Arabi

Open Access Article

1 - The impact of CEO Characteristics and Audit Market Competition on Disclosure Quality and Financial Comparability
Samaneh Edalati Shakib

Objective: Nowadays, considering the competitive environment and changing business conditions, the most important issue for companies is their credibility and level of acceptance. One of the important tools to show this is the ranking of companies. In fact, the company' More

Objective: Nowadays, considering the competitive environment and changing business conditions, the most important issue for companies is their credibility and level of acceptance. One of the important tools to show this is the ranking of companies. In fact, the company's ranking can be a sign of its creditworthiness. Regarding this, most countries have ranked companies listed on their stock exchanges. The study examines whether the CEO’s characteristics are associated with financial information's disclosure quality and comparability. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - The agreement between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia and its effect on the activism of the Palestinian resistance groups
Mohammadbagher Mokaramipour sohrab Mohammadzadeh Neda Parsa

The Middle East as a special security complex due to its ambiguous and complex situation has always been the scene of alliance and competition between the great extra-regional powers and the regional powers, and among them, the countries of Iran and Saudi Arabia as the More

The Middle East as a special security complex due to its ambiguous and complex situation has always been the scene of alliance and competition between the great extra-regional powers and the regional powers, and among them, the countries of Iran and Saudi Arabia as the two determining and possessing powers. Influence in the region, they have the necessary power to shape and influence the relations of the West Asian region. So that it can be clearly seen that the region of West Asia and North Africa is affected by the policies of the two mentioned countries and the quality of their relations with each other. Therefore, the resumption of relations between the two countries, which - after 7 years of complete termination of relations, during five rounds of negotiations in Baghdad and Oman, finally took place on March 10, 2023 with the mediation of China in Beijing and - with the signing of a peace agreement , is very important. This agreement, which has had a wide coverage in the regional and world media due to its many consequences on regional relations, raises many questions about regional issues. In this research, the authors of the work seek to investigate the effect of this special and bilateral agreement on the activism of the Palestinian resistance groups. Therefore, the main question of this research can be posed as "What effect will the agreement between Iran and Saudi Arabia have on the activism of the Palestinian resistance groups?". In response to the said question, which the authors of the work came up with a descriptive-analytical approach to answer, such a hypothesis can be proposed that: based on the theory of "structural realism" and also the theory of "Balance of threat", the mentioned agreement.. Manuscript profile

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3 - Arabic News Articles Classification Using Vectorized-Cosine Based on Seed Documents
Mohamed Elhadi

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Open Access Article

4 - Financial Statement Comparability and Expected Stock Price Crash Risk
Zohreh Hajiha hasan Chenari Bouket

AbstractThis study investigated the relationship between the comparability of financial statements with the expected crash risk stock prices in firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Information needed for the study of the financial statements of 117 firms in the pe More

AbstractThis study investigated the relationship between the comparability of financial statements with the expected crash risk stock prices in firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Information needed for the study of the financial statements of 117 firms in the period 1390-1394 has been collected. To test the hypothesis of multivariate regression with panel data is used. To calculate the variable comparability of the model De-Franco et al. (2011) and to calculate the variable crash risk expected stock price model Kothari et al (2009) is used. The findings of the research hypothesis and show that there is negative relationship between the comparability of financial statements with the expected crash risk stock prices. In other words, by increasing the comparability of uncertainty, incorrect analysis, investors and fear of further fall in prices will reduce the period of the crisis. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Reform in Accounting Standards: Evidence from Saudi Arabia
Jamal Barzegari Khanagha

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Open Access Article

6 - Ignorant Era Jurisprudence The nature, resources, the principles and applications
Mohammad Bagher Amerinia

Importance of studying the background of Islamic jurisprudence is not covered for anyone. What nowadays is known as old jurisprudence and rooted in the field of religious canonization is introduced; in fact, a developed form of a system of history which the lessons of p More

Importance of studying the background of Islamic jurisprudence is not covered for anyone. What nowadays is known as old jurisprudence and rooted in the field of religious canonization is introduced; in fact, a developed form of a system of history which the lessons of previous religions and commons always originated within simultaneous emergence of Islam, as so those installations are excepted from this process. The ignorant jurisprudence that was the same system of current law (even if simple) among the people in the age of pagan Arabs especially in the field of business and always within commons, was the most important historic background formation in the Islamic civilization that identified need assessment and introduced.This article dealing with the etymology of subject, analysis and applied manners and customs of the age, is trying to introduce Arabic ignorant religious jurisprudence studies, the principles and origins to identify it, and eventually the applicable role in religious Islamic jurisprudence and how to use it in the field. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Auditor style and comparability of financial statements
Fryidoon Rahnamay Roodposhti Hamidreza Vakili Fard Fazllolah Lak Abdolreza Mohseni

The term auditor style to determine a unique set of internal working rules each audit firm to perform audit standards and application generally accepted accounting principles between their clients are used. Audit style implies that two companies audited by the same audi More

The term auditor style to determine a unique set of internal working rules each audit firm to perform audit standards and application generally accepted accounting principles between their clients are used. Audit style implies that two companies audited by the same auditor, subject to the same audit style, are more likely to have comparable earnings than two firms audited by two different audit firms with different styles.The sample consists of 63 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 2002 to 2013. The tests are based on pairs of firms and a total of 4344 pairs of firms as observations are used. In the present study used correlation method and multiple regression and is performed regression analysis for hypothesis test.The findings show that clients of other audit firms member of certified public accountants society in the same industry and year than to clients of audit organization have more similar in accruals and earnings structure. Also clients of other audit firms in the same industry and year than to their non-clients have more similar in accruals and earnings structure.Finally the findings show that audit style is effective to comparability of financial statements. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - The Standards Based on Norms and The Unsuitable Usage Of Accounting Principles
Aliakbar Chaharmahali Farzad Nazemi

Accounting standards can based on principles or a set of partly norms. Standard_based_ principles codification approach proponents believe that the standards based on principle make possible to professional judgements for accountants and they lead to more transparent an More

Accounting standards can based on principles or a set of partly norms. Standard_based_ principles codification approach proponents believe that the standards based on principle make possible to professional judgements for accountants and they lead to more transparent and simple standards. Standard_based_ norms codification approach proponents believe that the standards based on principle annihilate the comparability of  financial informations , but the standards based on norms cause a increase in comparability of  financial information and a decrease in the probably legal claims against accountants and also in  profit_management. In this research, these views, are surveyed and finally are compared three accounting standards in international, FASB and Iran levels. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

According to the conflict of interest hypothesis, directors take advantage of related-party transactions for their personal benefits so that companies with related-party transactions present less comparable financial information to mask the adverse effects of such trans More

According to the conflict of interest hypothesis, directors take advantage of related-party transactions for their personal benefits so that companies with related-party transactions present less comparable financial information to mask the adverse effects of such transactions and thus prevent stakeholders from recognizing them. Given this argument, this study aims at exploring the effect of related-party transactions on the comparability of financial statements. To do so, a sample of 86 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2012-2016 were selected and then tested using multivariate regression model based on panel data. In accordance with the conflict of interest hypothesis, the results revealed that related-party transactions lead to a fall in financial information comparability. The findings of the study not only fill the research gap in the field, but also benefit investors, stock exchange and other stakeholders in decision making process Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - The Effect of Adopting International Financial Reporting Standards on the Financial Reporting Comparability: Meta-Analytic Evidence
vahid ahmadian میثم حامدی رقیه نامور

10.30495/jma.2023.22416

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) were developed with the aim of increasing the comparability of financial reporting, enabling market participants to make better economic decisions and improving the efficiency of the capital market. But after more than More

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) were developed with the aim of increasing the comparability of financial reporting, enabling market participants to make better economic decisions and improving the efficiency of the capital market. But after more than a decade of research on the effects of adopting these standards, there is still no definite conclusion about the extent of achieving this goal, and experimental studies report contradictory results. In order to obtain objective evidence regarding the real effects of adopting International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) based on the experience of countries that have adopted these standards, in this research, a comprehensive analysis of studies that examine the effects of adopting International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on comparability Financial reporting has been done. Based on the analysis of 243 observations, with an independent sample of 2,544,582 company-years, meta-analysis and meta-regression results indicate that the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) generally has a positive and significant effect on the comparability of financial reporting. but the size of the effect of adopting these standards depends on several factors such as the method of mandatory or voluntary acceptance, the legal structure of the countries and the executive guarantee of accounting and auditing of the countries under review. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - The Impact of Accounting Comparability and Consistency on Information Asymmetry: A Text Mining Approach
Sobhan Zafari Dariush Foroughi Gholamhosein Kiani

The Aim of this paper is to Investigate The Impact of Accounting Comparability and Consistency on Information Asymmetry of Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange.The Population of Research is Firms listed in TSE.the sample of Research Consist of 80Firms in Time-perio More

The Aim of this paper is to Investigate The Impact of Accounting Comparability and Consistency on Information Asymmetry of Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange.The Population of Research is Firms listed in TSE.the sample of Research Consist of 80Firms in Time-period of1389-1395.for Hypotheses testing,We Utilised Multivariate Pooling Data Regression.To Measure Accounting Consistency we Applied Text-mining Techniques(Vector Space Model).Research Findings Indicate that Accounting Comparability negatively impact the information AsymmetryFindings also show that accounting consistency have a negative impact on information asymmetry. Overall, it seams that in Iran Capital market, accounting comparability as a one of the qualitative characteristic of accounting information is very important for users of accounting information and investors so that it lead to private information convert to public available for them. alSo , it seams that changing accounting methods and procedures is very important for capital market participants and By creating more ambiguity about the reasons of changing accounting methods lead to increase information asymmetry. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - A meta-analysis of the relationship between conservatism and comparability with earnings management in Iran
zahra Akbary Mohammadreza Mehrabanpour hossein jahangirnia Reza Gholami Jamkarani

There have been numerous studies on the factors related to earnings management that with contradictory results have been published separately. The purpose of the present study is to examine, analyze and combine the results of previous researches on the relationship betw More

There have been numerous studies on the factors related to earnings management that with contradictory results have been published separately. The purpose of the present study is to examine, analyze and combine the results of previous researches on the relationship between conservatism and comparability with earnings management in Iran. The research population includes all existing research in the area of relationship between conservatism and comparability with earnings management including, including valid articles from 2013 to 2019. The research method is meta-analysis using CMA2 software. The findings of the study indicate that conservatism has no significant relationship with accrual and cash earnings management, but it has a negative and significant relationship with total earnings management. Comparability has a positive and significant relationship with accrual and has a significant negative relationship with cash earnings management. Contribution of findings enriches the literature on earnings management and its related factors and fill existing research gap. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - International Immigrants, Participators in Birthplace Development (Case of Study: Laar City)
Mansour Vosoughi Majid Hodjati

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14 - The utopia in Farabi `s thoughts
Bagher Saroukhani Reza Talebi

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15 - Research on Tehran’s dry and wet periods using second grade Markov chain Model
پرویز Kerdavani حسین Mohamadi مژگان Afshar

In order to Statistically and Synoptically analyze and predict the dry and wet periods inTehran during the cold period, the days with 0/1 milimeter rain or more , mehrabadstation was daily chosen and surveyed as wet days during 1985-2003. The secondgrade markov chain mo More

In order to Statistically and Synoptically analyze and predict the dry and wet periods inTehran during the cold period, the days with 0/1 milimeter rain or more , mehrabadstation was daily chosen and surveyed as wet days during 1985-2003. The secondgrade markov chain model was used For determinig dry and wet periods. At firstfrequancy wet and dry days according to their continuation were classified andfrequancy eash one was studied individually.Tthen the possibility of every sequencewas calculated monthly and a six month of cold ness period.The most frequancy of rainy days 51 days and its least is 25 days a year. Marchwith 188 and October with 81 days rain is the Maximum and the Minimum frequency.1995 and 1996 years have been the driest and wettest years.After determining thesequences , the survey of effective pressure patterns in creating rain during the days 27to 30 of November ,1 to 7 of December 2003 as a longhest period and 10 to 13 ofDecember 1995 as a period of 4 days of wetness during the driest year , the surveyperiod was synoptically analyzed for this reason. It has been necessary to use sea levelpressure maps and 500 hp and also maps of direction and speed of the wind andspessific humidity 700 hp.The comparison of the frequency of predicted sequences with the frequancy ofobserved sequences , shows markov chain model exactness in predicting the dry andwet sequences of Tehran region which have sharp mismathch of rain.In synoptically maps it was specified that the most important source of humidityin Iran have been the Red sea, Arab sea, Adan gulf, which concidence of these wetnesssources with the Persian gulf and Saudi Arabia high pressure has caused moretransition of wetness into Iran and Tehran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Synoptic Analysis of the Nature of Sudan Low Pressure Systems (Case Study: December 2001 Storm)
عباس Mofidi آذر Zarrin

In order to investigate some synoptic aspects of Sudan low systems such asupper and lower level tropospheric circulation pattern and moisture source and theiradvection way, the synoptic pattern on the occurrence time of December 2001 stormover Iran has been noticed. The More

In order to investigate some synoptic aspects of Sudan low systems such asupper and lower level tropospheric circulation pattern and moisture source and theiradvection way, the synoptic pattern on the occurrence time of December 2001 stormover Iran has been noticed. Therefore the maps of surface, 500, 200, 50hpa levelsbefore and after storm were studied. In order to understand the situation of subtropicaljet stream and how it strengthens, maps of zonal wind component and velocitypotential (x) of 200hpa level have investigated. Also, satellite images of cloud form ofstorm have been studied.The results showed that although like previous studies, there was low cycle indexand existence of a ridge in mid-troposphere over the west Mediterranean and a deeptrough over the east Mediterranean had important role on the formation and evolutionof Sudan low; but the main role belonged to the stretching of polar vortex in lowerstratosphere as the main source of vorticity for abnormal circulation and strengtheningof Hadley cell and Subtropical jet stream over Mediterranean and north of Africa.The results indicated that the suitable position of Subtropical jet stream core overMiddle East associated with the settlement and strengthening of a ridge in middle andlower troposphere over the Arabian Sea are necessary for the evolution and developingof Sudan lows.However, the position and speed of subtropical jet stream core over the MiddleEast and it’s axis direction in the upper troposphere control both the mid-troposphericcirculation pattern and the tracks of incoming Sudan lows to Iran.The consequences indicated that settlements and strengthening of ridge/high over theArabian Sea, while making a set positive feedback and subsequently intensify Hadleycell and strengthening subtropical jet stream over Red Sea region, lend to directtransportation of moisture from the Arabian Sea into Sudan lows.Moreover, it was found that the main sources of moisture of Sudan systems aretropical Eastern Africa and southwest sector of Arabian Sea which strengthening whenthey pass over the Read Sea and Persian Gulf. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Phytoremediation of heavy metal (Lead, Zinc and Cadmium) from polluted soils by Arasbaran protected area native plants
Fatemeh Akbarpour Saraskanroud Farhad Sadri Dariush Golalizadeh

Heavy metals are the most important soil and environmental pollutants. Phytoremedation is one of the environmental oriented technologies that use plants to clean up contaminated soils from heavy metals. The objective of this study was to assess the capability More

Heavy metals are the most important soil and environmental pollutants. Phytoremedation is one of the environmental oriented technologies that use plants to clean up contaminated soils from heavy metals. The objective of this study was to assess the capability of some native plants to phytoextract some heavy metals from the contaminated soils. Consequently, after preparing and stabilization of the contaminated soils, the seeds of some native plants (Arabis arenosa, Amaranthus retroflexus, Agropyron repens) were seeded, grown and harvested in a designed pot experiment. The soil and plant samples were taken and dried out in an oven at 85 Qc for 48 hours. The mean concentration of each heavy metal in the samples was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry apparatus. The results indicated that Pb and Cd concentration in plant roots were more than shoots. Lead concentration in plant underground portion and Zinc concentration in aboveground portion were higher. The results further indicated that the maximum Zinc concentration in Agropyron repens aboveground portion was 262.65 Mgkg-1 and the maximum Pb concentration in amaranthus retrofleus underground portion was 71.25 Mgkg-1. From the plant extraction of this study we discovered that pb and cd concentration in soils are considered to become higher in root than shoots of plants. Pb concentration in underground portion and zinc concentration in aboveground portion is higher. Finding of this research show that Zinc concentration maximum in Agropyron repens aboveground portion is 262.65 mgkg-1 and Pb concentration maximum in Amaranthus retroflexus underground portion is 71.25 mgkg-1 . Manuscript profile

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18 - "Investigation of the relationship of al-Haqiqah al-Muhammadiyah with ProphetMuhammad in the school of Ibn Arabi based on the interpretation of the comme
seyedeh zahra Mousavi baygi Seyyed Mortaza Hosseini Shahrudi Abbas javareshkian

10.30495/jrs.2023.73044.10833

One of the basic topics in theoretical mysticism and especially in Muhyiddin'sreadingisthe question of the truth of Muhammad.Becauseof the mediationof this all-encompassingtruth, between therightand the people, he has a relationshipwith the right and a relationshipwith More

One of the basic topics in theoretical mysticism and especially in Muhyiddin'sreadingisthe question of the truth of Muhammad.Becauseof the mediationof this all-encompassingtruth, between therightand the people, he has a relationshipwith the right and a relationshipwith the people.The connectionbetweentheMuhammadan truth and creation canbe examined fromvarious dimensions,one of the most important of which inIbn Arabi's thought can be considered the connectionbetween the MuhammadantruthandMuhammad,thelast prophet of God.The current study,whichis written in analytical way, triesto answer the question,"What is therelationship between Muhammad'struth and Muhammad inthe Muhyiddin school?"Is the Prophetmanifestationof the progress of the Muhammadan truth or is he the physicaland at the same timeuniquemanifestationof thisall-encompassing truth? Basedon the author's induction,despite the existence ofnumerousreferencesto theanswer to the above-mentioned question in the worksof the Sheikhand his first-classcommentators, there is noclarification on this matter,but in the worksof hislate followers,two different viewshave beenpresented;Some believe that the relationshipbetween theMuhammadan truth and the ProphetMuhammadisanexclusiverelationship, while another groupbelieves that the Muhammadantruth has manyexamples and,accordingly,itsphysical manifestation isnot exclusive to the Prophet Muhammad.The result of the investigations carried out in this research is that, based on the expressions of Ibn Arabi,theSheikh'sviewshould be considered as the first reading, that is, the existence of a special and exclusive relationship betweentheMuhammadan truth and the last prophet. Manuscript profile

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19 - A Critique of the Concept of "Motion" in Cosmic Mysticism (Halqe)
seyed hamidreza raoof Azim Hamzeian

10.30495/jrs.2022.20785

Motion is an important concept in Islamic philosophy, theology and mysticism. Its importance in mysticism is directly related to creation and manifestation of God. Motion, in Cosmic Mysticism, has a central importance in creativity of God, explaining the levels of exist More

Motion is an important concept in Islamic philosophy, theology and mysticism. Its importance in mysticism is directly related to creation and manifestation of God. Motion, in Cosmic Mysticism, has a central importance in creativity of God, explaining the levels of existence and explaining the diagrammatic aspect of the universe, which emphasizes on the unreality and invalidity of the material world. Considering that Cosmic Mysticism is very indebted to Ibn Arabi in the concept of motion and its explanation, this article tries to examine how this borrowing occurs, and how much it successes, with descriptive-analytical method. Although Cosmic Mysticism is strongly influenced by Ibn Arabi’s mysticism in explaining the concept of motion, it has failed to exploit it and draw a precise and clear framework for it. Lack of coherence in the cosmological and methodological explanation, the deficiency in relationship between “motion” and love, and the confusion in its explanation, as well as ambiguity in explaining the final stage of human ascension are among the failures, which has associated “motion” in Cosmic Mysticism with many ambiguities and shortcomings. The numerous content and methodological deficiencies of this new movement have caused it to never gain the necessary strength to coexist with other mystical ideas. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - Functions of 'A'yān-i Thabita and Archetypes in the Thought of Ibn Arabi and Jung: Comparative Study
Roshanak Jahani Ali Sanaee Azim Hamzeian Habibollah Naderi

"A'yān-i-Thābita" ("the Eternal Essences of Things") and "archetypes" are two fundamental terms in two different intellectual systems. Ibn Al-Arabi by a mystical approach and Jung by an analytical approach use the terms "A'yān-i-Thabita" and "archetypes" and attribute s More

"A'yān-i-Thābita" ("the Eternal Essences of Things") and "archetypes" are two fundamental terms in two different intellectual systems. Ibn Al-Arabi by a mystical approach and Jung by an analytical approach use the terms "A'yān-i-Thabita" and "archetypes" and attribute some characteristics and functions to them. This article tries to find an answer to the question about the differences and similarities between the characteristics and functions of "A'yān-i-Thabita" and "archetypes" in the viewpoint of Ibn Al-Arabi and Jung. This study shows that both thinkers believe in the existence of the basic ideas in cognition and do not consider the soul/psyche empty. Ibn Al-Arabi considers these ideas as the eternal essences of things, rationales in divine knowledge, which have existential ability manifested by the creative imagination. But Jung considers archetypes, for example the archetype of self or God, as the primary images emerge from human instinct reflected in religious and mythical symbols. Consequently, Ibn Al-Arabi deals with "God" but Jung studies "the idea of God". Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Roasted and Unroasted Coffee Extracts
Sahar Khorsand Manesh Mehrada Ghavami Behzad Bazyar

Introduction: Oxidation is one of the most important spoiling reaction in the oils and fats and might be delayed by the use of antioxidants to some extent. Coffee contains some effective phenolic antioxidants such as chlorogenic acids, caffeic acids ester and quinnic ac More

Introduction: Oxidation is one of the most important spoiling reaction in the oils and fats and might be delayed by the use of antioxidants to some extent. Coffee contains some effective phenolic antioxidants such as chlorogenic acids, caffeic acids ester and quinnic acids. The object of this research is to study the antioxidant activities of coffee extracts. Materials and Methods: In this research work coffee extracts were obtained by hexane and isopropanol after three hours of extraction period. The extracts yields and total phenolic compounds were determined using Folin ciocalteu method. The hexanolic and isoporopanolic extracts of both roasted and unroasted coffee from two varieties of coffee (Arabica, Robusta) were added to tallow at different concentrations. Peroxide value at 100UC (oven) and Induction period measurements at 110UC (Rancimat) were used as means to examine and investigate the antioxidant activities of the above extracts. Results: The results indicated that coffee extracts inhibited antioxidant activities and were able to reduce the oxidation chain reaction. The highest yield of phenolic compounds, taking Gallic acid as the index was related to the extracts obtained by isopropanol and accounted for 2.17 mg/g of dry matter. This might be due to higher polarity of isopropanol as compared to hexane. Conclusion: Among the extracts isopropanolic extract of roasted Robusta with 15% concentration exhibited the best antioxidant activity. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - The Effect of Date Syrup and Arabic Gum on the Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Orange Kefir Ice Cream by Using Principal Component Analysis Method (PCA)
A. Taherian M. Rahbari A. R. Sadeghi Mahonak

Introduction: Fermented ice cream is a new dairy dessert with low amount of fats andsweeteners as compared to the typical ice creams. Since kefir contains collections of variousbacteria and yeasts with unique nutritional, sensory and desired functional properties, it is More

Introduction: Fermented ice cream is a new dairy dessert with low amount of fats andsweeteners as compared to the typical ice creams. Since kefir contains collections of variousbacteria and yeasts with unique nutritional, sensory and desired functional properties, it isconsidered as an unique product in dairy industry. The aim of this study is to use kefir in icecream formulation and investigate the substitution of sugar by the date syrup and in additionstudy the effect of arabic gum as a stabilizer on the physicochemical and sensory properties ofthe ice cream.Materials and Methods: In this study, kefir is first produced and then used in the ice creamformulation. Then effects of sugar substitution by date syrup (0%, 25%, 50% and 75% w/v)and arabic gum (0%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% w/v as stabilizers) on physicochemical (acidity,pH, viscosity, overrun, melting rate and first dripping time) and sensory properties of orangekefir ice cream were investigated.Results: The results indicated that the application of date syrup and arabic gum causedincreases in the acidity, apparent viscosity, overrun, first dripping time and decreases inmelting rate and pH of the ice cream samples. Organoleptic scores were decreased byincreasing the date syrup and arabic gum concentrations.Conclusion: By considering the kefir microbial flora activity on the physicochemicalproperties of the product, it might be concluded that 25% date syrup and 0.2% arabic gumconcentrations are the most suitable sugar and stabilizer substitution in the production of kefirice cream. Manuscript profile

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23 - Development and Evaluation of Color Parameteres of Curcumin Nanocomplex
SH. Shaykhzadeh M. Alizadeh M. Rezazad H. Hamishehkar

Introduction: Color is the fundamental qualitative characteristic of food products. Curcumin is a natural polyphenol found in the rizome of the turmeric. Curcumin, possesses multiple biological activities. However, its application is limited due to its poor water solubi More

Introduction: Color is the fundamental qualitative characteristic of food products. Curcumin is a natural polyphenol found in the rizome of the turmeric. Curcumin, possesses multiple biological activities. However, its application is limited due to its poor water solubility and instability under adverse conditions. Encapsulation is a way to overcome these challenges. The aim of this study was to develop curcumin-loaded nanocapsules and evaluate the particle size and color parameters of the prepared product. Materials and Methods: Initially, the organic phase (curcumin in ethanol) was introduced to aqueous phase (sodium caseinate, gum arabic and Tween 20). By reduction of the pH from 7 to 4.8, 5 and 5.2 nanoparticles were formed. Measurement of the particle size was carried outbyusing particle size analyzer. Color indices were determined using a Hunter lab. Box-Behnken design was used to explore the effects of 4 independent variables consisting of sodium caseinate (0.1-0.3 %w/w), gum arabic (0.5-1% w/w), Tween 20 (0.1, 0.2 %w/w) and pH (4.8, 5, 5.2) on the responses. Results: Theresults of the analysis showed that the effects of linear, quadratic and interaction of parameters on responses were significant. By increasing the biopolymers concentration, the particles size was increased from 120 nm to 984 nm. By increasing the concentration of sodium caseinate the brightness of samples was reduced.Samples containing Tween 20 had brightness and higher L*. In general, by reducing the particle size the color intensity of the samples was increased. Conclusion: The best sample regarding the smallest particle size and curcumin color index was obtained at the concentration of 0.2 % sodium caseinate, 0.75 % gum arabic, 0.1 %Tween 20 and pH of 5. These nanodispersions might be useful as a hydrophobic nutrient delivery system as well as color factor for utilisation in functional food and beverage products. Manuscript profile

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24 - Investigation on the Effect of Arabic Gum Concentration and Spray Dryer Temperature on the Physicochemical Properties of Aloe Vera Powder
M. Nouhi Sh. Shabani F. Zamani-Hargalani

Introduction: Aloe vera is used industrially for various purposes where it is employed in many food products including beverages, milk, etc. One factor that makes aloe vera gel difficult to store and transfer is its high moisture content. This might be handled by the ap More

Introduction: Aloe vera is used industrially for various purposes where it is employed in many food products including beverages, milk, etc. One factor that makes aloe vera gel difficult to store and transfer is its high moisture content. This might be handled by the application of methods such as drying and dehydration. The application of spray drier to produce high Quality powder is a suitable method. The product obtained from this process contains smaller particles with a better particle size distribution, appearance, texture, drop characteristics, compressibility, mass density, dispersibility, and solubility index. Materials and Methods: In this research, the drying of Aloe Vera gel was studied using a spray dryer in four different temperatures of 135,145,155 and 175°C and different Arabic gum concentration of %0, %1.5 and %3. Among the 12 produced samples, the two samples dried at 145 and 175 degrees Celsius and gum concentration of %1.5 with desirable conditions in terms of humidity, solubility and efficiency were studied for comparative tests such as pH, moisture, antioxidants capacity, level of aloin, size and shape evaluation by an electron microscope, particle color and size using the available samples on the market by applying one-way ANOVA test and Duncan's Multiple Range Test with a confidence level of %95. Results: The samples with higher input temperature and less process time contained more antioxidant capacity and aloin, with less quality degradation and have shown better qualitative results. Conclusion: The sample dried at the temperature of 175°C and gum concentration of %1.5 was selected as the preferred sample in terms of the parameters used for this research. Manuscript profile

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25 - The Effect of Salicylic Acid and Gum Arabic on Some Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam During Storage
S. Zarbakhsh S. Rastegar

Introduction: Indian Ziziphus is one of the important fruits of tropical and subtropical crops. This research evaluates the effect of salicylic acid and gum arabic on some postharvest qualitative and quantitative characteristics of this fruit (Ziziphus mauritina Lam,). More

Introduction: Indian Ziziphus is one of the important fruits of tropical and subtropical crops. This research evaluates the effect of salicylic acid and gum arabic on some postharvest qualitative and quantitative characteristics of this fruit (Ziziphus mauritina Lam,). Materials and Methods: The fruits were washed and then immersed in different concentrations of salicylic acid (1mM, 2mM and 4mM) and gum arabic (5 and 10%) along with a blank for fifteen minutes. The fruits were then packed and kept in the refrigerator at 4°C. The fruits were removed from the refrigerator every seven days for a period of thirty days and different characteristics such as weight loss, hardness, color, acidity and ascorbic acid content were evaluated. The factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. Results: The total acidity in all the treatments except salicylic acid (2 mM) and gum arabic (10%) were higher than the control samples (p<0.05). Gum arabic (10%) showed the highest stiffness however not statistically significant. Salicylic acid maintained the appearance of the fruits at all the concentrations. Salicylic acid at 4 mM had the best activity, while at the concentration of 2 mM the conversion of green to yellow (the Hue) was the least. The treatment with 10% gum arabic was the best treatment concerned with the weight loss.  Conclusion: The results indicated that salicylic acid has preserved the appearance, brightness and gum arabic (10%) was more effective for hardness and affected the weight loss.  Manuscript profile

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26 - The Effect of Gum Arabic Encapsulated with Rosemary Extract on the Quality of Minced Silver Carp and Eschershia coli Inoculated in the Mince
D. Falahatgar S.R. Javadian

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Financial Statement Comparability and Cash Holdings
mehdi safari gerayli (Ph.d) Yasser Rezaei pitenoei (Ph.d)

The present study is attempts investigate the impact of financial statement comparability on corporate financial cash holdings. To this end, three various proxies based on DeFranco et al’s (2011) were employed to evaluate financial statement comparability, and Ozc More

The present study is attempts investigate the impact of financial statement comparability on corporate financial cash holdings. To this end, three various proxies based on DeFranco et al’s (2011) were employed to evaluate financial statement comparability, and Ozcan & Ozcan’s (2004) model was also used to measure cash holdings. The research hypothesis was also developed based on the data collected form a sample of 82 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2013-2017, and then tested using multivariate regression model based on panel data. The results indicate that financial statement comparability reduces the level of corporate cash holdings. This finding means that, financial statement comparability can mitigate uncertainty and facilitate the monitoring of the evaluation of the managerial performance through attenuating acquisition costs and enhancing the quality and quantity of the information available to investors. Accordingly, firms with comparable financial statements confront with less external financing costs and restrictions, thereby less likely to hold cash. Moreover, these results are robust and are not sensitive with respect to alternative measure of cash holdings and individual analysis of the research hypothesis for each year. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - Providing a Model of the Relationship between the Financial Statements Comparability and Stock Price Crash Risk with Moderating role of the Audit Committee.
Abbas Daryabari Ghodratallah Talebnia Mohammad khodaei Valeh Zaghard faeygh ahmadi Hamidreza Vakilifard

AbstractComparability is one of the unique qualities of financial information that enhances its usefulness. The ability to compare financial statements as a specific feature of financial reporting quality can reduce managers' motivation to hide negative news. An effecti More

AbstractComparability is one of the unique qualities of financial information that enhances its usefulness. The ability to compare financial statements as a specific feature of financial reporting quality can reduce managers' motivation to hide negative news. An effective audit committee, on the other hand, limits the opportunistic and biased behavior of managers and delays the identification of profits. Thus, the existence of an effective audit committee can be considered as an effective mechanism to reduce the Stock price crash risk and affect the relationship between the financial statements comparability and Stock price crash risk. Therefore, based on this reasoning, the present study, using the structural equation modeling approach, examines the relationship between financial statements comparability with Stock price crash risk and the moderating effect of the audit committee on this relationship. The statistical sample of the present study consists of 126 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange 2012-2018. The findings show that the financial statements comparability reduces Stock price crash risk. In addition, the results show that the audit committee moderates and exacerbates the negative relationship between the financial statements comparability and Stock price crash risk. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - A Study of the Reflection of Arabic and Indian Words in Bahr Ajam Culture
Jaleh Shafii abolghasem radfar Hamid Tabasi

10.30495/clq.2022.679127

One of the important issues in comparative literature research is the analysis of the reflection of words and linguistic structures in the literature of different nations. Undoubtedly, relations between different nations over the past centuries have led to cultural exch More

One of the important issues in comparative literature research is the analysis of the reflection of words and linguistic structures in the literature of different nations. Undoubtedly, relations between different nations over the past centuries have led to cultural exchanges. Such relations between the land of Iran on the one hand and the Arab countries and the Indian subcontinent on the other hand led to the introduction of Persian words into Arabic and Indian. One of the most important language groups is Indo-European, which includes all the languages of the Indian subcontinent, Iran, as well as European, which is influenced by various factors such as the dominance of Muslim rulers, the migration of Iranian writers, conquests, bilingualism and culture... Vocabulary exchange has taken place between them. In this research, by descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, the reflection of some Arabic and Indian words in the culture of " Bahr Ajam " was investigated. And it was concluded that the Persian words involved in the Indian language are: words taken from Arabic and used in Hindi or in exactly the same sense, or their pronunciation, meaning, concept or structure has changed. Manuscript profile

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30 - A Comparative Study of Prayer in the Military Poems of Ganjavi and Jamil Sedghi Al-Zahawi
Khaled Hefzi Abdolamir Al-Tamimi Mehrdad Aghaei

10.30495/clq.2021.679132

In the Persian literature, Iranian and non-Iranian poets and writers, citing the order of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) who said: "everything must be started in the name of God", have long written their poems and writings in the name of the Lord of the worlds, and praising Hi More

In the Persian literature, Iranian and non-Iranian poets and writers, citing the order of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) who said: "everything must be started in the name of God", have long written their poems and writings in the name of the Lord of the worlds, and praising His greatness and generosity. In Arabic literature, old and new poets have prayed to the Lord of the universe in their poems. Nezami Ganjavi, one of the greatest poets of Persian literature, at the beginning of his Masnavi, has dedicated many verses to praise and supplication to God. The Iraqi poet, Jamil Sedghi al-Zahawi also mentions God in a scattered manner in the margins of his divan, but in the final part of the divan, he devotes an ode to prayer and supplication to God only. The purpose of this study is to have a comparative study of prayers and supplications and their content in the poems of Nezami Ganjavi and Jamil Sedghi Alzheimer. Manuscript profile

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31 - A Study on the Influence of Banu Amin Mystical School from Molla Sadra, Khajeh Abdollah Ansari, Feyz Kashani and Ibn Arabi
Sakineh Karimpoor Baarkoosaraei Mohammad Taqi Fa’ali Hadi Vakili

10.30495/clq.2021.1902748.1912

Mysticism is an epistemology based on a spiritual and indescribable state in which human feels that he has found a direct and immediate connection with the existence of his Lord; These feelings are of course a spiritual and divine beyond description and limit, during wh More

Mysticism is an epistemology based on a spiritual and indescribable state in which human feels that he has found a direct and immediate connection with the existence of his Lord; These feelings are of course a spiritual and divine beyond description and limit, during which the mystic understands the absolute essence not by argument, but by sensitivity and conscience. Seyyed Nusrat Begum Amin, known as Lady Amin (1265-1362), is one of the Iranian Shiite mystics who was acquainted with Qur'an, wisdom and mysticism since young ages. In her mystical approach, Banu Amin was inspired by famous mystics such as Molla Sadra, Ibn Arabi, Khajeh Abdollah Ansari and Feyz Kashani. In the present literary essay, the authors will enjoy descriptive – analytical method to study the extent of Banu Amin's influence from Molla Sadra, Ibn Arabi, Khajeh Abdollah Ansari and Feyz Kashani comparatively. Manuscript profile

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32 - Protest literature with the symbol of "night" in contemporary Persian and Arabic poems
faroogh nemati

10.30495/clq.2023.1981592.2531

Symbolic expression is considered as one of the most delicate artistic techniques among various elements of imagination, one of the main language structures in contemporary poetry. Meanwhile, the element of night has a different meaning in contemporary Arabic and Persia More

Symbolic expression is considered as one of the most delicate artistic techniques among various elements of imagination, one of the main language structures in contemporary poetry. Meanwhile, the element of night has a different meaning in contemporary Arabic and Persian poetry; In such a way that the night atmosphere and its special situation have caused different readings among the singers of the two languages. Using this natural symbol in order to express protest against the existing situation is one of the functions of the night in the poetry of two languages; By using this symbolic capacity, poets express their objection to the darkness and suffocation of the situation. In this essay, with a comparative approach and analytical-descriptive method, by choosing three poets from contemporary Arabic poetry (Bayati, Siyabb and Boland Heydari) and three poets from contemporary Persian poetry (Nima, Tahereh Safarzadeh and Akhwan) to examine the symbolism of the symbol of the night. We will pay as a protest symbol. Manuscript profile

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33 - A Comparative Study of the Symbols of Nature in the Poetry of Sohrab Sepehri and Samih Ghasem
یدالله رفیعی

10.30495/clq.2022.1972342.2485

The symbol sometimes appears in the form of words, and words are taken in their actual words used in the meta sense. Some of these words, are the elements of nature. Accordingly, we can say; Aspects of symbolic and allegorical elements of nature, art and creative implic More

The symbol sometimes appears in the form of words, and words are taken in their actual words used in the meta sense. Some of these words, are the elements of nature. Accordingly, we can say; Aspects of symbolic and allegorical elements of nature, art and creative implications if applied intelligently in the poem creates.Sohrab Sepehri and Samih Ghasem are two poets from two different Iranian and Arabic cultures whose studies and research show that symbolism has been very important in expressing their concepts, teachings and thoughts and naturalism is one of their common aspects. .Key words: Symbol, Arabic poetry, Samih Qassem, elements of nature, PalestineThe findings of this research, which has been done by analytical-descriptive method, indicate that Sohrab, as a modern and romantic poet, has depicted many elements of nature in his poems, and Samih Qasim, as one of the great cryptographers in contemporary Arabic poetry, To express the reality of society and social problems, it has given elements of nature symbolic properties. Manuscript profile

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34 - A comparative study of the "polyphonic" component in contemporary Arabic and Persian novels with emphasis on Bakhtin's theories (Sooshun Simin Daneshvar- Miramar Najib Mahfouz)
Zohreh Dastpak saeid hamidian Farhad Tahmasebi

10.30495/clq.2023.1990688.2582

The present research, using the opinions of Mikhail Bakhtin and especially the theory of polyphony, tries to comparatively analyze the discourses in the novels "Sushon" by Simin Daneshvar and "Miramar" by Najib Mahfouz and by using the descriptive-an More

The present research, using the opinions of Mikhail Bakhtin and especially the theory of polyphony, tries to comparatively analyze the discourses in the novels "Sushon" by Simin Daneshvar and "Miramar" by Najib Mahfouz and by using the descriptive-analytical method to reflect the polyphony in Pay these novels. The author evaluates these novels based on Bakhtin's conversational logic and the components in it, and in the meantime, the research has answered the question of how polyphony is represented in the selected novels. The results of the research show that in the above stories we witness polyphony, but the form and manner of expression of this polyphony are different and in each story factors such as: gender, social and economic structure, intellectual currents in the form of two poles of self-awareness and cultural alienation are involved. The results of polyphony are represented in the form of components more than other factors. Women often have the role of following the thought that is issued from the moral reference of the story, and they generally strengthen the polyphony in the story with a partial style. The social and economic structure, class conflict, and intellectual currents in the stories, each of them create the field of discourse diversity by creating two opposite poles as the other. Manuscript profile

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35 - The Adjusting Analysis of Rationalism from Attitude of Abol Ala Maari and Naser khosro
تورج زینی وند

10.30495/clq.2023.1760095.0

Abol Ala Maari and Naser khosro consider from prominent characters of Islamic culture in the scope of ration and rationalism, so far as their rationally odes have more fame and frequency from others. This study claims that poetic experiences, acquaintance with thought o More

Abol Ala Maari and Naser khosro consider from prominent characters of Islamic culture in the scope of ration and rationalism, so far as their rationally odes have more fame and frequency from others. This study claims that poetic experiences, acquaintance with thought of Islamic and Iranian rationalists and scientists and Greek philosophers, using from religious teachings and culture specially Ismaeeli and fatemi is from rationalism sources of these tow. Naserk hosro as a cultivated poet, has had acquaintance with Arabic literature. Thus, in writing some of his rationally subjects he has followed maari's step. Also in this study, it is beliveved that although in some cases there is similarity between Abol Ala and Naser khosro poem. But these similarities are just a simultaneous random and there is the source of some of these rationalism subjects in Islamic and Persian culture Too. This study accoding to adjusting similar aspects and some times Naser khosro effectiveness from Abol Ala. Two main subjects of this study are:A: A prelude about rationalisms process in Arabic and Persian literature and study's generalities.B: The adjusting rationalism subjects in the poem of these two poets.Key words: Abol Ala Maari, Naser khosro, Rationalism, Arabic and Persian poem, Adjusting literature. Manuscript profile

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36 - A Comparative Study of Abstraction in Iranian Islamic poetry and architecture and Arabic-Islamic Poetry and Architecture ( Emphasizing on traditionalists' views on Islamic art(
foroogh elahi Nima Ettehadi

10.30495/clq.2023.1959937.2431

Traditionalist philosophers have described Islamic art as abstract, cryptic, and meaningful. Accordingly, pure abstraction has a special place in the art of Islamic architecture in Iran and the Islamic world , as one of the important features of Islamic art, which is ta More

Traditionalist philosophers have described Islamic art as abstract, cryptic, and meaningful. Accordingly, pure abstraction has a special place in the art of Islamic architecture in Iran and the Islamic world , as one of the important features of Islamic art, which is taken from the first aesthetic source of abstraction in Islam, the Holy Quran, and is based on mystery and semantics. However, this important element and indicator has received less attention the art of Persian and Arabic poetry , which is one of the most prominent and widespread arts that was composed in the Islamic period with the aim of embodying abstract and transcendental concepts based on monotheistic and mystical beliefs Of These two nations. Accordingly, the current descriptiveanalytical method paper examined and explained the element of abstraction, review and compare in ArabicIslamic and Iranian Islamic poetry and architecture with emphasis on the views of traditionalists. Studies show that the emergence of Sufism and mysticism in Islamic poetry and architecture has been the peak of the tendency to pure abstraction these arts between these two nations. Thus, concepts such as unity of existence, manifestation, love, annihilation and survival in the form of geometric shapes, lines, colors and words and phrases and through common artistic tools such as rhythm, balance, repetition, code, simile and ... is reflected in Arab-Islamic and iranian Islamic architecture and poetry, so that almost everything that has happened in the world of mysticism has entered the field these two Iranian and Islamic arts in abstract language. Manuscript profile

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37 - Comparative research on wine poetry in Persian and Arabic literature
zahra khosravi vamakani

10.30495/clq.2023.1980622.2527

In this research, the background of wine poetry in Arabic and Persian literature and how it evolved in the literature and nation of Iran and the Arabs is shown to express the spirit of both nations. Description of wine has been an inseparable part of ancient Arabic Qsid More

In this research, the background of wine poetry in Arabic and Persian literature and how it evolved in the literature and nation of Iran and the Arabs is shown to express the spirit of both nations. Description of wine has been an inseparable part of ancient Arabic Qside(odes) or a long time and in the course of time, this type of literature was given a complete and independent structure from Arabic Qaside(odes) by the Iranian poet of Arab descent.Hasan lbn Hani known as Abu navas with name of khamrieh. in Arabic literature, the material aspect has always prevailed in this kind of literature, and rarely did the spiritual aspect find its way, that Ibn Fariz was the representative of this type of thinking in Arabic poetry, of course, this aspect was not late in Arabic poetry. in Persian literature, due to the non-existence of poetry in the pre-islamic period, we can recover and reread the heritage of this literary form only from the time of Rudaki Samarqandi.and in addition to its material aspect and the writing of this poem in the description of wine in royal parties and gatherings by famous poets such as Daqiqi ،Kesai، Manochehri ،Khayyam and… in the description of wine and related matters to Saqi, Nadim, Motreb ,Jam(cup) , sagar (saghar) and… Manuscript profile

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38 - A brief comparison of Eulogy poetry of Am'aq-Bukhari and Motanabbi
Ahmadreza Yalmeha Nasrin Izadi

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Am'aq Bukharai and Motanabbi two poet of Persian and Arabic and then making a brief Comparison between them. Which his eulogy poetry is considerable. In the short history of Persian and Arabic influence on thinkers and theor More

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Am'aq Bukharai and Motanabbi two poet of Persian and Arabic and then making a brief Comparison between them. Which his eulogy poetry is considerable. In the short history of Persian and Arabic influence on thinkers and theories about it offered. Although the Arabic literary tradition closest to Persian literature, and with all the differences in linguistic divisions are tied to the fate of these languages. And have a big impact on each other. Manuscript profile

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39 - A Comparative Study of Satire between Arabic and Persian Language (Concentrating on Bashār ibn Burd’s Potries)
Mohammad Hassan Masoumi Majid Fotoohi

Satire in literature means a piece of poem or prose which stands against eulogy and meets personal purposes. It bears a caustic, explicit and sometimes insulting tone, but if it is to express the socio-political pains, it employs a softer language. Satire is constructed More

Satire in literature means a piece of poem or prose which stands against eulogy and meets personal purposes. It bears a caustic, explicit and sometimes insulting tone, but if it is to express the socio-political pains, it employs a softer language. Satire is constructed based on caustic and painful criticism, and sometimes, it is led to sarcasm and painful insult. Any form of emphasis on ugly aspects of a phenomenon, whether voluntary or involuntary, is a satire. Satire is a piece of prose or poetry which tends to ridicule or insult somebody. Due to the literary definition of satire and the difference the critics considered between satire and abusiveness, dissolute and indecent writings – which disgrace people - can be excluded from satiric ones. In this study, the authors have tried to analyze satire in Arabic and Persian language and its impact on Arabic, especially on Bashār ibn Burd Manuscript profile

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40 - A Comparative Study of Ahmad Shamloo and Ahmad Matar
Javad Kaboutari Masoumehh Bakhshi Zade Hossein Arian

Ahmad Matar – the famous Arab poet – has versed his poetries in conflict with the majorities, thoughts and acts. The reader witnesses his objections and revelation against the cruel and traitorous government; the exact method can be seen in Ahmad Shamloo's p More

Ahmad Matar – the famous Arab poet – has versed his poetries in conflict with the majorities, thoughts and acts. The reader witnesses his objections and revelation against the cruel and traitorous government; the exact method can be seen in Ahmad Shamloo's poetries. The similarities in their poetries made us to study their poetries based on their attitudes comparatively. The personage theory has been chosen among critical approaches; while it is of special importance among psychologists. The present research studies the abovementioned poetries based on the famous psychologists' theories. According to Freud's theory on triad traits – id conflicts, ego and super ego – the applied psychiatric mechanisms are recognized in order to solve the conflicts. The method is descriptive – analytical and librarian. Manuscript profile

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41 - A Comparative Study of the Description of Nature in Persian and Arabic Poetry
Sadeq Ebrahimi Kavari Rahimeh Choulonian

Nature has always been a source of inspiration for poets with a special status in poetry in general. On the other hand, there are many common themes in Persian and Arabic literature due to their closeness in terms of common culture and religion as well as extended geogr More

Nature has always been a source of inspiration for poets with a special status in poetry in general. On the other hand, there are many common themes in Persian and Arabic literature due to their closeness in terms of common culture and religion as well as extended geographical boundary. Interactions between relevant countries have resulted in different imparts in different areas. The history of describing nature in poetry is as old as the history of the relevant literature which has undergone some changes at different stages. This study is an attempt to indentify such effective interactions in Persian and Arabic  Literature.  Manuscript profile

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42 - Comparative Study of Social – Political Satire in Nasim – e Shomal and Ahmed Mattar Poetries
Kazem Azimi Fatemeh Sepahvand

Social – political satire is one of the contemporary poetic structures which has been paid attention by scholars and authors during two recent decades. In Persian language Nasim – e Shomal could affect people's soul by applying simple poetic language. Ahmad More

Social – political satire is one of the contemporary poetic structures which has been paid attention by scholars and authors during two recent decades. In Persian language Nasim – e Shomal could affect people's soul by applying simple poetic language. Ahmad Mattar - contemporary Iraqi poet - is well known by his satire in Arabic language. He also - as Nasim - e Shomal - tried to awaken his nation and even the world. The present paper tries to show two poets' concerns about their countries and nations comparatively. Manuscript profile

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43 - A Comparative Study of Transformations of Contemporary Arabic Poetry from the Movement Era onwards and Transformations of Contemporary Persian Poetry from Constitutionalism Era onwards
Zahra Khosravi

