Relationship between Aspergillus section Flavi Growth and Aflatoxin Production with Early Splitting in Pistachio Cultivars
الموضوعات :
Mehdi Mohammadi-Moghadam
1
,
Hossein Afshari
2
,
Mostafa Ghasemi
3
,
Ali Reza Dashtban
4
,
Amir Hossein Mohammadi
5
1 - Crop and Horticultural Sciences Research Department, Semnan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (Shahrood), AREEO, Shahrood, Iran
2 - Department of Horticulture, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
3 - Crop and Horticultural Sciences Research Department, Qazvin Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Qazvin, Iran
4 - Department of Agriculture, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
5 - Pistachio Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rafsanjan, Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية: Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxin, pistachio, cultivar, Early splitting,
ملخص المقالة :
In this research, we evaluated the relationship of early splitting with the growth of Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxin production in Iranian pistachio cultivars. From each cultivar, six trees and from each tree, six fruit clusters were randomly harvested at maturity time and their fruits mixed. Finally, healthy fruits, and early-splitted fruits with irregular cracks of each cultivar were separated. The population density of Aspergillus section Flavi fungi in the nut kernel was measured using AFPA and DRBC culture media suspension preparation and serial dilution methods. The amount of aflatoxin in different pistachio samples was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed a significant difference in Aspergillus section Flavi contamination among different pistachio cultivars. The population density of Aspergillus section Flavi colonies in pistachio cultivars of Shahpasand (74.6667 CFU g-1) and Kal-Khandan (73.6667 CFU g-1) was much higher than other cultivars. The percentage of early-splitting was higher in the Shahpasand cultivar (13.66%) than in other cultivars, followed by the Kal-Khandan cultivar (5.66%). There was a positive and significant relationship between the growth rate of Aspergillus section Flavi and the fruit's early splitting percentage (r = 81%). In other words, with an increase in the early splitting percentage of pistachio fruit, the growth rate of Aspergillus section Flavi increased. It can be said that early-splitting is an unfavorable trait and causes an increase in aflatoxin contamination, and early-splitted fruits of Shahpasand and Kal-Khandan cultivars showed more contamination. Therefore, cultivars with less early-splitted nuts should be considered more in export.
1. Faostat., 2022. Fruit Production in the World. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Division. http://www. fao.org/faostat /en/#data/QC.
2. Cotty P.J., Jaime-Garcia R., 2007. Influences of climate on aflatoxin producing fungi and aflatoxin contamination. International journal of food microbiology. 119(1-2), 109-15.
3. Moradi M., Hokmabadi H., 2011. Control of Mycotoxin Bioactives in Nuts: Farm to Fork. 253-273. In: Fruit and Cereal Bioactives Sources, Chemistry, and Applications. Ö. Tokusoglu (ed). CRC Press.
4. Probst C., Njapau H., Cotty P.J., 2007. Outbreak of an acute aflatoxicosis in Kenya in 2004: identification of the causal agent. Applied and Environmental Microbiology.73(8), 2762-2764.
5. Probst C., Schulthess F., Cotty P.J., 2010. Impact of Aspergillus section Flavi community structure on the development of lethal levels of aflatoxins in Kenyan maize (Zea mays). Journal of Applied Microbiology. 108, 600–610.
6. Kaminiaris M., Tsitsigiannis D., 2020. Pre-harvest management strategies to control aflatoxin contamination in crops. In Aflatoxins: Biochemistry, Toxicology, Public Health, Policies and Modern Methods of Analysis; Kintzios, S., Mavrikou, S., Eds.; Analytical Chemistry and Microchemistry; Nova Science Publishers Inc.: New York, NY, USA.
7. Rushing B.R., Selim M.I., 2019. Aflatoxin B1: A review on metabolism, toxicity, occurrence in food, occupational exposure, and detoxification methods. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 124, 81–100.
8. Frisvad J.C., Hubka V., Ezekiel C.N., 2019. Taxonomy of Aspergillus section Flavi and their
production of aflatoxins, ochratoxins and other mycotoxins. Studies in Mycology. 91(1), 37-59.
9. Ayerst G., 1969. The effects of moisture and temperature on growth and spore germination in some fungi. Journal of Stored Products Research. 5:669-687.
10. Doster M.A., Michailides T.J., 1994. Aspergillus molds and aflatoxin in pistachio nuts in California. Phytopathology. 84(6):583-590.
11. Sherafati A., Hokmabadi H., Abbaspour H., 2012. Early Splitting and Irregular Cracking Hull on Pistachio Cultivars (Pistacia vera L.) in North-East of Iran. Acta Horticulturae. 963, 247-249.
12. Moradi M., Hokmabadi H., Fani S.R., 2015. A Study concerned with the factors affecting the fungal growth and aflatoxin production during storage of pistachio in Kerman province. Journal of Food Technology and Nutrition. 12 (2), 83-92. (In Persian)
13. Bensassi F., Rhouma A., Ghrab M., Bacha H., Rabeh Hajlaoui M., 2010. Evaluation of cultivar susceptibility and storage periods towards aflatoxin B1 contamination on pistachio nuts. Mycotoxin Research. 26,199–203.
14. Amaike S., Keller N.P., 2011. Aspergillus flavus. Annual Review Phytopathology. 49: 107-133.
15. Fani S., Moradi M., Tajabadipour A., Dargahi R., Mirabolfathy, M., 2014. The role of early splitting in contamination of pistachio nuts by Aspergillus species and aflatoxin in Kerman province. Journal of Food Technology and Nutrition. 3(43), 97-105.
16. Tajabadipour A., Sheibani Tezerji Z., 2011. Aflatoxin contamination of commercial pistachio cultivars in Iran, I International Symposium on Mycotoxins in Nuts and Dried Fruits. 963, 129-132.
