Application of Microwave-Assisted Method for Lutein Extraction from Pistachio Waste

Subject Areas : Pistachio

Rama  Ahmadi ¹ (Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)
Masoud  Honarvar ² (Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)
Mehrdad  Ghavami ³ (Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)
yousef  Daali ⁴ (Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland |Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland|Institute of Pharmaceutical Science of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland)

Received: 2023-09-02 Accepted : 2024-01-02 Published : 2024-06-08

Keywords: RSM, pistachio hull, Lutein extraction, MAE method,

Abstract :

Lutein is a xanthophyll family of carotenoids, found in flowers, vegetables, and fruits either in esterified or non-esterified fatty acid form. It is mainly administered in pharmacological products, dietary additives, the food industry, and animal feeding industries. This study was conducted on the ‘Fandoghi’ variety from the Markazi province for pistachio hull lutein extraction and quantification. This study aimed to assess the lutein in pistachio hull and optimize its extraction protocol by new extraction methods with emphasis on microwave-assisted method (MAE). The powder from dried pistachio hulls obtained from fresh raw un-hulled pistachios was applied for further analysis. An experimental design based on the central composite design was applied for the extraction using the MAE method and extraction optimization. The lutein contents were quantitatively analyzed using a validated LC-MS/MS method. According to the free form of lutein, Ethyl acetate was applied as an extraction solvent with the MAE method followed by the setting up of the extraction time, temperature, and solvent/sample ratio as variables. Under optimal experimental conditions corresponding to 5 min extraction time at 40°C, and 30 mg ml-1 of the solvent/sample ratio, the amount of lutein obtained from dried pistachio hull was 3.86 mg 100 g-1. The MAE method is a green, time-saving, and cost-effective method for lutein extraction from pistachio hull that can be suggested for lutein extraction from other plant materials and it can be applied in industrial scale.

References:

Aghaie E, Pazouki M, Hosseini M, Ranjbar M, Ghavipanjeh F (2009) Response surface methodology (RSM) analysis of organic acid production for Kaolin beneficiation by Aspergillus niger. Chemical Engineering Journal. 147(2-3), 245-251.

Alev Yüksel A (2018) Utilization of Response Surface Methodology in Optimization of Extraction of Plant Materials. In S. Valter (Ed.), Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes (pp. Ch. 10). Rijeka: IntechOpen.

Azargohar R, Dalai A (2005) Production of activated carbon from Luscar char: experimental and modeling studies. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 85(3), 219-225.

Bhattacharya S (2021) Central composite design for response surface methodology and its application in pharmacy. In Response surface methodology in engineering science: IntechOpen. DOI: 10.5772 /intechopen. 95835.

Boonnoun P, Opaskonkun T, Prasitchoke P, Goto M, Shotipruk A (2012) Purification of free lutein from marigold flowers by liquid chromatography. Engineering Journal. 16(5), 145-156.

Cheniany M, Ebrahimzadeh H, Vahdati K, Preece J, Masoudinejad A, Mirmasoumi M (2013) Content of different groups of phenolic compounds in microshoots of Juglans regia cultivars and studies on antioxidant activity. Acta Physiologia Plantarum. 35, 443–450

Eskilsson CS, Björklund E (2000) Analytical-scale microwave-assisted extraction. Journal of Chromatography A. 902(1), 227-250.

Fu XQ, Ma N, Sun WP, Dang YY (2018) Microwave and enzyme co-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction of polyphenol and lutein from marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) flower. Industrial Crops and Products. 123, 296-302.

Georgiopoulou I, Tzima S, Louli V, Magoulas K (2023) Process Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Chlorophyll, Carotenoid and Phenolic Compounds from Chlorella vulgaris and Comparison with Conventional and Supercritical Fluid Extraction. Applied Sciences. 13(4), 2740.

Grace MH, Esposito D, Timmers MA, Xiong J, Yousef G, Komarnytsky S, Lila MA (2016) Chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of pistachio hull extracts. Food Chemistry. 210, 85-95.

Hajare R, Ray A, Shreya T C, Avadhani M, Selvaraj I (2013) Extraction and quantification of antioxidant lutein from various plant sources. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 22(1), 152-157.

Hamed M, Bougatef H, Karoud W, Krichen F, Haddar A, Bougatef A, Sila A (2020) Polysaccharides extracted from pistachio external hull: Characterization, antioxidant activity and potential application on meat as preservative. Industrial Crops and Products. 148, 112315.

Hsu YW, Tsai CF, Chen WK, Ho YC, Lu FJ (2011) Determination of lutein and zeaxanthin and antioxidant capacity of supercritical carbon dioxide extract from daylily (Hemerocallis disticha). Food chemistry. 129(4), 1813-1818.

Hu Q, He Y, Wang F, Wu J, Ci Z, Chen L, Xu R, Yang M, Lin J, Han L, Zhang D (2021) Microwave technology: a novel approach to the transformation of natural metabolites. Chinese Medicine. 16(1), 87.

Jahanbani R, Bahramnejad E, Rahimi N, Shafaroodi H, Sheibani N, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Dehpour A, Vahdati K (2021). Anti-seizure effects of walnut peptides in mouse models of induced seizure: The involvement of GABA and nitric oxide pathways. Epilepsy Research, p.106727.

Kang JH, Kim S, Moon B (2016) Optimization by response surface methodology of lutein recovery from paprika leaves using accelerated solvent extraction. Food Chemistry. 205, 140-145.

Kaufmann B, Christen P (2002) Recent extraction techniques for natural products: microwave‐assisted extraction and pressurised solvent extraction. Phytochemical Analysis: An International Journal of Plant Chemical and Biochemical Techniques. 13(2), 105-113.

