Effect of physiographic factors on seed germination of wild Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) in Khajeh kalat Forest of Mashhad, Iran
Subject Areas :
natural resorces
Hadi
Fadaei
1
(MSc Graduated, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran.)
Vahid
Etemad
2
(Associate Professor, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran.)
Gholamhosein
Moradi
3
(Associate Professor, School of Natural Resources & Desert studies, Yazd University, Iran. *(Corresponding author))
Received: 2017-01-27
Accepted : 2017-05-17
Published : 2022-05-22
Keywords:
Wild Pistachio,
Seed germination,
Land units,
Germination value,
Khajeh kalat Forest,
Abstract :
Background and Objective: Regarding to importance and widespread of wild Pistachio in arid and semi-arid regions and problems of germination, this study was conducted to identify effect of physiography on seed germination of Pistacia vera in Khajeh Kalat Forest, northeast of Iran (N 36°54' - 36°64', E 54°35' - 54°45').
Material and Methodology: To do so land unit map was provided and sampling was done based on land units. Then, sampled seeds from 23 sampling unites were transferred to seed physiology lab for operational experiments. After operational experience, germination percent, germination value and mean time to germination for each unit were determined.
Findings: The results showed that germination percent of pistachio seeds has had significant positive correlation with altitude, but hasn’t had significant correlation with slope and aspect (p<0.01). Correlation between germination value and altitude wasn’t significant, while slope and aspect have had significant correlation with germination value (p<0.01).
Discussion and Conclusion: Regarding to results, germination percent in high altitudes was more than low altitudes. Germination value in law altitude and 0-30 percent slope was more than other aspects and slopes. Seeds that were collected from north and south aspects and above 60 percent slope have had more germination value than other aspects and slopes. Mean time to germination for east aspect and 30-60 percent slopes were less than other aspects and slopes.
References:
Zohary, M., 1952. A monographic study of genus Pistacia. Palestine Journal of Botany, 5: 187-228.
Tavallali, V., Rahemi, M., 2007. Effects of Rootstock on Nutrient Acquisition by Leaf, Kernel and Quality of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 2(3): 240-246.
Irannezhad Parizi, M.H. 1993. Investigation of natural Pistachio habitats in Iran. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi, 5(19): 20-26.
Mozafarian, V. 2004. Trees and Shrubs of Iran. Farhang Moaser press. 991 p.
Moradi, Gh., Zahedi Amiri, Gh. 2009. Life Forms of the Plants in Irano-Tourani Region and the Situation of This Region in the World. Journal of Wood & Forest Science and Technology, 16(3): 77-91.
Moradi, Gh., Marvie Mohadjer, M.R., Zahedi Amiri, Gh., Shirvany, A., Zargham, N., 2010. Life form and geographical distribution of plants in Posthband region, Khonj, Fars Province, Iran. Journal of Forestry Research, 21(2): 201-206.
Campbell, K.A., Hawkins, C.D.B., 2004. Effect of seed source and nursery culture on paper birch (Betula papyrifera) uprooting resistance and field performance. Forest Ecology and Management, 196(2-3): 425-433.
Norcini, J.G., Aldrich, J.H., Martin, F.G., 2001. Seed Source Effects on Growth and Flowering of Coreopsis lanceolata and Salvia lyrata. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 19(4): 212-215.
Callaham, R.Z., Liddecoet, A.R., 1961. Altitudinal variation at 20 years in Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines. Journal of Forestry, 59(11): 814-820.
Hermann, R.K., Lavender, D.P., 1968. Early growth of Douglas-fir from various altitudes and aspects in southern Oregon. Silvae Genetica, 17(4): 143–151.
Hawkins, B.J., Russell. J., Shortt, R., 1994. Effect of population, environment, and maturation on the frost hardiness of yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis). Canadian journal of forest research, 24(5): 945-953.
Hawkins, B.J., Sweet. G.B., Greer. D.H., Bergds, D.O., 1991. Genetic variation in the frost hardiness of Podocarpus totara. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 29: 455-458.
Eiche, V., 1966. Cold damage and plant mortality in experimental provenance plantations with Scots pine in northern Sweden, Studia Forestalia Suecia, 36: 1-218.
