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1 - The effects of solar drying on drying kinetics and effective moisture diffusivity of pistachio nut
Mohsen Mokhtarian Hamid Tavakolipour Ahmad Kalbasi-Ashtari Fatemeh KoushkiThis research aimed to investigate the process of pistachios solar drying in two different conditions of the designed dryer (recycle and without recycle modes). As well, in this study, the drying kinetics curves of pistachio were drawn and its dewatering behavior was mo أکثرThis research aimed to investigate the process of pistachios solar drying in two different conditions of the designed dryer (recycle and without recycle modes). As well, in this study, the drying kinetics curves of pistachio were drawn and its dewatering behavior was monitored by empirical models. Furthermore, the mass transfer rate (MTR) of the examined product during drying in two noted modes was determined by Fick’s 2nd law. Maximum, minimum, and average values of collector output air temperature were recorded 54.20, 32.30, and 42.99oC & 47.10, 30.70, and 40.03oC in air recycle and without air recycle modes, respectively. The results dedicated that, 18.75 % saving in drying time was obtained for air recycle mode compared with without air recycle mode. Also, the obtained data revealed that the drying rate of pistachio nut under recycle mode was higher than that of pistachio nut under without recycle mode, especially during the first hours of drying. Moreover, the empirical modeling showed that the Parabolic and Diamante et al. models were found to be the most suitable for describing drying curve of the thin layer solar drying process of whole pistachio nut under recycle and without recycle modes, respectively. In addition, the highest value of effective moisture diffusivity was observed in solar dried pistachio nut under air recycle mode with the Deff value of 2.26×10-6 m2/h (R2=0.9265). تفاصيل المقالة -
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2 - Strategies to reduce microbial contaminations and increase the shelf life of pistachio fruit: a review
Edris Arjeh Ali Masoumi Mohsen Barzegar Hamid-Reza AkhavanPistachios are good sources of some functional compounds that are essential for human health. In addition to consuming dried pistachios (salted/roasted) or used as ingredients in a variety of confectionery and cookery products, consuming fresh pistachios is also gaining أکثرPistachios are good sources of some functional compounds that are essential for human health. In addition to consuming dried pistachios (salted/roasted) or used as ingredients in a variety of confectionery and cookery products, consuming fresh pistachios is also gaining a foothold in the market. This review presents pre- and postharvest operations to prevent microbial contamination and to preserve physicochemical properties of fresh and processed pistachios for extending their shelf life. There is a potential in pistachios to be contaminated with some undesirable microbes, especially aflatoxin-producing fungi, during pre- and postharvest operations. In this regard, strategies to the prevention of aflatoxin production and the decontamination of produced aflatoxin in pistachios have been of interest to researchers. Different practices including sorting, thermal processing, biological control, ozone treatment, gamma irradiation, ultraviolet irradiation, and cold plasma have been proposed for aflatoxin decontamination. Sorting out damaged pistachios is one of the most important postharvest strategies to reduce aflatoxin levels (up to 98%) that can be done manually or electronically. The majority of pistachios (~85%) are consumed as roasted form that combining roasting with lemon juice improves the elimination of aflatoxin (up to 93%). Drying and packaging are the most important methods to maintain quality and improve the shelf life of pistachios. Laminated and metallized films with vacuum or modified atmosphere are the proper packaging for pistachios. تفاصيل المقالة -
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3 - The Study of Relationship between Economic Capital and Lifestyle (The case study of pistachio farmers in two village’s of Sirjan city in Iran)
Seyed Ahmad Firouzabadi Shima Safa -
حرية الوصول المقاله
4 - Investigation the Pistachio Marketing Township, Iran
S. M. Mirdamadi F. Lashgarara S. MirzaeiAgricultural products have a main role in nonoil exports. Pistachio is one of the country's mostimportant export products. Thus, this study is aimed at evaluating and identifying pistachiomarketing in Rafsanjan which is carried out in 2011. This is applied study and its أکثرAgricultural products have a main role in nonoil exports. Pistachio is one of the country's mostimportant export products. Thus, this study is aimed at evaluating and identifying pistachiomarketing in Rafsanjan which is carried out in 2011. This is applied study and its methodology iscorrelation. The statistical population was 120 agricultural extension experts of Rafsanjantownship were studied by survey. The main research tool was questionnaire. SPSS16 statisticalsoftware was used to analyze the data. Finding showed that most of the experts (38.5%) stated thatsituation of pistachio marketing is relatively desirable in the studied region. In relation toprioritizing the pistachio marketing dimension, calibration is in the first priority. Transportation,packing, harvesting, storage, and processing are the next priorities, respectively. تفاصيل المقالة -
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5 - مطالعه ساختار و ارزش اقتصادی صمغ گونه بنه (<i>Pistacia atlantica</i>) در جنگل‌های حوزه گیلانغرب
محسن جوانمیری پور روح اله پروانه علی اکبر دارابیاهمیت اکوسیستمی گونه بنه و اقتصادی محصول سقز خام حاصل از آن از نظر ایجاد درآمد برای جوامع محلی مورد توجه دولت می‌باشد. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی ویژگی های ساختاری گونه بنه، میزان تولید و ارزش اقتصادی صمغ آن در جنگل‌های زاگرس است. توده‌های جنگلی مورد مطالعه به ترتیب با مس أکثراهمیت اکوسیستمی گونه بنه و اقتصادی محصول سقز خام حاصل از آن از نظر ایجاد درآمد برای جوامع محلی مورد توجه دولت می‌باشد. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی ویژگی های ساختاری گونه بنه، میزان تولید و ارزش اقتصادی صمغ آن در جنگل‌های زاگرس است. توده‌های جنگلی مورد مطالعه به ترتیب با مساحت حدود 700، 2100، 700 و 1000 هکتار در سامان‌های عرفی کمره علیرضاوندی، چشمه سفید، باپیر و بلاله در شهرستان گیلان غرب در یک منطقه کوهستانی و جنگلی واقع گردیده است. پس از جنگل‌گردشی با استفاده از نقشه‌های موجود محدوده رویشگاه‌های مورد نظر تعیین گردید. آماربرداری به روش نمونه‌برداری تصادفی منظم و با قطعات نمونه 0/4 هکتاری انجام گردید. نتایج نشان داد میانگین قطر برابرسینه درختان بنه، میانگین تعداد درختان بنه قابل بهره‌برداری و سطح تاج درختان بنه موجود در سامان‌های عرفی کمره علیرضاوندی، باپیر، چشمه سفید و بلاله به ترتیب 31/9، 35/5، 39/3 و 30/2 سانتی‌متر، 30/15، 58/3، 44/45 و 32/25 اصله در هکتار، 41، 34/3، 30/9 و 29/6 مترمربع در درخت است. ارتفاع کل درختان بنه در سامان‌های عرفی کمره علیرضاوندی، باپیر، چشمه سفید و بلاله به ترتیب 5/6، 6/1، 5/4 و 4/2 است. در سامانه‌های کمره علیرضاوندی، باپیر، چشمه‌سفید و بلاله میانگین وزن سقز در هر هکتار به ترتیب، 6/8، 7/45، 8/5 و 6/ 4 کیلوگرم و میزان درآمد خالص حاصل از بهره‌برداری صمغ بنه برای هر خانوار شامل 28/3، 16/3، 34/8 و 11/7 میلیون ریال است. یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر نشان داد آگاهی از ویژگی‌های ساختاری و پتانسیل تولید سقز درختان بنه در اکوسیستم‌های جنگلی مورد مطالعه و استخراج اصولی صمغ آنها بر اساس توان رویشگاه گام مهمی در جهت حفاظت از این گونه و افزایش درآمد روستاییان و توان‌افزایی جوامع محلی است. تفاصيل المقالة -
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6 - بررسی موانع و مشکلات تولید پسته کم نهاده در منطقه دشت رباط شهربابک
فرنگیس سادات حسینی دانا مهدی نوری پوربه دلیل کاربرد بی رویه و نامناسب مواد شیمیایی در فرآیند تولید محصولات کشاورزی، بشر با بحران های جدیدی مواجه شده است. کشاورزی ارگانیک/ کم نهاده به‌عنوان وسیله ای برای برخورد با مسائل به وجود آمده و حفظ تعادل زیست محیطی در جهت پایداری مطرح‌شده است. به همین منظور، پژوهش حا أکثربه دلیل کاربرد بی رویه و نامناسب مواد شیمیایی در فرآیند تولید محصولات کشاورزی، بشر با بحران های جدیدی مواجه شده است. کشاورزی ارگانیک/ کم نهاده به‌عنوان وسیله ای برای برخورد با مسائل به وجود آمده و حفظ تعادل زیست محیطی در جهت پایداری مطرح‌شده است. به همین منظور، پژوهش حاضر به روش کیفی باهدف بررسی موانع و مشکلات تولید پسته‌ی ارگانیک/کم نهاده در دشت رباط شهربابک انجام شد. داده ها. داده ها از طریق مصاحبه با مطلعان کلیدی و کسانی که ازلحاظ فنی اطلاعات کافی درزمینة محصولات کم نهاده داشتند به شیوه نمونه گیری گلوله برفی با استفاده از تکنیک ارزیابی مشارکتی روستایی جمع آوری و به شیوه تحلیل محتوا تحلیل شدند. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد به‌طورکلی عواملی که مانع تولید پسته ارگانیک/کم نهاده در منطقه دشت رباط شهر بابک شده اند شامل عوامل اقتصادی، بازار، آموزش، کاربرد، تولید، بهداشت، مدیریت، سیاست گذاری، فرهنگ سازی و مشارکت می باشند. با کد گذاری محوری، مؤلفه‌هایی که مشترک بودند در پنج دسته عوامل کاربردی، اقتصادی، قانونی، فنی- تولیدی و اجتماعی قرار گرفتند. شرح بیشتر یافته‌ها، در متن مقاله آمده است. تفاصيل المقالة -
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7 - بررسی اثر عصارۀ هیدروالکلی پسته اهلی(Pistacia Vera) بر شدت ضایعات ناشی از هیپرکلسترولمی در آئورت خرگوش
الهام رحمانیان، سعیده نعیمی*، بابک رسولی، فاطمه طهماسبی .آترواسکلروز یکی از مهمترین بیمار ی های قلبی ـ عروقی است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی اثر عصاره پسته بر شدت ضایعات ناشی از هیپرکلسترولمی در آئورت خرگوش می‎باشد. بدین منظور، 25 سر خرگوش بالغ ماده پس از طی دوران سازش پذیری به 5 گروه 5 تایی شامل شاهد، کنترل مثبت 1، کنترل م أکثرآترواسکلروز یکی از مهمترین بیمار ی های قلبی ـ عروقی است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی اثر عصاره پسته بر شدت ضایعات ناشی از هیپرکلسترولمی در آئورت خرگوش می‎باشد. بدین منظور، 25 سر خرگوش بالغ ماده پس از طی دوران سازش پذیری به 5 گروه 5 تایی شامل شاهد، کنترل مثبت 1، کنترل مثبت 2، تیمار و کنترل منفی تقسیم شدند. گروه شاهد جیره غذایی معمولی، گروه کنترل مثبت 1 روغن ذرت و گروه کنترل مثبت 2 کلسترول به میزان مشابه با گروه ‎تیمار دریافت کردند. عصاره پسته با مقدار 1000 میلی گرم به ازای هر کیلوگرم وزن بدن، به گروه تیمارهمراه با 1% وزن غذای مصرفی کلسترول و 1 میلی لیتر بر کیلوگرم وزن بدن روغن ذرت به صورت گاواژ تجویز شد. به گروه کنترل منفی، مقدار 1000 میلی گرم به ازای هر کیلوگرم وزن بدن پسته از راه خوراکی تجویز شد. در پایان، تغییرات مربوط به بافت آئورت مطالعه و میزان رسوب چربی تعیین شد. در پژوهش حاضر هیچ تغییری در بافت آئورت درگروه شاهد مشاهده نشد.در گروه کنترل مثبت 1 (دریافت کننده روغن ذرت) رسوبی دیده نشد. گروه تیمار در مقایسه باگروه کنترل مثبت 2 (دریافت کننده کلسترول) رسوبات کمتری در بافت آئورت نشان داد. در گروه کنترل منفی (دریافت کننده عصاره پسته) نیز هیچ گونه رسوب چربی مشاهده نشد. ئمطالعه حاضر نشان می‎دهد که عصاره پسته در بهبود کاهش عوارض آترواسکلروز و همچنین کاهش رسوبات چربی در لایه های اینتیما و مدیا در بافت آئورت، در خرگوش‎های هیپرکلسترولمیک مؤثر می‎باشند. تفاصيل المقالة -
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8 - بررسی اثر عصاره هیدروالکلی پسته اهلی (Pistacia Vera L.) بر شدت ضایعات ناشی از هیپرکلسترولمی در آئورت خرگوش
الهام رحمانیان، سعیده نعیمی، بابک رسولی، فاطمه طهماسبی .آترواسکلروز یکی از مهمترین بیمار ی های قلبی ـ عروقی است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی اثر عصاره پسته بر شدت ضایعات ناشی از هیپرکلسترولمی در آئورت خرگوش می‎باشد. بدین منظور، 25 سر خرگوش بالغ ماده پس از طی دوران سازش‌پذیری به 5 گروه 5 تایی شامل شاهد، کنترل مثبت 1، کنترل م أکثرآترواسکلروز یکی از مهمترین بیمار ی های قلبی ـ عروقی است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی اثر عصاره پسته بر شدت ضایعات ناشی از هیپرکلسترولمی در آئورت خرگوش می‎باشد. بدین منظور، 25 سر خرگوش بالغ ماده پس از طی دوران سازش‌پذیری به 5 گروه 5 تایی شامل شاهد، کنترل مثبت 1، کنترل مثبت 2، تیمار و کنترل منفی تقسیم شدند. گروه شاهد جیره غذایی معمولی، گروه کنترل مثبت 1 روغن ذرت و گروه کنترل مثبت 2 کلسترول به میزان مشابه با گروه ‎تیمار دریافت کردند. عصاره پسته با مقدار 1000 میلی گرم به ازای هر کیلوگرم وزن بدن، به گروه تیمار همراه با 1% وزن غذای مصرفی کلسترول و 1 میلی لیتر بر کیلوگرم وزن بدن روغن ذرت به صورت گاواژ تجویز شد. به گروه کنترل منفی، مقدار 1000 میلی گرم به ازای هر کیلوگرم وزن بدن عصاره پسته از راه خوراکی تجویز شد. در پایان، تغییرات مربوط به بافت آئورت مطالعه و میزان رسوب چربی تعیین شد. در پژوهش حاضر هیچ تغییری در بافت آئورت درگروه شاهد مشاهده نشد. در گروه کنترل مثبت 1 (دریافت کننده روغن ذرت) رسوبی دیده نشد. گروه تیمار در مقایسه باگروه کنترل مثبت 2 (دریافت کننده کلسترول) رسوبات کمتری در بافت آئورت نشان داد. در گروه کنترل منفی (دریافت کننده عصاره پسته) نیز هیچ گونه رسوب چربی مشاهده نشد. مطالعه حاضر نشان می‎دهد که عصاره پسته در بهبود کاهش عوارض آترواسکلروز و همچنین کاهش رسوبات چربی در لایه های اینتیما و مدیا در بافت آئورت، در خرگوش‎های هیپرکلسترولمیک مؤثر می‎باشند. تفاصيل المقالة -
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9 - بررسی سطوح مختلف تأمین آب در باغات پسته با استفاده از الگوریتم سبال (مطالعه موردی دشت سیرجان)
علیرضا بادیه نشین مسعود پارسی نژاد حمیده نوریبا توجه به روند توسعه باغات پسته در بسیاری از استان‌های کشور و با توجه به کمبود شدید منابع آب در این مناطق، امکان تامین آب مورد نیاز درختان پسته در بسیاری از مواقع فراهم نیست. برای مدیریت مطلوب در شرایط کمبود آب، بررسی سطوح مختلف تامین آب در مراحل رشد پسته ضروری است. هد أکثربا توجه به روند توسعه باغات پسته در بسیاری از استان‌های کشور و با توجه به کمبود شدید منابع آب در این مناطق، امکان تامین آب مورد نیاز درختان پسته در بسیاری از مواقع فراهم نیست. برای مدیریت مطلوب در شرایط کمبود آب، بررسی سطوح مختلف تامین آب در مراحل رشد پسته ضروری است. هدف از این مطالعه، تعیین وضعیت تامین آب در مراحل مختلف رشد پسته با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای و الگوریتم سبال در دشت سیرجان است. تبخیر - تعرق واقعی پسته با استفاده از الگوریتم سبال و تصاویر لندست 8 برآورد گردید و با استفاده از تصاویر لندست 7 صحت‌سنجی شد. این مدل قادر بود با درصد خطای حدود 20 درصد (6/0 میلیمتر بر روز) و مشابه با سایر تحقیقات، تبخیر- تعرق واقعی پسته را برآورد کند. نتایج بررسی نشان داد در دشت سیرجان در مرحله سوم رشد (انتهای تیر تا انتهای شهریور) به دلیل افزایش نیاز آبی پسته، تامین آب ناکافی منجر به کمآبیاری 30 درصدی شده است. برای مدیریت بهتر کم آبیاری، میتوان با کاهش آبیاری در مرحله دوم و افزایش آبیاری در مرحله سوم کاهش عملکرد را تعدیل کرد. در دشت سیرجان، در مجموع متوسط کمآبیاری برابر 17 درصد و در حد آستانه قابل تحمل برای گیاه بوده است. نتایج بدست آمده نشان داد، درخت پسته در سطوح کم شوری آب، به کمآبیاری (تا 26 درصد) مقاوم است. در شوری آب بالای 4000 (µmho/cm) تاثیر توامان کمآبیاری و شوری تشدید شده و عملکرد محصول در اثر کم آبیاری با شدت بیشتری کاهش پیدا می‌کند. تفاصيل المقالة -
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10 - تاثیر دو نوع بیوچار ضایعات کشاورزی بر برخی ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و آبگریزی خاک
آسیه ناروئی جواد زمانی باب گهری شاپور کوهستانی فریده عباس زاده افشارزمینه و هدف: در دهه اخیر استفاده از بیوچار به عنوان اصلاح کننده خاک، مورد توجه پژوهشگران متعددی در سراسر جهان قرار گرفته است. با توجه به گزارش تاثیرات متفاوت بیوچارها بر ویژگی‌های خاک و نوع محصول حتما باید تاثیرات کاربرد بیوچار به عنوان اصلاح‌کننده در ارتباط با نوع خاک أکثرزمینه و هدف: در دهه اخیر استفاده از بیوچار به عنوان اصلاح کننده خاک، مورد توجه پژوهشگران متعددی در سراسر جهان قرار گرفته است. با توجه به گزارش تاثیرات متفاوت بیوچارها بر ویژگی‌های خاک و نوع محصول حتما باید تاثیرات کاربرد بیوچار به عنوان اصلاح‌کننده در ارتباط با نوع خاک و نوع محصول مورد بررسی علمی و عملی قرار گیرد تا تأثیرات مثبت و یا منفی آن بررسی و مشخص شود. هدف از تحقیق حاضر، بررسی تأثیر بیوچار حاصل از ضایعات پسته و برگ خرما بر برخی از ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و آبگریزی خاک بود. روش پژوهش: برای این منظور دو نوع خاک (شنی و لوم شنی) با بیوچار برگ خرما و بیوچار تفاله پسته در 4 سطح (1، 2، 3 و 5 درصد وزنی) با هم ترکیب شدند و سطح بدون کاربرد بیوچار هم به عنوان شاهد درنظر گرفته شد. بعد از ترکیب بیوچارها با خاک، به مدت دو ماه در شرایط گلخانه‌ای خوابانیده و آنکوبه‌شدند و سپس ویژگی‌های فیزیکی خاک مانند چگالی ظاهری، سطح ویژه، رطوبت هیگروسکوپی، آبگریزی و رس قابل پراکنش در آنها اندازه‌گیری شد و نتایج بدست آمده مورد آنالیز آماری قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد بیوچارها به طور کلی موجب کاهش چگالی ظاهری و افزایش سطح ویژه و درصد رطوبت هیگروسکوپی در هر دو خاک مورد مطالعه شده بود. اما در مورد درصد رس قابل پراکنش هرچند کاربرد بیوچار برگ خرما کاهش این پارامتر را در پی داشت، اما بیوچار ضایعات پسته موجب افزایش این پارامتر در مقایسه با شاهد شد. کاربرد 5 درصد بیوچار خرما در هر دو خاک موجب کاهش حدود 60 درصدی پراکنش رس شد اما در مقابل، بیوچار ضایعات برداشت پسته به ترتیب موجب افزایش حدود 43 و 114 درصدی پراکنش رس در خاک شنی و لوم شنی شده بود. به‌طورکلی سطوح کم کاربرد بیوچارها (سطح 1 درصد) موجب کاهش معنی‌دار آبگریزی خاک لوم‌شنی در مقایسه با شاهد شده بود و افزایش سطوح بیوچارها، افزایش آبگریزی خاک را در پی داشت. تاثیر کاربرد بیوچار برگ خرما در خاک لوم‌شنی بر آبگریزی معنی‌دار نبود و کاربرد بیوچار ضایعات برداشت پسته تاثیر متفاوتی بر آبگریزی خاک شنی داشت؛ افزایش سطوح بیوچار ضایعات پسته کاهش معنی‌دار آبگریزی خاک را موجب شد به طوری که کاربرد 5 درصد از بیوچار ضایعات برداشت پسته مقدار این شاخص را در خاک شنی 31 درصد کاهش داده بود. به نظر می‌رسد بیوچار ضایعات برداشت پسته با افزایش سطح ویژه خاک شنی و از طرفی تمایل بیشتر این ماده به جذب سطحی آب (افزایش رطوبت هیگروسکوپی)، موجب افزایش تمایل خاک شنی به جذب آب و درنتیجه کاهش آبگریزی خاک شده است. نتایج: به طور کلی اثرات بیوچارهای مورد مطالعه بر ویژگی‌های فیزیکی خاک در هر دو خاک مثبت بود و کاهش چگالی ظاهری و رس قابل پراکنش و افزایش سطح ویژه و رطوبت هیگروسکوپی می‌تواند افزایش کیفیت خاک را نشان دهد، اما این نتایج بدین معنی نیست که کاربرد بیوچارها می‌تواند اثرات مثبتی بر رشد گیاه در خاک داشته باشد و باید جنبه‌های تاثیر این مواد بر ویژگی‌های دیگر خاک (یعنی ویژگی‌های شیمیایی) نیز مدنظر باشد. بنابراین اثر بیوچار می‌تواند تا حد زیادی تحت تأثیر اثر ترکیبی بیوچار بر شرایط خاک قرار گیرد، برای استفاده مؤثر از بیوچار درخاک‌های کشاورزی، قبل از استفاده تجاری و عملی از بیوچار در خاک، پیشنهاد می‌شود تأثیر بیوچار با توجه به شرایط خاک و گیاه مورد مطالعه دقیق قرار گیرد. تفاصيل المقالة -
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11 - تعیین خواص مکانیکی پسته و مغز آن (رقم احمد آقایی)
محمد غلامی پرشکوهی بهنام گوشکی علی ماشاءاله کرمانی شهرام محسنی مهرداد سلیمی بنیمقدمه: اطلاع از خواص مکانیکی میوه‌ها در طراحی و بهینه‌سازی سیستم‌های مرتبط با تولید و فرآوری آن ها لازم و ضروری است. مواد و روش‌ها: در این تحقیق خواص مکانیکی پسته و مغز رقم احمدآقایی شامل نیروی گسیختگی، تغییر شکل تا نقطه گسیختگی و انرژی گسیختگی در س أکثرمقدمه: اطلاع از خواص مکانیکی میوه‌ها در طراحی و بهینه‌سازی سیستم‌های مرتبط با تولید و فرآوری آن ها لازم و ضروری است. مواد و روش‌ها: در این تحقیق خواص مکانیکی پسته و مغز رقم احمدآقایی شامل نیروی گسیختگی، تغییر شکل تا نقطه گسیختگی و انرژی گسیختگی در سه سطح رطوبتی در محدودۀ رطوبت زمان برداشت تا رطوبت محصول نهایی برای نگهداری (6/35 درصد، 1/20 درصد و 6/4 درصد بر پایۀ تر) اندازه گیری و محاسبه شد. برای این منظور نمونه ها در راستای عرض پسته بین دو صفحۀ تخت موازی تحت بارگذاری قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که نیروی گسیختگی، تغییرشکل تا نقطۀ گسیختگی و انرژی گسیختگی به طور معنی داری تحت تأتیر رطوبت قرار می گیرند. نتیجه‌ گیری: با افزایش رطوبت از سطح 4.6 تا 35.6درصد، نیروی گسیختگی از 112.66 تا 65.66 نیوتن برای دانه و از43.67 تا 35.46 نیوتن برای مغز و انرژی گسیختگی از 110.21 تا 95.51 میلی ژول برای دانه و از 29.05 تا 19.53 میلی ژول برای مغز کاهش یافت. همچنین تغییر شکل تا نقطه گسیختگی با افزایش رطوبت در محدودۀ ذکر شده از 2.45 تا 3.44 میلی متر برای دانه و1.20 تا 2.17 میلی متر برای مغز افزایش یافت. تفاصيل المقالة -
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12 - بررسی فعالیت ضد قارچی و آنتی اکسیدانی پوشش خوراکی کیتوزان و تاثیر آن بر جذب رطوبت و ویژگی‌های ارگانولپتیکی مغز پسته
یحیی مقصودلو عاطفه مقصود لو مرتضی خمیری محمد قربانیمقدمه: ایران از بزرگترین صادرکننده های پسته در جهان است. در صورت نامساعد بودن شرایط انبار مانی؛ کپک زدگی و تولید آفلاتوکسین، جذب رطوبت، اکسایش چربی باعث افت کیفیت محصول می شود. هدف از انجام این پژوهش، بررسی اثر ضدقارچی و آنتی اکسیدانی پوشش خوراکی کیتوزان با غلظت‌های مخت أکثرمقدمه: ایران از بزرگترین صادرکننده های پسته در جهان است. در صورت نامساعد بودن شرایط انبار مانی؛ کپک زدگی و تولید آفلاتوکسین، جذب رطوبت، اکسایش چربی باعث افت کیفیت محصول می شود. هدف از انجام این پژوهش، بررسی اثر ضدقارچی و آنتی اکسیدانی پوشش خوراکی کیتوزان با غلظت‌های مختلف و تاثیر آن برجذب رطوبت و ویژگی‌های ارگانولپتیکی مغزپسته است. مواد و روش‌ها: با استفاده از اسیداستیک 1درصد حجمی/ حجمی، غلظت های 5/0 ، 1 و 5/1درصد وزنی/ حجمی کیتوزان تهیه و پسته ها توسط آنها پوشش‌دهی شدند. به منظور مشخص کردن اثر ضدمیکروبی اسید استیک، از اسید استیک1درصد نیز بعنوان پوشش استفاده شد. مغز پسته های پوشش داده شده شش ماه در دمای اتاق ( ◦C 27 -25) نگهداری شدند. در دوره نگهداری، هر دو هفته یکبار شمارش کلی کپک و مخمر، تعیین درصد توسعه کپک آسپرژیلوس، اندیس پراکسید و اندیس TBA تعیین میزان رطوبت و تغییر وزن و همچنین ارزیابی ویژگی های حسی صورت پذیرفت. آزمایشات در قالب فاکتوریل، به صورت طرح کاملا تصادفی انجام شد. یافته‌ها: کیتوزان و استیک اسید بطور معنی داری (05/0p<) از رشد کپک آسپرژیلوس ممانعت کرد. کیتوزان سرعت واکنش‌های اکسایشی را نیز کاهش داد؛ با افزایش غلظت کیتوزان، اثر ضدمیکروبی و آنتی‌اکسیدانی آن افزایش پیداکرد. همچنین کیتوزان از جذب رطوبت پسته جلوگیری کرد؛ اما غلظت کیتوزان تاثیر معنی داری در این زمینه نداشت. غلظت 5/1 درصد کیتوزان تاثیر معنی داری (05/0p<) بر طعم مغزپسته داشت، اما سایر غلظت‌ها تاثیری ویژگی‌های ارگانولپتیکی پسته نداشت. نتیجه‌گیری: کیتوزان ماده مناسبی برای بکار گیری به عنوان پوشش خوراکی در پسته بود و غلظت 1درصد آن به عنوان بهترین تیمار برای پوشش دهی مغز پسته انتخاب گردید. تفاصيل المقالة -
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13 - تعیین برخی خواص فیزیکی پسته و مغز آن (ارقام بومی قزوین)
محمد غلامی پرشکوهی میلاد محمدی شمامی شهرام محسنی علی ماشاء الله کرمانی احسان عبدالعلی زادهمقدمه:بدون دانستن خصوصیات فیزیکی و مکانیکی مواد کشاورزی امکان بررسی مسائل مربوط به فرآوری، حمل و نقل و نگه داری مواد میسر نخواهد بود. در این تحقیق، برخی خواص فیزیکی دانه و مغز پستۀ ارقام قزوینی(قزوینی و بویین زهرا)،تعیین شد و تاثیر رطوبت در سطوح مختلف بر این خواص بررسی أکثرمقدمه:بدون دانستن خصوصیات فیزیکی و مکانیکی مواد کشاورزی امکان بررسی مسائل مربوط به فرآوری، حمل و نقل و نگه داری مواد میسر نخواهد بود. در این تحقیق، برخی خواص فیزیکی دانه و مغز پستۀ ارقام قزوینی(قزوینی و بویین زهرا)،تعیین شد و تاثیر رطوبت در سطوح مختلف بر این خواص بررسی شد. مواد و روش ها:خصوصیات فیزیکی پسته که شامل ابعاد اصلی (طول،عرض،ضخامت)، جرم، کرویت، میانگین قطر هندسی و حسابی، مساحت سطح رویه، حجم حقیقی، چگالی حقیقی، چگالی توده، تخلخل و ضریب اصطکاک استاتیکی می باشد، در پنج سطح رطوبتی بر پایۀ تر (3/5%، 12%، 19/5%، 27%، 35/5%) مورد آزمایش قرار گرفت. یافته ها:نتایج بررسی خواص هندسی نشان داد که رطوبت تأثیر معنی داری بر ابعاد، میانگین قطر هندسی و حسابی، کرویت، مساحت سطح رویۀ دانه و مغز پسته هر دو رقم داشت. نتیجه گیری: با افزایش رطوبت کلیۀ خواص ذکر شده هر دو رقم (قزوینی و بویین زهرایی) افزایش یافت. خواص ثقلی دانه و مغز پستۀ ارقام قزوینی با افزایش رطوبت افزایش پیدا کرد. افزایش رطوبت، ضریب اصطکاک دانه و مغز هر دو رقم پسته را در همۀ سطوح اصطکاکی (چوب، شیشه، آلومنیوم، پلاستیک) افزایش داد.یشترین ضریب اصطکاک برای پسته رقم قزوینی و بویین زهرایی روی سطح آلومنیوم و کمترین آن روی سطح پلاستیک بدست آمد و برای مغز پسته رقم قزوینی و بویین زهرایی بیشترین ضریب اصطکاک روی سطح چوب و کمترین آن به ترتیب روی سطح پلاستیک و شیشه بدست آمد. تفاصيل المقالة -
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14 - تأثیر پوشش صمغ فارسی حاوی عصاره نعناع سبز و اشعه ماوراء بنفش بر روی مدت ماندگاری مغز پسته (pistacia vera) کله قوچی تازه
مریم معزی محمد فاضلمقدمه: پسته به دلیل داشتن طعم و ارزش تغذیه ای بالا از محبوب‌ترین دانه های آجیلی دنیاست. شرایط نگهداری پسته نقش اساسی در حفظ کیفیت و ویژگی‌های ارگانولپتیکی محصول دارد و در صورت نامساعد بودن شرایط انبارداری، واکنش های نامطلوب و کپک زدگی باعث افت کیفیت محصول می شود. مواد أکثرمقدمه: پسته به دلیل داشتن طعم و ارزش تغذیه ای بالا از محبوب‌ترین دانه های آجیلی دنیاست. شرایط نگهداری پسته نقش اساسی در حفظ کیفیت و ویژگی‌های ارگانولپتیکی محصول دارد و در صورت نامساعد بودن شرایط انبارداری، واکنش های نامطلوب و کپک زدگی باعث افت کیفیت محصول می شود. مواد و روش ها: این پژوهش به منظور بررسی تأثیر شدت های مختلف اشعه ماوراء بنفش (4، 8 و 12 ) صمغ فارسی % 7 (وزنی/حجمی) و عصاره نعناع سبز % 5/1 (حجمی/حجمی) بر واکنش های اکسایشی و خصوصیات میکروبی در مغز پسته رقم کله قوچی صورت گرفت. بعد از اعمال شدن تیمارها، پسته ها در کیسه های پلی‌اتیلنی بسته بندی و دو ماه در دمای یخچال ( 1 ± 4) نگهداری شدند. در طول دوره نگهداری در هفته های اول، سوم، پنجم و هشتم اندازه گیری ترکیبات فنولیک، اسیدیته، عدد پراکسید، عدد تیوبار بیتیوریک اسیدو افت وزن انجام شد. در روز اول و آخر ذخیره سازی،کل بار میکروبی و کپک مخمر بررسی شد. همچنین به منظور ارزیابی تاثیر صمغ فارسی و عصاره نعناع بر ویژگی‌های حسی محصول روز آخر آزمون ارزیابی حسی هدونیک 5 نقطه‌ای صورت گرفت. تجزیه و تحلیل آماری با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS20 در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با استفاده از آزمون LSD در سه تکرار صورت گرفت. یافته ها: با افزایش شدت اشعه، بار‌میکروبی کاهش یافت (05/0>P) زیرا پرتو توسط اسیدنوکلئیک جذب می‌شود و موجب قطع شدن نوکلئوتیدهای پریمیدین می‌شود، اما موجب افزایش اسیدیته، پراکسید و تیوباربیتیوریک اسید شد زیرا اشعه به علت فعالیت فتوکاتالیستی که دارد سبب تخریب ترکیبات فنولیکی و کاهش فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی می‌شود. در نمونههای حاوی پوشش، به ویژه پوشش صمغ فارسی حاوی عصاره نعناع میزان بار میکروبی، اسیدیته، پراکسید و تیوباربیتیوریک اسید کاهش یافت (05/0>P) زیرا صمغ فارسی با جلوگیری از عبور اکسیژن و عصاره نعناع به علت وجود ترکیبات فنولیکی، دارای ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی است و مانع از تخریب ترکیبات فنولیکی شده است. نتایج ارزیابی حسی نشان داد که بین نمونه‌ها از نظر بو، مزه و پذیرش کلی تفاوت معنی‌دار وجود ندارد. نتیجه گیری: استفاده از پوشش صمغ فارسی حاوی عصاره نعناع سبب افزایش قدرت ضد میکروبی و همچنین سبب کاهش تأثیر منفی اشعه ماوراء بنفشبر اکسیداسیون چربی پسته شد. تفاصيل المقالة -
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15 - نقش زودخندانی در آلودگی میوه پسته به گونه‌های آسپرژیلوسو آفلاتوکسین در استان کرمان
سیدرضا فانی محمد مرادی علی تاج آبادی پور رزا درگاهی منصوره میرابوالفتحیمقدمه: پسته‌های زودخندان از مهم ترین منابع آلودگی پسته به آفلاتوکسین در باغ و مراحل فرآوری این محصول به شمار می‌روند. در این پژوهش ویژگی‌های مختلف پسته‌های ترک‌خورده و میزان آلودگی آنها به قارچ‌ها و آفلاتوکسین مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. مواد و روش ها: ویژگی‌های مختلف پس أکثرمقدمه: پسته‌های زودخندان از مهم ترین منابع آلودگی پسته به آفلاتوکسین در باغ و مراحل فرآوری این محصول به شمار می‌روند. در این پژوهش ویژگی‌های مختلف پسته‌های ترک‌خورده و میزان آلودگی آنها به قارچ‌ها و آفلاتوکسین مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. مواد و روش ها: ویژگی‌های مختلف پسته‌های زودخندان شامل خصوصیات ظاهری، آلودگیبه قارچ‌های گروه AspergillusflavusوA. niger و مقدار آفلاتوکسین با روشهای مختلف مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. آزمایشات روی سه رقم تجاری پسته شامل اوحدی، کله قوچی و احمد آقایی از دو باغ مختلف انجام گرفت و نتایج حاصل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با استفاده از نرم افزار Mstatc تجزیه و تحلیل آماری شد. یافته‌ها:از نظر کلی بیشترین میزان آلودگی به گونه‌های مختلف قارچ آسپرژیلوس مربوط به پسته‌های زودخندان با پوست سبز خشک و نیمه‌خشک با دامنه تغییرات 1/4 تا 66/5% بود. پسته‌های زودخندان با پوست سبز خشک و نیمه‌خشک همچنین بیشترین فراوانی آلودگی به شب‌پره خرنوب (1/9-54/5%) و رنگ‌گیری پوست استخوانی (30-86%) و کمترین وزن مغز (0-0/3 گرم در دانه) را به خود اختصاص دادند. میوه‌های پسته زودخندان با پوست نرم رویی نیز سطوح مختلفی از آلودگی را نشان دادند که میزان آلودگی قارچی در آنها از 0/75 تا 10/3%، شب‌پره خرنوب 1/5 تا 9/5% و میزان رنگ‌گیری 21/5 تا 44/1 متغیر بود.این موضوع نشان دهنده اهمیت پسته‌های زودخندان و زمان تشکیل آنها در ریسک آلودگی میوه پسته به آفلاتوکسین می‌باشد. آلودگی به شب‌پره‌خرنوب باعث افزایش سطوح آلودگی به قارچ‌های گروه A. flavusوA. niger شده بود. آلودگی به قارچ‌ها، شب‌پره خرنوب و مورچه باعث کاهش وزن مغز میوه های پسته گردیده بود.نتایج نشان داد که پوست سبز پسته عاری از آفلاتوکسین‌ها می‌باشد، در حالی‌که پوست استخوانی و مغز حاوی سطوح متفاوت آفلاتوکسین‌ها بودند. مقایسه توانایی تولید آفلاتوکسین در جدایه‌ها مشخص نمود که 67 درصد جدایه‌ها تولید آفلاتوکسین های B1 و B2، 24 درصد تولید آفلاتوکسین B1 و 9 درصد قادر به تولید آفلاتوکسین نبودند. نتیجه‌گیری: استفاده از خصوصیات ظاهری و فیزیکی پسته‌های آلوده جهت جداسازی آنها در فرآوری و یا پس از آن می تواند در کاهش سطوح آلودگی پسته‌های فرآوری شده موثر واقع گردد. نتایج نشان دهنده نقش کلیدی برداشت زودتر در کاهش سطوح آلودگی و مقدار آفلاتوکسین می‌باشد. حدود 95 و 5 درصد از آفلاتوکسین اندازه گیری شده به ترتیب مربوط به مغز و پوست استخوانی بود و برای اندازه‌گیری دقیق آفلاتوکسین بهتر است پوست استخوانی از سنجش‌های مربوطه حذف گردد. تفاصيل المقالة -
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16 - The Nutritional Effect of Incorporating Different Percentages of Pistachio By-products Silages into the Diet of Sheep on the Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Meat
Zahra Ebadi Ali MahdaviThe effect of incorporation of ensiled pistachio residues (EPR) into the diet of sheep on the quality of mutton was investigated. Twelve male lambs at 6 months of age and average weight of 35.9±1.21 Kg, were divided into four groups (0, 33, 66 and 100 % EPR) and أکثرThe effect of incorporation of ensiled pistachio residues (EPR) into the diet of sheep on the quality of mutton was investigated. Twelve male lambs at 6 months of age and average weight of 35.9±1.21 Kg, were divided into four groups (0, 33, 66 and 100 % EPR) and fed for 90 days in a completely randomized design. After fattening period, the lambs were slaughtered and dry matter, protein, fat, ash, NPN and minerals (Ca, P, Mg, K, Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe) of meat were measured. The functional properties of mutton (pH, WBC, texture, cooking loss and OD) and sensory attributes were determined. The results showed that feeding lambs with EPR, there was no significant difference in the meat traits, however meat fats in the treatments were lower in comparison to the control and the lowest amount of fat was obtained in group of the lambs fed with EPR at 66 %. The Zn and Fe of mutton was increased by addition of EPR and the highest amount was obtained in 100 % diet. The results indicated that addition of ensiled pistachio by-products to the diet of lambs improved the quality and nutritional value of mutton compared to the control samples received a standard diet. Therefore, it may be suggested that the use of EPR in sheep diet. تفاصيل المقالة -
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17 - The Effect of Different Solvent Systems on Some Chemical Properties of Pistachio Nut Oil Contaminated with Aflatoxin
N. Ahmadi Kamazani S. A. Mortazavi M. Ebrahimi Tajabadi , M. Hasani M. GhotbiExtraction of oil from poor quality pistachios results in increased add-value. In this study, the performance of different solvents in recovery of valuable oil and meal from the pistachio sample contaminated with aflatoxin was investigated and some chemical properties o أکثرExtraction of oil from poor quality pistachios results in increased add-value. In this study, the performance of different solvents in recovery of valuable oil and meal from the pistachio sample contaminated with aflatoxin was investigated and some chemical properties of the extracted oil were determined. The pistachio nut oil was extracted by three solvent systems including n-hexane (non- polar), ethanol 96˚ (polar) and n-hexane- ethanol 96˚ (90:10) using soxhlet method and for each solvent the mean yield was determined. Fatty acid profile, Iodine, peroxide and acid values of the extracted oil were determined. Aflatoxin contents in the produced oil and meal were measured. Extraction yield of the pistachio oil by different solvents ranged from 33.6% in the samples extracted by ethanol to 40.4% in the sample extracted by n-hexane-ethanol (90:10). The most predominant saturated and unsaturated fatty acids found in the pistachio oils were palmitic and oleic acids, respectively. The highest amount of aflatoxin was found in the oil extracted by ethanol and in the meal recovered by n- hexane. تفاصيل المقالة -
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18 - اثر تنش شوری بر قوه‌نامیه بذر پسته خودرو (Pistacia vera L.) در جنگل خواجه کلات مشهد
هادی فدایی وحید اعتماد غلامحسین مرادیزمینه و هدف: با توجه به این‌که سطح وسیعی از اراضی ایران تحت تأثیر شوری می‌باشد، بنابراین مطالعه سطح تحمل گیاهان به شوری دارای اهمیت زیادی است. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثر شوری بر جوانه‌زنی و قوه‌نامیه بذر پسته خودرو انجام شده است. روش بررسی: نمونه‌برداری بذر به‌صورت تصاد أکثرزمینه و هدف: با توجه به این‌که سطح وسیعی از اراضی ایران تحت تأثیر شوری می‌باشد، بنابراین مطالعه سطح تحمل گیاهان به شوری دارای اهمیت زیادی است. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثر شوری بر جوانه‌زنی و قوه‌نامیه بذر پسته خودرو انجام شده است. روش بررسی: نمونه‌برداری بذر به‌صورت تصادفی و بر اساس واحدهای شکل زمین انجام گردید. قبل از آزمایش جوانه‌زنی، ابتدا تیمار استراتیفیکاسیون به مدت 6 هفته در دمای 4 درجه سانتی‌گراد بر روی بذرها انجام شد. سپس آزمایش جوانه‌زنی به صورت فاکتوریل و در غالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام گردید و بعد از انجام تیمارهای شوری صفاتی از قبیل قوه‌نامیه بذر، طول ساقه‌چه، طول ریشه‌چه و ضریب آلومتری محاسبه شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که درصد قوه‌نامیه بذر پسته، ضریب آلومتری، طول ساقه چه و ریشه‌چه با شوری همبستگی معنی داری دارد (01/0p <). همچنین جوانه‌زنی بذر در طبقات مختلف ارتفاعی با افزایش شوری کاهش معنی‌داری را نشان می‌دهد. نتایج بررسی ضریب آلومتری در طبقات شیب و ارتفاعی مختلف نشان داد که ضریب آلومتری در سطح شوری صفر میلی مولار در تمامی طبقات شیب و ارتفاع اختلاف معنی‌داری نداشته و در این سطح شوری میزان این ضریب به طور معنی‌داری بیشتر از بقیه سطوح بوده است. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج این تحقیق افزایش شوری موجب کاهش رشد و کاهش جوانه‌زنی پسته می‌گردد. در ارتفاعات بالاتر میزان جوانه‌زنی بذر پسته بیشتر بوده و این در حالی است که در برخی گونه‌ها افزایش ارتفاع از سطح دریا اثر عکس دارد. تفاصيل المقالة -
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19 - اثر عوامل فیزیوگرافی بر جوانه‌زنی بذر پسته خودرو (Pistacia vera L.) در جنگل خواجه کلات مشهد
هادی فدایی وحید اعتماد غلامحسین مرادیزمینه و هدف: با توجه به اهمیت و گستردگی گونه پسته خودرو در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک و همچنین مشکلات جوانه‌زنی آن، این تحقیق با هدف تعیین اثر شیب دامنه، جهت جغرافیایی و ارتفاع از سطح دریای رویشگاه درختان مادری بر روی خصوصیات جوانه‌زنی بذر پسته (Pistacia vera) در شمال شرق کشو أکثرزمینه و هدف: با توجه به اهمیت و گستردگی گونه پسته خودرو در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک و همچنین مشکلات جوانه‌زنی آن، این تحقیق با هدف تعیین اثر شیب دامنه، جهت جغرافیایی و ارتفاع از سطح دریای رویشگاه درختان مادری بر روی خصوصیات جوانه‌زنی بذر پسته (Pistacia vera) در شمال شرق کشور و در منطقه‌ای به وسعت 13250 هکتار انجام گردیده است. روش بررسی: ابتدا نقشه واحدهای شکل زمین تهیه شد و نمونه‌برداری‌ها بر اساس آن انجام گردید. سپس بذرهای جمع‌آوری شده از 23 واحد نمونه‌گیری جهت انجام عملیات آزمایشگاهی به آزمایشگاه بذر منتقل شد و درصد جوانه‌زنی، ارزش جوانه‌زنی و میانگین مدت جوانه‌زنی در هر یک از واحدها تعیین گردید. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که درصد جوانه‌زنی بذر پسته با ارتفاع از سطح دریا همبستگی مثبت معنی‌دار دارد (01/0p<)، اما با شیب و جهت جغرافیایی ارتباط معنی‌داری ندارد. همبستگی بین ارزش جوانه‌زنی و ارتفاع از سطح دریا معنی‌دار نیست، در حالی که شیب و جهت جغرافیایی همبستگی معنی‌داری با ارزش جوانه‌زنی دارند (01/0p<). بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج، درصد جوانه‌زنی در ارتفاعات بالا بیشتر از ارتفاعات پایین است و با همدیگر تفاوت معنی‌داری دارد. ارزش جوانه‌زنی در ارتفاعات پائین و شیب 30-0 درصد بیشتر از بقیه جهات و شیب‌ها می‌باشد. بذرهای جمع‌آوری شده از جهت‌های شمال و جنوب و شیب بالای 60 درصد دارای میزان جوانه‌زنی بیشتری در مقایسه با بذرهای سایر جهات و شیب‌ها می‌باشند. همچنین میانگین مدت جوانه‌زنی در جهت شرق و شیب 30 تا 60 درصد کمتر از جهت‌ها و شیب‌های دیگر است. تفاصيل المقالة -
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20 - جداسازی و شناسایی قارچ آسپرژیلوس فلاووس توکسین زا جدا شده از پسته های شهر رفسنجان با بررسی بیان ژن nor-1 دخیل در مسیر بیوسنتز آفلاتوکسین
مژگان سقازاهآفلاتوکسین ها از متابولیت های ثانویه قارچ ها هستند که فوق العاده سمی و سرطانزا می باشند و می توانند باعث آلودگی مواد غذایی مختلفی همچون خشکبار مانند پسته شوند. از آنجایی که ایران یکی از بزرگترین صادرکنندگان پسته درجهان است و یکی از آلودگی های مهم پسته آفلاتوکسین است، هد أکثرآفلاتوکسین ها از متابولیت های ثانویه قارچ ها هستند که فوق العاده سمی و سرطانزا می باشند و می توانند باعث آلودگی مواد غذایی مختلفی همچون خشکبار مانند پسته شوند. از آنجایی که ایران یکی از بزرگترین صادرکنندگان پسته درجهان است و یکی از آلودگی های مهم پسته آفلاتوکسین است، هدف از این تحقیق جداسازی و شناسایی قارچ آسپرژیلوس فلاووس توکسین‌زای جدا شده از پسته‌های شهر رفسنجان با بررسی بیان ژن nor-1 دخیل در مسیر بیوسنتز آفلاتوکسین به روش مولکولی RT-PCR می‌باشد. در این تحقیق به طور تصادفی از 10 خشکبار فروشی در نقاط مختلف شهررفسنجان، نمونههای پسته گردآوری و یک مجموعه از 1000 عدد پسته تهیه شد، سپس با تکنیک‌های میکروبی قارچ‌های آنها جداسازی شدند و با بررسیهای ماکروسکوپی و میکروسکوپی حضور قارچ‌های آسپرژیلوس فلاووس تایید شد. سپس محتویات ژنومی و RNA قارچ‌ها استخراج ، تخلیص و آزمایش RT-PCR جهت بررسی بیان ژن مورد نظر انجام شد. در این تحقیق 42 سویه قارچ آسپرژیلوس فلاووس جدا شده از پسته‌های محصول شهر رفسنجان مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. درنهایت 9 نمونه از 42(4/21%) نمونه‌ی بررسی شده برای ژن nor-1 دارای بیان و به عبارت دیگر توکسین‌زا بودند. آلودگی به آفلاتوکسین در نقاط مختلف دنیا در انواع مواد غذایی و در مقادیر مختلف گزارش شده است که برای سلامت عمومی می‌تواند یک تهدید باشد، پس بکار‌گیری نظارت و روشهای صحیح نگهداری، توزیع و تشخیص سریع به کمک روشهای مولکولی، جهت کاهش میزان آلودگی مواد غذایی بخصوص محصولات خشکبار به قارچ‌های مولد آفلاتوکسین ضروری می‌باشد. تفاصيل المقالة -
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21 - بررسی بیان ژنaflR در قارچ آسپرژیلوس فلاووس توکسین زای جدا شده از پسته های شهر رفسنجان به روش مولکولی RT-PCR
مژگان سقازاه بیتا نجمیمایکوتوکسین ها از متابولیت های ثانویه قارچ ها هستند که بوسیله تعدادی از قارچ ها بویژه آسپرژیلوس فلاووس و آسپرژیلوس پارازیتیکوس تولید می شوند و می توانند سرطانزا باشند. مواد غذایی در شرایط آب و هوای گرم بستری مناسب برای آلودگی به انواع کپک ها بخصوص گونه های آسپرژیلوس توک أکثرمایکوتوکسین ها از متابولیت های ثانویه قارچ ها هستند که بوسیله تعدادی از قارچ ها بویژه آسپرژیلوس فلاووس و آسپرژیلوس پارازیتیکوس تولید می شوند و می توانند سرطانزا باشند. مواد غذایی در شرایط آب و هوای گرم بستری مناسب برای آلودگی به انواع کپک ها بخصوص گونه های آسپرژیلوس توکسین زا هستند و بدنبال آن باعث تولید آفلا توکسین در مراحل مختلف محصول ، هنگام برداشت و حمل و نگهداری آن می باشند. از آنجایی که ایران یکی از بزرگترین صادرکنندگان پسته درجهان است و یکی از آلودگی های مهم پسته آفلاتوکسین است. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی بیان ژن aflR در قارچ‌های آسپرژیلوس فلاووس توکسین‌زای جدا شده از پسته های شهر رفسنجان به روش مولکولی RT-PCR می‌باشد. این ژن نقش تنظیم کننده در بیان دیگر ژن‌های مسیر بیوسنتز آفلاتوکسین را دارد. در این پژوهش به طور تصادفی از 10 خشکبار فروشی در نقاط مختلف شهر، نمونههای پسته‌ی شهررفسنجان جمع آوری و یک مجموعه از1000 نمونه پسته جمع آوری شد، سپس قارچ های موجود با تکنیک‌های میکروبی جداسازی شدند. با بررسیهای ماکروسکوپی و میکروسکوپی وجود قارچ آسپرژیلوس فلاووس، تایید شد. سپس محتویات ژنومی و RNA قارچ‌های توکسین‌زا استخراج ، تخلیص و آزمایش RT-PCR جهت بررسی بیان ژن مورد نظر انجام شد. در این تحقیق 42 سویه قارچ آسپرژیلوس فلاووس جدا شده از پسته‌های محصول شهر رفسنجان مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. درنهایت 9 نمونه از 42(4/21%) نمونه‌ی بررسی شده برای ژنaflR دارای بیان و به عبارت دیگر توکسین‌زا بودند. تفاصيل المقالة -
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22 - Study of impact of global brand impact on tourism development (case study: Damghan city)