The present article includes these sections: The first section discusses transformations of contemporary Arabic poetry from the movement era onwards. The second section discusses sociological aspects of the literary transformations in our country which resulte More

The present article includes these sections: The first section discusses transformations of contemporary Arabic poetry from the movement era onwards. The second section discusses sociological aspects of the literary transformations in our country which resulted in preparing the ground for the Constitutional Revolution. Characteristics of the poetry in this era are also discussed in this section. In the third section, the similarities of Persian poetry after the Constitutionalism era and Arabic poetry after the movement era are compared. Manuscript profile

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44 - A Study on Norm Deviation in Muin Bseiso and Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani’s Poetries
Mohammad Taqi Zand Vakili Marziyeh Ghasemian

Norm Deviation is one of the new literary theories in which the poet disorders the common structure of the language by applying special patterns and recreates unfamiliar language. Arabic and Persian contemporary poets have come to modernism in their poetic language and More

Norm Deviation is one of the new literary theories in which the poet disorders the common structure of the language by applying special patterns and recreates unfamiliar language. Arabic and Persian contemporary poets have come to modernism in their poetic language and concepts simultaneously with the modernism proceed Bseiso and Kadkani are the poets who have widen their poetic aesthetics and effectiveness by deviation from standard language. The aim of the present research is to study the elements of norm deviation in both poets’ poetries to show the abovementioned poets’ reason and goal in applying this method in their works to present their concept and meaning. The outcome has showed that two poets empower themselves by deviation from common syntax and semantic styles. Manuscript profile

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45 - Islamic Awakening in Farokhi Yazdi and AbulQasim al-Shabi’s Poetry
Abdollah Hosseini Ansar Saliminezhad Osman Esmaeili

The terms Islamic awakening and resistance have always been associated with confronting the oppression and cruelty of rulers and the spread of tyranny and injustice. Boosting the motivation to defend right has had a significant role in the creation and restoration of su More

The terms Islamic awakening and resistance have always been associated with confronting the oppression and cruelty of rulers and the spread of tyranny and injustice. Boosting the motivation to defend right has had a significant role in the creation and restoration of such awakening. Among the contemporary Persian and Arabic poets, Mirza Mohammad Farokhi Yazdi and Abul Qasim al-Shabi respectively, influenced by the socio-political context of their era, wrote poems with the aim of popular and Islamic awakening to resist colonial aggression, oppression, and injustice. The aim of this survey is to study the effects of Islamic and popular awakening in the poems of these two poets.Accordingly, poets are the representatives of the oppressed nations who, having been plagued by the rulers of their times, decide to revolt for justice, completing their struggle in the form of a literature and culture that aims at the knowledge and awakening obtained and nurtured by Islamic and popular resistance against cruelty and oppression. Manuscript profile

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46 - A Comparative Look at Satire and Satirizing in Iran and Arab Literature
Zahrā Asadi

The present article is a comparison between Iran and Arab’s satire. Obeid Zakani’s satire as an Iranian satire has been compared to an Arabic one. Satire is a kind of prelude in which we can taunt, defeat or reveal someone’s weak points More

The present article is a comparison between Iran and Arab’s satire. Obeid Zakani’s satire as an Iranian satire has been compared to an Arabic one. Satire is a kind of prelude in which we can taunt, defeat or reveal someone’s weak points easily. In Arabic literature, the poet tries to defeat a person or tribe by using satire in his poetry. Satire’s aim is not “laugh’’; it is a means of expressing and transferring the aim of writer to the reader in a better way. Manuscript profile

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47 - A comparative study of rhetoric language in Persian and Arabic Languages
Houshmand Esfandyarpour

The present article is a comparative study of the science of rhetoric in Persian and Arabic languages since their emergence up to the present time. This study reviews the way scholars looked at the science of rhetoric at different times separately in Persian & Arabi More

The present article is a comparative study of the science of rhetoric in Persian and Arabic languages since their emergence up to the present time. This study reviews the way scholars looked at the science of rhetoric at different times separately in Persian & Arabic. The views of the important masters of rhetoric are also mentioned. The study concludes that the Persian rhetoric masters were under the influence of their Arab counterparts concerning the use of Arabic figures of speech. Manuscript profile

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48 - Comparative study of Social & Political Concepts in Javaheri and Yazdi Poetries
Shamsi Vaqef Zadeh

Javaheri and Farrokhi yazdi are of the vanguards of literary movement in national poetry. Their poetries are full of common concepts which are caused by common mental fields and derived from similar cultures and histories. Both characters are political and anti – More

Javaheri and Farrokhi yazdi are of the vanguards of literary movement in national poetry. Their poetries are full of common concepts which are caused by common mental fields and derived from similar cultures and histories. Both characters are political and anti – alien who have experienced world war, rough era, coup d'état, resistance and offence a lot and found out that colonialism is the leader of all invasions and attacks against nations. The present paper has been done in descriptive – analytical method. Manuscript profile

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49 - Some Notes on Persian and Arabic Languages
Mohammad Alavi Moghaddam

At the beginning of the present article, the most important differences between Arabic and Persian language are mentioned. Then it is discussed that the Arabic language is a derivational language while the Persian is a synthetic one; the various functions of a Persian w More

At the beginning of the present article, the most important differences between Arabic and Persian language are mentioned. Then it is discussed that the Arabic language is a derivational language while the Persian is a synthetic one; the various functions of a Persian word is also discussed. It is mentioned that if there is any foreign word in Persian which is not known by the public because of its complexity, it's essential to use another word in Persian instead of it which is understandable by everyone. The final part of the article is about "synonyms" which some accept it but some deny it. Arabs know Quran very well and invoke to it so according to this holly book and know it as a criterion they got that there's no meaning for the term "synonym". But every single word has a certain meaning and it's impossible to replace one word instead of the other. Manuscript profile

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50 - Blending
Mahmood Shakib

There were various reasons which caused abbreviations. Laze, hastiness in communication and using the natural capacities of languages in order to create correlativity are some of those reasons. Specialization of different sicientific branches and the combination of scie More

There were various reasons which caused abbreviations. Laze, hastiness in communication and using the natural capacities of languages in order to create correlativity are some of those reasons. Specialization of different sicientific branches and the combination of science and technology, which would be more extensive and wealthy, is another important reason. There are two important ways to make the words shorter: one is abbreviation and the other is blending. Manuscript profile

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51 - A Comparison on symbolic Concept of Rain in Ahmad Shamlou and Shakir al Sayyab's Poetries
Sara Izadkhah Seyyed Hossein Seyyedi

Rain in in Ahmad Shamlou and Shakir al Sayyab's Poetries is a social symbol. It contains the concepts such as sadness and happiness, hope and hopelessness. Applying Dumuzid myth in the "Rain" poetry by Sayyab and the folk language in Shamloo's verse shows the common con More

Rain in in Ahmad Shamlou and Shakir al Sayyab's Poetries is a social symbol. It contains the concepts such as sadness and happiness, hope and hopelessness. Applying Dumuzid myth in the "Rain" poetry by Sayyab and the folk language in Shamloo's verse shows the common concepts in these two poets' poetries. This paper – which is done in librarian method – tries to study "Rain" and "giant petrel" by Shamloo and "Rain song" by Sayyab to makes the availability to similar effective patterns of two poets in their poetries. The theoretical level of the research includes cause variable and the operational level shows the effect variable; by studying the poetries the frequency of the term "rain" is extracted. Finally the symbolic concepts, similarities and differences are expressed. Manuscript profile

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52 - Woman in is thinking of the great literary figures of contemporary Persian and Arabic
Mehdi momtahen Maryam farrokhi poor shima Faraji far

Woman is another face of human in the world. She is the main section of essence house and the leveler of the life way. The reflection of the past social beliefs and imaginations about woman had a key and determining role in persian and Arabic literature. To extent that More

Woman is another face of human in the world. She is the main section of essence house and the leveler of the life way. The reflection of the past social beliefs and imaginations about woman had a key and determining role in persian and Arabic literature. To extent that most of these poets mentioned their latent and requests by love to woman and they emphasized on women's spiritual issues such as: education, freedom, bounty, contentment, righteousness, art, mysticism and so on. This emphasis resulted from the differences of the contemporary persian and Arabic scholars to woman compared to other groups and its result is manifested in most spiritual, humanistic and social issues. To extent that in most cases the women poets selected male, imitative and unclear recognition language for themselves. The present study tries to investigate the poets and scholars point of view about woman. Manuscript profile

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53 - Arab Poetry’s Bride in Contemporary Kurdish Poetry
Arman Mohammadi Raygani Moslem Khezalli

Leyli & Majnoon are from the famous lovers in Arab and even world literature whose love story reflects in most of the nations’ literature. Kurdish literature is not an exception and the poets around the world paid special attention to love stories and depict i More

Leyli & Majnoon are from the famous lovers in Arab and even world literature whose love story reflects in most of the nations’ literature. Kurdish literature is not an exception and the poets around the world paid special attention to love stories and depict it in their poetries especially in the odes since ancient years. The present article tries to study Kurdish contemporary poetry and survey the poets’ knowledge qualitatively and quantitative. Manuscript profile

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54 - The Influence of Emro’-al-Qeis on Amir Moezzi
Ahad Pishgar

Amir Moezzi is one of the famous poets of Khorasan who had honored Arabic literature as well. That’s why he has used Arabs’ contents and words in his poetry, directly or indirectly. The present article tries to survey two poems and some verses More

Amir Moezzi is one of the famous poets of Khorasan who had honored Arabic literature as well. That’s why he has used Arabs’ contents and words in his poetry, directly or indirectly. The present article tries to survey two poems and some verses of Amir Moezzi and the influence of Emro’-al-Qeis on his poetry. Manuscript profile

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55 - A study on Resistance concepts in Mohammad Mahdi Javaheri and Sabzevari's "Pain Poetry"
Maryam Mahmoudi Zeinab Sadat Hashemi

Mohammad Mahdi Javaheri is one of the Iraqi greatest poets. Most of his poetry expresses social and political concepts. He was interested in national and metropolitan poetry. The resistance notions can be seen in his poetry a lot. Hamid Sabzvari is also a revolutionary More

Mohammad Mahdi Javaheri is one of the Iraqi greatest poets. Most of his poetry expresses social and political concepts. He was interested in national and metropolitan poetry. The resistance notions can be seen in his poetry a lot. Hamid Sabzvari is also a revolutionary poet. Bot poets were originally Iranian and both of supporters of oppressed ones and resisted against oppressiveness. Resistance concepts such as oppressive depiction, invite to fight against oppressiveness, make the public hopeful to victory, freedom admiration could be found in their poetry a lot. Manuscript profile

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56 - The Effect of Arabic Poetry on Persian Literatue
Jalil Tajlil

Arabic poetry could have a remarkable effect on Persian literature from bygones according to the plethora of the poets. It also could reduplicate the themes and concepts by derivation.Many of the forth and fifth centuries have derived their themes from Persian literatur More

Arabic poetry could have a remarkable effect on Persian literature from bygones according to the plethora of the poets. It also could reduplicate the themes and concepts by derivation.Many of the forth and fifth centuries have derived their themes from Persian literature and could make a new style in poetry. This new style is a sign of the effect of Arabic poetry on Persian literature.  Manuscript profile

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57 - Comparative Study on Romanticism Concepts in Moufdi Zakaria and Shahriar Poetries
Abdolahad Gheibi Zahra Mohammad Poor Nasrin Hosseini tavana

Zakaria and Shariar's poetries depict the nicest and the most attractive romantic concepts. Their poetries have common romantic concepts amongst which nature, poverty, patriotism and loneliness could be claimed. The nature is one of the most frequent applied romantic co More

Zakaria and Shariar's poetries depict the nicest and the most attractive romantic concepts. Their poetries have common romantic concepts amongst which nature, poverty, patriotism and loneliness could be claimed. The nature is one of the most frequent applied romantic concepts which Zakaria and Shahriar have enjoyed. Nature has been chosen to be a shelter against disappointment and a safe. Both poets create these romantic concepts with dreamy and beautiful similes which affects the reader's heart and soul. The present paper attempts to study the common romantic concepts of two famous Algerian and Iranian poets comparatively. Manuscript profile

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58 - A Comparative Study of Reasons for the Rise of the Novel in Iran and Egypt
Mahindokht Farrokhnia Farzaneh buryazadeh

One of the research fields of comparative literature, is the study of literary genres’ genesis and the examination of the quality of their growth and development. Fiction, especially the novel, is one of the important and significant contexts of comparative resea More

One of the research fields of comparative literature, is the study of literary genres’ genesis and the examination of the quality of their growth and development. Fiction, especially the novel, is one of the important and significant contexts of comparative research. This article, prepared by a library method, studies and analyzes the reasons for the rise of the novel in Iran and Egypt, which are the two most important cradles of Persian and Arabic literature. The novel form in Iran and Egypt appeared more or less simultaneously, in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Because of such common factors as similar political and social conditions, the rise of modernist movements, the advent of the printing industry, the establishment of science academies, the impact or hegemony of western culture, the translation movement, and the rise of the intelligentsia, the emergence of the novel has coincided in both countries. This article studies all these common reasons for the rise of the novel, and introduces the first major novels in these two cultural contexts. Manuscript profile

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59 - A Comparative Study of the Necessity of the Education of Women in Qasim Amin Mesri’s and Parvin Etesami’s Views
Fatemeh Moradi Reza Samizadeh

Parvin Etesami is one of the prominent and celebrated contemporary Iranian poetesses who enjoys a prominent place, particularly by dealing with certain issues such as women education throughout her poetry. Under the influence of her father Yusuf Etesam al-Mulk and his w More

Parvin Etesami is one of the prominent and celebrated contemporary Iranian poetesses who enjoys a prominent place, particularly by dealing with certain issues such as women education throughout her poetry. Under the influence of her father Yusuf Etesam al-Mulk and his works, as translated from different languages, she successfully advanced her development and flourished in this field. Yusuf Etesam al-Mulk translated some books from Arabic into Persian including, namely, Qasim Amin Mesri's book entitled Tahrir al-Mar’a on freedom and women education, to be partly published in Iran under the title of Tarbiyate Niswan (Women Education). This paper is an attempt to explore Qasim Amin Mesri's ideas on the education of women and the effect on Parvin Etesami’s poems and views, therefore by studying their lives, works, and comparing their views the authors seek to make clear whether she was under his influence in her poetry or not, and if yes, determine to what extent she has received influence. Moreover, in this paper their approaches towards the necessity of educating women and Parvin's particular attitude towards the capabilities of Iranian women without imitating Western women has been treated.   Manuscript profile

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60 - A Research in Common Contents in Persian and Arabic Literatue with Comparative Approach
Gholamreza Fakhr

Today, comparative literature regards as an important branch of literature which may result precious accomplishment in literal study. Comparative literature is a branch of literature, better to say literal criticism which compares different literal writings in different More

Today, comparative literature regards as an important branch of literature which may result precious accomplishment in literal study. Comparative literature is a branch of literature, better to say literal criticism which compares different literal writings in different languages and studies similarities and conflicts. In other word, comparative literature discusses literal writings of other nations. To say briefly, comparative literature is one nation's perspective in ohter nations' literature. The nobility of literal writings will increase if they are studied comparatively. Other languages' literature has had interplay on each other, certainly the Persian and Arabic interplay is the most obvious one. The writer of the present article attempts to mention some advantages of comparative literature and offers common samples in Persian and Arabic literatue. Manuscript profile

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61 - A Look into the European Borrowed Words in Persian and Arabic Languages
Mahmoud Shakib

In borrowing European words, Persianization is far different from Arabicization. Persians have four letters more than Arabs in their alphabet. They use ";' for both "v" and "w", while Arabs chose "d" for "v". In addition, unlike Persian, there is a serious tendency in A More

In borrowing European words, Persianization is far different from Arabicization. Persians have four letters more than Arabs in their alphabet. They use ";' for both "v" and "w", while Arabs chose "d" for "v". In addition, unlike Persian, there is a serious tendency in Arabic for satiation of Damma and Kasra. However, the causes of differentiation go far beyond these factors; as shown in this research.  Manuscript profile

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62 - A Study on Rational Trope in Arabic and Persian Poetries
Parviz Azizi Javad Sa’adoun Zadeh Abdol Reza Ataashi

Trope is one of the most important means in creating beauty in poetries and composers have applied and enjoyed it in order to enrich and develop the fancy domain in their poetries. Trope is applying a term in its other meaning from rhetoric scholars’ viewpoint. In More

Trope is one of the most important means in creating beauty in poetries and composers have applied and enjoyed it in order to enrich and develop the fancy domain in their poetries. Trope is applying a term in its other meaning from rhetoric scholars’ viewpoint. In rhetoric, trope includes simile, metaphor, rational trope and synecdoche; as mystery, myth and superstition are interrelated in criticism. Five hundred witness from Arabic and Persian poetries in which rational trope and documents have been applied are studied in order to analyze this beautifier trick comparatively. Comparative assessment of rational trope and applied interests represent many similarities in Arabic and Persian poetries which is not exclusive to specific literary era or history. Time and affinity interest were more frequent in Arabic and Persian poetries respectively. Manuscript profile

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63 - Arabic and Quranic concepts odes writers of Naserkhosrow
Neemat Isfahani Omran Samireh Poorzad

From the beginning of Persian poetry, due to familiarity with the Muslims and recite the Holy Qur'an and Qur'anic injunctions; effect Koran in Vasar poetry writers directly and indirectly in various ways; allegorical ; adaptation and can be seen pointing. Context in whi More

From the beginning of Persian poetry, due to familiarity with the Muslims and recite the Holy Qur'an and Qur'anic injunctions; effect Koran in Vasar poetry writers directly and indirectly in various ways; allegorical ; adaptation and can be seen pointing. Context in which poets and writers of the fourth and fifth sections will exceed the height of NasserKhosrow This influence is apparent in the works. Expressions of verses used in poems Nasserkhosrow also saw examples are studied makes and practice the precepts it poems Court has to consider. And believes that the Quran should look inward preferred. Manuscript profile

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64 - A comparative study of motto and wisdom in Emra-Ol- Gheys and Rudaki’s Poems
Naser Mohseninya Elham Maryami

In the world literature, both Persian and Arabic literature with much in common can have an important role in comparative research. Wisdom or rationalism and in more beautiful words, motto, is one of these common and comparable ways. Emra-Ol-Gheys-Al Kenn More

In the world literature, both Persian and Arabic literature with much in common can have an important role in comparative research. Wisdom or rationalism and in more beautiful words, motto, is one of these common and comparable ways. Emra-Ol-Gheys-Al Kennedy, the pre-eminent of Arab belletrist, is placed on one side of the balance of this analogy, and Rudaki Samarkandi, known as Adam-O-Shshoara, i.e. the originator of Persian poetry, is located on the other side. Emra-Ol- Gheys, has implemented windows of the wisdom in his poems with the help of nature and teachings of the past and life experience of Jaheli epoch; and Rudaki also has come into poetry with the same mentioned concepts, but with a more important treasure in hand, namely Islam which is the source of insight and wisdom.   Manuscript profile

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65 - HAFIZ AND MUTANABBI, A COMPARISON OF THEIR THEMES AND CONCEPTS
Ahmad Shabani Mina Abad

Khwāja Shamsud-Dīn Muhammad Hāfez-e Shīrāzī, known by his pen name Hāfez was a Persian lyric poet. His collected works composed of series of Persian poetry (Divan) are to be found in the homes of most Persian speakers in Iran who learn his poems by heart More

Khwāja Shamsud-Dīn Muhammad Hāfez-e Shīrāzī, known by his pen name Hāfez was a Persian lyric poet. His collected works composed of series of Persian poetry (Divan) are to be found in the homes of most Persian speakers in Iran who learn his poems by heart and use them as proverbs and sayings to this day. His life and poems have been the subject of much analysis, commentary and interpretation, influencing post-Fourteenth Century Persian writing more than any other author. Themes of his ghazals are the beloved, faith, and exposing hypocrisy. Hāfezhas applied themes, thoughts and sayings of first class Arab poetsand the present article studies how Hāfez has been influenced by the poetry of Mutanabbi the famous Arab poet. Manuscript profile

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66 - The Role of Iran's Social Traditions in Iraq's Contemporary Literature by Looking at Javaheri, Najafi, Sayyab and Bayati Works
Ali tashakori Ibrahim Dibaji Mahmoud Shakib

Every poet or author adds value to his country’s literature and culture history as well as a comprehensive image of his inner and our world. Persian poets also were affected by Indian ones in an era; but the journey to the West was of more value. Many poets tried More

Every poet or author adds value to his country’s literature and culture history as well as a comprehensive image of his inner and our world. Persian poets also were affected by Indian ones in an era; but the journey to the West was of more value. Many poets tried to be affected by westerns and today’s Iraqis after Safavid dominance on Iran.  Attention to Iraq was in many poets’ minds; on the other hand many Iraqi poets and thinkers paid special attention to some Iran’s traditions. The present paper attempts to study culture, symbols, Persian language and literature influence – which all are sub – traditions – in four Iraqi contemporary poets: Javaheri, Najafi, Sayyab and Bayati. Manuscript profile

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67 - A study of Persian and Arabic computer Unicode fonts
Fariba Sultani Nejad

Thinkers have always considered the human development as a consequence of the invention of alphabet and writing system. At present time computer fonts are the main bases of digital texts which for sure will result in a modern civilization. Unfortunately t More

Thinkers have always considered the human development as a consequence of the invention of alphabet and writing system. At present time computer fonts are the main bases of digital texts which for sure will result in a modern civilization. Unfortunately the Persian language has remained obsolete in this regard in the age of computer technology in spite of a proud history. There are only a few standard fonts available for use in the internet. The present article tries to find solutions for this straitened circumstance through introduction of Unicode fonts according to the standards of the Institute of industrial research and comparing them with popular fonts and discussing their weaknesses. Manuscript profile

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68 - Seyyed Amir Mohammad Anwar: The Unparalleled Literary Savant
Alireza Manuchehrian

This article commemorates the first anniversary of the departure of Seyyed Mohammad Anwar. This contemporary figure had an excellent command of Persian and Arabic. This literary savant and scholar was a masterful poet composing in Persian and Arabic. The current work ex More

This article commemorates the first anniversary of the departure of Seyyed Mohammad Anwar. This contemporary figure had an excellent command of Persian and Arabic. This literary savant and scholar was a masterful poet composing in Persian and Arabic. The current work examines the excellent status of this scholar in contemporary literature as Anwar held a position of artistic and literary repute and originality in the field of Persian and Arabic poetry.   Manuscript profile

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69 - Baroque Literary Epoch; Andreas Gryphius and His Impression from Sa‘di
Seyyed Firooz Abadi

Khwāja Shamsud-Dīn Muhammad Hāfez-e Shīrāzī, known by his pen name Hāfez was a Persian lyric poet. His collected works composed of series of Persian poetry (Divan) are to be found in the homes of most Persian speakers in Iran who learn his poems by heart More

Khwāja Shamsud-Dīn Muhammad Hāfez-e Shīrāzī, known by his pen name Hāfez was a Persian lyric poet. His collected works composed of series of Persian poetry (Divan) are to be found in the homes of most Persian speakers in Iran who learn his poems by heart and use them as proverbs and sayings to this day. His life and poems have been the subject of much analysis, commentary and interpretation, influencing post-Fourteenth Century Persian writing more than any other author. Themes of his ghazals are the beloved, faith, and exposing hypocrisy. Hāfezhas applied themes, thoughts and sayings of first class Arab poetsand the present article studies how Hāfez has been influenced by the poetry of Mutanabbi the famous Arab poet. Manuscript profile

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70 - Arabic Language in the Past, Present and Future Iran
Victor Alkek Heidar Mahallāti

Arabic language has become a global language in a significant period of time and has been distributed all around the world by developing Islam in the world. This language moved to China, Middle East, Egypt, and north of Africa and finally arrived to south More

Arabic language has become a global language in a significant period of time and has been distributed all around the world by developing Islam in the world. This language moved to China, Middle East, Egypt, and north of Africa and finally arrived to southwest of Europe. The people of Arabian Peninsula have flattened the path of civilization by Quran’s language so that other genius nations of the world have learned this language eagerly. Persian Dari was blossomed in the 3rd century and the signs of poetry were appeared. Roudaki-the famous Iranian poet-was the ringleader of this difficult path Manuscript profile

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71 - A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EVOLUTION OF NEW POETRY IN PERSIAN AND ARABIC LANGUAGES
Mehdi Momtahen Mahin Hajizadeh

The twentieth century has observed deep changes and revolutions in major artistic fields. New poetry is one of the great changes which brought into vision new horizons in this regard. The history of poetry proves that it has been permanently undergoing ch More

The twentieth century has observed deep changes and revolutions in major artistic fields. New poetry is one of the great changes which brought into vision new horizons in this regard. The history of poetry proves that it has been permanently undergoing changes and innovation in poetry is not a new concept. The study of the evolution ofnew poetry in Persian and Arabic languages shoes that this evolution is very similar in these languages due to social and cultural similarities. The present article is an attempt to study and compare the history, evolution and pioneers of the new poetry in Arabic and Persian languages. Manuscript profile

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72 - The influence of Persian Culture and Literature on Javaheri's Poetry
Shamsi Vaghef Zadeh

Both Persian and Arabic literature have influenced each other and have had more literary interactions compared to other languages due to social and cultural similarities of the two nations. Mohammad Mehdi .Javaheri is a prominent Arab poet whose poetry which ranges More

Both Persian and Arabic literature have influenced each other and have had more literary interactions compared to other languages due to social and cultural similarities of the two nations. Mohammad Mehdi .Javaheri is a prominent Arab poet whose poetry which ranges from neoclassicism to romanticism has been affected by Persian Literature regarding terminology. content, poetic style, imaginations and emotions. His mastery of Persian language, culture and society has played an important role in this regard.  Manuscript profile

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73 - Stylistic Comparison of Satire in Anvari and Motenabi’s Poetry
Naser Bahrami Mohammad Amir Abidinia

Satire is one of the literary devices and a part of poetry in Arabic and Persian poets. Due to the ethical limitations in societies, however, few chose it as their means. As a result, many literary and social aspects of this genre are left unknown and ambiguous while re More

Satire is one of the literary devices and a part of poetry in Arabic and Persian poets. Due to the ethical limitations in societies, however, few chose it as their means. As a result, many literary and social aspects of this genre are left unknown and ambiguous while research in this regard can unveil hidden aspects of the societies. The present study aims comparatively to analyze the satirical similarities and differences in Anwari and Motenabi’s poetry stylistically. Data are analyzed based on content analysis method. It is expected to attain a better understanding about satire and its stylistics and to pave the way for common grounds of satire in comparative literature. Manuscript profile

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74 - The Concept of Pain and Suffering in Ghadat alSamman and Forough Farrokhzad’s Poetry
Effat Naderinejad Mostafa Gorji

Pain and suffering are among the tragic aspects of life. Alongside with death, isolation, freedom, and guilt, they are part of the possible fate of all people. This problem is reflected in art and literature, especially feminist literature which should be analyzed indep More

Pain and suffering are among the tragic aspects of life. Alongside with death, isolation, freedom, and guilt, they are part of the possible fate of all people. This problem is reflected in art and literature, especially feminist literature which should be analyzed independently. On the other hand, the comparison of various nations’ literature, authors, and genres helps one discover the nature and origins of universal and common human thoughts and emotions. Thus the researchers intend to evaluate and analyze the subject of pain and suffering in contemporary literature particularly in the works of two female poets, Ghada al-Samman and Forough Farrokhzad, as representatives of Arabic and Persian literature. This study approaches the concept and ontology of pain and suffering, respectively. Here, the Researchers attempt to categorize the concept of pain and suffering based on their nature, existence, purpose, and function in order to discover their possible causes and outlets. Manuscript profile

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75 - The Theory of Perfect Human in the School of Ibn-E-Arabi and Mewlana
Mahbube Moonesan

The perfect human is an instance of divine florescence and a great sign of divinity which has been created in truth and is the key to wisdom. From the view point of Ibn-e-Arabi, human is the result of existence and is the perfection of this world. The heart of the perfe More

The perfect human is an instance of divine florescence and a great sign of divinity which has been created in truth and is the key to wisdom. From the view point of Ibn-e-Arabi, human is the result of existence and is the perfection of this world. The heart of the perfect human is a mirror reflecting the divine characteristics. From the view point of Mewlanathe perfect human is the representative of the divine existence on earth and the mirror of existence whose relation to the divine source is immediate and direct and is thus the heart and soul of the universe. Manuscript profile

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76 - Comparative Study on Nostalgia Approach in Akhavan and Nazik al-Malaika's poetries
Monir Zibaei

"Nostalgia" is known as one of the alive subjects in psychology as well as in the field of literature and as Arabic and Persian contemporary poets' topics. Sigh, yearning and thinking about old good days could be seen frequently in Nazik al-Malaika and Mehdi Akhavan Sal More

"Nostalgia" is known as one of the alive subjects in psychology as well as in the field of literature and as Arabic and Persian contemporary poets' topics. Sigh, yearning and thinking about old good days could be seen frequently in Nazik al-Malaika and Mehdi Akhavan Saless's poetries. Positions, life and society situations, thoughts and emotions and being familiar with many other poets caused strong nostalgia sense excitation. This article intends to study nostalgia manifestation in abovementioned poets' works in analytical – descriptive method. The results show that yearning on childhood, historical and mythical past, homesickness, death and being far away from utopia are of the most frequency in their poetries. Manuscript profile

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77 - Elegy in Persian and Arabic literature Emphasizing the comparison of Abol Hassna Tahami and Khaqani’s elegy
Naser Mohseni Nia Arezoo Pour Yazdan Panah Kermani

The present article surveys the elegy and its different types in Persian and Arabic literature. It also surveys the procedure of elegy in both Arabic and Persian literature as well as its circulation in both languages; where is the beginning point and which Persian and More

The present article surveys the elegy and its different types in Persian and Arabic literature. It also surveys the procedure of elegy in both Arabic and Persian literature as well as its circulation in both languages; where is the beginning point and which Persian and Arab poets have elegized. The basis of the present article is the comparison of Khaqani’s elegy – on his son’s death – as a sample in Persian literature and Abol Hassan Tahami’s elegy – on his son’s death – as a sample in Arabic literature. In order to clarify the elegy’s position in Persian and Arabic literature the similarities and the differences are expressed in this article. Manuscript profile

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78 - Onsori and His Influence from Arabic Poets
Mehdi Momtahen

  Comparative Literature, in general, is studying great thoughtful people's literature all around the world. Studying the relations between literatures from one side, and other things such as architecture, painting, music, poetry, grammar, art, economy, sociology More

  Comparative Literature, in general, is studying great thoughtful people's literature all around the world. Studying the relations between literatures from one side, and other things such as architecture, painting, music, poetry, grammar, art, economy, sociology, etc. on the other side is called comparative. It can be said that this kind of literature is comparing literature with other Human's sciences among the nations.Since the comparative literature was born in America and Europe in 19th century, but it is not so comprehensive in West, yet. Nevertheless, the literature of this part of the world is full of common purposes which were created through discussions among literary men and scientists.One of these literary men is Onsori, 4th and 5th century poet, who could derive many concepts by inspiration from Arabic poetry and put them among his beautiful odes. We, also, can have more effective role in order to enrich the comparative literature in this part of the world, Iran. Manuscript profile

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79 - Comparative Study of Nabavi's Eulogies in Abdolrazzaq and Hilli's Poetries
Ibrahim Fallah

Speech and poem beautifing by Nabavi's eulogies as a literary type has always been interested by Persian and Arabic poets and authors. Religious literature _ which Nabavi eulogies is one of its subs_ has remained disregarded. The present paper intends to express how Moh More

Speech and poem beautifing by Nabavi's eulogies as a literary type has always been interested by Persian and Arabic poets and authors. Religious literature _ which Nabavi eulogies is one of its subs_ has remained disregarded. The present paper intends to express how Mohammad – the Messenger – has been manifested in their poetries in descriptive – analytical method comparatively. The aim is to compare clause combinations of Jamalaldin Abdolrazzagh Esfehani and Safi Al Din Al Hilli's and express the similarities and differences. The results show that there are similarities in their poetries in applying lexicon such as ascension, birthday miracle, His priority to other Imams, His eulogy by other plants and creatures. Jamalaldin Abdolrazzagh Esfehani's eulogy is only about Mohammad the Prophet but Safi Al Din Al Hilli's is about Him and His Family members. Manuscript profile

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80 - Educational Values in Ahmad Zaki Abu Shadi’s Poetry According to Romantic Meanings
Roya Izad Doust Zahra Khosravi Soheila Qasimi Tarshizi

10.30495/clq.2021.685282

Ahmad Zaki Abu Shadi (1892) is one of the leading poets in the field of Romantic school in Arabic literature who sometimes tried to express the educational themes in poetry in addition to romantic principles. He is the child of an age in which the struggle for liberatio More

Ahmad Zaki Abu Shadi (1892) is one of the leading poets in the field of Romantic school in Arabic literature who sometimes tried to express the educational themes in poetry in addition to romantic principles. He is the child of an age in which the struggle for liberation from colonialism was carried out full – blooded; thus, he portrayed some of the moral recommendations and human values in the form of in – text infrastructures; one can become aware of the characteristics of romantic poetry in the Arab society by reading his poetries. Educational poetry refers to those couplets whose poetic purpose is to teach moral values and human beliefs. This descriptive – analytical article intends to show in what field and how the educational teachings of the mentioned poet were reflected. The most important results indicate that the moral propositions he sought in religious discourse were presented through intertextual relations and beautiful descriptions, while in expressing social and political issues he tended to symbolism more than any other literary trick.    Manuscript profile

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81 - Comparative Study of Baluchi and Arabic Proverbs
Mohammad Akbar Sepahi

Proverbs are important rituals and representations of human societies that represent human society, culture, and literature, their interests, tastes, and attitudes well. Baluchi language, literature and culture has always been in direct interaction with Persian language More

Proverbs are important rituals and representations of human societies that represent human society, culture, and literature, their interests, tastes, and attitudes well. Baluchi language, literature and culture has always been in direct interaction with Persian language and literature, and on the other hand, Baluchi and other Iranian languages, dialects and subcultures, either directly, due to the position of Islam in this land or indirectly, due to Persian, which has been in closer interaction with Arabic have been influenced by proverbs and wise sayings and hadiths and narrations that have become proverb. In this article, we have tried to examine the prominent and remarkable examples of this type of proverbs and sayings that have become the form of proverb. One of the most important results in the middle of this research is the role of Persian language and literature. Regarding the commonalities of Baluchi and Arabic proverbs, most of the compatible examples of these two languages, the common example of them can also be found in Persian. Manuscript profile

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82 - Comparison and Deviation Idiomatic of Semantic Relation in Arabic and Persian
Elham Mazrae Seyyed Ebrahim Dibaji

Prosody science is one of the literary sciences which was founded in second Hijri century by Khalīl ibn Aḥmad al-Farāhīdī; the subject is arabic poetry and studying rhythms as well as finding proper and improper rules. But the present paper intends to study deviation id More

Prosody science is one of the literary sciences which was founded in second Hijri century by Khalīl ibn Aḥmad al-Farāhīdī; the subject is arabic poetry and studying rhythms as well as finding proper and improper rules. But the present paper intends to study deviation idiomatic which is one of the branches of prosody science in both languages; it means they would be researched after finding the deviation idiomatic and then derivation would be done and finally the semantic relation before and after amendment will be recognized to find the idiomatic and lexical meanings by comparison. This article surveys deviation idiomatic in Khalil's prosody with descriptive – analytical method. The outcome of deviation idiomatic research is that the idiomatic and lexical ones are almost in relation with each other. Manuscript profile

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83 - Sahib ibn Abbad and his Effect on Arabic and Persian Languages
Mohammad Mahmoudi Mohammad Jafari Mohammad Shaygen Mehr

Sahib was a scholar and fan of science and knowledge in a way that was expert in various sciences. He treated students who became great masters in their own and different sciences. Although he was Iranian and his language was Persian, he learned Arabic literature in a w More

Sahib was a scholar and fan of science and knowledge in a way that was expert in various sciences. He treated students who became great masters in their own and different sciences. Although he was Iranian and his language was Persian, he learned Arabic literature in a way that talked and wrote in Arabic. He was interested in learning Arabic and tried to encourage others to talk Arabic. Sahib paid special attention to Arabic poetry and literature as well as Persian. The present research attempts to introduce his active character in learning in the best way in Arabic and Persian to the ones who are familiar with two mentioned languages and are interested to learn. Manuscript profile

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84 - The Influence of the Arabic Language on Fifth Century's Poetries
Ibrahim Fallah

Language and literature express the identity, originality and personality of a nation. The connection and influence between Persian and Arabic language and literature has always been reciprocal. The influence of Arabic on Persian dates back to afore the advent More

Language and literature express the identity, originality and personality of a nation. The connection and influence between Persian and Arabic language and literature has always been reciprocal. The influence of Arabic on Persian dates back to afore the advent of Islam. However, by manifestation of Islam, the mentioned influence spread in Iranian thought and culture, but the fifth century which is one of the brilliant centuries of the Islamic period, the influence of Qur'an and Arabic on Persian poetry is more visible than previous periods. Since Arabic literature enriches Persian language and literature, its influence has been in various fields including words, phrases, imagination, thought, and style. As Arabic is the language of Qur'an and sacred texts, Iranians and Persian literature paid special attention to it and were greatly influenced by it. The present research entitled "The Influence of the Arabic Language on Fifth Century's Poetries" seeks to study and analyze the impact of Arabic language on fifth-century poetry as well as to examine the influential genres. The results show that the types of influence of Arabic language on fifth century's poems include applying Arabic words and phrases, contents of Arabic concepts translated into Arabic verses, rhetorical figures of speech such as quotation and simile. Manuscript profile

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85 - Seljuki's Bilingual Scholars and Persian and Arabic Changes
Mohammad Jafari Fariborz Hosseinjanzadeh Zahra Yazdani

Persian and Arabic languages – because of dual interactions – are affected by each other through cultural relations since ancient era. But in fifth century – especially in Seljuk's era, the mentioned effects and admixture entered both languages because More

Persian and Arabic languages – because of dual interactions – are affected by each other through cultural relations since ancient era. But in fifth century – especially in Seljuk's era, the mentioned effects and admixture entered both languages because of scientific and literal competitions of leaders which caused their gradual development and completion. The present research which is done based on literary and historical sources as well as new researches, expresses the effective reasons and factors of two languages' development by descriptive – analytical approach; it comes to conclusion that the changes and improvement root of Persian language as a national language and Arabic as a religious and canonical language was in this era. Bilingual authors and poets as well as Seljuki's princes and royals played the most effective role in the mentioned improvement and change. The aim of the paper is to study bilingual political and literary characters of Persian and Arabic languages as well as discovering the reason of two languages' survival in the present. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

86 - A Study on Effects of Political – Social Evolutions on Khair al-Din al-Zirikli and his Contemporaries
Fatemeh Qajari Enayatollah Fatehi Nezhad

Khair al-Din al-Zirikli is a multidimensional character who was active in various political, literal, historical and social fields. His most important work which is titled "Al-Aʻlām", is about scholars and celebrities' lives from ancient to the contemporary era and is o More

Khair al-Din al-Zirikli is a multidimensional character who was active in various political, literal, historical and social fields. His most important work which is titled "Al-Aʻlām", is about scholars and celebrities' lives from ancient to the contemporary era and is of such a familiarity that affects all his life's aspects specially his literary and poetic aspect. The present paper studies his life style and works in his life time and after death. Manuscript profile

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87 - Examination of Apocalyptic Images in Khalil's Poem in the Apocalyptic Images of the Bible
Fatemeh Yousefi Seyed Hossein Seyedi Ahmad Reza Heydarian Shahri Kolsum Sadighi

Apocalyptic literature can be considered as a kind of idealistic literature in which the poet-writer is dissatisfied with the current state of his society and the flow of affairs and seeks to create an ideal world, a world other than the present world, using his creativ More

Apocalyptic literature can be considered as a kind of idealistic literature in which the poet-writer is dissatisfied with the current state of his society and the flow of affairs and seeks to create an ideal world, a world other than the present world, using his creative imagination. In this type of literature, anxiety and political, social and religious anomalies and the inability to overcome it focuses the poet-writer view to the future, thus the present time is the source and origin of his historical consciousness and evaluate the present time from the perspective of the future. In the present article, it is tried, while examining the apocalyptic images and their components in Khalil Havi's poetry by analytical-comparative method, to match those images with the apocalyptic images of the Bible, and also to examine the effect of Khalil Havi from the Bible. From the results of this research, we can point to these two points: First, Khalil Havi in his apocalyptic images of his poetry is completely influenced by the Bible. Secondly, Khalil Havi makes his promised paradise in this world. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

88 - A Comparative Study of the Prophetic Praises of Seyeda Nasfi and Safi al-Din Halli
Ebrahim Fallah Mohammad Reza Hajian

Muslim poets in Arabic and Persian literature have long presented valuable poems in the form of prophetic praise to the Prophet (PBUH), in addition to praising God which shows their belief and commitment to him. Considering that the Prophet (PBUH) is the founder of the More

Muslim poets in Arabic and Persian literature have long presented valuable poems in the form of prophetic praise to the Prophet (PBUH), in addition to praising God which shows their belief and commitment to him. Considering that the Prophet (PBUH) is the founder of the religion of Islam and the Prophets Seal, it is necessary to investigate the mental and spiritual characteristics of that Imam through the lens of prophetic praise. Since the role and position of the Prophet (PBUH) as the jewel of prophecy in the system of existence has a particular importance. Muslim poets paid special attention to this issue in order to bless their poems and dedicated some of their poems to it. Because the souls of Muslim poets are full of heartfelt love for the Imam and in their poetry, they have sincerely spoken about the virtues of the Imam. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method and citing evidence from the poems of these poets, has investigated a comparative study of Nasfi and Halli prophetic praises. Manuscript profile

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89 - The brilliance of Persian language and words in the poetry Divan of Aashi Akbar
Nayyreh Nazaria Mohammad Janatifar Seidakbar Ghazanfa

10.30495/clq.2021.681933

Iran and the kings of Persia, as one of the ancient civilizations of the planet, have been able to attract the attention of various nations, including the Arabs. Aashi Akbar, who was fascinated by this civilization and the behavior of the Persians, by traveling and prai More

Iran and the kings of Persia, as one of the ancient civilizations of the planet, have been able to attract the attention of various nations, including the Arabs. Aashi Akbar, who was fascinated by this civilization and the behavior of the Persians, by traveling and praising the kings and great Iranians such as Kasra Anoushirvan and Shahpour, opened his place in the government and court of the Persians and his poetry was full of Persian words that he borrowed from the Persians and the way of writing and composing those words was exactly the same as what was common among the Persians. This research, which in turn is one of the special articles in the field of comparative literature and the adaptation between the two languages of Persian and Arabic, aims to express and shine the Persian language in other languages, especially Arabic by mentioning Persian words among the verses of poetry left over from Aashi. Manuscript profile

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90 - Social Modernism in the Poetry of Mahmoud Sami Baroudi and Farrokhi Yazdi
Mohammad Ali Salmani Marvast Mojtaba Ghanbari Mazidi Karim Keshavarzi

The era of the movement or the Arabic contemporary era coincided with the constitutional era in Iran was the era of modernity in the social life of the Egyptian and Persian peoples. The transformation in the social life of these two nations in the contemporary era follo More

The era of the movement or the Arabic contemporary era coincided with the constitutional era in Iran was the era of modernity in the social life of the Egyptian and Persian peoples. The transformation in the social life of these two nations in the contemporary era followed a change in the field of literature. With the literary transformation, new social issues also entered the literature. Mahmoud Sami Baroudi, an Egyptian prominent poet, and Farrokhi Yazdi, a Persian poet, are among the most famous representatives of modernity in this era who undertakes the induction of sensitive social concepts to provide the space for a desirable society. Baroudi by taking advantage of the common and consistent taste and following the critics of the West deals with the affairs of the people and corrects the shortcomings of the society. Like Farrokhi Yazdi, he focuses on issues such as justice, homeland, abandonment of humiliation, attention to poverty, opposition to oppression, and invitation to learning science as the central themes of his poems. This research seeks to analyze the social perspective and signs of innovation by descriptive-analytical method by mentioning the sample and at the end expresse the similarities and differences of each in this regard. Manuscript profile

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91 - The unity of existence in the words of Imam Khomeini and its comparison with Davood Qaisari
Nematollah Behzadi Farajollah Barati Maryam Bakhtiar

10.30495/qsf.2023.679155

Dawood Qaisari is one of the famous mystics of the sixth century who has a great contribution in the development and growth of Ibn Arabi school. This book is undoubtedly one of the most prominent educational texts on theoretical mysticism, which testifies to the author' More

Dawood Qaisari is one of the famous mystics of the sixth century who has a great contribution in the development and growth of Ibn Arabi school. This book is undoubtedly one of the most prominent educational texts on theoretical mysticism, which testifies to the author's mastery in understanding and explaining the topics of Ibn Arabi's thought. The discussion of "unity of existence" is one of the important topics in this work, which is very interesting and has always been discussed by other mystics and thinkers of the Valley of Mysticism; For example, in the present era, Imam Khomeini, the founder of the Islamic Republic, who, although entering the world of politics, does not hide his devotion and interest in Ibn Arabi's thought and his works, and especially in the discussion of the unity of existence. In the works of Daud Qaisari and Imam Khomeini, both of which are influenced by the teachings of the Ibn Arabi school, we find that they have similar views and opinions on the unity of existence and its bills, which are worthy of attention. Similarities such as: the unity of personal intuition, the first determination, the status of oneness and unity, etc. Although at first Imam Khomeini disagreed in some cases, Manuscript profile

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92 - Critique and Study of Foreign Originated and Arabicized words in Qur'an in the mirror of modern linguistics
Jamal Talebi Ghareh Gheshlaq Asgar Babazadeh Aqdam

One of the topics that has been considered by Muslim linguists, commentators and Orientalists since the early centuries of Islamic history is the issue of non-Arabic words in Holy Quran. This issue is of very importance in the linguistic researches of Qur'an and has exp More

One of the topics that has been considered by Muslim linguists, commentators and Orientalists since the early centuries of Islamic history is the issue of non-Arabic words in Holy Quran. This issue is of very importance in the linguistic researches of Qur'an and has expressed several viewpoints. Three main perspectives: for, against and in between are the result of the research of ancient linguists in this field. But the fact is that the linguistic sciences consider the existence of non-Arabic words in Qur'an to be a proven category. In the present article owning a descriptive-analytical approach, non-Arabic words in Qur'an are studied from modern linguistics' perspective. The most important finding of the present study is that non-Arabic words in Qur'an are undeniable and its denial is in conflict with the findings and ideologies of modern linguistics. Abovementioned words has entered the Arabic language hundred years before the revelation of Qur'an and have been adapted to the phonetic and morphological structure of Arabic language. On the other hand, the single origin of Semitic languages, of which Arabic is one, is another proof of the existence of words from the Semitic language family in Qur'an. Manuscript profile

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93 - A Comparative Study of Paraphrase in ‘Saafi’ and ‘Quran’ Exegeses
Seyyed Mehdi Lotfi Seyyed Khalil Koohi

In mystical and traditional exegeses the word paraphrase is of essential importance. Among traditional exegeses, Feyz Kashani’s Exegesis is important for its inclusion of paraphrases offered by the Holy Shia Imams and some of Feyz’s own paraphrases are of sp More

In mystical and traditional exegeses the word paraphrase is of essential importance. Among traditional exegeses, Feyz Kashani’s Exegesis is important for its inclusion of paraphrases offered by the Holy Shia Imams and some of Feyz’s own paraphrases are of special importance. Among mystical exegeses, too, Ibn ‘Arabi’s exegesis includes paraphrases relying on mystical paraphrases. Comparing these two works focusing on concepts and methods can clarify the meaning of this act in both areas. In the mentioned exegeses, sometimes because of methodological similarity in studying the meaning of a Quranic verses or ayahs, the paraphrases are similar. However, in most other cases, there are essential differences between the paraphrases. This article attempts to study Ibn ‘Arabi’s and Feyz’s approach to paraphrasing both in theory and practice; thereby introducing the similarities and differences.   Manuscript profile

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94 - Secondary Meanings of Efaal and Tafeel and their Effects on Quran Translation
Hadi Heidari Nia Samaneh Sadat Malek Sabet Ramezan Mohammadi Amin Salemi

The present research studies new meanings of Efaal and Tafeel based on Astar Abadi, Ibn Hesham Ansari and Sībawayh views and ideas; also the mentioned verbs have been surveyed by acknowledging the necessity of attention and care in Quran translation and appropriate word More

The present research studies new meanings of Efaal and Tafeel based on Astar Abadi, Ibn Hesham Ansari and Sībawayh views and ideas; also the mentioned verbs have been surveyed by acknowledging the necessity of attention and care in Quran translation and appropriate word selection by bringing samples of Elahi Ghomshei Quran translation. According to the importance of verbs role in Arabic language as well their role in translation to the target language it would be necessary to study all related aspects and issues to the verbs. One of these related issues in translation is Solasi Mazid. Manuscript profile

