rupture point and rupture energy are significantly affected by moisture content.Conclusion: By increasing moisture content from 4.6% to 35.6%, rupture force decreased from 112.6N to 65.7N for the seed and from 43.7N to 35.5N for the kernel and rupture energy decreased from 110.2mj to 95.5 mj for the seed and from 29.1mj to 19.5mj for the kernel. By increasing the moisture in mentioned limits, deformation till rupture point increased from 2.4mm to 3.4mm and 1.2mm to 2.2mm for the seed and the kernel respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Evaluation of Anti-Fungal and Anti-Oxidant Properties of Chitosan and its Effect on the Moisture Absorption and Organoleptic Characteristics of Pistachio Nuts
Yahya Maghsoudlou Atefeh Maghsoudlo Morteza Khomeiri Mohammad GhorbaniIntroduction: Iran is one of the largest pistachio producer and exporter in the world. Unfavorable environmental storage conditions causes aflatoxin production, moisture absorption, tissue destruction, fat oxidation and undesirable flavor that leads to a drop in the qua MoreIntroduction: Iran is one of the largest pistachio producer and exporter in the world. Unfavorable environmental storage conditions causes aflatoxin production, moisture absorption, tissue destruction, fat oxidation and undesirable flavor that leads to a drop in the quality of the final product. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-fungal and antioxidant properties of chitosan and its impact on the organoleptic characteristics of pistachio nuts.Materials and Methods: Pistachio nuts were prepared and coated with 1% (V/V) acetic acid and chitosan at 0.5, 1 and 1.5% (V/W) concentrations. Acetic acid coated pistachio was used to understand the antimicrobial effect of acetic acid. Pistachio kernels were coated and kept at room temperature (25-27 °C) for six months. During storage samples were examined every two weeks for mould and yeast growth and development of Aspergillus, peroxide value, TBA value, moisture and weight changes and sensory characteristics. Experiments were performed in factorial form in a completely randomized design.Results: The results showed that chitosan and acetic acid significantly (p <0.05) inhibited the growth of the Aspergillus. Chitosan reduced the rate of oxidation reactions and by increasing chitosan concentration the anti-fungal and anti-oxidant activities were increased. Chitosan also prevented moisture absorption and weight changes in pistachio nuts. Chitosan at 1.5%concentration had a significant effect (p <0.05) on the flavor of pistachio, but at other concentrations did not affect the flavor. Chitosan did not affect the color, texture and general acceptance significantly (p >0.05).Conclusion: Chitosan was found to be a proper material for coating of pistachio nuts. Chitosan solution at 1% concentration was selected as the best treatment Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Determination of Some Physical Properties of Pistachio Nut and Its Kernel (Qazvini Varieties)
mohammad gholami porshokohi milad mohammadi shamami shahram mohseni ali mashallah kermani ehsan abdolalizadehIntroduction: Understanding the physical and mechanical characteristics and knowledge of agricultural products are important and vital and knowledge steps for post harvesting storage and preservation. In this study, several physical properties of the Qazvinian cultivars MoreIntroduction: Understanding the physical and mechanical characteristics and knowledge of agricultural products are important and vital and knowledge steps for post harvesting storage and preservation. In this study, several physical properties of the Qazvinian cultivars (Qazvini and Boein zahra) of pistachio nut and their kernel and the effect of different levels of moisture content on their characteristics were evaluated.Materials and Methods: Physical properties that consisted of dimensional specifications such as three major diameter (length, width, thickness), unit mass, sphericity, geometric and arithmetic mean diameter, surface area, true volume, true density, bulk density, porosity and the static coefficient of friction at five levels of moisture content (3.5%, 12%, 19.5%, 27%,35.5% ) were measured.Results: The results of this investigation concerned with geometrical properties indicated that moisture had significant effects on the dimension, geometric and arithmetic mean diameter,sphericity, surface area of pistachio nut and its kernel in both cultivars.Conclusion: By increasing the moisture content, all the listed properties of both cultivars (Qazvini and Boein Zahra) have been increased. The highest static coefficient of friction for Qazvini and Boein Zahra cultivars is on aluminum and the lowest is on plastic surfaces. The kernels of Qazvini and Boein Zahra pistachio, had the highest coefficient on wood and the lowest coefficient on plastic and glass surfaces respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - The Effect of Persian Gum Coating Containing Green Mint Extract and Ultraviolet Ray on the Duration of Fresh Pistachio (Pistacia Vera)
M. Moezi M. FazelIntroduction: Pistachio is one of the most popular nuts of the world due to its taste and nutritional value. The storage conditions of pistachios play an essential role in preserving the quality and organoleptic characteristics of the product, while unsatisfactory stora MoreIntroduction: Pistachio is one of the most popular nuts of the world due to its taste and nutritional value. The storage conditions of pistachios play an essential role in preserving the quality and organoleptic characteristics of the product, while unsatisfactory storage conditions, create undesirable reactions and provide poor products quality. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of various ultraviolet rays (4, 8,12 Kj/m2), Persian gum (7% w/v), and mint extract(1.5% v/v) on oxidative reactions and microbial characteristics of pistachio kernels of Kaleghuchchi cultivar. After applying the treatments, pistachios were packed in polyethylene bags and kept at refrigerated temperature (4 ± 1 ℃) for two months. In the first, third, fifth and eighth weeks, phenolic compounds, acidity, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid number and lossing weight were measured. On the first and last days of storage, the total microbial load and yeast mold were evaluated. Inorder to evaluate the effect of gum and extract of mint on the sensory properties on the last day, five-point gradient Hedonic test was carried out. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS20 software in a completely randomized design with three replications in LSD test. Results: The result showed that by increasing the intensity of radiation, the microbial load decreased (p <0/05), because the radiation by the nucleoide acid causes the breakdown of the primidine nucleotides, but it increases the acidity, peroxide, and thiobarbituric acid because the radiation causes degradation due to its photocatalytic activity. Phenolic compounds andantioxidant activity is reduced. In the coating samples, especially gum and mint extract coating, the levels of microbial, acidity, peroxide, and tiobarbituric acid were reduced (p <0.05) due to the presence of antioxidant capacity. the sensory evaluation results indicated that there was no significant difference in terms of smell, tast and overall acceptancebetween thesamples. Conclusion: Using Persian gum coating with mint extract, the increases antimicrobial power and also reduces the negative effect of UV on fat oxidation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The Role of Early Splitting in Contamination of Pistachio Nuts by Aspergillus Species and Aflatoxin in Kerman Province
seyed reza fani mohammad moradi ali tajabadipour roza dargahi mansoureh mir abolfathiIntroduction: Early splitting Pistachio nuts in is one of the critical sources of aflatoxin contamination before and during harvest. In this research work physical characteristics,fungal, pest and aflatoxin contaminations were evaluated in early splitting pistachios.Mat MoreIntroduction: Early splitting Pistachio nuts in is one of the critical sources of aflatoxin contamination before and during harvest. In this research work physical characteristics,fungal, pest and aflatoxin contaminations were evaluated in early splitting pistachios.Materials and Methods: Physical characteristics, fungal contamination and aflatoxin content were assessed in pistachio nuts employing advanced methods. This study was carried-out using three varieties of commercial nuts consisted of Ohadi, Kalleghoochi and Ahmadaghaii.The data was analyzed in a randomized complete block design using Mstatc statistical analysis software.Results: The highest levels of Aspergillus infection was observed in early splitting pistachios with dry and semi-dry hull. These pistachios also had the highest levels of carob moth infestation and shell staining as well as low kernel weights. In early splitting pistachios with soft hull the fungal infection, carob moth and shell staining were 0.75-10.3%, 1.5- 9.5% and 21.5- 44.1% respectively. This indicates the critical effects of early splitting pistachios as well as the risk of aflatoxin formation. The results showed that the levels of Aspergillus infection are increased by the presence of carob moth and ants, while there was low kernel weight. Aflatoxin was not detected in pistachio with healthy hulls. On the other hand, shell and kernel of early splitting pistachios contain different levels of aflatoxins (P<0.05). Aspergillus flavus isolates was alike to produce 67% aflatoxins B1 and B2 and 24% aflatoxins B1 and 9% were nontoxigenic.Conclusion: Sorting out early splitting pistachios based on physical and appearance characteristics would reduce the levels of aflatoxins during or after processing. Early peaking is a critical factor to reduce fungal and aflatoxin contaminations. About 95% and 5% of aflatoxin contents were related to kernel and shell, respectively. Therefore, assessing the risk of contamination should be based on kernels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - The Nutritional Effect of Incorporating Different Percentages of Pistachio By-products Silages into the Diet of Sheep on the Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Meat
Zahra Ebadi Ali Mahdavi -
Open Access Article
17 - The Effect of Different Solvent Systems on Some Chemical Properties of Pistachio Nut Oil Contaminated with Aflatoxin
N. Ahmadi Kamazani S. A. Mortazavi M. Ebrahimi Tajabadi , M. Hasani M. Ghotbi -
Open Access Article
18 - Effect of Salinity on Viability of Wild Pistachio Seed (Pistacia vera L) in Khajeh Kalat Forest, Iran
Hadi Fadaei Vahid Etemad Gholamhosein MoradiBackground and Objective: The wide area of Iran is effected by salinity. So, study on salinity tolerance of plants are too important. Therefore this study was conducted to investigate effect of salinity on germination and viability of wild Pistachio seed. Method: Seed s MoreBackground and Objective: The wide area of Iran is effected by salinity. So, study on salinity tolerance of plants are too important. Therefore this study was conducted to investigate effect of salinity on germination and viability of wild Pistachio seed. Method: Seed sampling was done randomly and based on land unit map. Before germination test, stratification treatment was performed on seeds for 6 weeks in 4 °C. Germination test was done as factorial and completely randomized deign in tree repetition. After salinity treatments, seed germination, shoot length, root length and algometric ratio was measured. Findings: Results showed that salinity increasing was caused significantly decrease of seed viability, algometric ratio, root and stem length (p < 0.01). Also, increase of salinity in deferent altitude levels was caused significantly decrease of seed viability. Results of algometric ratio in different height and slope classes showed that there was not significant difference in zero salinity level and this ratio was significantly higher in this level comparing to other levels. Discussion and Conclusion: Regarding to results of this research, increase of salinity causing decrease of Pistachio growth and germination. Pistachio seed germination is more in higher altitude, while in some species altitude have opposite effect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Effect of physiographic factors on seed germination of wild Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) in Khajeh kalat Forest of Mashhad, Iran
Hadi Fadaei Vahid Etemad Gholamhosein MoradiBackground and Objective: Regarding to importance and widespread of wild Pistachio in arid and semi-arid regions and problems of germination, this study was conducted to identify effect of physiography on seed germination of Pistacia vera in Khajeh Kalat Forest, northea MoreBackground and Objective: Regarding to importance and widespread of wild Pistachio in arid and semi-arid regions and problems of germination, this study was conducted to identify effect of physiography on seed germination of Pistacia vera in Khajeh Kalat Forest, northeast of Iran (N 36°54' - 36°64', E 54°35' - 54°45'). Material and Methodology: To do so land unit map was provided and sampling was done based on land units. Then, sampled seeds from 23 sampling unites were transferred to seed physiology lab for operational experiments. After operational experience, germination percent, germination value and mean time to germination for each unit were determined. Findings: The results showed that germination percent of pistachio seeds has had significant positive correlation with altitude, but hasn’t had significant correlation with slope and aspect (p<0.01). Correlation between germination value and altitude wasn’t significant, while slope and aspect have had significant correlation with germination value (p<0.01). Discussion and Conclusion: Regarding to results, germination percent in high altitudes was more than low altitudes. Germination value in law altitude and 0-30 percent slope was more than other aspects and slopes. Seeds that were collected from north and south aspects and above 60 percent slope have had more germination value than other aspects and slopes. Mean time to germination for east aspect and 30-60 percent slopes were less than other aspects and slopes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Isolation & Identification of toxigenic Aspergillus flavus, isolated from Rafsanjans, Pistachio by molecular study of nor-1 gene expression effective in the Aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway
مژگان سقازاهAflatoxins are highly toxic and carcinogenic secondary fungal metabolites and have been detected in various food commodities including pistachio nuts. Since Iran is one of the largest producers of pistachios in the world, the aim of this study is investigation of the ex MoreAflatoxins are highly toxic and carcinogenic secondary fungal metabolites and have been detected in various food commodities including pistachio nuts. Since Iran is one of the largest producers of pistachios in the world, the aim of this study is investigation of the expression of nor-1 gene, one of the most essential genes for producing of Aflatoxin, by molecular method in Aspergillus flavus isolated from Rafsanjan’s Pistachio. Randomly, 1000 Pistachios, were collected from 10 dried fruits wholesales in Rafsanjan city. The species of A. flavus were identified morphologically (Macroscopy & Microscopy). In the next step RNA of the A. flavus was extracted. RT-PCR technique was used for amplifying of nor-1 gene. Consequently, 41 Aspergillus flavus species were isolated from pistachioes. Overall, 9 samples (21.4%) were positive for nor-1 gene expression. Aflatoxin contamination in different kinds of foods have been reported in different part of the world. It is a threat for public health, so using surveillance methods, with molecular techniques is necessary to reduction of food contamination specially nuts with toxigenic fungi. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Molecular study of aflR gene in the Aspergillus flavus, isolated from Pistachios of Rafsanjan by RT-PCR