Zeynab Karkehabadi Mostafa FoadianBrands are considered one of the most valuable intangible assets. Branding is the idea of creating a unique feature to differentiate and is one of the essential components in tourism programs and the important tools for urban tourism development in different aspects of أکثرBrands are considered one of the most valuable intangible assets. Branding is the idea of creating a unique feature to differentiate and is one of the essential components in tourism programs and the important tools for urban tourism development in different aspects of economic, social, cultural, environmental and physical. In this study, it is tried to investigate the impact of the global brand on the development of the tourism economy of the Damghan city. LESREL software had been used for this purpose . The research method was descriptive - analytic and of application type. In this study, data collection was done through SPSS and questionnaire distribution and library studies. The results of analysis of an agent for investigation of features (awareness, loyalty, image, perceived quality) on particular value of the pistachio brand in Damghan city indicated that the collected data were well supported the pattern and the overall indicators showed proper adequacy of the pattern by the data .Also after reviewing the second - order factorial analysis, it was found that all the factorial loads were meaningful and support the indicators and variables well. The investigations outcome of the impact rate of pistachio global brand on the development of tourism economy using T- test, showed that the acquired average is more than mean 3, and acquired meaningful level 0.000at level of 0.95 Indicated the high impact of pistachio particular brand on tourism economic development in Damghan city. Studying the results of direct and indirect effects of the global brand of pistachio in urban tourism development in economical dimensions using Path analysis test, showed that due to the acquired Betas, it is indicator of direct impact of global brand of pistachio on development of tourism industry in Damghan city. تفاصيل المقالة -
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23 - ارزیابی قابلیت طبقه‌بندی نظارت شده تصاویر ماهواره‌ای لندست-8 و سنتینل-A2 در تعیین محدوده و سطح زیر کشت ارقام پسته
هادی زارع خورمیزی حمیدرضا غفاریان مالمیری مراد مرتاضفن آوری سنجش از دور یکی از ابزارهای کارآمد برای پایش، مطالعه و تعیین سطح زیر کشت محصولات کشاورزی و باغی بویژه در سطوح وسیع می باشد. برنامه ریزان، مجریان و کشاورزان با آگاهی از نوع رقم و سطح زیر کشت محصولات کشاورزی می توانند سیاست های مدیریتی و اجرایی مناسبی اتخاذ نم أکثرفن آوری سنجش از دور یکی از ابزارهای کارآمد برای پایش، مطالعه و تعیین سطح زیر کشت محصولات کشاورزی و باغی بویژه در سطوح وسیع می باشد. برنامه ریزان، مجریان و کشاورزان با آگاهی از نوع رقم و سطح زیر کشت محصولات کشاورزی می توانند سیاست های مدیریتی و اجرایی مناسبی اتخاذ نمایند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر ارزیابی قابلیت طبقه بندی نظارت شده تصاویر ماهواره ای چند باندی لندست-8 و سنتینل-A2 در تعیین محدوده، سطح زیر کشت و نوع رقم چهار نوع پسته اکبری، کله قوچی، احمد آقایی و فندوقی در یک مزرعه مطالعاتی در استان یزد می باشد. دقت چهار الگوریتم طبقه بندی متوازی السطوح، کمترین فاصله، فاصله ماهالانوبیس و بیشترین تشابه و همچنین بهترین زمان در تفکیک ارقام پسته مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بر اساس نتایج، الگوریتم حداکثر تشابه در طبقه بندی تصویری در تاریخ 22 خرداد 1397 ماهواره لندست-8 با دقت نهایی و ضریب کاپای به ترتیب 76.8 درصد و 0.67 از بالاترین دقت و الگوریتم طبقه بندی متوازی السطوح به ترتیب با دقت نهایی و ضریب کاپای 7/64 و 47/0 از کمترین دقت برخوردار بود. همچنین بر اساس نتایج، بهترین زمان برای تفکیک ارقام پسته مورد بررسی اواخر خرداد می باشد. به طوری که ضریب کاپای طبقه بندی با الگوریتم حداکثر تشابه در تصویر تاریخ 22 خرداد 1397 ماهواره لندست، 0.67 و به ترتیب در تاریخ های 23 تیر، 24 مرداد و 25 شهریور 0.64، 0.63 و 0.63 بدست آمد. دقت نهایی و ضریب کاپای طبقه بندی با استفاده از الگوریتم حداکثر تشابه در تصویر تاریخ 24 خرداد 1397 ماهواره سنتینل-A2 به ترتیب 80 درصد و 0.71 بدست آمد. با انجام عمل فیلتر میانه با اندازه پنجره سه در سه بر روی تصویر طبقه بندی شده سنتیل-A2 میزان دقت نهایی و ضریب کاپا به ترتیب به 82.6 و 0.75 افزایش یافت. دقت نهایی و ضریب کاپای طبقه بندی و تفکیک ارقام پسته در تصاویر سنتینل-A2 نسبت به تصاویر لندست 8 بالاتر بود. در مجموع بر اساس نتایج، تکینک های طبقه بندی سنجش از دور و نیز تصاویر ماهواره ای چند باندی، از قابلیت مناسبی برای نقشه برداری کشاورزی و باغی برخوردار می باشند. تفاصيل المقالة -
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24 - برآورد تبخیر تعرق واقعی در باغات پسته با استفاده از الگوریتم سبال و مقایسه آن در سه سیستم آبیاری مختلف
سهیل رادیومپیشینه و هدف طی صدسال گذشته، حدود 90 درصد از سرانه آب تجدید پذیر کشور کاهش یافته است. از منابع آب تجدیدشونده کشور حدود 90 درصد آن به بخش کشاورزی اختصاص دارد. با افزایش سطح زیر کشت باغات پسته و افزایش تقاضا برای آب ازیک‌طرف و محدودتر شدن منابع آبی در منطقه، عدم تعادل بی أکثرپیشینه و هدف طی صدسال گذشته، حدود 90 درصد از سرانه آب تجدید پذیر کشور کاهش یافته است. از منابع آب تجدیدشونده کشور حدود 90 درصد آن به بخش کشاورزی اختصاص دارد. با افزایش سطح زیر کشت باغات پسته و افزایش تقاضا برای آب ازیک‌طرف و محدودتر شدن منابع آبی در منطقه، عدم تعادل بین عرضه و تقاضای آب به‌شدت در حال افزایش است. در این راستا، مهمترین گام پیشگیری از هدر رفت آب، توزیع یکنواخت آب در سطح مزرعه، آبیاری بهینه و متناسب با نیاز آبی گیاه در هر مرحله از رشد است. حدود 99 درصد آب جذب‌شده توسط گیاه صرف پدیده تبخیر و تعرق می گردد. لذا، شناخت این پدیده و برآورد دقیق آن می تواند در تعیین نیاز آبی گیاهان نقش بسزایی داشته باشد. اندازه گیری تبخیر تعرق واقعی پوشش گیاهی، خارج از شرایط آزمایشگاهی دشوار است. روش های تجربی زیادی برای برآورد تبخیر تعرق واقعی و پتانسیل با استفاده از داده های هواشناسی و اقلیمی به وجود آمده است. اما اکثر این روش‌ها تنها قادر به برآورد تبخیر تعرق پتانسیل می باشند و مقدار واقعی تبخیر تعرق را برآورد نمی نمایند. در مقابل، روشهای مبتنی بر سنجش‌ازدور ایجاد شده است که راه حل مناسبی برای برآورد تبخیر تعرق واقعی در سطح پوشش گیاهی می باشند. تصاویر ماهواره‌ای با قابلیت پوشش سراسری و دید تکراری، امکان پایش تبخیر تعرق را در سطح مزارع و در طول دوره رویش گیاه فراهم آورده اند. تحقیقات مختلفی در داخل و خارج از کشور در زمینه برآورد تبخیر تعرق واقعی اراضی کشاورزی با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره ای انجام‌شده است، که حاکی از دقت قابل قبول این روش بوده است. اما عمده این تحقیقات در مربوط به مزارع کشاورزی است و تحقیقات قابل‌توجهی در زمینۀ برآورد تبخیر تعرق در سطح باغ انجام‌نشده است. پوشش گیاهی در سطح مزارع در مقایسه با باغات یکدست و همگن است، بنابراین برآورد شاخص پوشش گیاهی که از ورودی های مدل سبال است در مزارع کشاورزی ساده تر از باغات انجام می‌گیرد که می تواند بر دقت نهایی تأثیر گذار باشد. بنابراین هدف اصلی این تحقیق برآورد مقدار تبخیر تعرق در سطح باغات با استفاده از الگوریتم سبال و ارزیابی دقت برآورد است. علاوه بر این در این تحقیق، از اندازه‌گیری روش مستقیم بیلان آبی با استفاده از داده های سنسورهای رطوبت خاک موجود در قسمت های مختلف باغ، برای ارزیابی دقت استفاده شده است. استفاده از این روش قابلیت اطمینان به نتایج و ارزیابی دقت انجام‌شده را افزایش می دهد.مواد و روش هاتحقیق حاضر در باغات پسته شهرستان زرندیه استان مرکزی انجام شده است. باغ ها دارای سیستم‌های آبیاری غرقابی، قطره ای رو سطحی و قطره ای زیرسطحی بوده اند. تبخیر و تعرق واقعی با استفاده از دو روش بیلان آبی و الگوریتم سبال برآورد شده است. از داده های هواشناسی ایستگاه سینوپتیک فرودگاه امام او تصاویر ماهواره ای لندست 8 برای برآورد تبخیر تعرق به کمک الگوریتم سبال استفاده شده است. تبخیر و تعرق واقعی در زمان های گذر ماهواره در طول فصل رشد برآورد شده است. برای انتخاب پیکسل های سرد و گرم در الگوریتم سبال، از روش نیمه اتوماتیک پیشنهادشده توسط اولمدو استفاده شد که استفاده از نظر کاربر را در انتخاب پیکسل های سرد و گرم به حداقل می رساند. برای ارزیابی دقت نتایج برآورد تبخیر و تعرق، از اطلاعات سنسورهای رطوبت خاک موجود در سطح باغ استفاده شده است. تعداد 28 سنسور رطوبت خاک را در بخش های مختلف باغ اندازه گیری می نمایند. با استفاده از مقادیر رطوبت خاک سنسورها، مقدار تبخیر تعرق واقعی با استفاده از روش بیلان آبی برآورد شد و به‌عنوان مقدار مرجع مورداستفاده قرار گرفت.نتایج و بحث مقایسه نتایج حاصل از الگوریتم سبال و روش بیلان آبی نشان داد که الگوریتم سبال توانسته است با خطای RMS 0.57 مقدار تبخیر تعرق واقعی را در قسمت‌های مختلف باغ برآورد نماید. علاوه بر این همبستگی بین مقادیر برآورد شده توسط دو روش برابر 0.82 بوده است که نشان‌دهنده قابلیت مناسب الگوریتم سبال در برآورد مقادیر تبخیر و تعرق است. همبستگی بین مقدار تبخیر و تعرق واقعی برآورد شده از مدل سبال و تبخیر و تعرق مرجع برابر 0.76 به دست‌آمده است. تغییرات مقدار تبخیر و تعرق در قسمت های مختلف باغ و نیز باغ های دارای سیستم های آبیاری مختلف غرقابی، قطره‌ای رو سطحی و قطره‌ای زیرسطحی بررسی‌شده است. نتایج نشان داده است، باغ دارای آبیاری زیرسطحی به طور متوسط کمترین میزان تبخیر تعرق را در تاریخ‌های مختلف از خود نشان داده است. با توجه به آنکه تبخیر تعرق معادل مجموع مقدار تبخیر از سطح خاک و تعرق از سطح گیاه است می توان، این مقدار کاهش را به کاهش تبخیر از سطح خاک نسبت داد. علاوه بر این، در همه تاریخ ها ناهمسانی تبخیر تعرق در قسمت های مختلف باغ های دارای سیستم آبیاری یکسان قابل‌مشاهده است. به‌عنوان نمونه در باغ با روش آبیاری غرقابی، بخش هایی از باغ تبخیر تعرق پایینی نشان می دهند که می تواند ناشی از عدم تسطیح سطح باغ و عدم دریافت رطوبت مناسب در این نواحی باشد. بدیهی است همین مقدار رطوبت در سایر بخش های باغ تجمع نموده و از طریق نفوذ عمقی از دسترس خارج می گردد. این توزیع غیریکنواخت در باغ با روش آبیاری رو سطحی نیز مشاهده می شود. به عنوان نمونه بخش میانی باغ دارای آبیاری رو سطحی همواره مقدار تبخیر تعرق بالاتری را نشان می دهد که می تواند نشان دهنده هدر رفت آب در این بخش از باغ، ناشی از عملکرد بیش از نیاز نازل‌های رطوبت باشد. برای ارزیابی بهتر اختلاف تبخیر تعرق در روش های مختلف آبیاری، مقدار متوسط، حداقل، حداکثر و انحراف معیار مقادیر تبخیر تعرق در باغ های مربوط به سه سیستم آبیاری مختلف محاسبه شده است. نتایج نشان داد در تمام تاریخ ها مقادیر دامنه تغییرات و انحراف معیار تبخیر تعرق در سیستم آبیاری غرقابی بیشتر از سایر روش‌ها بوده است که به خوبی نشان دهنده عدم آبیاری یکنواخت در سطح باغ است.نتیجه گیری نتایج تحقیق حاکی از دقت مناسب الگوریتم سبال در برآورد تبخیر تعرق واقعی باغات بوده است. به طوری که در مقایسه با روش بیلان آبی همبستگی 0.82 و خطای 0.57 داشته است. علاوه بر این، مقایسه وضعیت رطوبت در قسمت های مختلف باغ و نیز باغ های دارای سیستم آبیاری مختلف نشان داده است که با استفاده از برآورد تبخیر و تعرق به کمک تصاویر ماهواره ای میتوان اطلاعات مناسبی از نحوه توزیع رطوبت در سطح باغ دست یافت. این داده ها، اطلاعات ارزشمندی در خصوص مدیریت بهینه منابع آب و افزایش کارایی آبیاری فراهم می نماید. با استفاده از روش های آبیاری زیرسطحی می توان به صورت مؤثری هدر رفت آب آبیاری ناشی از تبخیر از سطح خاک را کاهش داد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داده است که در مناطقی که دسترسی به اطلاعات سنسورهای رطوبت خاک و یا روشهای اندازه گیری مستقیم تبخیر و تعرق وجود ندارد، استفاده از الگوریتم سبال و روش های سنجش از دور می‌تواند اطلاعات مناسبی را جهت مدیریت بهینه منابع آبی فراهم نماید. تفاصيل المقالة -
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25 - تراکم و نوسان جمعیت پسیل معمولی پسته Agonoscena pistaciae (Hemiptera : Psyllidae) روی دو رقم پسته بادامی ریز زرند و ممتاز
فائزه نجف پور محمد رضا مهرنژاد مجید فلاح زادهپسیل معمولی پسته Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer ، آفت کلیدی درختان پسته ایران می‌باشد. تراکم این آفت روی ارقام مختلف پسته معمولاً متفاوت است. در تحقیق حاضر تراکم و تغییرات جمعیت پسیل معمولی پسته روی دو رقم پسته بادامی ریز زرند و ممتاز به عنوان ارقام محلی أکثرپسیل معمولی پسته Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer ، آفت کلیدی درختان پسته ایران می‌باشد. تراکم این آفت روی ارقام مختلف پسته معمولاً متفاوت است. در تحقیق حاضر تراکم و تغییرات جمعیت پسیل معمولی پسته روی دو رقم پسته بادامی ریز زرند و ممتاز به عنوان ارقام محلی و بومی شهرستان زرند در شرایط صحرایی بررسی شد. بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده، تراکم پوره پسیل روی درختان پسته رقم ممتاز به طور معنی دار بالاتر از رقم بادامی ریز زرند در طول دوره نمونه برداری از فروردین تا اوایل آبان بود. تراکم پوره‌ها روی هر دو رقم از اوایل مرداد به تدریج افزایش یافت اما روند افزایش جمعیت از اواسط شهریور تا زمان ریزش برگ‌ها شدید بود. فراوانی حشرات کامل پسیل روی سرشاخه درختان رقم ممتاز بالاتر از رقم بادامی ریز زرند در طول فصل رویش به دست آمد. همچنین فراوانی حشرات کامل پسیل شکار شده توسط تله‌های چسبنده زرد رنگ در باغ پسته رقم ممتاز بیشتر از باغ پسته رقم بادامی ریز زرند در طول دوره نمونه برداری بود اما روند نوسان جمعیت آنها در دو باغ شبیه به یکدیگر بود. در مقاله حاضر وضعیت تراکم پوره‌های پسیل روی درختان دو رقم مورد مطالعه و نوسان جمعیت حشرات کامل آن در دو باغ مقایسه و بحث گردیده است. تفاصيل المقالة -
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26 - مقایسه اثر روغن DG با اسپیروتترامات و دینوتفوران بر پسیل معمولی پسته، Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hem.: Aphalaridae) در شهرهای مختلف ایران
الهام صنعتگر حامد فکوری محمدرضا لشکری عزت ا... صداقتفرپسیل معمولی پسته، Agonoscena pistaciae از آفات کلیدی درختان پسته در ایران است. هم حشرات بالغ و هم پوره ها با مکیدن شیره گیاه، خسارات اقتصادی زیادی وارد کرده و همچنین مقدار زیادی عسلک تولید می کنند. استفاده مداوم از آفتکشها برای کنترل A. pistaciae منجر به مقاومت شدن جم أکثرپسیل معمولی پسته، Agonoscena pistaciae از آفات کلیدی درختان پسته در ایران است. هم حشرات بالغ و هم پوره ها با مکیدن شیره گیاه، خسارات اقتصادی زیادی وارد کرده و همچنین مقدار زیادی عسلک تولید می کنند. استفاده مداوم از آفتکشها برای کنترل A. pistaciae منجر به مقاومت شدن جمعیت‌های آفت به چندین آفتکش و ناکارآمدی در کنترل بیولوژیکی و در نتیجه سبب طغیان آفات می‌شود. در تحقیق حاضر، آزمایش‌های مزرعه‌ای طی سال‌های 1398-1399 بر روی درختان پسته رقم احمد آقایی در استان‌های کرمان، یزد، قم، خراسان رضوی، خراسان شمالی، خراسان جنوبی، سمنان، فارس، مرکزی و اصفهان انجام شد. بررسی تاثیر روغن DG بر A. pistaciae در مقایسه با دو آفت کش Spirotetramat و Dinotefuran. با نمونه برداری از تیمارها یک روز قبل از سمپاشی و 1، 3، 7، 14، 21 و 28 روز پس از تیمار انجام شد. آزمایش ها بر اساس بلوک های کامل تصادفی با چهار تیمار (شامل دوز توصیه شده روغن DG 5/0 لیتر در 1000 لیتر آب در هکتار)، اسپیروتترامات (1 لیتر در 1000 لیتر آب در هکتار)، دینوتفوران (75/0 کیلوگرم در1000 لیتر آب در هکتار) و شاهد (محلول پاشی با آب) و در چهار تکرار انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که روغن DG از روز اول پس از سمپاشی کارایی بالایی داشت و تاثیرگذاری آن به مدت چهار هفته ادامه یافت و روغن DG در مقایسه با اسپیروتترامات و دینوتوفوران عملکرد مناسب و رضایت بخشی داشت. به عنوان دوستدار محیط زیست و سازگارترین ترکیب با IPM برای کنترل A. pistaciae توصیه می شود. تفاصيل المقالة -
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27 - تاثیر سنگ‌های معدنی مختلف روی میزان تخم‌ریزی و تفریخ تخم‌های پسیل معمولی پستهAgonoscena pistaciae Burkhhardt & Lauterer (Hem.: Psyllidae) در شرایط باغی
کمال احمدی محسن اسدی بیتا والی زادهپسیل معمولی پسته یکی از آفات مهم و اقتصادی در باغات پسته جهان است. در حال حاضر کنترل شیمیایی، روش اصلی کنترل این آفت به شمار می رود. استفاده بیش از حد از حشره کش های شیمیایی منجر به ایجاد جمعیت مقاوم پسیل پسته و ایجاد خطرات زیست محیطی شده است. به نظر می رسد استفاده از ت أکثرپسیل معمولی پسته یکی از آفات مهم و اقتصادی در باغات پسته جهان است. در حال حاضر کنترل شیمیایی، روش اصلی کنترل این آفت به شمار می رود. استفاده بیش از حد از حشره کش های شیمیایی منجر به ایجاد جمعیت مقاوم پسیل پسته و ایجاد خطرات زیست محیطی شده است. به نظر می رسد استفاده از ترکیبات معدنی به عنوان حشره کش، یکی از راه های کاهش میزان باقیمانده سموم خطرناک در محصولات کشاورزی است. در این تحقیق اثرات حشره کشی 10 نوع سنگ معدنی (حاوی کانی های ساب آرکوز، کلسیت، بیومیکریت، گرانیت، آهک اسپارایتی درشت بلور، آهک اسپارایتی ریز بلور، مونزوگابرو، مونزودیوریت، اُاُمیکریت و پل اسپاریت) روی تخم ریزی و تفریخ تخم این حشره بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد که برگ های تیمار شده با کانی مونزوگابرو (00±00/0)، گرانیت (01/0±54/0)، بیومیکریت (21/0±50/1)، و کلسیت (17/0±56/1) در غلظت 50 گرم در لیتر، بیشترین کاهش در میزان تخم ریزی آفت در آزمایش سال اول را داشتند. نتایج آزمایش سال دوم نشان داد برگ های تیمار شده با بیومیکریت، افزایش قابل توجهی در میزان تخم ریزی در مقایسه با کلسیت، گرانیت و شاهد داشت. این تحقیق همچنین نشان داد که تیمار بیومیکریت تاثیری در روند تفریخ تخم نداشته است. بنابراین براساس نتایج این تحقیق، مونزوگابرو، گرانیت و کلسیت می توانند جهت کنترل پسیل پسته در باغات پسته استفاده گردند. تفاصيل المقالة -
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28 - تاثیر تشعشعات فرابنفش بر تجزیه تدریجی اتیون در پسته
سهراب ایمانی آرزو پژمان هادی استوان شهرام حسامیاتیون یک حشره کش طیف وسیع است که معمولا برای کنترل آفات پسته(Pistacia Vera L. )مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد. استفاده گسترده از آفتکشها روی میوه پسته نگرانی زیادی را در مورد باقیمانده آفتکش ها به وجود آورده است.در این مطالعه اشعه UV و فوتوکاتالیست TIO2 به عنوان عوامل تجزیه أکثراتیون یک حشره کش طیف وسیع است که معمولا برای کنترل آفات پسته(Pistacia Vera L. )مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد. استفاده گسترده از آفتکشها روی میوه پسته نگرانی زیادی را در مورد باقیمانده آفتکش ها به وجود آورده است.در این مطالعه اشعه UV و فوتوکاتالیست TIO2 به عنوان عوامل تجزیه کننده ، جهت تجزیه تدریجی اتیون مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند.آزمایش در دو حالت اسپری آفتکش بر کاغذ صافی و میوه پسته انجام شد.براساس یکسری پیش آزمایش ،کاغذهای صافی آغشته به اتیون در زمانهای مناسب (5 ، 10 و 20 ساعت )داخل راکتور در معرض اشعه یو وی قرار گرفتند و پس از خارج شدن باقیمانده آفتکش روی انها اندازه گیری شد.درصد تجزیه اتیون در زمانهای یادشده به ترتیب (9.29، 24.77 و 33.49 درصد) تعیین گردید.در نهایت 2 لامپ UV در حضور و عدم حضور TIO2(200mg/ml) برای تجزیه تدریجی اتیون در میوه پسته استفاده شدند.همه تیمارها بازده متعادلی برای حذف اتیون از کاغذ صافی و میوه پسته داشتند. بازده به طور مثبت متاثر از تعداد لامپ uv و حضور TIO2 بود.اگر چه این آزمایش پتانسیل مثبت اشعه UV و TIO2را در تجزیه تدریجی اتیون در پسته نشان داد لذا مطالعات آتی برای بهینه سازی شرایط تجربی در تجزیه تدریجی لازم است. تفاصيل المقالة -
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29 - بررسی تاثیر پنج رژیم غذایی مختلف روی رشد و زادآوری کفشدوزک یازده نقطه‌ای Coccinella undecimpunctata aegyptica Reiche (Col., Coccinellidae) در شرایط کنترل شده
فاطمه گروهی محمدرضا مهرنژاد کریم کمالیدر تحقیق حاضر تاثیر 5 رژیم غذایی شامل پوره پسیل معمولی پسته، پوره شته سیاه یونجه Aphis craccivora Koch (شته غالب علف های هرز در باغ های پسته رفسنجان)، گرده ذرت و رژیم های غذایی مخلوط پوره پسیل+پوره شته و پوره پسیل+گرده ذرت روی رشد و زادآوری کفشدوزک 11 نقطه ای C. und أکثردر تحقیق حاضر تاثیر 5 رژیم غذایی شامل پوره پسیل معمولی پسته، پوره شته سیاه یونجه Aphis craccivora Koch (شته غالب علف های هرز در باغ های پسته رفسنجان)، گرده ذرت و رژیم های غذایی مخلوط پوره پسیل+پوره شته و پوره پسیل+گرده ذرت روی رشد و زادآوری کفشدوزک 11 نقطه ای C. undecimpunctata aegyptica در شرایط کنترل شده (دمای C°5/0±5/27، رطوبت نسبی 5±55 درصد و دوره روشنایی 16 ساعت) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بر اساس نتایج این تحقیق لارو و حشره کامل کفشدوزک با تغذیه از گرده ذرت قادر به رشد نبودند و تلف شدند، اما چهار رژیم غذایی دیگر مناسب برای رشد و زادآوری این حشره بودند. میانگین دوره رشد کفشدوزک از تخم تا ظهور حشره کامل روی رژیم های غذایی پسیل، شته، پسیل+ شته و پسیل+گرده به ترتیب 9/14، 9/11، 2/12 و 6/14 روز به دست آمد. کم ترین میزان مرگ و میر حشره در این دوره مربوط به رژیم غذایی پسیل+ شته (4/3 درصد) و بیشترین تلفات در رژیم غذایی پسیل+گرده (3/13 درصد) به دست آمد. طول عمر کفشدوزک های ماده با تغذیه از پسیل، شته، پسیل+ شته و پسیل+گرده به طور متوسط به ترتیب 3/52، 1/61، 4/41 و 2/56 روز به دست آمد. نتایج نشان داد این کفشدوزک به طور متوسط در طول عمر با تغذیه از رژیم های مورد بررسی به ترتیب 826، 1974، 1281 و 727 تخم می گذارد. با توجه به مطالعات انجام گرفته و نتایج تحقیق حاضر استفاده از کفشدوزک 11 نقطه ای همراه با سایر عوامل کنترل بیولوژیک آفت پسیل معمولی پسته در چارچوب یک برنامه مدیریت تلفیقی کنترل آفات و به منظور کاهش جمعیت این آفت به ویژه در فصول بهار و پاییز قابل توصیه است. تفاصيل المقالة -
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30 - تاثیر اشعه فرا بنفش بر سرعت تجزیه و حذف آفتکش‌های متاسیستوکس و فنیتروتیون از محصول پسته
سهراب ایمانی آرزو پژمان هادی استوان شهرام حسامیپسته یکی از مهمترین محصولات کشاورزی کشور است که حدود ۸۱ درصد از درآمد های غیر نفتی کشور به آن اختصاص دارد.در این تحقیق تجزیه دو افتکش متاسیستوکس و فنیتروتیون، به وسیله اشعه ماورائ بنفش مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.این دو آفتکش به طور معمول با طیف وسیعی در باغات پسته کشور مورد ا أکثرپسته یکی از مهمترین محصولات کشاورزی کشور است که حدود ۸۱ درصد از درآمد های غیر نفتی کشور به آن اختصاص دارد.در این تحقیق تجزیه دو افتکش متاسیستوکس و فنیتروتیون، به وسیله اشعه ماورائ بنفش مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.این دو آفتکش به طور معمول با طیف وسیعی در باغات پسته کشور مورد استفاده قرار می گیرند.یکی از عمده ترین وظایف کشاورزی و گیاهپزشکی، تولید محصولاتی ایمن است، که میزان باقیمانده آفتکشها در آن ها کمتر از سطح MRL باشد.هدف این تحقیق بررسی تاثیر تشعشعات uv به همراه عامل فتوکاتالسیتی دی اکسید تیتانیوم و پراکسید هیدروژن بر تجزیه این دو سم در محصول پسته بود. تعیین باقیمانده موجود در نمونه ها با روش استخراج LLE و اندازه گیری با دستگاه GC-MS انجام شد.زمانهای آزمایش 30،60،120 و 300 دقیقه در نظر گرفته شد.نتایج نشان داد بیشترین درصد تجزیه آفتکشها مربوط به سم متاسیستوکس و تحت تاثیر UV/H2O2 و به میزان 5/38% بود.زمان بهینه در کلیه آزمایشات 300 دقیقه تعیین شد.اشعه UV به تنهایی در زمان 300 دقیقه روی سموم متاسیستوکس و فنیتروتیون در محصول پسته باعث کاهش سم به ترتیب به میزان 2/24و1/17% شد.آزمایشات نشان داد که تجزیه سموم مورد مطالعه با استفاده از تابش اشعه ماوراء بنفش امکان پذیر است و اثر مخرب UV در ساختارهای مواد شیمیایی در آزمایشات اثبات شد.بنابراین تشعشعاتUV در یک دوز مشخص قادر به برطرف نمودن باقی مانده سموم از پسته می‌باشد.تلفیق عوامل UV، پراکسید هیدروژن و دی اکسید تیتانیوم به نحو موثرتری قادر به زدودن آلودگی از محصولات کشاورزی می‌باشد. تفاصيل المقالة -
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31 - تاثیر دما بر رشد و زادآوری کفشدوزک دو نقطه ای (Adalia bipunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae، دشمن طبیعی آفت پسیل معمولی پسته Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hom., Aphalaridae
نازنین وهابزاده محمدرضا مهرنژاد شیلا گلدستهپسیل معمولی پسته Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer آفت درجه اول درختان پسته در ایران به حساب می آید. کفشدوزک دو نقطه ای Adalia bipunctata L. به عنوان یک کفشدوزک پسیل خوار، بالاترین فراوانی را در بین کفشدوزک های پسیل خوار در باغ های پسته رفسنجان دارد. ا أکثرپسیل معمولی پسته Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer آفت درجه اول درختان پسته در ایران به حساب می آید. کفشدوزک دو نقطه ای Adalia bipunctata L. به عنوان یک کفشدوزک پسیل خوار، بالاترین فراوانی را در بین کفشدوزک های پسیل خوار در باغ های پسته رفسنجان دارد. این تحقیق به منظور بررسی تاثیر دما در دامنه 5/17 تا 35 درجه سلسیوس روی پارامترهای رشد و زادآوری کفشدوزک دو نقطه ای در شرایط کنترل شده (دمای ثابت، رطوبت نسبی 5±55 درصد و دوره روشنایی 16 ساعت) و با تغذیه از پوره پسیل معمولی پسته انجام شد. در تحقیق حاضر آستانه های حرارتی، مجموع نیاز حرارتی و نرخ ذاتی افزایش جمعیت برای شکارگر محاسبه شد. آستانه حداقل حرارتی برای این کفشدوزک با تغذیه از پسیل معمولی پسته 1/13 درجه سلسیوس تخمین زده شد. مجموع نیاز حرارتی برای تکمیل دوره رشد این کفشدوزک از مرحله تخم تا حشره کامل با تغذیه از پسیل معمولی پسته 200 روز-درجه (DD) به دست آمد. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده نرخ ذاتی افزایش جمعیت (rm) و نرخ رشد متناهی (λ) برای افزایش کفشدوزک دو نقطه ای با تغذیه از پوره پسیل معمولی پسته به ترتیب 172/0 و 19/1 بود. تحقیق حاضر نشان داد پسیل معمولی پسته رژیم غذایی مناسب برای رشد و زادآوری شکارگر A. bipunctata به حساب می آید. تفاصيل المقالة -
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32 - زیست‌شناسی شپشک نوقی Salicicola davatchi (Hem : Diaspididae) در پسته‌کاری‌های رفسنجان
فاطمه کاظمی محمدرضا مهرنژاد اکبر رجبی حمیده سلمانی نژادشپشک نوقی، Salicicola davatchi Balachowski & Kaussari (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) یکی از آفات درختان پسته در ایران می باشد. این حشره با تغذیه از شیره گیاهی باعث ضعف درختان و همچنین کاهش میزان محصول و کیفیت آن می شود. در تحقیق حاضر بیولوژی و چرخه زندگی این شپشک در باغ أکثرشپشک نوقی، Salicicola davatchi Balachowski & Kaussari (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) یکی از آفات درختان پسته در ایران می باشد. این حشره با تغذیه از شیره گیاهی باعث ضعف درختان و همچنین کاهش میزان محصول و کیفیت آن می شود. در تحقیق حاضر بیولوژی و چرخه زندگی این شپشک در باغ های پسته در شرایط آب و هوایی رفسنجان بررسی گردید. نتایج نشان داد که شپشک نوقی غالبا روی شاخه های درختان پسته مستقر می شود اما گاهی تعداد معدودی شپشک روی برگ و میوه پسته نیز زندگی می کنند. معمولا سپرهای شپشک نوقی به صورت توده ای و تجمعی بر روی شاخه ها دیده می شود. افراد نر این گونه، در اوایل فروردین روی شاخه های درختان ظاهر می شوند و حدود 20 روز روی درختان حضور دارند. حدود 7 تا 10 روز بعد، در زیر سپر افراد ماده، تخم تشکیل می شود. میانگین حداکثر تعداد تخم در زیر یک سپر ماده سه هفته بعد از اولین تخم گذاری مشاهده می شود و پوره های متحرک بعد از یک ماه از تخم ها خارج می گردند. خروج پوره های متحرک از دهه دوم اردیبهشت شروع می شود و بعد از 5 تا 10روز به اوج می رسد که، این دوره با توجه به شرایط آب و هوایی متغیر می باشد. پوره های شپشک نوقی بسیار کم تحرک بوده و در بسیاری از موارد پوره های تازه خارج شده از تخم، جابجایی قابل توجهی ندارند و در زیر سپر مادری تشکیل سپر می دهند و در همین محل زیست می کنند. بر اساس نتایج تحقیق حاضر، شپشک نوقی دارای 2 سن پورگی و یک نسل در سال است. زمستان گذرانی این گونه به صورت حشرات نابالغ روی شاخه های درختان پسته صورت می گیرد. افرادی که در ابتدای بهار روی برگ و میوه مستقر شوند نسل دوم نیز تولید می کنند اما افراد نسل دوم موفق به تکمیل دوره زندگی خود نمی شوند. این پوره ها به دلیل برداشت میوه و ریزش برگ ها از بین می روند. تفاصيل المقالة -
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33 - نیازهای دمایی و پارامترهای بیولوژیکی کفشدوزک Coccinula elegantula (Col.: Coccinellidae) شکارگر پسیل معمولی پسته Agonoscena pistaciae (Hem.: Psylloidea) در شرایط آزمایشگاهی
حسن پریش محمد رضا مهرنژاد مجید فلاح زاده مهدی بصیرتپسـیل معـمولی پسـته Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer آفت کلیدی پسته کاری های ایران محسوب می شود. کفشدوزک Coccinula elegantula Weise به عنوان شکارگر پسیل معمولی پسته شناخته می شود. در این تحقیق دوره زندگی و تلفات کفشدوزک C. elegantula از تخم تا ظهور حشر أکثرپسـیل معـمولی پسـته Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer آفت کلیدی پسته کاری های ایران محسوب می شود. کفشدوزک Coccinula elegantula Weise به عنوان شکارگر پسیل معمولی پسته شناخته می شود. در این تحقیق دوره زندگی و تلفات کفشدوزک C. elegantula از تخم تا ظهور حشره کامل در شرایط کنترل شده (دامنه دمایی 5/17 تا 35 درجه سلسیوس، رطوبت نسبی 5±55 درصد و دوره روشنایی 16 ساعت) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده، آستانه حداقل حرارتی برای تخم، لارو و شفیره این کفشدوزک به ترتیب 7/11، 26/14 و 4/14 درجه سلسیوس به دست آمد. آستانه حداقل حرارتی از تخم تا ظهور حشره کامل 9/14 درجه سلسیوس تخمین زده شد. مجموع نیاز حرارتی برای مراحل تخم، لارو و شفیره کفشدوزک به ترتیب 59، 5/151 و 5/59 درجه-روز (°D) و برای دوره کامل زندگی این حشره 4/256 درجه-روز (°D) تخمین زده شد. پارامترهای جدول زندگی این حشره در شرایط کنترل شده (5/0±25 درجه سسلسیوس، رطوبت نسبی 5±55 درصد و دوره روشنایی 16 ساعت) و با تغذیه از پسیل معمولی پسته بررسی شد. نرخ ذاتی افزایش جمعیت (rm) با تغذیه از پسیل معمولی پسته 093/0 و نرخ متناهی افزایش جمعیت (λ) 09/1 به دست آمد. مدت زمان دو برابر شدن جمعیت با تغذیه از پسیل معمولی پسته 39/7 روز تعیین گردید. تفاصيل المقالة -
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34 - تاثیر رژیم غذایی و دما بر رشد و زادآوری بالتوری سبز دشمن‌طبیعی پسیل معمولی پسته
مرضیه حسنی سعدی محمدرضا مهرنژاد محمود محمود شجاعیبالتوری سبز،(Lacroix) Chrysoperla lucasina یکی از شکارگرهای پسیل معمولی پسته، Burckhardt and Lauterer Agonoscena pistaciae در باغ های پسته رفسنجان است. در این تحقیق تعدادی از پارامترهای بیولوژیکی بالتوری سبز درشرایط تغذیه از چهار رژیم غذایی شامل پوره سن چهارم، تخم و پو أکثربالتوری سبز،(Lacroix) Chrysoperla lucasina یکی از شکارگرهای پسیل معمولی پسته، Burckhardt and Lauterer Agonoscena pistaciae در باغ های پسته رفسنجان است. در این تحقیق تعدادی از پارامترهای بیولوژیکی بالتوری سبز درشرایط تغذیه از چهار رژیم غذایی شامل پوره سن چهارم، تخم و پوره سن اول پسیل معمولی پسته، پوره شته سیاه یونجه،Koch Aphis craccivora و تخم بید غلات،(Oliv.) Sitotroga cerealella و در سه دمای ثابت 25، 5/27 و 30 درجه سلسیوس بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد رژیم غذایی و دما هر دو بر رشد و تلفات این شکارگر تاثیر دارند. رشد لاروهای بالتوری سبز در شرایط تغذیه از پوره سن چهارم پسیل معمولی پسته و یا شته سیاه یونجه نسبت به دو شکارگر دیگر سریع تر است. وزن پیله های شفیره گی این حشره وقتی لاروها با پوره سن چهارم پسیل معمولی پسته تغذیه شدند به طور معنی دار بیشتر از سایر رژیم های غذایی به دست آمد. بالتوری سبز در دوره لاروی از 1016 پوره سن چهارم پسیل معمولی پسته و 315 پوره سن سوم شته سیاه یونجه تغذیه می نماید. نوع رژیم غذایی در دوره لاروی در طول عمر و میزان زادآوری حشرات کامل تاثیر دارد. این مطالعه نشان داد با افزایش دما در دامنه حرارتی 5/22 تا 5/32 درجه سلسیوس، میزان تخم گذاری حشره به شدت کاهش می یابد. نرخ ذاتی افزایش جمعیت بالتوری سبز در شرایط کنترل شده (25 درجه سلسیوس، رطوبت نسبی 5±50 درصد و 16ساعت روشنایی) و تغذیه لاروهای آن با پوره سن چهارم پسیل معمولی پسته و تخم بید غلات به ترتیب 11/0 و 09/0 به دست آمد. تفاصيل المقالة -
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35 - زیست شناسی و دینامیسم جمعیت پروانه برگ خوار سفید پسته، Ocneria terebinthina (Lep: Lymantriidae) در باغ های پسته شهرستان انار کرمان
راضیه پورسالاری محمد امین سمیع حمزه ایزدی محمد گرجیپروانه برگ خوار سفید پسته (رائو)، Ocneria terebinthina Stgr. (Lep: Lymantriidae) یکی از آفات بالقوه پسته در ایران است. برخی از ویژگی های مورفولوژیکی و زیست شناسی آن در دو باغ در شهرستان انار (استان کرمان) بررسی شد. در این مطالعه 10 اصله درخت (15 الی 20 ساله) پسته و ا أکثرپروانه برگ خوار سفید پسته (رائو)، Ocneria terebinthina Stgr. (Lep: Lymantriidae) یکی از آفات بالقوه پسته در ایران است. برخی از ویژگی های مورفولوژیکی و زیست شناسی آن در دو باغ در شهرستان انار (استان کرمان) بررسی شد. در این مطالعه 10 اصله درخت (15 الی 20 ساله) پسته و از هر درخت 60 برگ در جهات مختلف انتخاب شد و 2 بار در هفته مورد بازدید قرار گرفت. با شمارش تخم، لاروهای سنین مختلف و شفیره تغییرات جمعیت آنها در تاریخ های مختلف به دست آمد و روند خروج حشرات کامل آفت به وسیله تله نوری ثبت شد. پروانه برگ خوار سفید پسته زمستان را به صورت لارو زیر پوستک های درختان آلوده و یا برگ های خشکیده سطح زمین سپری می کند. از اوایل فروردین ماه، لاروهای زمستان گذران به تدریج از محل های زمستان‌گذرانی خارج و روی برگ ها شروع به تغذیه می کنند. لاروها پس از گذراندن دوره لاروی با تنیدن تار ابریشمی به دور خود به پیش شفیره تبدیل شده و از دهه سوم اردیبهشت ماه ابتدا حشرات کامل نر و بعد ماده ظاهر می شوند. حشرات ماده پس از جفت گیری تخم های خود را به طور دسته‌ای (75/4 تا 361) روی برگ ها می گذارند. این آفت در منطقه مورد بررسی دارای 3 نسل می باشد. لاروهای زمستان گذران از نیمه دوم مهر ماه به تدریج به مکان‌های زمستان‌گذران می روند. همچنین دوره زندگی این آفت در دو دمای 2±25 و 2±30 درجه سلسیوس، با رطوبت 5±65 درصد و دوره‌ی نوری 14 ساعت روشنایی و 10 ساعت تاریکی نشان داد بین مراحل مختلف رشدی آفت در دو دما در سطح 1 درصد تفاوت معنی دار وجود دارد و طولانی ترین مرحله، لارو سن 7 و کوتاه ترین مرحله، مرحله پیش شفیرگی در هر دو دما می باشد. تفاصيل المقالة -
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36 - تاثیر حشره‌کش‌های فلوپیرادیفورون، اسپیروتترامات و تیاکلوپرید روی پسیل معمولی پسته Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hem.: Psyllidae)
مهدی غیبی یزدانبخش طاهریپسیل پسته، Agonoscena pistaciae، یکی از آفات مهم باغ های پسته در ایران می باشد و باعت کاهش کیفیت و کمیت این محصول می شود. در این تحقیق، تاثیر غلظت های 5/0، 75/0 و 1 در هزار حشره کش فلوپیرادیفورون، 5/0 در هزار اسپیروتترامات و تیاکلوپرید و فلوپیرادیفورون 5/0 در هزار أکثرپسیل پسته، Agonoscena pistaciae، یکی از آفات مهم باغ های پسته در ایران می باشد و باعت کاهش کیفیت و کمیت این محصول می شود. در این تحقیق، تاثیر غلظت های 5/0، 75/0 و 1 در هزار حشره کش فلوپیرادیفورون، 5/0 در هزار اسپیروتترامات و تیاکلوپرید و فلوپیرادیفورون 5/0 در هزار به همراه آبیاری روی پوره و حشره بالغ پسیل پسته در منطقه نیریز استان فارس بررسی شد. تعداد پوره و حشره کامل پسیل، از یک روز قبل تا 3، 7، 10، 15، 20، 25، 30 و 40 روز بعد از سم پاشی شمارش و ثبت گردید.نتایج نشان داد سه روز بعد از سم پاشی، غلظت های مختلف فلوپیرادیفورون و تیاکلوپرید بیشترین تاثیر را روی مرحله پورگی پسیل داشتند و بالاترین میانگین پوره های مرده در تیمار تیاکلوپرید مشاهده شد. مرگ و میر پوره های تیمار شده با اسپیروتترامات از روز هفتم به بعد افزایش و بالاترین میزان مرگ و میر در روز بیستم مشاهده گردید. میانگین تعداد پوره پسیل روی درختان تیمار شده با فلوپیرادیفورون و تیاکلوپرید 15 روز بعد ازسم پاشی افزایش یافت. کارایی سم اسپیروتترامات از روز هفتم پس از سم پاشی افزایش و بیشترین کارایی آن 20 روز بعد ازسم پاشی به میزان 44/99 % برآورد شد. بالاترین میانگین تلفات روی حشرات کامل پسیل بعد از سه روز از سم پاشی، در فلوپیرادیفورون 1 در هزار مشاهده گردید. کارایی سم اسپیروتترامات روی حشره بالغ پسیل، از 10 روز بعد از سم پاشی افزایش یافت و بالاترین درصد کارایی در روز سی ام مشاهده گردید (23/98%). نتایج نشان داد که حشره کش اسپیروتترامات تاثیر بیشتری در کاهش جمعیت پسیل پسته در دوره دراز مدت 40 روزه داشته است. تفاصيل المقالة -
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37 - آفات درختان پسته در استان کرمانشاه و اولین گزارش گونه Thrips minutissimus L. روی این درختان
آرزو جمشیدی حسنعلی واحدی عباسعلی زمانی بهمن فرهادی بانسولهپسته از مهم ترین و اقتصادی ترین محصولات کشاورزی ایران و محصولی صادراتی و ارز آور است. ایران در بین کشورهای تولید کننده پسته مقام اول را دارد. با توجه به گسترش روز افزون باغات پسته در استان کرمانشاه، این پژوهش طی سال های 1396، 1397 و 1398 در باغات پسته استان کرمانشاه به أکثرپسته از مهم ترین و اقتصادی ترین محصولات کشاورزی ایران و محصولی صادراتی و ارز آور است. ایران در بین کشورهای تولید کننده پسته مقام اول را دارد. با توجه به گسترش روز افزون باغات پسته در استان کرمانشاه، این پژوهش طی سال های 1396، 1397 و 1398 در باغات پسته استان کرمانشاه به منظور شناسایی فون آفات این درختان انجام شد و از روش های مختلف نمونه برداری آفات مانند جمع آوری مستقیم اعم از حشرات کامل، لارو و سرشاخه های آلوده و پرورش در آزمایشگاه، تور زدن، سینی سفید، تله ی نوری، آسپیراتور و غیره برای جمع آوری حشرات استفاده شد. در نهایت 13 گونه از آفات مربوط به خانواده های مختلف شامل Sulamicerus stali Fieber،Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer، Forda hirsuta Mordvilko، Anapulvinaria pistaciae Bodenheimer، Lepidosaphes pistaciae Archangelskaya، Acrosternum heegeriFieber، Polydrosus davatchii Hoffman، Anthaxia winkleri Obenberger، Carphoborus perrisi Chapuis، Recurvaria pistaciicola Danilewski، Eurytoma plontnikovi Nikolskayaروی درختان پسته گزارش گردید. گونه Labidostomis luristanica Warchalowski (Col.: Chrysomelidae) برای اولین بار از استان کرمانشاه و گونه Thrips minutissimus Linnaeus (Thy.,Thripidae) برای اولین بار روی درختان پسته گزارش می شوند. تفاصيل المقالة -
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38 - کاربرد ضایعات پوست میگو در سنتز سبز نانو کامپوزیت پلیمری حاوی نانوذرات اکسید آهن جهت حذف سموم شیمیایی از منابع آبی
رویا بهروز دادخدا غضنفری ناهید رستاخیز عنایت الله شیخ حسینی سید علی احمدیافزایش تولید ضایعات مواد غذایی و ورود آنها به محیط زیست از طریق زباله‌های شهری ، مشکلات فراوانی را برای منابع زیستی به وجود آورده است. لذا ارائه روشهای نوین در حذف و استفاده بهینه از ضایعات خوراکی از اهمیت زیادی برخوردار است. تهیه نانو کامپوزیت های پلیمری از ضایعات مواد أکثرافزایش تولید ضایعات مواد غذایی و ورود آنها به محیط زیست از طریق زباله‌های شهری ، مشکلات فراوانی را برای منابع زیستی به وجود آورده است. لذا ارائه روشهای نوین در حذف و استفاده بهینه از ضایعات خوراکی از اهمیت زیادی برخوردار است. تهیه نانو کامپوزیت های پلیمری از ضایعات مواد خوراکی یکی از روشهای استفاده بهینه از این مواد می‌باشد. در این کار پژوهشی نانو کامپوزیت پلیمری کیتوسان حاوی نانوذرات اکسید آهن با استفاده از ضایعات پوست میگو و عصاره پوست سبز پسته تهیه شد. همچنین تاثیر این کامپوزیت به عنوان فیلتر در حذف سم مالاتیون از منابع آبی در شرایط مختلف غلظت سم، میزان جاذب و pH مورد بررسی قرارگرفت. نتایج بررسی مورفولوژی و ویژگی سطح نانوکامپوزیت تهیه شده با استفاده از تصاویر میکروسکوپ الکترونی نشان می‌دهد میانگین اندازه قطر نانوالیاف در این ساختار حدود 40 نانومتر می‌باشد. همچنین وجود ذرات نانومتری اکسید اهن با میانگین اندازه 47 نانومتر در ساختار دیده می‌شود. همچنین نتایج آزمایش جذب توسط نانو جاذب نشان داد بیشترین میزان جذب سم مالاتیون به میزان 90 درصد در pH=7 و با مقدار 0.7 گرم جاذب انجام می‌شود. تفاصيل المقالة -
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39 - The Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Nutrient Concentrations in Ohadi (Fandoghi) and Kalleghouchi Pistachio Seedlings in Kerman Region
Hojjat Safari Kamal AbadiIn order to investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizalpistachios, a pot experiment was carried out in the greenhouse based on a factorial design in a completelyrandomized design with three replications and two factors. There were four factors, namely pistachlevels أکثرIn order to investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizalpistachios, a pot experiment was carried out in the greenhouse based on a factorial design in a completelyrandomized design with three replications and two factors. There were four factors, namely pistachlevels of Ohadi (Fandoghi) and Kalleghouchi cultivars and culture medium factor at three levels (fungisterile soil, fungi-free sterile soil, and fungipistachio seeds were planted in pots containing fungal inoculum. Studied traits were concentrations of iron, zinc,manganese, and phosphorus in aerial parts. Concentrations of these elements were higher in the aerial parts of Ohadipistachio seedlings treated with AMF than the fungiConcentrations of all elements were higher in the aerial parts of AMFinoculation conditions in sterile soil. Except iron, the otherOverall, it was observed that AMF application increased the concentrations of iron, zinc, and manganese nutrients inaerial parts of both cultivars.fungi (AMF) on the concentrations of nutrients in-containing sterile soil). Plants with AMF and Ohadi and Kalleghouchifree conditions with a significant difference at 5% level.treated Kalleghouchi seedlings than the nonthree elements were different significantly at 5% level.io species at twofree non. تفاصيل المقالة -
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40 - بررسی میزان آفلاتوکسین در پسته، بادام، فندق و گردو در شهر اصفهان
زهرا شاکری ابراهیم رحیمی امیر شاکریانآفلاتوکسین ها، گروهی از متابولیت های ثانویه سرطان زا هستند که به‌وسیله برخی از گونه های کپک آسپرژیلوس تولید می شوند. این مطالعه با هدف تعیین وضعیت آلودگی مغزها به آفلاتوکسین ها انجام شد. در مجموع 80 نمونه مغزها شامل پسته (20)، بادام (20)، فندق (20) و گردو (20) عرضه أکثرآفلاتوکسین ها، گروهی از متابولیت های ثانویه سرطان زا هستند که به‌وسیله برخی از گونه های کپک آسپرژیلوس تولید می شوند. این مطالعه با هدف تعیین وضعیت آلودگی مغزها به آفلاتوکسین ها انجام شد. در مجموع 80 نمونه مغزها شامل پسته (20)، بادام (20)، فندق (20) و گردو (20) عرضه شده در شهرستان اصفهان در سال 1395 از نظر حضور آفلاتوکسین های B و G به‌وسیله روش HPLC آنالیز شدند. بر پایه نتایج مطالعه حاضر به‌ترتیب 2/5، 5/5، 5/7، 7/2 و 10 درصد از نمونه ها به آفلاتوکسین های G2 ,G1 ,B2 ,B1 و Total آلوده بودند. میانگین غلظت آفلاتوکسیندر نمونه ها به‌ترتیب 8/32، 5/635،3/067، 1/705و10/375 میکروگرم در گرم بود. غلظت آفلاتوکسین B1 در 66/67 درصد نمونه‌ها و غلظت آفلاتوکسین کل در 37/5 درصد از نمونههای مثبت بالاتر ازحد مجاز استاندارد ملی ایران (ppb 5) بود. درصد آلودگی نمونه های پسته بهآفلاتوکسین ها به‌طور معنا داری (p <0.05) بیشتر از سایر مغزها (بادام، فندوق و گردو) بود. نتایج این مطالعه نشان می‌دهد وضعیت آلودگی مغزها خصوصاً پسته به آفلاتوکسین ها مطلوب نبوده و می تواند سلامت مصرف‌کننده را به مخاطره اندازد. تفاصيل المقالة -
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41 - ارزیابی میزان آفلاتوکسین B1 در بخش‌های مختلف میوه پسته و تأثیر مراحل فرآوری بر مقدار آن