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95 - Studying and analyzing the elements of alienation and loneliness and comparing them in the poems of Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati and Simin Behbehani
sa sa mahnaz bahrani

10.30495/cls.2023.1983302.1406

Nostalgia or the feeling of loneliness or sadness resulting from alienation from a psychological point of view is heartbreak and a person's longing for his past. This feeling appears as a manifestation of unconscious human behavior. Nostalgia, or feeling lonely and sad, More

Nostalgia or the feeling of loneliness or sadness resulting from alienation from a psychological point of view is heartbreak and a person's longing for his past. This feeling appears as a manifestation of unconscious human behavior. Nostalgia, or feeling lonely and sad, manifests itself within the framework of longing for home, lover, family, happy childhood and adolescence, and favorable political, social, economic, and religious conditions in the past. The result of this research shows that Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati and Simon Behbehani, as followers of the romantic school of contemporary literature (Arabic and Persian), used nostalgia as one of the basic and necessary foundations in their poetry and based on psychological sources and indicators are presented among the poets of nostalgia, although al-Bayati's words and feelings are more attractive and emotional Compared to Simin Behbehani. This research studies the poems of Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati and Simon Behbehani with an analytical and descriptive approach based on library sources. Its aim is to discover the components of nostalgia and to know the intellectual and poetic lines of these two poets. Manuscript profile

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96 - Investigating the reasons of non-mastering the Arabic literary dialogue of MA graduates of Arabic language and literature (Case study of Isfahan)
Hamideh Mazbanpour Mohammad Reza Yusefi Mohammad Hassan Masoumi

10.30495/cls.2021.679141

According to the importance of learning Arabic dialogue and its position among MA graduates of Arabic language and literature, this study tries to examine the factors affecting the lack of mastery of Arabic literary dialogue among graduates of this field and evaluate th More

According to the importance of learning Arabic dialogue and its position among MA graduates of Arabic language and literature, this study tries to examine the factors affecting the lack of mastery of Arabic literary dialogue among graduates of this field and evaluate the role of each of them after recognizing factors. To achieve this goal, a survey method was used and the tool of this research was the questionnaire of MA graduates of Arabic language and literature in Isfahan by census and its results were evaluated by SPSS. The results show that the factors affecting the lack of mastery of MA graduates in the literary dialogue of the Arabic language can be classified into four factors including: the ability to teach professors, the content of educational texts, educational method, and motivation of graduates. The results of the questionnaire show that all four factors are effective in learning literary dialogue, but which factor is done according to educational principles and which factor is not implemented according to educational principles, which is the reason for the lack of mastery of MA graduates on literary dialogue. Manuscript profile

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97 - Poetry of Abu Al-Qasim Al-Shabi and its Quranic and romantic themes
Siamak Asgharpour Atefeh Asghari Chenar

10.30495/cls.2021.679146

Since Abu al-Qasem Al-Shabi was born in a family in which the light of the Holy Qur'an had shone on its atmosphere, so he chose the Qur'an as a companion and managed to preserve it, and even influenced it in his social life and way of thinking. In a way that he made the More

Since Abu al-Qasem Al-Shabi was born in a family in which the light of the Holy Qur'an had shone on its atmosphere, so he chose the Qur'an as a companion and managed to preserve it, and even influenced it in his social life and way of thinking. In a way that he made the style of his romantic poems closer to it. This is what prevented his poems from deviating from the Quranic teachings that this effect is often seen in his poems and themes. Relying on a descriptive-analytical method, this article aims to examine how the poet uses the teachings of the Qur'an and the subject of his hatred of vices and evils and praising the virtues and virtues in his poems which is allocated to the subject of nation and homeland in order to explain a source from which he has been inspired in his stances on various social and cultural events and situations by understanding Shabi verses. Manuscript profile

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98 - Manifestations of Commitment in the Poetry of the Arab Spring Revolutions in Egypt (Analytical review of selected samples)
askar babazadeh aghdam jamal talebii ghare gheshlaghi asma aljiaboushaieb

10.30495/cls.2022.692158

AbstractCommitment in literature means that the poet or writer uses his intellectual and literary talent and ability in the service of his community, expresses the pains and sufferings, hopes and aspirations of his people in an honest language and away from affiliation More

AbstractCommitment in literature means that the poet or writer uses his intellectual and literary talent and ability in the service of his community, expresses the pains and sufferings, hopes and aspirations of his people in an honest language and away from affiliation and prejudice against the party or political tendency. Special portrayed. This thinking is the essence of committed literature. Accordingly, the poetry of the 2011 Arab Spring revolutions in Egypt is considered a committed poem, and after the decline of this type of poetry in the past decades, it has criticized the most important political and social issues during the rule of Hosni Mubarak. The present article seeks to study and analyze the manifestations of commitment in the poetry of the Arab Spring revolutions in Egypt shortly before and after 2011 in the poems of famous poets such as Abd- al Moati Hejazi, Farouk Gouida and Abd al Rahman al-ashmavi and some other anonymous poets. One of the most important findings of the study is that political tyranny as well as social problems such as poverty and unemployment have been the main reasons for the revolution of the Egyptian people. Therefore, committed poets opposed tyranny by focusing on tyranny and lack of civil liberties, and challenged it because of corruption in the administrative and governmental system. They also addressed social problems such as poverty and unemployment because of their attachment to society, and did not forget the leading role of poetry in awakening and calling for revolution. Manuscript profile

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99 - Manifestations of Resistant Literature in Iranian Literature and Contemporary Palestine
Mohammad reza Beigi mehdi mohammadi Khadijeh Safari kendsari

10.30495/cls.2022.691934

Language is undoubtedly the embodiment and symbol of the mind. Mental action is expressed when it comes to the stage of language, and expression is nothing but a combination of words and phrases. In fact, poets make their invisible minds visible and understandable in "w More

Language is undoubtedly the embodiment and symbol of the mind. Mental action is expressed when it comes to the stage of language, and expression is nothing but a combination of words and phrases. In fact, poets make their invisible minds visible and understandable in "what to say" and "how to say". The occupation of Arab countries, including Iraq and Palestine, as well as the imposed war after the victory of the Islamic Revolution, were a great test for the field. Anyone could protect the homeland in any way he could. This current remains to this day and is necessary to preserve the values of sacred defense. The present article is descriptive-analytical and the research findings indicate that the language of contemporary stability poetry with persuasive functions has religious, epic, cultural and mythological themes, and using structures such as allusion, simile, metaphor, aberration, The archetype, etc. depicts the blowing of the spirit of morality and the strength and heroic authority with a suitable and eloquent tone and meaning for the audience. Manuscript profile

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100 - The role of culture in teaching foreign languages (Arabic as a model)
Seyederoghay Mehrinezhad

10.30495/cls.2022.1913267.1291

This research seeks to study the role of culture and its place in teaching the foreign language, its effect on learning the foreign language, and its effect on learning the Arabic language as an external language. In learning the external language, including Arabic, and More

This research seeks to study the role of culture and its place in teaching the foreign language, its effect on learning the foreign language, and its effect on learning the Arabic language as an external language. In learning the external language, including Arabic, and its proportional use, the teaching of culture has not only influenced different contexts, but also in places where culture is taught with the external language, which is inevitable, we can use different methods.In fact, teaching the Arabic language outside the framework of the cultural destination language was not useful except that it accompanies some of the characteristics of the culture of that language’s society. Therefore, solving issues related to language and culture helps the quality of the process of teaching the Arabic language as an external language and achieves the scientific objectiveThe important point in learning a foreign language is that, given the culture trends of societies to learn foreign languages, we find that this approach is influenced by culture in the general sense of the word. This research, on the one hand, attempts to study the role of language and culture in teaching the Arabic language by looking at these two concepts. To achieve this goal, we have dealt with the theoretical investigations presented in this area and provide examples to illustrate the discussion. On the other hand, issues related to the process of language teaching and learning are studied in this field. In this research, we relied on the descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile

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101 - A study on the role of early Arabic poems and dictionaries to explain the Quranic languages
morteza safdari niak

10.30495/cls.2023.1972336.1380

The importance of the Qur’an is that it is the word of God and that it was issued for the guidance of mankind. Therefore, attributing a meaning to the words of the Qur’an is a dangerous matter that must be fully reassured, lest we fall into the dilemma of sl More

The importance of the Qur’an is that it is the word of God and that it was issued for the guidance of mankind. Therefore, attributing a meaning to the words of the Qur’an is a dangerous matter that must be fully reassured, lest we fall into the dilemma of slandering God Almighty. The Arabic language is in eloquence, rhetoric, sweetness and gentleness to a degree that no other language can reach. And in the strangeness to the extent that with the increase and decrease in the movement or letter in the pronunciation, or in the modalities of the composition of the words from the introduction and the delay, the different meanings occurred because the Arabic language in rhetoric and eloquence has many provisions that are specific to this language, and if these considerations are used in another language, they Invalidate and useless. And after the conquest of the country and the mixing of the Arabs and the non-Arabs, forgetting the eloquent language is a possible matter. That is why some scholars in the early days of Islam composed Arabic dictionaries and cared about the language of the eloquent and the Arab rhetoricians, and cited the pre-Islamic poetry that was free from mixing with the non-Arabic language. Research on the languages of the Qur’an, especially the foreign ones, has been discussed among Muslims, and because the language of every people must be inferred from their eloquent speech, and this is one of the most important reasons for collecting eloquent Arabic poems. Manuscript profile

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102 - The effectiveness of Binary oppositions and the structure of meaning in the poem of Abd –al wahhab al-bayati In light of the structuralist theory
askar babazadeh aghdam jamal talebi

10.30495/cls.2023.1967456.1375

Dual contrasts are a kind of textual structure that the poet uses to reveal the harmony of contradiction within the text. This type of textual structure is one of the most important forms of expression in the poetry of al-Bayati, and she has used it significantly to exp More

Dual contrasts are a kind of textual structure that the poet uses to reveal the harmony of contradiction within the text. This type of textual structure is one of the most important forms of expression in the poetry of al-Bayati, and she has used it significantly to express her thoughts, ideas and emotions. The present study, with a descriptive-analytical approach and criterion of Bayati's collection of poetic works, examines some important dual contrasts such as the contrast of death and life, me and the other, travel and return, love and revolution, homeland and exile, and the contrast of times. One of the most important findings of the present study is that the dual confrontations in Bayati's poetry have gone beyond a limited perspective, that is, word-for-word confrontation, and have taken on various political and social implications such as critique of the ruling hegemony and critique of the tragic situation of the Iraqi people. Regarding the contrast between life and death, research has shown that death, from Bayati's point of view, is necessary for the revitalization of Iraq. In contrast to me and the other, it was concluded that the other has played an effective role in expressing Bayati's wishes and desires and thoughts and ideas and deepening her innate will in different situations. In connection with the confrontation between the journey and the return, it was revealed that the Bayati journey was a journey in search of hope and the promised dream. Bayati established a link between love and revolution, Manuscript profile

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103 - Commitment in Arabic literature (Al-Sharif Al-Radi and Ibn Maatouq Al-Hawizi, a balanced study)
hossin javanmardi javad saadonzadeh Sohad Jaderi

10.30495/cls.2023.1985853.1419

This article aims, based on the descriptive analytical method, to examine the commitment aspects of the poetry of Sharif Al-Radi and Ibn Maatouq Al-Mousawi, because they are among the poets who reflected the commitment after he worked with them in their lives. Islamic a More

This article aims, based on the descriptive analytical method, to examine the commitment aspects of the poetry of Sharif Al-Radi and Ibn Maatouq Al-Mousawi, because they are among the poets who reflected the commitment after he worked with them in their lives. Islamic and Qur’anic verses since their childhood, this development led to their distance from immorality and immorality, as they left pure and honest poems far from vulgarity and immorality.‌This article also aims to analyze the hidden meanings in their poetry through study and analysis, as well as trying to acquaint the recipient with some of the ideas of these two great poets. The expression of these teachings indicates that the poets have practically adhered to these values and called everyone to them from the depths of their heart. Ibn Maatouq used the art of embodiment, and in this way he gave his verses much vitality and activity. It refers to the incident of Ghadir Khumm and uses the element of imagination to describe the events of that day. It also refers to the verse of purification in some of its verses. Ibn Maatouq used the method of calling a lot, as he addressed the Prophet (PBUH) using the phrase (my lord) and the word (my lord), whose appreciation is my lord. Manuscript profile

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104 - The impact of immigration on the poetry of the Diaspora and Palestinian poetry (a comparative study)
habib keshavarz Mehdi Torkshvand

10.30495/cls.2023.1964430.1372

The poets of the diaspora and the poets of the homeless Palestine, both of them live outside their countries, and in addition to their feeling of alienation, they have a longing for their homeland. But the motives and reasons behind the migration of these poets differ; More

The poets of the diaspora and the poets of the homeless Palestine, both of them live outside their countries, and in addition to their feeling of alienation, they have a longing for their homeland. But the motives and reasons behind the migration of these poets differ; The poets of the diaspora migrated to the countries of the North and South America of their own free will and in order to live a better life, and they may return - whenever they want - to their homelands. As for the poets of Palestine, they did not leave their country voluntarily. Rather, it was the Zionist occupiers who expelled them, and they did not return to their homeland. In this article, we try, using an analytic-descriptive approach, to study the effects of migration on the poetry of Palestine and the poetry of the diaspora, and to show the differences between these effects. The results obtained from this research work show that the different motives and causes of emigration have had a direct impact on the poetry of the poets of Palestine and the poets of the diaspora. The poets of the diaspora yearn for the homeland, but they do not return to it, begging for flimsy pretexts, and aiming arrows of criticism at the masses, while the poets of Palestine love their country and call the masses to struggle. In addition, the emotions of Palestinian poets and their feelings of longing for their homeland are truer. Manuscript profile

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105 - A Comparative Reading of Hereditary Characters in Contemporary Arabic and Persian Poetry (Case Study of Adnan Al-Sayegh’s and Seyyed Ali Garmaroudi’s Poetry)
MOHAMMAD GHAFOURIFAR mallek salemi

10.30495/cls.2022.1919593.1377

Re-reading hereditary characters is one of the foundations and new tools of expressing aesthetics on which poets rely to create their own images and innovations. Contemporary Arabic and Persian poetry have benefited greatly from hereditary characters, so that we are wit More

Re-reading hereditary characters is one of the foundations and new tools of expressing aesthetics on which poets rely to create their own images and innovations. Contemporary Arabic and Persian poetry have benefited greatly from hereditary characters, so that we are witnessing the increasing use of these artistic tools by contemporary poets. Meanwhile, the Iraqi poet, Adnan Al-Sayegh and the Iranian poet, Seyyed Ali Garmaroudi have paid significant attention to hereditary characters. Accordingly, they have given human dimensions to their poetic purposes and inspired their artistic experience by being inspired by deep thoughts and reflecting on the issues of rich times. With their artistic and literary experience, the two poets linked the audience's cry to the hereditary characters in fighting against the world arrogance. Done via a comparative research method, and based on the American School of Comparative Studies, the present paper made significant results such as the two poets’ efforts to create an aesthetic instrument of hereditary characters to serve the literary subject and enrich the meaning. Linguistic expressions and the discovery of their insistence or emphasis are summarized. Therefore, the characters, in a norm-breaking manner, carry new meanings and semantic horizons in order to reduce the richness and inherent dimension of contemporary Arabic and Persian poetry and to keep the poems away from direct speech and interpretation. By using Islamic heritage personalities and heritage codes, the two poets seek to awaken a sense of national identity among the people in the face of aggressors. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

106 - Cinematic Image Patterns and their Implications in Zahran Al-Qasimi's Novel “Al-Qafar's Westernization”
Zainab Daryanavard Mohammad Javad Pourabed rasol balavi Ali khezri Haitham Al-Suwaili

10.30495/cls.2023.1984723.1415

Recently, the modernist novel was based on the visual data taken from the visual arts, especially the seventh art, so the features of the cinematic image appeared in the narrative depth engraved on a large scale. Employing the visual image in the narrative has several e More

Recently, the modernist novel was based on the visual data taken from the visual arts, especially the seventh art, so the features of the cinematic image appeared in the narrative depth engraved on a large scale. Employing the visual image in the narrative has several effects, which are reflected in the movements of characters and objects in the narrative space, or the framing of scenes depicted by specific techniques. Zahran Al-Qasimi's novel "Al-Qafar's Alienation" is considered one of the most important novels in which the writer uses vocabulary related to the cinematic language.This study relies on the descriptive-analytical approach to reveal the common windows between the cinematic elements and the narrative text, through which junctures emerge that include vocabulary that characterizes both arts. From this point of view, this study aims to show the extent to which vocabulary and narrative paragraphs are subject to cinematic techniques, and to emphasize the two functions of the snapshot; Reading and visual and the reflection of the semiological connotations of them, so the results obtained from this convergence is the transcendence of the fictional text towards the narrative text. With this work, the writer may give the recipient the opportunity to enter into a visual world that adopts the idea of depicting the scene and directing it. The focus of this study revolves around five techniques that intersect with the written narrative. Action and reaction shot, witness Manuscript profile

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107 - Analysis in the Journal of "Studies on Arabic Language and Literature
Marzieh Kohandel Jahromi

Introduction: With reviewing of scientific production in any field, strategic planning could be conducted for policy research assessment, improve the quality of research activities and evaluate obtained promotions. This study aimed to analyze the content of published ar More

Introduction: With reviewing of scientific production in any field, strategic planning could be conducted for policy research assessment, improve the quality of research activities and evaluate obtained promotions. This study aimed to analyze the content of published articles in the journal of "Studies on Arabic Language and Literature during the years 2010 to 2013”. Methods: In this descriptive study, the content of 93 articles published in the Journal of "Studies on Arabic Language and Literature during the years 2010 to 2013 and mention the most important subject areas in the field of Arabic language and literature and most of them were affiliated to Teshrin University. Manuscript profile

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108 - The Victory Vocabulary in Al – Asf Al – Makoul
Jahad yousef Ibrahim Al Arja Abdollah Yadollahi Farsani

The present article studies the vocabulary relating to victory in Palestinian contemporary poets poetry in Al – Asf Al – Makoul. The present paper attempts to compare the type and the structure of these vocabularies which contain the concept of victory and t More

The present article studies the vocabulary relating to victory in Palestinian contemporary poets poetry in Al – Asf Al – Makoul. The present paper attempts to compare the type and the structure of these vocabularies which contain the concept of victory and triumph in Quran and ancient poetries. In fact these lexicons divide into two parts: first the old words such as victory, triumph and so on and the other are the new ones which the Palestinian poet has apply them in order to depict the war and combat scenes such as missile, explosion, destroy and so on. Manuscript profile

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109 - Call for Prophets Character and its Semantic Evolution in Palestine's Resistance Poetry
Mohammad Hassan Amraei

Call for ancient characters phenomena is one of the most important phenomenon which has had notable influence profundity and extension rather than its appearance. The religious and sacred parts are the richest in the field of traditional resources in which Mahmoud Darvi More

Call for ancient characters phenomena is one of the most important phenomenon which has had notable influence profundity and extension rather than its appearance. The religious and sacred parts are the richest in the field of traditional resources in which Mahmoud Darvish could achieve all in the past and reach the present and future status. He expresses his constructive emotions in order to create ideal and dreamy future. The present paper studies the selective and called prophets and expresses symbolic and semantic reasons of these religious characters which have been introduced by Mahmoud Darvish. Manuscript profile

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110 - A Research on Love and Motherland's Image in Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati and Salah Abdel Sabour's Poetries
Sakineh Saremi Geravi Seyyed Hossein Seyyedi

Romanticism is an emotional reaction to wisdom and is a tendency to bold human's ego toward dreams, historical background as well as unknown lands. Freedom, naturism, emotion and excitement, historical and geographical travels are of the most important principles of thi More

Romanticism is an emotional reaction to wisdom and is a tendency to bold human's ego toward dreams, historical background as well as unknown lands. Freedom, naturism, emotion and excitement, historical and geographical travels are of the most important principles of this school. Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati and Salah Abdel Sabour are well known and capable Iraqi poets who both are pioneers in romanticism and homeland, love, nostalgia and homesickness are the obvious and apparent elements in their poetries. The mentioned elements express sadness and grief in their poetries and some assumptions are presented in this article: 1- Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati and Salah Abdel Sabour are civil romanticism followers. 2- Geographical travel and escaping the living town to reach the hometown is obvious in their works. The aim of the present paper is to recover the method of romanticism's basics and fundamentals as well as expressing the similarities and differences of Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati and Salah Abdel Sabour's Poetries with analytical – descriptive method to prove the abovementioned assumptions. Manuscript profile

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111 - Hafez and Sayyid Qutb
Jahangir Amiri Mohammad Fareqi Shad

In addition to the religious works, poets Divan in which most are sonnets, has been remained by Seyyid Qutb – contemporary scholar and Quran researcher. He was familiar with Hafez poetries and according to the Arabic translation of his poetry, he fell in love with More

In addition to the religious works, poets Divan in which most are sonnets, has been remained by Seyyid Qutb – contemporary scholar and Quran researcher. He was familiar with Hafez poetries and according to the Arabic translation of his poetry, he fell in love with Hafez’s and started praising him. This made him tend toward mystical poetries and being affected by Hafez, his poetry and his poetry. He knows Hafez’s as spiritual factor for Arabic poetry which rescues the poems of today’s philosophical and logical storm. Love in Sayyid Qutb’s poems exists so deep which mortal loves are not counted. The present paper studies common poetic concepts of Hafez and Sayyid Qutb’s poetries. Manuscript profile

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112 - Comparison of the prophet job’s mask between Mahmud Darvish and Badr Shaker Sayyab
firouz harirchi saeedeh birjandi

Abstract This study aims to examine the use of religion heritage and application of the prophet job’s character mask. One of the important masks that have been used by contemporary poets is the prophet’s masks, especially the job of which the story exists More

Abstract This study aims to examine the use of religion heritage and application of the prophet job’s character mask. One of the important masks that have been used by contemporary poets is the prophet’s masks, especially the job of which the story exists in the Quran. This character is a symbol of patience. Darvish and Sayyab are the most important poets who used the mask of this character.  Each of them used this character to express a special experience. Darvish Who suffered from occupying his country and getting refugee, used job’s character mask as a symbol for tolerance of that hardship. Also, Sayyab Who suffered from his illness and pain, used job’s character mask as a symbol for tolerance of that hardship. However, their ways differ in how to apply this mask in poems of these two poets. Each of them has some traits of this character that are relevant to their own mental conditions. Manuscript profile

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113 - The place of proverb in Arabic literature
Seyed Ismaiel Hosseini Ajdad

Proverb is one of the most beautiful rhetorical arts which makes delivering discourse close to the target and stabilizes meaning for the addressee. It has some features such as word briefness, suitable meaning,nice similie,fast circulation,ability to brin More

Proverb is one of the most beautiful rhetorical arts which makes delivering discourse close to the target and stabilizes meaning for the addressee. It has some features such as word briefness, suitable meaning,nice similie,fast circulation,ability to bring noticeable points closer to the reasonable ones and its acceptance by the public opinion. For this reason,this kind of innovative rhetorical art was spread about in Arabic literature and it became welll-known as Arabic wisdom and intellectual and literal heritage in the era of ignorance and Islam. The purpose of the proverbs is to inform people about good and bad result. Plenty of parable proverbs were spread about in the literature of different eras,particulary in the era of ignorance to demonstrate the vast experience of the deceased in the form of brief words to its addressee. Manuscript profile

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114 - Relationships among the Contemporary Dialects and the Formal Language and their Effects on it
Mahin Hajizade Farideh Shahrestani

As the Arabic formal language is the national unifier that unites the sons of the Arabs, so that it is a common language and the one of the Holy Quran, ideological inherited, and the language of science and knowledge, vulgar dialects in different Arab countries, howe More

As the Arabic formal language is the national unifier that unites the sons of the Arabs, so that it is a common language and the one of the Holy Quran, ideological inherited, and the language of science and knowledge, vulgar dialects in different Arab countries, however, differ to the extent that, for example, a man from one of the eastern Arab countries isn't able to find out the accent of an Arab from Algeria or  Morocco. And the linguistic problem in our era is that the formal written Arabic differs from the one applied in conversation and from vernacular dialects which don't live up to scholars' tongue and which are late models in substance and this problem isn't insoluble in this manner. And The prevalence of culture and facilitating knowledge for the people of Arab in the general form is sponsor to raise the level of  language to the extent that Arabic was at that level in diverse eras, Did not recognize periods of history from the era of linguistic duality in language. And perhaps the colloquial dialect, close to the formal language, was writing language and That is for the safety of its structures and the choice of its wording that was accurate in Arabic But it was released from the restraints of expression; so its speakers committed to housing in pictures and this is what they aspired in making the colloquial dialect close to the formal language. And this means that colloquial dialects may alter and be reformed and indelicacy guide you in it but it will soften but it will never be overcome and it must not be overcome because it is the source what we call eloquent of speech. On the other hand, replacing the formal language  with the colloquial dialect is a process that aims to break down the one nation indivisible to different linguistic entities which act to impede the achievement of Arab  Unity, and to cut links and close ties that formed over time thanks to one single language. Consequently, we must accept the direction that calls to a type of linkup  and unification between the formal language and the vernacular one. And this is what we are trying to clarify in this article. Manuscript profile

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115 - Modernity Manifestations in Amal Donqol's poetry
Hossein Elyasi Ali Akbar Moradian Qobadi

Title is of special importance to semioticians. It is the main text and the paragraphs are derived from the main title. The relationship between the title and the phrases of the ode ore harmonized and are of cohesion and coherence. The title expresses all reasons of the More

Title is of special importance to semioticians. It is the main text and the paragraphs are derived from the main title. The relationship between the title and the phrases of the ode ore harmonized and are of cohesion and coherence. The title expresses all reasons of the poet text and the verses only proof the title. Following the traditions is one of the most important techniques that a poet applies it in his poetry and makes his poet more active. The present paper studies the applied techniques in Amal Donqol's poetries in order to clarify this strategy's role in the poets' text and in depicting the poet's feelings and emotions. Manuscript profile

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116 - Features of Passive Critics in Arabic Literature
Ali Sayadani Mohammad Saleh Sharif Asgari Mehdi Shafaei

Most of the researches do not differentiate between intuitive critic and passive one – in the field of features, applications and methods. This critical school is called emotional or passive critics which emphasizes aesthetics. Thus sensitivity is not the only app More

Most of the researches do not differentiate between intuitive critic and passive one – in the field of features, applications and methods. This critical school is called emotional or passive critics which emphasizes aesthetics. Thus sensitivity is not the only appliance to wisdom but is a mean to inspire happiness or unhappiness feeling. Consequently the passive (critical) school is the result of action and reaction between art and sensation. The most important feature is responding the reader’s dreams, feelings and emotions. The present article is to study the passive critical features in the Arabic Literature. Manuscript profile

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117 - A Research about some Persian Loan Words in Lesan-ol-Arab
Ramezan Rezaie Parinaz Ali Akbari

Each nation has something to proud and glory it, and this is the manner of Arabs who proud about their language and good style, and they maintained on their language because they sent their sons into Al Badaiy desert’ to keep their Arabic language, even with we ha More

Each nation has something to proud and glory it, and this is the manner of Arabs who proud about their language and good style, and they maintained on their language because they sent their sons into Al Badaiy desert’ to keep their Arabic language, even with we have found in their language some  Arabic and  Loan words and from here it was our subject for investigating loan words in the book of (Lesan-ol-Arab) by Ibn-Manzoor So we have investigated some Persian loan words in this book  from the point of meaning. Then we have tried to refer each word into its language which is come from to show its meaning in this language and this what we have tried to show the trace of foreign languages on Arabic language and the range of its effect in it. Manuscript profile

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118 - External sources of Jibran Khalil Jibran's view to death
Habib Keshavarz

Death is a natural phenomenon that has been talked by both ancient and modern literati. Contemporary literati have talked a lot about this and sometimes their opinions have been very different. Also, their view to death is deeper and more emotional than the past. Jibran More

Death is a natural phenomenon that has been talked by both ancient and modern literati. Contemporary literati have talked a lot about this and sometimes their opinions have been very different. Also, their view to death is deeper and more emotional than the past. Jibran Khalil Jibran is one of these literati who have spoken a lot about death in his poems and prose and his view of this phenomenon is different from the view of the ancestors. Jibran who is one of the most famous literati of the northern mahjar and one of the members of Al-Rabeta Al-Qalamiya. In his view, in addition to his personality traits and the death of his sister and mother, he was also influenced by Western literati and schools including Nietzsche, Edgar Allan Poe and William Blake, and the school of Romantic and Romantic literati. He loved death, which was one of the influences of the Romantic school. He felt homesick in this world and believed that death would eliminate this homelessness, save man, and heal him. Manuscript profile

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119 - Arabic Language & Literature's Manifestation in Amiri Firuzkuhi's Poetry
Masoumeh Bakhsh Alizadeh

Amiri Firuzkuhi is one of the Iranian contemporary poets who was born in Firuzkouh (1990 - 1984). He was completely affected by Arabic language; in a way that he has versed some odes in Arabic. This research studied the mentioned odes and calls the poet for the first ti More

Amiri Firuzkuhi is one of the Iranian contemporary poets who was born in Firuzkouh (1990 - 1984). He was completely affected by Arabic language; in a way that he has versed some odes in Arabic. This research studied the mentioned odes and calls the poet for the first time "bilingual poet". It seems that Holy Quran was his first inspirational source which he was enjoyed terms and meanings both.  His poetries contain Arabic combinations such as expressions, verbs, nouns and proverbs without any mistake and error. He also mentioned some Arabic poets and authors among his works and compares them with himself. The article – descriptive – analytical method – attempts to introduce the above-mentioned poet and his works as a new sample of Arabic's effect on Persian language. It can be claimed that memorizing Holy Quran is the most important factor in Amiri Firuzkuhi's Arabic learning and fluency. Manuscript profile

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120 - Immitation in ‘’Andelos”poem
Hassan Shavandi Ali Kordi

Many critics and researchers believe that Andelos poem is the continuation of Arabic poem in the East.This viewpoint comes from this matter that the East was the aspiration of the people in Andelos and they searched their ideal poem in Arabic East and con More

Many critics and researchers believe that Andelos poem is the continuation of Arabic poem in the East.This viewpoint comes from this matter that the East was the aspiration of the people in Andelos and they searched their ideal poem in Arabic East and considered the eastern poem a model for the form and the contents of their poems. Therefore,poetical intentions in Andelos poem are the same poetical intentions in theEast, i.e.eulogy and elegy, lyric poem and glory, lyric poem and satire. As the contents of their poems were imitation of eastern concepts. Undoubtedly, the effect of atmosphere and the particular culture of Andelos was consciously or unconsciously felt in Andelos poem. Manuscript profile

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121 - Semiotic study in a poem" in the Arabic Morocco
Mohsen Seifi Masoumeh Hosseinpour Seddigheh Jafari Nezhad

"Badr shakir sayyab " (1926-1964) is an outstanding contemporary Arabic poet whose poetry is a mixture of different types of literary,  historical, religious,  mythological and folkloric heritage. He builds his poem on the basis of antique texts and at the sam More

"Badr shakir sayyab " (1926-1964) is an outstanding contemporary Arabic poet whose poetry is a mixture of different types of literary,  historical, religious,  mythological and folkloric heritage. He builds his poem on the basis of antique texts and at the same time,  he has a special concentration on both language and texture. He tries to convey both the concepts and structure of his work to the addressee smartly. One of his most important poems that enjoys the potential of various interpretations and different understandings is " fee-l maghrebe-l- arabi " (In Arabic Morocco).The present paper aims to study the poetries at two vertical and horizontal levels by applying a descriptive and analytical approach. Its attempt is to study some of its poetic features. Manuscript profile

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122 - Of Holy Quran The Influeance And Hadith narrated from the Prophet and Ahl' Al- Beit in Mortaza's Hosseinian elegies.
Mohammad Esmaiel Zadeh

    Mortaza and who was later on given the title Alam Al - Hoda by vizier Abu Said Mohammad Ibn Al-Hossein.    Mortaza has sung 14 short and long satirical poems independently and in total 696 verses, for his grand father Emam Hossein in these More

    Mortaza and who was later on given the title Alam Al - Hoda by vizier Abu Said Mohammad Ibn Al-Hossein.    Mortaza has sung 14 short and long satirical poems independently and in total 696 verses, for his grand father Emam Hossein in these touching elegies which he used to sing on the day of Ashura, he defended Shi'as basic thoughts and its ideals.    He has grown under the care of his mother Fatemah, in religious and shiites family. He learned the holy Quran by heart at period of infancy and learned the religious sciences.   We don't surprise that observe the influeance of Quran and hadith on Hosseinian elegies. In this paper, will be discussed the influeance of Quran and hadith on Hosseinian elegies. Manuscript profile

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123 - Reform in Al – Rassafi’s Poetry
علی نظری یونس ولیئی سیدمرتضی طباطبایی

The social – political conditions were unorganized in the late 19th and early 20th and the people of the country suffered from the poverty, unawareness and the kings’ degenerate. “Marouf Al - Rassafi” – the famous Arab poet – (1876-19 More

The social – political conditions were unorganized in the late 19th and early 20th and the people of the country suffered from the poverty, unawareness and the kings’ degenerate. “Marouf Al - Rassafi” – the famous Arab poet – (1876-1945) was well – known in cultural and literary fields. His poetry is about social problems such as people’s poverty, ignorance and unawareness, superstition under the religion cover, lack of democracy especially for women. He was committed to political issues and biased about the Ottoman’s corruption and Britain’s occupation and tried to aware people against the Britain’s goals. He invited people to peace and calmness, brotherhood and cooperation and humanity. Manuscript profile

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124 - A Survey of the Phonological Observations of Sibeveyh from the Modern Linguistics Point of View
Mahin Hajizadeh

Speakers of different languages have paid attention to the phonetics of their language since ancient times. Muslim scientists have also taken into consideration the value of phonological studies and among them there are linguists who are not less important tha More

Speakers of different languages have paid attention to the phonetics of their language since ancient times. Muslim scientists have also taken into consideration the value of phonological studies and among them there are linguists who are not less important than any western ones like Saussure, Chomsky and Jacobson. Some of them are even counted more major than westerners; one of these Muslim scholars is Sibeveyh. He is considered a forerunner of Arabic phonological studies and his works are the basis of later studies in this field. The present article surveys his point of views and analyses. Manuscript profile

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125 - Manifestation of Hallaj's Mask in Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati's Poetry
Foad Abdollah Zadeh Ali Asghar Habibi Ali Akbar Ahmadi Chenari Mojtaba Behrouzi

Poetic symbolization based on past symbols in order to create a romantic situation is one of the important poetic evolutions. Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati is one of the modernism strongest poets in this field who could express his poetic approaches in the most effective way More

Poetic symbolization based on past symbols in order to create a romantic situation is one of the important poetic evolutions. Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati is one of the modernism strongest poets in this field who could express his poetic approaches in the most effective way by applying different symbols of dream. This article – which is done in descriptive – analytic method – studies symbolization and its importance in al-Bayati's poetry in general as well as analyzing Hallaj symbol. He has applies this symbol in many different poetries such as "Hallaj's Torture". The common points in two characters caused forming mask technique in the best way. Manuscript profile

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126 - Farsighted Approach of Sheikh Mohammad Bashir Ibrahimiabout Revival of Arabic Language in Algeria
Hayat Amare Maryam Jalaei

Sheikh Mohammad Bashir Ibrahimi is one of the renowned performers of Algeria. He is also known in literature field and one of the famous writers in the country. For releasing people of Algeria, he established a terrific culture structure not only to revive freedom of Al More

Sheikh Mohammad Bashir Ibrahimi is one of the renowned performers of Algeria. He is also known in literature field and one of the famous writers in the country. For releasing people of Algeria, he established a terrific culture structure not only to revive freedom of Algeria and save it from French colonization but also to return eminent place that Islam had granted to this area. Modernity was initiator of his activities and works. Not surprisingly, he struggles for reviving Arabian language, arranging it with today’s needs and securing it from decline and rollback; as a result, world of Islam, especially society of Arabs, would be secured from falling of Arabic culture and national identity, because language is the container of thought and culture. Hence, in present research, we review Sheikh Ibrahimi’s modern thoughts about Arabic language by descriptive analysis method to explain his insight. The most important result of the study is that Ibrahimi believes that arrangement of Arabic language with today’s development and problems and of course without separating it from ancestors’ values and heritage will result in revival and development of Arabic language at present time. Manuscript profile

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127 - Symbolism in Western and Arabic Literature
Seyed Amir mahmood Anvar Gholameza Golchinad

It is obvious that literature means prose and poetry and makes no difference either by Arabs or non – Arabs. But symbolism in the Arabic concept has emerged since the emergence of the Dark era’s literature and is loaned from the specific characteri More

It is obvious that literature means prose and poetry and makes no difference either by Arabs or non – Arabs. But symbolism in the Arabic concept has emerged since the emergence of the Dark era’s literature and is loaned from the specific characteristics of Dark era’s lives and is based on two elements: brevity and indirect speech. Since the symbolism has emerged like a literary school generally in the Western literature and specifically in the French literature, it is necessary to express the concept of Western symbolism as well as different eras of Arabic literature in the research of Western and Arabic symbolism. The author of the present article intends to mention the characteristics of symbolism in literature whether hidden in Arabic or Western literature. Manuscript profile

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128 - National and resistance at Nizar Qabbani
Seyyed Hosein Seyyedi Sakine Saremi Garavi

Nizar Qabbani a poet of love, women and politics, was born in Damascus. It is more aljamahirin Arab poets in the Arab world made own language characterized by qualities and is no stranger to the language or have been borrowed from other languages. They are the same as t More

Nizar Qabbani a poet of love, women and politics, was born in Damascus. It is more aljamahirin Arab poets in the Arab world made own language characterized by qualities and is no stranger to the language or have been borrowed from other languages. They are the same as those unable to several poets from processed and throw them difficult and not comply with the language of poetry, and in spite of all critical studies tend to label the poet of love or a poet of women and is because books many of the poems that belong to women and love to but with is is one of the most important Arab poets who crossed from the reality of the Arab political and social. Political poems reflect the political side and is reflected in the period in which the Thar Arab regimes prevailing through his hair. In this paper, we address side of politics and resistance noodles Manuscript profile

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129 - A Study on Persian and Arabic Contemporary Poetry
Seyyed Soleiman Sadat Ashkevar

Traditionalists of European literature in the sixteenth century AD, were trying to restore that literary heritage due to technical and human theme of the ancient Greek literature since modernists began to confront the traditionalists by the the end of the seventeenth ce More

Traditionalists of European literature in the sixteenth century AD, were trying to restore that literary heritage due to technical and human theme of the ancient Greek literature since modernists began to confront the traditionalists by the the end of the seventeenth century and invited them to avoid old formats and to define literature and poetry in another way. Since then, Persian and Arabic literature experienced changes that the main parts followed the West and its literary works. Literary and critical populations such as Jamaal Diwan and Apollo in the Arabic East and Ghalam literary forum and Andolos in the west rose against traditionalists and their literary works as, in Iran, many poets like Bahar, Adibolmamalek and others invited to new themes and subsequently Nimā Yushij established   a new era in poetry. Poem from the modernists’ point of view is derived from an independent character. Manuscript profile

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130 - The Opposite Concept of Conditional Sentence, Description, Restriction and Goal from Syntax and Jurisprudence’s Viewpoint
Abdoljabbar Zargoosh Nasab

The implication way of lexicon on meaning is the most important lexical – verbal issues which is vital because of paying attention to jurisprudence. The relationship between Arabic language and jurisprudence is the result of religious contexts’ nature. The m More

The implication way of lexicon on meaning is the most important lexical – verbal issues which is vital because of paying attention to jurisprudence. The relationship between Arabic language and jurisprudence is the result of religious contexts’ nature. The mentioned relation has been changed to another form followed by Arabic language division to other sciences such as syntax and created new relationship between syntax and jurisprudence. One of the common issues is the implication of sentence on opposite concept; opposite concept is the subjective implication of the sentence. A sentence which has been formed by syntactic devices or specific combination which sometimes implicit the opposite meaning with the verbal meaning that means opposite implication. Concept of opposite referent, limitation, condition, exception, goal or specific combination such as description. Jurisprudence scholars offer a type of deprive in division of term implication which title it opposition; it is of a vital importance in speaking about opposite values against linguistic systems. The present research studies various ideas and viewpoints about implication of a sentence on opposite meaning and the method is descriptive – analytical. Manuscript profile

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131 - Intertextuality in the poems of Mahmood Darvish
Marzieh Zare Zardeyni

“Intertextuality” is one of the figures of speech in order to enrich Arabic literature poetry and prose to make their work eternal. The present article intends to study “Intertextuality” in the poems of Mahmood Darvish (1964-1983) to unders More

“Intertextuality” is one of the figures of speech in order to enrich Arabic literature poetry and prose to make their work eternal. The present article intends to study “Intertextuality” in the poems of Mahmood Darvish (1964-1983) to understand the reasons of resistance of using this figure of speech in his poetry. Manuscript profile

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132 - Poetry Image application in Omar Abu Risha Poetries
Abbas Yadollahi

The present paper surveys the most important poetries' depiction manifestations in Syrian poet works - Omar Abu Risha – and the analysis of its effect on Arabic ode structure. These images are of most important tools which a poet apply them to express his thoughts More

The present paper surveys the most important poetries' depiction manifestations in Syrian poet works - Omar Abu Risha – and the analysis of its effect on Arabic ode structure. These images are of most important tools which a poet apply them to express his thoughts and opinions such as Muslim nations' expectations especially Syrian people. The most important and common images are: repetition, opposition, dictation and exclamation. These poetry images were usually different from their main meanings and imply a second meaning. The conclusion of the present research is that such depictions added value to the poets' works in a way that his works are more distinguished than others'. Manuscript profile

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133 - A Comparative Study of the Origins and Effects of Estrangement and Alienation in Arabic Literature
hosein shams abadi mehdi momtahen

Abstract: Both estrangement and alienation press in certain mental and physical complications in man’s life and force him to experience mental deficiency, and feel a lack of positive communal or individual sense of belonging. However, the Jahili sense of these te More

Abstract: Both estrangement and alienation press in certain mental and physical complications in man’s life and force him to experience mental deficiency, and feel a lack of positive communal or individual sense of belonging. However, the Jahili sense of these terms is quite different from their modern application. In the Jahili period, old age and senility are the main reasons for such inconveniences which would well reverberate all through a poet’s being and work. These poets, then, would treat their problems in peculiar ways. Some would surrender and some would violently push themselves and their poetic expression to extreme limits. Introversion and extroversion are the key moves assumed by either group. However, modern Arab writers, unlike their Jahili counterparts, experienced imperial and colonial hegemony since the beginning of the 17th century, and were introduced to extreme changes in life style and world views. This overwhelming alien influence has been remodeled in the form of a more repressing global force. The crushing mark of such influences has led to great waves of migration and self-denial among Muslim and Arab elites who have failed to reconcile themselves with a heritage and legacy once firmly established in the spirit of human life. Manuscript profile

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134 - The Expatriation with Nazok al Malaekat
mehdi Momtahen Hosein Shams Abadi

If we take the concept of Expatriation in a broad sense, we find that it had accompanied man since ancient, ///And its guidelines has been clarified in the first instance through the binaries shown in character and subject, and thought and existence, as w More

If we take the concept of Expatriation in a broad sense, we find that it had accompanied man since ancient, ///And its guidelines has been clarified in the first instance through the binaries shown in character and subject, and thought and existence, as well as nature and spirit./// This is, in the fact of its essence, and that is not unless logical consequence of the previous equation that is called the "unity of thought and existence."/// If we come to the medieval world, we'll see that it is to take the religious character "indicating the theory of creation from the nothingness accompanied by the care"/// And the theory of creation out of nothing, is "an expression of absolute power."/// As "care" refers to superiority of human, and to distinguish man from all other creatures./// Hence arose a new bilateral that is "God and Science" the biggest share in the Islamic concept to a vast extent./// If we look for the dimensions of the experience of alienation with Nazok al Malaekat through her biography, and prose and poetry in an era more than a third of a century, we find that Nazok al Malaekat has gone through several types of alienations/// Each has its own nature and distinguished character, according to the technical phase that the poet was going through. Manuscript profile

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135 - The Egyptian Dialect and its Change
Hossein Mohammadian Hossein Mirzayi Nia Abbas Ganjali Jafar Aboodi

Since the true understanding of each dialect depends on an understanding of language changes, this paper discusses the historical course of language in Egypt and the linguistic features of the Egyptian dialect based on historical linguistics. What this paper takes into More

Since the true understanding of each dialect depends on an understanding of language changes, this paper discusses the historical course of language in Egypt and the linguistic features of the Egyptian dialect based on historical linguistics. What this paper takes into consideration is the presence of Arabic in Egypt before the advent of Islam and discusses the extent of its impression from the other languages in that era, e.g. Coptic etc. However, after the Islam emerge and the conquests, the Egyptian language departed from its origin, Coptic, and replaced it with Arabic, and gradually the Egyptian vernacular superseded the standard dialect over time. Current Egyptian vernacular is a mixture of different languages, and has derived mostly from other languages such as Coptic, Greek, Persian, Turkish, Italian, Aramaic, Hindi, Latin, French, Spanish, Phoenician and English. Manuscript profile

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136 - Thinking about Death and its manifestation in Samih Ghasem works
Hamed Sedghi Rasool Zare'

Death is one of the main issues in Samih Ghasem works; because he paid special attention to it in his works. The present paper studies his ideologies about death as well as his motivations on expressing this issue. His aesthetic view strengthens resistance spirit in his More

Death is one of the main issues in Samih Ghasem works; because he paid special attention to it in his works. The present paper studies his ideologies about death as well as his motivations on expressing this issue. His aesthetic view strengthens resistance spirit in his hometown fellows and causes changing in their view point on death. This article has been done in descriptive – analytic method and focused on his poetry. At last we have found out that death has two aspects from his point of view: intuitive and calculated. Then studied this phenomenon from political, national and ethnic aspects and decoded the aesthetic view about death and expressing its realities. Manuscript profile

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137 - Realism in Nizar Qabani’s Political Poems
Hussein Shamsabadi Mahdi Shahrokh Asghar Molavi Nafchi

Nizar Qabani, a great modern Arab poet, is best known for his poetry on women and politics. However in his political poems there are some conspicuous realistic veins which reflect the special effects of geography, customs, religion, traditions, and though More

Nizar Qabani, a great modern Arab poet, is best known for his poetry on women and politics. However in his political poems there are some conspicuous realistic veins which reflect the special effects of geography, customs, religion, traditions, and thought across the Arab world on Realism as a literary school. The mission of Arabic literature is to reflect the realities of Arab societies, which are partly different from their western counterparts naturally due to their peculiar characteristics Manuscript profile

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138 - A Glimpse at the Advent and Evolution of the Arabic Novel
Mohammadhadi Moradi Azad Moonesi Ghader Ghaderi Rahim Khakpoor

Since its advent in 1867,the Arabic novel has been under the influence of two factors. One factor is longing for the past, the other one is infatuation with the west and submission to its hegemony. In early 20th century, some novels were written in response to public ta More

Since its advent in 1867,the Arabic novel has been under the influence of two factors. One factor is longing for the past, the other one is infatuation with the west and submission to its hegemony. In early 20th century, some novels were written in response to public taste and Arab culture. This novel is considered by critics of fiction to be a turning point in the path of Arabic fiction. At the same time western standards and rules were copied in the composition of novels. However the Arabic novel entered its major phase of development in the 1960’s. Manuscript profile

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139 - Expressing Social and Ethical Concepts of Satire from Ahmad Behjat Viewpoint
Mohammad Tayefeh Khani Sondos Kord Abadi

Ahmad Behjat – Egyptian Writer – is one of the satire pioneers in Arabic proses. He as a writer, journalist and editor – in chief of "Radio & TV" journal is familiar with people's pains and suffers as well as world's messy conditions. His satire wo More

Ahmad Behjat – Egyptian Writer – is one of the satire pioneers in Arabic proses. He as a writer, journalist and editor – in chief of "Radio & TV" journal is familiar with people's pains and suffers as well as world's messy conditions. His satire works – as a social and ethical critic – are critics of nations' existing conditions and their weaknesses. The aim of the present article is to express and propose social and ethical manifestations in Ahmad Behjat's satire works; initially a brief description about satire is written and then studies his social and literal life followed by social ethical concepts derived from his works in order to introduce his and show his sensitivity to Arabic and Egyptian world. Manuscript profile

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140 - The Image of the Woman in Nizar Qabbani and Hossein Monzavi's Poetries
Zeineh Arfat Pour Ali Mozaffari

Various poets and authors have studies the subject of woman in different eras. Woman's role is prominent in literature; hence she has played as a beloved in poets' poetries since long time ago as well as her different roles in Arabic and Persian literatures. Qabbani is More