Liepe, K., 1993. Growth chamber trial on frost hardiness and field trial on flushing of sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl). Annals of Forest Science, 50: 208-214.
Webb, Ch.D., Farmer, R.E., 1968. Sycamore Seed Germination: The Effects of Provenance, Stratification, Temperature, and Parent Tree. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, 100: 1-6.
Yousef Zadeh H., Espahbodi K. 2007. An investigation of effect seed source, diameter of mother tree and period of treatment on seed germination of wild service (Sorbus torminalis ( L.) Crantz ) species in Mazandaran. Iranian Journal of Biology, 20(2): 215-224.
Espahbodi K., Mirzaei Nadoushan, H. Dehghani Shouraki, D., Tabari, M., Akbarinia, M. 2006. Effect of seed source altitude in wild service tree, on seed germination. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources. Watershed Management Research Journal, 59(1): 103-113.
Tabari, M., Alvaninejad, S., Taghvaei, M., Espahbodi, K., Hamzepour, M. 2009. The effect of seed source on the germination and vigor of Quercus brantii Lindl. Seed. Watershed Management Research Journal, 22(2): 40-46.
Yousefzadeh H., Tabari M., Jalali, S.G.A., Espahbodi, K. 2007. Effect of seed source on germination, growth and survival of Caucasian maple (Acer velutinum Boiss.) in mountain nursery of Sangdeh (northern Iran). Iranian Journal of Natural Resources. 60(3): 963-970.
Fadaei, H., Etemad, V., Moradi, Gh. 2020. Effect of salinity on viability of wild Pistachio seed (Pistacia vera L.) in Khajeh Kalat Forest, Iran. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 22(2): 241-251.
Moradi, Gh., Fadaei, H., Etemad, V., Ghanbari, S. 2018. Effect of Gibberellic Acid and Stratification on Seed Germination of wild pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) in Khajeh Kalat Forest, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. Journal of Forest Research and Development, 4(3): 319-330.
Asadi, F., Etemad, V., Moradi, Gh., Sepahvand, A. 2018. Effect of different irrigation and shade treatments on seedling production of Celtis caucasica Willd. Iranian Journal of Forest, 10(1): 67-77.
Asadi, F., Etemad, V., Moradi, Gh., Sepahvand, A. 2018. Effect of irrigation and shade on biomass, leaf area and viability of Celtis caucasica Willd. Seedlings. Journal of Forest Research and Development, 4(3): 331-345.
Mosleh Arani, A., Zamani, Z., Sodaeizade, H., Moradi, Gh. Investigating seasonal changes of proline, soluble sugars and ion contents in Hammada salicornica habitats with various soil conditions in Bafgh area, Yazd province. Rangeland, 10(3): 247-255.
Moradi, Gh., Vacik, H. 2018. Relationship between vegetation types, soil and topography in southern forests of Iran. Journal of Forestry Research 29(6): 1635–1644.
Janatbabaei, M., Moradi, Gh. Feghhi, J. 2019. Effect of environmental factors on distribution of ecological groups in Paliurus spina- christi Mill. site (Case study: Marzan Abad, Chalous, Iran). Journal of Plant Ecosystem Conservation, 7(14): 345-359.
Mirzaei, J., Moradi, M. 2017. Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Amygdalus scoparia Spach plantations and a natural stand. Journal of Forestry Research, 28(6): 1209-1217.
Forogh Nasaba, M., Moradi, M., Moradi, Gh., Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi, R. 2021.Topsoil Carbon Stock and Soil Physicochemical Properties in Riparian Forests and Agricultural Lands of Southwestern Iran. Eurasian Soil Science, 53(10): 1389-1395.
Moradi, M., Jorfi, M.R., Basiri, R., Yusef Naanaei, S., Heydari, M. 2022. Beneficial effects of livestock exclusion on tree regeneration, understory plant diversity, and soil properties in semi‐arid forests in Iran. Land Degradation & Development, 33(2): 324-332.
Negahdarsaber, M.R., Fattahi, M., Nasirzadeh, A. 2007. Physical characteristics and the best method of germination in Pistacia atlantica. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 15(1): 11-18.
