An Investigation on the Effect of Adding Different Levels of Molasses on the Silage Quality of Pistachio (Pistachio vera) by Product and Wheat Straw Mixture Silages
الموضوعات :
ن. دنک
1
(Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey)
اس.اس. آیدین
2
(Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Sanliurfa Food Control Laboratory, Sanliurfa, Turkey)
ب. دوگان داس
3
(Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey)
ام. آوسی
4
(Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey)
ام. ساورانلو
5
(Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Sanliurfa Food Control Laboratory, Sanliurfa, Turkey)
الکلمات المفتاحية: silage, pistachio by-product, <i>in vitro</i> digestion,
ملخص المقالة :
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adding different levels of molasses (1-5%) on the silage quality, in vitro methane production and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of pistachio (Pistachio vera) by-product and wheat straw mixture silages. For this purpose, silages were prepared with pistachio by-product (85%) and wheat straw (15%) without molasses (control group), and with addition of molasses from 1% to 5% (treatment groups). All the treatments consisted of five replicate silos, and they were prepared in 1.5 L glass jar silos. While silage pH and acetic acid values decreased with addition of molasses levels (P<0.05), silage lactic acid values increased (P<0.05). Butyric and propionic acid were not detected in any of the silages. Addition of all levels of molasses increased in vitro methane production, IVOMD and metabolizable energy (ME) values (P<0.05). As a result, fresh pistachio by-product can be ensiled with addition of wheat straw and molasses to produce good quality silage. It can be concluded that this by product can be ensiled well and used as a roughage source with mixture of other roughage sources for animal nutrition in the regions where fresh pistachio by product is available.
AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis. 18th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
Bagheripour E., Rouzbehan Y. and Alipour D. (2008). Effects of ensiling, air-drying and addition of polyethylene glycol on in vitrogas production of pistachio by-products. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 146, 327-336.
Ben Salem H., Makkar H.P.S., Nefzaoui A., Hassayoun L. and Abidi S. (2005). Benefit from the association of small amounts of tannin-rich shrub foliage Acacia cyanophylla with soya bean meal given as supplements to Barbarine sheep fed on oaten hay. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 122, 173-186.
Bhatta R., Uyeno Y., Tajima K., Takenaka A., Yabumoto Y., Nonaka I., Enishi O. and Kurihara M. (2009). Difference in the nature of tannins on in vitro ruminal methane and volatile fatty acid production and on methanogenic archaea and protozoal populations. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 5512-5522.
Boga M., Guven I., Atalay A.I. and Kaya E. (2013). Effect of varieties on potential nutritive value of pistachio hull. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 19, 699-703.
Bohluli A., Naserian A., Valizadeh R. and Eftekarshahroodi F. (2007). The chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of pistachio by-product. Pp. 223 in Proc. British Soc. Anim. Sci. Scarborough, United Kingdom.
Forough N. and Fazaeli H. (2005). Studies on the different methods of ensiling pistachio by-products. Pp. 57-58 in Proc. 3rd Semin. Anim. Nutr. Hidarabad Research Center, Karaj, Iran.
Ghaffari M.H., Tahmasbi A.M., Khorvash M., Naserian A.A. and Vakili A.R. (2014). Effects of pistachio by-products in replacement of alfalfa hay on ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, and milk fatty acid composition in Saanen dairy goats fed a diet containing fish oil. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 42, 186-193.
Goel G. and Makkar H.P.S. (2012). Methane mitigation from ruminants using tannins and saponins, a status review. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 44, 729-739.
Goel G., Makkar H.P.S. and Becker K. (2008). Effect of Sesbania sesban and Carduus pycnocephalus leaves and Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds and their extract on partitioning of nutrients from roughage-and concentrate-based feeds to methane. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 147, 72-89.
Henderson A.R., McDonald P. and Anderson D. (1982). The effect of a cellulase preparation derived from Tricoderma viride on the chemical changes during the ensilage of grass, lucerne and clover. J. Sci. Food Agric. 33, 16-20.
Kaiser A.G. and Piltz J.W. (2003). 12. Feed testing: assessing silage quality. Pp. 24 in Successful Silage. A.G. Kaiser, J.W. Piltz, H.M. Burns and N.W. Griffiths, Eds. Dairy Research and Development Corporation and NSW Agriculture, Australia.
Kung J.R.L. (2008). Silage fermentation end products and microbial populations: their relationships to silage quality and animal productivity. Pp. 1-7 in Proc. Ann. Conf. American Assoc. Bovine Pract. Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.