Various poets and authors have studies the subject of woman in different eras. Woman's role is prominent in literature; hence she has played as a beloved in poets' poetries since long time ago as well as her different roles in Arabic and Persian literatures. Qabbani is famous for his poetries on "women" and is pioneer in this field in Arabic contemporary poetry. Monzavi – Iranian contemporary poet – who may be known as the poet of women as well because he also knows woman as the main subject in his poetries. It could be claimed that common issues in Qabbani and Monzavi are remarkable from form and concept view point. Thus this article intends to compare the image of the woman in these two poets' poetries in descriptive – analytical method. Manuscript profile

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141 - Quranic Intertexuality in Sa'adi's poetry
Kheriyeh Echresh Ammar Sorkheh Sayed Yusif Nejat Nejad Mahmood Reza Tavakkoly Mmohammady

Persian literature especially and world literature generally are proud of having a unique and gentle poet who associated word literature with values of humanity; the meanings and values which beautifies literary summits and associations. By following poetic associations More

Persian literature especially and world literature generally are proud of having a unique and gentle poet who associated word literature with values of humanity; the meanings and values which beautifies literary summits and associations. By following poetic associations - in anywhere of the world - which has superior feelings and elegant emotion, a footprint of Sa'adi would be found. By studying and researching about this poet we have found out that he versed many poems (Ode) in Arabic. When the poetry have been distinguished,) were surprised about his ability in saying poem in Arabic and creating art through Arabic and Persian poem. We found out that many meanings of poem in his Odes are distinguished by Qur'anic culture. Therefore it is remarkable to state that some of intertexual texts in his poetry have some kind of  implications of Quranic intertextuality. Manuscript profile

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142 - A Research on Arabic Terms in Nominated Contracts of Iran's Civil Law
Bahram Dehghan Rasoul Abafat

Iran's laws are originated from the spirit of Islam and the high frequency of applying Arabic terms and words is clear to everyone. Civil law is one of the most important laws which contains lots of Arabic terms. The author of the present study, surveys the Arabic terms More

Iran's laws are originated from the spirit of Islam and the high frequency of applying Arabic terms and words is clear to everyone. Civil law is one of the most important laws which contains lots of Arabic terms. The author of the present study, surveys the Arabic terms in civil law because of their importance position as a MA student in private rights and selects some of terms in accordance with their importance and frequency. One of the achieved outcomes is the readers' lack of knowledge on some words, their structure and pronunciation which may result in making mistake in telling the correct form of the term or word. Manuscript profile

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143 - The Teaching Pack “Sadal-hayat” to teach Arabic in Iran (Definition and critique)
Ali zeighami Ali Reza Taghawi

The Teaching Pack “Sadal-hayat” (echo of life) is 13 educational books written by a number of Iranian authors under the supervision of Dr. Masood Fekri and printed the first time by Iran Language Institute in Tehran in 1385. St. / 2006 as well as books, More

The Teaching Pack “Sadal-hayat” (echo of life) is 13 educational books written by a number of Iranian authors under the supervision of Dr. Masood Fekri and printed the first time by Iran Language Institute in Tehran in 1385. St. / 2006 as well as books, software and other supplementary files by the same institute namely: “Nadal-hayat” and “Shathal-hayat” and “Shahid wa Taallam” and “Majmoa Qesaseyah” and “Al-moghtatefat”. Then we set the Teaching Pack “Sadal-hayat” and proved that despite some shortcomings plaguing them first complete an Teaching Pack for teaching Arabic conversation to the Iranians where the communicative approach followed and enjoyed all the features of the educational group. Manuscript profile

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144 - The Position of Palestinian Literature in Jabra Ibrahim Jabra's Works
Hussein Shamsabadi fereshteh afzali Asghar Moulavi Nafchi Parviz Lakzaeeyan Fakoor

Jabra Ibrahim Jabra, one of the most prolific Arab authors, has enriched the Arabic library and the mind of his audience by first functioning as a link in a rich chain of past cultural, artistic, and literary heritage; and second by reflecting the modern Arab intellectu More

Jabra Ibrahim Jabra, one of the most prolific Arab authors, has enriched the Arabic library and the mind of his audience by first functioning as a link in a rich chain of past cultural, artistic, and literary heritage; and second by reflecting the modern Arab intellectual's classical mindset. He has a multifaceted career as a short story writer, novelist, critic, poet, playwright, and painting. His fictional style has scarcely been studied. He has printed seven novels and one story collection. Manuscript profile

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145 - Opposition Eloquence in Ahmad Matar's Political Poetries
Ali bagher Taherinia Hossein Elyasi

There is a strong relationship between Ahmad Hasan Matar – Iraqi poet - and religious, social and political issues. His poetry expresses the dominant atmosphere on nations. He has enjoyed various Arabic eloquence techniques including rhetoric science in order to b More

There is a strong relationship between Ahmad Hasan Matar – Iraqi poet - and religious, social and political issues. His poetry expresses the dominant atmosphere on nations. He has enjoyed various Arabic eloquence techniques including rhetoric science in order to beautify the text. Opposition technique is the one in which something expresses and then any opposition of the subject would be expressed accordingly. The present article intends to study the opposition eloquence in Ahmad Matar's works in a way that initially describes opposition technique in theory and then tries to survey some of the existing opposition techniques in the abovementioned poet's political poetries. The results show that Ahmad Matar has applied opposition technique to express his political purposes and indicate the society's problems. Manuscript profile

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146 - The image of the heroes of resistance in the ritual of Mozaffar al-Nawab's poems
Mehdi Shahrokh Abolhassan Amin Moghaddasi

Mozaffar al-Nawab, an Iraqi contemporary left-wing Shiite poet, has never praised a king or a rich man in his poems, rather, the heroes summoned in his poems are mainly people and poor people who have been oppressed, or are martyred commanders for whom Mozaffar has not More

Mozaffar al-Nawab, an Iraqi contemporary left-wing Shiite poet, has never praised a king or a rich man in his poems, rather, the heroes summoned in his poems are mainly people and poor people who have been oppressed, or are martyred commanders for whom Mozaffar has not demanded worldly wealth, position or purpose, or even the intercession of the Hereafter. This article seeks to name the most important resilient personalities called in the poems of Mozaffar al-Nawab and to express the position of al-Nawab towards them. The results of this study show that most of these personalities have sacrificed their most important capital, i,e their lives, for the sake of their lofty goals, and have been martyred or killed by their own will. In the view of the Nawab, they are all extraordinary men who have a kind of unparalleled struggle and courage in defending the right and fighting the wrong. Al-Nawab has a trans-factional view to these characters. Manuscript profile

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147 - Contemporary Arabic Language; Formation to Education
Fatemeh Sharifzadeh Yazdi Mohammad Jannatifar

Language is in fact the pronounced facts and points which most scholars and researchers agree them. They always are applied to express the meanings and is waster than speech and discourse; because the discourse implies the pronounced mysteries which are made of vocal pi More

Language is in fact the pronounced facts and points which most scholars and researchers agree them. They always are applied to express the meanings and is waster than speech and discourse; because the discourse implies the pronounced mysteries which are made of vocal pieces and parts or one vocal part minimum; the words sit in one single syllable. Chinese language and its different accents involve in it as well as some Semitic words which relate to Shem - son of Noah – and Arabic, Semitic and Hebraic. But Persian does not include Semitic words at all, it is one of the Aryan languages which is arrogated to Aria and imputes to Iranians. Manuscript profile

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148 - Ahle Beit Mourning in Lebanese Christian Contemporary Poetry
Seyyed Nezameddin Mortazavi Abdolreza Atashi

The present paper is looking for expressing one of the most important human's phenomenon: mourning; one of the types of the poetries which has a close relationship with humanistic, social and natural tendencies. The poets paid special attention to mourning since years a More

The present paper is looking for expressing one of the most important human's phenomenon: mourning; one of the types of the poetries which has a close relationship with humanistic, social and natural tendencies. The poets paid special attention to mourning since years ago as well as the contemporary era. The Lebanese contemporary poets also paid special attention to the majesty of this great family. This article attempts to study Ahle Beit Mourning in Lebanese Christian Contemporary Poetries and analyzes the literary techniques applied by those poets. Manuscript profile

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149 - The myth of Arabic grammar formation
Mehdi Momtahen

Some linguists believe that word in Arabic language was initially based on one syllabus; orators have changed them according to the special countries, tribes and societies. They have contrived special acumen for any prefixes, suffixes and affixes addition. Some other li More

Some linguists believe that word in Arabic language was initially based on one syllabus; orators have changed them according to the special countries, tribes and societies. They have contrived special acumen for any prefixes, suffixes and affixes addition. Some other linguists believed that word was initially formed based on three letters, and thus different accents and languages were ramified of that. Arabic can be known as the master of languages because it has lived a long life. It became so strong that barely one can disappear any trace of it.The present article attempts to discover and spread the Arabic grammar and its formation in this language. Manuscript profile

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150 - The impact of Holy Quran on Arabic language and literature
Hossein Rahmani Tirkalaei

Apart from the noteworthy spiritual effects of the Qur'an, Arabic language and words have been greatly influenced by the revelation of the Qur'an. Although the Qur'an and its content have been analyzed and studied in different periods, but its effect on Arabic words and More

Apart from the noteworthy spiritual effects of the Qur'an, Arabic language and words have been greatly influenced by the revelation of the Qur'an. Although the Qur'an and its content have been analyzed and studied in different periods, but its effect on Arabic words and language has not been analyzed separately and by mentioning details. The present article has been written for examining the effect of Qur'an on the Arabic language and its words. One of the most important results is the integration of dialects and the emergence of new interpretations and the preservation of Arabic language and its continuation, and the storage of various books on the Qur'anic sciences and the Arabic language and others. In this article, a historical and comparative method is used, which includes collecting documents on its subject. Manuscript profile

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151 - Social Consideration Of Amin Al-Reyhani
Maryam Hashemi

Amin Al-Reyhani has argued about poverty and lack of education and science between people. He believes that if a nation lives in darkness and unawareness its properties and wealth will be spoiled. Amin Al-Reyhani is a Lebanese scholar who has attempted to reform his o More

Amin Al-Reyhani has argued about poverty and lack of education and science between people. He believes that if a nation lives in darkness and unawareness its properties and wealth will be spoiled. Amin Al-Reyhani is a Lebanese scholar who has attempted to reform his own and other Arabic societies.  Manuscript profile

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152 - The survey of salinity fluctuations on serum level of some electrolytes, cortisol and glucose in shirbot fingerlings (Arabibarbus grypus)
Parvin Aghamohammadpoor Hadideh Mabudi Narges Javadzadeh

Accurate recognition of shirbot blood parameters can be increase keeping up and breeding of these valuable fish. The goal of this study is to find the effect of different salinity stress on some electrolyte, cortisol and glucose in reared fingerling shirbot (Arabibarbus More

Accurate recognition of shirbot blood parameters can be increase keeping up and breeding of these valuable fish. The goal of this study is to find the effect of different salinity stress on some electrolyte, cortisol and glucose in reared fingerling shirbot (Arabibarbus grypus) fish for determine the suitable condition and physiologic tolerance during transforming into the waters with different levels of salinity. The treatments include four different salinity concentrations :< 5 P.P.T, 10 P.P.T, 15 P.P.T, fresh water. Total number of fish: 120, mean weight: 30±5, mean temperature: 26±2 Ċ, pH: 7.5 - 8. After 30 days blood samples were collected. then, serum electrolyte (Na, K, P, Ca), cortisol and glucose were measured. Finally the results showed that there was significantly difference of the electrolyte, cortisol and glucose parameters regarding to effect of salinity stress on fishes (P<0.05). The maximum and minimum values of the electrolyte, cortisol and glucose were in 15 P.P.T and control. The results indicate that biochemical factors are under the influence of water salinity, and ions concentration in blood are dependent on ions concentration in water. Manuscript profile

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153 - Historical place with three contemporary Arab thinkers Mohammed Abed Jabre, Mohammed Arkoun and Mohammad Talebi
حبیب عشایری

Mohammed Arkoun criticizes Muslim tradition considers a prerequisite for real freedom and Mohammed Abed al-Jabri it "considers innovation crisis that can not be resolved unless a critical review and present our traditionJabre your purpose of such tradition states that t More

Mohammed Arkoun criticizes Muslim tradition considers a prerequisite for real freedom and Mohammed Abed al-Jabri it "considers innovation crisis that can not be resolved unless a critical review and present our traditionJabre your purpose of such tradition states that the purpose of the tradition in the same way that in the discourse of modern and contemporary Arabic movement is known, the same belief and religion, language, literature, art, theology, philosophy, SufismIslamic tradition Abed al-Jabri see is: a set of ideas, legislative and sciences that are expressed in language and format that at the time of compilation (the first three centuries AD) and then writtenWith the establishment of the Ottoman Empire in the tenth century, the last manifestation of the movement stopped and sat on the beach.Arkoun to refer to the concept of tradition and contemporary research themes characterize it. But, according to Mohammad Talebi relationship between religion and politics in Islam is one of the four main topics of our times.Other topics include: interpretation of the Koran, religious knowledge and religious debate. However, it seems that the greatest topic of discussion in the work of the Taliban;What dialogue within Islam and what Islam dialogue with other religions is a historical survey method. Manuscript profile

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154 - The Place of Middle East Energy Resources in China's Foreign Policy Strategy in the Post-Cold War (Case Study of Iran and Saudi Arabia)
Mohamadreza Adabi Davood Kiani Mashallah Heidarpour

The Middle East region is one of the most important areas of the world that has been at the forefront of the world for many years. The obvious feature of this region is the huge reserves of oil and gas. But the issue that was highlighted in the twenty-first century is t More

The Middle East region is one of the most important areas of the world that has been at the forefront of the world for many years. The obvious feature of this region is the huge reserves of oil and gas. But the issue that was highlighted in the twenty-first century is the rise of China and the efforts of this Asian nation after the reform period for a dynamic and effective presence in strategic areas of the world, including the Middle East, and as it needs its energy resources to grow its economy. It tries to increase its influence in various ways, including establishing widespread relations with the countries of the region. For the purpose of this study, the present paper seeks to answer the question of why China's presence in the Middle East has increased over the past few decades? The paper, which is based on a descriptive-analytic method based on the theoretical framework of mutual complex interdependence, has tested this hypothesis in response to its main question: Increasing the reliance of China's economy on imports of fossil fuels from The Middle East for economic and industrial development; the main shift in China's gradual evolution policy toward the Middle East, especially with two countries rich in energy such as Iran and Saudi Arabia, is from the principle of non-interference in the policy of expanding economic-political interactions. Manuscript profile

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155 - A Study of the Context and Dimensions of New Saudi Arabian Foreign Policy in the Middle East
Mahdi Javdani Moghadam Hamed Hariforush

The Mideast developments that began in 2011 when public uprising of Tunisia erupted and spread across other nations in the region triggered remarkable changes to emerge in socio-political structures in some Middle Eastern nations. In the meantime, Saudi Arabia, having t More

The Mideast developments that began in 2011 when public uprising of Tunisia erupted and spread across other nations in the region triggered remarkable changes to emerge in socio-political structures in some Middle Eastern nations. In the meantime, Saudi Arabia, having traditional royal regime found itself seriously exposed to damage caused by a surge of seeking changes in two areas of indoors and outdoors Saudi Arabia considering the mission it had defined as leader of Muslim World for itself as well as for perpetuating and expanding its influence in the region showed new and different reaction to the Mideast developments. This country that known after adopting conservative foreign policy tried, by taking invasive approach, to maintain its benefits, expand its influence in the region and preserve its position as leader of Muslim World. Although this invasive policy has similar nature in different nations including Syria, Bahrain, Yemen and Egypt, it pursues various behavioral methods and models. The main question this article raises is “what are the most important effective variables effective on change of conservative approach into invasive one in Saudi’s foreign policy?” The findings of this research conducted analytically and descriptively showed generation change of ruling elites, Saudi-U.S decline during Obama administration, weakening of U.S hegemony and balance of power change after Arabia spring and strengthened Iran’s power and resistance forces in the region have led Saudi’s foreign policy towards complicated approach of interaction and confrontation in line with strengthened role and expanded influence of Saudi Arabia and confrontation with expanding influence of Iran in the region. Manuscript profile

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156 - A Study of Challenges and Obstacles of Formation of Cooperative Security Model in the Middle East (2001-2020)
Saeed Amouzadeh Hossein Karimi Fard Fereidun Akbarzadeh Shahram Fattahi

10.22034/sej.2022.1944294.1397

The purpose of the present study is to review challenges and obstacles of formation of cooperative security models in the Middle East (2001-2020). The research relies on the hypothesis that cooperative security models have requirements such as negotiation-based models, More

The purpose of the present study is to review challenges and obstacles of formation of cooperative security models in the Middle East (2001-2020). The research relies on the hypothesis that cooperative security models have requirements such as negotiation-based models, least disagreement in different aspects, transparency and mutual respect, not letting the interference of foreign powers in regional affairs, and having democratic governments but many of them are ignored due to various disputes and conflicts among countries in the region. The present study deals with the cooperative security model and its compatibility with the condition of countries in the Middle east within the regional security framework of Copenhagen school and a descriptive-explanatory method. The results indicate that conflicts in terms of identity, religion, and territory as well as rivalry between great powers have led to ongoing paradox and tension, arms race, lack of transparency, security puzzle, and interference of super-regional powers in the Middle East. Therefore, the cooperative security Model faces numerous challenges which need to be solved. Manuscript profile

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157 - The Policy of the European Union and the United States towards the War in Yemen form the Perspective of Neorealism (2015-2019)
Majid Abbasi Akbar Zareai

10.22034/sej.2020.1897458.1237

The purpose of the present study is to research about the policies of the European Union (E.U) and United States of America (U.S.A) towards the attack of Saudi-led coalition forces to Yemen. The main hypothesis of the study is that the E.U mostly aims to use legal and d More

The purpose of the present study is to research about the policies of the European Union (E.U) and United States of America (U.S.A) towards the attack of Saudi-led coalition forces to Yemen. The main hypothesis of the study is that the E.U mostly aims to use legal and diplomatic solutions as well as national and international talks to resolve the crisis in Yemen but the U.S.A attempts to support Saudi policies and the military attack of Saudi-led coalition forces to handle the crisis with the purpose of defeating Ansarullah. This study was conducted by descriptive-analytical method and qualitative approach and the results showed that the Europeans and Americans hold that Houthi Movement in Yemen is under the influence and guidance of Islamic Republic of Iran so they attempt to prevent Iran’s penetration in the region and the establishment of a government like Iran. The Europeans assume that ongoing negotiations to end conflict and return to peace should be supported. Despite this announced policy by the E.U, the governments of Germany, France, and U.K are still continuing to sell their military weapons to Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E and do not want to lose this important market for selling their weapons. The Americans think that the stabilization of Houthi state in Yemen entails the spread of Iran’s penetration in the region and it will lead to the imbalance of power to the disadvantage of the U.S allies. The solution for the crisis in Yemen is to hold national talks between opposing parties and resolve conflicts in short term and long term under the supervision of the United Nation to decrease military tension and conflict and force the attacking military forces out of Yemen. Manuscript profile

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158 - An Analysis of the Foreign Policy Strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia in the Middle East Using SWOT Model
Ibrahim Eram Amin Ravan Bod Ghafar Zarei

10.22034/sej.2021.1923596.1302

The purpose of the present study is to review the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia's foreign policy in the Middle East to find an optimal strategy for the Islamic Republic of Iran in front of Saudi Arabia. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and the SWO More

The purpose of the present study is to review the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia's foreign policy in the Middle East to find an optimal strategy for the Islamic Republic of Iran in front of Saudi Arabia. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and the SWOT model was used for the analysis of the foreign policy strategies of the two countries. The results showed that a mixture of constructive interaction and controlling policies can be the optimal strategy for the Islamic Republic of Iran in front of Saudi Arabia in the current condition. Following the biphasic policy of constructive interaction and control in relation with Saudi Arabia requires emphasis on cooperation between two countries in fighting against Islamophobia, providing the security of the Persian Gulf, and maintenance of the environment; however, the contemporary acceptance of the opposite party should not be regarded as a defeat. Manuscript profile

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159 - An Identity-Centered Approach to Russia’s Balanced Policy toward Islamic Countries in the Middle East: A Case Study of Iran and Saudi Arabia (2011-2020)
Sayed Razzagh Moghimi Davoud Kiani Mahdi Javdani Moghaddam

10.22034/sej.2022.1957305.1451

The purpose of the present research is to study effective criteria on Russia’s policy towards Islamic countries in the Middle East after Arab revolutions. In this regard, the main research question of the current study is: what factors have led Russia to adopt a b More

The purpose of the present research is to study effective criteria on Russia’s policy towards Islamic countries in the Middle East after Arab revolutions. In this regard, the main research question of the current study is: what factors have led Russia to adopt a balanced policy towards Islamic countries in the Middle East during 2011-2020? Moreover, the research relies on the hypothesis that during that the above time period, Russia, on the one hand, assisted Shi’ite groups led by Iran to fight against excommunication (Takfiri) terrorism, and on the other hand, expanded its relations with Sunni Muslim countries in order to prevent stimulation of religious fundamentalism in its Muslim republics. The current study which was conducted by a descriptive analytic method in the theoretical framework of constructivism, presents a rather distinctive analysis of the essence of Russia’s relations with middle eastern Islamic countries after Arab revolutions. The results indicate that since Arabic revolutions in 2011 and formation of new groups in the regional and international level in the Middle East, especially the Syrian crisis that initiated a new stage in Russia’s relations with the Islamic world, Moscow has attempted to adopt a balanced policy towards Islamic countries in the Middle East to remove the danger of Islamic extremism, avoid tension with those countries and reinforce relationship with them. Therefore, it is expected that Russia highlights the role of Islam in its foreign policy and that Russian politicians show more interest in constructive collaboration with middle eastern Islamic countries. Manuscript profile

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160 - Security Challenges Arising from Globalization in the Middle East and Their Impact on the Foreign Policy Strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia
Fazel Hassanzadeh Amin Ravanbod Ghafar Zarei

10.22034/sej.2024.1998385.1563

In the past few years, we have seen developments in the Middle East region. The Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia are two important and influential countries in the Persian Gulf and the Middle East. During the last four decades after the Islamic Revolution, Saud More

In the past few years, we have seen developments in the Middle East region. The Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia are two important and influential countries in the Persian Gulf and the Middle East. During the last four decades after the Islamic Revolution, Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran have undergone many changes in their relations. The purpose of this research is to investigate the security challenges caused by globalization in the Middle East and its impact on the adoption of foreign policy strategies of the two countries. Was. The method used in this research is the descriptive-analytical method. In this method, the analysis of information is based on the historical review of the events related to the subject, as well as the data based on the analysis of details in the overall structure, and the foreign policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia are identified using reliable sources. The results of the research showed that Saudi Arabia seeks to improve its regional position against the Islamic Republic of Iran, and with this goal, it has entered into regional crises, and in this regard, the policies adopted by the two regimes have caused divergence and divisive tensions in regional level, the result of which has been nothing but the rise and spread of terrorists in the region, the presence of western countries under the pretext of fighting it, and the overall decrease in the security of the region. Manuscript profile

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161 - Investigating Ideological and Political Origins of the Houthis' Movement
Ahmad Jansiz Mostafa Tarin

10.22034/sej.2019.668899

The purpose of the present study is to investigate and identify the political, ideological roots, motivations, and motives of the Houthi movement that has emerged in Yemen in recent years. In this study, the scientific and theoretical reasons of the Houthi movement have More

The purpose of the present study is to investigate and identify the political, ideological roots, motivations, and motives of the Houthi movement that has emerged in Yemen in recent years. In this study, the scientific and theoretical reasons of the Houthi movement have been taken into consideration by Dokmajian theory, and the role of Zaydieh and the actions of Yemeni rulers, especially Ali Abdullah Saleh and the ideas of Hussein Al Houthi have been noticed. This paper, using a descriptive-analytical method, shows that in analyzing the causes of the Houthi movement, some internal factors such as political, social, cultural and economic conditions are considered to be a factor for this movement and some other theorists believe external factors, international system and the effects of external events have contributed to this movement. The dynamics of the Houthi movement indicate that it will gain an important place in the political future of Yemen and in power position. Studying the intellectual roots of this movement has mostly political and ideological backgrounds that have fed the will of its followers. Combating oppression, American hegemony, Zionist influence, and the destruction of secularism have a particular place in these ideas, and they emphasize the legitimacy of the political system, justice and the renunciation of evil. Manuscript profile

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162 - An Elaboration on the Anthropological Grounds for Maximum Involvement of the Administration in Education with a Focus on Plato’s and Farabi’s Views
Ali  Ali‐Hosseini Mahmood  Fallah Fahimeh  Qaemi

Among miscellaneous views on the relationship between people and the state,  there  are  some  that  believe  the  state  must  control  the relations  between  the& More

Among miscellaneous views on the relationship between people and the state,  there  are  some  that  believe  the  state  must  control  the relations  between  the  human  and  the  soul  with  an  educational purpose to bring about prosperity for human beings; a belief, which was developed by Plato in ancient Greek and was explicated and moderated by Farabi on the grounds he set for its development in Islamic thought. In proposing their political views, Plato and Farabi considered  education  as  an  essential  concept  and  thought  of  the state  as  obliged  to  make  it  come  true  without  any  limitation. However, of the important questions that are posed to investigate those  views  is  how  the  human  and  his  needs  and  abilities  are pictured, on the basis of which requirements are taken into account and  justified  in  the  form  of  politico‐educational  views  to  reach perfection.  Apparently,  that  picture  shows  lack  of  sureness  about humans’ ability to elevate themselves and inequalities among them in using or taking advantage of reason. The purpose of picturing the human being from the standpoint of the thinkers that believe in the involvement of the state in education with a focus on anthropological understanding of the leading pioneers of that view, i.e. Plato and Farabi, is to gain a better appreciation of their politico‐educational measures.  A  comparative  elaboration  on  the  anthropological standpoints  of  those  thinkers  and  their  impact  on  their  politico‐educational  views  will  follow  a  short  introduction  to  Plato’s  and Farabi’s political thoughts and educational prescriptions. This paper will show that the belief in inequality of human beings in using their reason and sensual faculty, distrust in nature and different levels of educability of human beings will necessitate their guidance or control that will result in extremist views on the correction and purification of the human being if followed meticulously.  Manuscript profile

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163 - Measuring the ratio of Charisma, Philosopher King and Imam in the Area of Theorization with an Emphasis upon Opinions of Abu Nasr Farabi
حبیب عشایری محسن رضوانی

The relationship and ratio between philosopher king, charisma and Imam has been analyzed in the system of thinking of many of Muslim philosophers in different ideational aspects in the mid-centuries of Islam. Each of them has expressed views is this regard based on thei More

The relationship and ratio between philosopher king, charisma and Imam has been analyzed in the system of thinking of many of Muslim philosophers in different ideational aspects in the mid-centuries of Islam. Each of them has expressed views is this regard based on their own socio-political ideas from among whom Farabi, Avicenna, Al-Mawardi, Ibn Taqtaqi, Khwajeh Nezam Al-Molk, Ghazali, Ibn Taymiyya, Mesquiyya Razi, Fadlullah Ruzbahan Khanji et.al can be named. Of course, the issue of philosopher king before being centralized by Muslim philosophers had been regarded as Platonic political views and accordingly, the effects of ideas of Plato and even Aristotle on the Islamic philosophers opinions cannot be abandoned just as this is clearly seen in ideas of Farabi, Avicenna and other thinkers. Therefore, the common features of three components of philosopher king, charisma and Imam demand contemplation in the eyes of Shiism. Manuscript profile

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164 - Comparison of the Structure of the Anecdotes of Majnat al-Nawadir Banbani and Baharestan Jami with Emphasis on their Sources
Raana Javadi Alireza Ghojezade Zahra Soleimani

10.30495/dk.2022.1961570.2535

In Persian literature, there are many works with the titles of " Majma 'al -Qasas", " Majma 'al-Nawadir "and so on. Valuable and influential works that, along with popularity and acceptance, have played a significant role in the formation and consolidation of stories an More

In Persian literature, there are many works with the titles of " Majma 'al -Qasas", " Majma 'al-Nawadir "and so on. Valuable and influential works that, along with popularity and acceptance, have played a significant role in the formation and consolidation of stories and storytelling in Persian literature. Among the anecdotes of these books, there are less anecdotes created by the author himself, perhaps most of the authors took the anecdotes from previous sources or the works of his contemporaries and translated them according to the desired theme with artistic ability and in accordance with the common style of his time.Majma 'al-Nawadir is a collection of anecdotes, narrations and parables written by Faizullah ibn Zayn al-Abidin ibn Hussam Banbani, known as Sadr Jahan (d. 907 AH) during the reign of Mahmud Shah Bigara (863-917 AH). In this work, Banbani has used his contemporary or previous sources. One of these sources is Baharestan Jami (with 28 common anecdotes and narrations). The main source of these anecdotes in Arabic and Persian texts was also found in the previous studies of these two authors. Such as books of nathr aldur fi almuhazarati, Tazkerat al-Hamduniyah, muhazarat al'udaba'. Persian sources have a smaller share of this frequency. Despite the commonalities of these two works, Banbani did not pay attention to brevity and Jami to simplification. There are many differences in the expression of the concept of anecdotes. Manuscript profile

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165 - A study and analysis of some Arabic words from the book of Takmeh al-Asnaf Karmini
seyed mphamad amiri

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166 - Reflection of the pre-Islamic Arabic poems, in Khajavi Kermani’s Poems
tpraj Zeynivan zeynab Manouchehri

The adaptation of pre-Islamic Arabic poems, is not limited to Persian poets in the fourth and fifth centuries, instead the poets have used it in the sixth or seventh centuries, in order to take advantage of the deal. Khajavi Kermani, a famous poet of the eighth century, More

The adaptation of pre-Islamic Arabic poems, is not limited to Persian poets in the fourth and fifth centuries, instead the poets have used it in the sixth or seventh centuries, in order to take advantage of the deal. Khajavi Kermani, a famous poet of the eighth century, has been  influenced by  two different approaches of pre-Islamic poems; at first, he has adapted of pre-Islamic poems in the field of  standing and weeping over the ruins of the beloved and addressing cameleer, traveling and particularly describing the displacement expressed separation sad parting of friends. Although his creation of innovative and imaginative images has created on the undeniable atmosphere in the pre-Islamic lyrics, and the second,  he has made innovative in this field by  romantic storytelling to name a famous brides in the pre-Islamic poems, mirth-making, and addressing the butler in the mystical approach. He has used secular, financial meanings in the mystical ways, in order to create the fundamental evolution in this field. Manuscript profile

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167 - Utopian though at the beginning of the Radi’s plays by considering the view of Farabi’s philosophic utopia
Samira Abbasi AtaAllah Kopal

10.30495/dk.2020.679785

The present study aims to investigate three plays of the Akbar Radi’s which are selected in the 1340s by considering Farabi’s utopian thought. This investigation attempts to consider the current dramatics remnants by considering Farabi’s utopian though More

The present study aims to investigate three plays of the Akbar Radi’s which are selected in the 1340s by considering Farabi’s utopian thought. This investigation attempts to consider the current dramatics remnants by considering Farabi’s utopian thought. Akbar Radi affected the pattern of plays in Iran for 4 decades through introducing interesting topics and language of plays. The present study investigates the data which is obtained by the library method based on the descriptive-analytical method. Moreover, it evaluates utopian thought of characters in Radi’s plays according to the view of Farabi’s utopia and by the use of Islamic-Iranian philosophy, it criticizes Akbar Radi’s plays. The purpose of this study is to peruse current dramatics remnants with utopian views which generally are referred to the theories of Plato, Tomas Mohr, and other western ideologists. Utopian view which is both common and fundamental element in world’s dramatics remnant. Akbar Radi is an idealist and ideologue author. He created several characters who try to find utopia, in order to emancipate from the status with the various methods. The result of this investigation clearly indicates that all the Akbar Radi’s plays in the 40s included different characters with assorted utopian thought. The most important pint of Radi’s dramatics plays in40s is that all of the utopian characters had been failing to find own utopia. Manuscript profile

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168 - Eco-friendly Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles using Arabic Gum
Saeid Taghavi Fardood Ali Ramazani Sang Woo Joo

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169 - The Manifestations of Dystopia and its features in ‛Alī Kan‛ān’s poetry
Ayad Neissi Naser Zare Rasoul Balavi

Dystopia, corrupt city, or bitter reality literature is a result of prevailing social and political variables and events. The poet in dystopia depends on the community or the city, and the main factor for the emergence of dystopian elements in the poetic structure. Dyst More

Dystopia, corrupt city, or bitter reality literature is a result of prevailing social and political variables and events. The poet in dystopia depends on the community or the city, and the main factor for the emergence of dystopian elements in the poetic structure. Dystopia manifested itself in the poetic works of ‛Alī Kan‛ān in a remarkable way, and we also reveal the mental and spiritual dimensions of dystopia from various angles, by applying them to examples of ‛Alī Kan‛ān poetic texts, in order to reveal the connotations of this literary phenomenon. This article relies on his study of all kinds of dystopian literature in its poetic lines and then mentions its characteristics and influence in his poetic output, so that we look at the characteristics of this environment in which he lived, and that we arrive accurately at the writer's vision about the corrupt city. Based on this, the research seeks to identify the role of human, social, political, and economic events, which play an important role in obtaining the new meanings of ‛Alī Kan‛ān’s poetic texts and the diversity of their meanings in terms of dystopian literature, with an approach characterized by a descriptive, analytical and the library research method. In this research we concluded that the poet strived in his literary works to give us an honest picture of the corrupt city and its negative impact on society Manuscript profile

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170 - Methodological Analysis of ”Arabic literature through history”book written By Dr Huda Al-Tamimi From a Historical and Political Perspective.
Davood Ahmadi Mohammad Ebarhim Khalifa Shushtari

Abstract:Writing in relation to the history of literature, like all kinds of writing, has been evolved with the development of culture. Type of writing books, including the history of literature has also changed with the extention of knowledge branches and specializatio More

Abstract:Writing in relation to the history of literature, like all kinds of writing, has been evolved with the development of culture. Type of writing books, including the history of literature has also changed with the extention of knowledge branches and specialization of studies and the necessity of publishing new research findings. The old history of literature which has been collected by biographies of poets and authors and also has been expressed their advantages and disadvantages based on her words, but the new books with new techniques are written along with analyzing and measuring political and social condition. This paper analyses the methodological analysis of”Arabic literature through history” book written by Dr Huda Al-Tamimi and methodological shortcomings history of literature in the Arabic literature books. In this research, first the current methodologies are analysed with analysis of history of literature books, then will be compared the Dr Huda Al-Tamimi methodology and current methodologies meaning of problems in the literature history. The method of this analysis is based on the descriptive – analytic method with adaptation and comparison and is reviewed from the views of the authorities of literature history. The aim of the author from the compilation of the book was provide the brief information a bout historical periods of Arabic literature which has grown in social, cultural and political base. It can also said that the method of writing the book was based on the method of contemporary Arab historians and it was historical aspect based on political division. Manuscript profile

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171 - Phonological Changes of Arabic Loanwords in Persian Language
Ahmadreza Khajehfard Hasan Shavandi Shahram Modarresi Khiabani

Arabic loanwords are subjected to changes including phonological changes, in Persian language. Are changes of Arabic loanwords in Persian rule-governed? Are these changes subject to phonological rules? In the present article, types of phonological changes in Arabic loan More

Arabic loanwords are subjected to changes including phonological changes, in Persian language. Are changes of Arabic loanwords in Persian rule-governed? Are these changes subject to phonological rules? In the present article, types of phonological changes in Arabic loanwords are studied according to Generative Phonological Theory of Chomsky and Hale known as SPE which has revised constantly by generative linguists. Generative phonology is a part of Generative Grammar that assigns appropriate phonological representations to speeches in a way as if they are reflections of embedded grammar of vernacular speakers. The most important constituents of this theory are: layers of phonological representation; phonological rules; derivations; distinctive and linear features. The article follows an analytic-descriptive method. In the first place looks, as a necessary background, to phonological structure of Arabic and Persian. Then, studies types of phonological changes in Arabic loanwords: assimilation, dissimilation, deletion, metathesis, compensatory lengthening together with examples in each case. Consequently, this study shows that Persian speakers as speakers of other languages, make mostly phonological changes in Arabic loanwords in order to become consistent to Persian phonological system. Manuscript profile

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172 - A Jungian Archetypal Criticism of 'adrakha al-nessian' (Overtaken by Oblivion) by Sana al-Sha'lān
Samaneh Moosapoor Yusef Hadi pour Sayyed Ebrahim Arman

Archetypal criticism of Jung is one of the most important contemporary literary criticisms. Archetypes were first presented by Carl Gustav Jung, with reliance on the research in the fields of psychology, anthropology, religion, and history of civilizations. Jung defines More

Archetypal criticism of Jung is one of the most important contemporary literary criticisms. Archetypes were first presented by Carl Gustav Jung, with reliance on the research in the fields of psychology, anthropology, religion, and history of civilizations. Jung defines archetypes as the universal mental images existing within the individual and collective sub-conscience and named their representations as the myth. The novel 'adrakha al-nessian' (Overtaken by Oblivion) is written using postmodern techniques and includes literary techniques such as: stream of consciousness, impressionism, and traveling in time. This novel narrates the story of a young red hair and red face girl, who has been raised in a nursery from the very beginning. As the story progresses, she faces many problems and, in the end, the author depicts her at the age of 60. By reading this story, we notice the obvious presence of many psychological aspects. Al-Sha'lan's works have always been included within the list of best literary works in both national and international ceremonies, and we can also witness the existence of archetypes within this novel. This paper, using the descriptive-analytic method and the psychological criticism approach, tends to examine the archetypes effective in the mentioned novel. As the results demonstrate, archetypes such as: Anima, the old sage, and self, have affected the flow of occurrences in this novel, helping to create the proper form and theme of narration. Manuscript profile

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173 - A Cognitive study of happiness concept in Persian and Arabic languages (comparative study
Somayah Mohammadi Salah-Aldin Abdi Mohammad Amin Sorahi Morteza Ghaemi

Happiness includes a range of soft and intense emotions and enjoying a subject up to happy feeling in life. Forasmuch as a part of happiness concept is structured by language data in addition to literatures, art, custom, etc., we use cognitive metaphor as an effective t More

Happiness includes a range of soft and intense emotions and enjoying a subject up to happy feeling in life. Forasmuch as a part of happiness concept is structured by language data in addition to literatures, art, custom, etc., we use cognitive metaphor as an effective tool for analyzing language which is one of mind aspects. Cognitive metaphor is attributed to understanding and expression of an abstractive concept based on a more physical concept. In this research, we study data according to Kovecses cognitive theory and intend to find the way of speakers thinking about happiness, understanding and their similarities and differences in the mentioned languages. Importance of cognitive study of this data is that it systematizes their different and scattered range according to names mapping and also accurate cognitive pattern. Data of this research show that derivative feature of Arabic language provides a wide vocabulary variety for happiness conceptualization in this language as if some metaphors of Persian language compared with Arabic samples have more distance with general metaphors and bears further and complicated special cultural features. Also in connection with the metaphor of "happiness is up", "distance from the earth" in Arabic can be more prominent than in Persian. Manuscript profile

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174 - The Significations of Motif in the Poems of Ali Jafar al – Allaq: A Case Study of Motifs of Grass and Song and Wind
Bayn Ghamari Alireza Mohammadrezaei Hossein Elyasi

Motif is a structural phenomenon that carries the aesthetic and expressive functions in contemporary Arab poetry and is considered the key to accessing the poetic world and its intellectual system. Ali Jafar al–Allaq has his own poetic land, and he is very keen to More

Motif is a structural phenomenon that carries the aesthetic and expressive functions in contemporary Arab poetry and is considered the key to accessing the poetic world and its intellectual system. Ali Jafar al–Allaq has his own poetic land, and he is very keen to be distinguished and unique from his peers in the generation of the sixties (of the twentieth century). Motif is an essential component of building poetry in the relationship and its presence, on the one hand, expressing the poet's insistence on a particular idea, and on the other hand, it acts as an attacking device in which the reader is able to capture the semantics of the text. This research took it upon himself to tackle the subject of motifs by relying on the descriptive-analytical method and by selecting motifs of 'grass, wind, and songs' from the poetic lexicon and studying them under the shades of semiotics, whose tasks include studying the system of signs. What emerged from this research is that these motifs are an insignificant part of the poetic composition, and some of them have mythological and epistemic roots, and are the poet's means of creating poetic decor. Such as: the herb or to build the paradox between the past and the present, and the herb is the herb of immortal Gilgamesh, to which the poet depends to embody the destabilization of Arab reality or the fading of Arab will. The death of the song and the wind are frequent motifs in the poet's poetry, which carry different indications. The poet used the motif of the song in the framework of the so-called correspondence between the senses to embody the Arab place of death, loss and dispersion. And the wind is a symbol of a yearning for life and a yearning for sweet memories in his childhood. Manuscript profile

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175 - A comparative study of themes of city lament in Andalusia and the Arab Mashreq
Sayedeh Mohtaram Shabpabisheh Sayed Babak Farzaneh Marzieh Gholitabar Alireza Bagher

Comparative Study in Elegies of Andalusia and the Arabic EastAbstract Lamentation of cities in Arabic literature means crying over cities that have been ruined following wars and seditions or all kinds of natural disasters. This kind of lamentation always in Andalusia a More

Comparative Study in Elegies of Andalusia and the Arabic EastAbstract Lamentation of cities in Arabic literature means crying over cities that have been ruined following wars and seditions or all kinds of natural disasters. This kind of lamentation always in Andalusia and the Arabic East has been one of the most important poetic goals, because has been consistent to the song of political events and transformations, and has reread the events. This research using descriptive-analytical method is seeking for introduction of some of these elegies, and review of the contents existing in the poets of both regions and explaining the common and distinction points of them. According to the findings of this research, there are deep commonalities in the thoughts of Andalusian and the Arabic East poets that its origin is sociopolitical status. On the other side, upon study on the lamentation of cities, it is observed that description of civil, glory and prosperity of cities before destruction, implies on the compassion and regret over the loss of blessings and religious emotion including the common themes in the lamentation of poems of these two lands. Yet, there are differences between them, for example in the elegies of Andalusia against Arabic East elegies, we observe supplication and passion and longing for the homeland. Altogether, it is said diversity of contents in the poems of Andalusians is deeper and more effective, although in this issue, the Easterners have priority. Manuscript profile

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176 - The space of coffeehouse in Persian and Arabic novels: Ahmad Mahmood and Abd al-Rahman Munif
Yadollah Malayeri Mojtaba Omranipour

This study examines coffeehouse as a fictional space in the novels of Ahmad Mahmood, and Abd al-Rahman Munif. If space, on the one hand, is equal to the world, situation of entities, things and deeds, and on the other hand, a scale to measure knowledge and ontological, More

This study examines coffeehouse as a fictional space in the novels of Ahmad Mahmood, and Abd al-Rahman Munif. If space, on the one hand, is equal to the world, situation of entities, things and deeds, and on the other hand, a scale to measure knowledge and ontological, sociological and cultural relations, the coffeehouse in the examined novels in this study is extract of this equality and scale. This focus on coffeehouse for the comparative study with the aim of opening a window for the dialogue between Iran and Arab world as well as to establish improvement of coexistence and multilateralism and justifies choose of the two writers, for their attention to the coffeehouse and values this study seeks. specially in Mahmood's novels hamsāyehā (neigbours), dāstāne yek shahr (the tale of one city) and zamine sukhte (burned earth), and Abd al-rahmān Munif's penta-volume modon al-milḥ (cities of salt), and triple novel of arḍ al-sawwād. This comparative study benefitted from achievements of two American and Russian literary schools that focus on similarities and inconsistencies of literary works and relationship between literature and other spheres of knowledge. This study has three section: 'coffeehouse: location and textual function'; 'coffeehouse and tradition' and 'coffeehouse and history'. At the end, reaches to the result that this space has considerable artistic and cognitive role in the examined novels and is one of the most important constituents of the story that helps writers via knowing its location and its relation to the history and tradition in the text, to convey aesthetic and epistemological messages to the reader. Manuscript profile

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177 - Investigating the effect of T. S. Eliot on the poetry of Yusuf al-Khal
Ali Najafi Ivaki Mina Mohmmadi

Undoubtedly, many contemporary Arab poets were influenced by Western literature, and the traces of world-renowned poets such as T. S. Eliot, left in that literature. Eliot's famous poem, The Waste Land, with its tragic aspect had great influences on the contemporary Ara More

Undoubtedly, many contemporary Arab poets were influenced by Western literature, and the traces of world-renowned poets such as T. S. Eliot, left in that literature. Eliot's famous poem, The Waste Land, with its tragic aspect had great influences on the contemporary Arab poets, especially after the occupation of Palestine and in the time of the socio-cultural crisis of the Arabs, because they imagine that their land is the same as Eliot's the waste Land. They expect water to revive their life. It can be said that the unfortunate reality of the political and social conditions of the Arab countries has been the main reason for inspiring the mentioned poets from the devastated land. Meanwhile, the Syrian-Lebanese poet Youssef al-Khal is among those who have been influenced by Western literature, especially Eliot. He founded a magazine called 'Poetry' and caused a new development in the concept of poetry in the Arabic language, which undoubtedly influenced the literature of the West, especially Eliot himself. In the light of the importance of the issue and its pivotal role in understanding the poetry of Yusuf al-khal, in particular, and contemporary Arabic poetry, in general, the present study tries to reveal Eliot's influence on the thought, view and poetic form of Yusuf al-Khal through a descriptive-analytical method. One of the most important achievements of this research is that Yusuf al-Khal's concept of poetry is in line with Eliot's poetic concept in areas such as the application of historical or mythical induction, depicting the problems of a generation and a nation, Christian or Tamuzi approach. Manuscript profile

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178 - The analysis of myth-making in Fawziyya Abu Khalid's poem
Moslem Khezeli Mina Pirzadnia

Myths as historical memory of human beings, embedded lots of cultural, social and ideological components of different nations. Since myths have an unbreakable bond with literature, they are suitable tools for poets to grant their poems a symbolic color and transfer thei More

Myths as historical memory of human beings, embedded lots of cultural, social and ideological components of different nations. Since myths have an unbreakable bond with literature, they are suitable tools for poets to grant their poems a symbolic color and transfer their themes to the audience with secret and literary language. Fawziyya Abu Khalid is one of the innovative poets of Arabic literature who has much information about the history and mythological culture of other nations. She uses skillfully and various kinds of myths in her poems to create different and new literary style.  This article tries to investigate the methods calling the myths based on an analytical-descriptive method in Fawziyya Abu Khalid's poem and show the amount of employing myths in her poem through statistical data. Based on the research findings, Abu Khalid uses three ways of repeating the narrative, changing the narrative, and recreating the myth for myth-making in her poem. She has taken a long step towards modernization and creation of her distinctive and specific poetic language by combining tradition and modernity to express her knowledge of Arab world issues, women's conditions, and concepts such as love, patriotism, and freedom with such a style. Manuscript profile

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179 - Content and Statistical Analysis of Articles in the Quarterly Rays of Criticism in Arabic and Persian from the First Volume to 23
Mahin Hajizadeh Masoud Bavan Pouri Maryam Daryanavard

As articles and other scientific products are growing at an accelerating process in Iran and the world, there is an urgent need for standards to evaluate and compare scientific publications. This will be achieved through scientific assessment, Science that benefits from More

As articles and other scientific products are growing at an accelerating process in Iran and the world, there is an urgent need for standards to evaluate and compare scientific publications. This will be achieved through scientific assessment, Science that benefits from information analysis. The academic Quarterly of Rays of Criticism in Arabic and Persian is considered as one of the most important journals in the field of Arabic language and literature in Iran which has been published in 27 volumes. This Quarterly has published 179 articles from 345 writers with distinguished university degrees and 44 universities and educational institutions. The subject of 45 articles, which means 25/13percent ison Persian literature and this contradicts the purpose of the Quarterly, which relied on Persian literature to identify it to Arab countries.This study focused on a statistical and analytical study of the number of authors of articles and their degrees and the extent of cooperation between them and the centers and institutions which cooperate in the quarterly. In this study, descriptive statistics method has been used. It means, Average,frequency and percentage are calculated, then the results are presented in charts and graphs.The research instrument is a statistical survey using SPSS version 16. The following results are obtained:50 articles were written individually, 129 articles were written jointly, Which 91 of these joint articles were written by  the authors from the same university and 38 articles written by the authors from different universities.HadiNazari has the most articles with 7 papers. Half of the articles are devoted to criticism and analysis of texts. 34 articles were written by the editorial board with an average of 18/9, which is acceptable.   Manuscript profile

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180 - Aesthetics of Repetition in Yahya Samavi’s Divan, "Ghalilake…… La Khathirahonna"
Yahya Ma'aroof Noor Al-din Parvin

  In a literary text, repetition is attractive both literarally and semanticly. Literally, repetition is  an element of creating harmonic, musical tone in the text as it causes emphasis on the meaning and its further implications. Repetition as one of the mos More