مژگان سقازاه بیتا نجمیAflatoxins are carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced primarily by the fungal species Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Foods and feeds especially in warm climates, are susceptible to invasion by aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species and the subsequent pr MoreAflatoxins are carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced primarily by the fungal species Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Foods and feeds especially in warm climates, are susceptible to invasion by aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species and the subsequent production of aflatoxins during preharvesting, processing, transportation or storage. Since Iran is one of the largest producers of pistachios in the world, the aim of this study is investigation of the expression of aflR gene, one of the most essential genes for producing of Aflatoxin, by molecular method in toxigenic Aspergillus flavus isolated from Rafsanjan’s Pistachio, First time in Iran. Randomly, 1000 Pistachios, were collected from 10 dried fruits wholesales in Rafsanjan city. The species of A. flavus were identified morphologically. In the next step RNA of the A. flavus was extracted. RT-PCR technique was used for amplifying of aflR gene. Consequently, 41 Aspergillus flavus species were isolated from pistachioes. Overall, 9 samples (21.4%) were positive for aflR expression gene. Toxigenic fungus like Aspergillus flavus can grow on nuts which appropriately stored, such as pistachio, corn, peanuts, nuts, wheat and etc. So a molecular method is necessary for exact and rapid detection of these toxigenic fungi. The genes which participate in toxin maturity pathway, like aflR, can be used for valid probing and also were used for this study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Study of impact of global brand impact on tourism development (case study: Damghan city)
Zeynab Karkehabadi Mostafa Foadian -
Open Access Article
23 - Evaluation of supervised classification capability of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2A Satellite images in determining type and area of Pistachio Cultivars
Hadi Zare khormizi Hamid Reza Ghafarian Malamiri Morad MortazRemote sensing technique is one of the most effective tools for monitoring, studying and determining the cultivation area of agricultural and horticultural crops, especially on a large scale. Planners, managers, and farmers, with knowledge of the type and extent of crop MoreRemote sensing technique is one of the most effective tools for monitoring, studying and determining the cultivation area of agricultural and horticultural crops, especially on a large scale. Planners, managers, and farmers, with knowledge of the type and extent of crop cultivation, can adopt appropriate management and enforcement policies. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the supervised classification ability to classify Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2A multi-band satellite imagery in determining the cultivated area and type of four varieties of Pistachio namely such as; Akbari, Kalle Ghuchi, Ahmad Aghaei and Fandooki in an orchard in the Yazd province. In the present study, the accuracy of four classification algorithms, namely: Parallelepiped classification, Minimum distance, Mahalanobis distance and Maximum likelihood, as well as the optimum time in the separation of pistachio cultivars, were investigated. According to the classification results of a Landsat-8 image, on June 12, 2018, the Maximum likelihood algorithm with a final accuracy and Kappa coefficient of 76.8% and 0.67% and Parallelepiped classification algorithm with the final and Kappa coefficients of 64.7 and 0.47, were of highest and lowest accuracy among others, respectively. Also, according to the results, the best time for the separation of Pistachio cultivars was in late June. The Kappa coefficient of maximum likelihood classification algorithm on June 22, July 23, August 24 and September 25 of 2018 were 0.67, 0.64, 0.63 and 0.63, respectively. The final accuracy and Kappa coefficient of maximum likelihood classification algorithm on the Sentinel-2A Satellite images on 12 June 2018, were 80% and 0.71, respectively. By applying the median filter with a 3×3 dimensional kernel window size on the classified image, the final accuracy and Kappa coefficient was increased to 82.6% and 0.75, respectively. The final accuracy and Kappa coefficient of classification and separation of Pistachio cultivars in Sentinel-2A images were higher than in Landsat-8 images. Overall, based on our results, the remote sensing classification techniques, as well as multi-spectral satellite imagery, are suitable for agricultural and horticultural mapping. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Estimation of actual evapotranspiration in pistachio orchards using SEBAL algorithm in three irrigation system
Soheil RadiomBackground and ObjectiveOver the past 100 years, the country has lost about 90 percent of its per capita renewable water. About 90% of the country's renewable water resources are allocated to the agricultural sector. With the increase in the area of pistachio orchards a MoreBackground and ObjectiveOver the past 100 years, the country has lost about 90 percent of its per capita renewable water. About 90% of the country's renewable water resources are allocated to the agricultural sector. With the increase in the area of pistachio orchards and the increase in demand for water on the one hand and the limited water resources in the region, on the other hand, the imbalance between supply and demand for water is sharply increasing. In this regard, the most important step to prevent water loss is the uniform distribution of water on the field, optimal at each stage of growth. About 99% of the water absorbed by the plant is used for evapotranspiration. Therefore, studying this phenomenon can play an important role in determining the water needs of plants. It is difficult to measure the actual evapotranspiration outside the laboratory. Many experimental methods have been developed to estimate actual and potential evapotranspiration using meteorological and climatic data. But most of these methods are only able to estimate potential evapotranspiration and do not estimate the actual amount of it. In contrast, remote sensing methods have been developed that are a good solution for estimating the actual evapotranspiration. Satellite imagery with global coverage and repetitive Acquisition has made it possible to monitor evapotranspiration at the field level and during plant growth. Various studies have been conducted to estimate the actual evapotranspiration of agricultural areas using satellite images, which indicate the acceptable accuracy of these methods. However, most of this research is related to agricultural fields and no significant research has been done to estimate evapotranspiration at the orchards. Vegetation at the farms is uniform and homogeneous compared to orchards, so the estimation of vegetation index, which is one of the inputs of the SEBAL model in orchards is more difficult than agricultural fields, which can affect the final accuracy. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to estimate the amount of evapotranspiration in the pistachio orchard using the SEBAL algorithm and evaluate the accuracy of estimation. Also, this research has beenMaterials and Methods The present research has been carried out in pistachio orchards in Zarandieh city of Markazi province. The gardens had three different irrigation systems including flood irrigation systems, surface, and subsurface drip irrigation systems. Actual evapotranspiration is estimated using water balance and SEBAL algorithm. Meteorological data from Imam Airport Synoptic Station and Landsat8 satellite imagery has been used to estimate evapotranspiration using the SEBAL algorithm. Actual evapotranspiration is estimated at satellite overpass times during the growing season. To select hot and cold pixels in the SEBAL algorithm, the semi-automatic method proposed by Oldmo is used, which minimizes user participation in the selection of hot and cold pixels. To evaluate the accuracy of evapotranspiration estimation, the information of soil moisture sensors in the orchard has been used. 28 sensors measure soil moisture in different parts of the orchard. Using the soil moisture values, the actual evapotranspiration was estimated using the water balance method and used as a reference value.Results and Discussion A comparison of the results of the SEBAL algorithm and water balance method showed that the SEBAl algorithm was able to estimate the actual evapotranspiration in different parts of the orchard with an RMS error of 0.57. In addition, the correlation between the values estimated by the two methods was equal to 0.82, which indicates the appropriate capability of the SEBAL algorithm in estimating evapotranspiration values. The correlation between the actual evapotranspiration estimated from the SEBAL model and the reference evapotranspiration is 0.76. In addition, in the research, changes in the evapotranspiration in different parts of the garden and also gardens with different irrigation systems including flood, surface, and subsurface drips have been investigated. The results show that the orchard with subsurface irrigation had the lowest average of evapotranspiration on different dates. Considering that evapotranspiration is equal to the sum of evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration from the plant, this decrease can be attributed to the decrease in evaporation from the soil surface. In addition, evapotranspiration heterogeneity can be observed in all parts of orchards with the same irrigation system on all dates. For example, in the orchard with a flood irrigation system, parts of the garden show low evapotranspiration, which can be due to the lack of smoothing of the surface and lack of proper moisture in these areas. Obviously, the same amount of moisture accumulates in other parts of the garden and is inaccessible through deep percolation. This uneven distribution is also observed in the garden with a surface drip irrigation system. For example, the middle part of the garden with surface drip irrigation always shows a higher amount of evapotranspiration, which can indicate the loss of water in this part, due to the miss-operation of the dripper. To evaluate the difference in evapotranspiration in different irrigation systems, the average, minimum, maximum, and standard deviation values of evapotranspiration in orchards related to three different irrigation systems have been calculated. The results showed that in all dates, the ranges and standard deviation of evapotranspiration in the flood irrigation system were higher than in other systems, which indicates the lack of uniform irrigation in the orchard. Also, on all dates, the average amount of evapotranspiration in the orchard with a surface drip irrigation system has been more than flood irrigation system. Vegetation in orchards with drip irrigation systems (surface and subsurface) was denser compared to the flood irrigation systems.Conclusion In this study, the actual evapotranspiration of pistachio orchards has been estimated using satellite imagery and the SEBAL algorithm. The results of the study indicate the appropriate accuracy of the SEBAL algorithm in estimating the actual evapotranspiration of the orchards. Compared with the water balance method, the correlation coefficient was 0.82 and the root means the square error was 0.57. In addition, comparing the moisture situation in different parts of the orchard and in orchards with different irrigation systems has shown that by estimating the actual evapotranspiration using satellite imagery, appropriate information can be obtained on how to distribute moisture in the garden. This information provides valuable information on the optimal management of water resources and increases irrigation efficiency. Other results of this research include the significant difference between surface and subsurface drip irrigation methods. The results show that using subsurface irrigation methods can effectively reduce irrigation water loss due to evaporation from the soil surface. The results show that in areas where there is no access to information from soil moisture sensors or direct measurements of evapotranspiration, the use of the SEBAL algorithm and remote sensing methods can provide appropriate information for optimal water management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Population dynamics and density of the common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on two pistachio cultivars, Badami-riz Zarand and Momtaz
Faezeh Najafpour Mohammad Reza Mehrnejad Majid FallahzadehThe common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer is known as the major pest in the pistachio plantation areas of Iran. The psyllid’s density on different pistachio cultivars is usually varied. Density and population dynamics of A. pistac MoreThe common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer is known as the major pest in the pistachio plantation areas of Iran. The psyllid’s density on different pistachio cultivars is usually varied. Density and population dynamics of A. pistaciae were monitored at field condition on Badami-riz Zarand and Momtaz as two native and local pistachio cultivars in Zarand vicinity, Kerman province, South of Iran. Results showed that the psyllid nymphs’ density on Momtaz was larger than on Badami-riz Zarand through the whole sampling time from April to October significantly. Psyllid nymphs’ density was grown up from late July, however this trend was drastically high from August and afterward. In addition the adult psyllid abundance was 3 times larger on Momtaz cultivar twigs than Badami-riz Zarand through the growing seasons. The relative abundances of adult psyllid on yellow sticky traps in the Momtaz pistachio orchard was significantly larger than the Badami-riz Zarand orchard, however the fluctuations’ trends were similar at both orchards. The population dynamics and density of A. pistaciae on two pistachio cultivars were compared and discussed in present article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Comparison the effect of DG oil with Spirotetramat and Dinotefuran on common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hem.: Aphalaridae) in different cities of Iran