رزا درگاهی معصومی حیدر محمد مرادی سیدرضا فانیپسته به‌عنوان مهمترین محصول کشاورزی صادراتی کشور شناخته می‌شود که به‌رغم اهمیت راهبردی آن، چالش‌های بسیاری در مسیر تولید و ارایه آن به مصرف‌کننده وجود دارد. میوه پسته بستر مناسبی برای رشد کپک‌های مولد توکسین از جمله گونه‌های آسپرژیلوس است. هدف از این تحقیق مقایسه میزان أکثرپسته به‌عنوان مهمترین محصول کشاورزی صادراتی کشور شناخته می‌شود که به‌رغم اهمیت راهبردی آن، چالش‌های بسیاری در مسیر تولید و ارایه آن به مصرف‌کننده وجود دارد. میوه پسته بستر مناسبی برای رشد کپک‌های مولد توکسین از جمله گونه‌های آسپرژیلوس است. هدف از این تحقیق مقایسه میزان آفلاتوکسین در قسمت‌های مختلف میوه، قبل و بعد از برداشت و در انواع پسته‌ها بود. برای این هدف، از میوه‌های سالم و زودخندان قبل از برداشت در مرحله باغ و همچنین از مراحل مختلف فرآوری میوه پسته در ترمینال‌های فرآوری، نمونه‌برداری صورت گرفت. مقدار آفلاتوکسین B1 در نمونه‌ها با استفاده از کیت تشخیص الایزا اندازه‌گیری گردید. میانگین مقدار آفلاتوکسین در مغز پسته‌های زودخندان و سالم نمونه‌برداری شده قبل از برداشت به‌ترتیب 2/10 و 8/1 (ng/g) بود. انواع پسته‌های فرآوری شده سطوح متفاوتی از مقدار آفلاتوکسین را نشان دادند و مقدار آفلاتوکسین در پسته‌های لکه‌دار، ریز، روآبی و خندان به‌ترتیب 21، 4، 15 و 2 برابر بیشتر از پسته‌های بدون لکه، درشت، زیرآبی، و غیرخندان بود. وجود آفلاتوکسین در نمونههای پسته در باغ و نمونههای فرآوری‌شده نشان‌دهنده آلودگی به قارچ‌های مولد آن تحت شرایط باغی است، که در صورت فراهم شدن شرایط مناسب بعد از برداشت نیز می‌تواند گسترش یابد. با شناسایی و جداسازی منابع آلودگی در مراحل اولیه و پس از فرآوری در یک توده پسته میتوان سطح آلودگی به آفلاتوکسین را کاهش داد و پسته عاری از آلودگی تولید نمود. تفاصيل المقالة -
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42 - تاثیر عصاره پوست پسته و تمرینات هوازی بر نشانگران فشار اکسایشی عضله پهن خارجی رت های ماده چاق
محسن صاحبی محمدعلی آذربایجانی مقصود پیریهدف : هدف از این تحقیق تاثیر مصرف عصاره پوست پسته و تمرینات هوازی بر سوپراکسید دیسموتاز، کاتالاز و مالون دی آلدئید و در عضله پهن خارجی رت های ماده چاق بود.روش: در یک کارآزمایی تجربی 30 سر موش های صحرایی (ماده) نژاد ویستار با دامنه وزنی 180 تا 200 گرم حضور داشتند. نمونه أکثرهدف : هدف از این تحقیق تاثیر مصرف عصاره پوست پسته و تمرینات هوازی بر سوپراکسید دیسموتاز، کاتالاز و مالون دی آلدئید و در عضله پهن خارجی رت های ماده چاق بود.روش: در یک کارآزمایی تجربی 30 سر موش های صحرایی (ماده) نژاد ویستار با دامنه وزنی 180 تا 200 گرم حضور داشتند. نمونه ها در 5 گروه شامل: 1- گروه کنترل (Con)، گروه کنترل چاق (OB-Con)، گروه چاق و تمرین هوازی (OB-AT)، گروه چاق و عصاره پوست پسته (OB-PGH)، گروه چاق و عصاره پوست پسته و تمرین هوازی (OB-PGH-AT) تقسیم شدند. رتها به مدت چهارهفته و هفته ای پنج جلسه روی نوارگردان دویدند ودر همین زمان عصاره پوست پسته را دریافت نمودند. پس ازپایان دوره رتها قربانی شده و بافت عضله پهن جانبی برای سنجش میزان فعالیت سوپراکساید دیسموتاز و کاتالاز و غلظت مالون دآلدئید استخراج شد.یافته ها: تغذیه با غذای پرچرب موجب کاهش فعالیت آنزیم سوپرراکساید دیسموتاز و کاتالاز و افزایش معنادار مالون دآلدئید شد. تمرین هوازی غظلت سوپراکساید دیسموتاز عضله را به طور معنادار افزایش داد. (P=0.004).اما دریافت عصاره پوست پسته (P=0.135)وتعامل تمرین و عصاره پوست پسته اثر معنا داری برغلظت سوپراکسید دیسموتاز عضله نداشت(P=0.396). تمرین هوازی(P=0.001) و عصاره پوست پسته (P=0.036) غلظت کاتالازعضله رابه طور معنادار افزایش داد اما تعامل تمرین و عصاره پوست پسته اثر معنا داری برغلظت کاتالاز عضله نداشت(P=0.190). تمرین هوازی (P=0.001)و عصاره پوست پسته (P=0.001)موجب کاهش معنادار غلظت مالون دآلدئید عضله اسکلتی اما تعامل تمرین و عصاره پوست پسته اثر معنا داری برغلظت مالون دی آلدهید عضله نداشت(F=0.004,P=0.949,ƞ=0.001). نتیجه‌گیری: به علاوه افزودن مکمل یاری PGH به تمرین هوازی می تواند بر کاهش آسیب اکسایشی و افزایش فعالیت آنزیم های آنتی اکسیدانی کاتالاز و سوپراکسید دیسموتاز داشته باشد. القاء چاقی باعث افزایش نشانگران فشار اکسایشی بافت عضلانی می شود. تفاصيل المقالة -
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43 - تأثیر پارامترهای اقلیمی بر فنولوژی پسته با توجه به درجه روز در شهرستان گناباد
حسن رضائی مرتضی پور زارع غلامعباس فلاح قالهریدر اقلیمکشاورزی، شناخت ویژگی‌های اقلیمی هر منطقه به‌منظور تطابق داشتن آن با کشتهر گیاه و بالا بردن تولید حائز اهمیت است. در مطالعه حاضر زمان رخداد و آستانه‌های دمایی مراحل فنولوژی درخت پسته در مقیاس BBCH به‌صورت میدانی مشخص شد. سپس با بهره‌گیری از روش ناپارامتریک من کند أکثردر اقلیمکشاورزی، شناخت ویژگی‌های اقلیمی هر منطقه به‌منظور تطابق داشتن آن با کشتهر گیاه و بالا بردن تولید حائز اهمیت است. در مطالعه حاضر زمان رخداد و آستانه‌های دمایی مراحل فنولوژی درخت پسته در مقیاس BBCH به‌صورت میدانی مشخص شد. سپس با بهره‌گیری از روش ناپارامتریک من کندال و آزمون شیب سنس، روند تغییرات عناصر میانگین رطوبت در روز اتمام هر مرحله، میانگین رطوبت، میانگین حداکثر و حداقل دما، میانگین دما در روز اتمام هر مرحله، میانگین دما خاک، میانگین سرعت باد، بارندگی و ساعت آفتابی در ایستگاه گناباد در در طول دوره آماری 1398-1378 بر رشد پسته انجام شد.یافته‌های این تحقیق نشان داد که برحسبدرجه روز در سطوح احتمالی مختلف طول دوره فعالیت بیولوژی پسته در این منطقه 163 الی 198 روز متغیر و حداقل و حداکثر مجموع ساعت آفتابی 5/1777 و 1261 مورد نیاز است در طول دوره مذکور بارش و تابش به‌عنوان دو عنصر اقلیمی محدودکنندهفعالیت بیولوژی گیاه پسته و همچنین بقیه پارامترهای اقلیمی مورد شناسایی قرار گرفتند در مرحله بعد، از آزمون من کندال به بررسی روند عناصر اقلیمی در مراحل مختلف فنولوژی محصول پسته استفاده گردید.نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که در بین پارامترهای اقلیمی برکشت پسته، میانگین رطوبت نسبی، دما حداکثر و حداقل، میانگین دما، سرعت باد و ساعت آفتابی روندافزایشی معنی‌داری در سطح 5 درصد را دارا می‌باشند. تفاصيل المقالة -
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44 - بررسی اثر غلظت‌های مختلف اسید سالیسیلیک در بهبود خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی گیاهچه‌های پسته (Pistacia vera L.) رقم اکبری تحت تنش شوری
کبری مهدویانسالیسیلیک اسید، یک تنظیم کننده رشد گیاهی است که در تنظیم فرایندهای فیزیولوژیکی و پاسخ گیاه به شرایط نامطلوب زیستی از قبیل شوری، نقش دارد. در تحقیق حاضر سعی شده است تا تاثیر غلظت‌های مختلف سالیسیلیک اسید، شوری و برهمکنش آنها بر پارامترهای مورفولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی در پسته أکثرسالیسیلیک اسید، یک تنظیم کننده رشد گیاهی است که در تنظیم فرایندهای فیزیولوژیکی و پاسخ گیاه به شرایط نامطلوب زیستی از قبیل شوری، نقش دارد. در تحقیق حاضر سعی شده است تا تاثیر غلظت‌های مختلف سالیسیلیک اسید، شوری و برهمکنش آنها بر پارامترهای مورفولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی در پسته بررسی شود. شوری با غلظت‌های صفر، 25، 50، 75 و 100 میلی‌مولار و سالیسلیک اسید با غلظت‌های صفر، 5/0، 1 و 5/1 میلی‌مولار به صورت محلول‌پاشی در یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی، به صورت فاکتوریل در سال 1398 در شرایط گلخانه‌ای مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق نشان داد که شوری باعث کاهش معنی‌دار رشد اندام هوایی و ریشه، کاهش وزن تر و خشک اندام هوایی و ریشه، همچنین کاهش کلروفیل، کاروتنوئید و آنتوسیانین شد؛ در حالی که در گیاهان پیش تیمار شده با سالیسیلیک اسید، اثر شوری را بر پارامترهای یاد شده تعدیل کرد. با بررسی مطالب فوق میتوان نتیجه گرفت که کاربرد سالیسیلیک اسید، باعث افزایش تحمل‌پذیری گیاه در برابر تنش شوری گشت. تفاصيل المقالة -
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45 - بررسی رویشگاه‌های بنه در استان خراسان جنوبی
محمدجواد ثقه‌الاسلامی محسن پویان ، سید غلامرضا موسویبنه یکی از گونه‌های درختی مقاوم به خشکی است که در کوهستان‌های خشک و نیمه خشک می‌روید. این گونه گیاهی علاوه بر کاربردهای خوراکی و صنعتی نقش بسزایی در تنوع زیستی، به ویژه در مورد حیات وحش دارد. شناسایی رویشگاه این درخت در مناطق مختلف می‌تواند کمک مؤثری در جلوگیری از تخریب أکثربنه یکی از گونه‌های درختی مقاوم به خشکی است که در کوهستان‌های خشک و نیمه خشک می‌روید. این گونه گیاهی علاوه بر کاربردهای خوراکی و صنعتی نقش بسزایی در تنوع زیستی، به ویژه در مورد حیات وحش دارد. شناسایی رویشگاه این درخت در مناطق مختلف می‌تواند کمک مؤثری در جلوگیری از تخریب این سرمایه ملی باشد. این پژوهش به منظور مطالعه و بررسی وضعیت رویشگاه‌های بنه در استان خراسان جنوبی انجام شد. مناطق مهم دارای پوشش گیاهی بنه در این استان عبارتند از: دشت مرغ در حومه درمیان، چنشت در حومه سربیشه، چهکند درحومه بیرجند، شاه سلیمان علی درحومه خوسف و افضل آباد درحومه نهبندان. مطالعه خاک مناطق مذکور نشان داد در اغلب مناطق مورد بررسی pH خاک قلیایی و بافت خاک لوم- شنی بوده و در مورد عناصر غذایی ازت و فسفر کمبود زیادی وجود دارد. در منطقه مرغ و چنشت درختان بنه مشاهده شده متعلق به دو گونه Pistacia atlantica و P. khinjuk و در سایر مناطق فقط متعلق به گونه Pistacia atlantica بود. بیشترین پراکنش درختان بنه در منطقه افضل آباد و مرغ مشاهده شد. در این دو منطقه نهال‌های جوان بنه دیده نشد. این امر را میتوان به خشکسالی‌های اخیر نسبت داد. جهت حفظ و گسترش پوشش گیاهی بنه در این مناطق نهال کاری و آبیاری آنها توصیه می‌شود. با توجه به وجود نهال‌های جوان بنه در دو منطقه چهکند و چنشت میتوان نتیجه گیری کرد که امکان گسترش پوشش گیاهی بنه در این مناطق وجود دارد. به جهت شیوع آفت کرم مغز خوار بنه در برخی مناطق (به ویژه افضل آباد) بررسی روشهای مختلف مبارزه با این آفت ضروری است. در مورد بهره برداری اقتصادی از این رویشگاه‌ها پیشنهاد می‌شود در خصوص چگونگی استخراج سقز (به ویژه در افضل آباد) و همچنین امکان پیوند زدن پسته روی پایه بنه مطالعاتی صورت گیرد. تفاصيل المقالة -
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46 - METRIC based evapotranspiration mapping of pistachio orchard in the semi-arid region
Mohammad Hossein Mokhtari Ibrahim Busu Sara ParviziBackground and objective: Agricultural lands under pistachio crop are expanded in the Bahadoran area due to the high profitability of production. Therefore, accurate estimation of pistachio water requirements and efficient use of water is essential where water resources أکثرBackground and objective: Agricultural lands under pistachio crop are expanded in the Bahadoran area due to the high profitability of production. Therefore, accurate estimation of pistachio water requirements and efficient use of water is essential where water resources are insufficient. This study evaluates the performance of METRIC in estimating pistachio evapotranspiration in a semi-arid region. Materials and methods: The satellite images utilized in this study were consisting of three clouds free LANDSAT TM5 data acquired on 28 April 2010, 17 Jul 2010, and 2 Aug 2010. These images in Tagged Image File Format were downloaded from the U.S. Geological Survey Global Visualization Viewer website. Geometric correction of images was performed by collecting 20 numbers of well-dispersed ground control points. First-order polynomial transformation with nearest neighbor resampling method was applied to each image to fit the image coordinate to the coordinate of ground control points. The accuracy of the geo-referencing was evaluated by calculation of root mean square error and it was controlled to be less than half the size of the original pixel. Then two other scenes were co-registered based on this image and a subset of interest areas was generated from image scenes. Radiometric and atmospheric calibration was performed first by converting original digital numbers to radiance.Results and conclusion: METRIC estimates the average ET for the image on April 28, July 17, and August 2 at 2.9, 4.2, and 3.1 mm per day, respectively. تفاصيل المقالة -
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47 - آلودگی میکروبی و غلظت سموم آفلاتوکسین در محصول فرعی پسته
پیروز شاکری حسن فضائلیهر سال پس از پوست‌گیری از پسته تازه، مقدار زیادی محصول فرعی پسته تولید می‌شود. این محصول ارزش غذایی مناسبی دارد و به‌عنوان خوراک دام مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی میزان آلودگی میکروبی و غلظت سموم آفلاتوکسین در محصول فرعی پسته انجام شد. نمونه‌ها به‌ت أکثرهر سال پس از پوست‌گیری از پسته تازه، مقدار زیادی محصول فرعی پسته تولید می‌شود. این محصول ارزش غذایی مناسبی دارد و به‌عنوان خوراک دام مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی میزان آلودگی میکروبی و غلظت سموم آفلاتوکسین در محصول فرعی پسته انجام شد. نمونه‌ها به‌تفکیک از پایانه‌های سنتی و صنعتی، در سه مرحله شامل اوائل، اواسط و اواخر دوره برداشت پسته و سه فاصله مختلف از زمان برداشت تا پوست‌گیری (2-1 ساعت، 6- 5 ساعت و 13≤ ساعت) تهیه گردید. نمونه‌ها در مقابل آفتاب خشک و سپس آسیاب شدند. تمام نمونه‌ها در شرایط استریل کشت گردید و جمعیت کپک‌ها، کپک‌های آسپرژیلوس، باکتری‌های کلی‌فرم و اشریشیاکلی شمارش گردید. همچنین غلظت سموم آفلاتوکسین از طریق عصاره‌گیری از نمونه‌ها و با دستگاه HPLC تعیین شد. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین جمعیت کل کپک‌ها، کپک‌های آسپرژیلوس و باکتری‌های کلی‌فرم و اشریشیاکلی به‌ترتیب 21000، 3892، 3094 و 1/1 CFU در هر گرم و کمتر از حد مجاز آن برای خوراک دام بود، هر چند جمعیت میکروبی بین نمونههای شهرستان‌های مختلف (05/0 >P)، و جمعیت کپک‌ها بین نمونههای پایانه‌های سنتی و صنعتی (05/0 >P) متفاوت بود. با وجود تفاوت (01/0 >P) در غلظت سموم آفلاتوکسین بین نمونههای شهرستان‌ها، میانگین غلظت کل سموم در نمونههای محصول فرعی پسته 9/0 میکروگرم در هر کیلوگرم و کمتر از حد مجاز آن برای خوراک‌های دام بود. به‌طور کلی نتایج نشان داد که محصول فرعی پسته تولیدی در استان کرمان از نظر آلودگی‌های میکروبی و غلظت سموم آفلاتوکسین در حد قابل قبولی از سلامت قرار دارد. تفاصيل المقالة -
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48 - Pistachio peel biomass derived magnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4@C-SO3H: a highly efficient catalyst for the synthesis of isoxazole-5(4H)-one, 1-amido alkyl-2-naphthol, pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole and 2,3-dihydro quinazoline-4(1H)-one derivatives
Fatemeh Ghorbani Seied Ali PourmousaviGreen chemistry has fostered research on recyclable, insoluble, and easily separable heterogeneous catalysts. Carbon materials are widely used for renewable energy and environmental studies. Here, we used green Pistachio peel, a biomass waste for the synthesis of magnet أکثرGreen chemistry has fostered research on recyclable, insoluble, and easily separable heterogeneous catalysts. Carbon materials are widely used for renewable energy and environmental studies. Here, we used green Pistachio peel, a biomass waste for the synthesis of magnetic carbon-based solid acid (Fe3O4@C-SO3H) by carbonization and sulfonation. The physicochemical properties of the nanocatalyst were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, TGA, VSM, and TEM. The catalytic activity of Fe3O4@C-SO3H was investigated in the synthesis of isoxazole-5(4H)-one, 1-amido alkyl-2-naphthol, pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole, and 2,3-dihydro quinazoline-4(1H)-one derivative, and some of the synthesized compounds were screened for their anti-microbial activity. Furthermore, the recovery and reuse of the catalyst were demonstrated six times without detectible loss inactivity. The concentration of H+ loaded on the Fe3O4@C-SO3H was reported to be 1.3 mmol g-1. The well-defined Fe3O4@C-SO3H core–shell heterostructures exhibited high stability, efficient recyclability (6 cycles). تفاصيل المقالة -
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49 - Effects of Two Sources of Tannins on Performance, Nitrogen Utilization and Efficiency of Microbial Nitrogen Synthesis in Dairy Goats
ا. مختارپور ع.ع. ناصریان ف. پورملایی س. صفاThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tannic acid (TA) and pistachio by-product tannin extract (PBE) on N utilization and efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (EMNS) in Saanen dairy goats. The experimental design was a change over design with three أکثرThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tannic acid (TA) and pistachio by-product tannin extract (PBE) on N utilization and efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (EMNS) in Saanen dairy goats. The experimental design was a change over design with three treatments and three periods using six mid lactation multiparous dairy goats. Tannic acid solution and PBE were added to fresh alfalfa at ensiling to get the final concentration of about 1% tannin as dry matter (DM) basis. Dietary treatments were as follows: 1) untreated alfalfa silage (AS), 2) AS treated with TA (AS+TA) and 3) AS treated with PBE (AS+PBE). Intake of DM, organic matter (OM) and N and also milk yield and composition (as percent or as g/d) were not affected by tannin additions. A considerable shift occurred in the pattern of N excretion in goats fed PBE diet compared to control silage diet. Urinary N losses had a tendency (P<0.10) to lower (17.4 vs. 19.2 g/d) and fecal N losses was higher for goats fed AS + PBE compared with those fed the AS silage diet (14.6 vs. 12.6 g/d). As a proportion of N intake or as g N loss per d, retained N was higher (P<0.05) in goats fed AS + PBE compared to those fed the control diet. Microbial nitrogen synthesis (MN) was not affected by tannin additions. However, a trend (P<0.10) for less efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (EMN) was observed in tannin fed goats compared to those fed the control diet. Although, tannins added to AS may exert some beneficial effects on N utilization and also environmental N outputs, they may interfere with rumen fermentation lead to decrease in EMN in goats especially those fed with PBE. تفاصيل المقالة -
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50 - The Influences of Adding Polyethylene Glycol and Activated Sodium Bentonite on the Performance, Blood Parameters, and Muscle Mineral Content of Saanen Goats Fed Pistachio Byproducts
M. Kordi A.A. Naserian F. SamadianThis study was conducted to evaluate the impact of dietary addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) or activated sodium bentonite as tannins deactivation materials on the performance of Saanen goats fed diets containing pistachio by-products (PBP). Twenty-one Saanen male g أکثرThis study was conducted to evaluate the impact of dietary addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) or activated sodium bentonite as tannins deactivation materials on the performance of Saanen goats fed diets containing pistachio by-products (PBP). Twenty-one Saanen male goats (27±3 kg, 10 months) were assigned to three dietary treatments in a completely randomized design and fed for 60 days. Three experimental diets consisted of a diet containing 30% dry matter (DM) pistachio by-products with no additive (control); control diet supplemented with PEG at 1.0% of DM (PEG group), and control diet supplemented with activated sodium bentonite at 1.0% of DM (G-bind group). Results indicated that dry matter intake (DMI), total gain, average daily gain (ADG), and ruminal pH were not affected by treatments (P≥0.05). There were no significant differences among treatments in hematological parameters (P≥0.05) except monocyte count (P<0.05). The plasma concentrations of total triglycerides (TG) decreased (P<0.05) by adding G-bind. Serum Insulin concentration was also increased significantly (P<0.05) in the PEG group compared to the control. Besides, the G-bind increased the calcium content of this muscle compared to the control and PEG group (P<0.05). Zinc content in muscle showed a significant increase in the PEG treatments in comparison to other experimental groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, Iron (Fe) content in muscle improved by both additives (P<0.05). Data showed that there were no significant differences among treatments for hair fiber characteristics (P≥0.05). It can be concluded that activated sodium bentonite can be an appropriate substitute for PEG as a tannin-deactivation material in diets containing 30% DM PBP for feeding goats. تفاصيل المقالة -
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51 - Crude Protein Fractions and <i>in vitro</i>Gas Production of Alfalfa Silages Treated with Pistachio by-Products Extract
ا. مختارپور ع.ع. ناصریان ر. ولی‌زاده م. دانش مسگران ف. پورملاییTwo experiments were conducted to evaluate the crude protein fractionation, in vitro gas production and the biological effects of tannins in alfalfa silage treated with different levels of pistachio by-products (PB) extract. PB was soaked in water with a ratio of 1:5 (w أکثرTwo experiments were conducted to evaluate the crude protein fractionation, in vitro gas production and the biological effects of tannins in alfalfa silage treated with different levels of pistachio by-products (PB) extract. PB was soaked in water with a ratio of 1:5 (w/v) for 12 h. After filtering and concentrating, the crude extract was added to fresh alfalfa to a final concentration of 1%, 2% and 3% tannin dry matter (DM) and then ensiled for 60 days. Four treatments were as follows: alfalfa silage without addition of PB extract as a control (T0), PB tannin added at 1% (T1), 2% (T2) and 3% DM (T3). Treating alfalfa silage decreased the formation of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) compounds and increased crude protein fraction B2 during ensilage. Cumulative in vitro gas production after 96 h incubation, organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) decreased in T2 and T3 compared to the control. The gas production and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) of treated silages increased in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) which indicates that the presence of phenolic compounds and tannins depressed the gas production. It can be concluded that treating alfalfa silage with PB extract can reduce the nitrogen losses during ensilage and degradability of organic matter (OM) by microbial inhibition. تفاصيل المقالة -
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52 - Effect of Processing Protein Supplements with Tannin Extracted from Pistachio by-Products on Performance of Holstein Dairy Cows in Early Lactation
م. شریفی ع.ع. ناصرانی ع.م. طهماسبی ر. ولی‌زادهThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of processing protein meals by tannin extracted from pistachio by-product on apparent total tract digestibility, ruminal fermentation and performance of dairy cows. For tannin extraction, one kilogram of sun-dried pi أکثرThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of processing protein meals by tannin extracted from pistachio by-product on apparent total tract digestibility, ruminal fermentation and performance of dairy cows. For tannin extraction, one kilogram of sun-dried pistachio by-products was immersed in four liters of water for 48 h. Then, pistachio by-products were removed from the water and the extract obtained was sprayed on protein supplements (canola meal and soybean meal) with an equal ratio of 1:1 (L/kg) and was dried in the shade. Eight nulliparous Holstein dairy cows with 27 ± 49days in milk(DIM) and milk production of 38 ± 4 kg/d were used in the form of a replicated Latin square (4×4) design. The experiment was performed in four 21-day periods consisting of 14 days for adaptation and 7 days for recording. The experimental treatments were as follows: 1) ration based on soybean meal, 2) ration based on soybean meal processed with the extracted tannin by water-extracted tannin from pistachio by-product, 3) ration based on canola meal and 4) ration based on canola meal processed with water-extracted tannin from pistachio by-product. Spraying extracted tannin on protein supplement increase concentration by 370 and 246% in soybean meal and canola meal, respectively. Intake of dry matter (DM) and total tract apparent digestibility were not affected by treatments. Although daily milk production (kg/d) and milk protein percentage were not affected by treatments, cows fed tannins produced more milk and milk protein. Tannins decreased rumen ammonia concentration only in the canola diets. Soybean treatment had the highest and processed canola treatment with tannin had the lowest rates of ammonia nitrogen in the rumen. Treated protein supplements with tannins decreased ruminal pH, soybean treatments showed the highest and processed canola treatment had the lowest pH rates with tannin. Although blood urea nitrogen was not affected by the treatments, processing the rations with tannin reduced blood urea nitrogen linearly however; other blood metabolites were not affected by treatments. Results of this study show that under our experimental conditions, processing protein supplements with tannin had no negative effect on animals, Further experiments should be done in this regard and on the rations containing higher levels of tannin. تفاصيل المقالة -
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53 - An Investigation on the Effect of Adding Different Levels of Molasses on the Silage Quality of Pistachio (<i>Pistachio vera</i>) by Product and Wheat Straw Mixture Silages
ن. دنک اس.اس. آیدین ب. دوگان داس ام. آوسی ام. ساورانلوThe objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adding different levels of molasses (1-5%) on the silage quality, in vitro methane production and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of pistachio (Pistachio vera) by-product and wheat straw mixture أکثرThe objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adding different levels of molasses (1-5%) on the silage quality, in vitro methane production and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of pistachio (Pistachio vera) by-product and wheat straw mixture silages. For this purpose, silages were prepared with pistachio by-product (85%) and wheat straw (15%) without molasses (control group), and with addition of molasses from 1% to 5% (treatment groups). All the treatments consisted of five replicate silos, and they were prepared in 1.5 L glass jar silos. While silage pH and acetic acid values decreased with addition of molasses levels (P<0.05), silage lactic acid values increased (P<0.05). Butyric and propionic acid were not detected in any of the silages. Addition of all levels of molasses increased in vitro methane production, IVOMD and metabolizable energy (ME) values (P<0.05). As a result, fresh pistachio by-product can be ensiled with addition of wheat straw and molasses to produce good quality silage. It can be concluded that this by product can be ensiled well and used as a roughage source with mixture of other roughage sources for animal nutrition in the regions where fresh pistachio by product is available. تفاصيل المقالة -
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54 - The Chemical Composition, Digestibility and Degradability of Processed Pistachio Peel with <i>Neurospora sitophila</i>
م. وهاب زاده O. دیانی J. نصرThe nutritive values of non-processed and processed pistachio peel with Neurospora sitophila were evaluated. The chemical composition of samples was evaluated by laboratory analysis. An in vitro digestibility study was done to determine digestibility coefficients of dry أکثرThe nutritive values of non-processed and processed pistachio peel with Neurospora sitophila were evaluated. The chemical composition of samples was evaluated by laboratory analysis. An in vitro digestibility study was done to determine digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM). Digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DOMD) to estimate the metabolizable energy (ME) content of pistachio peel samples. In addition, the disappearance of DM, OM and crude protein (CP) of the samples was determined by an in situ method. For each sample 12 bags were incubated for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h and their kinetics were described using the equation p= a + b(1-e-c(t-tl)). The nutritive value index (NIV) of samples was calculated using the equation: NIV= a + 0.4b + 200c. The collected data were analyzed in a completely randomized design. The average total phenolic and total tannin compounds, DM percentage and digestion coefficient of DM in pistachio peel decreased (P<0.05) by processing. However, the percentage of CP, acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), effective degradability of DM, OM and CP, and NIV of DM, OM and CP increased (P<0.05). The results showed that processing of pistachio peel with Neurospora sitophila, decreased compounds of phenol and tannin and increased its CP and effective degradability. تفاصيل المقالة -
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55 - Effects of Replacing Alfalfa Hay and Wheat Straw by Pistachio by-Product Silage and Date Waste on the Performance and Blood Parameters of Fattening Lambs
ب. سلطانی نژاد O. دیانی ر. طهماسبی ا. خضریIn this trial effects of feeding pistachio by-product silage with date waste (PBSD) on dry matter intake (DMI), live weight gain and blood parameters of lambs were studied. Ensiling of pistachio by-products (PBP) with date waste increased dry matter (DM) and metabolizab أکثرIn this trial effects of feeding pistachio by-product silage with date waste (PBSD) on dry matter intake (DMI), live weight gain and blood parameters of lambs were studied. Ensiling of pistachio by-products (PBP) with date waste increased dry matter (DM) and metabolizable energy (ME), but decreased the percentages of crude protein (CP), total tannins and phenolic compounds (P<0.05). Treatment diets were: 1) control (without PBSD); 2) diet containing 7% PBSD; 3) diet containing 14% PBSD and 4) diet containing 21% PBSD (DM basis). Forty male lambs were allocated to four treatments in a completely randomized design. All groups were fed a control diet for 21 days prior to the start of the 90-day experiment. Thereafter, one group (control) continued to receive the same diet while other groups received the diets containing PBSD. At the end of experiment, all lambs were slaughtered on the same day. The lambs fed diets containing 14 or 21% PBSD had more DMI than those fed with the control diet (P<0.05). Feeding 21% PBSD significantly (P<0.05) increased final weight, live daily gain, the weight of the warm or cold carcass and lean meat. The lambs fed 14 and 21% PBSD had lower TG than lambs fed the control diet (P<0.05). Feeding 21% PBSD significantly (P<0.05) increased the blood total protein and albumin concentration when compared with the control group. The concentrations of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) enzymes in blood were not affected. The results showed that feeding 21% PBSD to fattening lambs increased their performance, and it had no adverse effects on liver function. تفاصيل المقالة -
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56 - Effect of Tannin Extract from Pistachio by Product on <i>in vitro</i> Gas Production
ام. شریفی آ.آ. ناصریان اچ. خراسانیThis study was carried out to investigate the effects of treated protein supplements with tannin extracted from pistachio by-product (P-PB) on in vitro gas production using fistulated sheep. One portion of P-PB was mixed with four portions of water for 48 h. The extract أکثرThis study was carried out to investigate the effects of treated protein supplements with tannin extracted from pistachio by-product (P-PB) on in vitro gas production using fistulated sheep. One portion of P-PB was mixed with four portions of water for 48 h. The extracted product was sprayed on soybean meal (SBM) or canola meal (CM) with an equal ratio (1:1 v/w) and dried in the shade. The experimental treatments included in this study were: 1) untreated soybean meal (USB), 2) soybean meal treated with tannin extract (SBTT), 3) untreated canola meal (UCM) and 4) canola meal treated with tannin extract (CMTT). Kinetics of gas production was fitted to an exponential model. After 96 h of incubation, the medium size of each syringe was used for determining ammonia N (NH3-N) concentration using distillation method. The results obtained from this study showed that spraying tannin extract on protein supplement increased the amount of tannin to 4.4, 3.13in CM or SBM, respectively. Although gas production rate, fraction b and fraction c decreased by treated protein supplements in comparison with untreated protein supplements, the effects were not significant (P>0.05). The effect of tannin extract on NH3-N was significant (P≤0.05). The highest and the lowest content of NH3 were for SBM with the lowest and CMTT with the highest content of tannin, respectively. Tannin from P-PB decreased organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in treated protein supplements (P≤0.05). Untreated soybean meal and CMTT had the highest and the lowest content of OMD, ME and SCFA, respectively. تفاصيل المقالة -
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57 - Future Prospects of Iran, U.S and Turkey's Pistachio Exports
Mohammad Reza Pakravan Mohammad Kavoosi KalashamiIn this study, the situation of Iran, U.S and Turkey's Pistachio export is investigated. to this purpose, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) Index is calculated based on Agricultural and total economy export, separately, then forecasted by using Auto- Regressive Integ أکثرIn this study, the situation of Iran, U.S and Turkey's Pistachio export is investigated. to this purpose, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) Index is calculated based on Agricultural and total economy export, separately, then forecasted by using Auto- Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) approached, for 2008-2013. The results show that considering both commodity baskets, Turkey and Iran had comparative advantage in Pistachio export in 1982-2007, but U.S did not. Also, forecasting RCA index, based on both commodity baskets, show the improvement of U.S Pistachio export situation, unlike the values of RCA index forecasting for Iran and Turkey is falling. Therefore, it is recommended that Iran and Turkey attempt to identify new consumer markets in order to retain their market shares in pistachio export. Following the U.S imposed policies during last six years which improved its pistachio export, Iran and Turkey can increase their market shares. تفاصيل المقالة -
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58 - Economic Pricing of Water in Pistachio Production of Sirjan
Nasrin Ohadi Jaleh Kurki NejadGiven the strategic remarkable rank of pistachio in non-oil exports, inputs’ management in its production is so important. As the scarcest input in agricultural sector, water is considered to be among the most important inputs of pistachio production.Water inadequ أکثرGiven the strategic remarkable rank of pistachio in non-oil exports, inputs’ management in its production is so important. As the scarcest input in agricultural sector, water is considered to be among the most important inputs of pistachio production.Water inadequate supply and limate conditions increase water demand in pistachio growing areas. It is necessary to determine the real value or price of water for establishing a balance between its demand and supply. Therefore, this study has aimed at estimation of water economic value. The method used in this research is the production function approach. Requested data sets were obtained from the questionnaires was filled out for crop years of 2013-2014. The results show that the average economic value of irrigation water is 50360 RLS but the average price paid by farmers is 1771 RLS per cubic meter of water. Thus, there is a wide gap between water value and the price paid by farmers with which appropriate pricing of water based on its economic value can be eliminated. تفاصيل المقالة -
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59 - Investigation of the Potential Market and Estimation of WTP for Insurance of Pistachio Tree Trunk (Case Study Rafsanjan-Iran)
Mostafa Baniasadi Saeed Yazdani Habib Allah SalamiCapacity of garden productions in Iran is such that is accounted as a country that produces thirteen garden products in the world but despite excellent condition in Iran for producing garden products, natural disasters damage production of fruits in the country therefor أکثرCapacity of garden productions in Iran is such that is accounted as a country that produces thirteen garden products in the world but despite excellent condition in Iran for producing garden products, natural disasters damage production of fruits in the country therefore farmers incur a loss. Pistachio tree has been in danger of destruction and dryness. Thus, in order to reduce loss incurred on trees, it is necessary to insure the tree. This study is aimed to investigate factors affecting willingness towards insurance of pistachio tree and to estimate willingness to pay premium for pistachio tree in Rafsanjan located in Kerman province. For this purpose, methods of contingent valuation and double bounded dichotomous have been used. Research data were obtained by field method and interview with 184 pistachio gardeners in 2012. Results suggest that willingness to pay premium of pistachio tree in central part, Anar and Kashkuieh has been estimated by 1953, 3255.8 and 1183.3 IRR per tree respectively. Considering results and high risk destruction of pistachio trees, it is suggested that premium of pistachio tree is offered to reduce risk and loss of pistachio gardeners. In order to determine premium in Rafsanjan, WTP calculated in this study can be used. تفاصيل المقالة -
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60 - Factors Affecting Pistachio Export Earnings Instability and its Effect on Agricultural Exports
محمدرضا زارع مهرجردی آسیه عزیزی زهرا کرونیAmong agricultural products in Iran, pistachio is one of the major export products that can produce foreign currency. The present study evaluated factors affecting pistachio export earnings instability and its effect on agricultural export during the studied period. For أکثرAmong agricultural products in Iran, pistachio is one of the major export products that can produce foreign currency. The present study evaluated factors affecting pistachio export earnings instability and its effect on agricultural export during the studied period. For this purpose, export earnings instability index was calculated using "average absolute difference between export earnings and its trend". The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was used for estimating models over period 1973-2010. The results indicated that pistachio commodity concentration index had negative effect, but pistachio product instability and gaps of exchange rate had direct relationship with pistachio export earnings instability. Also, the results of the estimation of agricultural export function indicated that pistachio export earnings instability had negative and significant impact on export agriculture. تفاصيل المقالة -
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61 - اثر شرایط آبیاری و نوع خاک بر تعداد میوه‌های تشکیل شده، قطع بافت آوندی تخمک (دانه) و پوکی میوه در دو رقم پسته (Pistacia vera L.)
فرخنده رضانژاد نجمه حسینی الهه زمانی بهرام آبادیسیستم آوندی اجازه می دهد که گیاهان آب و مواد غذایی را تا فاصله زیادی بین ریشه و بخش‌های دیگر گیاه شامل ساقه، برگ، میوه و دانه منتقل کنند. همچنین، این سیستم نقش پشتیبانی مکانیکی نیز دارد. در این مطالعه، میزان تخمک‌های دچار قطع انتقال آوندی و رابطه این میزان با میزان پوکی أکثرسیستم آوندی اجازه می دهد که گیاهان آب و مواد غذایی را تا فاصله زیادی بین ریشه و بخش‌های دیگر گیاه شامل ساقه، برگ، میوه و دانه منتقل کنند. همچنین، این سیستم نقش پشتیبانی مکانیکی نیز دارد. در این مطالعه، میزان تخمک‌های دچار قطع انتقال آوندی و رابطه این میزان با میزان پوکی میوه در ارقام پسته کله قوچی و احمد آقایی در دو نوع بافت خاک (سبک و سنگین) و با دو دور آبیاری (24 و 48 روز)، انجام شد. برای تعیین قطع انتقال آوندی در تخمک، هشت هفته پس از شکوفایی، شاخه‌های حاوی خوشه درون محلول فلورسئین‌دی‌سدیم قرار گرفته و سپس میوه‌های کوچک برشگیری دستی شده و با میکروسکوپ فلورسنس مطالعه شدند. میزان تخمک‌های نمو یافته (میوه‌های سالم) و پوک در زمان برداشت تعیین شد. در دور آبیاری کوتاه‌تر (24 روز) تعداد میوه‌های تشکیل شده در مقایسه با دور آبیاری طولانی (48 روز) بالاتر بود. همچنین، قطع انتقال آوندی در تخمک‌ها و میزان پوکی نیز بالاتر بود. در خاک سنگین که استعداد بالای حفظ آب را دارد، میزان پوکی افزایش یافت. این نتایج می‌توانند به تعداد بیشتر میوه‌های تولید شده در آبیاری زیاد و خاک سنگین بعنوان شرایط مناسب، و در نتیجه رقابت شدیدتر بین آنها برای پر شدن نسبت داده شوند. رقم کله‌قوچی نسبت به احمدآقایی، برای تولید میوه‌های پوک بیشتر از قطع انتقال آوندی در بند تخمک (دانه)های در حال رشد استفاده می‌کند. قطع انتقال آوندی می‌تواند به طور گذرا اتفاق افتاده و مجددا توسط گیاه ترمیم شود. تفاصيل المقالة -
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62 - تشخیص و سنجش تقلب در روغن پسته با طیف نورسنجی جذبی ترکیب شده با تبدیل موجک پیوسته: آشکارسازی با نقاط عبور صفر