  In a literary text, repetition is attractive both literarally and semanticly. Literally, repetition is  an element of creating harmonic, musical tone in the text as it causes emphasis on the meaning and its further implications. Repetition as one of the most important rhetorical figures has received special attention by contemporary Arab poets. Among these poets is Yahya Samavi, Iraqi poet living in Australia, whose divan entitled "Ghalilake ……… La Kathirahonna" has been composed about his wife and sufferings of his country which have been ever his real source of griefs, sorrows and memories.  Using descriptive-analytical method, the present study aims to study aesthetics of repetition inYahya Samavi’s divan in terms of lexicon repetition (singular lexicons, lexicons related to nature, antonyms, and pronouns) and phrases repetition (repetition of independent sentences, of title of odes, of different styles,of  interrogatives and vocatives). The results suggest that the poet has shown his own sorrow and sadness for living far from his homeland Iraq, using repetition which is the main structure of the divan. The results also show that there is complete propriety between repetition figure and meaning of verses. Manuscript profile

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181 - Short Story in Arabic and Persian Literature: Case Study of Literary Works by Abd-al-Samee'a Bensaber and Javad Saeedipour
Abd- al-Ali Alebooyeh Langeroodi Zoheir Jansiz Vesam Roomieh

  Short story is one of the newborn literary genres that has drawn special attention of  literary men and researchers to itself in recent years because of its general effect on literature and its special influence on reader of a literary work. This articl More

  Short story is one of the newborn literary genres that has drawn special attention of  literary men and researchers to itself in recent years because of its general effect on literature and its special influence on reader of a literary work. This article investigates short story comparatively in Arabic and Persian literature. The aim of this paper is to discover latent aspects of short story in Persian and Arabic literature. The authors are going to compare short story in   the two languages through studying factors related to birth of short story and also the opinion of critics in this literary field. Findings of this research show that critics of both languages agree to some extent about definition of short story and its narrative elements. This important conclusion has been obtained through analyzing samples of short stories in Arabic and Persian literature. And these critics have considered various names for this literary genre. The only difference existing in short story is its length. According to analytical- descriptive approach and library sources, the present study is to recognize narrative elements in elected samples and to define quality of its application in order to show how narrative spirit has been actualized in it.   Manuscript profile

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182 - Color Signification in Yahia Alsamawy ’s Poems
Marziyeh Abad Rasoul Balavi

Color displays the aesthetic aspects of a work of art ,considered as one of its vital elements in artistic structure having a direct implications of the poet's artistic vision, and in most cases, refers to the poet's feelings, being a source of vitality and activity, co More

Color displays the aesthetic aspects of a work of art ,considered as one of its vital elements in artistic structure having a direct implications of the poet's artistic vision, and in most cases, refers to the poet's feelings, being a source of vitality and activity, comfort and reliability, symbolic of the different feelings of sadness and joy. Due to its  artistic, psychological, social, and symbolic implications, colors are deemed as  the most beautiful phenomena of nature, art and poetry as well as a  constituent elements of the poetic image. color should be studied in the context of the poem since the poetic texture  determines their effectiveness. This paper is based on descriptive, and statistical analysis, the study of color and its implications in the poetry of Iraqi poet Yahia Alsamawy. The purpose of the census is to paint and show off their poetry. Alsamawy is amongst the greatest poets who has abundantly investigated the symbolic function of colors in his writings. The results of this study has shown that most frequently applied colors   in his poems are respectively: green, white, black, red, yellow, and blue.   Manuscript profile

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183 - A Critique and New Look into the Emergence of Modern Poetry in Iraq
Toraj Zeinivand

Emergence of any literary movement, whether poetry or prose, needs a suitable environment. Appearance of epic among the Greek and the Iranian implies this fact that birth of each literary phenomenon is impossible in vaccum atmosphere, but they need special circumstances More

Emergence of any literary movement, whether poetry or prose, needs a suitable environment. Appearance of epic among the Greek and the Iranian implies this fact that birth of each literary phenomenon is impossible in vaccum atmosphere, but they need special circumstances and means for their development and evolution. Movement of free verse developing in Arabic lands was in fact reaction to artistic, social, political and cultural needs of these countries. Birth of this movement was in Iraq but not in other Arabic states because this country had higher ability and readiness for it in addition to a rich literary heritage due to dominance of autocracy and colonialism than other Arabic countries. However it seems that the main and distinct reason for birth of free peotry in Iraq has been its pioneers' ability to be influenced by movements  which dominated European and western literature, though it may be possible that literary men of this country have known about Persian free verse and its evolutions which has been more due to Iraqi modern peotry.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

184 - Hadith of Isa Ibn Hisham; Borrowing from Heritage and Mutual Relationship with West
Tayebeh Seyfi Behzad Heshmati

Literature severely needs innovation and renewal to exit from weakness and inanition mood and there must be a strong connection between renewal and literal- cultural heritage. The renewal must prepare context to create new literal genres in addition to utilizing positiv More

Literature severely needs innovation and renewal to exit from weakness and inanition mood and there must be a strong connection between renewal and literal- cultural heritage. The renewal must prepare context to create new literal genres in addition to utilizing positive aspects of other cultures. So, this type of renewal is positive. Hadith of Isa ibn Hisham, essay of Mohammad Al Mavilhi is considered as the most significant literary essay in the field of renaissance which  is published at the end of 19th century. This renaissance essay is reasonable and could prepare ground for creating new literal genres like story and novel. It is hard to consider this book as a special literary genre because it contains properties of old Arabic literature and also western modern literature simultaneously. So, Mavilhi didn’t completely have commitment to any form of modern literature and traditional shapes of Arabic literature until this book is counted as beginning of story and novel in contemporary Arabic literature.The  present paper is going to investigate this essay and its structural and content to explain aspects borrowed from heritage on the one hand and signs of renewal in this work on the other hand. Investigation of this work shows clearly that in compilation of this book, the writer was inspired by Maghamat among his own heritage as he used new western achievements, i.e. story and novel as his pattern in writing. So this book has a strong relation with Maghamat and has similarity with novel or story in some aspects.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

185 - Investigating Imagology of America in Ahmad Matar's Poetry
khalil parvini seyed hosein hoseini

Nowadays as we live in the era of globalization and communication, governments and statesexert all their efforts in order to achieve political, economic, cultural etc., objectives, to improve their prestige and to represent a positive image of themselves to attract the More

Nowadays as we live in the era of globalization and communication, governments and statesexert all their efforts in order to achieve political, economic, cultural etc., objectives, to improve their prestige and to represent a positive image of themselves to attract the others. This is one of the political tools that the colonial governments, particularly United States, which attempts to extent its universal occupation: in particular, through the cultural invasion in the third world countries. On the contrary, weaker nations react against this action and resist.Now, this political theorem has become a cultural phenomenon and has been represented vividly as one of the cultural elements resulting from interaction between community and its social duty and function. Regarding this, the present study deals with imagology to investigate the America image in the poems of Ahmed Matar, the contemporary Iraqi poet, which suffered from his country’s occupation by America? Also, he had been the observer and witness of all problems and crises caused by it and challenges, murder, and crimes carried out by this country in Iraq and in the Middle East. The results of study demonstrate that Ahmad Matar had a dual view on America's government and represents a troubled and anti-Americanism image of this country by citing several reasons including: colonial dealing and military occupation, humiliating the nations and plundering their wealth, supporting the Zionist, cultural invasion, imposing mercenary rulers on the people, conspiracy, betrayal and deceit, interference in the affairs of the countries and other crimes.However, poet's vision to American nation is dual and fluctuates from the positive to negative. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

186 - Teaching Arabic Language in Iran
Mohammad Nabi Ahmadi Ali Salimi

 It is Necessary to know that the curriculum of teaching  a language isn't a local science, so we must utilize these new Teaching methods in the world. The old methods need to  be developed and changed constantly so that we may not be faced with  the More

 It is Necessary to know that the curriculum of teaching  a language isn't a local science, so we must utilize these new Teaching methods in the world. The old methods need to  be developed and changed constantly so that we may not be faced with  the challenges of the new methods. For example, learning the second language according to the old methods like Grammar Translation Method is out of date in the world but we still use this method in spite of knowing the fact that it is useless. A glance at the English books and comparing them with the modern books indicates that there are attempts to modernize it. This essay tries to draw a picture of the desired situation to learn Arabic language in Iran. This aim can't be reached unless we know the situation of this language in Iran and its methodology  in order to establish its practical bases. We must understand the defects of our educational systems and  the reasons why our students can't speak Arabic fluently. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

187 - Child Lamentation in Poetry of Egyptian Poet Ibn-e- Nabata and Khaqani Sherwani
Abd-al- Qader Pariz Hamed KamaliMaskooni

Egyptian poet Ibn-e- Nabata is one of the poets of Mamlooki era who witnessed the death of his beloved ones including his own wife and children and composed elegiesdescribing this event and its influence on him. Ibn-e-Nabata’selegy for children's death is true des More

Egyptian poet Ibn-e- Nabata is one of the poets of Mamlooki era who witnessed the death of his beloved ones including his own wife and children and composed elegiesdescribing this event and its influence on him. Ibn-e-Nabata’selegy for children's death is true description of separation andpain for the loss of his children. So his elegy is sung with such a painful heart that is near to explode from great sadnessas if he is about to die. On the other hand Persian poet KhaqaniSherwani has told Elegy for death of hisdarlings and relatives. KhaqaniSherwani lost his son, Amir Rashid Al-Din and his death made him to compose elegy in his elegiesmost famous of whichbeing Taranom Al-Masaeb(The Songs of Sufferings). This study aims to compare the lamentation and its characteristicsinKhaqani and Ibn-e- Nabata’s poems based on American comparative literature school. In this regard, the below questions are discussed and responded: What is the view of two poets in their elegiacodes? Who is superior in this area? What are the similarand different aspects of their mournful poems? General result of this article shows that Khaqani surpasses his Arabic counterpart lamentation singing for his son since human feelings are depicted more fully in his composition than Ibn-e- Nabata's. In addition, he is innovative in this genre of poetry.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

188 - Nazik al-Mal’ika and her Poetic Inventiveness
Hussain Shamsabadi Mahdi Momtahen

This article probes the career of the Iraqi poetess Nazik al-Mal’ika who earned a vital role in modern Arabic poetry from 1940’s through 1960’s. This lady entered a literary battle traditionally undertaken by men and actually did prove her creativity a More

This article probes the career of the Iraqi poetess Nazik al-Mal’ika who earned a vital role in modern Arabic poetry from 1940’s through 1960’s. This lady entered a literary battle traditionally undertaken by men and actually did prove her creativity and originality and secured for herself an unimpeachable status in the canon of Arabic literature. Nazik is the Iraqi representative of the romantic school of poetry that is based on creativity and not imitation. Nazik was responsible for an evolution in this school which had virtually reached Iraq late. Nazik was one of the pioneers of poetic transformation. Such transformation had already spread across many countries around the world. This fine poetess championed the propagation of originality, novelty, and criticism in Arabic poetry. Nazik experienced cultural and sexual discrimination in a conservative family and society dominated by male chauvinism which deprived women from self-expression. Nazik could not attend literary clubs and gatherings and in compliance to public opinion was inhibited like other women from integrating with men in social contexts. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

189 - Comparative Criticism and Investigation of Maqamat of Hamedani and Hariri
Ali Asghar Habibi

Maqameh is declared as one of the most important literary techniques in Arabic literature. The main cause  of this importance must  be searched in the goal that writer of Maqameh fallows it , and that is teaching methods of expression in addition to  prof More

Maqameh is declared as one of the most important literary techniques in Arabic literature. The main cause  of this importance must  be searched in the goal that writer of Maqameh fallows it , and that is teaching methods of expression in addition to  profiting of literal equation and vocal contradictory and musical Rhythmic methods adorned by  kinds of different orders of creativity .in addition of mentioned items , we must not forget the role of narration and plot  in fulfillment of different instructional goals and explanation of social , cultural and Folklore questions. The most famous writers of Maqamat in Arabic literature are Badieozaman Hamedani (inventor of Maqameh technique) and Hariri . Later this method with all of fablic, instructional technical dimension’s influence in persion literature with expansion of Arabic maqamat circle and exit from Arabic frame work. Meanwhile we can find the best manifestation of this effect in Hamedani’s Maqamat. In this paper, the writer tries to specify artistic and literary powerful report, technical, subjective, instructional, social, cultural, literary Arabic’s Maqamat. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

190 - Arabic Language and Its Place among Other Semitic Languages: A Study and an Evaluation
Muhammad Saleh Sharif Askari

   This research is an attempt to discuss the intention in choosing Arabic language as the best living language and the most perfect among Semitic languages to introduce Islam and reveal the Glorious Book of Allah through a survey of the views of the experts i More

   This research is an attempt to discuss the intention in choosing Arabic language as the best living language and the most perfect among Semitic languages to introduce Islam and reveal the Glorious Book of Allah through a survey of the views of the experts in Semitic languages and their branches, speakers, different stages of development and their relationships with each other. The article also studies the elements which distinguish Arabic from other Semitic languages, such as its principles, inflections, lexical variety, and manners of discourse, and give it the power to express the most subtle and delicate issues. Moreover, the article shows the reason of the merits of Arabic language which distinguish it from other languages and make it the most perfect among Semitic languages in content and form, to be finally the medium of the Book of the Exalted Allah and the speeches of His Prophet, peace be upon him and his household. Thus, it has gained the place of honor above all other languages. The article finally attempts to indicate that seeing the survival of Arabic language and the extinction of others the choice of Arabic as the most perfect language to introduce the most perfect religion has not been accidental or without the prior intention of the Most Wise Legislator. Manuscript profile

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191 - Critical- Analytical Study ofMarounAbboud's views about Abbas Mahmoud Al-Aqqad's poems
Jamal Talebi

Abbas Mahmoud AL-Aqqad is considered as one of illustriouspersonalities of Arab world in contemporary era. He is said to be of great works in social, political, religious and literary areas and does not ignore to compose poem and has published about ten poetic divans. T More

Abbas Mahmoud AL-Aqqad is considered as one of illustriouspersonalities of Arab world in contemporary era. He is said to be of great works in social, political, religious and literary areas and does not ignore to compose poem and has published about ten poetic divans. There are hot critical views about his poetry and the critics are divided into three groupspros and cons and moderate. Famous Lebanese critic,Maroon Abboud, is the toughest opponent of his poetry and heridicules and criticizes his poems in a harsh way. Studying the poetry of Abbas Mahmoud Al-Aqqad,it is clear that Abboud's views are far from scientific spirit and constructive criticism;they are in restraints of categoriesbeing dominant in criticism of Arab world in twentieth century. In studying the poetry Aqqad says “I do not compare him with Naji, Abushadi, Taha, Seirafi, Khafif, Bashar Fars,SalehJaudat,ZakiMobarak and anyone who has engaged in composing poetry in Egypt. All of them even ZakiMobarakare better than him.” Accordingly, it is necessary for us to study and criticize Abboud'sopinionsand thoughts fairly and impartially and to showreal face of Aqqad'spoetry especially in "al-Karwan gift", "vahyAl-Arba'aeen" and "AberSl-Sabil" distinguished in terms of innovation, subject orientation, unity and integration of the ode. The main finding of this study is that in many cases Abbouddoes notobservefair judgment and is influenced by personal and group interests althoughin some cases his criticism is fair and right. This is due to the fact that  competition among critics in Arab world, particularly in Egypt and Lebanon in the twentieth century led the criticism towards bigotry and away from true scientific spirit  Manuscript profile

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192 - Military Blockade Effect of Beirut on Application and Implication of Space and Place in Divan “Maryam Tati” by Sa'adi Yoosef
Hashem Mohammad Hashem maryam jalaei

One of the most important beauties of Modern poetry, especially in the literature which was created in war and in blockade, is application of space and  location technique and its different implications; because war is concerned with conquering location and its inc More

One of the most important beauties of Modern poetry, especially in the literature which was created in war and in blockade, is application of space and  location technique and its different implications; because war is concerned with conquering location and its incidents will occur in the location and destruction of that location is one of its unlucky effects; Therefore, the present study is performed  to analyze the effect of military blockade of Beirut by Israel on application and implication of location in “Maryam Tati” by the Iraqi poet, Sa'adiYoosef, by  descriptive-analytic method; because the blockade has had a considerable effect on routine daily life of the Lebanese people, its effects have been reflected on the literary  works of Lebanese and non-Lebanese scholars, such as Sa'adi Youssef who was compelled by wardisasters to illustrate the most detailed issues of Lebanese lives. The question which should be answered is: what is the effect of military blockade of Beirut on application and implication of place on ‘Maryam Tati”? The most important results were that open locations (e.g. city, village and district) are to illustrate the material destruction of Beirut during the war and close locations (home and room), which were used more than open ones, implicate spiritual status of people of Beirut and the reason for this application and implication is the engineering and architectural criteria of the closed locations.  Manuscript profile

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193 - Elegy in Sharif Razi’s Poetry
Mohamed Ibrahim Khalifa Shooshtari Mohammad Hassan Amrayy

Sharif Razi has composed different poems on various subjects ,and  he was very good at all different  poems  ,  and  could be distinguished  with his authentic eloquence  and  his remarkable and inimitable ability to be highlighte More

Sharif Razi has composed different poems on various subjects ,and  he was very good at all different  poems  ,  and  could be distinguished  with his authentic eloquence  and  his remarkable and inimitable ability to be highlighted among poets,  in particular  in elegy and crying on family, relatives, and describing the tribulation of time, and his odes in elegy appeared in passionate feelings and ebullient emotions  . It is noteworthy to say that his odes in lamentation for  Hussein is a full poetic example for poets who came after him and followed him in their tragedy for Hussein, And they imitated him in their tragedy for Hussein, and they had memorized his poems and had kept it . These few  short elegies made Sharif Razi famous and led him to be a pioneer among his contemporaries. This paper is an attempt to examine his elegies as a proof of his unique talent. Manuscript profile

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194 - The Impact of the West on the Contemporary Arab Literary Criticism
Hassan Majidi Mohammad Ahmadnia

Translation is of the most striking manifestations of contemporary Arabic literature.This phenomenon in contemporary Western criticism of the discussions that influenced this effect is  due to communication and connection with the Arab literature and  West. & More

Translation is of the most striking manifestations of contemporary Arabic literature.This phenomenon in contemporary Western criticism of the discussions that influenced this effect is  due to communication and connection with the Arab literature and  West.            Contemporaneous cash and cash schools, especially schools Divan Court are external factors affecting research. But the important point is that despite all these effects a society  is required that is dynamic culture. Americas since time is not on the cash flows, Arab heritage did not forget the new methods of cash from their roots and the old nobility was not isolated.  Manuscript profile

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195 - The Impact of Persian Culture in the poetry of Ibne Hadi Andalusia
Seyyed Mohammad Mir Hosseini Ali Asvadi

Ibne Hadi Andalusia is deemed amongst the most renowned poets of Andalusia. He has applied a great number of Persian words analyzed in this paper which reveals the profound relationship between the two languages on the one hand, and the influence of the two missionary V More

Ibne Hadi Andalusia is deemed amongst the most renowned poets of Andalusia. He has applied a great number of Persian words analyzed in this paper which reveals the profound relationship between the two languages on the one hand, and the influence of the two missionary Vali brothers (Yahya bin Ali, and Jafar bin Ali Andalusia)  to prompt this  correspondence on the other hand. This research will focus on the representation of Iranian culture and literature in the poetry of Ibne Hadi ,mostly to depict another manifestation of the relationship between Persian and Arabic language. Manuscript profile

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196 - The Study of Music in the Arabic Compositions of Sa'di
Hamed Zakeri Abdolhamid Ahmadi Mansoorah SHirazi

The essence and the beauty of a poem relies heavily on elements such as music. Music covers a wide area which is truly grasped and applied by masters of rhetoric. Sa'di is also considered as one of the greatest Persian poets who has depicted his unique talent in this fi More

The essence and the beauty of a poem relies heavily on elements such as music. Music covers a wide area which is truly grasped and applied by masters of rhetoric. Sa'di is also considered as one of the greatest Persian poets who has depicted his unique talent in this field. Sa'di's poetry is genuinely musical. There have been some researches conducted in this respect. However, one feels the need to focus on his Arabic composition also. This research has focused on various levels of musicality in Sa'di's poetry. After some introductory notes on poetry and the music of poetry , the researcher has focused on different levels of music in his Arabic poetry. Kolliyate  Sa'di by Abaha-ol-Dine Khorramshahi is used as the primary source of Arabic poems.   Manuscript profile

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197 - Magical Realism in Maden Al Malah's Abdurrahman Monif
reza nazemian yosra shadman

The simplest definition that can be applied to magic realism is the accumulation of reality with magic, wander, hallucination and beyond. What it implies is that magical events happen in reality in a way that makes them look like being a part of reality.Lots of writers More

The simplest definition that can be applied to magic realism is the accumulation of reality with magic, wander, hallucination and beyond. What it implies is that magical events happen in reality in a way that makes them look like being a part of reality.Lots of writers in Arabic countries found that area really appealing. Abdul Rahman Monif  in novel like “maden Al Malah” has chosen the style of magic realism.Considering magic realism, thought, magic, illusion, hallucination, symbol, sign, Sufis and Sufism, paradoxes, critical trends, writer‘s silence and his partiality towards magical occurrences are among its element that Has been studied in this article by Analytical descriptive method.This novel has been benefited from sociological influence, political issues, cultural backgrounds and critical views. Additionally Abdul Rahman Monif was impartial toward all unrealistic events around his and he does not any judgments. And In the magical realism fiction style, the author does not react to unrealistic and imaginary incidents and he does not even provide any explanations. So the reader believes in and accepts all unrealistic incidents. Also the author has succeeded with combination of magic with reality to express what goes on inside about Political and social and economic theorems with a cash approach. Manuscript profile

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198 - The Arabic Sonnets of Mowlana and Hafez: A Contextual Critical Study
Mehdi Momtahen Monir Ahmad Shareeati

Researches done on Mowlana’s and Hafez’s poems abound in numbers leaving the readers with the idea that no other concept has been left unexplored. But once all these researches re-examined, one finds that a part of the Iranian and Islamic literature has not More

Researches done on Mowlana’s and Hafez’s poems abound in numbers leaving the readers with the idea that no other concept has been left unexplored. But once all these researches re-examined, one finds that a part of the Iranian and Islamic literature has not been thoroughly explored and explained by the researchers in the field. This is where we come to the Arabic poems composed by these two poets which in themselves exemplify their poetic craftsmanship as well as their mastery, especially Mowlana, of the Arabic language. A re-examination of the poetry of these two great poets one comes to the conclusion that they take their philosophical sustenance from the teachings of Quran. This is apparently detectible through the liens of all these Arabic poems which reflect the impact of the Abbasi era literature on them using a very simple and down to earth language and bearing the vast power of imagination and some motives of Arabic poetry. This article is an attempt to compare the Arabic poems composed by Mowlana and Hafez and, through a new perspective, present these two poets in different dimensions and perspectives which have not been explored therewith informing the readers who have not been acquainted with them by examining their mutual spiritual experience they both provide. Manuscript profile

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199 - Stylistic Study of the Poem Later in Paradise
Issa mottaghizadeh Kobra Roshanfekr Nouroddin parvin

     Stylistics is a  new science which analyzes the structure of  composed  lyrics based on the three layers: vocal, syntax and rhetorical. In  this study with descriptive analytic method and the  frame work of  stylistics More

     Stylistics is a  new science which analyzes the structure of  composed  lyrics based on the three layers: vocal, syntax and rhetorical. In  this study with descriptive analytic method and the  frame work of  stylistics the researchers try to study the elegy Later in Paradise composed by Suad Sabah one of the pioneers of contemporary on the death of his beloved son Mobarak. The three levels mentioned will be analyzed in this poem to examine the link between melancholy and style.The main result of the application of this theory in analysis his elegy shows that there is a strong association between the sentiment elegy and style of poets. And sentimental grief has a direct impact on poet his.  Manuscript profile

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200 - Formal and textual Investigation of Debate Poems in the literature of Mamluk Era
Ali Reza Nazari Maryam Fooladi

Debate is an independent technique  in literature that has been common among poets and writers in Arabic Literature for a long time. The literary genre which has been shaped based on  imitating  real debates is a hostile or friendly dialogue between parti More

Debate is an independent technique  in literature that has been common among poets and writers in Arabic Literature for a long time. The literary genre which has been shaped based on  imitating  real debates is a hostile or friendly dialogue between parties of the debate who could be human, animal, plant, abstract concepts, natural and other elements. Since this genre exists very strikingly and impressively in prose and verse works of Mamluk era, it has been analyzed in analytical- descriptive method in both theoretical and comparative parts in that period in this study. In theoretical part, the literary genre is introduced and examples of verse and prose debates of that era are mentioned in comparative part. Findings of the study show that in verse debates, most of the dialogues are in general sense, among humans, frequently with a short form and without judgment. In contrast, in prose debates, most of the dialogues are in special sense and based on special rules and among inhuman elements with ethical, religious, praise or amusing aspects. Manuscript profile

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201 - Pessimism in Abulalalla ‌Ma`arri and Abdulrahman Shokri's Poetry
Hadi Nazari Monazzam Khatereh Ahmadi

Pessimism is a mental and emotional state. It originates from sadness, despair, the negative outlook on life and the causes for the pessimism are the human failure and negligence against his ambitions and aspirations on the one hand and the other hand is suffering from More

Pessimism is a mental and emotional state. It originates from sadness, despair, the negative outlook on life and the causes for the pessimism are the human failure and negligence against his ambitions and aspirations on the one hand and the other hand is suffering from mental problems and unstable social and political situation in the country. This pessimism was common among poets of different periods. Abolala alMaerri is one of poets who belonged to the Abbasid era whose  poetry is pessimistic because of his life conditions. Also Abdolrahman Shokri has a tendency to pessimism due to the impact of social and political conditions that governed during  his n time and his inclination to read Khayyam and Maarri,s poetry in new period. This paper attempts to examine the aspects of pessimism in the poetry of Aboalalla Maarri and Abdolrahman Shokri, public and their  private factors that effect his life and thought that they would appear in a negative form in their poetry. The results suggest that health problems such as blindness, isolation from society, political and social conditions have affected the lives of the two poets and make them pessimist. In addition to these, there are some commonalities in these  poets such as death, grief of the world, despair, determinism, etc. Manuscript profile

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202 - The Effect Of Financial statement comparability on corporate debt maturity with emphasis on the role of Managers’ Overconfidence
Hengameh veysizadeh Allah Karam Salehi

10.30486/fbra.2021.1933854.1015

Comparability is also one of the key quality features of accounting information that facilitates the comparison of financial statements, comparability in the capital market and debt is very important for investors and creditors; Because investment and lending decisions More

Comparability is also one of the key quality features of accounting information that facilitates the comparison of financial statements, comparability in the capital market and debt is very important for investors and creditors; Because investment and lending decisions are based on evaluating alternative opportunities or projects, without this comparable information, no optimal decision can be made. Due to the importance of this issue, in this study, the effect of comparability of financial statements on debt maturity structure with emphasis on the role of managers' overconfidence in the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period 2014 to 2020 using the information of 144 companies using the generalized least squares and generalized moment procedure regression has been investigated. The research method is applied, descriptive and with deductive-inductive approach. To measure the comparability of financial statements, the model of De Franco et al. (2011) and following the research of Ahmed and Duellman (2013) to measure managers' overconfidence, over-investment has been used. The results using both methods show that the comparability of financial statements reduces the debt maturity structure and managers' overconfidence leads to an increase in the debt maturity structure. Managers' overconfidence also increases the negative relationship between the comparability of financial statements and debt maturity structure and increases its severity. Manuscript profile

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203 - Religious & moral teaching in Persian religious lullabies & Arabic religious lullabies
Mahdi Momtahen Elham Khademi

Lullabies are first symbol of women’s literature. Some of them have religious content. Mothers by them instruct religious & moral teaching to their children. we want to consider this teaching in Persian & Arabic lullabies. Of participation points in Persia More

Lullabies are first symbol of women’s literature. Some of them have religious content. Mothers by them instruct religious & moral teaching to their children. we want to consider this teaching in Persian & Arabic lullabies. Of participation points in Persian and Arabic religious lullabies are: mothers want help of God for their children, pray for sweet dream for them and teach  main Islam orders to them. Some of contents in Persian religious lullabies are: prayer for service their children to Imam Reza, Hazrat Massome and Shahe cheragh. Main contents in Arabic religious lullabies are: mothers use name of Mecca and Kaaba and sentences La Elaha Ella Allah and Mohammad Rasol Allah .   Manuscript profile

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204 - The effects of Arabic proverb on edifying persion poems
Zahra Soleymani

The value trace of Persian writers and poets constantly influenced by religion, language, their holy book and the Koran in throughout history. Iranian literary poetry and prose in the Arabic language and culture are much benefited in the form of industries such as prove More

The value trace of Persian writers and poets constantly influenced by religion, language, their holy book and the Koran in throughout history. Iranian literary poetry and prose in the Arabic language and culture are much benefited in the form of industries such as proverbs and allegorical is adapted. This example indicate in the great works of Saadi and Rumi . In this paper has tried to find a sample of these effects .   Manuscript profile

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205 - Narrative from the view point of fables in Parvin Etesami and Ilia Abo Mazi’s poetry.
nafice Hajirajabi Abbas Arab

Narrative includes wise awareness and rational experiences which are used by writers and poets to express their thoughts in the frame of narratives. The narrative era in the literature of Iran is the time of overcoming of rationality and rational awareness. Writers and More

Narrative includes wise awareness and rational experiences which are used by writers and poets to express their thoughts in the frame of narratives. The narrative era in the literature of Iran is the time of overcoming of rationality and rational awareness. Writers and poets found narratives the best way to express their ideas, philosophical, ethical, mystic and moral thoughts Because in many categories expres of subject don,t possible through examples and Narrative. This paper aims to investigate the correspondence between the poems of two Persian and Arabic poets in terms of one forms of narratives called “Fable” and the common concepts discussed by these two poets. Manuscript profile

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206 - Nano-encapsulation of thyme essential oil in chitosan-Arabic gum system: evaluation of its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties
Maryam Hassani Shirin Hasani

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

207 - Erratum: Nano-encapsulation of thyme essential oil in chitosan-Arabic gum system: Evaluation of its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties
Maryam Hasani Shirin Hasani

Manuscript profile

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208 - The study of the effect of the cell phone in learning on motivation, self-awareness, and educational developments of students in Arabic course
mojtaba rezaei rad ebrahim fallah

How mobile learning can effect on student's motivation, self-awareness, and educational developments in Arabic course is what being study in this essay. Quasi-experimental method, using pre test and post test within the control group, has been used in this study. Statis More

How mobile learning can effect on student's motivation, self-awareness, and educational developments in Arabic course is what being study in this essay. Quasi-experimental method, using pre test and post test within the control group, has been used in this study. Statistical population was consisted of students from Sari Islamic Azad University in 2011. Based on clustering sampling method, tow classes with 69 students were selected and considering random clustering method, students were classified into experimental (39) and control (36) groups. Hermes achievement motivation test, Rajkumar Saraswat self-awareness questionnaire and researcher- made test on Arabic course were the study tools. The validity of the researcher- made test was confirmed by experts in the field and the reliability was calculated by test-retest as 0.85.co-varience analysis, therefore, was used so as to test the research hypothesis.The findings showed that the mean scores of experimental group were in higher level than of the control group, indicating that the cell phone has a great effect on increasing student's motivation, self-awareness, and educational achievement in Arabic course. Manuscript profile

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209 - Analysis of Educational ideas of Farabi, the Founder of Islamic Philosophy
Marzieh Eslamian Narges Keshti aray Sayed Hashem Golestani

Education has always been one of the greatest philosophical issues ever discussed. Among the great philosophers of education, there are ones who have comprehensively considered impression, objectives, principles, methods and the necessity of this important process. One More

Education has always been one of the greatest philosophical issues ever discussed. Among the great philosophers of education, there are ones who have comprehensively considered impression, objectives, principles, methods and the necessity of this important process. One of these great philosophers is Farabi who is named the second teacher and known as the father of Islamic philosophy. This study reviews and compares his educational views and opinions. To achieve this important goal, the research method of qualitative content analysis has been used. Information was collected by using a library method and then was analyzed through applying the inductive categorization system. Results indicate that Farabi considers the purpose of creation to achieve perfection and bliss. Bliss is not possible unless through acquisition of excellences education. Consequently, this great mentor regards the education as an essential core issue and in the process of educating the people. He considers an important role for both the society's and the humankind’s will and choice. In addition, Farabi believes that the human's soul and sprit should be directed to cognition of truth and beauty, so they view the ultimate purpose of education in gaining the good idea and knowing the God. In connection with the educational implications, the viewpoint of this teacher is that he believes education goals including physical, chimerical, moral, intellectual and social objectives... From Farabi viewpoint, the course content directs the human towards cognition of God, closeness to God, trust in him, follow his instructions and then leads to cognition of the human himself as the God's creature and caused. On the teaching approach, Farabi focuses on the two persuasive and argumentative methods. Manuscript profile

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210 - Explanation of the components of the curriculum based on the educational approaches of Plato and Farabi
Marzieh Eslamyan Narges Keshtiaray

Curriculum is one of the youngest domains of human knowledge. Definition of its limits and boundaries has been followed by many ups and downs. One of the basic foundations of curriculum is its philosophical foundations, which is like a guide light in response to the que More

Curriculum is one of the youngest domains of human knowledge. Definition of its limits and boundaries has been followed by many ups and downs. One of the basic foundations of curriculum is its philosophical foundations, which is like a guide light in response to the questions of ontology, epistemology and axiology. Among the great philosophers of education, there are ones who have comprehensively considered impression, objectives, principles, methods and the necessity of this important process. One of these great philosophers is Plato, the father of West's philosophy, and the other one is Farabi who is called the second teacher, as the father of Islamic philosophy. This study reviewed their educational approaches and opinions to define the components of curriculum. In order to achieve this important goal, the research method of qualitative content analysis has been used. Information collected using a library method and then analyzed through applying the inductive categorization system. The obtained results indicated that both of Farabi and Plato believed in education goals including physical, chimerical, moral, intellectual and social objectives. Plato's lesson contents are as follows: habituate children to play, develop physical strengths, literacy training, military training and teaching philosophy, literary material and dialectics. Farabi focuses on the content that directs the man towards cognition of the God, trust and following up the instructions and then leading to cognition of the man himself as the God's creature. According to Plato, the dialogue approach is the most important teaching method. Farabi focuses on the two persuasive and argumentative methods on teaching approach. Manuscript profile

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211 - ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ اﺳﺘﺮس ﺷﻮری ﺑﺮ میزان رشد، پارامترهای خون شناسی و بازماندگی بچه ﻣﺎﻫیان شیربت Arabibarbus grypus
پروین اقامحمد پور حدیده معبودی نرگس جواد زاده

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212 - Decoding theWoman inSpiritual Sessions Of Ibn Arani
Simin Valavi Hamid Abedi Firozjaei

The present paper is about using mystical symbol of woman in Ibn Arabi sonnets. Ibn Arabi is the founder of new style of theoretical Sufism that is evident amonghis works.Especially in his mystical Sessions Court, he is dedicated to interpreting Tarjoman Alashvaq, Use o More

The present paper is about using mystical symbol of woman in Ibn Arabi sonnets. Ibn Arabi is the founder of new style of theoretical Sufism that is evident amonghis works.Especially in his mystical Sessions Court, he is dedicated to interpreting Tarjoman Alashvaq, Use of special statements that Ghazal feel quite that the flavor is divine and mystical.His work is on the development of mystical thought in the sonnet "pantheism". In this essay with an introductory note about the Sufism of Ibn Arabi and intellectual context of his secrets will be referred to on the basis ofhis workinthesonnetformtomystical. Twenty decoding with a better understanding of this Beauty understand its meaning has been noted to some of the poems related to Persian language. Manuscript profile

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213 - Asiri Lahiji’s Outlook on the Unity Of Existence
Ali Akbar Afrasiyabpour Jalil Mohammadi

Shams-Aldin Mohammad Asiri Lahiji, in whose poetry and verses, he tried to depict Gnostic notions in theoretical and practical terms is one of the Teymurian’s Shi’ite Gnostics (840- 912A.H.). The most fundamental premises, in his discussion, are the presentation of the More

Shams-Aldin Mohammad Asiri Lahiji, in whose poetry and verses, he tried to depict Gnostic notions in theoretical and practical terms is one of the Teymurian’s Shi’ite Gnostics (840- 912A.H.). The most fundamental premises, in his discussion, are the presentation of the “Unity of Existence” theory. Being impressed by Ibn Arabi and Sheikh Mahmood Shabestary, he proposes his ideas aesthetically. The “Unity of Existence” theory is considered as a kind of interpretation of Monotheism whose roots are in Islamic Gnosticism in the 2nd century that is analyzed by Ibn Arabi methodologically with a kind of philosophical interpretation. Asiri Lahiji is also considered as one of the proponents of the“Unity of Existence” theory while contemplating and implying Hafez and Molavi Gnostic concepts as well as Earlier Gnostics. He elaborates on the “Unity of Existence” proceeding to the “Perfect Universal Man.” The unique “God” is the genuine and gracious Absolute Unity, the sole eternal “light”, from whose essence all the other creatures are mere reflections. Manuscript profile

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214 - Proximity Of ‘Mohayyamin Spirits’ with ‘Supreme Item’ in IbnArabi’s Mysticism and Sublime
Mehdi Zamani

Mohayyamin is a word used in IbnArabi’s school of thought and the sublime philosophy concerning the spirits or angels enfatuated in God and the Almighty, frenzied and admiring at the same time, while having no knowledge of themselves, nor the creation and human being. T More

Mohayyamin is a word used in IbnArabi’s school of thought and the sublime philosophy concerning the spirits or angels enfatuated in God and the Almighty, frenzied and admiring at the same time, while having no knowledge of themselves, nor the creation and human being. Therefore, they are absolute spirits and on account of their highness they are called angels. Thus, they are not obliged to prostrate to man. Of course, sometimes they are called cherubs. Some of the sublime philosophers have compared them with those “Egyptian illuminators” in Illumination philosophy. These spirits as a result of the self-manifestation of God are created in the order of compassionate spirits. In the categories of mystics ‘singles’ could be assumed as the manifestation of their souls.in some aspects, they are somehow superior to sublime items whereas in other aspects they are equal in their order. Moreover, in the attitudes of some scholars such as Mollasadra, these spirits are superior to angels though viewed by Gheysari they are a part of them. Manuscript profile

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215 - An overview Of Ibn Arabi`s Influence on Sufism in the Malay World
Mahmoodreza Esfandiar Faezeh Rahman

No doubt Ibn-i Arabi is considered, one of the most prominent figures in history of Islamic thought and mysticism. Perhaps less character in the history of Islamic culture can be traced back to the circle of supporters and opponents widespread. His thought was spread to More

No doubt Ibn-i Arabi is considered, one of the most prominent figures in history of Islamic thought and mysticism. Perhaps less character in the history of Islamic culture can be traced back to the circle of supporters and opponents widespread. His thought was spread to anywhere in the Muslim world was controversial, both disciples and followers were loyal and tough opponents and critics found. In other parts of the Islamic world, such as Malay world also has been more or less in these circumstances. The people of this area of far from Islam homeland have been followed mystical Islam. Basically Sufis and Sufi orders had played a major role in the Islamization of the region.Some of these orders (such Qaderieh) very impressed by the school of Ibn-i Arabi, especially his theory of "unity of being". In the Malay world Sufism The unity of being also was very effective and found a lot of pros and cons. Hamzah Fnsuri, Shams Alddin Sumatrani, Abdulsamad Palimbani, Abdul Rauf Singkili and Raniri that were The influential personalities and sufis in the mysticism of Malay world, are considered proponents and critics of Ibn Arabi`s school. Manuscript profile

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216 - The Analysis Of mystical Allusions In Divan-e- Salman-e-Saveji
Mohammad taghi Ghandi Jalil Tajlil

.An analytic Study through the Divan-e- Salman-e- Saveji reveals the fact that in love mysticism, he is greetely influenced by the distinguished figures such as Ibn-e- Arabi, Moulavi and Hafez. Going through his poems, the presence of mysticism in various forms is vivid More

.An analytic Study through the Divan-e- Salman-e- Saveji reveals the fact that in love mysticism, he is greetely influenced by the distinguished figures such as Ibn-e- Arabi, Moulavi and Hafez. Going through his poems, the presence of mysticism in various forms is vividly understood. Like his sonnets, the odes, written to give his compliments to those who have been admired by him however, is full of mystical lessons. Beauties and affections have been so highlited in Salman’s poems that they can be valued the same as masterpices left by Hafez and Sa’di. Salman is one of the followers of pantheism and illumination. His poems are characterized to be against hypocritical asceticism, but in favor of roguishness. Love and pantheism have been known to be the main themes of his poems and the core of his allusions. From his joyful point of view, the reality of life can be found in true love. In the appraisal sonnets and odes, a mixture of romantic deep feelings and a mystical look upon the universe, forms Salman’s attitude and life style. From this aspect, Salman has inherited his ancestors’ mystical tradition and pantheism. Manuscript profile

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217 - Truth Of Torment in Mysticism (Based on Ibn Arabi Viewpoint)
Mahnaz Tavakoli Marziyeh Peyvandi

In Spiritual wayfaring toward The Great Lord, any sin and disobedience from the order of the dearest -The Lord- in itself will be deemed a sin that will be followed by torment. The veil of divine revelation and closeness to God, in the mystics’ point of view, is the evi More

In Spiritual wayfaring toward The Great Lord, any sin and disobedience from the order of the dearest -The Lord- in itself will be deemed a sin that will be followed by torment. The veil of divine revelation and closeness to God, in the mystics’ point of view, is the evidence of torment and so is hell with the same level and deprivation of divine closeness. Any kinds of sin include stages of the same dimension which per se is torment so that the punishment of hypocrites and infidels and the rest will be different according to their levels. In fact, Hell and Naar are general concepts which cover all different aspects of punishment by themselves. Ibn-Arabi believes that the nature of torment is changeable and unstable, therefore it is a relative issue that fits with talent and taste in different recipients. In fact, in Ibn-Arabi’s point of view it is the understanding, impression and knowledge of the suffering man that would evolve towards to the issue of torment and thereby feels no pain and agony, and his torment finally ends up. What comes out of mystical texts would be that the punishment is in fact a manifestation of divine mercy indeed, which is used by God to reduce the burden of his sin by tormenting the guilty ones by means of which this mercy clears the nature of the guilty ones from turpitude and vice. This study attempts to use the verses and the words of mystics in a descriptive and analytical way to make clear the different aspects of the idea of torment, its reality and different kinds. Manuscript profile

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218 - Explanation on Evolutionary Guardianship on the Supreme-Human (The Perfect or the Exalted Man) In Epistemology Geometry of Islamic Mysticism (With a Focus on Thoughts (Ideas) Of Imam Khomeini)
Ali Hosseini Jaseb Nikfar

In mysticism, discussion about evolutionary guardianship is studied under the subject of the supreme man (the perfect man) who is initial medium of creation system in the Arc of ascent and descent (the arc of rise and fall). The perfect man or the supreme-human is the c More

In mysticism, discussion about evolutionary guardianship is studied under the subject of the supreme man (the perfect man) who is initial medium of creation system in the Arc of ascent and descent (the arc of rise and fall). The perfect man or the supreme-human is the core or place of manifestation of all divine names and attributes and the cosmic and the earth facts such that human is like the spirit of the world (universe) and the universe is as his body. As spirit manages or modifies the organization of the body by physical and spiritual powers, the perfect man or the supreme-human also reaches the universe creatures with connecting or having divine facts, and as the life of body depend to the spirit, and without the spirit, it would be deprived from perfection, the divine life also becomes meaningful only by modifying or seizing the successor of Allah and by its mediation. Without the perfect man the life also becomes ruined (decayed) and will die out. The human access to the successor of Allah is occurred through three processes. First, the divine names and attributes are given to the perfect man, and second, the receiving or acquisition of divine and humanistic facts are granted to the supreme human and hebecomes aware of the unseen world. Third, he gains the creatingor innovating power andauthority. The successor of Allah, after Intrinsic, attribution and behavioral extinction, arrived at life and thrived after elimination and the survival position after elimination. He also existed in the factual or right. After that, when the perfect man becomes the ears, eyes and hand of Allah, He becomes manifested by perceptual and excitatory forces (powers). Manuscript profile

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219 - Pantheism in the Eyes of Ibn Arabi and Spinosa
MohammadTaghi Ghandi Mohammadreza Aram

Ibn-e-Arabi and Spinoza have come up with brand new insights about existence. This study is concerned with a study of their views. Espinoza was also known as Cartesian philosopher too.The problem of substans and divine attributs and how they are attributs to the Lord be More

Ibn-e-Arabi and Spinoza have come up with brand new insights about existence. This study is concerned with a study of their views. Espinoza was also known as Cartesian philosopher too.The problem of substans and divine attributs and how they are attributs to the Lord being and their relation with the true and pure unity of God are of the most fundamental epistemological problem in the realm knowing the origian.The present article is going to study the process of pantheism from the point of view thinkers such as Ibn-e-Arabi and Aspinoza. Manuscript profile

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220 - Manifestation of Gnosticism in Bousiri Borde
Rouhollah SayyadiNezhad Shahram Amiri

Undoubtedly there is a relationship between poem and religion from long ago so that praise of Islam prophet as a manifestation of God is a support for those poets who are Sufi, o clear virtues and perfections of prophet for all the people and also mention some popular t More

Undoubtedly there is a relationship between poem and religion from long ago so that praise of Islam prophet as a manifestation of God is a support for those poets who are Sufi, o clear virtues and perfections of prophet for all the people and also mention some popular traditions of Sufi. It's clear unsaid that Borde elegy is one of the masterpieces of Arab literature and Sharafod-in- Mohammad Bousiri change it to poem for the aim of resorting to prophet Mohammad in the pride and boasting period of Gnosticism Osmani-Mamlooki era. Findings in this research show that Bousiri is not really a gnostic poet and especially of gnostic poets such as mystically idioms is not so much in his works but it can be said that in effect of his period existing of Sufism in Bousiri Borde is not so surprising. The poet speaks about the important points of mystically such as Mohammadie reality, intercession and praising by using beautiful language of poem and amorous statement, using simple language and also using less mystically idioms. Manuscript profile

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221 - A Comparative Analysis of Unity of Existence (Pantheism) from Meister Eckhart and Ibn Arabi Viewpoint
Kambiz Safiie

Believing in Unity of Existence (Pantheism) involves necessarily believing in existentialism. Essentialists argue that things essence and substance are fixed and invariable; and things vary in terms of their essences and truths. Existence or being is subjective and is b More

Believing in Unity of Existence (Pantheism) involves necessarily believing in existentialism. Essentialists argue that things essence and substance are fixed and invariable; and things vary in terms of their essences and truths. Existence or being is subjective and is being realized through creation of a substance in outside world or mind. Being could not be true, without realized essences. Also, philosophers argue that essences and truths of things are separate and their unity is subjective. And what are realized are different things and plural essences. The paper analyzes Ibn Arabi and Meister Eckhart’s views on unity of existence. Both of these mystics and thinkers belong to Abrahamic religions, but one of them is a Muslim and the other is a Christian and proponent of roman church. Manuscript profile

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222 - Satisfaction in Poems by Ebne Farez and Ebne Arabi
Tahereh Chaldareh Mahbubeh Moonesan

Ebne Farez and Ebne Arabi had so many talks about the characteristics and qualifications of the human that causes the wayfarer to ascend from earth to heavens and array him with perfection attributes. One of the most important characteristics that lead the wayfarer of G More

Ebne Farez and Ebne Arabi had so many talks about the characteristics and qualifications of the human that causes the wayfarer to ascend from earth to heavens and array him with perfection attributes. One of the most important characteristics that lead the wayfarer of God to the highest rank of the human being is satisfaction of God that results from the knowledge of the worshipper. The gnostic worshipper relies on God and yields towards Him and His wants and always seeks divine satisfaction. Getting to this satisfaction is the result of the worshippers' fear of God so that he gets to a point where God is pleased with him and he is pleased with God in turn. With this in mind that the main purpose of the present research is the investigation of "satisfaction in the poems of Ebne Farez and Ebne Arabi", the ultimate advantage shows that: Ebne Farez and Ebne Arabi enlighten the way to the level of satisfaction for the wayfarer by means of the effective language of poetry and emphasis on love and kindness, worship, fighting and struggling with one's whimsical desires, patience, forbearance and acceptance of difficulties. Manuscript profile

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223 - Study of Language and Literature in Ibn Arabi's Mystical Muwashahs
Seyyed Mehdi Masboogh Mehri Ghaderi Bibak Zahra Niko Neghad

One of the most valuable literary assets is mystics' written heritage. More Mystics In addition to reflecting on the meanings of Sufi and employment practice spiritual journey, in seminary as well as in the field of literature and poetry have also qualified. Sometimes m More