Becker, E.W. and Miller, L., 1974. Influence of substrate moisture level on the germination of sweet gum and sand pine seed. Proceeding of the Association of official seed Analysts, 65: 88-89.
Czabator, F.J., 1962. Germination value: An index combining speed and completeness of pine seed germination. Forest Science, 8: 369-386.
Hejazi, A. 2008. Seed technology. Tehran University Press, 448 p.
Saifelahian, M. 1988. An investigation on the seed germination of beech in Asalem forests. MSc thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 78 p.
Tilki, F. and Dirik, H., 2007. Seed germination of three provenances of Pinus brutia (Ten.) as influenced by stratification, temperature and water stress. Journal of Environmental Biology, 28(1): 133-136.
Zolfaghari, R., Nazari, M., Karimi, Kh., Fayyaz, P., Alvaninejad, S. 2013. Relation between seed morphological characteristics of three native oak species of Zagros with germination characteristics and seedling growth. Journal of Forest and Wood Products, 65(1): 33-45.
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Zohary, M., 1952. A monographic study of genus Pistacia. Palestine Journal of Botany, 5: 187-228.
Tavallali, V., Rahemi, M., 2007. Effects of Rootstock on Nutrient Acquisition by Leaf, Kernel and Quality of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 2(3): 240-246.
Irannezhad Parizi, M.H. 1993. Investigation of natural Pistachio habitats in Iran. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi, 5(19): 20-26.
Mozafarian, V. 2004. Trees and Shrubs of Iran. Farhang Moaser press. 991 p.
Moradi, Gh., Zahedi Amiri, Gh. 2009. Life Forms of the Plants in Irano-Tourani Region and the Situation of This Region in the World. Journal of Wood & Forest Science and Technology, 16(3): 77-91.
Moradi, Gh., Marvie Mohadjer, M.R., Zahedi Amiri, Gh., Shirvany, A., Zargham, N., 2010. Life form and geographical distribution of plants in Posthband region, Khonj, Fars Province, Iran. Journal of Forestry Research, 21(2): 201-206.
Campbell, K.A., Hawkins, C.D.B., 2004. Effect of seed source and nursery culture on paper birch (Betula papyrifera) uprooting resistance and field performance. Forest Ecology and Management, 196(2-3): 425-433.
Norcini, J.G., Aldrich, J.H., Martin, F.G., 2001. Seed Source Effects on Growth and Flowering of Coreopsis lanceolata and Salvia lyrata. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 19(4): 212-215.
Callaham, R.Z., Liddecoet, A.R., 1961. Altitudinal variation at 20 years in Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines. Journal of Forestry, 59(11): 814-820.
Hermann, R.K., Lavender, D.P., 1968. Early growth of Douglas-fir from various altitudes and aspects in southern Oregon. Silvae Genetica, 17(4): 143–151.
Hawkins, B.J., Russell. J., Shortt, R., 1994. Effect of population, environment, and maturation on the frost hardiness of yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis). Canadian journal of forest research, 24(5): 945-953.
Hawkins, B.J., Sweet. G.B., Greer. D.H., Bergds, D.O., 1991. Genetic variation in the frost hardiness of Podocarpus totara. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 29: 455-458.
Eiche, V., 1966. Cold damage and plant mortality in experimental provenance plantations with Scots pine in northern Sweden, Studia Forestalia Suecia, 36: 1-218.
Liepe, K., 1993. Growth chamber trial on frost hardiness and field trial on flushing of sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl). Annals of Forest Science, 50: 208-214.
Webb, Ch.D., Farmer, R.E., 1968. Sycamore Seed Germination: The Effects of Provenance, Stratification, Temperature, and Parent Tree. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, 100: 1-6.
Yousef Zadeh H., Espahbodi K. 2007. An investigation of effect seed source, diameter of mother tree and period of treatment on seed germination of wild service (Sorbus torminalis ( L.) Crantz ) species in Mazandaran. Iranian Journal of Biology, 20(2): 215-224.
Espahbodi K., Mirzaei Nadoushan, H. Dehghani Shouraki, D., Tabari, M., Akbarinia, M. 2006. Effect of seed source altitude in wild service tree, on seed germination. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources. Watershed Management Research Journal, 59(1): 103-113.