Elham Sanatgar H. Fakori M. R. Lashkari E. SedaghatfarThe common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae is a key pest of pistachio trees in Iran. Both adults and nymphs cause great economic damages by sucking sap and produce large amounts of honeydew. The continued use of pesticides to control A. pistaciae leads to resist MoreThe common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae is a key pest of pistachio trees in Iran. Both adults and nymphs cause great economic damages by sucking sap and produce large amounts of honeydew. The continued use of pesticides to control A. pistaciae leads to resistant of its populations to several pesticides and inefficiencies in biological control, resulting in pest outbreaks. In the present study, Field experiments were conducted during 2019–2020 on pistachio trees, the Ahmad Aghaei cultivar, in Kerman, Yazd, Qom, Khorasan Razavi, Khorasan Shomali, Khorasan Jonoubi, Semnan, Fars, Markazi, and Esfahan provinces to evaluate the effect of DG oil on A. pistaciae in comparison with the two pesticides Spirotetramat and Dinotefuran. The sampling was carried out a day before spraying and 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-treatment. The experiments were conducted based on complete randomized blocks with four treatments (included the recommended dosage of DG oil (0.5 liter1000 liter water/ha), Spirotetramat (1 liter/1000 liter water/ha), Dinotefuran (0.75 kg/ 1000 liter water/ha and control (Spraying with water) and four replications. Results showed a high performance of DG oil starting from the first day after spraying and Continued for four weeks. Compared to Spirotetramat and Dinotofuran, DG oil had a suitable and satisfied performance. DG oil is recommended as the most environment-friendly and IPM compatible compound to control A. pistaciae. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - The effect of several inorganic compounds on oviposition and egg hatching rate of common pistachio psylla Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hem.: Psyllidae) in orchard conditions
K. Ahmadi m. asadi B. ValizadehCommon pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer is a serious economic pest of pistachio orchards in the world. Chemical control is a widely applied method to manage this pest problem. The intensive use of chemical insecticides has led to the MoreCommon pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer is a serious economic pest of pistachio orchards in the world. Chemical control is a widely applied method to manage this pest problem. The intensive use of chemical insecticides has led to the development of resistant populations of the common pistachio psylla and environmental hazards. It seems that the use of inorganic compounds as insecticides is one of the ways to reduce the residual amount of dangerous toxins. In this study, the insecticidal effects of 10 kinds of inorganic compounds (subarkose, calcite, biomicrite, granite, coarse crystal sparitic limestone, monzogabbro, fine crystal sparitic limestone, monzodiorite, oomicrite and pelsparite) on oviposition and egg hatching rate were investigated. The results showed that the treated leaves with monzogabbro (0.00 ± 0.00), granite (0.54 ± 0.01), biomicrite (1.50 ± 0.21) and calcite (1.56 ± 0.17) at a concentration of 50 g/l were reported to have the greatest decrease in terms of the oviposition rate of the pest in the first year. The results of oviposition rate in the second year indicated that the treated leaves with biomicrite had a significant increase compared to calcite, granite and control. This study also showed that biomicrite treatment could not make any changes in the process of egg hatching. So, based on the results of the present study, monzogabbro, granite and calcite can be used to control pistachio psylla in pistachio orchards. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Influence of uv radiation on the degration of ethion in pistachio
S. Imani A. Pejman Hadi Ostovan SH. HesamiEthion is a broad-spectrum pesticide commonly used for control of insects on pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). The extensive use of pesticides on pistachio fruits has raised concerns about pesticide residues. In this study, used UV radiation and TiO2 photocatalyst as MoreEthion is a broad-spectrum pesticide commonly used for control of insects on pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). The extensive use of pesticides on pistachio fruits has raised concerns about pesticide residues. In this study, used UV radiation and TiO2 photocatalyst as decomposing agent to evaluate the rate of ethion degradation . The experiment in two modes,ethion spray on filter paper and pistachio fruit was conducted. Based on a series of pre-tests, the Filter papers were treated with ethion,they were exposed to radiation inside the reactor at appropriate time(5,10 and 20 hour).then pesticide residues were determinded on them.ethion degradation percentage respectively were(9.29,24.77and33.49%)at desired time.Additionally, two UV lamps in absence or presence of TiO2(200 mg/mL) were used to degradade ethion residue from pistachio fruits. All treatments had moderate efficiency for ethion removal from both filter papers and pistachio fruits. The efficiency was positively affected by time of exposure, number of UV light sources, and presence of TiO2. Although, this study showed the potential of UV radiation and TiO2 for ethion degradation from pistachio fruits, further studies are needed to optimize the experimental condition for enhancing the degradation efficiency Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Influence of five diets on development and reproduction of Coccinella undecimpunctata aegyptica Reiche (Col., Coccinellidae) in controlled conditions
F. Gorouhi M. R. Mehrnejad K. KamaliIn the present research, the influence of 5 diets e.g. pistachio psyllid nymph, the cowpea aphid nymph Aphis craccivora Koch (Hem., Aphididae) (the common aphid species on the herbaceous plants in the pistachio orchards of Rafsanjan), maize pollen and mix diets of psyll MoreIn the present research, the influence of 5 diets e.g. pistachio psyllid nymph, the cowpea aphid nymph Aphis craccivora Koch (Hem., Aphididae) (the common aphid species on the herbaceous plants in the pistachio orchards of Rafsanjan), maize pollen and mix diets of psyllid nymph+aphid nymph as well as psyllid nymph+pollen on development and reproduction of 11-spots lady bird, C. undecimpunctata aegyptica was studied. All laboratory experiments were conducted in controlled conditions, 27.5±0.5°C, RH 55±5% and photoperiod 16:18h (L:D). The results indicated that pollen is not a suitable food for this species since both larvae and adults died when reared on this diet. However, the other four diets were considered to be the essential preys. The preimaginal stages of ladybird on psyllid nymph, cowpea aphid nymph and mix diets of psyllid nymph+ aphid nymph and psyllid nymph+ pollen were lasted 14.9, 11.9, 12.2 and 14.6 days on average respectively. The lowest mortality of larvae was obtained on mixed diet of psyllid+aphid, although it was the highest when they fed on psyllid+pollen. The emerged ladybird adults that fed on aphid nymphs during of the larval period were heavier than other diets. The female adults’ life span of ladybird on psyllid, aphid, psyllid+aphid and psyllid+pollen were 52.3, 61.1, 41.4 and 56.2 days, and their fecundity were obtained 826, 1947, 1281 and 727 eggs on average respectively. It was found that C. undecimpunctata aegyptica is considered as a psyllophagous coccinellid beetle although it is known as an aphidophagous ladybird too. The conservation strategy in pistachio orchards is recommended to increase the efficiency of psyllid natural enemies in pistachio orchards at this stage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - The effect of ultraviolet rays on the degradation and removal of metasystox and fenitrothion pesticides from pistachio crop
Sohrab Imani Arezoo Pezhman Hadi Ostovan sh. hesamiPistachio is one of the most important agricultural products of the country. It is extremely important and accounts for about 81 percent of the country's non-oil revenues. In this study, the degradation of two pesticides, metacystox and fenitrithion was investigat MorePistachio is one of the most important agricultural products of the country. It is extremely important and accounts for about 81 percent of the country's non-oil revenues. In this study, the degradation of two pesticides, metacystox and fenitrithion was investigated by ultraviolet radiation. These three pesticides are commonly used in a wide range in pistachio gardens in the country. One of the most important agricultural and plant protection tasks is to produce safe crops with residual pesticides below the MRL level. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of UV radiation combined with the photocatalytic effect of titanium dioxide and hydrogen peroxide on the degradation of these two pesticides in pistachio products.The samples were extracted by LLE method and determinated by GC-MS. Exposur times were 30, 60,120 and 300 minutes.The results showed that the highest percentage of degradation of pesticides was related to metasystox and affected by uv / H2O2 at 38.5%. The optimum time in all trials was 300 min. UV irradiation alone at 300 min time on metasistox and fenitrothion in pistachio reduced the toxin by 24/2and 17/1, respectively.Experiments showed that degradation of the studied toxins was possible using UV irradiation and the destructive effect of UV on chemical structures was proved in experiments. Therefore, UV radiation in a specific dose can remove residues of pistachio pesticides. Combined with UV agents, hydrogen peroxide and titanium dioxide can more effectively remove contamination from agricultural products. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Effects of temperature on development, fecundity and life table parameters of Adalia bipunctata (Col: Coccinellidae), the predator of Agonoscena pistaciae)Hom,:Aphalaridae)
N. Vahabzadeh M. R. Mehrnejad Sh. GoldastehThe common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae, is known as a key pistachio pest in Iran. The two spotted coccinellid, Adalia bipunctata was reported as a psyllophagous beetle and the most abundant predator in pistachio plantations of Rafsanjan, south of Iran. The p MoreThe common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae, is known as a key pistachio pest in Iran. The two spotted coccinellid, Adalia bipunctata was reported as a psyllophagous beetle and the most abundant predator in pistachio plantations of Rafsanjan, south of Iran. The present research was carried out to examine the influence of temperature on biological parameters of A. bipunctata using psyllid nymphs as diet and under controlled conditions e.g., constant temperatures (ranged from 17.5 to 35°C), 55±5% r.h. and 16L:18D. The reproduction, developmental thresholds, thermal constant and the intrinsic rate of natural increase of this ladybird were all tested. The lower threshold for A. bipunctata while fed on nymphs of A. pistaciae was estimated 13.1. Thermal constant for development of this ladybird from egg to adult was obtained 200°DD (Degree-Day) while reared on nymphs of A. pistaciae. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) and finite capacity for increase were obtained 0.172 and 1.19 respectively. Based on present results, A. pistaciae is considered as a suitable diet for this ladybird. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Biology of Noghi scale, Salicicola davatchi, in the pistachio-growing areas of Rafsanjan, Iran
F. Kazemi M. R. Mehrnejad A. Rajabi H. Salmani NejadThe Noghi scale, Salicicola davatchii Balachowski & Kaussari (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is considered as a pest for cultivated pistachio trees in Iran. This insect sucks up of plant sap and causes trees' weakness as well as decreases of yield quantity and quality. The MoreThe Noghi scale, Salicicola davatchii Balachowski & Kaussari (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is considered as a pest for cultivated pistachio trees in Iran. This insect sucks up of plant sap and causes trees' weakness as well as decreases of yield quantity and quality. The biology and lifecycle of S. davatchi were studied in commercial pistachio orchards in Rafsanjan, southern part of Iran. The results showed that this scale usually lives on trees' branches, although the nymphs were found on leaves and fruits occasionally. The crawlers move very slowly and just for a very short distances, therefore usually shields of scales are found in piles on branches. The males appear on pistachio branches from late March that is continued for 20 days, and 7 to 10 days later, eggs were formed under female’s shield. The first stage nymphs appeared on branches from early May and reached the peak 5 to 10 days later. The second nymphal stage appeared at late June. Those scales that develop on either leaves or fruits produce second generation, although these nymphs are unable to complete their lifecycle due to fruit harvesting as well as leaves fall. This species produces one successful generation within a year including two nymphal stages. This scale hibernates as the second nymphal stage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Thermal requirements and population growth parameters of Coccinula elegantula (Col., Coccinellidae), predator of Agonoscena pistaciae (Hem., Psylloidea) in laboratory condition
H. Parish M. R. Mehrnejad M. Fallahzadeh M. BasiratThe common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer is known as the major pest of the pistachio trees, Pistacia vera in Iran. The coccinellid beetle, Coccinula elegantula(Weise) was reported as a predator for A.pistaciae in pistachio orchards. T MoreThe common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer is known as the major pest of the pistachio trees, Pistacia vera in Iran. The coccinellid beetle, Coccinula elegantula(Weise) was reported as a predator for A.pistaciae in pistachio orchards. This study was carried out to determine the thermal constant and lower threshold for the C. elegantula under controlled condition (constant temperature ranged 17.5-35°C, 55±5% r.h. and 16:8 L:D). The mean for each temperature, lower threshold and constant temperature were all calculated from the pooled data of female development time from egg to adult exclusion. The theoretical lower threshold and thermal constant for development estimated. The lower threshold was estimated 11.7 ,14.3 and 14.4 °C for egg ,larva and pupa respectively. The lower threshold for complete development from egg to adult emergence was estimated 14.9 °C. The thermal constant for egg, larva and pupa was estimated 59 ,151.5 and 59.5 degree-days (°D) respectively. The degree-days (°D) required for a generation (egg to adult) was estimated 256.4. In present investigation, life table parameters of C. elegantula was studied in the controlled condition (25±5°C, 55± 5% r.h. and 16:8 L:D) feeding on A. pistaciae using QBASIC program. Based on the results, the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) and finite rate of increase was obtained 0.09 and 0.07 (female/female/day). Doubling time and mean generation time were 7.39, 43.9. Net reproductive rate and gross reproductive rates were 54.85, 39.36. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - The effect of diet and temperature regimes on development and reproduction of green lacewing, a natural enemy of the common pistachio psyllid