Leterme P., Thewis A. and Culot M. (1992). Supplementation of pressed sugar beet pulp silage with molasses and urea, laying hen excreta or soybean meal in ruminant nutrition. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 39, 209-225.
Makkar H.P.S., Blümmel M. and Becker K. (1995). Formation of complexes between polyvinylyrrolidones or polyethylene glycols and their implication in gas production and true digestibility in vitro techniques. Br. J. Nutr. 73, 897-913.
McAllister T.A., Bae H.D., Yanke L.J., Cheng K.J. and Muir A. (1994). Effect of condensed tannins from Birdsfoot trefoil on the endoglucanase activity and the digestion of cellulose filter paper by ruminal fungi. Canadian J. Microbiol. 40, 298-305.
Menke K.H. and Steingass H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Dev. 28, 7-55.
Menke K.H., Raab L., Salewski A., Steingass H., Fritz D. and Schneider W. (1979). The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor. J. Agric. Sci. 93, 217-222.
Mokhtarpour A., Naserian A.A., Tahmasbi A.M. and Valizadeh R. (2012). Effect of feeding pistachio by-products silage supplemented with polyethylene glycol and urea on Holstein dairy cows performance in early lactation. Livest. Sci. 148, 208-213.
Moss A.R., Jouany J.P. and Newbold J. (2000). Methane production by ruminants: Its contribution to global warming. Ann. Zootechnol. 49, 231-253.
Noghabi L.R. and Rouzbehan Y. (2011). The in vitro organic matter digestibility of pistachio hull using rumen fluid in Taleshi sheep. Iranian J. Anim. Sci. 42, 231-237.
Polan C.E., Stieve D. and Garrett J. (1998). Protein preservation and ruminal degradation of ensiled forage treated with heat, formic acid, ammonia or microbial inoculant. J. Dairy Sci. 81, 765-776.
Rezaeenia A., Naserian A.A., Valizadeh R. and Tahmasbi A. (2012). Effect of using different levels of pistachio by-products silage on composition and blood parameters of Holstein dairy cows. African J. Biotechnol. 11, 6192-6196.
Santos G.T., Oliveira R.L., Petit H.V., Cecato U., Zeoula L.M., Rigolon L.P., Damasceno J.C., Branco A.F. and Bett V. (2000). Effect of tannic acid on composition and ruminal degradability of bermudagrass and alfalfa silages. J. Dairy Sci. 83, 2016-2020.
Shakeri P., Riasi A. and Alikhani M. (2014). Effects of long period feeding pistachio by-product silage on chewing activity, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation parameters of Holstein male calves. Animal. 8, 1826-1831.
Shakeri P., Riasi A., Alikhani M., Fazaeli H. and Ghorbani G.R. (2013). Effects of feeding pistachio by-products silage on growth performance, serum metabolites and urine characteristics in Holstein male calves. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 97, 1022-1029.
SPSS Inc. (1999). Statistical Package for Social Sciences Study. SPSS for Windows, Version 16. Chicago SPSS Inc.
Suzuki M. and Lund C.W. (1980). Improved gas-liquid chromatography for simultaneous determination of volatile fatty acids and lactic acid in silage. J. Agric. Food Chem. 28, 1040-1041.
TUIK. (2013). Pistachio Production Statistics of Turkey. Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
Vahmani P., Naserian A.A., Valizadeh R. and Nasirimoghadam H. (2006). Nutritive value of pistachio by-products and their effects on Holstein cows in mid lactation. Agric. Sci. Technol. J. 20, 201-210.
Vahmani P., Nasserian A.A., Valizadeh R., Arshami J. and Nasirimoghadam H. (2007). Chemical composition, dry matter and protein degradability coefficients pistachio hulls silage treated with urea and molasses. Pp. 164 in Proc. British Soc. Anim. Sci. Scarborough, United Kingdom.
Valizadeh R., Naserian A.A. and Vahmani P. (2009). Influence of drying and ensiling pistachio by-products with urea and molasses on their chemical composition, tannin content and rumen degradability parameters. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 8, 2363-2368.
Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber. Neutral detergent fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.
Yahaya M.S., Kawai M., Takahashi J. and Matsuoka S. (2002). The effects of different moisture and ensiling time on silo degradation of structural carbohydrates of orchardgrass. Asian Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 15, 213-217.