روح الله دستاران علی شیبانی مسعود رضا شیشه بردر این پژوهش، آشکارسازی تقلب در روغن پسته با روغن های ارزان قیمت شامل آفتاب گردان، سویا، ذرت، کرچک و فندق با روش طیف نورسنجی-تبدیل موجک پیوسته بررسی و تعیین شد. در ابتدا، انواع متفاوت از تبدیل موجک پیوسته برای پردازش طیف های جذبی موردمطالعه و بررسی قرار گرفتند که روش ه أکثردر این پژوهش، آشکارسازی تقلب در روغن پسته با روغن های ارزان قیمت شامل آفتاب گردان، سویا، ذرت، کرچک و فندق با روش طیف نورسنجی-تبدیل موجک پیوسته بررسی و تعیین شد. در ابتدا، انواع متفاوت از تبدیل موجک پیوسته برای پردازش طیف های جذبی موردمطالعه و بررسی قرار گرفتند که روش های morl٬fk18 و sym7 به عنوان مناسب ترین روش ها انتخاب شدند. منحنی های واسنجی مربوط به روغن های ارزان قیمت با اندازه گیری شدت نشانک های تبدیل موجک در نقاط عبور صفر رسم شدند. این منحنی ها در گستره 10 تا 50 % روغن ارزان در روغن پسته با ضرایب همبستگی بالاتر از 0/99 خطی هستند. نتیجه های بازیابی و انحراف معیار نسبی برای بیان صحت و دقت اندازه گیری ها به ترتیب در گستره های 98/4 تا 102/3% و 0/9 تا 3/8 % واقع شدند. درصد اختلاط 5 % به عنوان حد تعیین تقلب در روغن پسته با روغن های مطالعه شده گزارش شد. سادگی، سرعت، ارزانی و همچنین، عدم نیاز به مرحله جداسازی از دیگر مزایای روش پیشنهادی است. تفاصيل المقالة -
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63 - تحلیلی بر عوامل مؤثر بر صادرات پسته در ایران
منوچهر جفره گلناز فرج الهیعدم شناخت شرایط تجارت جهانی و عوامل موثر بر صادرات کالا و خدمات از موضوعات اساسی در صادرات پسته می باشد.بر اساس بیماری هلندی اتکا به صادرات نفت موجب شده تا صادرات پسته در دهه های اخیر کاهش یابد.برای رشد صادرات پسته توجه به دو دسته از عوامل ضروری است:دسته اول متغیرهای اق أکثرعدم شناخت شرایط تجارت جهانی و عوامل موثر بر صادرات کالا و خدمات از موضوعات اساسی در صادرات پسته می باشد.بر اساس بیماری هلندی اتکا به صادرات نفت موجب شده تا صادرات پسته در دهه های اخیر کاهش یابد.برای رشد صادرات پسته توجه به دو دسته از عوامل ضروری است:دسته اول متغیرهای اقتصادی مانند نرخ ارز واقعی،درآمد خارجیان و میزان تولید پسته هستند که تاثیر مثبتی در گسترش صادرات این محصول دارند.برای این منظور از الگوی اقتصاد سنجی و داده آماری سری زمانی استفاده کرده ایم.دسته دوم،متغیرهای بازرگانی و بازار یابی می باشد که عوامل موثر بر ان را با استفاده از یک مطالعه میدانی به دست آورده ایم.عواملی مانند قوانین و مقررات دولتی،بازار یابی،هزینه های تبلیغات،کیفیت محصول،حمایتهای گمرکی،عدم ثبات قوانین و وضعیت کلان اقتصادی که بر صادرات پسته موثر هستند. تفاصيل المقالة -
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64 - The Effect of Low Temperatures on Domestic and Wild Pistachio Rootstocks and Interspecific Hybrids Based on Physio-biochemical Indices
Maryam Afrousheh Amir Mohammadi Hojat Hasheminasab Ali Taj Abadi Pour Hasan Arab Alireaz DabestaniIn recent decades, spring frost considered a serious threat in pistachio production (Pistacia vera). Considering that, Iran is one of the most important centers of pistachio production and has the highest variety of pistachios in the world, the identification of domesti أکثرIn recent decades, spring frost considered a serious threat in pistachio production (Pistacia vera). Considering that, Iran is one of the most important centers of pistachio production and has the highest variety of pistachios in the world, the identification of domestic and wild different rootstocks and their crosses to reach cold-tolerant rootstocks could be one of the effective solutions to face the challenge of spring frost. In this study, cold tolerance was assessed in fourteen rootstocks of pistachio domestic species (Badami Zarand, Sarakhs and Qazvini), interspecific hybrids (Qazvini×Khinjuk, Qazvini×Mutica, Qazvini × Baneh Baghi, Qazvini × Atlantica, Qazvini× Integerrima), non-domesticated species (Atlantica (P. atlantica), Integerrima, Khinjuk, Sarakhs, Mutica (P. atlantica sub. mutica) and Baneh Baghi (P. mutica × P. vera)) and UCB1 hybrid rootstock at low temperatures (4, 0 and -4 °C) for 2 hours. This experiment was conducted in a factorial completely randomized design with three replications on one-year-old seedlings in greenhouse conditions. The results showed that the rate of ion leakage, malondialdehyde and injury index percentage was significant (p <0.01) and their values were decreased in the cold-tolerant rootstocks than the cold-sensitive rootstocks. The interaction between treatments showed that the temperature of - 4 °C caused a significant reduction in ion leakage and malondialdehyde in the cold-tolerant rootstocks. Proline was increased in the cold-tolerant rootstocks compare to cold-sensitive rootstocks. The results of cation leakage percentage were significant in temperature and rootstocks (p <0.01). The results showed that the highest percentage of cation leakage related to potassium and there was a positive and significant correlation between calcium and magnesium and cell membrane stability. According to the results, the most sensitive rootstock was UCB1, Integerrima, Khinjuk and Baneh Baghi, respectively. Hybrids Qazvini , Baneh Baghi, Khinjuk and Integerrima rootstocks were significantly reduced under low-temperature stress. Mutica, Qazvini×Mutica, Sarakhs, Qazvini, Qazvini×Atlantica rootstocks, improved physiological and biochemical traits and maintained cell membrane integrity and finally showed greater tolerance to frost and freezing temperatures, which can be considered in the breeding program. تفاصيل المقالة -
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65 - Effect of Irrigation Systems on the Contamination of Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin Production in Shahpasand Pistachio Cultivar
Mahdi Mohammadi Moghadam Ali Reza Tavakkoli Amir Hossein Mohammadi Mohammad Moradi Hossein HokmabadiAflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, A. tamari, A. bombycis and A. nomius species. Relative humidity (RH) is one of the most important parameters influencing the development of aflatoxins in pistachio orchards by Aspergill أکثرAflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, A. tamari, A. bombycis and A. nomius species. Relative humidity (RH) is one of the most important parameters influencing the development of aflatoxins in pistachio orchards by Aspergillus species. The type of irrigation system affects density and frequency of the Aspergillus species in the soil. In the current study, to evaluate fungus population density three irrigation treatments (flood, drip-surface, and subsurface irrigation) were applied. In order to investigate the population density of Aspergillus flavus in different irrigation systems, sampling was done from soil and kernels of Shahpasand cultivar at Damghan's Pistachio Research Station under various types of irrigation systems implementation. The samples were inoculated on AFPA medium using serial dilution method. The results indicated that the population density of A. flavus ranged various in pistachio kernels and soils between different types of irrigation system. Through subsurface irrigation, the population density of fungal colonies was significantly at the lowest level. The results showed that the use of modified adopted subsurface irrigation system had been effective in reducing soil surface moisture and led to decrease of population density in comparison with the conventional surface drip irrigation. تفاصيل المقالة -
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66 - Evaluating Foliar Application of Calcium Nitrate, Calcium Chloride and Boric Acid on Physiological Disorders of ‘Kaleh - Ghoochi’ Pistachio
Ebrahim Pourahmadi Abdorahman Mohamadkhani Parto Roshandel Somayeh MomenyanPistachio suffers from some physiological disorders such as fruit abscission, endocarp lesion, blankness, non-split, early-split and deformed nuts. In this experiment, the effects of calcium nitrate (2 gr/lit), calcium chloride (2 gr/lit), boric acid (200 ppm) and their أکثرPistachio suffers from some physiological disorders such as fruit abscission, endocarp lesion, blankness, non-split, early-split and deformed nuts. In this experiment, the effects of calcium nitrate (2 gr/lit), calcium chloride (2 gr/lit), boric acid (200 ppm) and their combination treatments were investigated on physiological disorders of ‘Kaleh-Ghoochi’ pistachio. Foliar application was applied one week earlier and two weeks later than full bloom. Then, physiological disorders and enzyme activities, such as catalase (CAT), poly phenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonilyase (PAL) and total phenol level of nut-shells and proline level of leaves were tested. Results specified that all applied treatments diminished fruit abscission. Also, all treatments, excepting boric acid, diminished endocarp lesion and non-split nut disorders but there were no considerable differences between the treatments. Results specified that all applied treatments decreased the blank nut but there were no considerable differences between the treatments. In this research, the lowest deformed nuts with 10.38 percent and early split nut with 2.48 percent were observed by application of both calcium nitrate and boric acid. Meanwhile, the highest split nuts with 56.55 percent were obtained by application of calcium nitrate and boric acid. Generally, all treatments especially use of both calcium nitrate and boric acid diminish the catalase, poly phenol oxidase, peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonilyase enzymes activities and moreover total phenol of nut-shells and proline of leaves. تفاصيل المقالة -
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67 - The Impacts of Medium and Benzyladenine on Micropropagation and Micrografting of the Main Commercial Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Cultivars
Mohammad Tabeei Gholam Reza Sharifi-Sirchi Ebrahim Ganji Moghaddam Esmaeil FallahiMicrografting can be used to produce healthy seedlings, assess scion-rootstock compatibility and promote precocity. The first objective of this project was to study the impacts of in vitro micropropagation of four major Iranian pistachio cultivars, namely ‘Ahmad A أکثرMicrografting can be used to produce healthy seedlings, assess scion-rootstock compatibility and promote precocity. The first objective of this project was to study the impacts of in vitro micropropagation of four major Iranian pistachio cultivars, namely ‘Ahmad Aghaei’, ‘Akbari’, ‘Badami Sefid’ and ‘Kalle Ghochi’ in two different medium Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) at different concentrations of benzyl adenine (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg L-1). The second objective of this project was to examine the effects of ‘Badami-Riz-Zarand’ and ‘Akbari’ rootstocks and micro-scion size (less than 5 and between 5-10 mm) on micrografting of the pistachio cultivars. The results showed that explants of the Akbari cultivar had the highest survival rate of meristems establishment in the DKW medium with 1 mg L-1 benzyl adenine. In the proliferation stage, ‘Akbari’ showed the highest values for proliferation rate, shoot number, shoot length and leaf number whereas, ‘Kalle Ghochi’ had the lowest values for these traits. Moreover, no significant differences were observed between ‘Ahmad Aghaei’, ‘Akbari’ and ‘Badami Sefid’ plantlets in terms of quality during the growing season. The micrografting results on seedlings showed that the scion of the Badami Sefid cultivar with a 5-10 mm size on the ‘Badami-Riz-Zarand’ rootstock had the highest grafting success rate and the lowest cultivar; in contrast, was ‘Kalle Ghochi’ with a scion less than 5 mm on ‘Akbari’. تفاصيل المقالة -
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68 - Pomological Attributes and Chemical Composition of Cultivars and Wild Genotypes of Pistachios (Pistacia vera L.) in Iran
Mohammad Aref Pourian Davood Bakhshi Hossein Hokmabadi Ali AalamiThe study was conducted to evaluate the pomological attributes and chemical composition of 35 pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) genotypes, including fifteen wild-types and twenty of the important cultivar pistachios from Iran. The results revealed that cultivar pistachios in أکثرThe study was conducted to evaluate the pomological attributes and chemical composition of 35 pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) genotypes, including fifteen wild-types and twenty of the important cultivar pistachios from Iran. The results revealed that cultivar pistachios in terms of important characters such as the split nuts (78.57%), blank nuts (6.96%), 100-nuts weight (118.86 g), and size (20.84 mm) were superior to wild cultivars. Higher percentages of thesplitnutswere observed for ‘Akbari’ genotype (92.81%), and the lowest rate of blank nuts was observed in ‘Fandoghi 48’ (2.84%). Pistachio kernel is rich in nutrients which is almost the same in wild and cultivar genotypes. The mean N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Na, Fe, Zn and Mn values of the pistachio kernels studied were 3.39%, 0.52%, 0.88%, 0.14%, 0.27%, 0.08%, 33.20 μg g-1, 22.40 μg g-1 and 7.38 μgg-1, respectively. The ranges of protein and oil content were 13.70-23.63% and 45.81-55.49%, respectively. According to the results, there was a considerable difference in physical and pomological properties among wild and cultivar pistachio nuts, while there was less difference in oil content and nutrition quality between them. تفاصيل المقالة -
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69 - Effect of Infrared Roasting Process on the Microorganism Contaminations of Long and Round Iranian Pistachio Kernels
Afsaneh Morshedi Seyed Mohammad Ali RazaviIn this paper, the effect of infrared (IR) roasting conditions on Aflatoxins and total counts of two types of Iranian pistachio kernels, long and round, was studied. The optimized roasting conditions, 70 V for round pistachios and 90 V for long pistachios with 10 cm dis أکثرIn this paper, the effect of infrared (IR) roasting conditions on Aflatoxins and total counts of two types of Iranian pistachio kernels, long and round, was studied. The optimized roasting conditions, 70 V for round pistachios and 90 V for long pistachios with 10 cm distance from IR source were used. Naturally Aflatoxin-contaminated kernels were supplied and roasted. Microbiological and Aflatoxins tests were done before and after roasting, and the results were analyzed by t-test at 5% confidence level. It was shown that 64.00% of total Aflatoxins and 63.99% of Aflatoxin B1 were reduced in long roasted pistachio nut kernels after IR-roasting. However, the reduction levels were 71.40% and 64.94% for total Aflatoxins and Aflatoxin B1 in round pistachio kernels, respectively. Total counts reduction was 99.99% in the round and 99.97% in the long pistachio kernels. In addition, mold and yeast numbers were reduced 99.99% in the round and 99.97% in the long pistachio kernels. Considering mild conditions (90°C and 11.5 min) in IR-roasting process, considerable amounts of reduction in bacteria, mold, and yeast, and the most important reduction of Aflatoxins. This research has shown that IR-roasting process can be considered as an effective method for pistachio nut roasting in Aflatoxin contamination reduction. تفاصيل المقالة -
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70 - Investigating Factors Affecting Pistachio Exports in Iran during 2001-2019
Narges Tavakoli Dastjerdi Reza Sedaghat Hamid MohammadiThe rate of pistachio export in Iran has decreased since 2010 onwards while the United States exports has risen sharply at the same time period. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the factors which may affect negatively on exports of Iran’s pistachio. Fo أکثرThe rate of pistachio export in Iran has decreased since 2010 onwards while the United States exports has risen sharply at the same time period. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the factors which may affect negatively on exports of Iran’s pistachio. For this purpose, the macroeconomic variables and pistachio exports data of the desired period were used. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was used for this study. The results indicated that economic growth, appreciation of the exchange rate and bank facilities remained positive and had significant effect, while liquidity growth has a significant negative effect on pistachio export. The coefficient of ECM (-1) for pistachio is -0.0642. The low amount of error correction coefficient indicated the low rate of adjustment in pistachio exports. Only 6% of the imbalance error of pre- period adjusted in each period. Therefore, solely relying on short-run policies will not be beneficial. Based on the obtained result, it is recommended to provide financial resources for pistachio producers and exporters, domestic liquidity should be directed toward productive economic activities, domestic inflation should be deflated and adjusted with exchange rate and real appreciation of the exchange rate, should be considered by improved exchange market management. تفاصيل المقالة -
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71 - The Effect of Humic Acid on the Growth and Physiological Indices of Pistachio Seedling (Pistacia vera) under Drought Stress
Maryam Afrousheh Amanollah JavanshahThis study was carried out to evaluate the effect of soil application of humic acid on growth and physiological indices of pistachio seedlings ("Badami Zarand" rootstock) under drought stress. This experiment was arranged as a completely randomized design with three rep أکثرThis study was carried out to evaluate the effect of soil application of humic acid on growth and physiological indices of pistachio seedlings ("Badami Zarand" rootstock) under drought stress. This experiment was arranged as a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse conditions. The experimental treatments consisted of humic acid (0, 30 and 60 gr in 4 kg-1 soil in pot) and irrigation intervals (7, 20 and 30 days). The studied growth parameters included of stem height, leaf number, leaf area, stem diameter, biomass of root and shoot and physiological indices in leaves such as relative water content(RWC), relative water loss(RWL), leaf water content(LWC), excised leaf water retention (ELWR), excised leaf water loss (ELWL) and relative water protection(RWP). In this experiment, the results showed that relative water content reduced and relative water loss increased in leaf in irrigation interval of 30 days. The results indicated that the application of humic acid increased the vegetative growth of pistachio seedling in comparison with the control under high irrigation interval (p<0.05). The results also showed that relative water content and relative water protection significantlyincreased with the application of humic acid (p<0.05). These results indicated that the pistachio seedlings were sensitive to water stress and the application of humic acid under drought stress could be an appropriate managementstrategy to improve the growth of seedlings in pistachio orchards in arid and semi-arid areas of Iran. تفاصيل المقالة -
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72 - A Survey on Contamination of Iranian Pistachio Cultivars to Aspergillus Section Flavi and Aflatoxin
Mahdi Mohammadi Moghadam Saeed Rezaee Amir Hossein Mohammadi Hamid Reza Zamanizadeh Mohammad MoradiPopulation density of Aspergillus section Flavi in pistachio kernels of Iranian cultivars was studied in main pistachio growing areas of Iran during 2015 to 2017. In order to investigate the rate of contamination of pistachio cultivars to Aspergillus section Flavi and a أکثرPopulation density of Aspergillus section Flavi in pistachio kernels of Iranian cultivars was studied in main pistachio growing areas of Iran during 2015 to 2017. In order to investigate the rate of contamination of pistachio cultivars to Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxins, 13 pistachio cultivars, including Akbari, Kaleh-ghouchi, Ovhadi, Ahmad-aghaee, Momtaz, Italian pistachio, Shahpasand, Pesteh-e-ghermes, Pesteh-e-garmeh, Ghazvini, Abbasali and Khanjari were selected from different parts of Semnan, Khorosan Razavi and Kerman provinces. A total of 125 samples of pistachio kernels were collected from different cultivars of pistachio trees in orchards. The samples were cultured on AFPA using serial dilution method. After 3 to 7 days, the plates were examined and isolates of Aspergillus section Flavi were identified and relative densities of them were recorded. The values ranged from 1.6×103 to 1.6×104 CFU/g in pistachio samples.The statistical analysis showed that the population density of Aspergillus section Flavi was varied with the type of cultivars. The results indicated that among tested cultivars, Akbari showed the least and Shahpasand the most population density of Aspergillus section Flavi among pistachio cultivars, respectively. The aflatoxins content of pistachio samples were extracted and analysed through Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and flurodensitometer. There were Significant differences among different cultivars in the contamination of pistachio kernels to Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxin. (α =5%). It was observed that Akbari had the least whereas Shahpasand had the greatest amount of aflatoxin production, respectively. تفاصيل المقالة -
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73 - Aflatoxin Contamination of Pistachio and Aflatoxicose: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of People in Damghan City, Iran
Kourosh Holakouie Naieni Bahram Ghods Raheb Ghorbani Bahador Bagheri Anna AbdolshahiAflatoxins are secondary metabolites that produced mainly by Aspergillus species in pistachio nuts or other food products. They are toxic carcinogens and mutagens that cause a variety of adverse effects such as acute and chronic poisoning, inducing cancer initiation and أکثرAflatoxins are secondary metabolites that produced mainly by Aspergillus species in pistachio nuts or other food products. They are toxic carcinogens and mutagens that cause a variety of adverse effects such as acute and chronic poisoning, inducing cancer initiation and congenital malformation in humans and animals. This study aimed to determine level of knowledge, attitude, and practices concerning aflatoxin contamination in pistachio and its pathogenicity among members of the general public in Damghan city, Iran. This descriptive cross sectional study enrolled 297 people from the population of Damghan city in Iran in 2019 through multistage cluster sampling. Data analysis was performed by SPSS version 16. In this study, 57% (n=162) of the participants were male and the mean age was 41.81±12.1 year. Majority (40.7%) of study subjects had very poor level of knowledge, but a positive attitude (68.7%) about the aflatoxin toxicity. Also, more than 85% of study participants sometimes or always had a good practice regarding prevention of aflatoxin contamination. A significant positive correlation was found between the level of education and the knowledge and attitude scores of the participants (p <0.001). Age and practice of subjects had a significant correlation (r = 0.149, p = 0.021). The findings of this study indicate a poor knowledge level of people in Damghan city. Therefore, strategies such as providing necessary training program in order to improve the level of knowledge, attitude and practices of individuals about aflatoxin should be considered. تفاصيل المقالة -
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74 - Application of Bio-Nanocomposite Films Based on Nano-TiO2 and Cinnamon Essential Oil to Improve the Physiochemical, Sensory, and Microbial Properties of Fresh Pistachio
Arezoo Esfahani Mohammad Reza Ehsani Maryam Mizani Abdorreza Mohammadi NafchiBio-nanocomposite films based on sago starch containing 2% cinnamon essential oil and 3% titanium dioxide nanoparticles were used in the packaging of fresh pistachios and stored at different temperatures (4, 25, and 35 ˚C) and relative humidity (30, 50, and 70%) for 20 أکثرBio-nanocomposite films based on sago starch containing 2% cinnamon essential oil and 3% titanium dioxide nanoparticles were used in the packaging of fresh pistachios and stored at different temperatures (4, 25, and 35 ˚C) and relative humidity (30, 50, and 70%) for 20 days, and pistachio properties were evaluated in five-day intervals. Using these films in packaging improved the physicochemical properties of pistachios, including moisture, fat, shrinkage, color characteristics, and sensory characteristics improved, and the growth of Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxin production, and the amount of hydro-peroxide increased much more slowly compared to the control samples. Temperature and relative humidity had significant effects on the physicochemical properties and deterioration of fresh pistachios (p Aspergillus flavus, peroxide index, and aflatoxin had the highest values. The most desirable conditions for fresh pistachio storage were the temperature of 4˚C and 30% relative humidity. Therefore, this active packaging can be utilized as a proper alternative to conventional packaging. تفاصيل المقالة -
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75 - Determination of Cold Hardiness of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Cultivars Flower Buds during Rest Season
Zahra Pakkish Hadi AsghariFrost injury is a very widespread phenomenon occurring in both deciduous and ever-green trees such as pistachio. The cold hardiness levels of four cultivars of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), ‘Kalle-Ghuchi’, ‘Owhadi’, ‘Ahmad-Aghaei’ and أکثرFrost injury is a very widespread phenomenon occurring in both deciduous and ever-green trees such as pistachio. The cold hardiness levels of four cultivars of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), ‘Kalle-Ghuchi’, ‘Owhadi’, ‘Ahmad-Aghaei’ and ‘Akbari’ were determined. Samples were collected from November 2007 to March 2008 and from November 2008 to March 2009, with three week intervals during dormant season. Then, single- bud cutting sections were placed in incubator and subjected to temperature, +5 (control), -10, -15, -20, -25 and -30оC, held for 24h at each temperature. The critical temperature for survival among the 4 cultivars was -15оC and more than 70% of the buds of all cultivars were killed once they were subjected to -30оC. All cultivars achieved a maximum cold hardiness in December and January. These four cultivars were classified as hardy (‘Akbari’), semi-hardy (‘Owhadi’ and ‘Ahmad-Aghaei’) and sensitive (‘Kalle-Ghuchi’). The tested pistachio cultivars exhibited higher cold hardiness levels in ‘OFF’ trees, rather than ‘ON’ trees. تفاصيل المقالة -
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76 - Introducing Tolerant Pistachio Female and Male Genotypes to Salinity Stress
Hamid Alipour Hojjat Hasheminasab Seyed Javad HosseinifardPistachio is one of the most important and strategic crops in Iran which is typically cultivated under relatively saline soils and hot weather conditions. The present paper represents the results of an experiment which mainly focused on evaluating the tolerance of pista أکثرPistachio is one of the most important and strategic crops in Iran which is typically cultivated under relatively saline soils and hot weather conditions. The present paper represents the results of an experiment which mainly focused on evaluating the tolerance of pistachio female and male genotypes to salinity stress. This experiment was carried out at the greenhouse of the Pistachio Research Center at Kerman, Iran, during 2016. The hybrids obtained from crosses between 17 male genotypes with a female genotype “Fandoghi” and also the combinations of 19 female genotypes after crossing with a male genotype “M15” were cultured in a completely randomized design with three replications under salt stress (4.2 dS m-1) without drainage in the greenhouse condition for a period of four months. The results show an increasing of the average soil salinity in pots to 32 dS m-1.The results also indicate that salinity might negatively affect growth parameters of pistachio. Therefore, selecting genotypes in this condition might lead to release tolerant genotypes. During the research, some yielded hybrids indicated the higher values for morphological parameters, the lower and higher concentration of Na+ and K+ under salinity stress, respectively. Meanwhile, it was found that, ‘Khanjari Damghan’ and ‘Mohseni’ among female parents, and M10, M15, and M25 among male parents are possible tolerant genotypes for further assessment in the area and also for releasing new rootstocks. The analysis of two clusters, i.e., cluster 1 (‘Khanjari Damghan’, ‘Mohseni’, ‘Lak Sirizi’, ‘Ebrahimi’, ‘Sifadini’, ‘Badami Zarand’, ‘Sephid Peste Nogh’, and ‘Post Kaghazi’) and cluster 2 (M10, M15, M24, M25, and M26) for female and male genotypes, respectively, exhibits that higher morphological parameters and also higher tolerance to salinity. More importantly, the analysis showed that these two categorized sets of genotypes can be proper choices for future breeding programs or to use directly in salinity conditions. تفاصيل المقالة -
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77 - Optimizing the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Pistachio Hulls
Najmeh Pakdaman Rosa Dargahi Marieh Nadi Amanollah Javanshah Ahmad Shakerardekani Najmeh SaberiPistachio hull, as the dominant component of pistachio processing wastes, is a source of phenolics with antioxidant properties. Extracting these compounds from pistachio wastes has recently attracted a lot of attention. The current study aimed to identify the optimal co أکثرPistachio hull, as the dominant component of pistachio processing wastes, is a source of phenolics with antioxidant properties. Extracting these compounds from pistachio wastes has recently attracted a lot of attention. The current study aimed to identify the optimal conditions for extracting phenolics from pistachio hulls. Firstly, some parameters such as different sample to solvent ratios (1:10, 1:20, and 1:40), extraction temperatures (25, 45, and 65°C), and duration times (1, 2, and 3 h) were evaluated under extracting solvent of water. The content of total phenolics and antioxidant activity were determined using spectrophotometric methods. The results indicated that the highest phenolics (~35 mg g-1) were extracted at 2 h extraction time, 65 °C, and the sample to solvent ratio of 1:10 (optimum condition by the solvent of water). Secondly, other organic solvents of ethanol, methanol, and acetone 50% were evaluated to identify the best solvent under optimal conditions. All of these organic solvents were more efficient than water in extracting total phenolics (with antioxidant property) from pistachio hulls. However, the highest amount of total phenolics (~47 mg g-1) was extracted by ethanol. Optimizing the extraction of phenolic compounds from pistachio hulls would be important in terms of reducing human and environmental risks caused by the waste accumulation, as well as producing naturally beneficial compounds and using them instead of synthetic antioxidants in the human diet. تفاصيل المقالة -
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78 - Benefiting from Knowledge Management in Agricultural Development of Iran: A Case Study of Pistachio
Eldar Mohammadzadeh Seddigh Zahra Abazari Najla Hariri< p>Knowledge management and benefiting from the experiences and knowledge experts in Iranian Pistachio farming will be a method in order to achieve the development of Agriculture and Pistachio gardening in Iran. The present study is based on a qualitative approac أکثر< p>Knowledge management and benefiting from the experiences and knowledge experts in Iranian Pistachio farming will be a method in order to achieve the development of Agriculture and Pistachio gardening in Iran. The present study is based on a qualitative approach and grounded method theory. The research tool was based on interview with 22 members of the Rafsanjan Pistachio Producers Cooperative, and was conducted in three criteria of open (initial), core and selective. Open code includes 34 concepts and core code includes 4 major categories, including cost reduction, product quality enhancement, innovation and continuous improvement. Agricultural development was identified as the central criterion of the present study. In order to understand the experiences of growers in their own language, semi-structured interviews were conducted to provide solutions to develop pistachio agriculture and create a competitive situation. Thus, the interviews begin with general questions and are followed by the solutions of each grower. The interview questions are designed to transfer technical knowledge of the interviewees and achieve solutions in order to benefit from knowledge management in the development of pistachio agriculture in Iran. The findings of this study helps the presentation of strategies to develop agriculture and maintain the position of Iranian pistachio growers in competitive markets that will lead to greater profits. According to our research, establishing a powerful cooperative system could satisfy growers’ requirements and will lead to an expansion of agriculture in Iran. Additionally, our system could result into establish a more proactive farming society using knowledge management. تفاصيل المقالة -
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79 - The Effects of Poultry Manures on Aspergillus Section Flavi Density, Aflatoxin Production, Plant Nutrients, and Characteristics of Pistachio Fruit
Hamid Alipour Mohammad Moradi Hamideh Salmani-NejadAflatoxins are secondary metabolites, which have documented in food and feed such as pistachio.Application of incorrect cultural practices such as animal manures resulted in increasing the density of Aspergillus section Flavi propagules and as consequences increase in a أکثرAflatoxins are secondary metabolites, which have documented in food and feed such as pistachio.Application of incorrect cultural practices such as animal manures resulted in increasing the density of Aspergillus section Flavi propagules and as consequences increase in aflatoxin content in pistachio nuts. Here, the density of Aspergillus section Flavi propagules, aflatoxin kernel content and characteristics of pistachio fruits in soil surface and fertilizer cannel applications of poultry manure in the orchards in randomized complete block design were compared with control treatment (without poultry manure application). Application of poultry manure on soil surface increased Aspergillus section Flavi propagulesby 4.5 and 11 times higher than compare to those treatments either which not received or in fertilizer channels, respectively. Aflatoxin content in pistachio nuts decreased by 85 and 51 % where poultry manures applied in fertilizer channels and no application compared to surface application, respectively. Overall, poultry manure in fertilizer channel reduced the frequency of blank fruits as well as increasing of splitted nuts and the nuts’ sizes. تفاصيل المقالة -
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80 - The Effect of Yield Fluctuations and Production Risk on Pistachio Commercial Cultivars in Kerman Province
Hasan Arab Maryam Afrousheh Mohammad Abdollahi Ezatabadi Ali TajabadipourThe required capital and liquidity for agricultural production are always a limiting factor in Iranian agriculture. Since, income is a combination of production and product price, one of the major problems of the country's pistachio industry is the high yield fluctuatio أکثرThe required capital and liquidity for agricultural production are always a limiting factor in Iranian agriculture. Since, income is a combination of production and product price, one of the major problems of the country's pistachio industry is the high yield fluctuations and high price fluctuations. In the present study, the mean and yield fluctuations of four pistachio commercial cultivars (Kaleh-Ghoochi, Ahmad-Aghaei, Akbari, and Owhadi) were evaluated in the Anar and Rafsanjan orchards in Kerman province. The information used in this study was collected through a questionnaire from farmers. The orchards were selected by multi-stage random method. From the total number of villages in the two regions, some sites were selected based on random. Then, some farmers were selected randomly. By referring to the selected farmers, an orchard was selected from each cultivar. The number of studied orchards was 100 forms in each cultivar. To measure the yield per hectare, the amount of actual product that had achieved in the last six years. Finally, the mean and yield fluctuations of 4 pistachio commercial cultivars were analyzed. The results showed that the studied cultivars had a significant difference in the yield, profit net and coefficient variation at a probability level of 5%. The results indicated that the Ahmad-Aghaei cultivar was the best in average yield (1758.7 kg ha-1) and net profit per hectare (292530201 Rials ha-1) and then Akbari cultivar. However, performance fluctuations in the Owhadi cultivar (53.06%) was lower than the other three cultivars. Base on the results, the Kaleh-Ghoochi cultivar was minimum in average yield (1073.6 kg ha-1) and production fluctuations (73.14%) than the others. Therefore, if the aim is to minimize the income fluctuations of pistachio farmers, depending on the region, one of Ahmad-Aghaei or Akbari cultivars should be planted. It can be concluded that among commercial cultivars, prioritization and justification for planting and propagation were Ahmad-Aghaei, Akbari, Owhadi and Kaleh-Ghoochi, respectively. تفاصيل المقالة -
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81 - Application of Novel Nano-biopackaging Based on Cassava Starch/Bovine Gelatin / Titanium oxide nanoparticle/Fennel Essential Oil to Improve Quality of the Raw Fresh Pistachio
Nastaran Chavoshi Mohammad Mehdi Marvizadeh Neda Fallah Negin Rezaei-savadkouhi Abdorreza Mohammadi NafchiThe aim of this research was to estimate the impacts of a combination of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and fennel essential oil (FEO) on the chemical and sensory properties of fresh raw Abbas Ali pistachio. The cassava starch/bovine gelatin biofilms with Nano-TiO2 أکثرThe aim of this research was to estimate the impacts of a combination of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and fennel essential oil (FEO) on the chemical and sensory properties of fresh raw Abbas Ali pistachio. The cassava starch/bovine gelatin biofilms with Nano-TiO2 (1, 3, and 5% w/w), and essential oil (1, and 3% w/w) were fabricated by the casting technique. The sensory and chemical properties and the growth of Aspergillus flavus were evaluated during three weeks of storage at 4°C. After 21-day conservation, Aspergillus flavus count of the control specimen was the highest whereas bionanocomposite film containing FEO enabled lower amounts of Aspergillus flavus population. RP-HPLC analysis findings represented that packaging with starch/gelatin had a positive effect on the aflatoxin B1 content of pistachio, and the lowest amount of aflatoxin B1 was related to the biofilm containing 5% Nano-TiO2/3% FEO. Sensory tests indicated that pistachios packaged with Nano-TiO2/essential oil had a significant effect on taste and general acceptability, and the highest score of sensory properties was related to the pistachio sample packaged with starch/gelatin/5% Nano-Tio2/3% FEO. Results showed that cassava starch/bovine gelatin film containing 5% Nano-TiO2/3% FEO and control sample had significantly higher and lower moisture and carbohydrate soluble content than the treatments. At last, the findings demonstrate that cassava starch/bovine gelatin/5% Nano-TiO2/3% FEO active film improved the chemical and sensory factors and had the positive effect on Aspergillus flavus population reduction of pistachio nuts; hence, it can be applied as biopackaging for fresh pistachio. تفاصيل المقالة -