One of the most valuable literary assets is mystics' written heritage. More Mystics In addition to reflecting on the meanings of Sufi and employment practice spiritual journey, in seminary as well as in the field of literature and poetry have also qualified. Sometimes mystical works simply, and sometimes have a difficult language; Thus, in addition to content analysis and description of the mystical meaningsand delicacies spiritual, check this works in terms of style and aesthetics is too important. Ibn Arabic mystic and poet of the sixth century AD have left many of his works. One of the highlights of this great mysticis his mystical muwashahs. Muwashahs in terms of language and structure was a new phenomenon. Since muwashahs by Ibn Arabic has its own characteristics and literary style. This paper, based on Analytical method paid attention to the study of stylistics one of his muwashahs in both linguistic and literary. As a result article show That muwashahs Ibn Arabic is full of songs and music and the poet to increase his music poetry benefited from literary industry and the old vocabulary and language Rkayyk And the features of the muwashahs is use of simile and metaphor. Manuscript profile

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224 - Ibn Al-Arabi'sletter to Imam Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi
Seyyed Hossein Seyyed Mousavi

There isa letter fromIbn Al-Arabi to Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi among the mystical works. Some believe that this letter is the same that Ibn Arabi has referred to it in two Chapters of his FUTUHAT MAKIYEH. He talks in FUTUHAT about Moral Virtues and Generositywhile the exis More

There isa letter fromIbn Al-Arabi to Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi among the mystical works. Some believe that this letter is the same that Ibn Arabi has referred to it in two Chapters of his FUTUHAT MAKIYEH. He talks in FUTUHAT about Moral Virtues and Generositywhile the existingletter is Fakhr Razi's invitation to learn intuition and intuitive Knowledge. The question is this, whether the letter which exists in some of Ibn Arabis RASAIL is the same as it claims, or the current letter is a letter other than the letter which Ibn Arabi has written? In this article while the Ibn Arabi's letter to Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi is translated, this result is obtained by the documentary analytical method that this letter is other than the letter that has been mentioned to it by Ibn Arabi in his FUTUHAT. Thus, it should be said that Ibn Arabi at least has written two letters for Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi. Manuscript profile

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225 - Prayer in Ibn al- 'Arabi's and Rumi's Perspectives
Mariam Mahmoodi Mahdieh Vali Mohammadabadi

Prayer is the most obvious problems in the field of the study of religion in Islamic mysticism has repeatedly emphasized the need for it.Their bondage Zhvrrfan turning point in man's relationship with God opened God desired to take a snapshot picture of neglect of his e More

Prayer is the most obvious problems in the field of the study of religion in Islamic mysticism has repeatedly emphasized the need for it.Their bondage Zhvrrfan turning point in man's relationship with God opened God desired to take a snapshot picture of neglect of his eternal Yadkhsran was followed for advocates .Lovers in a mirror reflection of life and the summit of mystical prayer pure allegedly heard enough Vhkayty is elegant and Namkrr . The mystics of Islam as a bridge prayer Vmlkvt of the material is specially fit for a large part of mystical artifacts left on prayer. So, the author of the study was to examine the Ibn Arabi thoughts and belief. She is the founder Irfan theoretical and wisely and Vrfany intelligence derived from a pure Islamic Education lovely arguments in prayer and compliance. You can also explore ideas and thoughts Maulana said that he prayed Vajabt problem with the word critic and its influence on the expression is interesting anecdotes. What is striking is that the footprint is often thought of Rumi's thoughts, beliefs Arabic Ibn clearly visible. It could be argued that the followers of Maulana Sufi Ibn Arabic and commentator, he has great ideas. Manuscript profile

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226 - The Study of Ibn Arabi's and Mulla Sadra's Viewpoints about Perfect Man, with an Emphasis on the role of guidance
Abbas Bakhshandeh Bali Hassan Ibrahimi

Perfect human of Ibn Arabi that was later noted by Mulla Sadra is ascending toward God, leaving human beings and animals behind by his journey toward God and turning into Caliphate of God. Some Sufis were limited to the same level but IbnArabi and MullaSadra went beyond More

Perfect human of Ibn Arabi that was later noted by Mulla Sadra is ascending toward God, leaving human beings and animals behind by his journey toward God and turning into Caliphate of God. Some Sufis were limited to the same level but IbnArabi and MullaSadra went beyond that and considered “going through pathway of creatures” as a level of human excellence and perfection. This article, as a descriptive analysis, investigates Ibn Arabi's and Mulla Sadra's point of view about one of the most important secular role of the perfect human as other people's guidance. Such a man, as a mediator between God and the creation, tries to guide other people to the path of perfection. Each of Ibn Arabi and Mulla Sadra pointed out to this important issue by citing the religious essentials. Even Ibn Arabi who knows himself as terminator of Velayah, as well as Mulla Sadra, considered this importance and were not indifferent to human perfection and guidance. Manuscript profile

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227 - The Position of Pantheism in Jami's Mysticism
Ali Akbar Afrasiabpour Zahra Kashaniha

In Islamic mysticism,Jami believes inthe theory of pantheism, and He is a lover of Ahlal-Bayt (Family members of religious Imams') among the Naqshbanditariqa, which follows the IbnArabi's theory. Accordingly, the theory of truth is the only one, and that originality com More

In Islamic mysticism,Jami believes inthe theory of pantheism, and He is a lover of Ahlal-Bayt (Family members of religious Imams') among the Naqshbanditariqa, which follows the IbnArabi's theory. Accordingly, the theory of truth is the only one, and that originality comes from unity. The apparent plurality in the world is somethingaccredited that makes up the manifestation of the unified truth. In other words, these pluralities are made of a dream or a shadow and just like an image inside a mirror. Existence is the God’s book and the creatures are God’s names and divine words. This paper explores first hand sourcesthrough historical or documentary methods, in which the aspects of innovation is Jami's theory of pantheism that brings about a new aspect of investigation with its ownspecial categorization and puts forward an innovation in explaining allegories in the context and a verbal format. Manuscript profile

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228 - The Existential Solidarity between Annihilation in God and Subsistence with God in Ibn Arabi’s and Molla Sadra’s Opinion
Fateme Al- Zahra Nasirpour Hasan Ebrahimi Ahmad Beheshti

Monotheism in the term of religions, especially the religion of Islam and the annihilation in God and the subsistence with God in Islam mysticism can be studied and researched from different angles. Despite the valuable researchers that have been done in this field, reg More

Monotheism in the term of religions, especially the religion of Islam and the annihilation in God and the subsistence with God in Islam mysticism can be studied and researched from different angles. Despite the valuable researchers that have been done in this field, regardless of the epistemological dimensions of monotheism and annihilation, the question is that how monotheism because of monotheist and annihilation or survival in the way of God can be related? Do they have a separate and independent meaning in the existence of the seeker and the monotheist, as it seems in the mental and attainment dimension of the relationship based on a disagreement about them, or they are intertwined with one in the existence of the monotheist? Definitions of monotheism and its arguments are among the acquired sciences; but in the present knowledge of monotheism, the immediacy of the limits and customs and concepts, the truth will be manifested to him according to the size of the human capacity. In this article, it is mentioned that human beings become monotheists. On the other hand, in mystical conduct and reaching the position of annihilation in God and subsistence with God, the existence of the seeker (Salĭk) will be the same as knowledge. Here is man's knowledge of his lord and the lord's knowledge of the soul, presence, and the very existence of the soul. Understanding this unity between the man and the Lord and the monotheism of the soul is the same as the gift of annihilation in God and subsistence with God. Manuscript profile

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229 - Creative Imagination in Shams Tabrizi's Divan
Zohreh Mohamad ali Ahmad Qani pour Malekshah Morteza Mohseni Masoud Rouhani

The theory of imagination has a special position in philosophy and theoretical mysticism (Sufisms). Ibn Arabi is one of greatest theoretician in the field of imagination. In his words, Imagination is, in a sense, everything except God and His manifestation, but in human More

The theory of imagination has a special position in philosophy and theoretical mysticism (Sufisms). Ibn Arabi is one of greatest theoretician in the field of imagination. In his words, Imagination is, in a sense, everything except God and His manifestation, but in human being imagination is a kind of perception that gathers between tangible forms and abstract meanings. Human is the successor of the creative God and can use his imagination to create scientific, literary, and artistic creations, and can be the source of perfection. The most important purpose of the paper is to emphasize the role of the creative imagination in wandering human’s identity, in order to escape from the crisis of identity and to achieve its true status. Rumi's poetry in Divan Shams is one of the hallmarks of the creative imagination in mystical literature. In this study, Ibn Arabi’s and Rumi's common views on the theory of God in the creation have been compiled and analyzed using a comparative-analytic approach. Manuscript profile

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230 - Mystical Themes in the Arabic Poems of Sheikh Baha'i
Seyed mehdi Masboogh Mehri Ghaderibibak

Sheikh Baha'i is one of the great scientists of the Safavid era who has been an expert in various scientific fields. One of the aspects of his personality that is manifested in his poetry is his mystical behavior and approach. Sheikh Baha'i has received his mystical tho More

Sheikh Baha'i is one of the great scientists of the Safavid era who has been an expert in various scientific fields. One of the aspects of his personality that is manifested in his poetry is his mystical behavior and approach. Sheikh Baha'i has received his mystical thoughts from its original sources, namely the Qur'an, the hadiths of the Prophet (PBUH) and the Ahl al-Bayt (AS); In the meantime, his acquaintance with Sahifa Sajjadieh and his knowledge of the works of Iranian mystics has played a significant role in shaping his mystical thoughts. This article aims to identify the mystical themes in Sheikh Baha'i thought and to analyze his Arabic poems by content analysis method. The results show that mystical themes in Sheikh Baha'i's Arabic poems include various themes, the most important of which are love, anti-hypocrisy, spiritual wine, carpentry, intuition and mystical dance. The basis of his mystical poems can be summarized in love and self-cultivation, which leads to the acquisition of intuitive knowledge and makes him needless of school and lessons. Manuscript profile

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231 - The Etymology of Pantheism in Nasafi’s Kashf-ul-Haqaiq
zarrin varedi Mohammad Yusuf Nayyeri Fatemeh Moezzi

Nasafi, as a scholastic man, has categorized and explained matters of Islamic Sufism- especially: Pantheism- in Kashf-ul-Haqaiq. In line with the other mystics, however, it is obvious that in this way, he has deterred himself wrapping theological and philosophical argum More

Nasafi, as a scholastic man, has categorized and explained matters of Islamic Sufism- especially: Pantheism- in Kashf-ul-Haqaiq. In line with the other mystics, however, it is obvious that in this way, he has deterred himself wrapping theological and philosophical arguments. Nasafi, unlike mystical philosophers like Suhrawardi (Sheikh Eshragh), does not carry his readers to impassable defiles of argument and proof. Nasafi, in addition to have Islamic Sufism treasure with himself- the roots of this treasure could be found in ancient India and Greece (especially in Plato and Aristotle’s works)-, he has dismantled more clusters from Ibn Arabi and Ibn Sab'een’s gardens. In choosing titles of Kashf-ul-Haqaiq chapters and his specific terminology, it is not unlikely that Nasafi has copied directly from Ibn Arabi and Ibn Sab'een’s works. In this paper, rooting Nasafi’s believes and ideas on Pantheism shows without question influence of Ibn Arabi and Ibn Sab'een. It is noteworthy that in this rooting, Ibn Sab'een’s ideas have their specific novelty. Manuscript profile

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232 - The Secrets of Prayer from Ibn Arabi’s and Ibn Tarke’s Perspective
Akram Akuchakian Mehdi Dehbashi Nadali Ashuri

There are numerous published works remained from Arifs and sages regarding gradual correspondent for mysteries of praying and the differences between true and obligated pray. Those of most predominated belong to Saen -Al-Din Ibn Tarke and Muhyedin Ibn Arabi, two popular More

There are numerous published works remained from Arifs and sages regarding gradual correspondent for mysteries of praying and the differences between true and obligated pray. Those of most predominated belong to Saen -Al-Din Ibn Tarke and Muhyedin Ibn Arabi, two popular Arif in the world of Islam. Saen Al-Din Ibn Tarke’s related attitudes without mentioning the religious jurisprudence laws, assigned explaining the quantitative, declaratory, and verbal secret in features of Salat, the secret of obligated and recommended prayer times and expressing some of its secrets based on gematria by compiling an independent record with the same name. Ibn Arabi in sections 68 and 69 of Al-Futuhat Al-Makiyya despite his legal opinion, decreed and discussed about prayer secrets and purity respectively. It is in a way that others except some mists such as Sabzevari and Imam Khomaini compiled their records under the effect of his thoughts. They mentioned more details regarding religious orders in recommended and obligatory by accompanying with their secrets which his attitudes qualitatively and quantitatively were prioritized. This study is a library research accompanied with editing Manuscript (Asrar Al-Salat Disquisition written by Saen Al-Din Ibn Tarke) with a critical approach. This research aimed to briefly introduce the major points of both precious records and state the circumstance of practical mystical approach in response to the human’s natural needs of praying in the current era. Manuscript profile

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233 - Analysis of Ibn Arabi's Mystical Principles in Development of Examples of Perfect Human
Abbas Bakhshandeh Bali

10.2234/erfan.2023.708523

One of the topics that have been studied in various schools and ideas is the issue of the Perfect Human. Although Muslim mystics also paid attention to this discussion, Ibn Arabi was able to enrich it enough, which is evident in his writings. The abundance of definition More

One of the topics that have been studied in various schools and ideas is the issue of the Perfect Human. Although Muslim mystics also paid attention to this discussion, Ibn Arabi was able to enrich it enough, which is evident in his writings. The abundance of definitions of the Perfect Human has caused damage to the issue that its limit is not determined. Therefore, this article will use a descriptive-analytical method to examine the mystical foundations of Ibn Arabi and ask whether Ibn Arabi believes in the limitation of the examples of the ideal man to the prophets and saints or to the development of its examples and the truth of the seekers. Other who reached specific authorities? The findings of this study indicate that although the divine messengers are in the highest position of the ideal human being, but according to Ibn Arabi's definition of the ideal human being, adding himself as the seal of the bound state, introducing several examples of ideal and interpretive human beings. Which introduces the breadth and capacity of each human being to reach perfection, multiplicity is concluded in the examples of the ideal human being Manuscript profile

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234 - Epiphany from the Perspective of Ibn Arabi and its Reflection in Shah Qasim Anwar’s Poetry
Ola jonaid Seyed ali Qasemzadeh Reza Samizadeh

Epiphany or Manifestation is one of the most important topics in Ibn Arabi's mysticism. The importance of this mystical component is that it is one of the basic foundations of the idea of unity of existence, and The artistic payment of this concept in the works of Irani More

Epiphany or Manifestation is one of the most important topics in Ibn Arabi's mysticism. The importance of this mystical component is that it is one of the basic foundations of the idea of unity of existence, and The artistic payment of this concept in the works of Iranian-Islamic mystics is influenced by this attitude. In this paper, explaining Ibn Arabi's attitude towards various manifestations and re-reading the scope of the influence of Ibn Arabi's theoretical thought in mysticism and Sufism, the writers made an attempt to discover the intellectual-theoretical source of Shah Qasim Anwar's poems in a descriptive-analytical manner and tried to find out how the pattern and concept of manifestation is reflected and influenced from Ibn Arabi's point of view in Shah Qasim Anwar's poems should be investigated. The results of this study show that one of the key words for understanding the mystical views of Shah Qasim Anwar is to pay attention to the meaning and concept of manifestation and discover the source of his view on manifestation. Frequency and variety of manifestations in the mystical poems of Shah Qasim Anwar while confirming his influence on Ibn Arabi, It shows that the basis of mystical knowledge and experiences reflected in the poems of Shah Qasim Anwar is a combination of the views of earlier mystics, including the thought of Ibn Arabi. Manuscript profile

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235 - Explaining the Triple Necessities of Perfect Man from the Ibn Arabi and Allameh Tabatabai
Abdolah Salavati Fatemeh Kookaram

A long time ago the great thinkers have been attract to recognize the perfect man and find out his aspects in order to follow him. This subject is one of the main pillars Islamic mysticism. The authors intend to begin explaining the necessities for triple from the Ibn A More

A long time ago the great thinkers have been attract to recognize the perfect man and find out his aspects in order to follow him. This subject is one of the main pillars Islamic mysticism. The authors intend to begin explaining the necessities for triple from the Ibn Arabi and Allameh Tabatabai. The main question of study is that what is the necessity of the perfect man from Ibn Arabi and Allameh Tabatabai? The necessity of the perfect man not only for the human kind, but also it’s for the whole of the world, therefore a human not only for during the path to perfection we need a perfect human, but all of the world for the survival and its retain needs to the perfect man. At first, we studied positions of existence from the Allameh Tabatabai in this study. Then his special attention expressed to the world of the divine names. Allameh knows that each of the creatures is the name of the divine names which between the “the humen” is the comprehensive all of the divine names. According to the approach of Al`asma science of Ibn Arabi, he expresses about the explain God connection, the perfect man and the world. From Ibn Arabi the perfect man is the closest manifestation of God and he says the perfect man is inductor blessing of God`s creature. In addition, Allameh knows the perfect man who is that he reached to the position of the divine province and the creatures follow up from him. His approach based on the Quran verses, intellectual principles and foundation. One of the achievements of this research is the authors in addition to existence necessity of the perfect man, that its often the basis of topics the necessity bearing, the necessity knowledge and the necessity epistem and each of the reasons to prove of the perfect man necessity at world. Manuscript profile

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236 - The Relation between Fixed Entities and the Immortality of Moral Values in Ibn Arabi's Philosophy of Ethics
Nasim Hojjati Inshaallah Rahmati Parviz Abbasi Dakani

Morality and moral values are fundamental aspects in life and belief in the absoluteness and stability of moral values has direct and indirect effects on the major issues of human life, especially in modern societies. One of the beliefs about moral absolutists is the ob More

Morality and moral values are fundamental aspects in life and belief in the absoluteness and stability of moral values has direct and indirect effects on the major issues of human life, especially in modern societies. One of the beliefs about moral absolutists is the objectivity of moral values, according to which the origin and standard of morality are derived from objective, fixed and real truths. This article is dedicated to examining the views of Muhyi-Al-Din Ibn Arabi, the Andalusian muslim mystic and philosopher, in this regard. Therefore, according to Ibn Arabi's theory of divine names and fixed entities, the objectivity of moral values and their immortality and eternity is a fixed and certain thing. According to Ibn Arabi, there is no existence other than God and creation was and will be nothing but the appearance of His names and attributes. According to the theory of divine names and fixed entities, moral virtues and values are nothing but the names and attributes of God, which were manifested by divine holy grace in the fixed entities and in man, which is the place of comprehensive manifestation of divine names, and in the form of morality are emerging. Moral values, attributes and deeds are nothing but the appearance of the names of God and their fixed entities. Manuscript profile

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237 - A Comparative Study of Self-knowledge and Self-awareness From the Perspective of Ibn Al- Arabi and Jung
Fatemeh Mahmudi Hadi Vakili Mohammadtaghi Fa’aali

10.2234/erfan.2023.706035

The issue of self-knowledge has a special place in the humanities, especially mysticism and psychology. The conventional interpretation of knowledge of self in mysticism is self-knowledge, and in psychology, especially analytical psychology, is self-awareness. It seems More

The issue of self-knowledge has a special place in the humanities, especially mysticism and psychology. The conventional interpretation of knowledge of self in mysticism is self-knowledge, and in psychology, especially analytical psychology, is self-awareness. It seems that, the apparent differences between the two terms, the two concepts can be examined from a comparative perspective. In this paper Ibn al-Arabi is selected as representing Islamic mysticism and Jung as representing analytical psychology. Ibn al-Arabi uses concepts such as the cultivation of the self, contemplation and thought for self-knowledge, and Jung examines self-awareness through research in the unconscious, the analysis of dreams and meditation. These two perspectives are similar in some ways, such as the recognition of the self as well as the recognition of the self and the possibility of self-knowledge through inner consciousness. At the same time, Jung regards the analysis of dreams as one of the ways of self-awareness, but unlike Ibn al-Arabi for self-knowledge of self-cultivation, cognizability and uncognizability are possible. In sum, Ibn al-Arabi's mystical tradition has come close to contemporary psychological perspectives on his understanding. This article is based on library studies and comparative method. Manuscript profile

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238 - Ibn Arabi's Unity Regime Effects on the Bubbling and Sonnets by Bidel Dehlavi with an Emphasis on Love
Abbas Bakhshande bali Aliakbar Shoubkalaei

One of the issues raised up constantly through Mohiyeddin Ibn Arabi is the idea of unity of existence. Like other ideas, this thought has had a dramatic effect on some Indian thinkers, such as Bidel Dehlavi. One of the issues of the unity of existence is love in the Bei More

One of the issues raised up constantly through Mohiyeddin Ibn Arabi is the idea of unity of existence. Like other ideas, this thought has had a dramatic effect on some Indian thinkers, such as Bidel Dehlavi. One of the issues of the unity of existence is love in the Being that Ibn Arabi and, consequently, Bidl had in their works at its angles. This article is based on a descriptive-analytical method and citing library resources to explore the impact of Ibn Arabi on Biddle on the issue of love in the universe. The findings of the research are that Biddle has been dealing with the Islamic mystic system of Ibn Arabi by introducing discussions such as the series of love in the system of unity of existence, grief and love, virtual love, and martyr Love in the course of the Unity School of Being. The presence of love in the mysticism is exhilarating and exhilarating. From the perspective of Ibn Arabi and Bidel, love exists in all the mystical interpretation of existence based on mystery. Manuscript profile

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239 - The Relationship between God and Man in Ibn 'Arabi's School
Amir hossin Abdollahi Mohammad Ali Abbassian Chaleshtori Reza Rasouli Sharabiani Abdolreza Safari

In Ibn 'Arabi's view, the relationship of the Supreme God with man is not based on Divine essence (divine unity), because it is required that God's essence be one, and it cannot be summed up by relation, connection and duality. Therefore, God's essence is superior to th More

In Ibn 'Arabi's view, the relationship of the Supreme God with man is not based on Divine essence (divine unity), because it is required that God's essence be one, and it cannot be summed up by relation, connection and duality. Therefore, God's essence is superior to that of establishing a relationship with man. On the other hand, man cannot communicate with the God's essence; because, first, communication is posterior to knowledge; secondly, man is incapable of knowing his own substance of essence and self; thirdly: the essence of self has a tendency to return to God's essence; thus, man's essential connection with God is impossible. However, the inner knowledge of the soul in divine names and qualities is possible, and this makes it possible to establish a nominal connection with the supreme truth. In fact, the existential philosophy of human creation is the nominal interaction of God with man. Also, these are those divine names that call for effects in the universe and the universe needs them to survive, and man, as the vicegerent of God, has a mission to manifest them on the earth, according to his freedom and authority. In Ibn Arabi's view, the nominally mutual relationship between man and God is inward and it consists of two kinds of "mutual resemblance" and "identical" relationships. The mutual resemblance relationship is considered for the general human being, and the identical relationship is considered for God's saints and perfect men. This identical relationship can reach to the point where God has become closer to  the human being than his own perfect human self, and ultimately leads to the nominal monotheism and the nominal identical relationship between the perfect man and God Manuscript profile

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240 - Analysis of Dreams from Ibn Arabi’s and Ala’al-Dawalah Semnani’s Points of View
azim hamzeian Tannaz Rashidinasab

Mystics, due to their belief in immediate knowledge and inspiration, have paid great attention to dreams. The present study addresses the views of Ibn Arabi and Ala' al-Dawlah Semnani, two of the most important mystics, about the subject of dream, because on the one han More

Mystics, due to their belief in immediate knowledge and inspiration, have paid great attention to dreams. The present study addresses the views of Ibn Arabi and Ala' al-Dawlah Semnani, two of the most important mystics, about the subject of dream, because on the one hand, these two mystics have given this issue a special importance. On the other hand, these two are considered to be mystical pioneers, which have focused on the theory of thinking in the important issues of morality. In fact, Ibn Arabi, the discoverer of the universe of imagination, has addressed this issue by connecting the world of Imagination (separate dreams) and dream (connected dreams). Also, Ala' al-Dawlah Semnani, believed in the importance of dreams in conduction and believed in its role and significance of the Sheikh to it, while he also linked the dream, in the context of the facetiae of seven, which was one of the most important issues in his thinking. Therefore, this research is a way of explaining and analyzing the comparison of the views and opinions of these two great Sufi mystics, with the aim of understanding the similarities and differences of their views on the topic of Dreams. Manuscript profile

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241 - Theory of Microcosm and Macrocosm in Ibn Al’Arabi’s School
mahdi farahnaki moghaddam Ehsan Ghodratollahi Mohammad Reza Balanian

The thought of Microcosm and Macrocosm in the Muslim world has mostly been brought up among philosophers and mystics such as Ikhvan-Al-Safa, Ismaeiliyeh, Ghazzali, Sheykh-e-Ishragh, Attar and Rumi. In Ibn AL’Arabi’s school, the theory is considered as a fund More

The thought of Microcosm and Macrocosm in the Muslim world has mostly been brought up among philosophers and mystics such as Ikhvan-Al-Safa, Ismaeiliyeh, Ghazzali, Sheykh-e-Ishragh, Attar and Rumi. In Ibn AL’Arabi’s school, the theory is considered as a fundamental one which has a deep link with cosmology and humanology of his mystical system. The correspondence of Man and Univers in Ibn AL’Arabi’s school can be examined from two approaches: General correspondence and Particular correspondence.The Particular correspondence in which every member of human body is conformed to a special part of the univers, mostly has an allegorical and artistic side and lead us to more significant aims. The General correspondence in which the generic Man is considered has a strong relation to the principal doctrine of Ibn AL’Arabi’s school i.e. Wahdat-e-Wujud –Unity of Existence. On this basis, Man and Univers have been created according to the Image of God and therefore both of them are corresponding to each other. Manuscript profile

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242 - A Study of Mystical Themes in "How Ascended Ibn al-Sahra to the Sun" by Abdullah Al-Sikhan
Mohsen Seifi mostafa javanrudi Najmeh Taheri Torshizi Khadijeh Fulaadi

10.2234/erfan.2023.703026

The layered and multiple meanings of mystical terms and symbols have caused contemporary Arabic poets to use the language of mysticism to express the thoughts and concerns of their time, while enriching their works and challenging the audience in receiving concepts and More

The layered and multiple meanings of mystical terms and symbols have caused contemporary Arabic poets to use the language of mysticism to express the thoughts and concerns of their time, while enriching their works and challenging the audience in receiving concepts and messages. In this way, they should reflect on their works twice and try to decipher the thoughts of their owners. Abdullah al-Sikhan is one of the contemporary Saudi poets whose works can be traced by reflecting on mystical themes, and the use of the language of mysticism and Sufism in his poems has given a novel color to his poetry. He has expressed some mystical themes and terms in the ode (How ascended Ibn al-Sahra to the Sun). This article intends to study the mystical themes and concepts in this poem by descriptive-analytical method. The poet has used mystical themes to express his thoughts and ideas. Ibn al-Sahra in this poem is a symbol of a primitive man who seeks to discover truth and knowledge and the earth to the sky to reach the sun. He tries to reach the manifestation of truth by leaving behind the mystical stages perfection and seeks a mystical journey, or he is the symbol of the poet himself who travels. He has started from and by summoning the character of Ibn Sahra, he tries to cover it up in the face of these themes and ideas. Manuscript profile

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243 - Status of Immutable Entities in Ibn Arabi's Ontology in the Light of Gheysari's Thoughts
Alireza asemnani Abdolreza Mazaheri

The term "Immutable entities" is considered to be as one of the most important terms in Ibn Arabi's terminology. There are some other concepts in the Islamic tradition which are similar to this term. However, Ibn Arabi compiled the term for the very first time by himsel More

The term "Immutable entities" is considered to be as one of the most important terms in Ibn Arabi's terminology. There are some other concepts in the Islamic tradition which are similar to this term. However, Ibn Arabi compiled the term for the very first time by himself. Ibn Arabi's commentators and Sufis in following of him used this term and then shared it in case of ontological explanation. Gheysari is the most important commentator of Ibn Arabi who has explained his thoughts delicately. Therefore this article was formed in the light of Gheysari's thoughts. In ibn Arabi's perspective, immutable entities are presuppositions of Divine's Names and Attributes and immutable knowledge of God. Contemplation mysticism is not to be understood without understanding the mediatory role of immutable entities in universe epiphany, given its specific purpose, so it is a very significant concept in the mystical ontology. This paper explains this state in the Ibn Arabi's ontology in the unity of being which is based on the disclosure of God and illustrates its manifestation. Manuscript profile

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244 - Unity of Existence in Jaami’s and Ibn Al- Arabi’s Thoughts
naser Gharehkhani Najmeh Mahyaei

Abd-ul-Rahman Jaami is one of the poets who have been familiar with the works and thoughts of Ibn Arabi and has been influenced by him. One of the poems from Jaami’s ‘Haft Orang’ is the Tuhfat al-Abrar, which is based on the thoughts of Ibn Al-Arabi pa More

Abd-ul-Rahman Jaami is one of the poets who have been familiar with the works and thoughts of Ibn Arabi and has been influenced by him. One of the poems from Jaami’s ‘Haft Orang’ is the Tuhfat al-Abrar, which is based on the thoughts of Ibn Al-Arabi particularly his ‘Unity of Existence’. Jaami is one of the first poets to provide explanations on the thoughts of Ibn Al- Arabi regarding unity of Existence and has been highly influenced by his thoughts. One of these effects is the oxymoron, i.e., unity and multiplicity, assimilation and dissimilation, the outer and the inner, etc. related to unity of Existence. In the present study, an attempt has been made to show Jaami’s perspective on unity of Existence and its exemplification (tashbih or attributing human characteristics to God) and tanzih (not assigning human features to God or differentiation between God and human), the world and human being, the inner and the outer (appearance, etc.) in the extended poem of Tuhfat al-Abrar. Although Jaami has acted paradoxically in this regard, he seeks to find a unified conclusion in his mind.  The results of the present study showed that, he has been under the influence of Ibn Al- Arabi in reaching this conclusion and these two mystics (i.e., Ibn Al- Arabi and Jaami) express their thoughts and ideas paradoxically. Manuscript profile

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245 - Analysis of Three mystical positions: Tavakol, Sabr and Tobah (Based on The interpretation of Makhzan Al- Irfan of Banu Amin and Al-Futuhat Al-Makkiyah of Ibn Al-Arabi)
Nancy Saki

Mysticism literally means knowing and knowing after ignorance, recognition, awareness and wisdom, and as a term it means knowing God and His loving worship and finding the path of it. Among the interpretations of The Holy Quran, we come across some works in which the co More

Mysticism literally means knowing and knowing after ignorance, recognition, awareness and wisdom, and as a term it means knowing God and His loving worship and finding the path of it. Among the interpretations of The Holy Quran, we come across some works in which the commentator has a mystical perspective and approach to interpret the verses of The Holy Quran. One of these commentators is Seyyedeh Nusrat Beigom Amin, who paid attention to mystical aspects of interpreting The Holy Quran. In the present article, an attempt has been made to study the mystical views of Banu Amin and Ibn Al-Arabi about the three mystical positions of Tavakol(trust), Sabr(Patience), Tobah(Repentance) by descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, especially works in the field of mysticism and interpretation of The Holy Quran. Paying attention to patience and repentance in the Holy Quran leads to the mystical aspect and makes their characteristics more apparent. After examining her views, it was concluded that Banu Amin is very concerned with practical reliance, patience on hardships and repentance in the direction of faith, so she suggests a mystical interpretation of the verses related to these concepts. Ibn Al-Arabi, as the founder of theoretical mysticism, emphasizes more on the negative and positive issues of these three mystical terms. Manuscript profile

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246 - Comparative Explanation of Science and Perception as Viewed by Avicenna, Suhrawardi, and Ibn Arabi
Ezatolmolook Ghasemghazi Mohammad Akvan

          The current article is seeking to explain perception and its types and degrees from the viewpoint of the three great figures, Avicenna, Shaikh Shahab al-Din Suhravardi and father of theoretical gnosis, Ibn al- Arabi More

          The current article is seeking to explain perception and its types and degrees from the viewpoint of the three great figures, Avicenna, Shaikh Shahab al-Din Suhravardi and father of theoretical gnosis, Ibn al- Arabi known as the great Shaikh. These great men, each has defined perception in different ways. Avicenna, like naturalists, believes in adjustibility of impreasions in mind. But Suhravardi has rejected, in the field of sight, avicenna's theory of beam departure (mathematicians' view). he bases perception on the illumination of the self presence. According to avicenna's view, perception consists of four types such as, sensuous, imaginative, illusive and intellectual but suhravardi considers it three types while inserting perception and illusion in imagination. Avicenna believes that self perceives tangible and imaginative objects through instruments while perceiving abstracts and generalities in it self. He also believes that external senses and internal faculties are material and he considers for each of them a particular place in mind . Although avicenna considers reason non-material as well as perceiver, Suhravadi considers imaginitive perception abstract. He does not consider it material and demonstrates it through imaginative world. Likewise, Ibn al-Arabi rejects the adjustability theory while considering it non-material. According to the continuty creation theory, Ibn-Arabi says perception is the manifestation of God on hearts that are not neglected by hobbies in the world and the real perception accompanies action so the spiritual heaven is its result and nothing is more illuminative than perception that illuminates the perception itself and the human heart is its Manuscript profile

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247 - Mystical Analysis of the Story of Musa and Khidr in Persian and Arabic Poetry
Fatemeh gooshehneshin Shahram Edalati Shahi Farideh Akhavane Palangsaraei

Religious figures, especially divine prophets, have always had a special place in poetry. Meanwhile, the story of Musa and Khidr is one of the stories that have had a great impact on Persian and Arabic literature, especially Persian poetry. Events, scenes, messages and More

Religious figures, especially divine prophets, have always had a special place in poetry. Meanwhile, the story of Musa and Khidr is one of the stories that have had a great impact on Persian and Arabic literature, especially Persian poetry. Events, scenes, messages and mysteries of the story of these two nobles, in the form that Musa is a symbol of Shari'a, and Khidr is a symbol of the old way, is manifested in Persian and Arabic poetry. This article intends to study the mystical basis of the story of Musa and Khidr in Persian and Arabic poetry and to analyze the codes, allusions and semantic implications of the use of the story. The findings of the research indicate that in Persian poetry, the image of these two nobles is a mystical and radiant image and their story is carried by high mystical thoughts through interpretation, and symbolism. Whereas in Arabic poetry the mystical basis of this story gets a political nature and links to the subject of resistance. It should be noted that in contemporary Arabic poetry, Musa is introduced as a symbol of Shari'a human beings who do not know the situation and are always looking for questions, while Khidr is a symbol of the old path and the heart who knows the unseen world and saves) Musa from confusion. Manuscript profile

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248 - Comparison of Hollowness in Nagarjuna’s Notion with Nonexistence in Ibn Arabi’s Mind
Masoumeh Fatholahi Mahmoudreza Esfandiar

Sunya or sunyata[1] standing for emptiness is one of the most important concepts in Buddhism. This idea was first created by Nāgārjuna the founder of Madhyamika (the middle way[2]). This concept can be analysed through two different aspects. Firstly, through the univers More

Sunya or sunyata[1] standing for emptiness is one of the most important concepts in Buddhism. This idea was first created by Nāgārjuna the founder of Madhyamika (the middle way[2]). This concept can be analysed through two different aspects. Firstly, through the universe, which in this approach everything is empty of absolut truth, because all the creatures and phenomenon in the universe are related to each other in the universe and none of them is independant. Secondly, through the absolute, sunya is a complete and total adjective which is substantive and beyond the universe and due to its’ boundlessness cannot be defined and explaind. This absolute, infinit and boundlessness existence cannot be defined in any language, so the best word to define it is being silent. The same approach could be found in ebn al arabi mysticism which refers to the essence of Allah (God). He belives there is no tull, adjective, feature for God in essence and can not recognizable due to having no resemblance with the human.  In fact it is the level of indefinability.  This article is a comparison between sunya and adan cocept according to two muslim and Buddhist ideologist. [1] śūnya, śūnyatā [2] Mādhyamika Manuscript profile

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249 - The Connection between "Guardianship", "Femininity", and "Perfect Human" in Sheikh Sanân Story and in Ibn Arabi’s Mysticism
Mohammadreza Pashaee Saeed Ghasemi Porshokouh

Mantiq al- Tair is a symbolic fable which the story of sheikh Sanân in it is the story of a pious elder man and it consists of mystic points such as, this story is a practical suffice mystic that Attâr explains in form of symbolic tale. This research is anal More

Mantiq al- Tair is a symbolic fable which the story of sheikh Sanân in it is the story of a pious elder man and it consists of mystic points such as, this story is a practical suffice mystic that Attâr explains in form of symbolic tale. This research is analytical and descriptive method by accenting on library studies in sheikh sanân and Ibn Arabi’s mystic, emphasizes on and compare three subjects of the ascension, Fiminity and perfect human and we result sheikh Sanân is symbol of human, a row human who should pass from the rank of human spirit in order to earn of his perfection. Although, the perfect human for arriving to rand of actual perfect human and special guardian should pass from of Feminity too and this passage is because of true perfect human or holy prophet. This is expressing that the perfection of any perfect human in history is for true perfect human. Manuscript profile

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250 - Comparison of Trinity in Creation from Ibn Arabi's and Christianity Point of View
alila attar Abdolreza Mazaheri

Among mythologists, Ibn Arabi, in his ontology, expresses some sort of Trinity in the creation of God, from which it is possible to explain the phenomenon of the proliferation of unity. Ibn Arabi, in addition to teaching subjects such as the truth of Muhammadyya and lov More

Among mythologists, Ibn Arabi, in his ontology, expresses some sort of Trinity in the creation of God, from which it is possible to explain the phenomenon of the proliferation of unity. Ibn Arabi, in addition to teaching subjects such as the truth of Muhammadyya and love, uses logical propositions such as Soghra and Kobra and the middle one to explain creation. Therefore, besides the subject, he can pay attention to one and make half of the creation dependent on his willingness. Knows To illustrate this, it refers to various examples, such as science and the universe. But in the Christian Trinity of Jesus, the agent of human salvation and the spirit of Alcudus is the agent of salvation with nature (Father). However, the belief in the divinity of all three entities in Christianity cannot be combined with Abrahamic monotheism, as it is explicitly rejected in the holy text of the Qur'an and belief in the divinity of Jesus (PBUH) is considered to be disbelief. Manuscript profile

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251 - Ibn Arabi's mystical view of Pharaoh's faith with a look at Persian poetry
Habib Safarzadeh Monsour Nikpanah

Theoretical mysticism in the Islamic circle owes its thoughts and ideas to Ibn Arabi, the great Muslim mystic. Fusus al-Hakam is his most important work in which he interprets the Qur'anic verses according to the manifestations of God on the prophets. The chapter of Mou More

Theoretical mysticism in the Islamic circle owes its thoughts and ideas to Ibn Arabi, the great Muslim mystic. Fusus al-Hakam is his most important work in which he interprets the Qur'anic verses according to the manifestations of God on the prophets. The chapter of Mousavi (AS) is one of the most important chapters of this book, of which the faith of Pharaoh is a central part. Ibn Arabi's principles and interpretations in this matter can be criticized in some ways. This research critiques Ibn Arabi's view on this issue with a descriptive-analytical method and proves that first of all, Mohi-ud-Din's speech requires the union of the souls of the slain for the appearance of Moses (pbuh), the gathering of many souls in one body (reincarnation). Secondly, paying attention to the verses before and after the verse (Jonah: 90) also confirms the unbelief of Pharaoh before his death. The previous verse is the fulfillment of the prayers of Moses (AS) and Aaron (AS) in the direction of Pharaoh's torment and lack of faith, and the next verse is a question of denial of his faith. Another is that Pharaoh, because he claims to be a deity (Naza'at: 24), did not know any god but himself. And he concludes that his question of the truth of God (Poets: 23) was for denial and exclusion, not for the true knowledge and knowledge of His nominal manifestations. Manuscript profile

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252 - The place of Monasticism in Ibn Arabi’s Mysticism
Zahra Abedini Bakhshali Ghanbari Abdolhossein Tarighi

10.2234/erfan.2023.708534

Ibn Arabi is one of the greatest mystics in the Islamic world, whose numerous works are one of the main and rich sources of theoretical mysticism. The concept of monasticism is one of the important elements of the Sufi tendencies of the Islamic world and consequently ha More

Ibn Arabi is one of the greatest mystics in the Islamic world, whose numerous works are one of the main and rich sources of theoretical mysticism. The concept of monasticism is one of the important elements of the Sufi tendencies of the Islamic world and consequently has a special place in Ibn Arabi's mystical intellectual system. Therefore, in this article, this concept is examined and its relation with Ibn Arabi's mystical system is measured. Monasticism in Ibn Arabi's thought is closely related to discovery and observation, which is the axis of his mystical system. According to him, monasticism is a path that accelerates the attainment of observation and thus helps the seeker in the annihilation of God. Hence, he considers the order of observation to be proportional to each order of existence. This article is a library method. Data collection is obtained from various texts, publications and internet search. The results of the research showed that Ibn Arabi considers monasticism in solitude, silence, worship, insomnia and hunger, and states these as the prelude to reaching the position for every seeker Manuscript profile

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253 - A Study on Ibn Al-Arabi's A’yân Thâbita Based on Fusus Al-Hikam
Masumeh Alikahi Reza Fahimi Manizhe Fallahi

A’yân Thâbita is one of the most important terms in Ibn Al-Arabi's mystical thesis. Although there are some concepts near to this kind of Islamic intellectual term, but for the first time Ibn Al-Arabi invented it. Exponents and Sufis followed him and a More

A’yân Thâbita is one of the most important terms in Ibn Al-Arabi's mystical thesis. Although there are some concepts near to this kind of Islamic intellectual term, but for the first time Ibn Al-Arabi invented it. Exponents and Sufis followed him and attempted to used it in different and various issues in the field of mystical ontology. Based on Ibn Al-Arabi’s thesis, A’yân Thâbita is considered as one of God’s names and divine attributes and its positive and negative traits have an intermediary role in worldwide phenomenons and provide a particular trait which is definitely necessary to understand the theoretical mysticism, so it has an ontological position in the mystical system. In this study first we consider A’yân Thâbita from Ibn Al-Arabi’s viewpoint that he called it as one of God’s names and other divine descriptive names based on Fusus. The result shows that God’s all names have been reflected in God’s knowledge(elm-e-elah). Manuscript profile

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254 - The Effect of Ibn Arabi's Theory ( Unity of Being) on Da'ei Shirazi’s Settah
Seyyedeh Shahnaz Soleimani Omidvar Malmoli Seyyed Ali Sohrabnezhad

10.2234/erfan.2023.706057

Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi (538-638 AH), a great Islamic mystic, has introduced certain ideas into Islamic mysticism in the sixth and seventh centuries AH. Some of these ideas, under the title of Unity of Being, have a special character after him in many mystical texts. Shāh D More

Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi (538-638 AH), a great Islamic mystic, has introduced certain ideas into Islamic mysticism in the sixth and seventh centuries AH. Some of these ideas, under the title of Unity of Being, have a special character after him in many mystical texts. Shāh Da’ei Shirāzi (870-870 AH), a poet and mystic of the ninth century AH, is one of those who has received many influences from Ibn Arabi. In his commentary on Golshan-e-Rāz by Sheikh Mahmoud Shabestari, entitled Nasa’em Golshan, he has dealt with Ibn Arabi's thoughts. In addition, there are many aspects of Ibn Arabi's thought, especially the issue of the Unity of Being, in the margins of his Divan and Settah. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method. The information and data have been collected using the library documents and books. The result obtained from this research clearly shows that Shah Da'ei borrowed his idea of the Unity of Being from Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi and simplified it by using his allegories and explanations. Manuscript profile

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255 - Reflection of Arabic and Persian Proverbs and Sayings in the Mirror of Odes and Lyric Poetry and Fragments of Taqi Danesh
rajab tohidiyan

Studying Persian literature and poetry from the beginning of its formation to the present time reveal that poets and writers have abundantly used Arabic and Persian proverbs and sayings in myriad ways and methods to add sweetness and eloquence to their writings. By stud More

Studying Persian literature and poetry from the beginning of its formation to the present time reveal that poets and writers have abundantly used Arabic and Persian proverbs and sayings in myriad ways and methods to add sweetness and eloquence to their writings. By studying the works of great poets such as Ferdowsi, Naser Khosrow, Onsorolmaali, Nasrullah Munshi, Saada din Verminy, Sanai, Anwari, Nezami, Khaghani, Attar Nish Aburi, Atta Mulk Jowini, Maulana, Sadie, Hafiz, and some others, it is disclosed that they have extensively used Arabic and Persian proverbs, verses, anecdotes and sayings to express high moral, mystical, social, political, and literary thoughts to the extent that such expressive way turns as a dominant characteristic of their style. Taghi Danesh, the eminent poet of late Qajar and early Pahlavi dynasties, was under the shining influence of anecdotes, Persian and Arabic proverbs and sayings and effortlessly attempt to reflect such beauty in his writings. The present study aims to investigate and analyze the ways and techniques of using Arabic and Persian proverbs, sayings and anecdotes in sonnets and fragments of Taghi Danesh. The present research achieves the result that use of Arabic and Persian proverbs, sayings, and anecdotes, following predecessors’ reflection, is evident in all his odes and sonnets and fragments and turns to his distinctive stylistic feature. Manuscript profile

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256 - Orating Analysis Of Mental Imagery in Saadi’s Arabic Poems
Javad Kabutari Hosein Arian

Sa'di Shirazi is one of the greatest tales of Persian poets and poets who has been fluent in Arabic. Despite the dominance of Sa'di in Arabic, Arabic poetry has given him a small part of his poetry, but these little poems show Raffi Sa'di's position among Iranian Arab p More

Sa'di Shirazi is one of the greatest tales of Persian poets and poets who has been fluent in Arabic. Despite the dominance of Sa'di in Arabic, Arabic poetry has given him a small part of his poetry, but these little poems show Raffi Sa'di's position among Iranian Arab poets. Sa'di Shirazi has used the imagination in Persian poetry and his Arabic poems. Although Sa'di is a teacher in literary forms and forms, he has presented his skill to the friends of his friends. More than trying to demonstrate his ability and art in the use of literary industries, he sought to convey meaning in a variety of ways. Sa'di has used Persian verse and Arabic poetry in all four subjects of the science of expression (simile, metaphor, metonymy and allegory), but the use (simile and metaphor) of his poems is more evident. In this research, Sour Zahal, has been analyzed and analyzed in Persian poetry and Arabic poetry of Saadi, with examples of Persian and Arabic verses. Manuscript profile

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257 - Almonjed Dictionary and its Persian Mu’arrab Entries
shah'baz mohseni

Despite the heavy influence that Arabic has had on Persian, Arabic too has been influenced by Persian before Islam and after it. Persian words have entered Arabic and continued their usage after they underwent changes in form and pronunciation. Since the early times whe More

Despite the heavy influence that Arabic has had on Persian, Arabic too has been influenced by Persian before Islam and after it. Persian words have entered Arabic and continued their usage after they underwent changes in form and pronunciation. Since the early times when lexicography in Arabic was traditionally done by Arabic language researchers up until now, it has been a common tradition to inspect and archive these loan words. In the present research, the Arabic words, borrowed from Persian and included in Almonjed dictionary, have been collected and discussed so that you may know the whole sack by a handful. Manuscript profile

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258 - Comparability of Financial Reports and Negative Skewness of firm-Specific Monthly Returns: Evidence from Iranian firms
Mehdi Safari Gerayli

10.22034/amfa.2019.1864043.1196

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259 - The role of effective variables on the relationship between tax avoidance and investment efficiency
Nazanin Bashirimanesh Zohreh Arefmanesh

10.22034/amfa.2023.1968722.1806

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260 - Financial Statement Comparability and the Expected Crash Risk of Stock Prices
Barhram Parsa Fatemeh Sarraf

10.22034/amfa.2018.544951

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261 - Ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) collected in winter wheat fields of the western Azerbaijan
G. Gahramanova

Five subspecies and 12 species of carabid beetles (Carabidae) belonging to 11 genera and 6 subfamilies were found during 2006-2010 in west of Azerbaijan. Harpalus froelichii Sturm, 1818, Dixus obscurus Dejean, 1825, Scarites cylindronotus Faldermann, 1836, Sphodrus leuc More

Five subspecies and 12 species of carabid beetles (Carabidae) belonging to 11 genera and 6 subfamilies were found during 2006-2010 in west of Azerbaijan. Harpalus froelichii Sturm, 1818, Dixus obscurus Dejean, 1825, Scarites cylindronotus Faldermann, 1836, Sphodrus leucophthalmus Linnaeus, 1758, Calathus longicollis Motschulsky, 1865 were new records. Five subspecies new for the fauna of Azerbaijan are Zabrus tenebrioides longulus Reiche & Saulcy, 1855, Z.morio morio Ménetries, 1832, Cryptophonus melancholicus melancholicus Dejean, 1829, Calathus ambiguus ambiguus (Paykull, 1790), Nebria picicornis luteipes Chaudoir, 1850. Manuscript profile

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262 - Effect of optimized nanocapsule containing Zingiber officinale based on gum arabic and gelatin as a natural polymeric wall on adult insect and larvae of Tribolium confusum
A. R. Jalalizand M. Shahnazari M. Mirmohammadsadeghi

Wheat is a strategic crop and is mainly consumed for the production of bread which is considered to be one of the most consumed crops in the world. Wheat is the most important plant on earth and is highly adapted to different climates. Flour (Tribolium confusum) in Iran More

