Evaluation of Contamination of Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin Production in Pistachio Cultivars and Investigation of a Chemical Controlling Method
الموضوعات :
1 - Department of Plant Protection, Armenian National Agrarian University, Yerevan, Armenia
2 - Department of Plant Protection, Armenian National Agrarian University, Yerevan, Armenia
الکلمات المفتاحية: Pistachio, Aflatoxin, HPLC, Aspergillus flavus, Semnan Province, fungicides,
ملخص المقالة :
In order to study the contamination of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production in pistachio cultivars in the Semnan province, eight cultivars of pistachio were collected from major pistachio growing areas. Using the serial dilution method, ground pistachio kernels were inoculated on plates containing AFPA medium and incubated at 28° C. This experiment was performed using three replications in a completely randomized design. After three to seven days, the number of A. flavus colonies were identified and enumerated. Also, aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 contents of the samples were analyzed by HPLC method. On the other hand, the effect of two chemical fungicidesas a control method on the growth of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production in pre-harvest pistachio cultivars was assessed under in vivo conditions. For this purpose, an orchard that was under cultivation by the most contaminated cultivar was selected, and a completely randomized design was carried out in the field. Two fungicides (tebuconazole 25% and mancozeb 80%) were applied at an application rate of 1 and 2 L or Kg ha-1, respectively. Aflatoxin B1 and B2 contents of the samples were analyzed using the HPLC method. The obtained results showed that there was a significant difference in A. flavus colonies number in different pistachio cultivars. Among these cultivars, Owhadi had the highest amount of contamination, and Akbari had the lowest contamination. The results showed that the contents of aflatoxin B1 and B2 were observed in Owhadi cultivar. , Tebuconazole 25% and mancozeb 80% reduced A. flavus growth compared to the control. However, this reduction was not significant. The obtained results of aflatoxin analysis showed that these two fungicides reduced the amount of aflatoxins B1 and B2 in pistachio cultivar, though there was not a significant reduction.It was concluded that the use of chemical fungicides were ineffective in preventing A. flavus growth and aflatoxin production in pistachio cultivars under in vivo conditions.
Al-Gahtani MF, Al-Othman MR, Mahmoud MA,
Abdel-Aziz ARM (2013) Anti-aflatoxigenic effect of essential oils on Aspergillus spp. isolated from pistachio in Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 7(25), 3151-3159.
Aminshahidi M (1997) Study on aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species in native contaminated Pistachios of Iran and investigation of their capacity in producing aflatoxin. M.Sc. thesis, Microbiology group, College of Tehran University. 180p.
Bhatnagar D, Cotty PJ, Cleveland TE (1993) Preharvest aflatoxin contamination: molecular strategies for its control. Flavour and Safety: Molecular Analysis and Design (Spanier AM, Okai N, Tamura N, ed.). American Chemical Society, Washington D.C. 272–292.
Brenneman TB, Wilson DM, Beaver RW (1993) Effects of diniconazole on Aspergillus populations and aflatoxin formation in peanut under irrigated and nonirrigated conditions. Plant Disease. 77(6), 608-612.
Darrah LL, Bany BD (1991) Reduction of preharvest aflatoxin in corn. Pennington Center Nutrition Series, Mycotoxins, Cancer and Health; Eds; LSU Press: Baton Rouge, LA. 1, 283-310.
Formenti S, Naresh M, Pietri A, Battilani P (2012) In vitro impact on growth, fumonisins and aflatoxins production by Fusarium verticillioides and Aspergillus flavus using anti-fungal compounds and a biological control agent. Phytopathologia Mediterranea. 51(1), 247-256.
Houshyarfard M, Rouhani H, Falahati - Rastegar M,
Malekzadeh - Shafaroudi S, Mehdikhani - Moghaddam E, Probst C (2014) Characterization of Aspergillus section Flavi from pistachio soils in Iran. Journal of Plant Protection
Research. 54(4), 355-362.
Jalali L, Afshari H, Ashraf Sh, Ebadi AGh (2012) Study on the amount and type of aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus in some pistachio cultivars of Khorasan-e-Razavi province. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology. 6(4), 1811-1816.
Khodavaisy S, Maleki A, Hossainzade B, Rezai S,
Ahmadi F, Validi A, Rashidi A, Ghahramani E (2012) Occurrence of fungal contamination in pistachio and peanut samples from retail shops in Sanandaj, Iran. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 6(39), 6781-6784.
Krishnamurthy YL, Shashikala J (2006) Inhibition of aflatoxin B1 production of Aspergillus flavus, isolated from soybean seeds by certain natural plant products. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 43(5), 469-74.
Lillehoj EB (1991) Aflatoxin: genetic mobilization agent. Mycotoxins in ecological systems. Eds. Marcel Dekker. Inc: NewYork, NY. 1-22.
Magnoli C, Dalcero AM, Miazzo R, Saenz MA (1998) Enumeration and identification of Aspergillus group and Penecillium species in poultry feeds from Argentina. Mycopathologia. 142, 27-32.
Mohammadi AH, Banihashemi Z, Haghdel M (2009) Identification and prevalence of Aspergillus species in soils of Fars and Kerman provinces of Iran and evaluation of their aflatoxin production. Rostaniha. 10(1), 8–30. [In Persian]
Onial P, Pandey A, Rawat MSM, Dayal R (2015)
In vitro antifungal assessment of fruits pericarp of Terminalia chebula against fungus of forestry origin. International Journal of Herbal Medicine. 3(1), 52-55.
Rahimi P, Sharidnabi B, Bahar M (2007) Aspergillus species isolated from pistachio and determination of their aflatoxin production. Rostaniha. 8, 30–42. [In Persian]
Rahimi P, Sharifnabi B, Bahar M (2008) Detection of aflatoxin in Aspergillus species isolated from pistachio in Iran. Journal of Phytopathology. 156(1), 15–20.
Rodrigues P, Soares C, Kozakiewicz Z, Paterson RRM, Lima N, Venâncio A (2007) Identification and characterization of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxins. Communicating Current Research and Educational Topics and Trends in Applied
Microbiology. 527-534.
Santos L, Marin S, Sanchis V, Ramos AJ (2011) In vitro effect of some fungicides on growth and aflatoxins production by Aspergillus flavus isolated from Capsicum powder. Food Additives and Contaminants. 28(1), 98-106.
Thanaboripat D, Monkontanawut N, Suvathi Y, Ruangrattanametee V (2004) Inhibition of aflatoxin production and growth of Aspergillus flavus by citronella oil. KMITL Science Journal. 49(1), 1-8.
Thanaboripat D, Suvathi Y, Srilohasin P, Sripakdee S, Patthanawanitchai O, Charoensettasilp S (2007) Inhibitory effect of essential oils on the growth of Aspergillus flavus. KMITL Science and Technology Journal. 7(1), 1-7.
Wheeler MH, Bhatnagar D, Klich MA (1991) Effects of chlobenthiazone on aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus and A. flavus. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 41(2), 190-197.
Widstrom NW (1987) Breeding strategies to control aflatoxin contamination of maize through host plant resistance. Aflaloxin in maize: A procudings of the workshop; CIMMYT:
Mexico City, Mexico. Pp. 212-220.
Yabe K, Matsuyama Y, Ando Y, Nakajima H, Hamasaki T (1993) Sterochemistry during aflatoxin biosynthesis: Conversion of norsolorinic Acid to Averufin. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology. 59, 2486-2492.