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82 - Development of Iranian Pistachio Knowledge Management Model Based on Knowledge Management for Development (KM4D) Model
Eldar Mohammadzadeh Seddigh Zahra Abazari Najla HaririThe purpose of this study is to develop a model for knowledge management of Iranian pistachios based on the Knowledge Management for Development (KM4D) model. The knowledge of farmers and new scientific knowledge are complementary in terms of strengths and weaknesses. B أکثرThe purpose of this study is to develop a model for knowledge management of Iranian pistachios based on the Knowledge Management for Development (KM4D) model. The knowledge of farmers and new scientific knowledge are complementary in terms of strengths and weaknesses. By combining the two, one can achieve the success that would not be achievable by using them on an individual basis of two. The present study is an exploratory mixed study. A study was designed based on the combination of library studies, documentation, and exploratory mixed studies to form a cross-sectional study in terms of data analysis and processing method, and correlational research. The statistical population of the research is divided into two parts: the qualitative section which includes 7 people and the quantitative part which includes 149 farmers, experts, specialists and experts in pistachio agriculture, and horticulture. Simple random selections are selected. To analyze the data in the qualitative part, the grounded theory method based on the KM4D model has been used. The quantitative part based on descriptive statistical analysis using SPSS software version 23 to generate relevant graphs, mean, median, and frequency table. Implementing knowledge management in agricultural organizations has a significant role in improving pistachio agriculture and horticulture development. It will result in reducing costs, increasing quality, innovation, and continuous improvement. The current study has presented a new model in knowledge management of Iranian pistachios agriculture, which will benefit from the quantitative and qualitative development of this agricultural product. The main application of this study is to increase added value of farmer's products. تفاصيل المقالة -
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83 - Risk Assessment of Contamination of Soil, Water and Plants to Arsenic in Pistachio Orchards of Kerman Province, Iran
Simin Yazdanpanah-ravari Hossein Heidari Sharifabad Hossein Abbaspour Alireza IranbakhshArsenic (As) is a natural occurring element which poses a potential risk to groundwater quality, as well as food safety through As transportation in soil-water-plant systems. The present study investigated the level of As contamination in water, soil, and pistachio plan أکثرArsenic (As) is a natural occurring element which poses a potential risk to groundwater quality, as well as food safety through As transportation in soil-water-plant systems. The present study investigated the level of As contamination in water, soil, and pistachio plants (leaves and seeds) in 7 regions of Kerman province, as one of the most important pistachio cultivation regions in Iran. The results revealed that the concentration in the soil of the sampled areas varied from 15 to 1200 mg/kg The highest As concentrations was observed in the Shahr-e Babak, Bayaz, and Sirjan regions. The As concentration in the water of the sampled areas was between 0.62 and 483 µg/L, and the regions of Sirjan and Shahr-e Babak had the highest levels of arsenic contamination. The highest accumulation of As in pistachio leaves and seeds was observed in the Shahr-e Babak, Bayaz, and Sirjan areas, which had a positive correlation with the As concentration in the soil and water of the area. Thus, the level of As in fresh pistachios in Shahr-e Babak, Sirjan, and Bayaz regions can be considered a threat to the safety of the Iranian population. تفاصيل المقالة -
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84 - A Review of Pistachio Kernel Composition during Fruit Ripening
Ahmad Shakerardekani Fereshteh Fathi Hamid AlipourPistachios (one of 50 healthy foods) are essential for human health. The ripening stage is of great importance for food processing, as the chemical composition of this fruit is heavily influenced by its maturity level. For instance, as premature pistachio has unique gre أکثرPistachios (one of 50 healthy foods) are essential for human health. The ripening stage is of great importance for food processing, as the chemical composition of this fruit is heavily influenced by its maturity level. For instance, as premature pistachio has unique green color, it can be used in desserts, sauces, ice creams, and chocolates, while mature pistachios often used as snacks. Considering that the nutrients in the pistachio kernel are dependent on various factors, especially environmental conditions, determining the amount of these compounds during the ripening stages of the pistachio kernel can considerably contribute to the appropriate harvest time and increase the duration of its storage period. Biochemical compounds such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are less affected by growth but may affect pistachio kernel taste and its nutritional value and health. The highest amounts of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are available at the time of optimal harvesting when the hull is fully ripe. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of pistachio decrease during ripening, and oil and fatty acid levels increase with the ripening period. In the case of the color parameter, the L factor decreases during the ripening period, and the a and b factors increase. Different stages of ripening have a significant effect on pistachio compounds. Nutrients in pistachio kernel are dependent on various factors that their diagnosis in different stages of growth contributes considerably to harvesting at the right time and increasing the storage period of this product. تفاصيل المقالة -
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85 - Investigation on the Efficacy of some Fungicides in Controlling Alternaria Late Blight of Pistachio
Hossein Khabbaz-Jolfaee Mehdi Mohammadi-Moghadam Gholamreza Baradaran Mojtaba GhalandarThe efficacy of Pyradim ® DF with pyraclostrobin+dimetomorf active ingredient was evaluated in comparison with fungicides Captan, Nordox, Mishocap in the control of pistachio Alternaria late blight. The experiment was carried out in Markazi (Zarandieh), Kerman and S أکثرThe efficacy of Pyradim ® DF with pyraclostrobin+dimetomorf active ingredient was evaluated in comparison with fungicides Captan, Nordox, Mishocap in the control of pistachio Alternaria late blight. The experiment was carried out in Markazi (Zarandieh), Kerman and Semnan in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 8 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments were applied at two stages (before bud swelling and after the petals fall and fruit set). The data were analyzed using SAS software and mean comparison of disease severity and disease incidence percentages were done by Duncan's multiple range test (P =5%). The results showed that Pyradim with dosage of 1 and 0.75 per thousand has a good efficacy in disease control. So that the efficiency of dosage 1g L-1 in reducing the severity of the disease compared to the control without spraying was about 88% in Zarandieh and about 77% in Kerman and Semnan. The efficacy of Pyradim at the dose of 0.75g L-1 in Zarandieh, Kerman and Semnan was about 76%, 72% and 74%, respectively, but the dose of 0.5g L-1 Pyradim was not acceptable and in the three studied areas was between 52 to 55%. Captan fungicide also had acceptable efficacy in controlling pistachio Alternaria late blight disease, so that its efficiency was more than 70% in Kerman and Semnan and 68% in Zarandieh. In contrast, Nordox and Mishocap fungicides did not have good efficiency. Therefore, 0.75g L-1 pyradim is recommended for controlling pistachio Alternaria late blight disease. تفاصيل المقالة -
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86 - Determination of Peeling Efficiency, Free Fatty Acid, Peroxide Value and Sensory Evaluation of Peeled Pistachio Kernel using Hot Water
Ahmad shakerardekani Abdolhossein MohamadiPistachio green kernel, is obtained by removing the red testa of around the whole kernel. In this study, the suitable peeling conditions for removing the testa of the kernel were determined using hot water in five termperature levels of 75, 80, 85, 90, and 95°C and أکثرPistachio green kernel, is obtained by removing the red testa of around the whole kernel. In this study, the suitable peeling conditions for removing the testa of the kernel were determined using hot water in five termperature levels of 75, 80, 85, 90, and 95°C and diffetent hot water immersion times of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 minutes in riped and unripe samples. Quality factors including the number of pistachio green kernels with remained red testa, free fatty acids, and peroxide value were measured at 3 and 6 months after peeling. Sensory evaluations (including appearance, color, taste, and texture) of the best treatments from the previous stage, were measured by 10 trained panelists. Peeling performance were not good using temperatures of 75 and 80°C in both riped and unripe samples. Peeling performance of 100%, was obtained at 85 and 90°C (6, 8 and 10 min) and 95°C (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 min) kernel immersion in hot water in riped and unripe cultivars. The qualitative factors, free fatty acids and peroxide value, has have increased in both riped and unripe samples during storage. After 6 months of storage, the lowest peroxide value was observed at 90°C (10 min immersion in hot water) and 95°C (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 min immersion in hot water). The minimum free fatty acid, was observed in riped ripe samples at 90° C (10 min immersion) and in the unripe samples at 95°C (2 and 4 min immersion). According to the comments of trained panelists, the significant differences between treatments were not observed in terms of the sensory characteristics such as taste, texture, color, and appearance at 5% level. In general, with respect to the performance of peeling, free fatty acids, peroxide value, and sensory evaluation, temperature of 95°C (2 min kernel immersion in hot water) can be used for peeling of riped and unripe samples. تفاصيل المقالة -
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87 - Investigating the Effects of Storage Time on Fats, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Taste, Color, and Texture Attributes of Roasted Pistachios by Two Fixed and Rotary Methods
Ahmad shakerardekani Mahin RahdariRoasted pistachios are among the most delicious nuts in the world. In addition to their pleasant taste, they have significant nutritional and antioxidant effects. This study aims to evaluate the nutritional, sensory, color, and texture attributes of roasted pistachio nu أکثرRoasted pistachios are among the most delicious nuts in the world. In addition to their pleasant taste, they have significant nutritional and antioxidant effects. This study aims to evaluate the nutritional, sensory, color, and texture attributes of roasted pistachio nuts using fixed and rotary methods at 160 °C during three storage times of 0, 3, and 6 months, at the ambient temperature (20±2°C). The results showed that the moisture percentage of the samples decreased and increased after the roasting process and during the 6-month period of storage, respectively. The available fat percentage of the samples showed no significant change after roasting and storage. The protein content of the roasted samples declined because of the Maillard reaction. Although carbohydrates are less sensitive to temperature than proteins, after the roasting process, the sugar and starch content of the pistachio nuts decreased. Due to the thermal process, the texture was more fragile, and the hardness of the samples decreased. Because of the caramelization and browning reactions that happened during the roasting process, the color of the samples turned dark and less green. These changes intensified after the 6 months of storage. According to the results, quality changes were not significant in the two methods of roasting and storage (p≤ 0.05). Also the temperature and storage time had no specific destructive effect on the nutritional, sensory, color and texture properties of roasted pistachios. Therefore, the use of these two methods of roasting at 160℃ for 15 minutes is recommended. تفاصيل المقالة -
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88 - Changes in Drought Tolerance Mechanism at Different Times of Stress and Re-hydration in Hybrid Pistachio Rootstock
Seyed Reza Nezami Abbas Yadollahi Hossein Hokmabadi Ali TajabadipourDrought is one of the main important adverse environmental events, certainly has an impact on plant growth and development. Pistachio is cultivated in areas where soil water deficits and salinity conditions are higher than normal. In most orchards, deficit irrigation is أکثرDrought is one of the main important adverse environmental events, certainly has an impact on plant growth and development. Pistachio is cultivated in areas where soil water deficits and salinity conditions are higher than normal. In most orchards, deficit irrigation is a common practice. There is only limited understanding of the physiological mechanisms pistachio uses to survive in drought. Many adaptive strategies have been developed in plants for dealing with water stress. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of drought stress on the photosynthetic, physiological and biochemical parameters in one-year-old seedlings of 12 pistachio hybrids. Therefore, a greenhouse experiment was carried out to assess the effects of two drought stress treatments (drought stress and full-irrigation) for 40 days with a subsequent two weeks’ recovery period and several parameters (pigments (total chlorophyll, anthocyanins and carotenoids), internal CO2 concentration (Ci), chloride (Cl-) ions and fluorescence parameter) were evaluated at four different times (beginning, middle and end of stress and then recovery). After the end of the stress period, the seedlings were irrigated for two weeks. Results revealed that the drought stress treatments led to a change in the studied parameters and the mechanism of drought tolerance was variable at different times. Pistacia atlantica hybrid, P. vera “Sarakhs” and P. vera “Shasti” hybrid rootstocks had the highest water use efficiency; P. vera “Sarakhs” hybrid, P. vera “Khanjari” hybrid and P. vera “Badami” hybrid had the highest Cl- and mesophyll efficiency. P. atlantica and P. vera “Khanjari” had the highest anthocyanins and carotenoids. P. vera “Shasti”, P. vera “badami”, P. mutica and P. mutica hybrid rootstocks have been able to withstand drought stress by increasing the amount of K+ ion and maintaining gas exchanges. The results also showed that the response of the rootstocks to rehydration was different. Seedlings that recovered well after rehydration had a higher tolerance threshold. The “Khanjari” cultivar was recovered better than the others. تفاصيل المقالة -
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89 - Evaluation of Application of the Asparagine and Glutamine Amino Acids on Improving the Biochemical Properties and Yield under Drought Sterss Conditions on Pistachio cv. Shahpsand
Mohammad ali Khajezade Bahareh Kashefi Hossein Afshari (new) Zarrin Taj AlipourThis experiment was performed to investigate the effect of foliar application of amino acids on improving biochemical properties and yield evaluation of the effect of drought stress on pistachio, cv. Shahpsand in Damghan city during 2019 and 2020. Statistical analysis w أکثرThis experiment was performed to investigate the effect of foliar application of amino acids on improving biochemical properties and yield evaluation of the effect of drought stress on pistachio, cv. Shahpsand in Damghan city during 2019 and 2020. Statistical analysis was conducted as a factorial split-plot based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main factor was irrigation intervals (35, 55, and 75 days) and sub-factors were including asparagine and glutamine amino acids at three levels (0, 150 and 300 mg L-1). The results showed that the irrigation interval had a significant effect on catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, sodium, chlorine, potassium, proline, protein, relative water content (RWC), and yield at the level of 1% probability and the maximum content of catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, chlorine, proline, and RWC were observed at 75 days irrigation interval but the highest yield and potassium were obtained at 35 days irrigation interval. Mineral concentrations of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl), in leaves increased with increasing irrigation cycle however, the Potassium (K) concentration in leaves decreased. The highest Na concentrations and Cl were observed in 75 days, and the lowest was in 35days. The correlation coefficient between catalase and peroxidase was positive and the correlation between sodium and potassium was Negative, but the correlation between chlorine and protein was negative. Foliar application of amino acids increased plant yield and resistance to drought stress. تفاصيل المقالة -
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90 - Effects of Active Packaging Based on Potato Starch/Nano Zinc Oxide/Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) Essential Oil on Fresh Pistachio during Cold Storage
Hamid Babapour Hossein Jalali Abdorreza Mohammadi Nafchi Maryam JokarThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a combination of zinc oxide nanoparticles (Nano-ZnO) and fennel essential oil (FEO) on the quality characteristics of fresh pistachio. The potato starch-based films containing different levels of Nano-ZnO (1, 3, a أکثرThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a combination of zinc oxide nanoparticles (Nano-ZnO) and fennel essential oil (FEO) on the quality characteristics of fresh pistachio. The potato starch-based films containing different levels of Nano-ZnO (1, 3, and 5% w/w), and FEO (1, 2, and 3% w/w) were prepared by the casting method. The fresh Akbari pistachios were packed in these bio-nanocomposite films. The physicochemical and sensory properties and the growth of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 production were investigated during 15 days of refrigerated storage (~ 4°C). Results showed that by packaging fresh pistachios in bio-nanocomposite films, the moisture, carbohydrate, and fat contents of pistachios and the sensory parameters (texture, flavor, appearance, and overall acceptability) of them were improved during refrigerated storage. The weight loss of control significantly was higher than packed samples in bio-nanocomposite films (p<0.05). Usage of bio-nanocomposite films leads to a decrease in the growth of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production in pistachios during storage periods. Finally, the results demonstrated that potato starch/5% Nano-ZnO/3% FEO bio-nanocomposite film improved the physicochemical and sensory properties and had the best effect on mold spoilage reduction of fresh pistachios; hence, it can be used as packaging for fresh nuts. تفاصيل المقالة -
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91 - Evaluation of the Tolerance of Four Pistachio Rootstocks to Salinity Stress Based on Morphological, Physiological and Biochemical Parameters
Samanah Hakimnejad Hamid reza Karimi Seyyed Rasoul Sahhafi Majid Esmaeilizadeh(new)In order to evaluation of the tolerance of four pistachio rootstocks to salinity stress an experiment was performed as factorial in framework completely randomized design with four replications. Factors included rootstocks (‘Badami-e- Riz-e-Zarand’, ‘G أکثرIn order to evaluation of the tolerance of four pistachio rootstocks to salinity stress an experiment was performed as factorial in framework completely randomized design with four replications. Factors included rootstocks (‘Badami-e- Riz-e-Zarand’, ‘Ghazvini’, ‘Akbari’ and UCB-1) in four levels and salinity (0, 75 and 150 mM) in three levels. Results showed that rootstocks had different responses to salinity. The highest specific leaf weight and chlorophyll fluorescence parameter (Fv/Fm) were observed in ‘Badami-e- Riz-e-Zarand’ and ‘Ghazvini’ rootstocks. Also, potassium and calcium concentration of shoot in ‘Badami-e- Riz-e-Zarand’, ‘Ghazvini’ and, ‘Akbari’ rootstocks were higher compared to UCB-1. The UCB-1 rootstock had higher leaf area, relative water content (RWC) and chlorophyll-a content than the other rootstocks. The results of cluster analysis showed that salinity changed the position of the ‘Akbari’ and UCB-1 rootstocks in cluster whereas the position of ‘Badami-e- Riz-e-Zarand’ and ‘Ghazvini’ rootstocks unchanged in cluster. تفاصيل المقالة -
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92 - Flavonoid and Anthocyanin Pigments Characterization of Pistachio Nut (Pistacia vera) as a Function of Cultivar
Ali Nobari Mohammad Mehdi Marvizadeh Tahereh Sadeghi Negin Rezaei-savadkouhi Abdorreza Mohammadi NafchiIn this work, the concentrations of flavonoid and anthocyanin pigments determined from different pistachio (Pistacia vera) cultivars collected from Damghan and Rafsanjan, were investigated. The flavonoid compound was evaluated as aluminum chloride complex and stated as أکثرIn this work, the concentrations of flavonoid and anthocyanin pigments determined from different pistachio (Pistacia vera) cultivars collected from Damghan and Rafsanjan, were investigated. The flavonoid compound was evaluated as aluminum chloride complex and stated as mg of rutin equivalents/100g of the sample weight. To estimate anthocyanin content, colorimetric assays were used. The highest concentrations of flavonoid compounds (25mgRu100g-1fw) were found in the Abbas Ali cultivar from Damghan, followed by Kalehghoochi and Fakhri. The lowest level of anthocyanin was obtained in Khanjari from Damghan (7µmolg-1fu).The amount of anthocyanin and flavonoid pigments in different tissues of pistachio fruits showed that there was no significant difference in pistachio hull and kernel. After harvest, different cultivars indicated various values for phytochemical properties and flavonoid compound of pistachio hull and kernel ranged from 12.31 to 30.3 mgRu100g-1fw and 19.22 to 27.92 mgRu100g-1fw, anthocyanin pigment of pistachio hull and kernel from 6.81 to 11.1 µmol g-1fu and 4 to 18 µmolg-1fu, respectively. The pistachio kernel contained high amounts of flavonoid content, especially in the Fakhri cultivar, and the pistachio hull contained low levels of anthocyanin value, especially in the Akbari cultivar. Among the investigated pistachio kernel cultivars, Abbas Ali indicated higher values of anthocyanin pigment than Kalehghoochi, Akbari, Khanjari, and Fakhri. Our findings could be beneficial for introducing interesting properties to the pistachio nut such as cultivar-rich resources from anthocyanin and flavonoid contents and can be used when selecting a special cultivar for a particular application and pharmaceutical industry. تفاصيل المقالة -
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93 - The Effects of Moisture Content, Temperature, and Compaction Pressure on the Compressibility of Animal Feed Pellets Produced From Green Pistachio Shell Residues
Kazem Laei Hossein Haji Agha Alizadeh Mohammad Hossein KianmehrPelleting is a promising, cost-effective method to optimize the use of garden wastes as animal feed production. Shortage of animal feed and increasing costs are the main reasons to produce feed from garden wastes like green pistachio shell residues. In this study, green أکثرPelleting is a promising, cost-effective method to optimize the use of garden wastes as animal feed production. Shortage of animal feed and increasing costs are the main reasons to produce feed from garden wastes like green pistachio shell residues. In this study, green pistachio shell residues were gathered and stored in the open air to reduce moisture content, then the dried residues were hammered and sieved to make pellets using a hydraulic pellet maker machine. A factorial experiment with three factors was performed at temperatures of 50 and 65℃, moisture content levels of 15 and 20%, and compaction pressure with a single hydraulic pellet machine at 6000, 8000, and 11000 kPa using a 10 mm mold to investigate the possibility of pelleting green pistachio shell residues. Toughness and fracture energy are the important parameters for optimal pellet-making conditions. The produced pellets were investigated in terms of density, fracture energy, and toughness. The results showed that the effect of compaction pressure on the attributes was significant at the 1% level. The highest values of these attributes were obtained at the highest pressure of 11000 kPa. It was observed that the interaction effect of moisture and temperature on pellet density was the most significant level (1308.13 kg m-3) at temperatures of 65 ℃ and 15% moisture content. Also, the highest fracture energy and toughness (0.0228 J and 1.44×10-14 J m-3) were observed at temperatures of 50°C and 20% moisture content. Therefore, pellets made of green pistachio shell residues have sufficient density, fracture energy, and toughness, which makes pelleting a viable option for reducing transportation volume and costs in animal feed production تفاصيل المقالة -
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94 - Investigation of the Temporal Management of Pistachio Pests Control in Iran
Mohammad Abdollahi Ezatabadi Mahdi Basirat Reza SedaghatIn this study, we first identified the existing knowledge about temporal management of pesticide consumption. Then the growers view and performance in this regard was estimated. Comparing growers’ knowledge with experts’ idea, the pistachio producers score r أکثرIn this study, we first identified the existing knowledge about temporal management of pesticide consumption. Then the growers view and performance in this regard was estimated. Comparing growers’ knowledge with experts’ idea, the pistachio producers score related to temporal management of pests control was calculated. Pistachio producers of Anar and Rafsanjan areas in Kerman province, Iran were considered as our study population. Using stratified random sampling method, a sample of 100 growers were selected. Pearson correlation, analysis of variance and regression were used to investigate the socioeconomic factors affecting growers’ knowledge and the effect of this knowledge on growers’ performance. The results showed that in the field of temporal management of pesticide use, growers’ knowledge is low. Investigating the factors affecting growers’ knowledge level showed that research, education and extension activities have had the significant effect on increasing knowledge of inputs temporal management. The results also showed that knowledge of temporal management pest control did not increase land use productivity (pistachio yield) but enhanced pesticide productivity. The amount of pesticide usage decreased by 0.477 l/ha/year, with increasing of each score to pest control knowledge. In other words, with increasing knowledge of pest control, not only the costs of spraying will be reduced, but it will also have environmental benefits. In short, current conditions are not suitable for precision agriculture application in Iranian pistachio orchards, but with increasing knowledge of growers, these conditions will be created. تفاصيل المقالة -
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95 - The Effect of Spirulina Algae Enrichment on the Quality of Pistachio Butter
Ahmad Shakerardekani Farzaneh EtemadiPistachio butter is one of the pasty products made from pistachio kernels. This study investigated color characteristics, peroxide value, fat, protein, and carbohydrate content, and sensory evaluation of pistachio butter enriched with Spirulina algae (0, 5, and 10%) dur أکثرPistachio butter is one of the pasty products made from pistachio kernels. This study investigated color characteristics, peroxide value, fat, protein, and carbohydrate content, and sensory evaluation of pistachio butter enriched with Spirulina algae (0, 5, and 10%) during three months of storage at 20°C. With increasing the percentage of the algae, the sample with 10% of the algae showed the highest protein content (around 25.4%). The highest and lowest fat content was observed in the control and the sample containing 10% algae, respectively. The lowest peroxide value (0.73 meq kg-1) was observed in the sample containing 10% algae compared to others. The level of carbohydrates did not change significantly in all three specimens during storage. Sensory evaluation for taste, sweetness, color, spreadability, mouthfeel, and texture showed that the sample without algae and the specimen containing 5% algae did not differ much. With increasing the algae level to 10%, the sensory evaluation had a significant drop, and in some cases, there was a decrease in the score. The color evaluation of the samples showed that with increasing the algae level, the greenness of the specimen increased, a value decreased, and b value did not show a significant change. Overall, The amount of algae recommended in the pistachio butter formulation is 5%. تفاصيل المقالة -
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96 - Examination of the Effect of Methylcellulose on the Reduction of Aflatoxin Production during Pistachio Storage
Zeinab Moslehi maryam Araghi Marzie MoslehiPistachio is one of the valuable export products very susceptible to infection by A. flavus. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of coating fresh pistachio with hydrocolloid methylcellulose on aflatoxin amount during storage. In this study, pistachio seeds أکثرPistachio is one of the valuable export products very susceptible to infection by A. flavus. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of coating fresh pistachio with hydrocolloid methylcellulose on aflatoxin amount during storage. In this study, pistachio seeds from the Abbasali cultivar were used. Methylcellulose solution with different concentrations (0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2%) was prepared and a coating of this hydrochloride was created by immersing methylcellulose on pistachio samples. The coated samples and the control sample (uncoated) were kept in an incubator at a temperature of 25°C for 3 months. In the investigation of the impact of various methylcellulose concentrations in the composition of the pistachio kernel coating, on the inhibition rate of this micro colloid on the production of total aflatoxin and B1, B2, G1, and G2 aflatoxin which was measured by HPLC, showed that concentrations of 0.1% and 0.5% reduced total aflatoxin production significantly, it increased about 3.5 times after three months of storage. Also after 3 months of storage, aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 in the samples coated by 0.5% and 0.1% methylcellulose was decreased to undetectable toxin production. Also, evaluation of moisture content revealed that the pistachio seed coated with methylcellulose had the highest moisture content at 2% and the lowest at 0.1% and 0.5% of the control samples. تفاصيل المقالة -
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97 - Comparing Aerodynamic Terminal Velocity of Open and Closed Mouth Pistachio Nuts Using Wind Column
Kobra Heidarbeigi Sadegh SamadiDetermining the terminal velocity as one of the important aerodynamic properties of particles and grains is essential for pneumatic separation, grading, and handling. A wind tunnel system was used in the present research to measure the aerodynamic terminal velocity of p أکثرDetermining the terminal velocity as one of the important aerodynamic properties of particles and grains is essential for pneumatic separation, grading, and handling. A wind tunnel system was used in the present research to measure the aerodynamic terminal velocity of pistachio nuts. Some physical properties were measured and calculated. The effects of pistachio mouth status at four levels (closed, open, and semi-open mouth, and shell) were investigated on its terminal velocity. The volume, mass and density of that were 1.33±0.37 cm3, 0.97±0.31 g and 0.72±0.18 g cm3-1, respectively. The average aerodynamic terminal velocity of pistachio was 9.43±1.38 m s-1. The aerodynamic terminal velocity of the pistachio had a direct relationship with the studied physical characteristics, except for density. The terminal velocity of open-mouth pistachio nuts (9.50±0.61 m s-1) was significantly lower than that of closed (10.12±0.51 m s-1) and semi-open mouth (10.16±0.62 m s-1) nuts, with the terminal velocity of the shells (6.51±0.65 m s-1) showing the lowest values. The results revealed that terminal velocity can be considered for pneumatic separation of shells from pistachio nuts as well as the separation of open-mouth nuts from closed-mouth ones. تفاصيل المقالة -
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98 - Application of Microwave-Assisted Method for Lutein Extraction from Pistachio Waste
Rama Ahmadi Masoud Honarvar Mehrdad Ghavami yousef DaaliLutein is a xanthophyll family of carotenoids, found in flowers, vegetables, and fruits either in esterified or non-esterified fatty acid form. It is mainly administered in pharmacological products, dietary additives, the food industry, and animal feeding industries. Th أکثرLutein is a xanthophyll family of carotenoids, found in flowers, vegetables, and fruits either in esterified or non-esterified fatty acid form. It is mainly administered in pharmacological products, dietary additives, the food industry, and animal feeding industries. This study was conducted on the ‘Fandoghi’ variety from the Markazi province for pistachio hull lutein extraction and quantification. This study aimed to assess the lutein in pistachio hull and optimize its extraction protocol by new extraction methods with emphasis on microwave-assisted method (MAE). The powder from dried pistachio hulls obtained from fresh raw un-hulled pistachios was applied for further analysis. An experimental design based on the central composite design was applied for the extraction using the MAE method and extraction optimization. The lutein contents were quantitatively analyzed using a validated LC-MS/MS method. According to the free form of lutein, Ethyl acetate was applied as an extraction solvent with the MAE method followed by the setting up of the extraction time, temperature, and solvent/sample ratio as variables. Under optimal experimental conditions corresponding to 5 min extraction time at 40°C, and 30 mg ml-1 of the solvent/sample ratio, the amount of lutein obtained from dried pistachio hull was 3.86 mg 100 g-1. The MAE method is a green, time-saving, and cost-effective method for lutein extraction from pistachio hull that can be suggested for lutein extraction from other plant materials and it can be applied in industrial scale. تفاصيل المقالة -
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99 - An Investigation of Cold Tolerance on Chemical Properties (Proline, Protein, and Sugar) of the Flower Buds in Four Commercial Cultivars of Damghan Local Pistachio
F. Nobari H. Afshari S. M. Miri H. HokmabadiTemperature reduction in early spring, especially corporate with buds swelling, sometimes causes severe damages. Most of the fruit trees in tropical and semi-tropical regions, especially in more critical conditions, moderate, at early spring are subjected to the frostbi أکثرTemperature reduction in early spring, especially corporate with buds swelling, sometimes causes severe damages. Most of the fruit trees in tropical and semi-tropical regions, especially in more critical conditions, moderate, at early spring are subjected to the frostbite and winter cold injuries. This study aimed to evaluate the amount of proline, total protein, and soluble sugars during the phonological period of buds under the late spring cold. So the research as factorial in completely randomized design with two factors, first factor was sampling time (1-mid- February 2- swelling of inflorescence buds 3-flowering 4-fruit set) and the second factor was four local pistachio cultivars of Damghan city (Shahpasand, Khanjari, Abasali, and Akbari cultivar) was established in three replications in the Damghan’s regions. The results indicated that the highest amount of proline under cold stress in flowering stage was reported in Khanjari cultivar and the lowest amount in Shahpasand and Akbari cultivar. Also the result indicated that the highest amount of protein in flowering was observed in Khanjari cultivar and lowest amount in Akbari and Shahpasand varieties. Due to temperature reduction the total amount of proteins during the dormancy and swelling were decreased but during the flowering and fruit setting the total amount of protein was increased. During the winter, sugars were accumulated but their level decreased in early spring تفاصيل المقالة -
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100 - Evaluation of Pistachio Contamination to Aspergillus flavus in Semnan Province
H.R. Kabirian H. Afshari M. Mohammadi Moghadam H. HokmabadiIn order to evaluate pistachio contamination to Aspergillus flavus in Semnan province; samples of pistachio kernels were collected from the last processing pistachio stage in traditional and semi-mechanized processing plants in 2010. They were examined for the presence أکثرIn order to evaluate pistachio contamination to Aspergillus flavus in Semnan province; samples of pistachio kernels were collected from the last processing pistachio stage in traditional and semi-mechanized processing plants in 2010. They were examined for the presence A. flavus fungi. The samples were cultured on AFPA media. All plate were incubated for 3 to 7 days. At the end of incubation period, the plate were evaluated and isolates of A. flavus were identified and relative density of them were recorded. The isolates of A. flavus were evaluated for their ability to produce aflatoxins, when grown on natural substrate (autoclaved rice flour). The aflatoxins were extracted with chloroform and analyzed by TLC and densitometer. The results indicated that population density of A. flavus is varied with the type of processing plants. Traditional processing plants have more population density of A. flavus than semi-mechanized processing plants. 55 isolates of A. flavus out of the 86 tested isolates (%63.95) were able to produce one or several types of aflatoxins, while 31 isolates (%36.04) were unable to produce any type of aflatoxin. Among evaluated isolates, %9.30 of isolates produced all types of the aflatoxins, %8.13 produced AfB1,AfB2 and AfG1, %34.88 of isolates produced AfB1 and AfB2 and %11.62 of isolates only produced AfB1. Among aflatoxigenic isolates, the strength of toxin production varied from weak to strong. تفاصيل المقالة -