Tabari, M., Alvaninejad, S., Taghvaei, M., Espahbodi, K., Hamzepour, M. 2009. The effect of seed source on the germination and vigor of Quercus brantii Lindl. Seed. Watershed Management Research Journal, 22(2): 40-46.
Yousefzadeh H., Tabari M., Jalali, S.G.A., Espahbodi, K. 2007. Effect of seed source on germination, growth and survival of Caucasian maple (Acer velutinum Boiss.) in mountain nursery of Sangdeh (northern Iran). Iranian Journal of Natural Resources. 60(3): 963-970.
Fadaei, H., Etemad, V., Moradi, Gh. 2020. Effect of salinity on viability of wild Pistachio seed (Pistacia vera L.) in Khajeh Kalat Forest, Iran. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 22(2): 241-251.
Moradi, Gh., Fadaei, H., Etemad, V., Ghanbari, S. 2018. Effect of Gibberellic Acid and Stratification on Seed Germination of wild pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) in Khajeh Kalat Forest, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. Journal of Forest Research and Development, 4(3): 319-330.
Asadi, F., Etemad, V., Moradi, Gh., Sepahvand, A. 2018. Effect of different irrigation and shade treatments on seedling production of Celtis caucasica Willd. Iranian Journal of Forest, 10(1): 67-77.
Asadi, F., Etemad, V., Moradi, Gh., Sepahvand, A. 2018. Effect of irrigation and shade on biomass, leaf area and viability of Celtis caucasica Willd. Seedlings. Journal of Forest Research and Development, 4(3): 331-345.
Mosleh Arani, A., Zamani, Z., Sodaeizade, H., Moradi, Gh. Investigating seasonal changes of proline, soluble sugars and ion contents in Hammada salicornica habitats with various soil conditions in Bafgh area, Yazd province. Rangeland, 10(3): 247-255.
Moradi, Gh., Vacik, H. 2018. Relationship between vegetation types, soil and topography in southern forests of Iran. Journal of Forestry Research 29(6): 1635–1644.
Janatbabaei, M., Moradi, Gh. Feghhi, J. 2019. Effect of environmental factors on distribution of ecological groups in Paliurus spina- christi Mill. site (Case study: Marzan Abad, Chalous, Iran). Journal of Plant Ecosystem Conservation, 7(14): 345-359.
Mirzaei, J., Moradi, M. 2017. Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Amygdalus scoparia Spach plantations and a natural stand. Journal of Forestry Research, 28(6): 1209-1217.
Forogh Nasaba, M., Moradi, M., Moradi, Gh., Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi, R. 2021.Topsoil Carbon Stock and Soil Physicochemical Properties in Riparian Forests and Agricultural Lands of Southwestern Iran. Eurasian Soil Science, 53(10): 1389-1395.
Moradi, M., Jorfi, M.R., Basiri, R., Yusef Naanaei, S., Heydari, M. 2022. Beneficial effects of livestock exclusion on tree regeneration, understory plant diversity, and soil properties in semi‐arid forests in Iran. Land Degradation & Development, 33(2): 324-332.
Negahdarsaber, M.R., Fattahi, M., Nasirzadeh, A. 2007. Physical characteristics and the best method of germination in Pistacia atlantica. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 15(1): 11-18.
Becker, E.W. and Miller, L., 1974. Influence of substrate moisture level on the germination of sweet gum and sand pine seed. Proceeding of the Association of official seed Analysts, 65: 88-89.
Czabator, F.J., 1962. Germination value: An index combining speed and completeness of pine seed germination. Forest Science, 8: 369-386.
Hejazi, A. 2008. Seed technology. Tehran University Press, 448 p.
Saifelahian, M. 1988. An investigation on the seed germination of beech in Asalem forests. MSc thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 78 p.
Tilki, F. and Dirik, H., 2007. Seed germination of three provenances of Pinus brutia (Ten.) as influenced by stratification, temperature and water stress. Journal of Environmental Biology, 28(1): 133-136.
Zolfaghari, R., Nazari, M., Karimi, Kh., Fayyaz, P., Alvaninejad, S. 2013. Relation between seed morphological characteristics of three native oak species of Zagros with germination characteristics and seedling growth. Journal of Forest and Wood Products, 65(1): 33-45.