M. Hassani-sadi M. R. Mehrnejad M. ShojaeiThe green lacewing, Chrysoperla lucasina is considered as a predator of the common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae in the pistachio plantation areas of Rafsanjan, Iran. Some biological parameters of the green lacewing were examined under controlled conditions usi MoreThe green lacewing, Chrysoperla lucasina is considered as a predator of the common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae in the pistachio plantation areas of Rafsanjan, Iran. Some biological parameters of the green lacewing were examined under controlled conditions using three constant temperatures e.g., 25, 27.5 and 30ºC, and four prey diets e.g., 4th instar pistachio psyllid nymphs, eggs and 1st instar pistachio psyllid nymphs, cowpea aphid nymphs, Aphis craccivora and flour moth’s eggs, Sitotroga cerealella. The results showed that both temperature and diet regimes influence on preimaginal development and survival of the predatory lacewing significantly. Developmental period of larvae were shortest while fed on either cowpea aphid nymphs or 4th instar pistachio psyllid nymphs and temperature of 30ºC. The weight of green lacewing cocoons were higher for those reared on 4th instar pistachio psyllid nymphs in larval stage. The larvae of C. lucasina fed on 1016, 4th instar psyllid nymphs and 315, 3rd instar cowpea aphids through the whole larval period at 30ºC. The preimaginal diets caused significant influence on fecundity and longevity of adult green lacewing. The reproduction potential of green lacewing was declined by increasing temperature through 22.5 to 32.5ºC severely. The intrinsic rate of natural increases (rm) of this insect was obtained 0.11 and 0.09 while it was reared using 4th instar pistachio psyllid nymphs and flour moth’s eggs at 25ºC through larval stage repectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Biology and population dynamics of pistachio leaf borer Ocneria terebinthina (Lep: Lymantriidae) in pistachio orchards
R. Poursalari M.A. Samih H. Izadi M. GorjiPistachio white leaf borer, Ocneria terebinthina Stgr. (Lep.: Lymantriidae)is one of the minor pests of pistachio in Iran. Some morphological characters and biology of the pest were studied in two orchards in Anar and Kerman,Iran. Ten pistachio trees (15-20 years old) a MorePistachio white leaf borer, Ocneria terebinthina Stgr. (Lep.: Lymantriidae)is one of the minor pests of pistachio in Iran. Some morphological characters and biology of the pest were studied in two orchards in Anar and Kerman,Iran. Ten pistachio trees (15-20 years old) and 60 leaves of each tree were selected from four different directions and visited twice a week. The eggs and larval emergence was recorded and cocoon formation was located. Seasonal occurrence of adults was recorded using light traps.. Our results revealed that pistachio white leaf borer, passes the winter as larval instar under loose bark on the trunk of pistachio trees or in white cocoons beneath plant litters. Activity of the overwintering larvae usually starts from the late March. Prepupal formed on the host leaves or bark crevices on infested trees. The adults appear in pistachio orchards in early spring (males appear earlier than females). Females lay eggs in batches on both the upper and lower surfaces of the pistachio leaves. The number of eggs in a single batch could be 4.75 to 361. This pest have 3 generations in Anar-Iran. In early autumn, the third instar larvae move toward diapausing shelters, molt to the fourth instar, make a whitish silk cocoon, and enter diapause. Overwintering larvae terminate diapauses at the end of winter and start feeding. Life cycle of the pest was also studied at two different temperatures i.e. 25±2 and 30±2˚C, %65±5 humidity and 14L: 10D h photoperiod. Results indicated that there was a significant difference between life cycle of the pest in these two temperatures (p<0.01) . The longest period of development belonged to seven larval instar and the shortest to prepupal stage in both temperatures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Effect of flupyradifurone, spirotetramat and thiacloprid insecticides on common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hem.: Psyllidae)
M. Gheibi Y. TaheriCommon pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae, is the most important pest of pistachio orchards in Iran and reduce the quantity and quality of the product. In this study, the effects of Flupyradifurone 0.5, 0.75 and 1 ml L-1, Spirotetramat and Thiacloprid 0.5 ml L-1 and MoreCommon pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae, is the most important pest of pistachio orchards in Iran and reduce the quantity and quality of the product. In this study, the effects of Flupyradifurone 0.5, 0.75 and 1 ml L-1, Spirotetramat and Thiacloprid 0.5 ml L-1 and Flupyradifurone (0.5 ml L-1) with irrigation water were evaluated on nymphs and adult stages of A. pistaciae in Niriz region of Fars province. The number of nymphs and adult of A. pistaciae recorded in one day before until 3, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 40 days after chemical applications. The results showed that 3 days after treatment, different concentrations of Flupyradifurone and Thiacloprid have a good effect on the psyllid nymphs and the mean maximum of dead nymphs was in Thiacloprid. The mortality in Spirotetramat treatment on nymphs was increased in on the day 7 and the highest mortality occurred after 20 days. The mean number of the nymphs on treated trees with Flupyradifurone and Thiacloprid increased after 15 days of treatment. Efficacy of Spirotetramat increased after 7th day and the maximum efficacywas 99.44 percent on 20th day after treatment. The highest mean number of adult psyllid mortality was observed on day 3 after treatment in Flupyradifurone with concentration of 1 ml L-1. The efficacy of Spirotetramat on adults increased after 10 days post-treatment and the highest was occurred on 30 day of sampling (98.23). The results showed that Spirotetramat was effective in decreasing of the pistachio psylla population after 40 days of the insecticide application. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Pistachio orchard pests in kermanshah province and the first report of Thrips minutissimus
A. Jamshidi hasan ali vahedi A. A. Zamani B. Farhadi bansolehPistachio is one of the most important and economical agricultural products of Iran from the standpoint of exportation. Iran is the first largest producer of pistachio in the world. Due to expansion of pistachio orchards in Kermanshah province, this research was done in MorePistachio is one of the most important and economical agricultural products of Iran from the standpoint of exportation. Iran is the first largest producer of pistachio in the world. Due to expansion of pistachio orchards in Kermanshah province, this research was done in 2017, 2018 and 2019 to identify the pests of these trees. Different sampling methods such as direct collection, rearing in laboratory, sweep in net, white tray, light trap, aspirators were used to collect insects. Finally, 13 species of insect pests including Sulamicerus stali Fieber, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer, Forda hirsuta Mordvilko, Anapulvinaria pistaciae Bodenheimer, Lepidosaphes pistaciae Archangelskaya, Acrosternum heegeri Fieber, Polydrosus davatchii Hoffman, Anthaxia judinae Stepanov, Carphoborus perrisi Chapuis, Recurvaria pistaciicola Danilewski, Eurytoma plontnikovi Nikolskaya were reported on pistachio trees in pistachio orchards. Labidostomis luristanica Warchalowski (Col .: Chrysomelidae) was first report from Kermanshah province and Thrips minutissimus Linnaeus (Thy .: Thripidae) is reported for the first time on pistachio trees. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Application of shrimp skin waste in green synthesis of polymer nanocomposite containing iron oxide nanoparticles to remove chemical toxins from water sources
Roya Behrooz Dadkhoda Ghazanfari nahid Rastakhiz Enayatollah Sheikhhosseini Sayed Ali AhmadiThe increase in the production of food waste and their entry into the environment through urban waste has created many problems for biological resources. Therefore, it is very important to present new methods in the elimination and optimal use of food waste. Preparation MoreThe increase in the production of food waste and their entry into the environment through urban waste has created many problems for biological resources. Therefore, it is very important to present new methods in the elimination and optimal use of food waste. Preparation of polymer nanocomposites from food waste is one of the methods of optimal use of these materials. In this research work, chitosan polymer nanocomposite containing iron oxide nanoparticles was prepared using shrimp skin waste and pistachio green skin extract. Also, the effectiveness of this composite as a filter in removing malathion poison from water sources was investigated in different conditions of poison concentration, amount of adsorbent and pH. The results of examining the morphology and surface characteristics of the prepared nanocomposite using electron microscope images show that the average diameter of nanofibers in this structure is about 40 nm. Also, the presence of iron oxide nanometer particles with an average size of 47 nm can be seen in the structure. Also, the results of absorption test by nano adsorbent showed that the maximum amount of absorption of malathion poison is 90% at pH=7 and with 0.7 grams of adsorbent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - The Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Nutrient Concentrations in Ohadi (Fandoghi) and Kalleghouchi Pistachio Seedlings in Kerman Region
Hojjat Safari Kamal Abadi -
Open Access Article
40 - Evaluation of aflatoxin content in pistachio, almond, hazelnut and walnut in Isfahan
Z. Shakeri E. Rahimi A. ShakerianAflatoxins are a group of closely related carcinogenic metabolites produced by certain species of Aspergillus. The objective of this study was to detect the level of aflatoxin in nuts. A total of 80 samples of nuts including, pistachio (20), almond (20), hazelnut (20) a MoreAflatoxins are a group of closely related carcinogenic metabolites produced by certain species of Aspergillus. The objective of this study was to detect the level of aflatoxin in nuts. A total of 80 samples of nuts including, pistachio (20), almond (20), hazelnut (20) and walnut (20) were collected and were analyzed (using HPLC) for aflatoxin B and aflatoxin G in Isfahan during 2016. The aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and total aflatoxin were found in 2.5%, 5.5%, 5.7%, 7.2%, and 10% of the analyzed sample (by an average concentration of 8.32, 5.635, 3.067, 1.705 and 10.375 ppb), respectively. The concentration of AFB1 in 66.67% and the concentration of AFT in 37.5% from positive samples were higher than the approved limit (5 ppm) of Iranian National Standard. The percentage of pistachio AF-positive nuts was significantly (p < 0.05) more than other analyzed nuts (almond, hazelnut, and walnut). The results showed that contamination of nuts in Isfahan (especially pistachio) to aflatoxins was not satisfactory and can adversely affect the consumer's health. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Evaluation of aflatoxin B1 in different parts of pistachio fruit and effects of processing stages
رزا Dargahi معصومی Masoumi محمد Moradi S.R Fani Pistachio nut as the most important agricultural export products is facing challenges trough production and conception. Toxigenic Aspergillus species are able to grow and produce dangerous mycotoxins on pistachio nut. Distribution of aflatoxin in different More Pistachio nut as the most important agricultural export products is facing challenges trough production and conception. Toxigenic Aspergillus species are able to grow and produce dangerous mycotoxins on pistachio nut. Distribution of aflatoxin in different pistachio samples collected pre- (early splitting and healthy pistachios in orchards) and post-harvest (steps in processing plants) was evaluated. Aflatoxin B1 content of samples was quantified using ELISA. Overall, high content of aflatoxin B1 in pre-harvest was observed in early splitting pistachios which were 5 times higher than healthy ones. The mean value of aflatoxin B1 content in early splitting and healthy pistachio was 10.2 and 1.8 ng/g, respectively. In processing plant, the content of aflatoxin B1 in stained, small, floater and open shell pistachios was 21, 4, 15 and 2 times higher than unstained, large, sinker and closed shell pistachios, respectively. The presence of aflatoxin B1 in samples taken from orchards and processing plants indicates pre-harvest contamination by aflatoxin-producing fungi, which may exacerbate by inadequate post-harvest conditions. Physical properties of contaminated pistachios may be used to reduce aflatoxin levels in pistachio bulks during or after processing. ELISA, as practical, sensitive and cheap method, may apply to determine the aflatoxin content of pistachios. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Antioxidant effect of pistachio peel extract and aerobic exercise on superoxide dismutase, catalase and malondialdehyde in the latissimus dorsi muscle of overweight Wistar rats
Mohsen Sahebi Mohamad ali Azarbayjani Maqsood PiriAim: The objective of this study was to detect the antioxidant effect of pistachio green hull extract and aerobic exercise on superoxide dismutase, catalase, and malondialdehyde in the external vastus muscle of overweight Wistar rats.Method: This study is in the categor MoreAim: The objective of this study was to detect the antioxidant effect of pistachio green hull extract and aerobic exercise on superoxide dismutase, catalase, and malondialdehyde in the external vastus muscle of overweight Wistar rats.Method: This study is in the category of interventional studies and is included in the category of experimental studies. In this study, 30 Wistar (female) rats with an age range of 12-13 weeks and a weight range of 180 to 200 grams were present. The samples are in 5 groups including: 1- control group (Con), obese control group (OB-Con), obese group and aerobic exercise (OB-AT), obese group and pistachio skin extract (OB-PGH), obese group and Pistachio green hull extract and aerobic exercise (OB-PGH-AT) were divided.Findings: Exercise had a significant effect on muscle dismutase superoxide concentration (F=10.61, P=0.004, ƞ=0.347). But receiving pistachio skin extract had no significant effect on muscle dismutase suboxide concentration (F=2.42, P=0.135, ƞ =0.108). The interaction between exercise and pistachio skin extract had no significant effect on muscle dismutase suboxide concentration (F=0.75, P=0.396, ƞ=0.036). Exercise had a significant effect on catalase concentration (F=160.98, P=0.001, ƞ=0.889). Taking pistachio skin extract also had a significant effect on muscle catalase concentration (F=5.04, P=0.036, ƞ=0.201). But the interaction between exercise and pistachio skin extract had no significant effect on muscle catalase concentration (F=1.84, P=0.190, ƞ=0.084). Exercise had a significant effect on muscle malondialdehyde concentration (F=57.66, P=0.001, ƞ=0.742). Taking pistachio skin extract also had a significant effect on muscle malondialdehyde concentration (F=80.29, P=0.001, ƞ=0.801). However, the interaction between exercise and pistachio skin extract had no significant effect on muscle malondialdehyde concentration (F=0.004, P=0.949, ƞ=0.001).Conclusion: In addition, adding PGH supplements to aerobic exercise can reduce oxidative damage and increase the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase. Induction of obesity increases inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in muscle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - The effect of climatic parameters on technology according to the degree of day in Gonabad city