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101 - Decomposition of Total Factor Productivity Growth of Pistachio Production in Rafsanjan Region of Iran
Alireza Rashidi Sharifabadi Hossein Mehrabi BoshrabadiThe stochastic frontier production model is one of the most used ways to estimate efficiency and productivity. The purpose of this paper was to decompose the sources of total factor productivity (TFP) growth into technological progress, changes in technical efficiency a أکثرThe stochastic frontier production model is one of the most used ways to estimate efficiency and productivity. The purpose of this paper was to decompose the sources of total factor productivity (TFP) growth into technological progress, changes in technical efficiency and changes in economies of scale. In this paper, we also used Divisia index in order to estimate production function. A random sample of 298 farmers selected from Rafsanjan Township for three years, 2004, 2005 and 2006, which was a larger data set with a wider spatial coverage than used in previous studies of pistachio production. Sampling approach of this paper was "Two stage cluster sampling" and the data for outputs and inputs were obtained during 2007 and the spring and summer of 2008, by filling questionnaires and interviewing 298 farmers in the region. Results showed that technological progress includes the majority of TFP growth, but that differences in efficiency change explained cross-region differences in TFP growth. Efficiency in the 19 contiguous regions averaged 52.52% from 2005 to 2007. Experience and firm size were both positively associated with efficiency, whereas age, education and farm size, were negatively associated with efficiency. تفاصيل المقالة -
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102 - The Effect of Different Non-mechanical Treatments on Splitting Pistachio Nuts
S. Shayanfar M. KashaninejadOne of the undesirable features in pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera L.) is the incidence of non-split nuts, which affects the price of the final product. In order to attain the kernel inside, the non-split nuts are mostly cracked mechanically. However, this practice may da أکثرOne of the undesirable features in pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera L.) is the incidence of non-split nuts, which affects the price of the final product. In order to attain the kernel inside, the non-split nuts are mostly cracked mechanically. However, this practice may damage the kernel. Akbari variety of pistachio nut was selected to evaluate the influence of different non-mechanical treatments on splitting the nuts. Different treatments were applied by soaking the nuts in water at different temperatures (10, 100 °C) and roasting and heating by oven and microwave in different orders. The results indicated that soaking along with thermal treatment had a significant effect on the amount of splitting (P<0.05), while no significant effect was observed in the methods in which the samples were not soaked. Furthermore, the temperature of the water applied for soaking and also thermal treatment medium led to significant differences in the final results. Additionally, the order of application of different treatments were analyzed and proved to be significantly effective (P<0.05) on the splitting percentage of the nuts. تفاصيل المقالة -
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103 - Response of Badami-Zarand Pistachio Rootstock to Salinity Stress
M. Adish M. Fekri H. HokmabadiSalinity is one of the most important problems that restrict cultivation of crops in arid and semi-arid regions. Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is one of the most important trees that grow in these restricts. In this greenhouse study, the effects of salinity on growth of أکثرSalinity is one of the most important problems that restrict cultivation of crops in arid and semi-arid regions. Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is one of the most important trees that grow in these restricts. In this greenhouse study, the effects of salinity on growth of pistachio rootstock Badami evaluated. Seedlings were grown in plastic bags containing perlite. Salinity was imposed, by adding salts Nacl and Cacl2 to the pots to obtain concentration of 0, 100, 200 mM Nacl and Cacl2. 150 days after salt treatment, pistachio seedlings were harvested and length of shoots and roots, number of leaves and fresh and dry weight of shoot and root were measured. Photosynthesis and transpiration rates were measured before harvesting the plants. Also Chlorophyll fluorescence of plants measured. Salinity decreased shoots and to some extent root growth and number of leaves per plant in comparison with the control. Salt treatments reduced length of shoot and fresh and dry weight of shoots, but these values were more in roots for Cacl2 in comparison with control. Photosynthesis rate reduced in response to salinity but for Nacl treatments was more than the other. Transpiration rates and chlorophyll fluorescence did not show any significant differences with control. Data obtained in present study emphasized that growth Badami rootstock is affected by salinity and Nacl more than Cacl2 reduced growth of this rootstock. The aim of this study was to evaluate response of Badami rootstock to different level of salinity. تفاصيل المقالة -
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104 - Sensory Acceptability Modeling of Pistachio Green Hull’s Marmalade using Fuzzy Approach
Toktam Mohammadi Moghaddam Fakhreddin Salehi Seyed M.A. RazaviThe prediction of product acceptability is often an additive effect of individual fuzzy impressions developed by a consumer on certain underlying attributes characteristic of the product. In this paper, we present the development of a data-driven fuzzy-rule-based approa أکثرThe prediction of product acceptability is often an additive effect of individual fuzzy impressions developed by a consumer on certain underlying attributes characteristic of the product. In this paper, we present the development of a data-driven fuzzy-rule-based approach for predicting the overall sensory acceptability of pistachio green hull’s marmalade. The model was formulated using the Takagi-Sugeno and Kang (TSK) fuzzy modeling approach. The fuzzy membership function for the sensory scores is implemented in MATLAB 7.6 (R2008a) using the fuzzy logic toolbox and weights of each linguistic attribute were obtained using a correlation coefficient formula. The results obtained are compared to those of human judgments. Overall assessments suggest that, if implemented, this approach will facilitate a better acceptability of pistachio green hull’s marmalade. تفاصيل المقالة -
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105 - Concentration of Some Major Elements in the Kernel of pistacia atlantica desf., p. Vera Variety “sarakhs”, “badami zarand” and Cultivated Pistachio in Iran
Gh Davarynejad T Nagy Peter E DavarynejadEdible nuts have an increasing role in human diet. Pistachio is popular but less known kind of edible nut nevertheless it is rich in health benefiting nutrients, minerals, antioxidants and vitamins. This research focused on the concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus أکثرEdible nuts have an increasing role in human diet. Pistachio is popular but less known kind of edible nut nevertheless it is rich in health benefiting nutrients, minerals, antioxidants and vitamins. This research focused on the concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca), all of which play a key role in the healthy human nutrition and lifestyle in the kernels of various cultivars and several samples, including “Ahmedaghaii”, “Akbari”( 2 different phenotypes), “Sefid”, “Momtaz” “Kallehghuchi ” ( 3 different phenotype), “Ohadi ( 3 different phenotypes), “Garmeh” “Daneshmandi”, and “Badami zarand” which are most important commercially cultivated pistachio in Iran, also wild pistachios such as Pistacia atlantica, Sub sp. mutica Desf. (Baneh), P. vera variety “Sarakhs” and chance seedling as “Non-grafted trees. The amounts of the nutrient elements as well as protein content in 100 g kernel were eliminated. Protein content for examined cultivars varied form 13.75-28.13 gr/100gr, as well as N: 2.2-4.5 gr/100gr, P: 350-550 mg/100gr, K: 500-1100 mg/100gr and Ca: 40-135 mg/100gr. The results revealed wide variation in mineral content among different species and cultivars. In addition to, the results provided important data on the concentration of some major elements, emphasizing that pistachio kernel can be used as a good source of major elements as huge quantity of kernels produced and disposed in pistachio processing terminals. تفاصيل المقالة -
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106 - Effect of Salicylic Acid and Irrigation Water Quality on Pistachio in Pumice Substrate
Sh. Ashraf L. JalaliPistachio is one of the most important commercial trees grown in Iran arid and semi-arid regions. Salt stress has been reported to cause an inhibition of growth and development, reduction in many plant characteristics. Adverse effects of salinity on growth, and characte أکثرPistachio is one of the most important commercial trees grown in Iran arid and semi-arid regions. Salt stress has been reported to cause an inhibition of growth and development, reduction in many plant characteristics. Adverse effects of salinity on growth, and characteristics of pistachio have demonstrated. Salicylic acid (SA) is known to have an affect on normal conditions and stresses in plants. This study evaluated the vegetative characteristics (fresh and dry weight of shoot and root) and physiological characteristics (chlorophyll) as responses to salinity and salicylic acid in pistachio under a pumice substrate. A factorial experiment was conducted on the basis of a completely randomized design with three replications at the research greenhouse of Islamic Azad University of Damghan. The study was designed to evaluate two factors , included 9 treatments at three replication .The first factor was three levels of irrigation water salinity including : Ecw0 = 2.7 dS.m-1, Ecw1 = 4 dS.m-1 , Ecw2 = 8 dS.m-1.The second factor was salicylic acid with three concentrations as following: 0 mg.l-1(control) , 80 mg.l-1 and 160 mg.l-1. The studied parameters were fresh and dry weight of the shoots & roots and chlorophyll a. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences due to salinity and salicylic acid on fresh and dry weight of shoot and root of pistachio at the all levels in comparison with the control. The interaction between the salicylic acid concentrations and type of irrigation water gave significant differences in all of the study parameters (except for chlorophyll a). The most significant results wereobtained with salicylic acid treatment at 160 mg.l-1. Results indicated that salinity treatments decreases studied parameters including: Shoot (FW), Shoot (DW), Root (FW), Root (DW) and Chlorophyll a. Results showed that lower salinity brings improved plant growth. Results showed that salicylic acid improved the chlorophyll a content of pistachio. تفاصيل المقالة -
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107 - Effect of Physical State of Fatty Acids on the Physical Properties of PGP-Based Emulsified Edible Film
Younes Zahedi Naser Sedaghat Babak GhanbarzadehMany factors influence physical properties of edible composite films fabricated from hydrocolloids and lipids. Novel edible emulsified films were made using PGP, glycerol and stearic (SA) or oleic (OA) fatty acids by Tween-80 addition and emulsification of filmogenic أکثرMany factors influence physical properties of edible composite films fabricated from hydrocolloids and lipids. Novel edible emulsified films were made using PGP, glycerol and stearic (SA) or oleic (OA) fatty acids by Tween-80 addition and emulsification of filmogenic solutions. In this study, the effect of physical state of fatty acids on the pistachio globulin protein (PGP) edible film properties was investigated. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the water vapor permeability (WVP), tensile strength (TS) and opacity of emulsified films containing SA and OA. SA was more effective than OA in WVP diminishing. The decrease values of 42 and 26.5% were observed for films with SA and OA, respectively. TS and elongation at break values of films containing OA were lower than SA ones. Oxygen permeability (OP) was evaluated indirectly applying peroxide value measurement. No significant difference was observed in the OP of the films. Water solubility was not affected by the physical state of fatty acids either. The solid state of SA at the room temperature caused the resultant films to be more opaque than OA containing films. Our findings indicated that PGP films modified with SA had better physical properties special in WVP reduction than OA ones and could be potentially used for primary packaging of foods with high water loss problem. تفاصيل المقالة -
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108 - Investigation of Advertisement Strategies Regarded to Iran's Pistachio
T. Sadeghi R. SedaghatIran is the first producer and exporter of Pistachio in the world. The research is on codification of advertisement strategies in coherence with the export of pistachio in Kerman province by SWOT model. Objectives of the research were determining the most important adve أکثرIran is the first producer and exporter of Pistachio in the world. The research is on codification of advertisement strategies in coherence with the export of pistachio in Kerman province by SWOT model. Objectives of the research were determining the most important advertisement strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Kerman exporting pistachio and proposing appropriate strategies. At first according to the evaluations done on interior and exterior environment of exporting pistachio advertisement of Kerman province, a list of strong and weak points, opportunities and threats was observed. And after doing a survey by means of questionnaire from authorities (pistachio exporters of Kerman province) the statistical "T" test applied to confirm or deny the strong and weak points, opportunities and threats. Then by weighing each of the confirmed above mentioned factors through Likret spectrum and estimating the total weights, average weights and finally approximate weight, priorities were clarified. Eventually for eliminating or lessening the weak points, threats and improving and strengthening the strong points and available advertisement opportunities in accordance with Kerman province pistachio exporting, using SWOT analytical method appropriate strategies were submitted such as identifying and segregating new markets and using international advertisement agencies for promotion and competing with rivals in view of the superior quality of Kerman’s pistachio. تفاصيل المقالة -
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109 - Effect of Kaolin Application on Water Stress in Pistachio cv. „Ohadi‟
A. Azizi H. Hokmabadi S. Piri V. RabieEffects of kaolin applicati on were evaluated on water stress in pistachio cv. ‘Ohadi’. This experiment was conducted in one of research sites at the Pistachio Research Institute in Rafsanjan (Kerman province) in . The results show that individual and intera أکثرEffects of kaolin applicati on were evaluated on water stress in pistachio cv. ‘Ohadi’. This experiment was conducted in one of research sites at the Pistachio Research Institute in Rafsanjan (Kerman province) in . The results show that individual and interaction effects of all treatments were significant on nutrition absorption in leaves, although there was not a steady effect on all the elements. On the majority of the factors, control with days irrigation period and lower kaolin application had more effect on nutrients absorbed by the leaves. Lower irrigation and upper concentration of kaolin application boosted soluble solids content. Increasing of prolin concentration was more impacted by the interaction of kaolin . and low irrigation treatments and also leaf area showed decreasing trend by single kaolin application, but in this regard, interaction of kaolin with low irrigation has boosting effect on this factor. Lower irrigation period decreased total nut production, blankness percentage, and increased fresh weight (nearly ), percentage of split nut, percentage of early split nut, percentage of irregular cracking nuts and ounce index. More kaolin concentration increased fresh weight, percentage of closed nut and lowering the total pistachio production, blankness and early split nut. Interaction effect caused increasing fresh weight, percentage of closed nut, ounce of nut, and decreased total pistachio production, spit nut, blankness and early split nut. تفاصيل المقالة -
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110 - Effective Factors in Little Leaf Disease on Pistachio Trees
M. Afrousheh F. Aghamir Mohammad AliIn this survey, effective factors in little leaf disease on trees were studied in different pistachio orchards in Kerman province. Little leaf disease is the most serious disease of pistachio in Iran. Affected trees reduced growth rates. The first symptoms of little lea أکثرIn this survey, effective factors in little leaf disease on trees were studied in different pistachio orchards in Kerman province. Little leaf disease is the most serious disease of pistachio in Iran. Affected trees reduced growth rates. The first symptoms of little leaf disease are those of nutrient deficiency: a slight yellowing and shortening of the needles and reducing of shoot growth. New needles are discolored and shorter than normal, and the tree loses all but the new needles near the tips of the branches. This study examined the causes of the disease through several researches conducted in various places (Anar, Rafsanjan, Shahrbabak, Noogh, Koshkoeih), in Kerman, south of IRAN. The following treatments were employed: 1- healthy leaflet from healthy tree, 2- healthy leaflet from problem tree, 3- problem leaflet from affected trees. Little leaf disease was divided into two groups (trees with severe and low problem). External leaflet, total leaf and leaf stalk analysis were performed to determine nutrient element content. The results showed that concentration of iron in leaf stalk healthy leaflet from problem tree were statistically significant because of fixed and decreasing mobility of iron. Reductions in iron, manganese, cooper and zinc were noticed in healthy leaflet from problem tree (healthy leaflet from healthy tree). In places where the soil is characterized by low and poor iron, manganese, cooper and zinc, alone or together, the disease appears in leaflets. Therefore any foliar application can tackle the problem for the following year. تفاصيل المقالة -
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111 - Evaluation of Protein, Fat and Fatty Acids Content of the Pistachio (pistacia vera l.) Cultivars of Damghan, Iran
A Abdoshahi S.A Mortazavi A.A Shabani A.H Elhamirad M TaheriPistachio nut has high nutritional value. The fat and protein are the common part of pistachio. Major part (about 88%) of the fat content of pistachio includes unsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids are known to have positive effects on human health like preve أکثرPistachio nut has high nutritional value. The fat and protein are the common part of pistachio. Major part (about 88%) of the fat content of pistachio includes unsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids are known to have positive effects on human health like preventing to heart diseases. This research has evaluated protein, fat and fatty acids content of some commercial pistachio cultivars of Damghan, Iran namely Akbari, Kaleghoui, Khanjari, Abasali and Shahpasand. The results showed protein and fat contents in studied pistachio cultivars varied from 16.2654 % (Shahpasand) – 20.7025 %( Abasali) to 52.4840 %(Shahpasand) – 60.6470%( Akbari), respectively. Regarding of protein and fat there have been significant differences between cultivars. The composition of fatty acids were determined as myristic (0.0810- 0.1080%), palmitic (10.2275- 11.10750%), stearic (1.1010- 1.2700%),arashidic (0.3855- 0.6300%), palmitoleic (0.8175- 1.0180%), oleic (48.9615- 55.2435%), linoleic (30.4820- 36.8840%),linolenic(0.3590- 0.8405%). Oleic acid has been found as the most common monounsaturated fatty acid. Linoleic acid has the highest percentage among polyunsaturated fatty acids. There have been significant differences among pistachio cultivars regarding unsaturated fatty acids. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated ones has changed between 6.7- 7.4 تفاصيل المقالة -
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112 - Analysis of Soil Populations of Aspergillus flavus Link. from Pistachio Orchards in Iran for Vegetative Compatibility
M. Houshyar Fard H. Rouhani M. Falahati Rastegar E. Mehdikhani Moghaddam S. Malekzadeh Shafaroudi C. ProbstOne hundred-thirty soil isolates of A. flavus were collected from commercial pistachio orchards in two main production regions including Rafsanjan (Kerman Province, south-eastern of Iran) and Damghan (Semnan Province, central north of Iran) and assayed for vegetative co أکثرOne hundred-thirty soil isolates of A. flavus were collected from commercial pistachio orchards in two main production regions including Rafsanjan (Kerman Province, south-eastern of Iran) and Damghan (Semnan Province, central north of Iran) and assayed for vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). The sixteen and twenty VCGs were identified for 41 and 37 nit-mutant producing isolates of A. flavus. The variability in morphology was found among A. flavus isolates from different VCGs, but no variability among isolates from the same VCG. VCG diversity for A. flavus isolates from Damghan and Rafsanjan was 54 and 39%, respectively. The high VCG members in small size-isolates of A. flavus from Damghan indicated high genetic variability in fungal population. Because of the small number of sclerotium-producing isolates of A. flavus, we did not determine the relationships between sclerotium production with VCG in two pistachio production regions. This study was the first to determine the strain and VCG diversity of soil isolates of A. flavus from pistachio orchards in Iran تفاصيل المقالة -
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113 - Evaluating the Present Situation and Suggesting Appropriate Strategies forImproving the Efficiency of Pistachio Distribution Channels of Kerman Province Using SWOT Model
K. Ehsanpour T. Sadeghi R. SedaghatThis study attempted to assess the situation of Iranian pistachio and its export distribution channels. The main purposes of this study were to determine the most important strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities facing the distribution channels of export of pi أکثرThis study attempted to assess the situation of Iranian pistachio and its export distribution channels. The main purposes of this study were to determine the most important strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities facing the distribution channels of export of pistachio in Kerman province and to suggest appropriate strategies for the current situation. For this purpose, an experimental approach wasused; requirementdata was gathered via interviews and questionnaires from pistachio exporters of Kerman province.Data analysis wascarried outusing one-sample t-test; assessment matrix of internal and external factors and the SWOT1model were incorporated. Using the statistical t-test, the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of distribution channels of Kerman province’s pistachio were identified and then prioritized with relative weights of approved strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities. Then, with an analysis of SWOT, breakthroughs were devised to improve distribution channels of Kerman’s pistachio and finally based on the internal-external factors matrix, the current status of distribution channels of Kerman’s pistachio was defined and the best strategy for implementation was suggested. According to the results, the best strategy at present is a defensive WT one. تفاصيل المقالة -
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114 - Study on Some of Pistachio Cultivars’ Contamination of Khorasan-e-Razavi Province to Aspergillus flavus
L. Jalali H. Afshari M. Mohammadi Moghadam G. H. Laey A. SadeghiIn order to study on some of pistachio cultivars’ contamination of Khorasan-e-Razavi province,eight cultivars of pistachio kernels were collected from the pistachio production areas of this province. Using serial dilution method, 10 grams of ground pistachio was m أکثرIn order to study on some of pistachio cultivars’ contamination of Khorasan-e-Razavi province,eight cultivars of pistachio kernels were collected from the pistachio production areas of this province. Using serial dilution method, 10 grams of ground pistachio was moved to 90 ml water peptone and continuous dilutions 10-1, 10-2 were prepared. Then 0.1 ml from each dilution was inoculated in three replicates on plates containing AFPA medium and was placed inside an incubator at 28 ° C for 72 hours. The characteristic of this environment is the advent of green yellowish colonies by Aspergillus flavus and Parasiticus that is distinguishing criteria of mentioned fungi. Since it has capacity to stop interfering bacteria and fungi growth causes the emersion of distinct and discrete colonies that are easily seperable and countable from each other. After three days, the number of colonies of A.flavus was identified and calculated in samples. The results of this research indicated that there was a significant difference in colonies number of these fungi in different pistachio cultivars (At 5% level). Among these cultivars Akbari Namavar had the highest contamination and against, Fandoghi 1 had the lowest contamination تفاصيل المقالة -
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115 - Study of Changes in Soil Moisture and Salinity Under PlasticMulch and Drip Irrigation in Pistachio Trees
N.. Sedaghati A. Alizadeh H. Ansari S. J. HosseinifardIn this study, changes in soil moisture and salinity contents in drip irrigation combined with white and black plastic mulches compared to no mulch (control) was evaluated. The experiment was carried out in two commercial pistachio orchards (Ohadi cultivar) with irrigat أکثرIn this study, changes in soil moisture and salinity contents in drip irrigation combined with white and black plastic mulches compared to no mulch (control) was evaluated. The experiment was carried out in two commercial pistachio orchards (Ohadi cultivar) with irrigation frequencies of 8 to 12 days with a total water consumption 4100 and 6170 m3ha−1. The study was conducted in a complete randomized block design with three replicates from 2014-2015. Results showed that plastic mulches significantly affected the studied parameters, such as dry yield and water use productivity (WUP). The WUP in plastic mulch treatments increased from 36% to 100% compared to the control. On the other hand, soil moisture content in plastic mulches were up to 12% higher than control in irrigation intervals in both orchards. Moisture content equations between two consecutive irrigations obtained in depth of the maximum root development (25 to 75cm). Proper irrigation frequency in pistachio trees with sandy loam to loamy sand soil was determined based on the derived equations and PWP and RAW in soil experimental plots. The frequency was six to eight days in the case of no mulch, and in the use of plastic mulch, it was 11 to 15 days. The results showed that the use of plastic mulch decreased the soil surface salinity from 30.8% to 51.8% compared to the control. The amount of water consumption, irrigation frequency, soil texture and sampling points affected the soil surface salinity. The average salinity of 0-120cm soil depth was reduced from 20.4% to 27.7% compared to the no mulch treatment. The mulch color did not have a significant effect on any of the parameters. تفاصيل المقالة -
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116 - Growth and Chemical Composition of Pistachio Seedling Rootstock in Response to Exogenous Polyamines under Salinity Stress
S. Karimi M. RahemiIn order to evaluate responses of a pistachio seedling rootstock (Pistacia vera L. cv. Ghazvini) to NaCl induced salinity stress and potential protective role of exogenous spermine and spermidine on NaCl induced salinity stress, a greenhouse experiment was conducted dur أکثرIn order to evaluate responses of a pistachio seedling rootstock (Pistacia vera L. cv. Ghazvini) to NaCl induced salinity stress and potential protective role of exogenous spermine and spermidine on NaCl induced salinity stress, a greenhouse experiment was conducted during growing season of 2009. The NaCl treatments, involving 800, 1600, and 3200 mg NaCl per Kg of soil for 90 days, suppressed growth of the seedlings and induced accumulation of Na+ and Clin roots and shoots. Accumulation of Na+ and Clin shoots was higher than in roots. Our data also showed more accumulation of K+ in the shoot than in the roots under salinity stress. The ratio of K+ /Na+ in compare with control was highly significant in the shoots of stressed plants. Exogenous polyamines (PAs) prevented the growth reduction induced by salinity stress and reduced transport of Na+ and Clfrom the root to shoot and increased translocation of K+ from the root to the shoot of pistachio seedlings. We concluded that ‘Ghazvini’ rootstock appear to be a valuable seedling rootstock with a level of salt tolerance about 1600 mg NaCl Kg-1 Soil. It also concluded that application of exogenous PAs may protect pistachio seedlings from salinity stress effects. تفاصيل المقالة -
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117 - Rheological Properties of Chocolate Pistachio
S. Khorasani M. H. Azizi M. EshaghiThis research aimed to assess and determine rheological properties of chocolate pistachio produced from various volumes of monoglycoside (1% and 2%), date powders (34, 38 and 42%) and pistachio pastes. The analyses were performed at temperaturesof 45 ºC, 65 ºC أکثرThis research aimed to assess and determine rheological properties of chocolate pistachio produced from various volumes of monoglycoside (1% and 2%), date powders (34, 38 and 42%) and pistachio pastes. The analyses were performed at temperaturesof 45 ºC, 65 ºC after 3 and 5 hours of processing. These products were found to exhibit nonNewtonian, pseudo-plastic behavior at all treatments. Apparent viscosities versus speed data were successfully fitted to a power law model. The flow behavior index, n, varied in the range of 0.8-0.94. The consistency index, k, was in the range 101.495-167.738 pa - s n . According to statistical analysis, the exponential model was a better model to describe the effect of the soluble solids on the viscosity of chocolate pistachio containing varying percentages of date powder. The activation energy (Ea) was 446.2-41330 j/mol. تفاصيل المقالة -
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118 - Investigation on Effects of Calcium Nitrate, Calcium Sulfate (soil application) and Calcium chelate as Foliar spray on Endocarp Lesion Disorder and Some Qualitative Characteristics of pistachio nut Cv. Akbari
H. Sajadian H. HokmabadiCalcium deficiency causes Endocarp Lesion disorder in pistachio nut. To investigate the effects of various calcium treatments on Endocarp Lesion disorder and some nut qualitative characteristics in Pistachio cv. Akbari, an experiment was done in completely randomized de أکثرCalcium deficiency causes Endocarp Lesion disorder in pistachio nut. To investigate the effects of various calcium treatments on Endocarp Lesion disorder and some nut qualitative characteristics in Pistachio cv. Akbari, an experiment was done in completely randomized design with four treatments (1- control treatment, 2- calcium chelate foliar spray, 3- calcium nitrate and 4– calcium sulfate (gypsum), calcium nitrate and calcium chelate foliar spray) in three replications in 2010. The results showed that the percentage of noncontaminated nuts and the percentage of contaminated nuts to mentioned disorder were significant (P <0.01). The most percentage of non-contaminated nuts and the least percentage of contaminated nuts were observed in three calcium treatments, but there was no significant difference between them. Qualitative characteristics of nut such as the percentage of splitting nuts, non-splitting nuts, small nuts and immature nuts were significant (P <0.01) but the percentage of blank nuts wasn’t significant. The most percentage of splitting nuts, the least percentage of non-splitting nuts and small nuts were obtained in gypsum, calcium nitrate and calcium foliar treatment (T4) and in calcium nitrate treatment (T3) respectively but there was no significant difference between two treatments. The least percentage of immature nuts was measured in gypsum, calcium nitrate and calcium foliar treatment (T4). The result of leaf nutrients amount measure (calcium, magnesium, sodium, calcium to magnesium ratio) showed magnesium was significant (P <0.05), sodium and calcium to magnesium ratio were significant level but amount of calcium was not significant. The least amount of magnesium and sodium and the most ratio of calcium to magnesium (Ca / Mg) in leaves were observed in gypsum, calcium nitrate and calcium foliar treatment (T4). High ratio of calcium to magnesium reduces magnesium poisoning and also the Endocarp Lesion. According to the results, application of gypsum, calcium nitrate and calcium foliar treatment (T4) can be more favorable than other treatments in reducing Endocarp Lesion disorder and improving nut quality in pistachio cv. Akbari تفاصيل المقالة -
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119 - Distribution of Pistachio Die-Back in Khorasan-Razavi Province and Application of Some Fungicides for the Disease Control
M Ghelichi A Mohammadi M Haghdel A EskandariThe die-back of pistachio is one of the most important diseases affecting pistachio trees reducing yield production. In commercial fields, sampling was done from nine different pistachio production areas in Mahvelat, Khorasan Razavi province during 2008-2010. In each or أکثرThe die-back of pistachio is one of the most important diseases affecting pistachio trees reducing yield production. In commercial fields, sampling was done from nine different pistachio production areas in Mahvelat, Khorasan Razavi province during 2008-2010. In each orchard, samples were taken from tree branches with canker during spring and summer seasons. Fungal species were identified based on the micro and macromorphological features, reverse and surface characters of colonies. The ability of the isolates to produce disease was assessed on two year-old pistachio branches. The effect of Mancozeb, Benomyl, Metalaxyl, Rovral TS, Bordeaux mixture and Propiconazole was evaluated on radial mycelia growth of P. variotii, N. mangiferae and Stemphylium spp.. In most orchards, the samples were positive for fungal species and in only a few orchards no fungal isolates could be detected. Based on micro and macro- morphological features; P. variotii, N. mangiferae, and Stemphylium spp. were identified in most sampling areas with different frequencies. In pathogenicity tests, most isolates of N. mangiferae and Stemphylium spp. were able to establish disease, while about 43 % of P. variotii isolates produced die-back on inoculated branches. The results of fungicides produce different levels of control on mycelia growth of fungal species which was varied according to the kind of fungicide and fungal species. Overall, the differences between fungal isolates, biotic and a biotic factors to produce disease as well as contradictory results were obtained by different researchers as described in literature تفاصيل المقالة -
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120 - Investigating the Effect of Real Effective Exchange Rate on the Iranian Pistachio Export
A. Barghandan K Barghandan S Golestaneh H MirlashariIncrease in the exchange rate may not always promote export of non-oil production and exports of various goods; rather they might have different reactions to the exchange rate. Hence, in this study we tried to examine the effect of real effective exchange rate on Irania أکثرIncrease in the exchange rate may not always promote export of non-oil production and exports of various goods; rather they might have different reactions to the exchange rate. Hence, in this study we tried to examine the effect of real effective exchange rate on Iranian pistachio export. The required data were collected from statistical yearbook of Iran's foreign trade, statistical yearbook of the International Monetary Fund, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, and various publications of the central bank of Iran for the period of 1974-2008. The results showed that the real effective exchange rate, income of importer countries and domestic production have positive effects on export of pistachio but the effect of the domestic price index to the global pistachio export price index ratio was negative. Hence, it is recommended in order to produce more the crop as well as reduce the domestic price adopted employing advanced production& processing methods, extending the cultivation levels and improving the performance per hectare so that promote the ways of pistachio export. تفاصيل المقالة -
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121 - Recognition and Determination of Contaminated Pistachios to Aflatoxin in Processing Stage
Ali tajabadipour Hossein Afshari Hossein HokmabadiPistachio is one of the most important horticultural products of Iran with special economic importance. In average 70% of Iran pistachio are exported. Aflatoxin is secondary metabolites of fungus such as Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. If favorite condition is pr أکثرPistachio is one of the most important horticultural products of Iran with special economic importance. In average 70% of Iran pistachio are exported. Aflatoxin is secondary metabolites of fungus such as Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. If favorite condition is prepared for stabilization of fungi spores producing Aflatoxin, the first pistachio contamination to Aflatoxin occurs in orchard. The most important way for penetration of mentioned fungus is cracking in pistachio hull in orchard. The most dangerous kind of cracking is early splitting. The shells of most pistachio nuts split naturally in the orchard prior to harvest. Sometimes the hull is attached to the shell so that it splits with the shell, exposing the kernel to moulds and insects. This is called an "early split". Although the importance of early splitting for mould, aflatoxin and insect contamination is well established, very little is known concerning the physical property of early split pistachio. In order to determination appearance and physical properties of contaminated pistachios this researched was carried out on three commercial Iranian pistachio cultivars of Owhadi, Kallehghochi and Ahmadaghaii in processing stage in two mechanized pistachio processing and two sampling times. Sampling were done from non-stain and stained split pistachio on the surface of water, stained and non-stained of pistachio under the water (sank pistachio), small pistachio, deformed pistachios, shelled pistachio and intact pistachio from the end of processing. Stained pistachios were divided in 3 groups including group 1 (amount of stain 1-30%), group 2 (amount of stain 31-60%) and group 3 (amount of stain more 60%). The amount of aflatoxin was measured by scanner-TLC in each sample. The results indicated that stained pistachio on the surface of water had the highest amount of aflatoxin. With increasing of stain level on shell, the amount of aflatoxin increased remarkably. The amount of aflatoxin in stained sinked pistachios of groups 1, 2, 3, was 490, 1364.7 and 1782 ppb respectively. Small, deformed and shelled pistachios had negligible amount of aflatoxin and final pistachios (intact pistachio from the end processing) showed any contamination to aflatoxin. تفاصيل المقالة -