Wheat is a strategic crop and is mainly consumed for the production of bread which is considered to be one of the most consumed crops in the world. Wheat is the most important plant on earth and is highly adapted to different climates. Flour (Tribolium confusum) in Iran is found in all non-health warehouses, mills and bakeries. This type of insect is common in most parts of the world. Its main origin is probably India. Different chemical compounds have been used to protect warehouse products from pest attack. But in general, the use of these compounds has led to serious and growing problems, such as the poisoning of parasitoids, predators, pollinators, fish and humans, and possibly their mortality. Therefore, in the present study, the efficiency of ginger nano-capsule with Tribolium confusum polymeric wall as a nutritional indicator of weevil flour was evaluated. The results showed that the use of nanocapsules containing Zingiber officinale oil as an insecticide in different treatments had effective results and 100% of Tribolium confusummortality. Manuscript profile

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263 - Tectonical history of Arabian platform during Late Cretaceous An example from Kurdistan region, NE Iraq
کمال حاجی کریم زردشت. ا طاها

New simplified tectonic models and depositional history of Late Cretaceous rocks are established in a part of Zagros Orogenic Belt that is located in the Northeastern Iraq. These rocks constutes the most important Cretaceous oil reservoir in the Middle East. The depende More

New simplified tectonic models and depositional history of Late Cretaceous rocks are established in a part of Zagros Orogenic Belt that is located in the Northeastern Iraq. These rocks constutes the most important Cretaceous oil reservoir in the Middle East. The dependent tools are petrography, field study and the concept of drowning phases. This concept is relatively new and accurate in explanation of development of carbonate sequences growth and termination. The columns of both carbonate and clastics rocks of the area are divided into three phases of drowning: 1- Pre-drowning phase of reefal limestone which is represented by Qamchuqa Formation which is equivalent to Mauddud and Shuaba formations (Early Cretaceous) in the south Iraq and in the Gulf. 2- Transitional phase of pelagic limestone and marl deposition which is transitional to post drowning phase during which Gulneri Shale and Dokan limestone Formations (Cenomanian- Turonian) are deposited. 3- Post drowning phase of deep carbonate sedimentation during which Kometan Formation (Santonian-Campanian) and 4- Burial Phase in which Shiranish and Tanjero Formations (Maasstrichtian) are deposited by which Arabian Platform was covered by siliciclastics sediments and main carbonate sedimentation was ended during Campanian. These phases, as resulted from tectonics of Zagros, can replace the complex previously assigned tectonic and depositional history of the area during Later Cretaceous. The application of the phases revealed nearly a continuous history of deposition in foredeep during Early Cretaceous and foreland basin during later ages. This continuous sedimentation is opposite to previously cited episodic sedimentation in the Cretaceous basins. Moreover than that, the occurrences of the previously mentioned subaerial cycles of erosion (unconformities) are not ascertained. The previous cycles had segmented the rocks and history of the area into several separated and unrelated tectonic events that occurred in different basins. According to the above cycles and unconformities the tectonic setting and depositional history of the whole northwestern Iraq assumed be violent during compete time span of the Late Cretaceous by which basin isolation and uplift and erosion occurred. The above ideas are amended and the unconformable boundaries are changed to conformable ones. Consequently, in the present study, a new tectonic history and model are established for Cretaceous which agree with field observation and existed lithofacies. Manuscript profile

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264 - Comparison of bauxite resources – geo-economical considerations
G. Komlóssy W. B. Morrison

In order to meet the significantly increased metal demand of the world market, it has been decided to expand the capacity of the existing alumina refineries and to set up new plants (more than 2 Mt/a each). The selection among the bauxite sources is based on previous ex More

In order to meet the significantly increased metal demand of the world market, it has been decided to expand the capacity of the existing alumina refineries and to set up new plants (more than 2 Mt/a each). The selection among the bauxite sources is based on previous exploration data, such as: tonnage, grade, mineralogy, etc., the geographical position of the deposit, existing natural and constructed infrastructure and the distance from deep water ports. Environmental and political risks are also investigated. Decision making is a complex task in which the close co-operation of professionals of the bauxite-alumina industry is needed. The authors specify the most determinant factors which are investigated for decision making and call attention to the fact that, in many cases, inconsistent data are compared as if they were equal in value or identical such as: the reliability of explorations made for deposits in various countries, and at different times is also different, the methods applied in reserve calculation and resource estimate are different, the qualitative criteria used for commercial grade ores are different, no numeric data are available showing the possible error in reserve calculation the terminology used for bauxite categories is also different.Adequate attention is never given for the further development of possible prospects; their investigation may be neglected in the selection. As a consequence, when different resources are compared, the geological risks (stability in bauxite production) cannot adequately be taken into account. For minimizing the transport costs (either the bauxite supply to the alumina plant or the alumina shipping to the smelter or both) the geographical position of the raw material is one of the most significant economic factors in the value of the deposit. There are several regions in the world which are so rich in bauxite potential (West Africa, edge of the Guyana Shield in Venezuela and Brazil, the Amazon Basin in Brazil, Weipa Gove in Australia, Eastern Ghats in India, etc.) where new deposits should be explored as a function of their geographical position. The landsat interpretation has proved to be an excellent tool for establishing priorities among the options. The authors give a short review and comparison of the most significant regions and deposits focusing their interests on the: tonnage, grade and mineralogy, further prospects (undiscovered) deposits, infrastructure, distance from mine/deposits to the deep water ports, available alumina content (for a low or a high temperature procedure) for estimating the bauxite consumption per ton of alumina, soluble silica content for estimating the caustic soda consumption per ton of alumina, beneficiation cost in some cases, risk factors (geological, environmental, political and national) The authors conclude, that in spite of the fact that about 30 - 35 billion tons of bauxite have been registered so far as proved + probable reserves and a further 55 – 60 billion tons can be estimated as possible resources in the world, finding new resources in better geographical locations and their exploration may be advantageous. The new exploration data must be more reliable, as well. The costs of reconnaissance and exploration may be far below the haulage costs. Manuscript profile

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265 - Relations between Deep and Shallow Stratigraphic Units of Northern Iraq during Cretaceous
Kamal H Karim Rabea K Al-Hamadani Sirwan H. Ahmad

The studied area includes Sulaimani, Erbil and Dohuk Governorates where Cretaceous rocks are well exposed in the High Folded Zone of North and Northeastern Iraq. This area is part of the northwestern boundary of Arabian platform near to Iranian border. In these governor More

The studied area includes Sulaimani, Erbil and Dohuk Governorates where Cretaceous rocks are well exposed in the High Folded Zone of North and Northeastern Iraq. This area is part of the northwestern boundary of Arabian platform near to Iranian border. In these governorates, the study tries to clarify the relations between deep and shallow stratigraphic units (formation or facies) during Cretaceous. The result of the present study is mainly depended on the field lateral tracing of the lithologic changes and paleontological evidences for indicating the new age termination of the units. The result showed as a generalized and simple model of temporal and special relations between Cretaceous deep and shallow water formations. The Balambo (Kazhdumi in Iran), Kometan (Ilam), Shiranish-Tanjero (Gurpi) Formations (as deep facies) are indicated as lateral equivalent of shallow facies of Qamchuqa (Sarvak and Dariyian), Bekhme (has not equivalent in Iran yet) and Aqra Formation (Seymare or Tarbur) respectively. On the model, the transition zone is indicated where the deep facies, from the east, change to shallow ones at the west. The shallow facies consist of coarse grain limestone with fossils skeletons, bioclasts and intraclasts. The deep facieses are fine grain pelagic limestone with microfossils (panktonic forams and nanofossils) whiles the transitional facies (zones) generally consist mixture of the two as interfigering relation between the deep and shallow facies. As the changes of the lithology of transitional zones are relatively sudden, therefore, they are not designated as formation and not defined previously. Manuscript profile

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266 - The study of parallelism in Fadva Tooghan, the contemporary poet of Palestinian
Boshra Godarzi Rouhollahe Sayyadi Nejad Amir Hosain Rasool Nia

The aim of this research is to study the level of parallelism (vocal, vocab and syntax) and the effect of them in Fadvi poems the Palestinian contemporary Arabic world poet. She is one of the poets who have used parallelism in her poems. The research is by descriptive- More

The aim of this research is to study the level of parallelism (vocal, vocab and syntax) and the effect of them in Fadvi poems the Palestinian contemporary Arabic world poet. She is one of the poets who have used parallelism in her poems. The research is by descriptive- analytical method and by using librarian sources and qualitative study she studied the e parallelism in poems of Fadvi Tooghan. The findings of the research show that in the subject of parallelism the repetition has the most importance and also is an important element in making music. Fadvi Tooghan made very beautiful poems by using this repetition which a wise reader can understand it by reading them. Fadvi Tooghan has used parallelism in vocal, vocab and syntax levels and this similarity in text structure has made her poem very fabulous. She has made her poem outstanding in verbal level by repeating sounds, letters words and compounds which cause emphasize in semantic level, this issue shows that the verbal structures effects on meaning transmissions. It looks that the repetition of parallelism in vocalic level is more than verbal and syntax levels, because in verbal and syntax parallelism the parallelism of vocal can be find. Manuscript profile

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267 - Investigating the Strategic Role of Lady of the Karbala in the Poems of Contemporary Christian Poets
Maryam Rahmati Torkashvand Jabbar Azarbar Fatemeh Feizolahi

The purpose of the present study is to examine the reflection of the personality of Prophet Zainab(PBUH) as the flag bearer of the Karbala movement in the poetry of contemporary Christian poets. Because of his valuable personality and his decisive role in the events of More

The purpose of the present study is to examine the reflection of the personality of Prophet Zainab(PBUH) as the flag bearer of the Karbala movement in the poetry of contemporary Christian poets. Because of his valuable personality and his decisive role in the events of Ashura and after, including the sermons he expressed for awakening public opinion, expressing the oppression of the Ahlul-Bayt (AS) and revealing the identities of the enemies, has caused many writers and poets To worship and praise him from various religions as a symbol of oppression and freedom. have been studied through descriptive-analytic method through library sources. The findings indicate that Christian poets in their poems focus more on the role of Zaynab (peace be upon him) in Karbala and subsequent events, including attending the Ashura event, delivering a sermon in the Yazid and Obaidullah, and defending Imam Sajjad (Peace be upon him), The expression of the Ashura uprising, the devaluation of the Omavi family and so on have been taken into consideration. They see Prophet Zainab (peace be upon him) symbol and exemple in the fight against colonialism and oppression, and in the contemporary era they see themselves as a continuation of his struggle against oppression. Manuscript profile

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268 - Love Language in Poetries of Nazik Al-Malaika and Suad Al-Sabah
روح الله SayyadiNezhzd مهوش Hasanpoor

Love is one of the most common topics which found in Arabic literature especially in romantic literature. This topic has found new form in contemporary era which caused some new language properties in poetries of contemporary poets.In this study, an attempt has made to More

Love is one of the most common topics which found in Arabic literature especially in romantic literature. This topic has found new form in contemporary era which caused some new language properties in poetries of contemporary poets.In this study, an attempt has made to survey these properties in poetries of the two Arabic poets, Nazik Al-Malaika and Suad Al-Sabah. By using descriptive-analytic method, it has been found that feminine spirit and language is greatly evident in poetries of these two Arabic poets which can be studied at different language levels. This feminine element is clear in three levels in poetries of these two poets phonetic, syntactic and semantic.They were using some techniques such as repetition of phonemes, letters in speaking about their sorrow and sadness. Not being sure of social conditions in a world which pay attention to men caused women to use interrogative methods in their poems. Women poets also use indirect methods like metaphor because they don't have liberty of speaking in love. Manuscript profile

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269 - tThe Position Of Woman In Theosophy Regarding The Ibn-E-Arabi Views
مریم Bakhtiyar

The agendum of theosophy, particularly the theoretical Gnosticism is the axiology of the being’s hierarchy and such knowledge discusses the existence hierarchy and the emergence of unity from plurality. In such perspective, the woman is as a creature alongside of More

The agendum of theosophy, particularly the theoretical Gnosticism is the axiology of the being’s hierarchy and such knowledge discusses the existence hierarchy and the emergence of unity from plurality. In such perspective, the woman is as a creature alongside of the other creatures (as she exists).Theoretical Gnosticism considers her as human being and as Theophanic manifestation of the “Allah” (God/The Creator) comprehensive name. In this article via glancing to the theosophy overall notion, the position of woman regarding The Ibn-E-Arabi views was reviewed. According to Ibn-E-Arabi and other Gnostic points of view the woman is the macro cosmos, the great world that is called “extensive universe”; one of the greatest existing worlds. Manuscript profile

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270 - Woman Manifestation in Ebne Arabi's Thoughts
A. R. Anaghe سمیه Sabzevari

Various opinions about creation, role and status of woman in the world have been presented. Discussion on woman character and superiority or equality of the masculine and the femininity is as long as man history.All heavenly religions and humanoid schools have been sent More

Various opinions about creation, role and status of woman in the world have been presented. Discussion on woman character and superiority or equality of the masculine and the femininity is as long as man history.All heavenly religions and humanoid schools have been sentsetive about woman and have taken a position, but it is important that who and which views in this regard met the reality. We can say courageously that Ibn Arabi's idea about woman in theosophy viewpoint has been one of the most widespread and most internal ideas. The purpose of this article was recognition of woman's existing value and her special place in famous patriarch; Mohi al din Ibn Arabi's toughts, who was one of the famous man in theosophy in 7th century.  In fact this article tried to have suitable answer to some questions about woman's place. These questions were: does a woman gain perfection steps like a man? Or does a woman demeanor in theosophy as a man?  Answers  based on of Arabi's toughts were investigated. Manuscript profile

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271 - Review the likeness and pureness according to Ibn Arabi and Maulana
Ehsan Seyyed Moharrami hamidreza solaeimanian abbas khairabadi mahmood firozi moqhadam

One of the complicated and conspicuous issues in the field of theology is the theme of likeness and pureness. Similarness and pureness can be considered as the rational and spiritual state of the recognition of the transcendence by man . In similarity, man attributes so More

One of the complicated and conspicuous issues in the field of theology is the theme of likeness and pureness. Similarness and pureness can be considered as the rational and spiritual state of the recognition of the transcendence by man . In similarity, man attributes some traits such as hearing or sight to truth, for example, one can refer to the story of Moses and the pastor in Rumi's Mathnawa . Of course, the reason for these similes can be found in some of the hadiths and verses . Although some people in the simile sometimes exaggerate so much that Islamic scholars have come up against Tanzania in confronting this group and The privilege of excellence is distinguished from human traits and Exemplified verses of simile are interpreted in a way that does not have a real meaning . This paper, by a descriptive method based on library studies, while investigating the separate views of Ibn Arabi and Maulana, seeks to demonstrate the correct way of dealing with the likeness and temporal problem by recognizing the views of these two great mystics . Manuscript profile

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272 - Commons of Ebn Arabi and Josef Murphy in the issue of miracle
mohammad Ali vosooghian

Like the other Islamic mystics, Ebn Arabi considers dignity specialized for saints and miracle specialized for prophets. Like some other mystics, Ebn Arabi considers intuitive science as the real dignity. Josef Murphy thinks that there is no difference between dignity a More

Like the other Islamic mystics, Ebn Arabi considers dignity specialized for saints and miracle specialized for prophets. Like some other mystics, Ebn Arabi considers intuitive science as the real dignity. Josef Murphy thinks that there is no difference between dignity and miracle and he believes that all human beings have such powers and they are able to realize all miracles. Murphy makes lots of examples in which a wayfarer was able to do the miracles of Jesus Christ.Murphy is a psychologist whose knowledge is practical, which means that he thinks all human beings can use miracle so that they can have a proper life in this world and then in the life in hereafter. Murphy and Ebn Arabi have the same idea about miracle at least in 9 cases and in this section they are going to be discussed. The method used in this paper is library and comparative.That in spite of differences in terms, we have sought to find common ground. Keywords: Ibn Arabi, Murphy, Miracle, Dignity Manuscript profile

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273 - Investigating the reflection of ability from the point of view of Ibn Arabi in the poems of Shah Dai Shirazi
shahnaz solimani امیدوار مالملی

10.30495/farsij.2023.1984333.1729

abstractIbn Arabi has one of the most complex mystical-philosophical thoughts. He often uses a difficult structure and new terminologies in proposing various mystical issues. One of these issues is the plan of nobles fixed in the absence and consequently the ability. In More

abstractIbn Arabi has one of the most complex mystical-philosophical thoughts. He often uses a difficult structure and new terminologies in proposing various mystical issues. One of these issues is the plan of nobles fixed in the absence and consequently the ability. In the thought system of Ibn Arabi and his successors, the fixed principles are the scientific forms of objects in his knowledge that he noticed before the external determination. These scientific forms or the spirit of the phenomena in the divine science, in the form of good and bad, are later realized in external determination. Their realization is based on their abilities. That is, if it has the ability and ability to be bad, that creature will become bad, and if it has the ability and ability to be good, that creature will be good. This research, which is written in a descriptive-analytical way, seeks to investigate the ability from the point of view of Ibn Arabi and Shah Da'i Shirazi. The results indicate that Shah Da'i followed Ibn Arabi and expressed the same point of view in this issue as in many other mystical issues.Keywords: Ibn Arabi, Shah Da'i, ability, Ayan Sabiteh Manuscript profile

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274 - Evaluating the interpretation of manifestations in the wisdom of Mazdisna and theoretical mysticism
Saeed Mohammadi kish Farah Niazkar

10.30495/farsij.2023.1948315.1587

Theoretical mysticism is basically based on thinking. In this epistemological approach, seekers of the journey to God emphasize on exploratory thinking and intuitive insight into the manifestations of existence and divine gifts, but it seems that the view of the unity o More

Theoretical mysticism is basically based on thinking. In this epistemological approach, seekers of the journey to God emphasize on exploratory thinking and intuitive insight into the manifestations of existence and divine gifts, but it seems that the view of the unity of existence in the manifestation of the nobility precedes the opinions. Theoretical mysticism also existed in Avestan Iran, which indicates the longevity of mystical concepts in ancient Iran. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and analyze the similarities between the concept of manifestation in these two mystical and theological disciplines, which are examined in a descriptive-analytical manner. Accordingly, the main question of the research is that what are the similarities between the interpretation of the manifestation of divine theological forms in the world of existence and the descent of Zoroastrian lands from the Minoan world to the world of creation? The results of the research show that the delay in the manifestation of God's knowledge in the facts of the creatures of the world of possibility is also observed in Avestan Iran. As in Mazdasna, the spiritual forms that reside in human bodies are issued from the center of truth and are known as Amshaspandan Faruhari; In theoretical mysticism, the spiritual form of the determinations of existence are known as the fixed nobles, which are manifested in the manifestations of the world, and the perfect human being is the manifestation of the essence of truth. Manuscript profile

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275 - Position of Arabic language among the Kurds
Abdullah Rasoulnejad Hassan Sarbaz

With  the  advent  of  Islam  and  descendant  of  Holy  Quran,  Arabic language moved from a local ethnic language to a language of Islamic culture  and  civilization.  From  the  early  f More

With  the  advent  of  Islam  and  descendant  of  Holy  Quran,  Arabic language moved from a local ethnic language to a language of Islamic culture  and  civilization.  From  the  early  first  century  of  AD,  it  swept through the Arab island boundaries and spread to Mediterranean coast, Asia Minor, Iran, and Transoxiana (Mawarannahr). Therefore, it became the scientific and literary language of Islamic nations including Arab and non-Arabs. Arabic language, whether being religiously the language of Quran and Islam or scientifically having had significant role in keeping multi-century intellectual heritage of humanity, has always possessed a lofty position among all nations. Also, Kurds as a part of Islamic society, who consciously accepted Islam with open arms became so enamored of Holy Quran and eternal mission of prophet of Islam that, preserving their mother tongue, they selected  Arabic  as  their  scientific  and  literary  language.  Accordingly, Kurd scholars and scientists wrote most of their religious, scientific, philosophical, and literary works in Arabic. Public honored that they were capable of getting familiar with Arabic even at the level of some prayers and religious ritual terms. Providing   worthwhile   achievements   for   Arabic   language,   Kurd scholars have inherited valuable works regarding morphology, syntax, rhetoric, etc. This research, using descriptive and content analysis methods, tries to investigate the works of the most outstanding Kurd scientists and men of letters in the area of Arabic language including morphology, syntax, and rhetoric to clarify the position of Arabic among Kurds. Manuscript profile

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276 - Pantheism, some of the challenges and Mowlavi’s Relation with it
shahbaz Mohseni

The paper attempts to answer the following questions; What is pantheism and what are the challenges by mistics in the past? Did Mowlavi have any connections with Moh’yeddin Arabi and has he been influenced? Based on Shamse Tabrizie’s Critical view point r More

The paper attempts to answer the following questions; What is pantheism and what are the challenges by mistics in the past? Did Mowlavi have any connections with Moh’yeddin Arabi and has he been influenced? Based on Shamse Tabrizie’s Critical view point regarding Mohyeddin, departure from Mohyeddin because of this fact? Since in many interpertations of Masnavi, Mawlavi has been interpreted based on Ebne Arabi, This is due to Mawlavie’s approach or the interpreters themselves? Some of Mowlavi’s poems may have connection with pantheism but generally Mowlavi is not pantheist. Interpretations that have been indeed are approach and interpretation of Commentators. Manuscript profile

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277 - Comparative Analysis of Religious Teachings on Poetry Of Abi Altahyh and Naser Khosrow Qbadyany
Fereshte Saffari

One of the most fundamental issues of human societies is the problem of proper training and offering educational programs to those areas of policy that has not stopped the development of all aspects of society. Today, the promotion and dissemination of religious culture More

One of the most fundamental issues of human societies is the problem of proper training and offering educational programs to those areas of policy that has not stopped the development of all aspects of society. Today, the promotion and dissemination of religious culture in Muslim countries is heavily influenced by foreign culture and religion is one of the requirements of human life in the name of modernity on the verge of collapse, In Islamic society to religious sources, including the Quran, books of validity and effects of such highly paid executives and operators are cultural. Ancient doctrines and teachings of Quran and traditions with innovations worthy of poets and writers to spread religious literature and to provide a great educational power of lifestyle patterns enjoys. One of the great poets of the era of the Abbasid poet, Abu Altahyh, intellectual poetry in the composition is of particular mastery. Naser Khosrow, poet and travel writer of Ghaznavi era in writing these poems took advantage of the unique skill. The aim of this cross-sectional study is to evaluate the most valuable and the most noble principles of Islamic ethics in the light of poetry of Abe Altahyh Naser Khosrow Qbadyany. Manuscript profile

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278 - In Quest of Nowhere )The Comparative study of Utopia in Jobran Khalil Jobran and Sohrab Sepehri)
Faroogh Nemati

For poets and authors, Utopia is nowhere, all humans search it, in order to get rid of crulity. This dream abounds the romantic poet’s minds, because they take refugee in their artifitial worlds which they imagine them. Jobran khalil Jobran and Sohrab Sepehri are More

For poets and authors, Utopia is nowhere, all humans search it, in order to get rid of crulity. This dream abounds the romantic poet’s minds, because they take refugee in their artifitial worlds which they imagine them. Jobran khalil Jobran and Sohrab Sepehri are two romantic, contemporary, Persian and Arabic poets who depend on utopia in their poems in the mystical, suffistic ways. Sohrab describes ″The Beyond seas″, ″Nowhere″, and ″The Above Oasis″ as the symbols of Utopia, instead Jobran uses ″jungle″. They use love, fair, beauty, virtue, and understanding as the characteristics of Ideal world. Manuscript profile

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279 - Comparative analysis of religious teachings on poetry Abi Altahyh and Naser Khosrow Qbadyany
Fereshte Saffari

One of the most fundamental issues of human societies the problem of proper training and offering educational programs to those areas of policy that has not stopped the development of all aspects of society. Today, the promotion and dissemination of religious culture in More

One of the most fundamental issues of human societies the problem of proper training and offering educational programs to those areas of policy that has not stopped the development of all aspects of society. Today, the promotion and dissemination of religious culture in Muslim countries is heavily influenced by foreign culture and religion is one of the requirements of human life in the name of modernity is on the verge of collapse, In Islamic society to religious sources, including the Quran, books of validity and effects of such highly paid executives and operators are cultural. Ancient doctrines and teachings of Quran and traditions with innovations worthy of poets and writers to spread religious literature And to provide a great educational power of lifestyle patterns enjoys. One of the great poets of the era of the Abbasid poet Abu Altahyh intellectual poetry in the composition is of particular mastery. Naser Khosrow, poet and travel writer Ghaznavi era in writing these poems took advantage of the unique skill. The aim of this cross-sectional study to evaluate the most valuable and the most noble principles of Islamic ethics in the light of poetry and Abe Altahyh Naser Khosrow Qbadyany. Manuscript profile

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280 - The Influence of Common Persian Rhythms on Persian’s Arabic Poems During Sixth and Seventh Centuries
As’ad sheikhahmadi

One of the most important issues in comparative literature is the investigation and analyzing the relationship between the literature of  creative  languages  and their  influences  on  each other.  Although  Arabic literature hav More

One of the most important issues in comparative literature is the investigation and analyzing the relationship between the literature of  creative  languages  and their  influences  on  each other.  Although  Arabic literature have  influenced  on most of the  Persian literay works, in this essay the  common  rhythms 0f  persian poems   that   lnfluence  on  persian’s   Arabic  poems  during  sixth  and   seventh centueries  will be  disscussed .Whereas common  rhythms   0f  persian  classical poems  is caused of  Arabic poems,  persian  poets  have  applied  it  to  Persian structure . In  addition to  use  Arabic  meters,   the persian  poets  considered   Persian meters  in their Arabic poems. In this essay the differences between   common  rhythms   in   Arabic  and  Persian   poems  are  disscused   by means of   reliable refrences.  The tresults demonstrates that the most bilingual and  Arabic poems     found   in   works  of  Iranian  poets,  in  rhythem  and  method of poetry,  are influenced by Persian poems. In fact these poets  said  Arabic in Persian form. Manuscript profile

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281 - The ideals World of Maroof Rasafi
Mostafa Yegani

Poetry of Rosafi is like a mirror that reflects people’s life. His poetry is the best document  to assess the situation of Iraq in the nineteenth and twentieth Century. He has seen all the social problems of his time and have tasted the bitter taste of the p More

Poetry of Rosafi is like a mirror that reflects people’s life. His poetry is the best document  to assess the situation of Iraq in the nineteenth and twentieth Century. He has seen all the social problems of his time and have tasted the bitter taste of the problem. Problems such as poverty, illiteracy, men and women, war, oppression,etc. He is a poet of great and famous Arab world and one of the most influential poets in the Arab world and Iraq. He used poetry as a means to express his thoughts. Among the poets he is loyal to the people. He is a classic poet in form but in the themes is developed. In his poem he talks against oppression, ignorance, illiteracy and backwardness. He Strongly criticizes the political and social situation and defines an ideal society; a society without poverty, illiteracy, injustice and war. Manuscript profile

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282 - Comparative Analysis of Religious Lessons in Abi Altahyh Poetry and Naser Khosro Qbadiani
Fereshte Saffari

One of the most fundamental issues of human societies the problem of proper training and offering educational programs to those areas of policy that has not stopped the development of all aspects of society. Today, the promotion and dissemination of religious culture in More

One of the most fundamental issues of human societies the problem of proper training and offering educational programs to those areas of policy that has not stopped the development of all aspects of society. Today, the promotion and dissemination of religious culture in Muslim countries is heavily influenced by foreign culture and religion is one of the requirements of human life in the name of modernity is on the verge of collapse, In Islamic society to religious sources, including the Quran, books of validity and effects of such highly paid executives and operators are cultural. Ancient doctrines and teachings of Quran and traditions with innovations worthy of poets and writers to spread religious literature and to provide a great educational power of lifestyle patterns enjoys. One of the great poets of the era of the Abbasid poet Abu Altahyh intellectual poetry in the composition is of particular mastery. Naser Khosrow, poet and travel writer Ghaznavi era in writing these poems took advantage of the unique skill. The aim of this cross-sectional study to evaluate the most valuable and the most noble principles of Islamic ethics in the light of poetry and Abe Altahyh Naser Khosrow Qbadyany. Manuscript profile

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283 - Mystical revelation from the point of view of Mulla Sadra and Ibn Arabi
seyed rahmatolla mosavimoghadam Seyed Sajad Sadatizadeh ali sabri

The discussion of discovery and intuition in Islamic epistemology is one of the fundamental and essential issues in the mystic religion; So much so that the foundation of Islamic mysticism is based on revelation and observation of the unseen world. Mystical revelations More

The discussion of discovery and intuition in Islamic epistemology is one of the fundamental and essential issues in the mystic religion; So much so that the foundation of Islamic mysticism is based on revelation and observation of the unseen world. Mystical revelations are considered the most important epistemic source of theoretical mysticism as an ontological system. This article tries to first review the types of revelation among mystics, its basic features, its evaluation criteria and the background of revelation in the view of the founders of the Ashraq and Masha school of thought, and also the nature, nature, and levels of revelation in the view of Islamic philosophers and mystics, especially Sadra and Ibn Arabi, in detail; As the founder of transcendental wisdom, Sadra has openly claimed to develop some philosophical issues that are considered to be his special initiatives and has shown his dependence on the great mystic Ibn Arabi. The basic question of this article is whether the method of Mullah Sadra's revelations is like other philosophers and mystics or does he have a special style for himself? We can also pay attention to the question of whether Sadra'i intuition is influenced by Ibn Arabi or not. The findings of the research confirm the fact that Mulla Sadra has developed a tendency and used judgmental and debatable topics in processing taste issues; From this point of view, it is influenced by Ibn Arabi. Manuscript profile

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284 - Analyzing the concept of Jihad from Farabi's point of view
esmat savadi hormoz asadikoobad kiamars mansoori

Abstract: Throughout the history of thought, the concept of war has been considered from different perspectives. Meanwhile, political philosophy can be considered as one of the most important and comprehensive perspectives on war. Farabi's opinions as the founder of Isl More

Abstract: Throughout the history of thought, the concept of war has been considered from different perspectives. Meanwhile, political philosophy can be considered as one of the most important and comprehensive perspectives on war. Farabi's opinions as the founder of Islamic political philosophy regarding war can be evaluated in this regard. Farabi lived in a time and context where the concept of war and its ideological and practical requirements were tangible. Therefore, it can be said that Farabi felt the war well and understood its importance in completing a kind of political philosophy. Farabi's theory of war is one of the theories that judge the validity and unfairness of wars to the end; And the means of the verb are placed in the next ranks of importance. The purpose of war is based on Farabi's ontology, epistemology and human ethics. In other words, a person with such philosophical aspirations sometimes uses the tools of war to achieve his true goal and happiness, so that he can guarantee the happiness of this world and the nation by reforming souls. Finally, according to Farabi, war is like a tool that, if carried by the first ruler of Madinah, becomes the staff of Moses to split hardships and injustices and preserve virtues and virtues to realize the true happiness of the people of Madinah. Manuscript profile

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285 - Comparability of accounting, quality of financial reporting and pricing of accruals
Seyed Hadi Ejazi Hossein Ezadi Hamid Sajadi

Manuscript profile

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286 - Structural and thematic effectiveness of prominent Khorasani poets in describing the beloved of the Moalahgate Sab?
Hossein Ali Sarhadi Masoud Akbarizadeh mostafa salari

10.30495/rpcl.2022.697255

 The Suspensions of the Seven is one of the most brilliant works of poetry in the pre-Islamic era and a full-fledged mirror that shows the culture of the customs and life of the people as well as the geographical, social and literary situation of that era. Many sch More

 The Suspensions of the Seven is one of the most brilliant works of poetry in the pre-Islamic era and a full-fledged mirror that shows the culture of the customs and life of the people as well as the geographical, social and literary situation of that era. Many scholars in various literary fields have worked on it; Because the suspensions of Saba are the identity of the pre-Islamic era, and the correct understanding of these poems and examining them from different aspects is a way to know the pre-Islamic era. Due to the geographical proximity of Arab and Iranian civilizations, Arabic literature is one of the most important channels of influence of Arabic culture and language on Persian literature, although this influence is reciprocal and deep; But undoubtedly the influence of Arabic literature on the poets of the early periods of Persian literature is deeper and greater. One of the main objectives of this research is to analyze and compare the structural and thematic effectiveness of prominent Khorasani poets in describing the beloved from the suspensions of Saba. Most scholars agree that Iranian poets have followed in the footsteps of Arab poets and imitated Arab poets in composing poems related to Atlal and Daman. The present article tries to identify the structural and thematic effectiveness of prominent Khorasani poets in describing the beloved from the descriptions of Saba with a comparative method and descriptive-analytical approach and to answer the questions that the influence of prominent Khorasani poets in the description of the beloved What about suspended poets? And which Khorasani style poet has been more influenced by suspended poets? Manuscript profile

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287 - Methodological Analysis of “Analysis of critical review of the history of Arabic literature” book written By seyyed Hossein seyyedi.
davood ahmadi

  Writing in relation to the history of literature has evolved over time. These changes have led to a variety of books on the history of literature as well as a variety of interpretations of these books. The aim of this study is to analyze the critical study of the More

  Writing in relation to the history of literature has evolved over time. These changes have led to a variety of books on the history of literature as well as a variety of interpretations of these books. The aim of this study is to analyze the critical study of the Arabic literary history book and compare this book with similar books. The reason for writing the seyedi's book, ask question and criticize the history of Arabic language and literature, but it seems that the aim of the author is expressions of concepts and literature definitions, presentation of theories of literature history, expression of literature history and methods of history of literature. The pattern of the books contents is very similar to “In the history of literature concepts and methods” by Hossein AL Vad, “Philosophy of orintalism and the effects of contemporary Arabic literature” by Ahmad smaeel lovich and“ Methods of literary research” by Feisal shokri.The results of this research show that compiled Arabic books were more mature than seyedi's book and seyedi's book has been the quoted of the books which mentioned above.The method of this article is based on descriptive_ Analytical and library method,then compare the effect of this research with similar researches with comparison and mach method Manuscript profile

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288 - Investigating the tone of the narrative in the story Arabi -o- Zanash; According to the theory of the center of the narrative of Gerard Genet
hossein ghasemifard hossein seyyedi

Narratology has in recent decades been more concerned with presenting different theories and has been at least helpful in many ways in fiction literature. In this regard, one of the prominent theorists is Gerard Genet, who has relied on the concept of tone and has made More

Narratology has in recent decades been more concerned with presenting different theories and has been at least helpful in many ways in fiction literature. In this regard, one of the prominent theorists is Gerard Genet, who has relied on the concept of tone and has made a significant development in narrative. The application of the foundations of Genetic ideas in Persian stories reveals new portions of the writer's work. In the field of classical Persian literature, Rumi is a distinguished figure. In Masnawi he has described many moral, mystical and religious issues at the heart of the story. In the next article, the descriptive-analytical method explores the narrative techniques used in the narrative of Arabi -o- Zanash and its tone with an approach to Genetic ideas. The results show that the dominant time of narration, coincidence and location of high frequency narrative, was the hero. In other words, the inner monologue was the only component not seen in the story. This reflects the extraversion of their personalities and their activism in the real world.   Manuscript profile

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289 - A glance at the history of the formation and structure of the Umayyad government and the causes of its collapse and extinction
Mohsen Bigdeli

Mu'awiyah and his followers (according to the name of their Umayyad dynasty) are Caliphs of the Umayyads or Umayyads. He was 14 and 91 years old (from 41 to 132 AH). The Umayyad tribes are divided into two parts: Al-Sufyan, Mu'awiyya ibn Abu Sufyan, his son Yazid and hi More

Mu'awiyah and his followers (according to the name of their Umayyad dynasty) are Caliphs of the Umayyads or Umayyads. He was 14 and 91 years old (from 41 to 132 AH). The Umayyad tribes are divided into two parts: Al-Sufyan, Mu'awiyya ibn Abu Sufyan, his son Yazid and his nephew Mu'awiya II (from 41 to 64 AH), the other "Al-Marwan Branch" (from 64 to 132 AH), namely " Marwan ibn al-Hakam and Ilaadu ». The caliphate was not inherited in the caliphate. The people took possession of everyone who was pleasing to the caliphate. The departure of Hassan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib from the Caliphate for Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sfyan is from the beginning of a new phase in the history of Islam. The system of government became a hereditary kingdom, which, as a result of this transformation (the structure of government) of Muslims, faced a double division with the new political situation. The Umayyad rule (from the inception) emphasized the superiority of the Arab element to others, and Arabism was clearly in the ruling Umayyad rule. Conflict of opinion with the "Alevis" Muslim Arab score on Mali and Irnian, the Karbala affair, the blockade of Mecca and the widespread ban on the Umayyad regime and ... led to bloody controversy and controversy and led to the collapse and the collapse of the Umayyad State Enriched with Bani Abbas Manuscript profile

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290 - A Survey of the Spread of Sufism in India with an Emphasis on the Historical Development of Pantheism from IbnArabi to Bidel
Masood sedghi Abolfazl Mahmoodi

Contrary to some researchers, Islamic Sufism has the East as its origin and through various ways from Buddhism and other religions in India found its way into the Islamic world. The pantaistic ideas current in India fist appeared in the Khorasan school of Sufism and fro More

Contrary to some researchers, Islamic Sufism has the East as its origin and through various ways from Buddhism and other religions in India found its way into the Islamic world. The pantaistic ideas current in India fist appeared in the Khorasan school of Sufism and from there found its way into the Iraqi school of Sufism. Mohialdin of Arabi of Andalusia who is credited with the creation or at least the arrangement of Sufism and its philosophy, has to a great deal influence Sufism. The works of IbnArabi accompanied with their explications, criticism or even excommunications spread through the Islamic word and even found their way in the remotest parts of the East outside its borders. MirzaAbdolghaderDehlawi known in Iran as Dehlawi has been much influenced by the ideas of IbnArabi, so far that he can be considered as the greatest commentators on the ideas of IbnArabi. Bidel, despite being famous and popular in the Persian-speaking Indian subcontinent and middle Asia, is not much known in Iran. This research through a comparative traces the transfer of Sufism to India. Then analyzes the influence of the Idea of IbnArabi on Sufism and specially the idea of pantheism which is found in the poetry of Dehlawi.   Manuscript profile

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291 - Regional Security Order in Its Postwar Period and the Position of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran
farzad navidi nia Mahnaz Goodarzi Seyed Javad Emam Jomezzadeh

farzad navidi nia[1] Mahnaz Goodarzi[2] Seyed Javad Emam Jomezzadeh[3] Abstract: The Middle East is a full of tension area. The existence of despotic governments and relatively stable dictatorships has at least been governed by a threat balanced, state-owned security st More

farzad navidi nia[1] Mahnaz Goodarzi[2] Seyed Javad Emam Jomezzadeh[3] Abstract: The Middle East is a full of tension area. The existence of despotic governments and relatively stable dictatorships has at least been governed by a threat balanced, state-owned security structure as part of the essence of the region. The rise of religious terrorism, extremism, and in particular its spread to al-Qaeda and Taliban groups and in the current era of ISIS, has gradually diminished this state-owned Westphalian order. In this article, the structure of the regional order of this part of the world in the post-war period and the situation of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic is examined. Given the realistic approach, the main claim of this article is that ISIS in the context of terror assimilation has transformed the pattern of balance of power into unstable patterns. Thus, in the post-war period, regional governments will experience close relations to strengthen their desired security order. This article is a library-based descriptive method. [1]- PhD Student of International Relations, Isfahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran [2]- Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Isfahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran:Corresponding Author [3]-Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Manuscript profile

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292 - Analysis of Geopolitical Obstacles in Relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia from the Perspective of Political Sociology
Mohammad Hamed Lamei Mohammad Yousefi Joybari Reza Khodaei Mahmoudi

10.30495/jss.2023.1978821.1538

In recent years, relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia have become a scene of conflict in regional equations and order in Southwest Asia. The Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia, as two long-standing rivals, have competed with each other in this region and the I More

In recent years, relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia have become a scene of conflict in regional equations and order in Southwest Asia. The Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia, as two long-standing rivals, have competed with each other in this region and the Islamic world due to the geostrategic and geoeconomic characteristics of the Persian Gulf region as well as their specific geopolitical and ideological conditions. The security, economic, commercial and cultural-social relations of both countries are strongly affected by the foreign policy of the two countries. Many contradictions between Iran and Saudi Arabia can be seen in the form of identity and geopolitical signs. The aim of the present research is to analyze the sociological barriers of geopolitics that prevent the establishment of stable and stable relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia. The research method is documentary and analytical, and documentary sources have been used to explain the problem. The intensification and strengthening of the geopolitical crisis, the expansion of the conflict and the intra-regional competition in Southwest Asia are among the geopolitical obstacles that have prevented the formation of good relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia, and these geopolitical obstacles cannot be resolved. He expected stable relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia. Manuscript profile

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293 - Comparative study of the social ideas of utopia in Plato, Abonasr Farabi and Karl Marx.
Davood Ebrahimpoor

The idea of utopia was in times that social systems suffered from the lack of flexibility and social thinkers of time were unable to influence the social-political system of that time.Scholars attempt in posing utopia is a kind of planning and programming for reforms an More

The idea of utopia was in times that social systems suffered from the lack of flexibility and social thinkers of time were unable to influence the social-political system of that time.Scholars attempt in posing utopia is a kind of planning and programming for reforms and changes that its destination in those thinking is utopia. Plato's descriptions of utopia and government begins with the explanation of the origin of political society, that is how people come together to set up the country. Plato believed that the economy as the only source of political community is not dogmatic, but also considers other factors and contribute the economic needs as infrastructure.  Farabi's utopia based on the idea of cooperation, sponsors, division of labor and social responsibility among community bmembers in order to meet the needs of individual and collective forms.  Karl Marx believed that communism as a man's utopia, actualized the possibility of human long-standing aspirations of elimination of economic benefits and social inequalities and thereby provides the freedom and equality for human to have social action.  Manuscript profile

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294 - Historical Reproduction of Attitudes in Arab political Thought
Hamid Ahmadi Hassan Alizadeh

 Intellectual developments of the Arab world should be analyzed with respect to the sociopolitical challenges the Arab world has experienced ups and downs throughout its long history. By studying this development, we discover the occurrence of triad scholarly appro More

 Intellectual developments of the Arab world should be analyzed with respect to the sociopolitical challenges the Arab world has experienced ups and downs throughout its long history. By studying this development, we discover the occurrence of triad scholarly approaches: retro respective, secularism and Conformity. Arabic retrospective approach by reference to the religious texts and holly Quran words as its face meaning applies with interpretation avoidance tries to revive Islam with its Arabic heritage without the tendency of applying the rationality of modern western civilization. Arabic secularism, with its various lines of thoughts, proposes the separation of religion from politics and application of western rationality in politics. Arabic conformity approach with having complete faith in Islamic principles tries to provide a flexible interpretation of Islamic principles for their conformity to that of western principles if such necessity arises in order to avoid obsoleteness of principle in mind. Manuscript profile

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295 - Recognition of Saudi Media Diplomacy in West Asia; A Case Study of Iran International Network Performance
zahra mohajeriamiri masoud motallebi

Along with the globalization of communication and the effective presence of the media in the international arena, traditional diplomacy has changed and "media diplomacy" has emerged as one of the main branches of the foreign policy apparatus. In the past two decades, th More

Along with the globalization of communication and the effective presence of the media in the international arena, traditional diplomacy has changed and "media diplomacy" has emerged as one of the main branches of the foreign policy apparatus. In the past two decades, the importance of using international media has caused the powers of the West Asian region, such as Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar, to think of benefiting from these media. In this regard, this article has been written with the aim of explaining and understanding Saudi Arabia's media diplomacy in West Asia through the media activism of "Iran International" network. The results and findings of this research, which was carried out using the analytical descriptive method, indicate that: Saudi Arabia, after King Salman came to power in 2015, in order to strengthen its foreign policy in pursuit of media hegemony and the use of media tools. It has been in dealing with regional rivals, such as helping to launch the anti-Iranian network "Iran International" against the Islamic Republic of Iran can be counted as one of these measures. Manuscript profile

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296 - The Role of luxury in the Decline of Civilizations and Political Systems based on the Theories of Imam Rouhollah Mousavi Khomeini, Ibn Khaldoun, Abu Nasr Farabi and Khajeh Nasir al-Din Toosi.
behrouz rashidi

Many thinkers have considered luxury and wasting society's resources as factors of degeneration. From the point of view of these thinkers, luxury causes moral deterioration and personal and social corruption. The emergence of this phenomenon among politicians is one of More

Many thinkers have considered luxury and wasting society's resources as factors of degeneration. From the point of view of these thinkers, luxury causes moral deterioration and personal and social corruption. The emergence of this phenomenon among politicians is one of the most important factors in the collapse of political systems. Some Muslim philosophers and sociologists, such as Ibn Khaldun, Farabi, Khajeh Nasir al-Din Toosi, have paid attention to this issue with the inspiration of Islamic teachings. Among these thinkers, Ruhollah Khomeini criticized the approach of luxury and aristocracy. He believes that such behaviors cause instability in societies and the collapse of the political system. The purpose of this scientific article is to examine the opinions of these thinkers. Manuscript profile

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297 - قابلیت قیاس آزمون نگارش کامپیوتری و ورقه‌ای تست PET در بین زبا‌ن‌آموزان ایرانی
محمد محمدی مسعود برزگران

 تکنولوژی کامپیوتر به طراحان آزمون این امکان را داده است که بتوانند نسخه کامپیوتری آزمونهای سنتی ورقه ای را بوجود آورند. نسخه های جدید تستهای TOEFL and Cambridge IELTS, BULATS, KET, PET نمونه های خوبی از آزمونهای کامپیوتری هستند. از آنجا که این شیوه نوین آزمون می ت More

 تکنولوژی کامپیوتر به طراحان آزمون این امکان را داده است که بتوانند نسخه کامپیوتری آزمونهای سنتی ورقه ای را بوجود آورند. نسخه های جدید تستهای TOEFL and Cambridge IELTS, BULATS, KET, PET نمونه های خوبی از آزمونهای کامپیوتری هستند. از آنجا که این شیوه نوین آزمون می تواند فاکتورهای تعیین کننده جدیدی از قبیل روش (رسانه) ارائه آزمون، آشنایی با کامپیوتر و غیره را وارد مقوله سنجش زبان کند، این سوال ممکن است پیش بیاید که آیا دو روش آزمون کامپیوتری و ورقه ای بطور قابل مقایسه ای یک توانایی را می سنجند، و آیا می توان نمرات بدست آمده از این دو روش را بعنوان معادل یکدیگر بکار برد؟ در همین راستا تحقیق حاضر قابلیت قیاس نسخه های کامپیوتری و ورقه ای یک آزمون نگارش را بررسی می کند تا مشخص کند که آیا روش (رسانه) ارائه آزمون و نیز میزان آشنایی با کامپیوتر می تواند تغییری نا مرتبط با توانایی مد نظر ( توانایی نگارش) را در نمرات ایجاد کند. داده های این تحقیق از برگزاری بخش نگارش آزمون PET در دو روش کامپیوتری و ورقه ای با 80 نفر زبان آموز ایرانی سطح متوسط بدست آمد. بعلاوه، با استفاده از یک پرسشنامه معتبر آشنایی با کامپیوتر، زبان آموزان به دو گروه "بیش آشنا" و " کم آشنا" با کامپیوتر تقسیم شدند. نتایج آزمون t گروههای مستقل نشان داد که از لحاظ آماری تفاوت معناداری بین نمرات زبان آموزان در آزمون نگارش کامپیوتری و ورقه ای وجود ندارد. نتایج آزمون t گروههای وابسته نیز حاکی از این بود که در در آزمون نگارش کامپیوتری از لحاظ آماری تفاوت معناداری بین نمرات زبان آموزان "بیش آشنا" و " کم آشنا" با کامپیوتر وجود ندارد. بر اساس نتایج تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها و نیز بررسی میزان همبستگی    نمرات در دو روش کامپیوتری و ورقه ای اینگونه نتیجه گیری شد که این دو  روش (رسانه) ارائه آزمون بطور قابل مقایسه ای یک توانایی را می سنجند. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

298 - The role of genetic indices in determining the race of the Arabian horses
Sarvin Jabbari Mohammadreza Mashayekhi Ali Hassanpour

10.30495/jvcp.2019.666731

Considering that the horse breeding industry is the fourth largest source of income generation in the world, and due to the diversity of species of horses in the world and the necessity of purity determination amongst breeders and horse owners, the importance of laborat More

Considering that the horse breeding industry is the fourth largest source of income generation in the world, and due to the diversity of species of horses in the world and the necessity of purity determination amongst breeders and horse owners, the importance of laboratory research in this regard is justified. According to past research, carried out sporadically in the country and abroad, there is a vacuum in the study of Iranian horses in terms of the diversity of genetic markers such as STR. The present study investigated short tandem repeat (STR) and allele frequency of 50 Arab horses using four loci (VHL20, AHT4, HTG4 and HMS7) recommended by the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG). For this purpose, genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood using the Miller procedure and amplified by Multiplex PCR with fluorescent primers.  The results indicated the presence of high genetic variability among the population of Arab horses. The number of alleles observed for each locus ranged from 6 to 9 with tAHT4 and VHL20 markers having the highest number of alleles with 9 alleles, and HTG4, with the highest heterozygosity. The HMS7 site had the lowest number of alleles among the sites examined with 7 alleles, and the VHL20 site had the lowest heterozygosity. The results of this study indicate a high frequency of genetic variation among the population of Arab horses. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