Hasan Rezaei Morteza Pour Zare gholamabbas Falah ghalhariIn agricultural climate, it is important to know the climatic characteristics of each region in order to adapt it to the cultivation of each plant and increase production. In the present study, the time of occurrence and temperature thresholds of pistachio tree phenolog MoreIn agricultural climate, it is important to know the climatic characteristics of each region in order to adapt it to the cultivation of each plant and increase production. In the present study, the time of occurrence and temperature thresholds of pistachio tree phenological stages at BBCH scale were determined in the field. Then, using non-parametric Mann-Kendall method and Sense slope test, the trend of changes in the elements of average humidity on the day of completion of each stage, average humidity, average maximum and minimum temperature, average temperature on the day of completion of each stage, average soil temperature, average wind speed, rainfall And sundial at Gonabad station during the statistical period of 1398-1398 on pistachio growth. Findings of this study showed that depending on the degree of day at different possible levels, the length of pistachio biological activity in this region varies from 163 to 198 days and the minimum and maximum total hours of sunshine are required to be 177.57 and 1261. The climatic element limiting the biological activity of pistachio plant as well as other climatic parameters were identified. In the next step, Mann Kendall test was used to examine the trend of climatic elements in different stages of pistachio crop phenology. The results of this study showed that among the climatic parameters of pistachio cultivation, average relative humidity, maximum and minimum temperature, average temperature, wind speed and sundial have a significant increasing trend at the level of 5%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - The study of the effects of different concentrations of salicylic acid on improving physiological and biochemical properties of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) var. Akbari seedlings under salinity stress
kobra mahdavianSalicylic acid is a plant growth regulator that is involved in regulating physiological processes and the plants’ response to adverse biological conditions such as salinity. In the present study, an experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different MoreSalicylic acid is a plant growth regulator that is involved in regulating physiological processes and the plants’ response to adverse biological conditions such as salinity. In the present study, an experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different concentrations of salicylic acid, salinity, and the interaction of salicylic acid and salinity on morphological and biochemical parameters in pistachio. Salinity concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM and salicylic acid concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM were used in the form of foliar factorial application in a completely randomized design (CRD) under greenhouse condition in 2019. The results of this study showed that salinity reduced shoot and root growth and fresh and dry weights, as well as chlorophyll, carotenoid, and anthocyanin contents while in plants pre-treated with salicylic acid, the effects of salinity on these parameters were modified. Accordingly, it can be concluded that salicylic acid application protects the plant against salt stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - The study of wild pistachio growth sites in south Khorasan province
mj Seghatoleslami محسن Pouyan ، سید غلامرضا . MousaviWild pistachio is one of the drought resistant species that grows in arid and semi- arid hilly areas. In addition to its industrial and feed uses, the plant species can affect biodiversity, especially in wildlife. The study of wild pistachio growth sites can help us to MoreWild pistachio is one of the drought resistant species that grows in arid and semi- arid hilly areas. In addition to its industrial and feed uses, the plant species can affect biodiversity, especially in wildlife. The study of wild pistachio growth sites can help us to reduce the damage of national capital. This investigation was conducted to study wild pistachio growth sites in south Khorasan province. The main locations where have wild pistachio are: Margh (suburb of Darmian), Chenesht (suburb of Sarbishah), Chahkand (suburb of Birjand), Shah Soleiman-e- Ali (suburb of Khoosf) and Afzal Abad (suburb of Nehbandan). In these locations, soil pH and texture were often alkaline and sandy- loam. The soil contained less sufficient nitrogen and phosphor. The observed wild pistachio trees in Margh and Chenesht belong to Pistacia atlantica and P. khinjuk, but there was any one species (P. atlantica) in other places. Afzal Abad and Margh had the highest number of wild pistachio trees. Young wild pistachio trees were not observed there, probably due to recent droughts. It is recommended planting and irrigating of wild pistachio seedlings in these two areas, for keeping and increasing of vegetation. Respect to exist seedling in Chahkand and Chenesht it can be concluded that wild pistachio vegetation can be developed in these two areas. As a result of spreading Recurvaria pistaciicola in some areas (especially, in Afzal Abad) it is necessary to study different control methods. In the case of economical revenue from these vegetations, it is recommended to study about resin extraction (especially, in Afzal Abad) and grafting of pistachio on wild pistachio. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - METRIC based evapotranspiration mapping of pistachio orchard in the semi-arid region
Mohammad Hossein Mokhtari Ibrahim Busu Sara Parvizi -
Open Access Article
47 - Microbial contamination and concentration of aflatoxin in pistachio by-product
Pirouz Shakeri hasan fazaeliEach year, large amount of pistachio by-product (PBP) was produced after the processing of fresh pistachio. PBP has suitable nutritional value and is used as a feed stuff in animal nutrition. The objective of this study was to determine the microbial contamination and c MoreEach year, large amount of pistachio by-product (PBP) was produced after the processing of fresh pistachio. PBP has suitable nutritional value and is used as a feed stuff in animal nutrition. The objective of this study was to determine the microbial contamination and concentration of aflatoxin in PBP. The samples of PBP were collected from two types of processing system (traditional and industrial), three stage of pistachio harvesting, and three different intervals time of picking up the skin (1-2 hours, 5-6 hours and ≥13 hours). All samples were dried under the sun and then were milled. All of the samples were cultured in a sterile culture and total mould, Aspergillus moulds and Coliform, and E.coli bacteria were counted. The concentration of total aflatoxin was measured by HPLC via extraction. Results showed that the means of microbial population of total moulds, Aspergillus moulds and Coliforms, and E.coli bacteria count were 21000, 3892, 3094 and 1.1 CFU/g, respectively, that were below a critical level to interfere in animal nutrition. Although microbial population were different in sampling area (P Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Pistachio peel biomass derived magnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4@C-SO3H: a highly efficient catalyst for the synthesis of isoxazole-5(4H)-one, 1-amido alkyl-2-naphthol, pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole and 2,3-dihydro quinazoline-4(1H)-one derivatives
Fatemeh Ghorbani Seied Ali Pourmousavi -
Open Access Article
49 - تأثیر دو منبع تانن بر عملکرد، مصرف نیتروژن و راندمان سنتز نیتروژن میکروبی در بزهای شیری
ا. مختارپور ع.ع. ناصریان ف. پورملایی س. صفاهدف از این مطالعه ارزیابی اثرات اسید تانیک (TA) و عصاره حاوی تانن محصولات فرعی پسته (PBE) بر مصرف نیتروژن و راندمان سنتز نیتروژن میکروبی در بزهای شیری سانن بود. در این مطالعه از 6 رأس بز شیری چند شکم زایش در اواسط شیردهی در قالب یک طرح چرخشی با 3 دوره استفاده شد. محلول Moreهدف از این مطالعه ارزیابی اثرات اسید تانیک (TA) و عصاره حاوی تانن محصولات فرعی پسته (PBE) بر مصرف نیتروژن و راندمان سنتز نیتروژن میکروبی در بزهای شیری سانن بود. در این مطالعه از 6 رأس بز شیری چند شکم زایش در اواسط شیردهی در قالب یک طرح چرخشی با 3 دوره استفاده شد. محلول TA و PBE در زمان سیلو کردن به یونجه تازه اضافه شد تا غلظت نهایی تانن حدود 1 درصد ماده خشک شود. تیمارها عبارت بودند از: 1) سیلاژ یونجه بدون عملآوری (AS)، 2) سیلاژ یونجه عملآوری شده با TA (AS+TA)، و 3) سیلاژ یونجه عملآوری شده با PBE (AS+PBE). مصرف ماده خشک، ماده آلی و نیتروژن و همچنین تولید و ترکیبات شیر (به صورت درصد یا گرم در روز) تحت تأثیر اضافه کردن تانن قرار نگرفت. تغییر الگوی قابل ملاحظهای در دفع نیتروژن از ادرار به مدفوع در بزهای تغذیه شده با جیره حاوی PBE در مقایسه با گروه شاهد مشاهده شد. دفع نیتروژن از ادرار دارای روند (10/0=P) رو به کاهش (4/17 در مقابل 2/19 گرم در روز) و دفع نیتروژن از مدفوع در بزهای تغذیه شده با AS + PBE نسبت به سیلاژ شاهد بیشتر (05/0P<) بود (6/14 در مقابل 6/12 گرم در روز). نیتروژن ابقا شده چه به صورت درصدی از نیتروژن مصرفی و چه به صورت گرم در روز، در بزهای تغذیه شده با AS + PBE نسبت به سیلاژ شاهد بیشتر بود (05/0P<). سنتز نیتروژن میکروبی تحت تأثیر اضاف کردن تانن قرار نگرفت. ولی، راندمان سنتز نیتروژن میکروبی در بزهای تغذیه شده با تانن نسبت به آنهایی که با سیلاژ شاهد تغذیه شده بودند دارای روند رو به کاهش بود (10/0=P). اگرچه، تاننهای اضافه شده به سیلاژ یونجه ممکن است اثرات مفیدی بر مصرف نیتروژن و همچنین نیتروژن دفع شده به محیط زیست داشته باشند، ولی ممکن است با تخمیر شکمبهای تداخل ایجاد کرده و منجر به کاهش راندمان سنتز نیتروژن میکروبی در بزها مخصوصاً آنهایی که با PBE تغذیه شدند، شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - The Influences of Adding Polyethylene Glycol and Activated Sodium Bentonite on the Performance, Blood Parameters, and Muscle Mineral Content of Saanen Goats Fed Pistachio Byproducts
M. Kordi A.A. Naserian F. Samadian -
Open Access Article
51 - بخش بندی پروتئین خام و تولید گاز در سیلاژهای یونجه عملآوری شده با عصاره محصولات فرعی پسته در شرایط آزمایشگاه
ا. مختارپور ع.ع. ناصریان ر. ولیزاده م. دانش مسگران ف. پورملاییبه منظور بررسی بخش­های مختلف پروتئین خام و تولید گاز در شرایط آزمایشگاه در سیلاژهای یونجه عملآوری شده با سطوح مختلف عصاره محصولات فرعی پسته و ارزیابی ارزش زیستی تانن­های آن، دو آزمایش انجام شد. محصولات فرعی پسته با نسبت 1:5 (وزن به حجم) به مدت 12 ساعت در آب خیس Moreبه منظور بررسی بخش­های مختلف پروتئین خام و تولید گاز در شرایط آزمایشگاه در سیلاژهای یونجه عملآوری شده با سطوح مختلف عصاره محصولات فرعی پسته و ارزیابی ارزش زیستی تانن­های آن، دو آزمایش انجام شد. محصولات فرعی پسته با نسبت 1:5 (وزن به حجم) به مدت 12 ساعت در آب خیسانده شدند. پس از صاف کردن و تغلیظ، عصاره خام به علوفه تازه یونجه اضافه شد تا به ترتیب سطوح 1، 2 و 3 درصد ماده خشک یونجه، تانن به دست آید و سپس به مدت 60 روز سیلو شدند. چهار تیمار به این ترتیب بود؛ سیلاژ یونجه بدون عملآوری با عصاره محصولات فرعی پسته، به عنوان شاهد (T0)، اضافه کردن تانن محصولات فرعی پسته در سطح 1 درصد (T1)، 2 درصد (T2) و 3 درصد ماد خشک (T3). عملآوری سیلاژ یونجه، میزان ترکیبات نیتروژنه غیر پروتئینی را کاهش و بخش B2 را در طی سیلو شدن، افزایش داد. تولید گاز تجمعی پس از 96 ساعت انکوباسیون، قابلیت هضم ماده آلی (OMD) و انرژی قابل متابولیسم (ME) در تیمار T2 و T3 در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد کاهش پیدا کرد. میزان تولید گاز و اسیدهای چرب کوتاه زنجیر (SCFA) در سیلاژهای عملآوری شده در حضور پلی اتیلن گلیکول (PEG) افزایش یافت که نشان می­دهد وجود ترکیبات فنولی و تانن­ها باعث کاهش تولید گاز شد. می­توان نتیجه گرفت که عملآوری سیلاژ یونجه با عصاره محصولات فرعی پسته از طریق ممانعت میکروبی، می­تواند منجر به کاهش هدرروی نیتروژن در طی سیلو شدن و کاهش تجزیه پذیری ماده آلی شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - اثر عملآوری مکملهای پروتئینی با تانن استخراج شده از پوسته پسته بر عملکرد گاوهای شیرده هلشتاین در ابتدای شیردهی
م. شریفی ع.ع. ناصرانی ع.م. طهماسبی ر. ولیزادهاین آزمایش به منظور ارزیابی اثر عمل­آوری مکمل­های پروتئینی با تانن پوسته پسته بر قابلیت هضم، تخمیر شکمبهایی و عملکرد گاوهای شیری طراحی شد. مقدار یک واحد از محصولات فرعی پوسته پسته داخل چهار واحد آب به مدت 48 ساعت خیسانده شد. پس از 48 ساعت محصولات فرعی پوسته پست Moreاین آزمایش به منظور ارزیابی اثر عمل­آوری مکمل­های پروتئینی با تانن پوسته پسته بر قابلیت هضم، تخمیر شکمبهایی و عملکرد گاوهای شیری طراحی شد. مقدار یک واحد از محصولات فرعی پوسته پسته داخل چهار واحد آب به مدت 48 ساعت خیسانده شد. پس از 48 ساعت محصولات فرعی پوسته پسته از آب خارج گردید و عصاره حاصل به نسبت مساوی 1:1 بر روی مکملهای پروتیئنی (کانولا و سویا) افشانده گردید و در سایه خشک شد. هشت رأس گاو شیری هلشتاین شکم اول با میانگین روزهای شیردهی27 ± 49 و تولید شیر 4 ± 38 کیلوگرم در روز در قالب یک طرح مربع لاتین 4 × 4 تکرار شده استفاده شد. طول دوره آزمایش شامل چهار دوره 21 روزه شامل 14 روز عادت پذیری و هفت روز جمعآوری نمونه در هر دوره بود. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 1) جیره بر پایه کنجاله سویا 2) جیره بر پایه کنجاله سویا عمل­آوری شده با تانن 3) جیره بر پایه کنجاله کانولا 4) جیره بر پایه کنجاله کانولا عمل­آوری شده با تانن بودند. افشاندن تانن بر روی منبع پروتئینی سویا سبب افزایش میزان تانن آن به میزان 370 و 246 درصد به ترتیب در کنجاله سویا و کانولا گردید. تیمارهای آزمایشی تأثیری بر میانگین مصرف ماده خشک، قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی در کل لوله گوارشی نداشتند. عمل­آوری منابع پروتئینی با تانن اگر چه تأثیرمعنی داری بر تولید و ترکیب شیر نداشت اما گاوهای تغذیه شده با تاننها شیر و پروتئین بیشتری تولید کردند. تاننها نیتروژن آمونیاکی را تنها در تیمار کانولا کاهش دادند، تیمار سویا دارای بیشترین و تیمار کانولا عملآوری شده با تانن دارای کمترین میزان ازت آمونیاکی بود. عملآوری مکملهای پروتئینی با تانن باعت کاهش pH شکمبه گردید، تیمار سویا دارای بیشترین و تیمار کانولا عملآوری شده با تانن دارای کمترین میزان pH بود. اگرچه نیتروژن اوره خون تحت تأثیر تیمارها قرار نگرفت، عملآوری جیرهها با تانن سبب کاهش خطی آن گردید. سایر متابولیتهای خونی تحت تأثیر تیمارها قرار نگرفتند. نتایج حاصل از این آزمایش نشان داد که تحت شرایط آزمایش حاضر، عمل­آوری مکملهای پروتئینی با تانن هیچ گونه اثر منفی بر حیوانات ندارد، آزمایشهای بیشتر باید در این راستا و در جیرههای حاوی سطوح بالاتری از تانن انجام گردد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - An Investigation on the Effect of Adding Different Levels of Molasses on the Silage Quality of Pistachio (Pistachio vera) by Product and Wheat Straw Mixture Silages
ن. دنک اس.اس. آیدین ب. دوگان داس ام. آوسی ام. ساورانلو -
Open Access Article
54 - ترکیب شیمیای، قابلیت هضم و تجزیهپذیری پوست رویی پسته عملآوری شده با قارچ نوروسپورا سیتوفیلا