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122 - Investigation of Aflatoxin Contamination in Indehiscence and Mechanical Splitting Pistachios
Farzaneh Ahmadi Ali TajabadipourIran is the biggest pistachio producer and exporter in the world. Surely, one of the most problems of pistachio industry is Aflatoxin contamination in recent years that treated exportation this valuable crop. This research was done in order to evaluate Aflatoxin contami أکثرIran is the biggest pistachio producer and exporter in the world. Surely, one of the most problems of pistachio industry is Aflatoxin contamination in recent years that treated exportation this valuable crop. This research was done in order to evaluate Aflatoxin contamination in indehiscence and mechanical splitting pistachios of Ouhadi cultivars in Rafsanjan region. Treatments of this research were indehiscence pistachios with soft irregular cracked hull (in proper harvest time), indehiscence pistachios with dry irregular cracked hull (in delay harvest time), indehiscence pistachios with soft irregular cracked hull delaying in dehulling after 72 hours, indehiscence pistachios with unstained shell, indehiscence pistachios with stained shell, mechanical splitting pistachios and indehiscence pistachios with intact hull (control). This research was done in 4 replications in complete randomized block design (CRBD). Results showed that mechanical splitting pistachio had the greatest Aflatoxin contamination; these pistachios had significant differences with other evaluated pistachios from the Aflatoxin point of view. The second rank of Aflatoxin contamination belonged to indehiscence pistachios with stained shell that had significant differences with other categories. Amount of Aflatoxin in indehiscence pistachios with dry irregular cracked hull (delay in harvest time) was negligible. Indehiscence pistachios with soft irregular cracked hull (in proper harvest time), indehiscence pistachios with soft irregular cracked hull (delaying in dehulling) and indehiscence pistachios with intact hull (control) had not detectable Aaflatoxin contamination تفاصيل المقالة -
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123 - Foliar Application of Arginine Improves Vegetative and Reproductive Characteristics of Bearing Pistachio Trees
Ali Tajabadipour Mohammad Reza Fattahi Moghaddam Zabihollah Zamani Fatemeh Nasibi Hossein HokmabadiPistachio is one of the most important horticultural crops in Iran. There is a unique role for amino acids in the plant response to stressful conditions, and special physiological role for Arginine (Arg) compared to other amino acids. The effects of this compound were i أکثرPistachio is one of the most important horticultural crops in Iran. There is a unique role for amino acids in the plant response to stressful conditions, and special physiological role for Arginine (Arg) compared to other amino acids. The effects of this compound were investigated on vegetative and reproductive characters of bearing pistachio trees of ‘Ahmad-Aghaei’. The experiments were done as a factorial based on RCBD with four concentrations of Arg (0, 100, 200 and 300 µM) and three spraying stages (post harvest, flower buds swollen and flowering). Based on the results, Arg improved the vegetative and reproductive characters. Arg increased length and diameter of shoot, leaf area, the number of floweringbuds, the number of nuts in cluster, fresh weight of cluster, nut splitting (%) and ounce, and decreased flower buds abscission percent and blankness. Arg also significantly increased photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll) in bearing pistachio trees. The best concentration of Arg was 200 µM applied of the flowering stage, but the strongest effect on the number of nut in cluster, fresh weight of cluster and blankness were observed when spraying at the flower bud swollen stage. تفاصيل المقالة -
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124 - Effects of Supplementary Pollination on Qualitative and Quantitative Traits of Pistachio in Qazvin Region
N Ebrahimi S Piri A Imani S KashanizadehIn this study the artificial pollination of pistachio was investigated. Two types of pollen of local selective genotypes (Q1 and Q2) which were different pollinizers were used. The experiment had six treatments. Qazvini and Ohadi cultivars were pollinated with supplemen أکثرIn this study the artificial pollination of pistachio was investigated. Two types of pollen of local selective genotypes (Q1 and Q2) which were different pollinizers were used. The experiment had six treatments. Qazvini and Ohadi cultivars were pollinated with supplementary pollinations as treatment which was covered with cotton bag, natural pollination as a control which was not covered and two types of pollen of local selective genotypes (Q1 and Q2) which were prepared. Results showed that supplementary pollination had positive effects on fruit number per cluster and reduction of blank percentage. Supplementary pollination not only increased quantitative traits (Number of nut per cluster, Kernel dry weight and yield), but also it improved some qualitative traits such as unsplit nut percentage and reduced blank nut percentage in Qazvini and Ohady cultivars. تفاصيل المقالة -
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125 - Combining Application of Factor Analysis and SWOT to Survey Marketing and Advertisement: A Case Study of Pistachio in Kerman Province
T. Sadeghi K. Ehsanpour R. SedaghatAgricultural products export has main role among non-oil exports and pistachio is the most important exportable agricultural product in Iran. In this research we tried to deal with the most important weak and strong spots, opportunities and threats facing the advertisem أکثرAgricultural products export has main role among non-oil exports and pistachio is the most important exportable agricultural product in Iran. In this research we tried to deal with the most important weak and strong spots, opportunities and threats facing the advertisement of exporting pistachio in Kerman province. This has been done with the usage of factor analysis (PFA) in combination with SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat). The information has been collected from people who are initiated into pistachio export in Kerman province. The results showed the most important factors in SWOT which have affect advertisement of pistachio export including Adroit and specialist manpower in the field of pistachio advertising and exporting in Kerman province, lack of an appropriate trade name for exporter, absence of sufficient budget in advertising from the exporter side and allocating facilities for advertising and marketing in specialized journals. The above mentioned factors have the correlation accounted for , , , and in SWOT, respectively. Among all these factors ―Adroit and specialist manpower in the field of advertising and exporting of pistachio in Kerman province‖ have the highest rank and most effect on advertising for pistachio export. And in the end, analyzing the results yielded the following supplemental suggestions for Kerman province‘s pistachio advertisement improvement: Reducing wholesale of pistachio and moving towards a packaging at the international standards level, and improving the storage and transportation systems. تفاصيل المقالة -
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126 - Investigation and Assess Knowledge of Small Pistachio Growers in Kerman Province about Aflatoxin
M. Abdollahi Ezatabadi M. Moazenpour Kermani H. HokmabadiIn the current study with using of 553 questionnaires, knowledge of Kerman small pistachio growers regarding hygienic pistachio production especially aflatoxin was investigated. The results showed that factors such as high density of pistachio trees in the orchards and أکثرIn the current study with using of 553 questionnaires, knowledge of Kerman small pistachio growers regarding hygienic pistachio production especially aflatoxin was investigated. The results showed that factors such as high density of pistachio trees in the orchards and limited water resources are the main factors of creating potential of aflatoxin contamination in pistachio. These factors are not solved in a short term plans and should be considered in a long term programs. The results also showed that small pistachio growers doing most effort to observe hygienic cases and lack of knowledge in many of these areas are causing the problem. Therefore, there is a necessity to provide more extension. A survey in extension priorities of growers, also, indicated that technical extension including the definition of aflatoxin, its effect on health and etc. should be in the first priority. The next stage of “pistachio processing” and “marketing” was in second priority and pistachio orchard was the third priority. Although most of processing units are traditional, but, knowledge about them exists, so must make effort in order to solve their financial problems and executive action تفاصيل المقالة -
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127 - Side Effects of Spirotetramat and Imidacloprid on Hippodamia variegata Goezee Feeding on Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer
Maryam Zeinadini Najmeh Sahebzadeh Sultan Ravan Mehdi BasiratThe Adonis ladybird, Hippodamia variegataGoeze (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is known as an important predator of the Common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Despite using the selective pesticides to manage the pests in أکثرThe Adonis ladybird, Hippodamia variegataGoeze (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is known as an important predator of the Common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Despite using the selective pesticides to manage the pests in the pistachio orchards, these chemicals have influenced non-target organisms like predators and parasitoids. In the present study, the effects of spirotetramat and imidacloprid (500 and 400 ml/1000 L, respectively) on some biological parameters of H. variegata fed on the common pistachio psyllawere investigated under laboratory conditions (27.5 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% RH and 16:8 h L: D photoperiod). To this end, the eggs of ladybird beetles were exposed to pesticides via a Dipping method. In addition, the impact of pesticides on immature and adult stages was studied. The daily number of eggs laid by a female ladybird was also recorded in laboratory conditions. The results showed that spirotetramat and imidacloprid had increased the duration of immature developmental stages (egg, larva, and pupae) and the number of daily laid eggs of female ladybirds compared to those by control (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, p <0.05). The highest and the lowest of net reproductive rates were also observed in control and imidacloprid treatments, respectively. Considering the results, the spirotetramat and imidacloprid had caused adverse effects on the demographic parameters of H. variegata and had also influenced the efficiency of this predator. Therefore, spirotetramat and imidacloprid were suggested to be used in IPM of Agonoscena pistaciae with caution. تفاصيل المقالة -
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128 - Viscous Flow Behavior of low-calorie pistacjio butter:A response surface methodoligy
B. Emadzadeh S.M.A Razavi M. Hashemi -
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129 - Optimization of Fat Replacers and Sweetener Levels to Formulate Reduced- Calorie Pistachio Butter: A Response Surface Methodology
B Emadzadeh S. M. A Razavi M Hashemi M Nassiri Mahallati R FarhooshConsumers' awareness about the nutritional profile of their diets has made the industry to respond their needs seriously. In this study, response surface methodology was used to analyze the effect of three fat replacers and two sweeteners on sensory attributes and visco أکثرConsumers' awareness about the nutritional profile of their diets has made the industry to respond their needs seriously. In this study, response surface methodology was used to analyze the effect of three fat replacers and two sweeteners on sensory attributes and viscosity of low- calorie pistachio butter. Balangu seed extract (BSG) (0.01-0.04), Reihan seed gum (RSG) (0.01-0.023), xanthan (0.06-0.1), isomalt (0-1) and sucrose (0.25-1) were the levels investigated. A central composite design was used to develop models for the responses. The optimum levels of ingredients according to the target values were as follows: xanthan (0.1%), isomalt: pistachio paste ratio (0.81), sucrose: pistachio paste ratio (0.71) for formulas prepared using xanthan gum; Balangu seed extract (0.034%), isomalt: pistachio paste ratio (1) and sucrose: pistachio paste ratio (0.25) for products containing Balangu seed extract; and RSG (0.023%), isomalt: pistachio paste ratio (0.333) and sucrose: pistachio paste ratio (1.0) for formulas prepared by RSG. تفاصيل المقالة -
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130 - Modeling the Time-Dependent Rheological Properties of Pistachio Butter
Seyed M. A. Razavi Masoud Taghizadeh A Shaker ArdekaniPistachio butter (semi solid paste), which is made from roasted pistachio kernels, is an appropriate alternative to work on because of its high nutritional and economical values. In this study, timedependent flow properties of pistachio butter were determined at two d أکثرPistachio butter (semi solid paste), which is made from roasted pistachio kernels, is an appropriate alternative to work on because of its high nutritional and economical values. In this study, timedependent flow properties of pistachio butter were determined at two different temperatures (25˚C and 45˚C) for five different formulations (with different levels of emulsifying agents). Forward and backward flow curves were plotted and the amount of existing hysteresis loop was measured. Also, shear stress vs. time of shearing data were assessed using three models namely; Weltman, First-order shear stress decay with a zero equilibrium stress value, and First-order shear stress decay with a nonzero equilibrium stress value. To evaluate the ability of these models to predict the rheological characteristics of pistachio butter, three statistical parameters namely; R2 , RMSE, and MRDM were used and finally the Weltman model was found to be the most appropriate to fit the experimental data. The results showed that pistachio butter exhibits a thixotropic behavior and its apparent viscosity decreases with increasing the time of shearing. تفاصيل المقالة -
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131 - Seasonal Autoregressive Models for Estimating the Probability of Frost in Rafsanjan
A. Hosseini M.S. FallahNezhad Y. ZareMehrjardi R. HosseiniThis work develops a statistical model to assess the frost risk in Rafsanjan, one of the largest pistachio production regions in the world. These models can be used to estimate the probability that a frost happens in a given time-period during the year; a frost happens أکثرThis work develops a statistical model to assess the frost risk in Rafsanjan, one of the largest pistachio production regions in the world. These models can be used to estimate the probability that a frost happens in a given time-period during the year; a frost happens after 10 warm days in the growing season. These probability estimates then can be used for: (1) assessing the agroclimate risk of investing in this industry; (2) pricing of weather derivatives. Autoregressive models with time-varying coefficients and different lags are compared using AIC/BIC/AICc and cross validation criterions. The optimal model is an AR (1) with both intercept and the “autoregressive coefficients” vary with time. The long-term trends are also accounted for and estimated from data. The optimal models are then used to simulate future weather from which the probabilities of appropriate hazard events are estimated. تفاصيل المقالة -
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132 - Evaluation on Some Treatments After Spring Frost Damage in Inflorescence Bud Formation in Pistachio Orchard
F. Shahsavari H. Hokmabadi N. Shahsavari M. Mohammadi(In the 3rd of April 2008) and in the morning of (16 April 2008), the temperature reached - 6 ο C in some pistachio gardens of Kerman County especially in Sirjan. The coldness was so high that affected not only on the open flowers but also on bud endings and lop أکثر(In the 3rd of April 2008) and in the morning of (16 April 2008), the temperature reached - 6 ο C in some pistachio gardens of Kerman County especially in Sirjan. The coldness was so high that affected not only on the open flowers but also on bud endings and lop growth, So that the next year product was endangered, as well. In order to study the effect of some treatments and decrease the damage, some experiments were done in the form of split. Split was tested in the form of random block model so that original plot included irrigation treatments and nitrogen fertilizer was on 30 days after the cold happening , and secondary plot included prune treatments : in three levels, 1. Without prune, 2. Elimination of 30% of grown branches, 3. Elimination of 60% of grown branches. Allendance with pbz in three levels: 1. control, 2. 4 PPM Pbz, 3. 8 PPM Pbz with density. For every treatment, four repetitions were done, and the percentage of bud formation was measured. Results showed that although the irrigation after happening of coldness has stimulated the growth but it wasn’t any influence on the next year product. Also it was defined that the mutual effect between irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer increased the formation of bud. The combination of irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer and 30% treatment caused the maximum of flower formation, and pbz increased the flower formation as well. According to results, it is said that 30% treatment could improve the problems of coldness. تفاصيل المقالة -
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133 - Comparison of the Suitability of Four Commercial Pistachio Cultivars to the Pistachio Green Stink-bug, Brachynema germari, under the Laboratory Conditions
Amir Yazdanpanah Gadir Nouri-Ganbalani Jabraeil Razmjou Mehdi Basirat Seyed Ali-Asghar FathiThe pistachio green stink-bug, Brachynema germari Kolenati (Hem.: Pentatomidae), is an important pest of pistachio in Iran. In this research, the effects of four commercial pistachio cultivars that are commonly grown in Iran including Kaleghochi, Ahmadaghaii, Ohadi and أکثرThe pistachio green stink-bug, Brachynema germari Kolenati (Hem.: Pentatomidae), is an important pest of pistachio in Iran. In this research, the effects of four commercial pistachio cultivars that are commonly grown in Iran including Kaleghochi, Ahmadaghaii, Ohadi and Akbari were evaluated on the biology (developmental time, mortality rate, longevity) and demographic parameters of B. germari under the laboratory conditions at 27.5±1°C, 65±5% RH and 16: 8 (L: D) h, during 2016-2017. The longest and the shortest immature development times were observed on Akbari (38.11 days) and Kaleghochi (25.54 days) cultivars, respectively. The highest and the lowest mortality rates of immature stages were on Akbari and Kaleghochi cultivars, respectively. The gross (GRR) and net reproductive rates (R0) were significantly lower on Akbari compared to other cultivars. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and the finite rate of increase (λ) were significantly different among the studied cultivars. The calculated rm values were 0.04, 0.06, 0.07 and 0.08 (day-1) on Akbari, Ohadi, Ahmadaghaii and Kaleghochi cultivars, respectively. Also the lowest value of λ was observed on Akbari cultivar that was significantly different from the other three cultivars. Moreover, the longest mean generation time (T) was also observed on Akbari cultivar. The reproductive parameters were also significantly different on the studied cultivars and the lowest and the highest values of all parameters were observed on Akbari and Kaleghochi cultivars, respectively. According to these results, it was concluded that among the studied cultivars, Akbari was the less suitable cultivar for pistachio green stink-bug compared to others and it can be used in IPM of this pest. تفاصيل المقالة -
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134 - Using an Infrared Gas Analyzer for Evaluation of Photosynthetic Activity in Some Iranian Pistachio Cultivars
H. R. Roosta A.R. SajjadiniaPhotosynthetic rates of six pistachio cultivars were studied including Ohadi, Kalleh-Ghochi, Akbari, AhmadAghaii, Rezaii Zoudras and Haratii. Measurements were done using OFF and ON shoots at different stages of fruit growth and development included: - Beginning of endo أکثرPhotosynthetic rates of six pistachio cultivars were studied including Ohadi, Kalleh-Ghochi, Akbari, AhmadAghaii, Rezaii Zoudras and Haratii. Measurements were done using OFF and ON shoots at different stages of fruit growth and development included: - Beginning of endocarp growth; - pith hardening; - Beginning of endosperm rapid growth; - end of embryo development; - ripening and harvesting times and - post harvest. The experiment was carried out as split-plot in a randomized complete block basic design (RCBD) with treatments and three replications, which each replication included the OFF and ON branches. Results indicated that the highest amount of photosynthetic activity obtained by Rezaii Zoudras ( ), which was followed by Akbari ( ), Ohadi ( ), Ahmad-Aghaii ( ), Kalleh-Ghochi ( ) and Haratii ( ), respectively. Moreover in the course of experiment, the highest ( ) and lowest ( ) amounts of photosynthesis were resulted from stages of beginning of endocarp growth and ripening and harvesting times, respectively. These data illuminated that gas exchange efficiency can be consider to select and plant the best cvs. under Rafsajan and similar conditions. تفاصيل المقالة -
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135 - Effect of MAP and Different Atmospheric Conditions on the Sensory Attributes and Shelf life Characteristics of Fresh Pistachio Nuts
Shima Shayanfar Mahdi Kashaninejad Morteza Khomeiri Zahra Emam Djomeh Younes MostofiModified atmosphere packaging (MAP) was used to increase the shelf life of fresh in hull pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera L.), meeting the market demand for fresh high quality products. Fresh in hull pistachio nuts were stored at 5°C and three different gaseous conditi أکثرModified atmosphere packaging (MAP) was used to increase the shelf life of fresh in hull pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera L.), meeting the market demand for fresh high quality products. Fresh in hull pistachio nuts were stored at 5°C and three different gaseous conditions including 10% O2, 20% CO2 and 70% N2 (MAP1), 100% CO2 (MAP2) and ambient atmosphere for 42 days. The samples of 300 g of pistachio nuts were packaged in sealed high barrier poly propylene (PP) bags (26×20 cm). The permeability of films for CO2 was 3910 cm 3 /m2 dbar at 23°C and 50% RH. The thickness and the surface of the used films were 2.00 mm and 78.90 cm 2 , respectively. External appearance, weight loss, firmness and color attributes and microbial growth were investigated at regular intervals throughout the storage period. Significant differences were found between packaged and unpackaged fresh in hull pistachio nuts in the most of parameters considered. The firmness in the nuts decreased markedly in control samples. This trend was also observed in the nuts stored under 10% O2, 20% CO2 and 70% N2. However, the firmness in those nuts stored in 100% CO2 increased. On the other hand weight loss was quite slighter in the samples stored at MAP comparing to the control ones (p<0.01). MAP had a significant effect (p<0.01) on the storage time, with the external appearance being the limiting factor for shelf-life of pistachio nuts. Storage in 100% CO2 and 5°C showed the best results among the treatments in terms of retaining physical properties and sensory attributes, increasing the health and extending the shelf-life of fresh in hull pistachio nuts. تفاصيل المقالة -
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136 - The Evaluation of the Effect of Multiwall Carbon Nano Tube (MWCNT) on In Vitro Proliferation and Shoot Tip Necrosis of Pistachio Rootstock UCB-1 (Pistacia integrima × P. atlantica)
Shahrzad Aghasi Kermani Hossein Hokmabadi Marzieh Ghanbari JahromiUCB-1 (Pistacia atlantica × P. integrima) is a commercial rootstock for pistachio in some pistachio plantations across the world. This rootstock is very new in Iran and recently, it has been used commercially in some plantations due to its high growth. Propagation أکثرUCB-1 (Pistacia atlantica × P. integrima) is a commercial rootstock for pistachio in some pistachio plantations across the world. This rootstock is very new in Iran and recently, it has been used commercially in some plantations due to its high growth. Propagation of this rootstock by tissue culture results in many limitations such as shoot tip necrosis (STN) and a low proliferation rate. Therefore, any process that leads to improve the proliferation rate and feature will be used in commercial propagation of this rootstock. Nanotubes are widely used in in vitro cultures. For this reason, we used different concentrations of carbon nanotubes (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 µg/l) and benzyladenine (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/l) to improve the proliferation rate and qualitative indices. The results showed that using carbon nanotubes concentration of 200 µg/l with 2mg/l of benzyladenine (BA) led to maximum proliferation (4 microshoots per explant), maximum shoot length (3.68 cm) and minimum STN (8%) and vitrification (this isn’t a word?) (0 %) percentage. تفاصيل المقالة -
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137 - Evaluation of Contamination of Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin Production in Pistachio Cultivars and Investigation of a Chemical Controlling Method
L. Jalali G. AvagyanIn order to study the contamination of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production in pistachio cultivars in the Semnan province, eight cultivars of pistachio were collected from major pistachio growing areas. Using the serial dilution method, ground pistachio kernels w أکثرIn order to study the contamination of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production in pistachio cultivars in the Semnan province, eight cultivars of pistachio were collected from major pistachio growing areas. Using the serial dilution method, ground pistachio kernels were inoculated on plates containing AFPA medium and incubated at 28° C. This experiment was performed using three replications in a completely randomized design. After three to seven days, the number of A. flavus colonies were identified and enumerated. Also, aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 contents of the samples were analyzed by HPLC method. On the other hand, the effect of two chemical fungicidesas a control method on the growth of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production in pre-harvest pistachio cultivars was assessed under in vivo conditions. For this purpose, an orchard that was under cultivation by the most contaminated cultivar was selected, and a completely randomized design was carried out in the field. Two fungicides (tebuconazole 25% and mancozeb 80%) were applied at an application rate of 1 and 2 L or Kg ha-1, respectively. Aflatoxin B1 and B2 contents of the samples were analyzed using the HPLC method. The obtained results showed that there was a significant difference in A. flavus colonies number in different pistachio cultivars. Among these cultivars, Owhadi had the highest amount of contamination, and Akbari had the lowest contamination. The results showed that the contents of aflatoxin B1 and B2 were observed in Owhadi cultivar. , Tebuconazole 25% and mancozeb 80% reduced A. flavus growth compared to the control. However, this reduction was not significant. The obtained results of aflatoxin analysis showed that these two fungicides reduced the amount of aflatoxins B1 and B2 in pistachio cultivar, though there was not a significant reduction.It was concluded that the use of chemical fungicides were ineffective in preventing A. flavus growth and aflatoxin production in pistachio cultivars under in vivo conditions. تفاصيل المقالة -
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138 - Study of Antagonistic Effects of Trichoderma Species on Growth of Verticillium dahliae, the Causal Agent of VerticilliumWilt of Pistachio under Laboratory Condition
Z. Jamdar A.H. Mohammadi S. MohammadiVerticillium wilt is a serious disease of pistachio caused by Verticilliumdahliae. Control of the disease is difficult due to soil borne nature of the causal agent. Verticillium wilt has been biologically controlled by Trichoderma spp. In the present study, Trichoderma أکثرVerticillium wilt is a serious disease of pistachio caused by Verticilliumdahliae. Control of the disease is difficult due to soil borne nature of the causal agent. Verticillium wilt has been biologically controlled by Trichoderma spp. In the present study, Trichoderma spp. was isolated from soils of pistachio orchards and their effect was investigated on radial growth of Verticillium dahliae by using dual culture and production of volatile and non-volatile metabolites. Five isolates of T. harzianum and one isolate of T. asperellum,T.koningii and T. crassum were used in the present study. All the isolates of Trichoderma produced volatile and non-volatile metabolites that reduced radial growth of the pathogen. T. harzianum and T. koningii isolates had the highest effect on radial growth of the pathogen but T. harzianum and T. crassum showed the lowest effect in non-volatile test. Six days after culture of pathogen on the medium was the best time for study of effect of the non-volatile metabolites. In volatile metabolite test, T. harzianum and T. koningii reduced radial growth of V. dahliae further than others. Overally, T. harzianum , and T. koningii isolates showed the highest inhibitory effect of radial growth of V. dahliae تفاصيل المقالة -
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139 - Generic Plan of Food Safety Management System Based on ISO 22000:2005 for Aflatoxin Control in Raw Pistachio Processing Units from Raw Material Reception to Packaging
A. Fallah M. Bolandi L. NouriPistachio is one of the most important agricultural crops of Iran. It is a nut from Anacardiacea family and its domesticated species is called Pistacia vera L. Regarding to pistachio importance and usage and by the expanding of pistachio cultivate, it is necessary to im أکثرPistachio is one of the most important agricultural crops of Iran. It is a nut from Anacardiacea family and its domesticated species is called Pistacia vera L. Regarding to pistachio importance and usage and by the expanding of pistachio cultivate, it is necessary to improve agricultural situation and by establishing well equipped processing and packaging units near the farms, it is possible to supply high quality and quantity of products for foreign and domestic markets. In this case, aflatoxin is one of the major problems. It is Aspergillus metabolite produced in good humidity and temperature condition. Thus for pistachio safety, usage of effective scientific methods based on preventive action in pistachio production chain from planting to packaging, storing and distribution is recommended. Since quality assurance systems and process control based on ISO 22000:2005 can be a good method for aflatoxin contamination control, in this research, ISO 22000:2005 requirements were implemented in a pistachio processing unit and aflatoxin B1 content was measured by HPLC before and after six stages of processing including washing, immersing pool, wet sorting, drier, temporary storing and dry sorting. After analyzing measured data, the most reducing stage in aflatoxin content was wet sorting and drying and temporary storing had the preventing role in aflatoxin content, so they had no significant effect in aflatoxin reducing. As a whole it is concluded that OPRP and CCP have no difference important in hazard control but they are different from type of control measure aspect. Besides for implementing FSMS effectively, suitable prerequisite programs are necessary. تفاصيل المقالة -
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140 - Density Fluctuations of Two Major Aspergillus Species Airborne Spores in Pistachio Growing Regions of Iran
M. G. Moradi H. Hokmabadi M. MirabolfathyContamination of pistachio nuts by aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus species is the greatest constraint to production and export of pistachio nuts in Iran, the leading producer of pistachio nuts in the world. Kerman province is the main region in Iran where 85%, of p أکثرContamination of pistachio nuts by aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus species is the greatest constraint to production and export of pistachio nuts in Iran, the leading producer of pistachio nuts in the world. Kerman province is the main region in Iran where 85%, of pistachio nuts are produced. Determining the population density of Aspergillus spores in the orchards and terminals which are the main sources of contamination would provide information about critical control points throughout pistachio production process. Density fluctuations of airborne Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger spores were investigated during 2000-2002. The monthly density fluctuations of Aspergillus spp. spores were determined by exposing open petri-dishes containing AFPA and Cz media for 15 minutes, between 11 and 13 hours at different localities in each orchard from spring to winter, and at pistachio nut processing terminals during harvesting time. The results showed that density fluctuations of A. flavus and A. niger rose from the beginning of spring reaching a peak in September. The population then gradually decreased and had little variation in relation to different periods and places. Population density of Aspergillus spores increased during processing stages (especially hulling and peeling) at different pistachio terminals. In most cases, there were positive correlations (r = 0.69 - 0.91) between environmental temperature and spore density. The peak of spore density coincided with pistachio nut maturation characterized by splitting and cracking. تفاصيل المقالة -
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141 - The Toxicity Investigation of the Botanical Insecticides on the Common Pistachio Psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)
Z. Sheibani M. R. HassaniThe common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae, is the key pest of pistachio trees in Iran. Both nymphs and adults suck sap from leaves and reduce plant vigor and yield, increase the number of blank, half growth kernel and unsplit nuts and also cause defoliation and أکثرThe common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae, is the key pest of pistachio trees in Iran. Both nymphs and adults suck sap from leaves and reduce plant vigor and yield, increase the number of blank, half growth kernel and unsplit nuts and also cause defoliation and buds drop. Detrimental effects of chemical synthetic insecticides and the resistance of common psyllid pistachio to them and the effect of three botanical insecticides, Sirinol (garlic extract), Tondexir (pepper extract) and Palizin (eucalyptus extract), were investigated as a randomized complete block design experiments in field conditions. The sampling was done 2, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment. The results showed that the highest mortality in Palizin treatment occurred after 2 and 7 days. The sampling of 14, 21 and 28 days post-treatment were showed the highest and lowest mortality in Sirinol and Tondexir treatments, respectively. Generally, there were no significant differences between Sirinol and Palizin 28 days post-treatment, but these compounds showed significant differences with Tondexir. As a result, these botanical insecticides are suitable in integrated pest management of common pistachio psyllid. تفاصيل المقالة -
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142 - Investigation of Factors Affecting Pistachio Orchards’ Productivity in Kerman Province
Reza SedaghatInvestigation of factors affecting total and partial productivity with applying these factors for reforming producers' economical/ technical management may provide a proper base for enhancing productivity and profitability as well, and then leading a more sustainable si أکثرInvestigation of factors affecting total and partial productivity with applying these factors for reforming producers' economical/ technical management may provide a proper base for enhancing productivity and profitability as well, and then leading a more sustainable situation for Pistachio orchards in the future. In this paper with respect to scattering type of statistical population, a multi stage cluster random sampling method applied for data collection. The 200 producers selected based on area planted in each region and interviewed personally, with completing a research questionnaire, during 2012-2015. Turnquist- till index, multi-variable regression and analysis of variances applied to investigate orchards productivity and factors affected. Results indicated that average productivity, maximum productivity and productivity growth rate had declined during study period. Results also indicated that producers’ education level and chemical fertilizers amount had positive effect on total productivity, but number of garden fractions, number of family members, ratio of the number of male to female tress and amount of organic manures had negative effect on total productivity. Results also revealed that partial productivity of Labour force, fluid fertilizers, organic manures and water resources had positive effects on production per hectare. Finally, to enhance productivity and profitability of farming system and reach to a more sustainable one, it is suggested to provide necessary circumstances for entrance of agricultural graduated people in pistachio production sector, to program an integrate pistachio farms system and to put more effective supervision/monitoring on agricultural inputs and credits market. تفاصيل المقالة -