Khachik F  (2001) Process for extraction and purification of lutein, zeaxanthin and rare carotenoids from marigold flowers and plants. In: Google Patents.

Khachik F, Beecher G R, Whittaker N F (1986) Separation, identification, and quantification of the major carotenoid and chlorophyll constituents in extracts of several green vegetables by liquid chromatography. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 34(4), 603-616.

Kumar Kashyap P, Singh S, Kumar Singh M, Gupta A, Tandon S, Shanker K, Kumar Verma R, Swaroop Verma R (2022) An efficient process for the extraction of lutein and chemical characterization of other organic volatiles from marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) flower. Food Chemistry. 396, 133647.

Leong YK, Chang JS (2023) Lutein biosynthesis from microalgae — Recent advances and circular economy. Environmental Technology & Innovation. 30, 103097.

Li J, Engelberth A S (2018) Quantification and purification of lutein and zeaxanthin recovered from distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Bioresources and Bioprocessing. 5(1), 32.

Lin JH, Lee DJ, Chang J-S (2015) Lutein production from biomass: Marigold flowers versus microalgae. Bioresource Technology. 184, 421-428.

Liu H, Zhang Y, Zheng B, Li Q, Zou Y (2011) Microwave-assisted hydrolysis of lutein and zeaxanthin esters in marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 62(8), 851-856.

Low KL, Idris A, Yusof NM (2022) An optimized strategy for lutein production via microwave-assisted microalgae wet biomass extraction process. Process Biochemistry. 121, 87-99.

Mandalari G, Barreca D, Gervasi T, Roussell MA, Klein B, Feeney MJ, Carughi A (2022) Pistachio Nuts (Pistacia vera L.): Production, Nutrients, Bioactives and Novel Health Effects. Plants. 11(1), 18.

McWilliams A (2018) The global market for carotenoids. BCC Research.

Nazoori F, ZamaniBahramabadi E, Mirdehghan SH, Yousefi M (2022) Preharvest application of sulfur as pesticide on fresh hull and kernel of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 9(1), 117-129.

Nazoori F, ZamaniBahramabadi E, Rezaei H (2024) effect of sun-drying and roasting on pistachio quality and health benefits. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 11(3), 299-308.

Ochoa Becerra M, Mojica Contreras L, Hsieh Lo M, Mateos Díaz J, Castillo Herrera G (2020) Lutein as a functional food ingredient: Stability and bioavailability. Journal of Functional Foods. 66, 103771.

Raissi S (2009) Developing new processes and optimizing performance using response surface methodology. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. 49, 1039-1042.

Reddy AVB, Moniruzzaman M, Madhavi V, Jaafar J (2020) Recent improvements in the extraction, cleanup and quantification of bioactive flavonoids. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry. 66, 197-223.

Roozban MR, Mohamadi N and Vahdati K (2006) Fat content and fatty acid composition of four Iranian pistachio varieties grown in Iran. Acta Horticulturae. 726, 573-577.

Roriz MS, Osma JF, Teixeira JA, Couto SR (2009) Application of response surface methodological approach to optimise Reactive Black 5 decolouration by crude laccase from Trametes pubescens. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 169(1-3), 691-696.

Sadeghinejad N, Amini Sarteshnizi R, Ahmadi Gavlighi H, Barzegar M (2019) Pistachio green hull extract as a natural antioxidant in beef patties: Effect on lipid and protein oxidation, color deterioration, and microbial stability during chilled storage. LWT. 102, 393-402.

Sharifkhah M, Bakhshi D, Pourghayoumi M, Abdi S, Hokmabadi H (2020) Effect of pollination time on yield and antioxidant properties of some pistachio cultivars. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 7(1), 51-58.

Talebpour Z, Ghassempour A, Abbaci M, Aboul-Enein HY (2009) Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction for the Determination of Glycyrrhizin in Menthazin Herbal Drug by Experimental Design Methodology. Chromatographia. 70(1), 191-197.

Toghiani J, Fallah N, Nasernejad B, Mahboubi A, Taherzadeh M J, Afsham N (2023) Sustainable Pistachio Dehulling Waste Management and Its Valorization Approaches: A Review. Current Pollution Reports. 9(1), 60-72.

Walsh RP, Bartlett H, Eperjesi F (2015) Variation in carotenoid content of kale and other vegetables: A review of pre-and post-harvest effects. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 63(44), 9677-9682.

Wang M, Tsao R, Zhang S, Dong Z, Yang R, Gong J, Pei Y (2006) Antioxidant activity, mutagenicity/anti-mutagenicity, and clastogenicity/anti-clastogenicity of lutein from marigold flowers. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 44(9), 1522-1529.

Wolf L, Cummings T, Müller K, Reppke M, Volkmar M, Weuster‐Botz D (2021) Production of β‐carotene with Dunaliella salina CCAP19/18 at physically simulated outdoor conditions. Engineering in Life Sciences. 21(3-4), 115-125.

Yeong YF, Abdullah AZ, Ahmad AL, Bhatia S (2009) Process optimization studies of p-xylene separation from binary xylene mixture over silicalite-1 membrane using response surface methodology. Journal of Membrane Science. 341(1-2), 96-108.

Zahangir A, Muyibi SA, Toramae J (2007) Statistical optimization of adsorption processes for removal of 2, 4-dichlorophenol by activated carbon derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 19(6), 674-677.

Zhao Z, Ci F, Pang H, Yu Q, Dong R, Xing A (2022) Advances in Research on Natural Distribution, Biosynthesis, Detection, Bioactivity, and Application of Lutein. ACS Agricultural Science & Technology. 2(2), 258-269.