17. Taghizadeh S.F., Rezaee R., Davarynejad G., Asili J., Nemati S.H., Goumenou M., Karimi G., 2018. Risk assessment of exposure to aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A through consumption of different Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivars collected from four geographical regions of Iran. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology. 61, 61-66.
18. Doster M.A., Michailides T.J., 1999. Relationship between shell discoloration of pistachio nuts and incidence of fungal decay and insect infestation. Plant Disease. 83, 259-264.
19. Mehrnejad M. R., Panahi B., 2006. The influence of hull cracking on aflatoxin contamination and insect infestation in pistachio nuts. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology. 73(2), 39-42.
20. Kaminiaris M.D., Camardo Leggieri M., Tsitsigiannis D.I., Battilani P. 2020. AFLA-pistachio: Development of a mechanistic model to predict the aflatoxin contamination of pistachio nuts. Toxins. 12(7), 445.
21. Mojtahedi H., Danesh D., Haghighi B., Fathy S., 1980. Storage relative humidity in Rafsanjan and impossibility of pistachio aflatoxicosis after nut processing. Iranian Journal Plant Pathology. 16, 80-85.
22. Georgiadou M., Dimou A., Yanniotis S., 2012. Aflatoxin contamination in pistachio nuts: A farm to storage study. Food Control. 26(2), 580-586.
23. Marín S., Ramos A. J., Sanchis V., 2012. Modelling Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxins production in pistachio nuts. Food Microbiology. 32, 378-388.
24. Liu X., Guan X., Xing F., Lv C., Dai X., Liu Y., 2017. Effect of water activity and temperature on the growth of Aspergillus flavus the expression of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes and aflatoxin production in shelled peanuts. Food Control. 82, 325-332.
25. Campbell B.C., Molyneux R.J., Schatzki T.F., 2003. Current research on reducing pre and post harvest aflatoxin contamination of US almond, pistachio, and walnut. Journal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews. 22, 225-266.
26. Higbee B.S., Siegel J.P., 2012. Field efficacy and application timing of methoxyfenizide, a reduced risk treatment for control of navel orange worm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in almond. Journal of Economic Entomology. 105, 1702-1711.
27. Palumbo J.D., Mahoney N.E., Light D.M., Siegel J.P., Pucket R.D., Michailides, T.J., 2014. Soread of Aspergillus flavus by navel orange worm (Amyelois transitella) on almond. Plant Disease. 98, 1194-1199.
28. Shaterian Mohammadi A., Aminian H., Jamshidnia A., 2020. Effects of smoke produced from smoldering plants on the Aspergillus flavus growth and production of aflatoxin in pistachio. Journal of Food Safety. 40(6), e12847.
29. Samson R.A., Hong S.B., Frisvad J.C., 2006. Old and new concepts of species differentiation in Aspergillus. Med. Medical Mycolog. 44, 133–148.
30. Arzanlou M., Samadi R., Frisvad J.C., Houbraken J., Ghosta Y., 2016. Two novel Aspergillus species from hypersaline soils of the national park of lake Urmia, Iran. Mycological Progress. 15, 1081-1092.
31. Klich M.A., 2002. Identification of common Aspergillus species. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht.
32. Mohammadi Moghadam M., Rezaee S., Mohammadi A.H., Zamanizadeh H.R., Moradi M., 2020. Relationship between Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 and B2 production with phenolic and flavonoid compounds in green hull and kernels of pistachio cultivars. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology. 87(2), 13-23.
33. Klich MA., 2007. Aspergillus flavus: the major producer of aflatoxin. Molecular Plant Pathology. 8,713-722.
34. Moradi M., Javanshah A., 2006. Distribution of aflatoxin in processed pistachio nut terminals. Acta Horticulturae. (ISHS) 726, 431–436.
35. Moradi M., Fani SR., Masoumi H., 2014. Population Density of Aspergillus Species Belong to Section Flavi and Nigri on Pistachio Nut in Kerman Province. Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection. 3(2), 79-91. [In Persian]
36.Doster M. A., Michailides T.J., 1993. Influence of cultural practices on occurrence of early split pistachio nuts. 68-71. California Pistachio Industry Annual Report, Fresno, CA.
37. Doster M. A., Michailides T. J., 1995b. The relationship between date of hull splitting and decay of pistachio nuts by Aspergillus species. Plant Disease. 79, 766–769.
38. Tajabadipour A., Afshari H., Hokmabadi H., 2011. Recognition and determination of contaminated pistachios to aflatoxin in processing. Journal of Nuts. 2 (2), 27-30
39. Moradi M., Hokmabadi H., Fani S.R., 2015. A Study concerned with the factors affecting the fungal growth and aflatoxin production during storage of pistachio in Kerman province. Journal of Food Technology and Nutrition. 12(2), 83-92. [In Persian]
40. Heidarian R., Javan-nikkhah M., Ormaz B., Peyambari M., 2005. Study of fungal contamination of pistachio seeds in Kerman Province, Iran and some new fungi for Iranian pistachio mycoflora. IV International Symposium on Pistachio and Almond. P, 180.
41. Mohammadi A.H., Banihashemi Z., Haghdel M., 2009. Identification and prevalence of Aspergillus species in soils of Fars and Kerman Provinces of Iran and evaluation of their aflatoxin production. Rostaniha. 10(1), 8-30. [In Persian].
42. Moradi M., Hokmabadi H., Mirabolfathi M., 2010. Density fluctuations of two major Aspergillus species airborne spores in pistachio growing regions of Iran. Journal of Nuts. 1, 54-64.