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143 - Effect of Milling Process on Colloidal Stability, Color and Rheological Properties of Pistachio Paste
A. ShakerardekaniPistachio paste is produced from ground roasted kernel. This study focused on the influence of the milling process on colloidal stability, rheological behavior and color of pistachio paste. The colloidal stability of pistachio paste samples increased with a reduction of أکثرPistachio paste is produced from ground roasted kernel. This study focused on the influence of the milling process on colloidal stability, rheological behavior and color of pistachio paste. The colloidal stability of pistachio paste samples increased with a reduction of particle size from 31.4 to 15.10µm. The Herschel-Bulkley model was found to be the best model to describe the flow behavior of pistachio paste. The storage modulus (G') values were higher than the loss modulus (G'') values for all frequencies studied. The results showed that utilizing a gap size of 60µm was the best milling condition for the production of pistachio paste. تفاصيل المقالة -
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144 - A Change in Leaves Protein Pattern of Some Pistachio Cultivars under Salinity Condition
N Sohrabi A Tajabadipour N Motamed M SeyediPlants are often subjected to several environmental stresses throughout their life cycle. Adaptation of plants to saline conditions may be due to some salt-related changes in the pattern of gene(s) expression. The physiological role of stress induced proteins is not yet أکثرPlants are often subjected to several environmental stresses throughout their life cycle. Adaptation of plants to saline conditions may be due to some salt-related changes in the pattern of gene(s) expression. The physiological role of stress induced proteins is not yet clearly understood. However, it is believed that these proteins allow plants to produce biochemical and structural adjustments which enable them to adapt with the stress conditions. In this research we compared protein profile of 4 female cultivars and 2 male genotypes of Rafsanjan Pistachio in salt stress situation. The treatments were irrigated with saline water (EC = 5.5 dSm-1 ), without drainer, until appearing leaf phytotoxicity. Before and after saline stress leave proteins were extracted by using Damerval method, with some modification. The amount of total proteins was determined according the method of Bradford assay by used of BSA as standard solution. After uniformity of protein concentration, they were loaded on SDS-PAGE, in 12.5% separating gel and 5% stacking gel according to the method of Hames and Rickwood,. The results revealed that salinity induced changes in protein pattern and decreasing of total proteins in leaves of Pistachio. Some bands were decreased, increased, appeared or disappeared after salinity. Additionally a 40 KDa (kilo Dalton) band was increased in all samples. Moreover, this investigation reported the molecular weights of some salt responsive proteins. تفاصيل المقالة -
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145 - Evaluation of Freezing Damage in some Pistachio Seedling Rootstocks
Maryam Afrousheh Hossein Hokmabadi Hasan Arab Ali TajabadipourA greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the freezing damage in some pistachio rootstocks by ion leakage and pH changes of leaked solution. A factorial experiment was carried out in randomized block designs (RBD) with three factors: Temperature (A) including 4 أکثرA greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the freezing damage in some pistachio rootstocks by ion leakage and pH changes of leaked solution. A factorial experiment was carried out in randomized block designs (RBD) with three factors: Temperature (A) including 4 ̊C, 0 ̊C, -2 ̊C, -4 ̊C, -6 ̊C, Time (B) including 3, 12, 24h , and Rootstock (C) including P. vera cv 'Badami Zarand' (V13) and 'Sarakhs' (S5), P. mutica (M1)and P. atlantica (A7). For this, one-year-old seedlings were kept at these five temperatures in incubator for 2 hours. Then in the first 24 hours in three hour intervals and during four days, EC and pH in leaked solution were measured daily. After four days the seedling samples were autoclaved at temperatures 105°C for 4 minutes to destroy all cell membrane. EC and pH of remaining solution were measured again and the percentage of ionic leakage was calculated. The results showed that the best time to evaluate the pH and ionic leakage was 24 hours after incubation of samples. Based on the results, ionic leakage dramatically increased with decreasing temperatures from 0°C to -6°C, while pH of leaked solution had no significant difference in 0°C and 4°C temperature treatments. When temperature reduced from 0°C to -6°C, like ionic leakage, pH greatly reduced. So the pH of the leaked solution could be an appropriate tool to study the freezing damage of pistachio rootstocks. Based on the results of pH and ionic leakage, P. mutica and P. atlantica were the most frost tolerant and sensitive rootstocks of this experiment, respectively. تفاصيل المقالة -
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146 - Application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Image Processing for Prediction of the Geometrical Properties of Roasted Pistachio Nuts and Kernels
Toktam Mohammadi Moghaddamm Seyed Mohammad Ali RazaviRoasting is the most common way for pistachio nuts processing, and the purpose of that was to increase the products total acceptability. Purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature (90, 120 and 150°C), time (20, 35 and 50 min), and roasting ai أکثرRoasting is the most common way for pistachio nuts processing, and the purpose of that was to increase the products total acceptability. Purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature (90, 120 and 150°C), time (20, 35 and 50 min), and roasting air velocity (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 m/s) on geometrical attributes of pistachio nuts and kernels including principle dimensions, shape factor, sphericity, surface area, shell splitting, and true volume. An experimental method and image processing were used in order to measure the geometrical properties. The Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) method was used for predicting the correlation between experimental and image properties. The results showed that the time, temperature, and roasting air velocity didn’t have significant effect on principle dimensions, shape factor, sphericity, surface area, shell splitting, and true volume. In all cases, the shape factor of pistachio nuts and kernels were more than 1.25. So, pistachio samples had ellipsoid shape. Pistachio kernels had more similarity to ellipsoid shape in comparison with pistachio nuts. The results revealed that ANN could predict the length, width, height, shape factor, sphericity, shell splitting, surface area, and true volume of roasted pistachio nuts and kernels. تفاصيل المقالة -
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147 - The Effects of Spermine and Salicylic Acid on Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Cultivars (Badami and Qazvini) under Copper Stress
M.R. salarizadeh S. Saeidisar H. Abbaspour H. HokmabadiThe aim of this study was to identify the effect of Spermine and Salicylic acid on several growth parameters, such as shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weights, amount of protein and carbohydrate, of Badami and Qazvini pistachio cultivated variety under copper stress. T أکثرThe aim of this study was to identify the effect of Spermine and Salicylic acid on several growth parameters, such as shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weights, amount of protein and carbohydrate, of Badami and Qazvini pistachio cultivated variety under copper stress. The experiment design was completely randomized with three replicates per treatment and four levels of copper (o.5, 30, 45, 60 µM), one level of SA (o.5mM) and one level of Sp (o.5 mM). The excess copper significantly reduced the fresh and dry weight of the shoot and amount protein in pistachio plants. The carbohydrate was also increased as a response to the increase of copper. However, the damage was higher in Qazvini pistachios compared to Badami pistachios. The SPM and SA treatments increased the shoot length and root and shoot fresh weights as well as the amount of protein and moderated the carbohydrate in the pistachio plants under copper stress. The carbohydrate in plant was also increased. It was concluded that SA and SPM could be used as a potential growth regulators to improve copper stress in pistachio plants. تفاصيل المقالة -
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148 - Investigating Different Methods of Closed Shell Pistachios Splitting and Effects of Freezing Prior to Drying on Shell Splitting Percentage
Mehdi Nazari Davoud Ghanbarian Ahmad Shakerardekani Ali MalekiIn this study, different methods for shell splitting and the effect of freezing prior to drying on shell splitting percentage of pistachio were investigated. A completely randomized design was used to investigate the effects of different freezing temperatures (0, -6, -1 أکثرIn this study, different methods for shell splitting and the effect of freezing prior to drying on shell splitting percentage of pistachio were investigated. A completely randomized design was used to investigate the effects of different freezing temperatures (0, -6, -12 and -18°C), different drying temperatures (80, 90 and 100°C) and different cultivars (Akbari and Kalehghouchi) on shell splitting percentages. The results showed that both freezing and drying temperature significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected the splitting of closed shells into open shells. The effect of cultivar was insignificant. The highest shell splitting percentage (16.56%) was observed with a freezing temperature of -18°C and when a drying temperature of 100°C was used. Freezing and drying temperatures did not significantly increase the number of isolated kernels. However, in most treatments, isolated kernels were observed. Despite the isolated kernels, The shell splitting percentage did not decrease in any of the treatment groups. The results showed that freezing prior to drying can increase the percentage of split pistachio nuts. Thus, by increasing the difference between the temperature of the freezing and the temperature of drying, the percentage of split pistachio increased. تفاصيل المقالة -
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149 - The Evaluation of Three Commercial Pistachio Cultivars on UCB1-hybride Rootstock under Field Conditions
M. Ahmadi Kouhbanani A. Taj Abadi Pour D. AbadikhahPistachio is the most important nut that is produced in Iran. Little research has been done to examine the effect of UCB1-hybride rootstock plants as tissue culture for pistachios (2011 in Toba company).This study aims to evaluate three pistachio varieties on UCB1 hybri أکثرPistachio is the most important nut that is produced in Iran. Little research has been done to examine the effect of UCB1-hybride rootstock plants as tissue culture for pistachios (2011 in Toba company).This study aims to evaluate three pistachio varieties on UCB1 hybrid rootstock. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three treatment groups (including Ohadi, Akbari and Ahmadaghaii) in three replications in Mahan, Kerman. The results showed that the three treatment groups were affecting in terms of diameter of the top part of the graft, the branch length, and graft height and leaf area. In addition, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations were measured. Akbari showed better result. The rootstock affected the amount of nutrients absorbed in the three treatment groups. The Ahmadaghai cultivar had the highest compatibility to rootstock because of high concentration of elements. The Akbari cultivar had the lowest compatibility to the UCB1 hybrid rootstock. Correlation analysis revealed that correlation coefficients between the traits were significant. The leaf calcium percentage was correlated to the branch diameter. I On the other hand; increasing the amount of leaf calcium caused an increase in the branch diameter. Stem diameter increased the number of branches and tree canopy. تفاصيل المقالة -
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150 - The Evaluation of Inter-Specific Hybrid of P. atlantica × P. vera cv. ‘Badami Zarand’ as a Pistachio Rootstock to Salinity Stress
H. R. Karimi A. Maleki KuhbananiIn order to evaluate the inter-specific hybrid of P. atlantica × P. vera cv. ‘Badami Zarand’ to salinity stress, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based in a completely randomized design with 0, 60, 120 mM salinity levels of NaCl2, CaCl2 and M أکثرIn order to evaluate the inter-specific hybrid of P. atlantica × P. vera cv. ‘Badami Zarand’ to salinity stress, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based in a completely randomized design with 0, 60, 120 mM salinity levels of NaCl2, CaCl2 and MgCl2 (3:2:1) on two rootstocks ‘Qhazvini’ and ‘Badami Zarand’ and an inter- specific hybrid of P. atlantica × P. vera cv. ‘Badami Zarand’. Mineral concentrations of sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) in shoot increased at 120 mM salinity level; however, the phosphorus (P) concentration in root decreased. Rootstocks had significant differences in the concentrations of elements of shoot. The highest concentrations of Naand Clwere observed in ‘Badami Zarand’ and ‘Qhazvini‘rootstocks, and the lowest was observed in hybrid rootstock. The highest concentration of Mg was observed in hybrid rootstock, and the lowest was observed in ‘Badami Zarand’. Due to restriction in the absorption and transport of chloride and sodium to the shoot, hybrid rootstock could tolerate more salinity than ‘Badami Zarand’ and ‘Qhazvini’ rootstocks. تفاصيل المقالة -
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151 - Effects of Humic Acid on Root and Shoot Growth and Leaf Nutrient Contents in Seedlings of Pistacia vera cv. Badami-Riz-Zarand
H. Sajadian H. HokmabadiHumic acid is a biochemical constituent of humus and increases root biomass and shoot growth by improving absorption of nutrients. In order to study the effects of humic acid on root and shoot growth and leaf nutrient contents of pistachio seedlings, an experiment was c أکثرHumic acid is a biochemical constituent of humus and increases root biomass and shoot growth by improving absorption of nutrients. In order to study the effects of humic acid on root and shoot growth and leaf nutrient contents of pistachio seedlings, an experiment was conducted of completely randomized design with five treatments in three replications. In the first step seeds of Pistacia vera cv. Badami-Riz-Zarand were planted in plastic pots containing vermiculite in March 2013. The humic acid treatments were of five levels (0, 20, 40, 60 & 80 g) and were applied to the seedlings at the four-leaf stage. Results showed that humic acid had significant effect on the plant length, internode distance, root length and width (root expansion) and root fresh and dry weight. The greatest effect was seen for 60 g of humic acid and the least in control treatment (0 g humic acid). In measuring leaf nutrient content in different humic acid treatments, the greatest amounts of Zn, Cu and Mn were in the 40-g humic acid treated plants. Overall, considering growth characteristics and leaf nutrient content, the best results for pistachio seedlings were obtained with about 60 g humic acid. Presumably, through an increase in root expansion, humic acid causes better absorption of nutrients and increased shoot growth. Therefore, humic acid can be used to increase shoot growth and expansion of root system in pistachio seedlings. تفاصيل المقالة -
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152 - The Effects of Humic Acid and Calcium on Morpho-Physiological Traits and Mineral Nutrient Uptake of Pistachio Seedling under Salinity Stress
A. Javanshah S. Aminian NasabThe study was carried out to evaluate the effects of soil application of humic acid and calciumon morpho-physiological traits and Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ uptake of Pistachio seedling (Akbari) grown under salt stress. A completely randomized design was used with four replication أکثرThe study was carried out to evaluate the effects of soil application of humic acid and calciumon morpho-physiological traits and Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ uptake of Pistachio seedling (Akbari) grown under salt stress. A completely randomized design was used with four replications in greenhouse conditions. The experimental treatment consisted of four levels of humic acid (Bis humic) (0, 4, 8 and 12 gr kg-1 soil) and anti-salt as a source of Ca+2 (0, 1, 2 and 3 gr kg-1 soil). Results indicated that humic acid and anti-salt significantly increased vegetative growth, such as root fresh and dry weight, stem diameter, leaf number and leaf area, of pistachio seedling in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). However, no significant differences in fresh and dry weight of shoot of pistachio seedling were detected in all treatments except in humic acid 8 gr kg-1 soils. The results indicated that the application of humic acid and anti-salt decreased Na+ absorption in pistachio seedling in all experimental treatments (p<0.05). No significant differences in Ca+2 and Mg+2 absorption were detected in all treatments. Results showed a significant reduction of the electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) in all levels of humic acid and anti-salt in soil. However, in these treatments, there were no statistically significant differences in the pH. The best concentration of humic acid and anti-salt was 8 gr kg-1 soil and 3 gr kg-1 soil, respectively. This study revealed the relative importance and efficiency of humic acid and anti-salt to salinity stress tolerance in pistachio seedling. تفاصيل المقالة -
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153 - Evaluation the Effects of Foliar Treatments of Polyamines and Some Organic Acids on Quantitative and Qualitative Traits in Some Pistachio Cultivars
F. Kamiab M. Heidari Salehabad E. ZamanibahramabadiAmong the most important problems of pistachio are physiological disorders such as fruit abscission and production of blank nuts. Environmental stresses and inadequate nutrition during flowering time have increased these problems in recent years. In order to evaluate th أکثرAmong the most important problems of pistachio are physiological disorders such as fruit abscission and production of blank nuts. Environmental stresses and inadequate nutrition during flowering time have increased these problems in recent years. In order to evaluate the effects of foliar treatments with polyamines and other compounds (amino acids and ascorbic acid) on quantitative and qualitative traits in pistachio cultivars, an investigation was conducted using a factorial experiment base on a completely randomized block design (CRBD) at an orchard condition in the Rafsanjan region. This experiment was performed to evaluate three factors, 1) type of treatment (spermine, spermidin, amino acids and ascorbic acid) at 6 concentrations, 2) cultivar (،Ohadi,, ،Akbari, and ،Kalehghoochi,) with three replications and 3) year (2013 and 2014). Different traits, such as yield per shoot, number of nuts per cluster, fruit abscission, blank nuts, split nuts, deformed nuts, length and diameter shoot were measured. The results indicated that all of the treatments increased yield and percentage of split, and decreased fruit abscission, blank and deformed nuts in comparison with the control. Spermine (1 mM) combined with ascorbic acid and amino acid, had the most significant effect, increasing yield 50 % and split nuts 18 % and also decreasing fruit abscission 20 %, and decreasing blank and deformed nuts 5 % in all cultivars, in comparison with controls. Ascorbic acid and amino acid treatment without polyamines had a lower effect in comparison with spermine treatment combined with these compounds. The combined use of these compounds, e.g., 1 mM spermine, ascorbic acid (0.5 g/L) and amino acids (3 g/L) suggests that they might act as a suitable compound fertilizer in order to reduce fruit abscission and increase the yield of pistachio crops without the impact of environmental pollution. تفاصيل المقالة -
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154 - Effects of Location in the Tree Canopy on Some Quality Characteristics of Fresh Pistachio Fruit
Behzad Saffari HamidReza AkhavanFresh pistachio fruit cv. Kalleghochi was harvested from the exterior and interior parts of the tree canopy in four geographical directions. The fruit position in exterior and interior parts of the tree canopy has a significant influence on the number of nuts per ounce, أکثرFresh pistachio fruit cv. Kalleghochi was harvested from the exterior and interior parts of the tree canopy in four geographical directions. The fruit position in exterior and interior parts of the tree canopy has a significant influence on the number of nuts per ounce, pistachio splitting, hull weight, shell weight, kernel weight, colour indices and total anthocyanin content. Results indicated that the number of nuts per ounce, pistachio splitting, kernel weight, red skin colour (a*) and total anthocyanin content of outer-canopy fruits were higher than the fruits from inner-canopy fruits. Pistachio splitting was highest (98.6%) in outer-canopy in comparison to inner-canopy (50.3%) fruits. Results also indicated that the sunlight exposure increased red colour development and accumulation of anthocyanins. The total anthocyanin contents of hull in outer-canopy were 91% higher than those in inner-canopy fruits. Therefore, phenolic accumulation in pistachio hull maybe takenintoconsiderationas an important source of functional compounds in food systems with health promoting effects and antimicrobial activity. Results of this study suggest that the fruit position within the canopy is an important factor in determining physicochemical characteristics of pistachio fruit. تفاصيل المقالة -
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155 - Inhibition of Trichoderma Species from Growth and Zoospore Production of Phytophthora Drechsleri and Their Effects on Hydrolytic Enzymes
S. Jamali N. Panjehkeh A.H. MohammadiUnderstanding the function of Trichoderma species in the control of Phytophthora drechsleri in pistachio orchards is very important. In this study, the effects of liquid extra-cellular secretions and volatile compounds secreted by 27 isolates of Trichoderma harzianum, T أکثرUnderstanding the function of Trichoderma species in the control of Phytophthora drechsleri in pistachio orchards is very important. In this study, the effects of liquid extra-cellular secretions and volatile compounds secreted by 27 isolates of Trichoderma harzianum, T. crassum, T. koningii, T.aureoviride, T. asperellum, T. brevicompactum, T.longibrachiatum and T. virens were investigated on Phytophthora drechsleri growth and zoospore production. Due to cell wall combination of P. drechsleri, the ability of Trichoderma isolates in the production of β-1,3 glucanase and cellulase was evaluated in media with different carbon sources. The inhibitory effects of the 16 isolates of Trichoderma from growth of P. drechsleri were examined in a dual culture test. The results showed that Trichoderma isolates had a variable effect on the growth and zoospore production of P. drechsleri. Trichoderma harzianum-136 and T. harzianum-8279 revealed the highest inhibitory effect on radial growth of P. drechsleri in 20 and 30 percent concentrations of liquid extra-cellular secretions, respectively. Both isolates also showed the highest inhibitory effect on zoospore production of P. drechsleri in 10 percent concentration of extra-cellular liquid secretions. In the volatile compounds test, T. harzianum-8279 had the highest effect on the growth of P. drechsleri. In all Trichoderma isolates, the activity of β-1,3 glucanase was higher than cellulase activity. The enzyme production was also higher in the liquid medium containing the cell wall of P. drechsleri compared to glycerol as a carbon source. The highest activity of β-1,3 glucanase and cellulase was observed in T. harzianum-8279. تفاصيل المقالة -
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156 - Effect of Different Concentrations of Brassinosteroid on Physiomorphological Charac-teristics of Five Pistachio Genotypes (Pistacia vera. L)
E. Farazi H. Afshari H. Hokm AbadiBrassinosteroid as one of steroid hormones has an integral role in controlling plants physiological process especially in response to biological and non-biological stress. This research has been done in Damghan Islamic Azad University Greenhouse. The influence of four c أکثرBrassinosteroid as one of steroid hormones has an integral role in controlling plants physiological process especially in response to biological and non-biological stress. This research has been done in Damghan Islamic Azad University Greenhouse. The influence of four concentrations of plant growth regulator -24, homobrassinolide with concentration of 0,10-10, 10-8,10-6 molar on null seedlings of pistachio genotype sort based on factorials experiments on the basis of completely randomized block design with four replications was performed. After foliar spraying in six -leaves stage of pistachio seedlings and after passing six weeks, somephysio-morphplogical characteristics such as the size of photosynthesis pigments, leaf area index, seedlings height, biomass (the wet and dry weight of root and shoot), and lipoxygenase enzymes were scrutinized.The result indicated that foliar spraying experiment with brassinosteroid hormones had significant effect on some evaluated traits (P). Maximum leaf area index with concentration of 10-10 brassinosteroid and genotype G1, and the minimum leave area index with untreated (control) and genotype G5 were achieved. In biomass scrutiny, the wet weigh of aerial organs in level 1% was significant (5% level).The maximum weight of the wet weigh in concentration, 10-10 and the minimum weight in concentration of control and 10-6 were observed. Besides, the fresh weight of root in level 1% was significant, and the maximum weight with concentration of 10-10and genotype G (22%) and minimum weight with control concentration and genotype G1 were observed. The maximum amount of lipoxygenase was related to concentration of 10-10, and genotype G2 and the minimum amount was related to null concentration of brassinosteroid hormones and genotype G1. تفاصيل المقالة -
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157 - Evaluation of Ice Nucleation Activity (INA) and INA Gene Detection in the Bacteria Isolated from Pistachio Trees in Kerman Province, Iran
Mahdieh Rostami Nader Hasanzadeh Pezhman Khodaygan Ali Riahi MadvarIIce nucleation active (INA) bacteria arecommon epiphyticinhabitants that cause frost damage in many plants in thenear-zero temperatures. Yet, no studies were found in ice nucleation bacteria associated with pistachio trees. In our earlier study some INA strains were id أکثرIIce nucleation active (INA) bacteria arecommon epiphyticinhabitants that cause frost damage in many plants in thenear-zero temperatures. Yet, no studies were found in ice nucleation bacteria associated with pistachio trees. In our earlier study some INA strains were identified and reported. These were assigned as Pseudomonas fragi, P. putida, P. moraviensis and Pantoea agglomerans. In current work, two new strains namely P. viridiflava and Entrobacter cloacea were identified. Their ice nucleation frequency were evaluated and compared with above-mentioned ice positive strains isolated from pistachio trees. Pseudomonas fragi raf3 was considered as the most ice nucleation active bacteria. This was followed by P. putida raf6, P. moraviensis raf1, P. moraviensis raf5, Pantoea agglomeranse raf7, P. viridiflava raf2, Entrobacter cloacea raf8 and Pseudomonas sp. raf4, respectively. To detect INA genes, two setsofdegenerate primers were used and partial INA gene sequences were amplified. INA gene sequence) 425bp) for Pseudomonas putida raf6, Pantoea agglomerans raf7 and P. fragi raf3 were amplified with primer pair of 3308/3463. Whereas, a fragment of 194bp was detected in Pseudomonas sp. raf4, P. moraviensis raf5 and P. moraviensis raf1using forward and reverse primer pair of 3076/3463. Entrobacter cloacea raf8 has reported for the first time as epiphytic ice plus strain. The capability of the latter as a bacterialbiocontrolagent against insect pests was reported. تفاصيل المقالة -
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158 - Effect of Freezing and Vacuum Packaging on Quality Properties of Pistachio Powder During Storage
Najmeh Dabestani Rafsanjani Mohammad Daneshi Ahmad ShakerardekaniPistachio powder is a product used today in confectionery, ice cream, pistachio paste and other foods. Considering the higher rate of spoilage and oxidation in pistachio powder, developing methods to increase the shelf-life of this product is therefore important. In thi أکثرPistachio powder is a product used today in confectionery, ice cream, pistachio paste and other foods. Considering the higher rate of spoilage and oxidation in pistachio powder, developing methods to increase the shelf-life of this product is therefore important. In this study the effect of freezing and vacuum packaging on the quality characteristics of pistachio powder during storage was investigated. The effect of packaging conditions (vacuum or air packaging), storage temperature (25°C, -18°C) and storage time (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 months) on chemical (free fatty acids, acid value, peroxide value), physical (moisture content and color indexes of L*, a* and b*), and sensory (odor, taste, color, texture and overall acceptance) characteristics were studied. The results revealed that the peroxide value, acid value and free fatty acids in frozen and vacuum containers were lower than those packed without vacuum at room temperature. The results of sensory evaluation indicated a significant difference (p< 0.05) in samples.The best quality characteristics in terms of odor, taste, and overall acceptance belonged to the pistachio powder packed in vacuum and frozen conditions; however, in terms of texture , the containers packed and stored in ambient conditions showed better results. In all cases, the quality of pistachio powder decreased during the storage period. There was no significant difference between samples in moisture content, color indices of L*, a*, b* and sensory evaluation of color. It was generally found that packaging under vacuum and freezing could increase the shelf life of pistachio powder. تفاصيل المقالة -
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159 - Removal of Dye (Blue 56) From Aqueous Solution via Adsorption onto Pistachio Shell: kinetic and isotherm study of removal process
A. Ravanpaykar A. Asfaram M. R. Fathi emadabadiIn the present investigation, shells of pistachio are used as adsorbents and they have been successfully used for the removal of Blue 56, from water samples. The effect of various parameters such as: pH, amounts of adsorbents, size of adsorbent particles and contact tim أکثرIn the present investigation, shells of pistachio are used as adsorbents and they have been successfully used for the removal of Blue 56, from water samples. The effect of various parameters such as: pH, amounts of adsorbents, size of adsorbent particles and contact time on removal processing were investigated. Inthisstudy Freundlichabsorptionisotherms and Langmuir were investigated. The experimental data were correlated reasonably well by the Freundlich adsorption isotherm and isotherm parameters were calculated. In order to investigate the efficiency of Blue 56 adsorption on the pistachio shell, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich and intra-particle diffusion kinetic models were studied. Themodel that hadgoodcorrelationtoattractFreundlichwas chosenasthemodel. Its kineticsfollowsthepseudosecond order reaction. تفاصيل المقالة -
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160 - شناسایی نماتودهای خانواده Pratylenchidae در باغات پسته و تاکستان های استان قم
مریم مولائی زهرا تنهامعافی علی اسکندریدر بررسی که به منظور شناسائی نماتودهای انگل گیاهی باغات پسته و مو در استان قم انجام شد تعداد 125 نمونه خاک از اطراف ریشه درختان مو و پسته از مناطق مختلف استان طی سال های 1387 و 1388 جمع آوری گردید. نماتودها استخراج شده پس از تثبیت به گلیسرین خالص منتقل شدند، سپس به تفکی أکثردر بررسی که به منظور شناسائی نماتودهای انگل گیاهی باغات پسته و مو در استان قم انجام شد تعداد 125 نمونه خاک از اطراف ریشه درختان مو و پسته از مناطق مختلف استان طی سال های 1387 و 1388 جمع آوری گردید. نماتودها استخراج شده پس از تثبیت به گلیسرین خالص منتقل شدند، سپس به تفکیک جنس از آنها اسلایدهای میکروسکوپی دائمی تهیه شد. نمونه ها بررسی میکروسکوپی شدند و مشخصات ریخت شناسی و ریخت سنجی آنها تعیین شد. بر اساس این مشخصات و با استفاده از منابع علمی معتبر شناسایی صورت گرفت. در مقاله حاضر بخشی از گونه های شناسائی شده متعلق به خانواده Pratylenchidaeشامل Pratylenchus thornei،P. neglectus و Zygotylenchus guevaraeiمورد بحث قرار می گیرند. تفاصيل المقالة -
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161 - بررسی عوامل زنده کنترل طبیعی پسیل معمولی پسته و معرفی گونه های غالب با توجه به وفور جمعیت و وسعت پراکنش در استان سمنان
مهدی محمدی مقدم احمد دزیانیان مهدی بصیرت مهدی نعیمیپسیل معمولی پستهAgonoscena pistaciae یکی از آفات کلیدی و درجه اول در باغ های پسته استان سمنان و بخصوص شهرستان دامغان (به عنوان یکی از قدیمی ترین و مهم ترین مناطق کشت پسته کشور) می باشد. این حشره در تمام مناطق پسته کاری کشور گسترش دارد و سالیانه خسارت قابل توجهی به محصول أکثرپسیل معمولی پستهAgonoscena pistaciae یکی از آفات کلیدی و درجه اول در باغ های پسته استان سمنان و بخصوص شهرستان دامغان (به عنوان یکی از قدیمی ترین و مهم ترین مناطق کشت پسته کشور) می باشد. این حشره در تمام مناطق پسته کاری کشور گسترش دارد و سالیانه خسارت قابل توجهی به محصول پسته وارد می کند. هدف از انجام این تحقیق، جمع آوری و دسته بندی دشمنان طبیعی آفت و معرفی گونه های عمدة پسیل خوار با توجه به وفور جمعیت و وسعت پراکنش می باشد. بدین منظور در طی سال های 85 تا 87 چند منطقه مهم پسته کاری در شهرستان دامغان انتخاب و در هر منطقه چند باغ که به پسیل معمولی پسته آلودگی داشت انتخاب گردید. از باغ های آلوده هر ماه یکبار بازدید و نمونه برداری انجام شد. پس از بررسی و شناسایی نمونه ها، جمعیت حشرات شکارگر و زنبورهای پارازیتوئید تخمین زده شد. نتایج نشان داد که در بین کفشدوزک های جمع آوری شده به ترتیب گونه های: Oenopia conglobata contaminata MenteriesوHippodamia variegate Goezeبه ترتیب با 39 و 23 درصد فراوانی، دارای بیشترین جمعیت و تراکم می باشند. همچنین سن شکاری pistaciae Wagner Anthocoris minkiاز زیر خانواده Anthocorinae بر روی درختان پسته منطقه دامغان فعال است و از پوره‌های پسیل پسته تغذیه می‌کند. مشاهدات حاکی از تراکم پایین جمعیت این شکارگر بر روی درختان پسته نواحی مورد بررسی می‌باشد. همچنین گونه های دیگر حشرات شکارگر مانند بالتوری از باغ های پسته جمع آوری شد. زنبور پارازیتوئید Psyllaephagus pistaciaeنیز با جمعیتی متوسط از پوره های مومیائی شده جمع آوری شد. تفاصيل المقالة -
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162 - بررسي و شناسايي نماتدهاي زيان¬آور درختان پسته در استان سمنان
مهدی محمدی مقدم محمد نیکنام معصومه حقدل مهدی نعیمیشناسایی عوامل زنده خسارتزا و کنترل موفق آنها، از چالش‌هاي مهم در تولید محصول پسته ميباشد. در این تحقیق جهت بررسی و شناسایی نماتدهای زیان¬آور گیاهی، تعداد ۱۲۶ نمونه خاک و ریشه از مناطق مختلف پسته¬کاری استان سمنان جمع-آوری گردید. پس از انتقال نمونه‌ها به آزمایشگاه، نما أکثرشناسایی عوامل زنده خسارتزا و کنترل موفق آنها، از چالش‌هاي مهم در تولید محصول پسته ميباشد. در این تحقیق جهت بررسی و شناسایی نماتدهای زیان¬آور گیاهی، تعداد ۱۲۶ نمونه خاک و ریشه از مناطق مختلف پسته¬کاری استان سمنان جمع-آوری گردید. پس از انتقال نمونه‌ها به آزمایشگاه، نماتدها به روش الک و سانتریفوژ استخراج، با استفاده از روش تکمیل شده دگریسه تثبیت و به گليسيرين منتقل شدند. سپس از نماتدهاي جدا شده به تفكيك جنس، اسلايدهاي ميكروسكوپي دائم تهيه شد. پس از بررسيهاي ميكروسكوپي، مشخصات ريخت¬شناسي و ريخت¬سنجي تعيين و بـا استفاده از منابع معتبر علمي شناسايي انجام گرديد. در اين مطالعه 14 جنس و گونه از نماتدهای زیانآور گیاهی شامل: Boleodorus thylactus، Criconemoides sp، Helicotylenchus dihystera ،Helicotylenchus pseudorubustus، Irantylenchus sp، Meloidogyne incognita، Meloidogyne javanica ، Pratylenchus thornei، Tylenchus devanei، Tylenchorhynchus sp، Rotylenchus sp، Zygotylenchus guevarai، Paratylenchus sp، Xiphinema sp شناسايي گرديد. از بین نماتدهای شناسایی¬شده، بیشترین فراوانی جمعیت متعلق به دو گونه M. incognita و M. javanica، از نماتدهای مولد غده بود. در ۳۵ درصد از نمونه¬های جمع¬آوری شده، این دو گونه نماتد وجود داشت. پس از نماتدهای مولد غده، نماتد Z. guevarai دارای بیشترین فراوانی جمعیت در بین نمونه¬ها بود. این نماتد جزء نماتدهای مهاجر داخلی ریشه گیاهان دو¬لپهای گزارش شده است. ولی در این بررسی فقط از خاک جدا گردید. بررسی خسارتهای ایجاد شده توسط نماتدهای مولد غده و Z. guevarai در باغهای پسته، از جمله اولویت¬های تحقیقاتی در استان سمنان است که ضروری است بررسیهای جامع¬تری در رابطه با آنها صورت گیرد. تفاصيل المقالة -
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163 - عوامل مؤثر بر پذیرش بیمه محصولات کشاورزی (مطالعه موردی: کشت پسته درمناطق روستایی شهرستان ابرکوه)
علیرضا استعلاجی ابراهیم فتحی‌نیا وحیده اکرمی ابرقوییامروزه رشد روز افزون جمعیت و تقاضا برای محصولات کشاورزی و غذایی متنوع و بیشتر، ضرورت سرمایه گذاری و حمایت بیمه ای از کشاورزی و تولید کنندگان محصولات کشاورزی را دو چندان نمود. چرا که کشاورزی به عنوان بخش اول فعالیت های اقتصادی بشر همواره نقش اساسی در حیات و توسعه جوامع أکثرامروزه رشد روز افزون جمعیت و تقاضا برای محصولات کشاورزی و غذایی متنوع و بیشتر، ضرورت سرمایه گذاری و حمایت بیمه ای از کشاورزی و تولید کنندگان محصولات کشاورزی را دو چندان نمود. چرا که کشاورزی به عنوان بخش اول فعالیت های اقتصادی بشر همواره نقش اساسی در حیات و توسعه جوامع از جمله جوامع روستایی دارد. که در این بین محصول پسته به دلیل دارا بودن ارزش غذایی بالا، مورد تقاضای بازار های بین المللی، و مطابق با شرایط آب و هوایی کشور باید مورد توجه قرار گیرد. مقاله حاضر از نظر هدف کاربردی، از نوع تحلیلی- توصیفی و با رویکرد پیمایشی بود. در این مقاله به موضوع سازه های موثر بر پذیرش بیمه (مورد پژوهش: کشت پسته در مناطق روستایی شهرستان ابرکوه) پرداخته شـد و نحـوه گردآوری اطلاعات به صورت کتابخانه ای و میدانی (استفاده از مقالات، کتاب ها، پایان نامه ها، سازمان های مختلف، نرم افزار های، Minitabو SPSS) و با استفاده از رگرسیون لجستیک بررسی گردید. جامعه آماری پژوهش آن دسته از ساکنان روستایی شهرستان ابرکوه بودند که به کشت پسته مشغول هستند (چه به صورت فعالیت اصلی یا به عنوان فعالیت فرعی در کنار سایر مشاغل یا سایر کشت ها). داده های مورد نیاز با استفاده از 141پرسشنامه و از طریق نمونه گیری تصادفی در فصل زراعی 1394-1395 گردآوری شد. به منظور سنجش روایی پرسشنامه از تحلیل عاملی و برای سنجش پایایی آن از آماره آلفای کرونباخ استفاده شد که مقدار آن در حد 85% تعیین گردید. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد، سازه هایی مانند: سطح تحصیلات پسته کاران، عملکرد محصول، وضعیت شغلی، میزان ارائه بموقع خدمات، رضایت از غرامت دریافتی، ارتباط با کارشناسان و مروجان ترویج، شرکت در کلاس ها و میزان عضویت در تشکل ها رابطه مثبت و معنی داری با میزان پذیرش بیمه محصول پسته دارند. همچنین میزان رضایت از غرامت دریافتی، مهم ترین سازه در پذیرش بیمه محصول پسته در بین پسته کاران روستایی شهرستان ابرکوه است. تفاصيل المقالة
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