م. وهاب زاده O. دیانی J. نصرارزش غذایی پوست رویی پسته عمل­آوری شده و نشده با قارچ نوروسپورا سیتوفیلا بررسی شد. ترکیب شیمیایی نمونه­ها به روش آزمایشگاهی تعیین شد. ضرایب قابلیت هضم ماده خشک، ماده آلی و ماده آلی قابل هضم در ماده خشک به منظور تعیین انرژی متابولیسمی پوست رویی پسته به روش in vit Moreارزش غذایی پوست رویی پسته عمل­آوری شده و نشده با قارچ نوروسپورا سیتوفیلا بررسی شد. ترکیب شیمیایی نمونه­ها به روش آزمایشگاهی تعیین شد. ضرایب قابلیت هضم ماده خشک، ماده آلی و ماده آلی قابل هضم در ماده خشک به منظور تعیین انرژی متابولیسمی پوست رویی پسته به روش in vitro تعیین گردید. به­علاوه، تجزیه­پذیری ماده خشک، ماده آلی و پروتیین خام نمونه­ها در زمان­های 0، 3، 6، 12، 24، 48 و 72 ساعت با استفاده از روش in situ تخمین زده شد و کنیتیک آنها با استفاده از معادله p= a + b (1-e-c(t-tl)) توصیف شد. شاخص ارزش غذایی (NIV) نمونه­ها با استفاده از معادله NIV= a + 0.4b + 200c محاسبه شد. داده­های جمع­آوری شده در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی آنالیز آماری شدند. با عمل­آوری، میانگین ترکیبات کل تانن و فنل، درصد ماده خشک و ضریب هضمی ماده خشک پوست رویی پسته کاهش یافت (05/0>P)، اما درصد پروتیین خام، الیاف نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی، لیگنین، تجزیه­پذیری مؤثر ماده خشک، ماده آلی و پروتیین خام، و شاخص ارزش غذایی ماده خشک، ماده آلی و پروتیین خام افزایش یافت (05/0>P). نتایج نشان داد که عمل­آوری پوست رویی پسته با قارچ نوروسپورا سیتوفیلا ترکیبات تاننی و فنلی را کاهش، و درصد پروتیین خام و تجزیه­پذیری مؤثر را افزایش داد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - تأثیر جایگزینی علوفه یونجه و کاه گندم با سیلاژ محصولات فرعی پسته با خرمای ضایعاتی بر عملکرد و فراسنجههای خون در برههای پرواری
ب. سلطانی نژاد O. دیانی ر. طهماسبی ا. خضریدر این آزمایش اثرات تغذیه سیلاژ محصولات فرعی پسته با خرمای ضایعاتی بر مصرف ماده خشک، افزایش وزن زنده و پارامترهای خون بره­های پرواری مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. سیلو کردن محصولات فرعی پسته با خرما سبب افزایش ماده خشک و انرژی متابولیسمی شد، اما درصد پروتیین خام، کل تانن و Moreدر این آزمایش اثرات تغذیه سیلاژ محصولات فرعی پسته با خرمای ضایعاتی بر مصرف ماده خشک، افزایش وزن زنده و پارامترهای خون بره­های پرواری مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. سیلو کردن محصولات فرعی پسته با خرما سبب افزایش ماده خشک و انرژی متابولیسمی شد، اما درصد پروتیین خام، کل تانن و ترکیبات فنلی را کاهش داد (05/0P<). جیره­های غذایی عبارت بودند از: 1) شاهد (بدون سیلاژ)، 2) جیره دارای 7 درصد سیلاژ، 3) جیره دارای 14 درصد سیلاژ و 4) جیره دارای 21 درصد سیلاژ (بر اساس ماده خشک). چهل رأس بره نر در چهار گروه به صورت طرح کاملاً تصادفی تقسیم شدند. تمام گروه­ها پیش از شروع دوره 90 روزه پرواربندی، برای مدت 21 روز با جیره شاهد تغذیه شدند. پس از آن یک گروه جیره شاهد را دریافت کردند در حالیکه بقیه گروه­ها با جیره­های دارای سیلاژ تغذیه شدند. در پایان آزمایش، همه حیوانات در یک روز کشتار شدند. بره­های تغذیه شده با جیره­های دارای 14 و 21 درصد سیلاژ در مقایسه با گروه شاهد ماده خشک بیشتری مصرف کردند (05/0P<). تغذیه 21 درصد سیلاژ وزن نهایی، افزایش وزن روزانه، افزایش وزن زنده، وزن لاشه گرم و سرد و گوشت بدون چربی را افزایش داد (05/0P<). بره­های تغذیه شده با 14 و 21 درصد سیلاژ نسبت به بره­های تغذیه شده با جیره شاهد تری­گلیسرید خون کمتری داشتند (05/0P<). تغذیه 21 درصد سیلاژ غلظت پروتیین تام و آلبومین خون بره­ها را در مقایسه با گروه شاهد افزایش داد (05/0P<). غلظت آنزیم­های کبدی آسپارتات آمینوترانسفراز و آلانین آمینوترانسفراز در خون تحت تأثیر تغذیه با سیلاژ قرار نگرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که تغذیه 21 درصد سیلاژ محصولات فرعی پسته با خرمای ضایعاتی به بره­های پرواری، عملکرد را افزایش می­دهد و اثرات سویی بر عملکرد کبد ندارد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - اثر تانن استخراجی از محصول فرعی پوسته پسته بر میزان تولید گاز و فراسنجههای برآورد شده
ام. شریفی آ.آ. ناصریان اچ. خراسانیاین مطالعه بهمنظور بررسی اثرات عملآوری مکملهای پروتئینی با عصاره تانن استخراجی از محصول فرعی پسته بر میزان تولید گاز و فراسنجههای برآوردی انجام گرفت. یک نسبت از پوسته پسته با چهار نسبت از آب به مدت 48 ساعت مخلوط گردید. عصاره بهدستآمده بر روی کنجاله سویا و کنجاله ک Moreاین مطالعه بهمنظور بررسی اثرات عملآوری مکملهای پروتئینی با عصاره تانن استخراجی از محصول فرعی پسته بر میزان تولید گاز و فراسنجههای برآوردی انجام گرفت. یک نسبت از پوسته پسته با چهار نسبت از آب به مدت 48 ساعت مخلوط گردید. عصاره بهدستآمده بر روی کنجاله سویا و کنجاله کانولا با نسبت یک به یک افشانه گردید (v/w 1:1)، سپس در سایه خشک گردید. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 1) جیره بر پایه کنجاله سویا، 2) جیره بر پایه کنجاله سویا عملآوریشده با تانن، 3) جیره بر پایه کنجاله کانولا و 4) جیره بر پایه کنجاله کانولا عملآوری شده با تانن بودند. کنیتیک تولید گاز با استفاده از مدل نمایی برازش داده شد. پس از 48 ساعت انکوباسیون، مقداری از مایع هر سرنگ برای تعیین غلظت ازت آمونیاکی با استفاده از روش تقطیر مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. نتایج بهدستآمده از این مطالعه نشان داد که افشاندن عصاره تانن بر روی منبع پروتئینی سبب افزایش تانن بهترتیب بهمیزان 4/4 و 13/3 در کنجاله کانولا و کنجاله سویا میشود. اگرچه میزان تولید گاز، بخش b و بخش c با عملآوری مکملآوری پروتئینی نسبت به مکمل پروتئینی عملآوری نشده کاهش یافت، اما این کاهش معنیدار نبود. اثر عصاره تانن بر روی میزان ازت آمونیاکی معنیدار بود (05/0P<). میزان ازت آمونیاکی برای مکمل سویا که دارای کمترین میزان تانن بود بیشترین و و برای کنجاله عملآوری شده با تانن که دارای بیشترین میزان تانن بود کمترین بود. قابلیت هضم ماده آلی، انرژی قابل متابولیسم و اسیدهای چرب کوتاه زنجیر با عصاره تانن به طور معنیداری کاهش یافت. کنجاله سویا عملآوری نشده دارای بیشترین و کنجاله کانولا عملآوری شده دارای کمترین میزان قابلیت هضم ماده آلی، انرژی قابل متابولیسم و اسیدهای چرب کوتاه زنجیر بود. بنابراین عملآوری مکملهای پروتئینی با عصاره تانن میزان تولید گاز و فراسنجههای برآورد شده را کاهش میدهد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Future Prospects of Iran, U.S and Turkey's Pistachio Exports
Mohammad Reza Pakravan Mohammad Kavoosi KalashamiIn this study, the situation of Iran, U.S and Turkey's Pistachio export is investigated. to this purpose, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) Index is calculated based on Agricultural and total economy export, separately, then forecasted by using Auto- Regressive Integ MoreIn this study, the situation of Iran, U.S and Turkey's Pistachio export is investigated. to this purpose, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) Index is calculated based on Agricultural and total economy export, separately, then forecasted by using Auto- Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) approached, for 2008-2013. The results show that considering both commodity baskets, Turkey and Iran had comparative advantage in Pistachio export in 1982-2007, but U.S did not. Also, forecasting RCA index, based on both commodity baskets, show the improvement of U.S Pistachio export situation, unlike the values of RCA index forecasting for Iran and Turkey is falling. Therefore, it is recommended that Iran and Turkey attempt to identify new consumer markets in order to retain their market shares in pistachio export. Following the U.S imposed policies during last six years which improved its pistachio export, Iran and Turkey can increase their market shares. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Economic Pricing of Water in Pistachio Production of Sirjan
Nasrin Ohadi Jaleh Kurki NejadGiven the strategic remarkable rank of pistachio in non-oil exports, inputs’ management in its production is so important. As the scarcest input in agricultural sector, water is considered to be among the most important inputs of pistachio production.Water inadequ MoreGiven the strategic remarkable rank of pistachio in non-oil exports, inputs’ management in its production is so important. As the scarcest input in agricultural sector, water is considered to be among the most important inputs of pistachio production.Water inadequate supply and limate conditions increase water demand in pistachio growing areas. It is necessary to determine the real value or price of water for establishing a balance between its demand and supply. Therefore, this study has aimed at estimation of water economic value. The method used in this research is the production function approach. Requested data sets were obtained from the questionnaires was filled out for crop years of 2013-2014. The results show that the average economic value of irrigation water is 50360 RLS but the average price paid by farmers is 1771 RLS per cubic meter of water. Thus, there is a wide gap between water value and the price paid by farmers with which appropriate pricing of water based on its economic value can be eliminated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Investigation of the Potential Market and Estimation of WTP for Insurance of Pistachio Tree Trunk (Case Study Rafsanjan-Iran)
Mostafa Baniasadi Saeed Yazdani Habib Allah SalamiCapacity of garden productions in Iran is such that is accounted as a country that produces thirteen garden products in the world but despite excellent condition in Iran for producing garden products, natural disasters damage production of fruits in the country therefor MoreCapacity of garden productions in Iran is such that is accounted as a country that produces thirteen garden products in the world but despite excellent condition in Iran for producing garden products, natural disasters damage production of fruits in the country therefore farmers incur a loss. Pistachio tree has been in danger of destruction and dryness. Thus, in order to reduce loss incurred on trees, it is necessary to insure the tree. This study is aimed to investigate factors affecting willingness towards insurance of pistachio tree and to estimate willingness to pay premium for pistachio tree in Rafsanjan located in Kerman province. For this purpose, methods of contingent valuation and double bounded dichotomous have been used. Research data were obtained by field method and interview with 184 pistachio gardeners in 2012. Results suggest that willingness to pay premium of pistachio tree in central part, Anar and Kashkuieh has been estimated by 1953, 3255.8 and 1183.3 IRR per tree respectively. Considering results and high risk destruction of pistachio trees, it is suggested that premium of pistachio tree is offered to reduce risk and loss of pistachio gardeners. In order to determine premium in Rafsanjan, WTP calculated in this study can be used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - عوامل مؤثر بر بیثباتی درآمدهای صادراتی پسته و تأثیر آن بر صادرات کشاورزی
محمدرضا زارع مهرجردی آسیه عزیزی زهرا کرونیصادرات بخش کشاورزی سهم قابل توجهی از صادرات غیرنفتی را به خود اختصاص داده و از جایگاه ارزآوری مهمی برخوردار است. در بین محصولات کشاورزی، پسته از محصولات عمدهی صادراتی میباشد که سهم چشمگیری از تولید، سطح زیرکشت، مقدار و ارزش صادرات را به خود اختصاص داده است. در این مط Moreصادرات بخش کشاورزی سهم قابل توجهی از صادرات غیرنفتی را به خود اختصاص داده و از جایگاه ارزآوری مهمی برخوردار است. در بین محصولات کشاورزی، پسته از محصولات عمدهی صادراتی میباشد که سهم چشمگیری از تولید، سطح زیرکشت، مقدار و ارزش صادرات را به خود اختصاص داده است. در این مطالعه ابتدا، با استفاده از شاخص "میانگین قدرمطلق تفاوت بین درآمدهای صادراتی از روند آن" بیثباتی درآمدهای صادراتی در کل دوره زمانی 1389- 1352 محاسبه شد. از این جهت، شاخص بیثباتی درآمدهای صادراتی پسته طی چهار دورهی تقسیم شده، نشان میدهد که دوره جنگ، از بیثباتی بیشتری برخوردار بوده ولی در کل دوره مطالعاتی، بی­ثباتی اندک بوده است. در گام دوم، به بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر بیثباتی درآمدهای صادراتی پسته و تأثیر آن بر صادرات کشاورزی، طی دورهی زمانی مورد مطالعه پرداخته شده است. بدین منظور، از شاخص بیثباتی لاو (1985) و الگوی تصحیح خطای برداری (VECM) استفاده گردیده است. نتایج حاصل از برآورد مدل بیثباتی درآمدهای صادراتی پسته نشان میدهد که شاخص تمرکز رابطه عکس و شاخص بیثباتی تولید و شکاف نرخ ارز رابطه مستقیم با بیثباتی درآمدهای صادراتی پسته دارد. همچنین نتایج حاصل از برآورد تابع صادرات کشاورزی حاکی از آن است که بیثباتی درآمد صادراتی پسته تأثیر منفی و معنیدار بر صادرات بخش کشاورزی داشته است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - The effects of irrigation periods and soil texture on fruits number, vascular transport defect of ovule (seed) and fruits blankness in two pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivars
farkhondeh rezanejad Najmeh Hosseini Elaheh ZamaniBahramabadiThe vascular system allows plants to rapidly transport water and nutrients over long distances between roots and other plant parts. It also provides mechanical support for the plant body. In this study, the effect of soil texture (light and heavy) and irrigation periods MoreThe vascular system allows plants to rapidly transport water and nutrients over long distances between roots and other plant parts. It also provides mechanical support for the plant body. In this study, the effect of soil texture (light and heavy) and irrigation periods (24 and 48 days) were assayed on vascular transport defect of ovules and fruits blankness in two pistachio cultivars (Kalehghoochi and Ahmadaghae). Eight weeks after flowering, some branches were kept in disodium fluorescein solution. Then, the small fruits were sectioned by hand and studied with fluorescence microscopy for vascular defect. The rate of fruit blankness was determined at harvest time too. Overall levels of developed ovules (fruits) in each inflorescence as well as fruit blankness were studied. The fruits numbers were higher in shorter irrigation period (24 days) and heavy soil compared with longer irrigation period (48 days) and light soil. Also, the rate of vascular transport defect in ovules as well as fruit blankness were higher too. These results can be attributed to the higher number of fruits produced in high water availability and heavy soil, as optimal condition, and in results, their stronger competition for fruit filling. It was also shown that in comparison with Ahmadaghaee cultivar, the Kaleghoochi cultivar mostly through the vascular transport blocking in developing ovules (seeds) is resulted in blankness of fruits. Vascular transport defects can occur transiently and be repaired by the plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Detection of pistachio oil adulteration using spectrophotometry and continuous wavelet transform method
Rohollah Dastaran Ali Sheibani M. Reza ShishehboreIn this paper, the detection of pistachio oil adulteration with cheaper oils including sunflower, soybean, corn, castor and hazelnut has been investigated and determined. Firstly, different continuous wavelet transforms have been studied and tested that morl, fk18 and s MoreIn this paper, the detection of pistachio oil adulteration with cheaper oils including sunflower, soybean, corn, castor and hazelnut has been investigated and determined. Firstly, different continuous wavelet transforms have been studied and tested that morl, fk18 and sym7 techniques were found to be suitable for the processing of absorption spectra. The calibration curves of cheaper oils were plotted by determining the intensity of wavelet signals in zero crossing points. These curves were linear in 10-50% (wcheaper oil/wpistachio oil) levels with pistachio oil and also the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.994. Recovery and relative standard deviation results, as accuracy and precision parameters; were in the range of 98.4 to 102.3% and 0.9 to 3.8%, respectively. The quantification limit of pistachio oil adulteration was 5.0% (w/w) for the studied cheaper oils. Other advantages of the proposed method were simple, fast, low cost and also without the need to separation step. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - An analysis of factors affecting the pistachios export in Iran
M. Al Jofreh Faraj Elahi GolnazIn recent years in Iran, the emphases on oil exports have caused low level exports of agriculture and industrial goods and services. The existing pistachio exports quantity is lower than its potential capacity. To increase pistachio exports we belive two factors categor MoreIn recent years in Iran, the emphases on oil exports have caused low level exports of agriculture and industrial goods and services. The existing pistachio exports quantity is lower than its potential capacity. To increase pistachio exports we belive two factors category are very important. The first variables are such as real exchange rate, per-capita income of import countries and level of pistachio production.we estimated these factors based on an econometric model and statistica data. The second variables are government regulation, marketing, advertising cost, product quality, coustoms protections, laws, instability and macroeconomic conditions that we examined based on survey. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - The Effect of Low Temperatures on Domestic and Wild Pistachio Rootstocks and Interspecific Hybrids Based on Physio-biochemical Indices
Maryam Afrousheh Amir Mohammadi Hojat Hasheminasab Ali Taj Abadi Pour Hasan Arab Alireaz Dabestani -
Open Access Article
65 - Effect of Irrigation Systems on the Contamination of Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin Production in Shahpasand Pistachio Cultivar
Mahdi Mohammadi Moghadam Ali Reza Tavakkoli Amir Hossein Mohammadi Mohammad Moradi Hossein Hokmabadi -
Open Access Article
66 - Evaluating Foliar Application of Calcium Nitrate, Calcium Chloride and Boric Acid on Physiological Disorders of ‘Kaleh - Ghoochi’ Pistachio
Ebrahim Pourahmadi Abdorahman Mohamadkhani Parto Roshandel Somayeh Momenyan -
Open Access Article
67 - The Impacts of Medium and Benzyladenine on Micropropagation and Micrografting of the Main Commercial Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Cultivars
Mohammad Tabeei Gholam Reza Sharifi-Sirchi Ebrahim Ganji Moghaddam Esmaeil Fallahi -
Open Access Article
68 - Pomological Attributes and Chemical Composition of Cultivars and Wild Genotypes of Pistachios (Pistacia vera L.) in Iran
Mohammad Aref Pourian Davood Bakhshi Hossein Hokmabadi Ali Aalami -
Open Access Article
69 - Effect of Infrared Roasting Process on the Microorganism Contaminations of Long and Round Iranian Pistachio Kernels
Afsaneh Morshedi Seyed Mohammad Ali Razavi -
Open Access Article
70 - Investigating Factors Affecting Pistachio Exports in Iran during 2001-2019
Narges Tavakoli Dastjerdi Reza Sedaghat Hamid Mohammadi -
Open Access Article
71 - The Effect of Humic Acid on the Growth and Physiological Indices of Pistachio Seedling (Pistacia vera) under Drought Stress
Maryam Afrousheh Amanollah Javanshah -
Open Access Article
72 - A Survey on Contamination of Iranian Pistachio Cultivars to Aspergillus Section Flavi and Aflatoxin
Mahdi Mohammadi Moghadam Saeed Rezaee Amir Hossein Mohammadi Hamid Reza Zamanizadeh Mohammad Moradi -
Open Access Article
73 - Aflatoxin Contamination of Pistachio and Aflatoxicose: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of People in Damghan City, Iran
Kourosh Holakouie Naieni Bahram Ghods Raheb Ghorbani Bahador Bagheri Anna Abdolshahi -
Open Access Article
74 - Application of Bio-Nanocomposite Films Based on Nano-TiO2 and Cinnamon Essential Oil to Improve the Physiochemical, Sensory, and Microbial Properties of Fresh Pistachio
Arezoo Esfahani Mohammad Reza Ehsani Maryam Mizani Abdorreza Mohammadi Nafchi -
Open Access Article
75 - Determination of Cold Hardiness of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Cultivars Flower Buds during Rest Season
Zahra Pakkish Hadi Asghari -
Open Access Article
76 - Introducing Tolerant Pistachio Female and Male Genotypes to Salinity Stress
Hamid Alipour Hojjat Hasheminasab Seyed Javad Hosseinifard -
Open Access Article
77 - Optimizing the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Pistachio Hulls
Najmeh Pakdaman Rosa Dargahi Marieh Nadi Amanollah Javanshah Ahmad Shakerardekani Najmeh Saberi -
Open Access Article
78 - Benefiting from Knowledge Management in Agricultural Development of Iran: A Case Study of Pistachio
Eldar Mohammadzadeh Seddigh Zahra Abazari Najla Hariri -
Open Access Article
79 - The Effects of Poultry Manures on Aspergillus Section Flavi Density, Aflatoxin Production, Plant Nutrients, and Characteristics of Pistachio Fruit
Hamid Alipour Mohammad Moradi Hamideh Salmani-Nejad -
Open Access Article
80 - The Effect of Yield Fluctuations and Production Risk on Pistachio Commercial Cultivars in Kerman Province
Hasan Arab Maryam Afrousheh Mohammad Abdollahi Ezatabadi Ali Tajabadipour -
Open Access Article
81 - Application of Novel Nano-biopackaging Based on Cassava Starch/Bovine Gelatin / Titanium oxide nanoparticle/Fennel Essential Oil to Improve Quality of the Raw Fresh Pistachio
Nastaran Chavoshi Mohammad Mehdi Marvizadeh Neda Fallah Negin Rezaei-savadkouhi Abdorreza Mohammadi Nafchi -
Open Access Article
82 - Development of Iranian Pistachio Knowledge Management Model Based on Knowledge Management for Development (KM4D) Model
Eldar Mohammadzadeh Seddigh Zahra Abazari Najla Hariri -
Open Access Article
83 - Risk Assessment of Contamination of Soil, Water and Plants to Arsenic in Pistachio Orchards of Kerman Province, Iran
Simin Yazdanpanah-ravari Hossein Heidari Sharifabad Hossein Abbaspour Alireza Iranbakhsh -
Open Access Article
84 - A Review of Pistachio Kernel Composition during Fruit Ripening
Ahmad Shakerardekani Fereshteh Fathi Hamid Alipour -
Open Access Article
85 - Investigation on the Efficacy of some Fungicides in Controlling Alternaria Late Blight of Pistachio
Hossein Khabbaz-Jolfaee Mehdi Mohammadi-Moghadam Gholamreza Baradaran Mojtaba Ghalandar -
Open Access Article
86 - Determination of Peeling Efficiency, Free Fatty Acid, Peroxide Value and Sensory Evaluation of Peeled Pistachio Kernel using Hot Water
Ahmad shakerardekani Abdolhossein Mohamadi -
Open Access Article
87 - Investigating the Effects of Storage Time on Fats, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Taste, Color, and Texture Attributes of Roasted Pistachios by Two Fixed and Rotary Methods
Ahmad shakerardekani Mahin Rahdari -
Open Access Article
88 - Changes in Drought Tolerance Mechanism at Different Times of Stress and Re-hydration in Hybrid Pistachio Rootstock
Seyed Reza Nezami Abbas Yadollahi Hossein Hokmabadi Ali Tajabadipour -
Open Access Article
89 - Evaluation of Application of the Asparagine and Glutamine Amino Acids on Improving the Biochemical Properties and Yield under Drought Sterss Conditions on Pistachio cv. Shahpsand
Mohammad ali Khajezade Bahareh Kashefi Hossein Afshari (new) Zarrin Taj Alipour -
Open Access Article
90 - Effects of Active Packaging Based on Potato Starch/Nano Zinc Oxide/Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) Essential Oil on Fresh Pistachio during Cold Storage
Hamid Babapour Hossein Jalali Abdorreza Mohammadi Nafchi Maryam Jokar -
Open Access Article
91 - Evaluation of the Tolerance of Four Pistachio Rootstocks to Salinity Stress Based on Morphological, Physiological and Biochemical Parameters
Samanah Hakimnejad Hamid reza Karimi Seyyed Rasoul Sahhafi Majid Esmaeilizadeh(new) -
Open Access Article
92 - Flavonoid and Anthocyanin Pigments Characterization of Pistachio Nut (Pistacia vera) as a Function of Cultivar
Ali Nobari Mohammad Mehdi Marvizadeh Tahereh Sadeghi Negin Rezaei-savadkouhi Abdorreza Mohammadi Nafchi -
Open Access Article
93 - The Effects of Moisture Content, Temperature, and Compaction Pressure on the Compressibility of Animal Feed Pellets Produced From Green Pistachio Shell Residues
Kazem Laei Hossein Haji Agha Alizadeh Mohammad Hossein Kianmehr -
Open Access Article
94 - Investigation of the Temporal Management of Pistachio Pests Control in Iran
Mohammad Abdollahi Ezatabadi Mahdi Basirat Reza Sedaghat -
Open Access Article
95 - The Effect of Spirulina Algae Enrichment on the Quality of Pistachio Butter
Ahmad Shakerardekani Farzaneh Etemadi -
Open Access Article
96 - Examination of the Effect of Methylcellulose on the Reduction of Aflatoxin Production during Pistachio Storage
Zeinab Moslehi maryam Araghi Marzie Moslehi -
Open Access Article
97 - Comparing Aerodynamic Terminal Velocity of Open and Closed Mouth Pistachio Nuts Using Wind Column
Kobra Heidarbeigi Sadegh SamadiDetermining the terminal velocity as one of the important aerodynamic properties of particles and grains is essential for pneumatic separation, grading, and handling. A wind tunnel system was used in the present research to measure the aerodynamic terminal velocity of p MoreDetermining the terminal velocity as one of the important aerodynamic properties of particles and grains is essential for pneumatic separation, grading, and handling. A wind tunnel system was used in the present research to measure the aerodynamic terminal velocity of pistachio nuts. Some physical properties were measured and calculated. The effects of pistachio mouth status at four levels (closed, open, and semi-open mouth, and shell) were investigated on its terminal velocity. The volume, mass and density of that were 1.33±0.37 cm3, 0.97±0.31 g and 0.72±0.18 g cm3-1, respectively. The average aerodynamic terminal velocity of pistachio was 9.43±1.38 m s-1. The aerodynamic terminal velocity of the pistachio had a direct relationship with the studied physical characteristics, except for density. The terminal velocity of open-mouth pistachio nuts (9.50±0.61 m s-1) was significantly lower than that of closed (10.12±0.51 m s-1) and semi-open mouth (10.16±0.62 m s-1) nuts, with the terminal velocity of the shells (6.51±0.65 m s-1) showing the lowest values. The results revealed that terminal velocity can be considered for pneumatic separation of shells from pistachio nuts as well as the separation of open-mouth nuts from closed-mouth ones. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Application of Microwave-Assisted Method for Lutein Extraction from Pistachio Waste
Rama Ahmadi Masoud Honarvar Mehrdad Ghavami yousef DaaliLutein is a xanthophyll family of carotenoids, found in flowers, vegetables, and fruits either in esterified or non-esterified fatty acid form. It is mainly administered in pharmacological products, dietary additives, the food industry, and animal feeding industries. Th MoreLutein is a xanthophyll family of carotenoids, found in flowers, vegetables, and fruits either in esterified or non-esterified fatty acid form. It is mainly administered in pharmacological products, dietary additives, the food industry, and animal feeding industries. This study was conducted on the ‘Fandoghi’ variety from the Markazi province for pistachio hull lutein extraction and quantification. This study aimed to assess the lutein in pistachio hull and optimize its extraction protocol by new extraction methods with emphasis on microwave-assisted method (MAE). The powder from dried pistachio hulls obtained from fresh raw un-hulled pistachios was applied for further analysis. An experimental design based on the central composite design was applied for the extraction using the MAE method and extraction optimization. The lutein contents were quantitatively analyzed using a validated LC-MS/MS method. According to the free form of lutein, Ethyl acetate was applied as an extraction solvent with the MAE method followed by the setting up of the extraction time, temperature, and solvent/sample ratio as variables. Under optimal experimental conditions corresponding to 5 min extraction time at 40°C, and 30 mg ml-1 of the solvent/sample ratio, the amount of lutein obtained from dried pistachio hull was 3.86 mg 100 g-1. The MAE method is a green, time-saving, and cost-effective method for lutein extraction from pistachio hull that can be suggested for lutein extraction from other plant materials and it can be applied in industrial scale. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - An Investigation of Cold Tolerance on Chemical Properties (Proline, Protein, and Sugar) of the Flower Buds in Four Commercial Cultivars of Damghan Local Pistachio
F. Nobari H. Afshari S. M. Miri H. Hokmabadi -
Open Access Article
100 - Evaluation of Pistachio Contamination to Aspergillus flavus in Semnan Province
H.R. Kabirian H. Afshari M. Mohammadi Moghadam H. Hokmabadi -
Open Access Article
101 - Decomposition of Total Factor Productivity Growth of Pistachio Production in Rafsanjan Region of Iran
Alireza Rashidi Sharifabadi Hossein Mehrabi Boshrabadi -
Open Access Article
102 - The Effect of Different Non-mechanical Treatments on Splitting Pistachio Nuts
S. Shayanfar M. Kashaninejad -
Open Access Article
103 - Response of Badami-Zarand Pistachio Rootstock to Salinity Stress
M. Adish M. Fekri H. Hokmabadi -
Open Access Article
104 - Sensory Acceptability Modeling of Pistachio Green Hull’s Marmalade using Fuzzy Approach
Toktam Mohammadi Moghaddam Fakhreddin Salehi Seyed M.A. Razavi -
Open Access Article
105 - Concentration of Some Major Elements in the Kernel of pistacia atlantica desf., p. Vera Variety “sarakhs”, “badami zarand” and Cultivated Pistachio in Iran
Gh Davarynejad T Nagy Peter E Davarynejad -
Open Access Article
106 - Effect of Salicylic Acid and Irrigation Water Quality on Pistachio in Pumice Substrate
Sh. Ashraf L. Jalali -
Open Access Article
107 - Effect of Physical State of Fatty Acids on the Physical Properties of PGP-Based Emulsified Edible Film
Younes Zahedi Naser Sedaghat Babak Ghanbarzadeh -
Open Access Article
108 - Investigation of Advertisement Strategies Regarded to Iran's Pistachio
T. Sadeghi R. Sedaghat -
Open Access Article
109 - Effect of Kaolin Application on Water Stress in Pistachio cv. „Ohadi‟
A. Azizi H. Hokmabadi S. Piri V. Rabie -
Open Access Article
110 - Effective Factors in Little Leaf Disease on Pistachio Trees
M. Afrousheh F. Aghamir Mohammad Ali -
Open Access Article
111 - Evaluation of Protein, Fat and Fatty Acids Content of the Pistachio (pistacia vera l.) Cultivars of Damghan, Iran
A Abdoshahi S.A Mortazavi A.A Shabani A.H Elhamirad M Taheri -
Open Access Article
112 - Analysis of Soil Populations of Aspergillus flavus Link. from Pistachio Orchards in Iran for Vegetative Compatibility
M. Houshyar Fard H. Rouhani M. Falahati Rastegar E. Mehdikhani Moghaddam S. Malekzadeh Shafaroudi C. Probst -
Open Access Article
113 - Evaluating the Present Situation and Suggesting Appropriate Strategies forImproving the Efficiency of Pistachio Distribution Channels of Kerman Province Using SWOT Model
K. Ehsanpour T. Sadeghi R. Sedaghat -
Open Access Article
114 - Study on Some of Pistachio Cultivars’ Contamination of Khorasan-e-Razavi Province to Aspergillus flavus
L. Jalali H. Afshari M. Mohammadi Moghadam G. H. Laey A. Sadeghi -
Open Access Article
115 - Study of Changes in Soil Moisture and Salinity Under PlasticMulch and Drip Irrigation in Pistachio Trees
N.. Sedaghati A. Alizadeh H. Ansari S. J. Hosseinifard -
Open Access Article
116 - Growth and Chemical Composition of Pistachio Seedling Rootstock in Response to Exogenous Polyamines under Salinity Stress
S. Karimi M. Rahemi -
Open Access Article
117 - Rheological Properties of Chocolate Pistachio
S. Khorasani M. H. Azizi M. Eshaghi -
Open Access Article
118 - Investigation on Effects of Calcium Nitrate, Calcium Sulfate (soil application) and Calcium chelate as Foliar spray on Endocarp Lesion Disorder and Some Qualitative Characteristics of pistachio nut Cv. Akbari
H. Sajadian H. Hokmabadi -
Open Access Article
119 - Distribution of Pistachio Die-Back in Khorasan-Razavi Province and Application of Some Fungicides for the Disease Control
M Ghelichi A Mohammadi M Haghdel A Eskandari -
Open Access Article
120 - Investigating the Effect of Real Effective Exchange Rate on the Iranian Pistachio Export
A. Barghandan K Barghandan S Golestaneh H Mirlashari -
Open Access Article
121 - Recognition and Determination of Contaminated Pistachios to Aflatoxin in Processing Stage
Ali tajabadipour Hossein Afshari Hossein Hokmabadi -
Open Access Article
122 - Investigation of Aflatoxin Contamination in Indehiscence and Mechanical Splitting Pistachios
Farzaneh Ahmadi Ali Tajabadipour -
Open Access Article
123 - Foliar Application of Arginine Improves Vegetative and Reproductive Characteristics of Bearing Pistachio Trees
Ali Tajabadipour Mohammad Reza Fattahi Moghaddam Zabihollah Zamani Fatemeh Nasibi Hossein Hokmabadi -
Open Access Article
124 - Effects of Supplementary Pollination on Qualitative and Quantitative Traits of Pistachio in Qazvin Region
N Ebrahimi S Piri A Imani S Kashanizadeh -
Open Access Article
125 - Combining Application of Factor Analysis and SWOT to Survey Marketing and Advertisement: A Case Study of Pistachio in Kerman Province
T. Sadeghi K. Ehsanpour R. Sedaghat -
Open Access Article
126 - Investigation and Assess Knowledge of Small Pistachio Growers in Kerman Province about Aflatoxin
M. Abdollahi Ezatabadi M. Moazenpour Kermani H. Hokmabadi -
Open Access Article
127 - Side Effects of Spirotetramat and Imidacloprid on Hippodamia variegata Goezee Feeding on Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer
Maryam Zeinadini Najmeh Sahebzadeh Sultan Ravan Mehdi Basirat -
Open Access Article
128 - Viscous Flow Behavior of low-calorie pistacjio butter:A response surface methodoligy
B. Emadzadeh S.M.A Razavi M. Hashemi -
Open Access Article
129 - Optimization of Fat Replacers and Sweetener Levels to Formulate Reduced- Calorie Pistachio Butter: A Response Surface Methodology
B Emadzadeh S. M. A Razavi M Hashemi M Nassiri Mahallati R Farhoosh -
Open Access Article
130 - Modeling the Time-Dependent Rheological Properties of Pistachio Butter
Seyed M. A. Razavi Masoud Taghizadeh A Shaker Ardekani -
Open Access Article
131 - Seasonal Autoregressive Models for Estimating the Probability of Frost in Rafsanjan
A. Hosseini M.S. FallahNezhad Y. ZareMehrjardi R. Hosseini -
Open Access Article
132 - Evaluation on Some Treatments After Spring Frost Damage in Inflorescence Bud Formation in Pistachio Orchard
F. Shahsavari H. Hokmabadi N. Shahsavari M. Mohammadi -
Open Access Article
133 - Comparison of the Suitability of Four Commercial Pistachio Cultivars to the Pistachio Green Stink-bug, Brachynema germari, under the Laboratory Conditions
Amir Yazdanpanah Gadir Nouri-Ganbalani Jabraeil Razmjou Mehdi Basirat Seyed Ali-Asghar Fathi -
Open Access Article
134 - Using an Infrared Gas Analyzer for Evaluation of Photosynthetic Activity in Some Iranian Pistachio Cultivars
H. R. Roosta A.R. Sajjadinia -
Open Access Article
135 - Effect of MAP and Different Atmospheric Conditions on the Sensory Attributes and Shelf life Characteristics of Fresh Pistachio Nuts
Shima Shayanfar Mahdi Kashaninejad Morteza Khomeiri Zahra Emam Djomeh Younes Mostofi -
Open Access Article
136 - The Evaluation of the Effect of Multiwall Carbon Nano Tube (MWCNT) on In Vitro Proliferation and Shoot Tip Necrosis of Pistachio Rootstock UCB-1 (Pistacia integrima × P. atlantica)
Shahrzad Aghasi Kermani Hossein Hokmabadi Marzieh Ghanbari Jahromi -
Open Access Article
137 - Evaluation of Contamination of Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin Production in Pistachio Cultivars and Investigation of a Chemical Controlling Method
L. Jalali G. Avagyan -
Open Access Article
138 - Study of Antagonistic Effects of Trichoderma Species on Growth of Verticillium dahliae, the Causal Agent of VerticilliumWilt of Pistachio under Laboratory Condition
Z. Jamdar A.H. Mohammadi S. Mohammadi -
Open Access Article
139 - Generic Plan of Food Safety Management System Based on ISO 22000:2005 for Aflatoxin Control in Raw Pistachio Processing Units from Raw Material Reception to Packaging
A. Fallah M. Bolandi L. Nouri -
Open Access Article
140 - Density Fluctuations of Two Major Aspergillus Species Airborne Spores in Pistachio Growing Regions of Iran
M. G. Moradi H. Hokmabadi M. Mirabolfathy -
Open Access Article
141 - The Toxicity Investigation of the Botanical Insecticides on the Common Pistachio Psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)
Z. Sheibani M. R. Hassani -
Open Access Article
142 - Investigation of Factors Affecting Pistachio Orchards’ Productivity in Kerman Province
Reza Sedaghat -
Open Access Article
143 - Effect of Milling Process on Colloidal Stability, Color and Rheological Properties of Pistachio Paste
A. Shakerardekani -
Open Access Article
144 - A Change in Leaves Protein Pattern of Some Pistachio Cultivars under Salinity Condition
N Sohrabi A Tajabadipour N Motamed M Seyedi -
Open Access Article
145 - Evaluation of Freezing Damage in some Pistachio Seedling Rootstocks
Maryam Afrousheh Hossein Hokmabadi Hasan Arab Ali Tajabadipour -
Open Access Article
146 - Application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Image Processing for Prediction of the Geometrical Properties of Roasted Pistachio Nuts and Kernels
Toktam Mohammadi Moghaddamm Seyed Mohammad Ali Razavi -
Open Access Article
147 - The Effects of Spermine and Salicylic Acid on Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Cultivars (Badami and Qazvini) under Copper Stress
M.R. salarizadeh S. Saeidisar H. Abbaspour H. Hokmabadi -
Open Access Article
148 - Investigating Different Methods of Closed Shell Pistachios Splitting and Effects of Freezing Prior to Drying on Shell Splitting Percentage
Mehdi Nazari Davoud Ghanbarian Ahmad Shakerardekani Ali Maleki -
Open Access Article
149 - The Evaluation of Three Commercial Pistachio Cultivars on UCB1-hybride Rootstock under Field Conditions
M. Ahmadi Kouhbanani A. Taj Abadi Pour D. Abadikhah -
Open Access Article
150 - The Evaluation of Inter-Specific Hybrid of P. atlantica × P. vera cv. ‘Badami Zarand’ as a Pistachio Rootstock to Salinity Stress
H. R. Karimi A. Maleki Kuhbanani -
Open Access Article
151 - Effects of Humic Acid on Root and Shoot Growth and Leaf Nutrient Contents in Seedlings of Pistacia vera cv. Badami-Riz-Zarand
H. Sajadian H. Hokmabadi -
Open Access Article
152 - The Effects of Humic Acid and Calcium on Morpho-Physiological Traits and Mineral Nutrient Uptake of Pistachio Seedling under Salinity Stress
A. Javanshah S. Aminian Nasab -
Open Access Article
153 - Evaluation the Effects of Foliar Treatments of Polyamines and Some Organic Acids on Quantitative and Qualitative Traits in Some Pistachio Cultivars
F. Kamiab M. Heidari Salehabad E. Zamanibahramabadi -
Open Access Article
154 - Effects of Location in the Tree Canopy on Some Quality Characteristics of Fresh Pistachio Fruit
Behzad Saffari HamidReza Akhavan -
Open Access Article
155 - Inhibition of Trichoderma Species from Growth and Zoospore Production of Phytophthora Drechsleri and Their Effects on Hydrolytic Enzymes
S. Jamali N. Panjehkeh A.H. Mohammadi -
Open Access Article
156 - Effect of Different Concentrations of Brassinosteroid on Physiomorphological Charac-teristics of Five Pistachio Genotypes (Pistacia vera. L)
E. Farazi H. Afshari H. Hokm Abadi -
Open Access Article
157 - Evaluation of Ice Nucleation Activity (INA) and INA Gene Detection in the Bacteria Isolated from Pistachio Trees in Kerman Province, Iran
Mahdieh Rostami Nader Hasanzadeh Pezhman Khodaygan Ali Riahi Madvar -
Open Access Article
158 - Effect of Freezing and Vacuum Packaging on Quality Properties of Pistachio Powder During Storage
Najmeh Dabestani Rafsanjani Mohammad Daneshi Ahmad Shakerardekani -
Open Access Article
159 - Removal of Dye (Blue 56) From Aqueous Solution via Adsorption onto Pistachio Shell: kinetic and isotherm study of removal process
A. Ravanpaykar A. Asfaram M. R. Fathi emadabadi -
Open Access Article
160 - Identification of the Nematodes of Pratylenchidea Family associated with Pistachio and Vine Yards in Qom Province
مریم مولائی زهرا تنهامعافی علی اسکندریIn a study to identify the plant parasitic nematodes of pistachio and vine yards in Qom province, 125 soil samples were collected from different regions during 2008 and 2009. Nematodes were extracted from soil, fixed and processed to anhydrous glycerin, permanent slides MoreIn a study to identify the plant parasitic nematodes of pistachio and vine yards in Qom province, 125 soil samples were collected from different regions during 2008 and 2009. Nematodes were extracted from soil, fixed and processed to anhydrous glycerin, permanent slides were prepared from the fixed specimens. After microscopic consideration, the morphological and morphometric characters were studied, and identification was done based on these characters. A part of the identified species belonging to Pratylenchidae family including Pratylenchus thornei, P. neglectus and Zygotylenchus guevaraei are presented and their morphological and morphometric characteristics are discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - The Identification of Biocontrol Agents of the Common Pistachio psylla and Determination of the Major Species According to their Population density and distribution areas in Semnan province
Mahdi Mohammadi Moghadam Ahmad Dezianian Mahdi Basirat Mahdi NaeimiCommon pistachio psylla (Agonoscena pistaciae ) is one of the most important pests of pistachio orchards in Semnan province (Damghan). This insect causes the considerable damage in the pistachio planting area. This study aims to study the collection and identification o MoreCommon pistachio psylla (Agonoscena pistaciae ) is one of the most important pests of pistachio orchards in Semnan province (Damghan). This insect causes the considerable damage in the pistachio planting area. This study aims to study the collection and identification of biocontrol agents of the common pistachio psylla and determination of major species in pistachio orchards of Amirabad, Forat and Mehmandost areas of Damghan. Pistachio orchards were randomly selected, and sampling was monthly done, then the population of predators and parasitoids was estimated. This study's results indicated that among collected coccinellid, Oenopia conglobata contaminate and Hippodamia variegate species with %39 and %23 frequency were the most frequent predators. As well as Anthocoris minki pistaciae belongs to the subfamily of Anthocorinae is present on the pistachio trees. These bugs feed on pistachio psylla nymphs. These predators haven't high population density in pistachio orchards of Damghan region. Other predators were collected, such as Crysoperla carnea. Psyllaephagus pistaciae, which were collected from mummified common pistachio psylla, had medium population. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Identification Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Pistachio Orchards in Semnan province
Mahdi Mohammadi Moghadam Mohammad Niknam Masomeh Haghdel Mahdi NaeimiIdentification of alive Pathogenic factors and their successful control is one of the important challenges in pistachio production. In this research, 126 soil and root samples were collected from different pistachio growing areas of Semnan province in order to investiga MoreIdentification of alive Pathogenic factors and their successful control is one of the important challenges in pistachio production. In this research, 126 soil and root samples were collected from different pistachio growing areas of Semnan province in order to investigate and identify harmful plant nematodes. After transferring the samples to the laboratory, the nematodes were extracted by sieving and centrifugation, fixed using the completed degrease method and transferred to glycerin. Then, permanent microscopic slides were prepared from the nematodes separated by sex. After microscopic studies, morphological and morphometric characteristics were determined and identified using reliable scientific sources. In this study, 14 genera and species of plant harmful nematodes including Boleodorus thylactus, Criconemoides sp, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Helicotylenchus pseudorubustus, Irantylenchus sp, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica, Pratylenchus thornei, Tylenchus devanei, Tylenchorhynchus sp, Rotylenchus sp, Zygotylenchus guevarai, Paratylenchus sp, Xiphinema sp was identified. Among the identified nematodes, the highest frequency of the population belonged to the two species M. incognita and M. javanica, Root-knot nematodes. These two types of nematodes were present in 35% of the collected samples. After Root-knot nematodes, the nematode Z. guevarai had the highest population density among the samples. This nematode has been reported as one of the internal migrant nematodes of the roots of dicotyledonous plants. But in this study, it was only separated from the soil. Investigating the damage caused by Root-knot nematode and Z. guevarai in pistachio orchards is one of the research priorities in Semnan province, and it is necessary to carry out more comprehensive investigations in relation to them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - Factors affecting the acceptance of agricultural insurance (Case study: Planting pistachios in rural areas of Abarkouh)
Alireza Estelaji Abraham Fathinia Vahideh Akrami AbarghoeeBecause farmers as part of human economic activity has an essential role in the life and development of communities, including rural communities. Among which pistachios due to its high nutritional value, the demand for international markets, and in accordance with the c MoreBecause farmers as part of human economic activity has an essential role in the life and development of communities, including rural communities. Among which pistachios due to its high nutritional value, the demand for international markets, and in accordance with the climatic conditions of our country should be considered. This article is the purpose of the survey is analytical descriptive approach. In this article is subject to effective factors in acceptance insurance (Case Study: pistachio cultivation in rural areas Abarkouh County) has been paid, and how to collect data on library and field (use of articles, books, theses, organizations of all sizes, soft software, Minitab and SPSS) was investigated using logistic regression. The study population of rural residents Abarkouh County are those who are engaged in the cultivation of pistachios (whether as principal activity or as a secondary activity alongside other jobs or other cultures). The required data using 141 questionnaires were collected through random sampling in the 2015-2016 season. In order to assess the validity of factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the reliability of that amount was determined as 85%. The results show, structures such as pistachio education, product performance, employment, the provision of timely service, satisfaction, compensation, communication with experts and advocates to promote, attend classes and membership positively and acceptance are significant and pistachio crop insurance. The rate of satisfaction of compensation, the structures on insurance adoption among the pistachio pistachio is Abarkuh rural County Manuscript profile