299 - Effects of orally administered ascorbic acid on the athletic performance in Arab horses
محمد Mashayekhi M.H Khayat-Nouri علی Hassanpour بهرام Amoghli-Tabrizi

     The aim of this study was to evaluate the athletic performance of Arab horses fallowing oral administration of ascorbic acid. The study was conducted on two groups each consisting of 20 Arab horses with the age range of 4-9 years and body weight of 4 More

     The aim of this study was to evaluate the athletic performance of Arab horses fallowing oral administration of ascorbic acid. The study was conducted on two groups each consisting of 20 Arab horses with the age range of 4-9 years and body weight of 450-550 kg. After general examination of all horses, those in the treatment group received 20 grams of oral ascorbic acid daily for 30 days. At the end of 30 days period, general examination was performed once again and two jugular blood samples along with the electrocardiography after exercise at the 2160 meter track. Statistical analysis of the results indicated that the mean serumic levels of aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, lactate and uric acid had significantly increased (p<0.05) fallowing exercise in both control and treatment groups but the mean serumic levels of ascorbic acid had decreased (p<0.05) fallowing exercise in both groups. Average heart rate had also significantly increased (p<0.05) after exercise. Abnormal electrocardiographic changes were not seen in any of the cases. Considering the significance difference (p<0.05) in mean creatine phosphokinase and lactate levels fallowing exercise between the control and treatment groups, it can be concluded that the administration of ascorbic acid improves the athletic performance of Arab horses. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

300 - The effect of vitamin E and selenium on serum injection on serumic levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the Arabian horse
بهرام Amouoghli-Tabrizi A. Hassanpour M. Khakpour Y. Mohamadpour-Tanha

     This study was conducted evaluate the effect of vitamin E and Selenium injection on serumic levels of thyroid hormones in the Arabian horse. Twelve Arabian stallions of approximately equal age were selected and based on their age (4 and 5 years old), More

     This study was conducted evaluate the effect of vitamin E and Selenium injection on serumic levels of thyroid hormones in the Arabian horse. Twelve Arabian stallions of approximately equal age were selected and based on their age (4 and 5 years old), allocated to tow groups each consisting of six animals. In each group, three of the six horses were injected by vitamins E and selenium at a dose rate of 1cc/30 kg intramuscularly every tow days and the other three animals which were chosen as the controls were similarly injected by normal saline solution. Two days alter each injection; blood samples of the horses in each group were collected using venoject from the jugular vein. After separating the blood serum by centrifuging, the levels of T3 and T4 were measured using the ELISA technique. Following the first injection, the serumic levels of thyroid hormones demonstrated a significant increase in comparison with the controls (p<0.05) while after the second injection, the serumic levels of T3 and T4 had decreased to normal values similar to the control groups. However, following the third injection the decreased in T3 and T4 levels was clearly evident and statistically significant (p<0.05). According to the results of the present study, the injection of vitamin E and selenium for more than twice leads to decrease in the seumic levels of T3 and T4 hormones of the horse and this is coupled with reduction of the basic body metabolism which is not beneficial for the animal. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

301 - The effect of vitamin E- selenium injection on serumic levels of Albumin, Protein, Calcium, Phosphorous, Alkaline phosphates, Alaninamonitransferas and Aspartataminotransferas in the Arabian horse
بهرام Amouoghli Tabrizi منصور Khakpoor

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of vitamin E and Selenium injection on serumic levels of albumin, protein, calcium, phosphorous, alkaline phosphates, alaninamonitransferas and aspartataminotransferas in the Arabian stallions. In this study 12 Arabian hor More

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of vitamin E and Selenium injection on serumic levels of albumin, protein, calcium, phosphorous, alkaline phosphates, alaninamonitransferas and aspartataminotransferas in the Arabian stallions. In this study 12 Arabian horses were selected in 2 groups of 4 and 5 years old. In each group, horses were allocated to two sub groups of controls and treatment, each of them containing three animals. In the treatment group, 1cc/30 kg vitamin E and selenium was injected intramuscularly in 2 day intervals for 6 days, while in the control group the same amounts of normal saline (0.9%) was injected. Blood samples of all animals were collected from the jugular vein at days 2, 4 and 6 and their sera were harvested by centrifuging and the levels of the parameters were measured using commercial kits and the spectrophotometric method. The results of this study indicated that there was no significant difference on mean serumic albumin, phosphorous, alkaline phosphates, alaninamonitransferas, and spartataminotransferas in the studied animals while mean serumic protein values of 4 year old horses indicated a significant difference following the third vit E – Selenium injection (p<0.05). The levels of calcium showed a significant difference following the second injection in 4 and 5 years old horses (p<0.05). Based on the results, it can be concluded that vit E – Selenium injection could be beneficial for horses without having any side effects on the liver and kidney but alterations of other biochemical and hematologic parameters should also be investigated.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

302 - Study of polymorphism of Growth Hormone-releasing Hormone (GHRH) Alleles in Iranian Sarabi Cows
mehdi khosravi mehdi aminafshar mohammad chamani

Selection based on molecular markers is one of the new methods that may improve progress and accuracy of selection in animal breeding programs. The GHRH gene (Growth Hormone-releasing Hormone) is a candidate gene for marker-assisted selection strategies. Polymorphs of G More

Selection based on molecular markers is one of the new methods that may improve progress and accuracy of selection in animal breeding programs. The GHRH gene (Growth Hormone-releasing Hormone) is a candidate gene for marker-assisted selection strategies. Polymorphs of GHRH gene are reported to be significantly associated with milk production and constituent traits. In order to study the polymorphism of GHRH gene, blood samples were collected from 112 Sarabi cows. Genomic DNA was extracted and a fragment of 297 bp in size was amplified using polymerase chain reaction. The amplified fragments were subjected to restriction digestion with HaeIII endonuclease enzyme and the resultant digested products were run on 2% Agarose gel. The results revealed the existence of two alleles of GHRH A and GHRH B for the examined locus with frequencies of 0.19 and 0.81 respectively. Three different genotypic variants including GHRH A GHRH A, GHRH A GHRH B and GHRH B GHRH B were identified with genotypic frequencies of 0.0357, 0.3037 and 0.6607 respectively. The χ2 test showed that population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P<0.05). These data provide evidence that sarabi cattle breed have a genetic variability, which opens interesting prospects for future selection programs, especially marker-assistant selection. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

303 - The Relationship between Comparability of Financial Statements and Asymmetric Behavior of Costs with Considering the Moderating Role of Institutional Investors’ Ownership
Shirin Shahbazi Shirin Shahbazi یونس بادآور نهندی

The asymmetric behavior of costs is one of the phenomena that originates from the conflict of interests between managers and owners. The ability to compare financial statements by determining the level of coordination between the accounting procedures of different compa More

The asymmetric behavior of costs is one of the phenomena that originates from the conflict of interests between managers and owners. The ability to compare financial statements by determining the level of coordination between the accounting procedures of different companies makes the information environment transparent and provides the possibility of correct evaluation of performance and optimal allocation of resources. Institutional owners, as one of the pillars of the corporate governance system, play an important role in monitoring management. Based on this, the current research examines the relationship between the comparability of financial statements and the asymmetric behavior of costs with considering the moderating role of institutional investors’ ownership. The statistical population of the research include the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange for the years since 2013 to 2020, and 139 Firms were selected as a statistical sample using the systematic elimination method. The research method is post-event and the data analysis method is multivariate linear regression. The results of the research showed that, there is a negative relationship between comparability of financial statements and asymmetric behavior of costs. Also, ownership of institutional investors exacerbates the negative relationship between comparability of financial statements and asymmetric behavior of costs. Therefore, the comparability of financial statements and the ownership of institutional investors play a complementary role in reducing the negative consequences of conflicts of interest between managers and owners and providing the goal of optimal use of resources. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

304 - Love in the Bible with an emphasis on the views of Joseph Murphy and Ibn Arabi
mohammad Ali vosooghian najafabadi Mohammad Amiri aTAMAHAMMAD rADMANESH

We must look for the root of an important part of the lyrical literature of the Middle East in the heavenly books of the Old Testament and the New Testament. From the point of view of these books, God and love are equal and love has spread in every part of the universe. More

We must look for the root of an important part of the lyrical literature of the Middle East in the heavenly books of the Old Testament and the New Testament. From the point of view of these books, God and love are equal and love has spread in every part of the universe. In the early Islamic texts, love has existed in a balanced way as a two-way relationship between God and the servant. But the experience of love with such concentration which is initiated by God is taken from the Bible. It seems that by translating Greek texts into Arabic, He entered Arabic texts and consequently Persian. Ibn Arabi is one of the most influential Greek thinkers. It seems that his love is influenced by the ideas of ancient Greece. After the sixth century, the experience of love goes beyond even the Torah and the Bible in concentration and in Rumi's words, it turns into dangerous love. Ibn Arabi's influence does not mean he is fascinated and affectionate, rather, it is only to consider these ideas along with hundreds of other ideas. What is presented in this article has nothing to do with Asin Palacios's view of Ibn Arabi. Manuscript profile

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305 - A Comparative Study of the Types of Mystical Love from the Viewpoint of Ibn Arabi and Jami in Baharestan
Fatemeh Gasemian Pooran Yosefipoor Asieh Zabihnia Emran

Baharestan Jami (817-898 AH) is a book of ethics and moral advice with simple prose mixed with peotry written in 892 AH. Jami has written this instructions and allegorical work in imitation of Saadi's Gulestan. The fourth vow of Jami’s Baharestan is about love and More

Baharestan Jami (817-898 AH) is a book of ethics and moral advice with simple prose mixed with peotry written in 892 AH. Jami has written this instructions and allegorical work in imitation of Saadi's Gulestan. The fourth vow of Jami’s Baharestan is about love and lovers. Muhiuddin ibn Arabi (638-660 AH) is a great Andalusian mystic whose mysticism is based on love. Love is considered by Jami and Ibn Arabi to have many similarities. This paper is a descriptive-analytic and library research that aims to answer the question of what love is to Ibn al-Arabi and Jami. Based on the research findings, Jami seems to have been influenced by Ibn Arabi in explaining love, and both consider love to be innate and the basis of creation. For Ibn al-Arabi and Jami, the principle of mysticism, love, and unity of existence is that the centrality of the being and the truth of existence is the right of transcendence, and there is no other truth apart form that. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

306 - The First Knowledge of the Folk Songs’ Rhythm in the Works of Farabi and Avicenna
mohammadamin mohammadpour Ali Asghar Babasafari Gholamreza Sotodeh

In the contemporary period, many scholars have recognized the rhythm of folk songs. The rhythm of Persian folk songs is temporal and temporal rhythm, so that the metrical accents are placed on long or heavy syllables, and these weights are divided into two categories: l More

In the contemporary period, many scholars have recognized the rhythm of folk songs. The rhythm of Persian folk songs is temporal and temporal rhythm, so that the metrical accents are placed on long or heavy syllables, and these weights are divided into two categories: linguistic rhythm (vocal) and temporal rhythm. Linguistic rhythm is mostly based on the characteristics of the chained language of the tongue, such as leaning, stretching, and melody. Multiplication and rhythm support and the like are also used. This research seeks to answer the question whether before the results of recent research, in the works of Farabi and Avicenna, the principles of rhythm have been mentioned as modern achievements? Therefore, we have explored the topic of discussion by describing and analyzing the form and content, and various sources have been studied. Farabi and Avicenna are also the first scholars in the field of folk song rhythm to describe the rhythm of folk songs by using the terms of their period about rhythm. Farabi also gains the rhythm of poetry by comparing it with rhythms in music. Avicenna considers poetry to be a word composed of letters that includes everything that can be heard through sound, even movements. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

307 - Synoptic patterns leading to the occurrence of extreme high temperature in the cold period of the south coast of Iran
Soudabeh Sanadizadeh Hassan Lashkari Seyed jamaledin Daryabary

The occurrence of heatwaves, even in short time periods, can disrupt daily life and many social activities for residents. This phenomenon, when it persists for longer durations, may cause environmental and agricultural damage. The objective of this research is to extrac More

The occurrence of heatwaves, even in short time periods, can disrupt daily life and many social activities for residents. This phenomenon, when it persists for longer durations, may cause environmental and agricultural damage. The objective of this research is to extract and introduce synoptic patterns that lead to the creation of heatwaves in the southern coastal cities over the past 33 years. To achieve this goal, using the Z-score index and other selected criteria, heatwave samples were extracted for all selected stations. Based on the selected criteria, 90 heatwave samples were extracted for the 33-year statistical period. Then, using the factor analysis method and visual inspection with 1000 hPa weather data, dominant and frequent synoptic patterns were extracted. The results of this research showed that seven factors and 14 frequent patterns are the most dominant synoptic patterns that create heatwaves during the cold season in southern Iranian cities. Among these patterns, the first factor of the Sudan-Turkmenistan low-pressure pattern and, among the effective systems in creating high heatwave temperatures, the Sudan low-pressure system had the most significant role in the structure of synoptic patterns. In this pattern, the Sudan low-pressure system is combined with a northeast expansion towards the South and the warm air movement of the Hadley cell, causing an abnormal rise in temperatures at coastal stations. The core heat of this pattern is located over Sudan and Saudi Arabia. In the boundary layer to the middle troposphere, the Arabian trough rotates over the region, creating dynamic Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

308 - The Comparative Study of Arabic and Laki Proverbs
kobra khosravi tayebe fathiiranshahi ali karampour

Proverb is a short sentence derived from an ordinary or sometimes a particular story among various nations and it can be a real manifestation of different ethnic groups and cultures. Every proverb represents a long history; therefore, a comparative study of the proverbs More

Proverb is a short sentence derived from an ordinary or sometimes a particular story among various nations and it can be a real manifestation of different ethnic groups and cultures. Every proverb represents a long history; therefore, a comparative study of the proverbs provides a good basis for comparison and cultural impressionability of the nations. The study aims to compare the proverbs in Laki, as one of the oldest Iranian language spoken in the west of Iran, with Arabic proverbs. Of many of Laki proverbs, thirty one proverbs selected which are ethically and socially relevant. The results show that speakers of Laki has had cultural interactions and had been influenced by Arabs throughout history .The comparative study of Laki proverbs with the proverbs in the Arabic is a good start  to publicize and make known  the culture of speakers of Laki. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

309 - The place of work, effort, and struggle in the Kurdish and Arabic proverbs
Moslem Khezeli Arman Mohamadi Raigany Jahangir Amiri

10.30495/irll.2019.669545

The Kurdish and Arabic proverbs as a literal mirror technique of Iranian and Arabic culture have transmitted the cultural, social, and historical events of the two peoples to the next generations and have played a unique role in preserving the ancestors' thoughts and cu More

The Kurdish and Arabic proverbs as a literal mirror technique of Iranian and Arabic culture have transmitted the cultural, social, and historical events of the two peoples to the next generations and have played a unique role in preserving the ancestors' thoughts and customs. Work, effort, and struggle are one of the important topics reflected in these proverbs and they have a valuable place. This paper seeks to compare the Kurdish and Arabic proverbs of work, struggle, and effort with a historical and descriptive-analytical approach and show the similarities between them. According to research results, work, effort, and struggle in Iranian-Islamic culture have a special place and they have always been introduced as a dynamic factor of society. Carefully, these proverbs can also be traced to the words and thoughts of the wise and the intelligent. Thus, these proverbs as a bridge between new and old generations transmit cultural, social, and historical propositions and components to new generations and encourage a work-oriented culture. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

310 - Structure and forms in Arabic Poems of Khuzestan
ali afzali leili Abasi montazeri

Iran is a country that has various nationalities. Each one has its own customs. They create one united nation as they are adhered to their ethnic culture in their national cultural framework. The most durable, effective and appropriate conventional art among the Arab pe More

Iran is a country that has various nationalities. Each one has its own customs. They create one united nation as they are adhered to their ethnic culture in their national cultural framework. The most durable, effective and appropriate conventional art among the Arab people of Khuzestan is the poetry art. Poetry is so common among them. The kinds of eloquent poetries and types of folksy verses such as Abozyye, Meimer, Hose,Mavval, Naee, Chobiye, Hado, Rakban, Darami, Nayel, Dallellol, etc. are always companion of Khuzestan Arab people. In the present article, after one historical introduction to Khuzestan Arabs in details, the history of Arab poetry in this district and the most famous structures and formats of Arab poetries are explained with example Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

311 - Investigating the relationship between strengths and weaknesses of social responsibility with financial statement comparability (Empirical evidence from Tehran Stock Exchange)
Hossein Eslami Mofid Abadi Amir Sina Rezai Seyed Mohammad Reza Khalilzade

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the strengths and weaknesses of social responsibility and the comparability of financial statements. This research is from the perspective of process, the type of data studied and the result from More

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the strengths and weaknesses of social responsibility and the comparability of financial statements. This research is from the perspective of process, the type of data studied and the result from the type of quantitative-applied, from the perspective of purpose and logic from the type of correlation analysis and deductive-inductive and from the perspective of time dimension also from the longitudinal type of event. To test the research hypotheses, the financial information of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period between 2004 to 2018 has been used, so that after applying the restrictions in this research, the final sample consisting of 121 companies was selected. After the operational measurement of the research variables, in the next step, multivariate linear regression analysis techniques have been used to test the research hypotheses. Hypothesis testing is also performed using econometric software (Eviews) and statistical methods of integrated data. The results of statistical tests show that with increasing positive points of corporate social responsibility, the ability to compare financial statements also increases. In addition, the weaknesses of social responsibility Reduces the comparability of financial statements. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

312 - The Relationship between the Financial Statements Comparability and Company Growth Opportunities Regarding the Mediating Role of Financial Constraints and Financial Reporting Quality
Younes Badavar Nahandi Mohammadreza Abbasi Astamal Zeinab Omarpour Mesrkanlo

This research is practical in terms of purpose, and from the point of view of correlation methodology, it is causal type (post-event). The statistical population of the research is the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange, and using the systematic elimination More

This research is practical in terms of purpose, and from the point of view of correlation methodology, it is causal type (post-event). The statistical population of the research is the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange, and using the systematic elimination sampling method, 129 companies were selected as the research sample in the 6-year period between 2017 and 2022. The results of the research show that there is a positive relationship between the comparability of financial statements and the company's growth opportunities. Financial constraints play a mediating role in the positive relationship between comparability of financial statements and company growth opportunities. In other words, the comparability of financial statements increases the growth opportunities of the company by helping to reduce financial constraints. The quality of financial reporting plays a mediating role in the positive relationship between the comparability of financial statements and the company's growth opportunities. In other words, the comparability of financial statements increases the company's growth opportunities by helping to increase the quality of financial reporting.company's growth opportunities. In other words, the comparability of financial statements increases the company's growth opportunities by helping to reduce financial constraints. The quality of financial reporting plays a mediating role in the positive relationship between the comparability of financial statements and the company's growth opportunities. In other words, the comparability of financial statements increases the company's growth opportunities by helping to increase the quality of financial reporting. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

313 - The Role-Playing of "Man" and "Mā" In the Historical Context of the Emergence of Quranic Readings
RUHALLAH NAJAFI

To understand the historical contexts of the emergence of Qur'anic readings, it is important to examine the repetitive patterns of reading differences. For this purpose, in the present article, we will look at the position of "Man" and "Ma" in the difference of readings More

To understand the historical contexts of the emergence of Qur'anic readings, it is important to examine the repetitive patterns of reading differences. For this purpose, in the present article, we will look at the position of "Man" and "Ma" in the difference of readings, and by examining various evidence of the differences among the readers, we will recognize the role of "Man" and "Ma" in the emergence of readings. In the readings of the Qur'an, the various pronunciation of  "Man" as Man or Min is repeatedly seen . On the other hand, sometimes in readings outside the official Muṣḥaf, "Man" is replaced by "Ma". In addition, the hesitation between considering the wording or the meaning of "man" or "ma" has led to differences in the masculine or feminine readings of some verbs. In the present study, we want to defend the hypothesis that the flexibility of Arabic language structures, along with the fact that the official Qur'an was devoid of punctuation and Arabic symbols, led to the emergence and development of differences in readings. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

314 - An Approach to Islamic Feminism: A Reading of Sa’diyeh Sheikh's Perspective and Her Feminist Processing of Ibn Arabi's Opinions
Mohammad Sadegh HedayatZadsh Soheyla Piruzfar

One of the most controversial issues in recent decades is the issue and position of women in Islam. Different currents of thought have discussed about this field from their own perspective. In the meantime, the so-called "Islamic feminism", which has been growing in rec More

One of the most controversial issues in recent decades is the issue and position of women in Islam. Different currents of thought have discussed about this field from their own perspective. In the meantime, the so-called "Islamic feminism", which has been growing in recent decades, has addressed this issue with various Qur'anic, jurisprudential, historical and mystical approaches. In this descriptive‑analytical article, the historical course of Sa’diyeh Sheikh's views as one of the figures of the Islamic feminist movement is extracted and it is shown that she became acquainted with Islamic mysticism and Sufism, inspired by Faḍlu al‑Rahmān's attitude. Using the linguistic features of the language of revelation and paying attention to the historical contexts of the emergence of the text and methods such as feminist hermeneutic, she started writing about women, but after familiarity with Islamic mysticism and especially Ibn ‘Arabi, Sa’diyeh Sheikh's research changed with a feminist processing of Ibn ‘Arabi's views. In order to provide the anthropological issues necessary for a fundamental review of jurisprudence and to help the emergence of feminist jurisprudence, she has considered concepts such as "perfect man" and "Jalal and Jamal attributes " with a feminist reading that in some challenging issues such as "degree" (The superiority of man over woman), "the testimony of women" and "the creation of Eve from Adam's left rib" are manifested. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

315 - Genealogy and Study of the Semantic Evolution of the Quranic Word "Sarad"
Mojtaba Noroozi Mahnaz Tafaghodi

According to some thinkers, sarad is one of the words entered into the Arabic language. For this word, upon entering the Arabic language, a semantic evolution has occurred. The importance and necessity of this research is due to the fact that this word has an Iranian or More

According to some thinkers, sarad is one of the words entered into the Arabic language. For this word, upon entering the Arabic language, a semantic evolution has occurred. The importance and necessity of this research is due to the fact that this word has an Iranian origin and has changed its meaning in the Arabic language, and understanding it is effective in understanding the divine word and its miracles. With the historical and analytical method, this research analyzes the historical and genealogical origin of the word sarad, the course of its semantic evolution in the Arabic language, and the historical application of the derivatives of the word sarad in the context of the verses of the Qurʾan. The results of this research show that the word sarad is from the Persian root of "armor" and using the historical use of the word armor in ancient Iran and its widespread use in Iranian cavalry from the first dynasties and also the powerful evidence of the Shāhnameh in describing the Iranian armorers, it can be said that sarad is a Persian word with a military origin. In the Arabic language, this word has evolved into the concepts of "piercing and sewing leather", "weaving armor" and "consecutiveness of something". The word sarad is used in the Holy Qurʾan as a single use and in the sense of "rings of armor". Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

316 - The Semantic of Swearing in the Quran
Ahmad Pakatchi

.The Semantic Study of Swearing in the Quran A Historical, Cultural Approach Aḥ mad Pākatchī Abstract The concept of swearing in the Quran has always drawn the Quran scholars’ attention. Meanwhile, the frequently mentioned clause of “lā Uqsimu” which l More

.The Semantic Study of Swearing in the Quran A Historical, Cultural Approach Aḥ mad Pākatchī Abstract The concept of swearing in the Quran has always drawn the Quran scholars’ attention. Meanwhile, the frequently mentioned clause of “lā Uqsimu” which literally means “I won’t swear” has been a challenging issue for both the commentators and Arabic grammarians. The explanations offered for the meaning of this negative clause used in the Quran, are hard to be accepted and need a sort of revision. The method applied in this study, as appropriate to the subject, is a mixture of historical and cultural semantics. The most significant conclusion of the present study is that swearing in the culture of the Arabs at the time of the revelation, like other cultures, included a negative connotation and had a meaning close to the cursing. Thus, the Arabic clause of “lā Uqsimu” in the Quran, should be literally translated; that is with negative meaning which is required by its apparent negative structure. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

317 - Scenarios for the future of relations of Iran and Saudi Arabia
roghayeh javidi Gholamreza Behroozi Lak

Abstract: Interactions and relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia as two regional powers are affecting the regional development and themselves. These interactions are important and one can predict the future trend of these foreign policy directions and formulate desira More

Abstract: Interactions and relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia as two regional powers are affecting the regional development and themselves. These interactions are important and one can predict the future trend of these foreign policy directions and formulate desirable and timely policies and make appropriate decisions. The present paper wants to use a combination of methodology of scenario writing of James Dytor and second step analysis to predict the trend, events and future scenario of Iran and Saudi Arabia relations in order to have a better planning and policy making. The main question raised by the paper is "what are the future scenario of coming decade of Iran and Saudi Arabia relations?" By understanding the events and the driving force which strengthen the relations and obstacles which impedes the relations one comes to the conclusion that the scenario of straining relations is more probable and the scenario of cooperation is having list possibility. Besides that the scenario of breaking our war or conflict is also probable depending on factors which strengthen the driving force. Therefore, taking into consideration the above scenarios it is necessary that the political leaders in their strategic planning adopt the pattern of cooperation and constructive interaction. They should strengthen the cultural and ideological drivers and encourage the regional countries to further cooperation scenario. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

318 - An Analysis of the Security Crisis in Yemen: the Causes and Context
سید امیر نیاکوئی احسان اعجازی

Abstract The present paper wants to explain the causes of security crisis of Yemen after the Arab Spring by the help of theories of security. Yemen which faced internal conflicts in the past after unification plunged into widespread insecurity and civil war after the A More

Abstract The present paper wants to explain the causes of security crisis of Yemen after the Arab Spring by the help of theories of security. Yemen which faced internal conflicts in the past after unification plunged into widespread insecurity and civil war after the Arab Spring. Taking into consideration the present condition of Yemen, the present paper wants to answer this question that “what factors prepared the ground for the formation of security crisis in Yemen”? The paper uses descriptive-analytical method and the toll for collection of data is library sources. The finding of the study shows that complicated multi-layer mixtures of internal and external factors which strengthen each other have led to the formation of Yemen security crisis. The paper argues that Yemen is moving towards chaotic rule and the military intervention of Saudi Arabia in support of pro-Saudi tribes and groups has exacerbated the insecurity and conflicts. The article explains the Yemen’s development from the viewpoint of Little theory of security. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

319 - Explaining the Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia vis-à-vis the Excommunicative Terrorism in Iraq and Syria
مهدی هدایتی شهیدانی sajad morady kelardeh

Abstract: The Middle East region is witnessing an increase in the activities of terrorist groups in recent years. The activities of these groups have had different reactions of regional countries. The present paper by an analytical method and within the framework of def More

Abstract: The Middle East region is witnessing an increase in the activities of terrorist groups in recent years. The activities of these groups have had different reactions of regional countries. The present paper by an analytical method and within the framework of defensive realism theory wants to examine Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy towards excommunicative terrorism in Iraq and Syria and with this objective discusses two main questions. First what is the role of excommunicative terrorism in Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy in Iraq and Syria? Second, what strategies does Saudi Arabia follow about excommunicative terrorism in Iraq and Syria? The findings of the paper shows that the excommunicative terrorism in Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy plays the role of threat balancing in the face of Iran’s expansion of power in Iraq and Syria and Saudi Arabia’s strategy vis-à-vis excommunicative terrorism is a varied range of policies consisting direct support, making consensus against Iran in regional organizations under his influence and coalition making with regional countries. The article examines the above issue by the use of library and internet sources.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

320 - “Omni balancing” and Saudi Arabian Coalition Building against the Islamic Republic of Iran
Abdol Majid Seifi Naser pourhassan

Abstract After the victory of Islamic revolution in Iran, several regional coalitions were formed in geopolitical region around Iran, particularly in Arabian Peninsula. One of the important regional actors of these coalitions is Saudi Arabia. The basis of Saudi authori More

Abstract After the victory of Islamic revolution in Iran, several regional coalitions were formed in geopolitical region around Iran, particularly in Arabian Peninsula. One of the important regional actors of these coalitions is Saudi Arabia. The basis of Saudi authorities in “making coalition” is “balance of threat” which is formed in the face of Islamic Republic of Iran as the source of threat. The present article by rejecting this argument wants to answer this question that the role making by Saudi Arabia in balancing in the Middle East region, particularly in Persian Gulf region and Arabian Peninsula against Iran is based on what logic and base? The underlying hypothesis propounded by the article is that the real root of coalition making by Saudi Arabia, from Persian Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) till Determination Storm Operation against Ansarullah of Yemen and against Islamic Republic of Iran is “Omni aspect balancing” which the source of them are internal crisis of Saudi Arabia. The methodology used in the article is descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

321 - The Role of Identity in Saudi Arabia's Foreign Policy
sedighe zare zahmatkesh ghasem toraby

It has long been argued that the controversy of identity is one of the main sources of crisis in the Middle East and international politics. That is, the existence of differences in the identity of the countries causes tension between them, while the convergence and sim More

It has long been argued that the controversy of identity is one of the main sources of crisis in the Middle East and international politics. That is, the existence of differences in the identity of the countries causes tension between them, while the convergence and similarity can lead to cooperation. Nevertheless, empirical evidence from the Middle East has long defied this hypothesis. The present study seeks to answer the question why does Saudi Arabia, who claims to be the leader of the Islamic world, has repeatedly opposed the rise of Islamist movements in the Middle East? The research hypothesis implies that, In the case of Saudi foreign policy, similarity became particularly threatening as the distinctiveness of the Saudi identity was challenged and identity similarity is as a source of conflict. To address this paradox, this article builds on the growing literature on ontological security to explaining how similarity can generate Tension, insecurity and identity risks. The article follows with a comparison of Saudi identity risks in the wake of the Iranian revolution (1979) and the ascendance of the Muslim Brotherhood to power in Egypt (2012). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

322 - Evolution in Saudi Arabia's Military Strategy: Backgrounds and Reasons
Nader Pourakhondi

Abstract: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is more known as an oil exporting state than a military power. Saudi Arabia have always been claiming as the leader of the Arab World and protector of the countries of Saudi Arabia Peninsula but its military force despite spending More

Abstract: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is more known as an oil exporting state than a military power. Saudi Arabia have always been claiming as the leader of the Arab World and protector of the countries of Saudi Arabia Peninsula but its military force despite spending considerable amount of money does not have the ability for playing a prominent role in Persian Gulf region’s developments but from 2003, especially after Arab Spring events it has improved its military capabilities and interferes in regional developments. The Saudi Arabia military entered Bahrain after the unrest in that country. At present the Saudi Arabia military forces simultaneously participates in two military operations i.e. air attack in Syria along with international coalition and air and land operation against the Houthies in Yemen. The present article wants to examine the reason of Saudi Arabia military doctrine change from defensive to offensive position. The hypothesis is that the changes which have taken place in security environment of Saudi Arabia have led this country to adopt an offensive military doctrine. The present article has used descriptive-analytical method. The finding of the study shows that the purpose of the change in the military strategy of Saudi Arabia is to contain the regional influence of Iran.    Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

323 - The evolution of the global power structure and its impact on the relationship between the United States and Saudi Arabia
محمد حسین جمشیدی Sajad Mohseni

10.30495/pir.2019.666750

With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the transformation of the power structure from bipolar to monopolitic, the regions became more important as sub-systems; Accordingly, the United States has sought to redistribute power in the regionsthe main question is what are More

With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the transformation of the power structure from bipolar to monopolitic, the regions became more important as sub-systems; Accordingly, the United States has sought to redistribute power in the regionsthe main question is what are the variables of the continuity of strategic relations between the United States and Saudi Arabia? It is hypothesized that the continuity of the relationship variables can be summarized in: "continuity of relationships based on shared interests and threats," "the scope and nature of military relations," and "economic interdependence". Accordingly, the study attempts to investigate issue based on the causal research and multivariate correlation,and the basis of documentary data, . Finally, the common interests and threats, the type of communication and the movement from economy to security and asymmetric reciprocity, have provided the context for the strategic link between Saudi Arabia and the United States, which underscores the continuation of the strategic relationship between the two countries. Iran is a common threat between the two countries of the Islamic Republic. Since the ability to confront and at least the Saudi Arabia's supremacy on the Islamic Republic is difficult, unilateral deterrence is a strategy adopted by the United States Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

324 - Saudi Arabia's alignment with Israel from the perspective of international relations theories
amirhossein nemati amir mohammad hajyousefi

10.30495/pir.2019.668891

AbstractWith King Salman coming to power in 2015 and granting the Crown Prince with extensive powers and responsibilities to his son, Mohammed bin Salman, which led to the emergence of a new generation of leaders, this country’s policy in West Asia released from t More

AbstractWith King Salman coming to power in 2015 and granting the Crown Prince with extensive powers and responsibilities to his son, Mohammed bin Salman, which led to the emergence of a new generation of leaders, this country’s policy in West Asia released from the conservative condition in respect to Israel, and a new alignment is emerging. This article by considering the theories of Waltz's balance of power, Stephen Walt's balance of threat and Randall Schuler's balance of interests, reply to this question that which theory or combination of theories can explain the origin of this alignment. To this end, the authors believe that Saudi Arabia's foreign policy making is based on, structural factors, and effective characteristics on government as a mediating variable which is in toward to the new alignment with Israel and balancing in west Asia in order to confront with I.R. of Iran. Although Stephen Walt's balance of threat is more efficient in explaining structural factors, Randall Schuler's theory has a higher explanatory power for simultaneously emphasizing the internal and structural factors of power in the form of balance of interest. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

325 - (Impact of Security Dilemma on Rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia)
ebrahim eram amin ravanbod

10.30495/pir.2020.679936

Authors of this research have tried to understand the role of security dilemma in the context of Iran-Saudi Arabia Rivalry. The main question is that how security dilemma has impacted the rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia. The main hypothesis is that the severity of More

Authors of this research have tried to understand the role of security dilemma in the context of Iran-Saudi Arabia Rivalry. The main question is that how security dilemma has impacted the rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia. The main hypothesis is that the severity of security dilemma has exacerbated the rivalry and tension between Iran and Saudi Arabia. It is tried to define an explanatory status of security dilemma and its level of impact on this rivalry in the pre- and post-Islamic Revolution era. The research method of this paper is descriptive-analytical with emphasis on theoretical analysis. This research, based on rational theory of international relations, finds that security dilemma between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the post-Islamic Revolution era is much more severe than pre-Islamic Revolution but the moderate level of security dilemma between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the pre-Islamic Revolution had a determining impact on lack of deep and serious cooperation between the two countries. The severe level of security dilemma between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the post-Islamic Revolution era has had a facilitating impact on rivalry between the two countries. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

326 - Alternative Scenarios of Iran vs. Saudi Arabia’s Regional Coalition-Building among Arab Countries: (2011-2019)
davoud ahmadzadeh Kayhan Barzegar Hamid hmadi Asadollah Athari Marian

10.30495/pir.2019.684612

AbstractCurrent developments in the Middle East indicate a high probability of tension in the region which provided the basis for regional coalitions. In a way that, Saudi Arabia, as one of the major players in the Middle East region and the main competitor of the Islam More

AbstractCurrent developments in the Middle East indicate a high probability of tension in the region which provided the basis for regional coalitions. In a way that, Saudi Arabia, as one of the major players in the Middle East region and the main competitor of the Islamic Republic of Iran, has sought to increase its regional influence in the major conquest centers. In this regard, the main question of the research is that, what alternative scenarios does Iran face in dealing with Saudi regional coalitions in the years after 2011? Considering Saudi Arabia's regional alliance in the Middle East against Iran, Alternative Scenarios of the Islamic Republic of Iran are at the Micro Level (Yemen Crisis) Consolidation of Ansarollah's Position in the country’s Political System, at the regional level, creating gaps in regional coalitions and at the trans-regional level, the deterioration and reinforcement of Iranian cultural diplomacy. This study is based on future research methodologies and based on the deductive approach and the use of Peter Schwartz's Global Business Network Improvement Model. Keywords: Iran, Saudi Arabia, Scenario Building, Coalition Building, Arab Countries. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

327 - US Sanctions against Iran and its Impact on China-Saudi Arabia Oil Cooperation (2009-2019)
Shirin Haddad Zand S.Ali Monavari

10.30495/pir.2021.686249

China's expansionist policies have increased the country's need for energy resources and increased oil and gas imports from around the world, especially from the Persian Gulf. This has drawn China's attention to the two main pillars of energy supply in the Persian Gulf: More

China's expansionist policies have increased the country's need for energy resources and increased oil and gas imports from around the world, especially from the Persian Gulf. This has drawn China's attention to the two main pillars of energy supply in the Persian Gulf: Iran and Saudi Arabia. However, China-Saudi Arabia and China-Iran's energy relations have had many ups and downs and the main reason can be found in the political issues and specific issues of the region, including the special relations between this two countries with the United States. This research seeks to answer the question of how U.S. sanctions against Iran in 2009-2019 have affected China and Saudi Arabia's oil cooperation. In response to this hypothesis, an explanatory method is used to examine that U.S. sanctions against Iran, by reducing the opportunities for China-Iran's energy cooperation, have led to the expansion of China –Saudi Arabia's oil cooperation in 2009-2019. This research concludes that the U.S. sanctions system isolated the powerful Iran in the economic field and created a golden opportunity for China and Saudi Arabia to strengthen their economic relations, especially energy relations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

328 - Explanation of Saudi-Israeli relations against Iran : 2011-2020
farzad navidinia sajad moradi kelardeh

10.30495/pir.2021.686822

Saudi Arabia and Israel, two key players in the Middle East, have expanded bilateral and regional relations over the past decade. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between these two actors with the focus on new developments in the region. More

Saudi Arabia and Israel, two key players in the Middle East, have expanded bilateral and regional relations over the past decade. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between these two actors with the focus on new developments in the region. This descriptive-analytical study, using the theory of threat balance, raises the main question: what is the most important reason for the expansion of Saudi-Israeli relations over the past decade and how can it be explained? In response, it pursues the main hypothesis that the main reason for the expansion of bilateral relations is joint cooperation with Iran in the region. The findings show that Saudi Arabia and Israel, based on the variables of threat balance theory including total power, geographical proximity, offensive power and offensive intentions, consider Iran as a threat and try to form a coalition and balance against it. The most important joint approaches of the two sides in dealing with Iran also include Iranophobia, supporting terrorist groups, challenging Iran's regional allies, Shiaophobia, influencing the US withdrawal from the JCPOA and expanding the normalization of relations with Israel among the Arab Gulf states. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

329 - Explaining the Impact of Neo-Ottomanism on Changing the Nature of Turkish-Saudi Relations from Cooperation to Conflict in the Syrian Crisis (2019-2011)
Mohsen Yousefi Rahmat Hajimineh mohammadreza dehshiri

10.30495/pir.2021.686415

Turkey-Saudi Arabia relations between the AKP and the establishment of theAKPin2002,and the adoption of a new foreign policy known as"neo-Ottomanism",have always fluctuated between competition and cooperation.From the beginning of the party's effectiveness and the adopt More

Turkey-Saudi Arabia relations between the AKP and the establishment of theAKPin2002,and the adoption of a new foreign policy known as"neo-Ottomanism",have always fluctuated between competition and cooperation.From the beginning of the party's effectiveness and the adoption of a new foreign policy by Ankara, and the beginning of the crisis in Syria,the nature of bilateral relations was cooperative,but as the crisis continued and intensified,Turkey preferred a direct military presence in Syria.The conflict changed and paved the way for a confrontation with Riyadh.TheTurkish military presence itself changed many of the equations in the region and the calculations of the countries,and Saudi Arabia also sought to reduce Iran's influence in the region and Syria.In this article,with an analytical-descriptive method, we seek to explain and answer the question of how neo-Ottomanism has changed the nature of relations between the two countries in the new foreign policy of Turkey and in relations with other countries,especially Saudi Arabia.In the Syrian crisis,the country has competed and fought in the form of cooperation.In answer to this question,we will use the hypothesis that neo-Ottomanism in the Syrian crisis,by creating a conflict of interests and goals,changed the nature of relations between Riyadh and Ankara from the form of cooperation to conflict. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

330 - Components and foundations of Saudi Arabia's desirable Regional order in West Asia (2020-2015)
Mahsima Abdollahian Mostafa Boroujerdi

10.30495/pir.2022.1956305.3484

Following the Regional developments known as Arab Spring and the popular uprisings in the Arab world, Saudi Arabia, sensing threatened by the new developments, initiated altering its regional strategies. A great portion of the changes made in the regional approach of Sa More

Following the Regional developments known as Arab Spring and the popular uprisings in the Arab world, Saudi Arabia, sensing threatened by the new developments, initiated altering its regional strategies. A great portion of the changes made in the regional approach of Saudi Arabia has been linked to the reign of King Salman, and particularly to the rise to power of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. Aiming to study and analyze the modality of the formation of desirable regional order of Saudi Arabia, the question arises: "What are the characteristics and components of the desirable Regional order of Saudi Arabia and what are its mechanisms and practical tools?" As a probable answer, the study reasons that the desirable regional order of Saudi Arabia in its periphery (Arabian Peninsula) is based on "hard and soft hegemony", "being defined as a dominant regional player in the Arab world (countries with cultural and social commonalities with Saudi Arabia)" and " "Balancing in the Middle East region," And the study concludes that Saudi Arabia seeks to establish this order by building"alliance and coalition with the countries of the region", "attracting the support of America and the Zionist regime", and "strengthening its armament and military capabilities". Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

331 - Explaining the Impact of Globalization on Status seeking of Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia
Fazel Hassanzadeh amin ravanbod Ghaffar Zarei

10.30495/pir.2024.1989833.3644

In one hand, this research accepts the inevitable developments in international environment due to globalization and on the other hand, recognizing the state as the most important international actor, tries to explain one of the most influential state’s acts in th More

In one hand, this research accepts the inevitable developments in international environment due to globalization and on the other hand, recognizing the state as the most important international actor, tries to explain one of the most influential state’s acts in the globalized space. The purpose of this research is to explain the impact of globalization on dynamics of status seeking of Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia. This research is done with descriptive-analytical method. Findings of this research show that in lack of collective security system in the Middle East, the strategy of social competition is an attractive option for Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia. The competitive relations among states in the Middle East have been an obstacle toward creating inclusive institutions and common concept of security. Consequently, the strategy of social mobility has not been a functional one in the region. Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia in order to utilize the strategy of social creativity should demonstrate more compliance with global values and norms. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

332 - Explaining the Security Strategy of the United States of America vis-à-vis Saudi Arabia in Post-Cold War Era (Text in Persian)
Ali Adami Elaheh Pirozian

The present article is examining the security strategy of the United States vis-à-vis the Saudi Arabia during post-cold war period، the 11 September events and the recent uprising of the Middle East region. What is famous as the alliance، friendship and cooperati More

The present article is examining the security strategy of the United States vis-à-vis the Saudi Arabia during post-cold war period، the 11 September events and the recent uprising of the Middle East region. What is famous as the alliance، friendship and cooperation between the United States and Saudi Arabia had not been free from serious tensions. The Saudi Arabia’s expectations to receive arms and the US no support of Israel and the United States expectations about observance of human rights in Saudi Arabia and providing air base and supply of oil are among the factors that have given serious stress and strain to the cooperative and friendly relations of the two. Unlike what it appears، the cold war between the United States within the framework of combination of realism and idealism had always been problematic. From the viewpoint of both sides، these relations are a necessary alliance but they are quite fragile. The present article is trying to support this hypothesis that the security strategy of the United States vis-à-vis Saudi Arabia after September 11 events had undergone certain changes. It changed from tense cooperation into the policy of containment-suppression. But this strategy did not last long and it could not also continue. After calming down of the post 11 September emotional eruption due to the objectives and interest of the United States it changed from an aggressive position to more moderate form which existed before. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

333 - The Impact of Ideology on Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia vis-à-vis Iran (from 2003 onwards)
Mosavi Syed Mohammad Ramin Bakhshi Taliabi

The main purpose of the present article is the analysis and evaluation of ideological tendency of Saudi Arabia on its foreign policy after 2003 vis-à-vis the foreign policy of Islamic Republic of Iran. The relations of Iran and Saudi Arabia under the influence of More

The main purpose of the present article is the analysis and evaluation of ideological tendency of Saudi Arabia on its foreign policy after 2003 vis-à-vis the foreign policy of Islamic Republic of Iran. The relations of Iran and Saudi Arabia under the influence of the above ideological tendency of the latter had been subjected to great fluctuation. In fact the questions like Sunni and Wahhabi sect, the leadership of Islamic world, Saudi’s relationship with West have led to ideological confrontation with Iran and persuasion of a hostile policy towards Iran’s position. The present article examines the impact of the above said questions on unfriendly policies of Saudi Arabia towards Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

334 - A Study of United States and Saudi Arabia's Reactions to people's Uprising in Bahrain (2011-2012)
Shahrooz Ebrahimi Mohammad Reza Salehi Syed Mohammad Parsaei

Bahrain is one of the countries which under the impact of unsuitable political and social conditions and also under the inspiration of Islamic-Arabic awakening in the Middle East and North Africa is witnessing people’s uprising. The present paper is of the view th More

Bahrain is one of the countries which under the impact of unsuitable political and social conditions and also under the inspiration of Islamic-Arabic awakening in the Middle East and North Africa is witnessing people’s uprising. The present paper is of the view that the real cause of people’s uprising in Bahrain is in domestic factors and the structure of society and politics of that country. Saudi Arabia with a different motivation and interpretation on the morning of 14 March dispatched its forces and militarily intervened in Bahrain. The United States also for different reasons kept silent about these developments and in other instances it merely suggested holding of talks between the oppositions and Bahraini government and implementing reforms. The present article wants to answer three basic questions: 1.What are the grounds of people’s uprising in Bahrain? 2. On what logic and basis the United States has kept silent about Bahrain crisis? 3. What are the motivations of Saudi Arabia in militarily intervening in Bahrain? The underlying hypothesis is that the struggle for power and national interest at the macro and regional level for the United States and in regional and internal level for Saudi Arabia is basis of the United States and Saudi Arabia behaviour in Bahrain. The finding of the study shows the main cause of people’s uprising in Bahrain is the cleavage between the government and people due to unequal distribution of wealth, power and position. The United States wants to sustain its hegemony in international system by controlling the lifeline of energy in strategic Persian Gulf region. In this direction the United States wants to retain its security links with the countries of Persian Gulf Cooperation Council by military presence and opposition to Islamic Republic of Iran. To sum up, power and national interests justify the logic of the United States policy in Bahrain. On the other hand, the nature of political system of Saudi Arabia and the resultant fear of expansion of democracy to Saudi Arabia along with competition and regional opposition to Iran is the main motivation of Riyadh in question of Bahrain. The present paper by a descriptive-analytical method wants to study the above issue. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

335 - The Revolutionary Developments of Bahrain and Geopolitical and Religious Conflict of Iran and Saudi Arabia
Ali Adami Syed Mohammad Reza Mosavi Hossein Ali Tooti

Bahrain is having important geopolitical value for regional and extra-regional powers. For this reason the developments which take place in Bahrain lead to the reactions and conflicting policies from those countries. With the emergence of Islamic awakening movement in B More

Bahrain is having important geopolitical value for regional and extra-regional powers. For this reason the developments which take place in Bahrain lead to the reactions and conflicting policies from those countries. With the emergence of Islamic awakening movement in Bahrain the countries who are opposing Iran, particularly Saudi Arabia, diverted the people’s attention from just protest movement of Bahraini people and raised the question of Iran’s interference in Bahrain internal affairs. The present article wants to know what are the roots of religious and geopolitical conflict of Iran and Saudi Arabia in relation to Bahrain and what impact these contradictions have had on relations of the two countries after the Islamic awakening?. The paper has concluded that these contradictions have started before the Islamic revolution of Iran and has reached its climax after the revolutionary developments in Bahrain and is still going on. Some of the important roots of these contradictions are Iran’s territorial claim on Bahrain( before the Islamic revolution), the Islamic revolution in Iran, provoking the revolutionary feelings of Shiites in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, the support of Iran for increasing role of the Shiites, the presence of Fifth Fleet Navy of the United States in Bahrain, the formation of Persian Gulf Cooperation Council against Iran playing important role in the region, military intervention of Saudi Arabia in Bahrain, arms race between Iran and Saudi Arabia and designing different scenarios for isolating Iran. The present article by a descriptive-analytical method wants to study the above issue. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

336 - An Investigation of the Reasons for Conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia (The Case Study Conflicts in Iraq, Bahrain, and Yemen)
Ehsan Khazri Seyed Hamzeh Safavi Amin Parhizkar

Abstract: Iran and Saudi Arabia are two prominent countries in the Islamic World. They play important role in the Middle East region’s developments. The present article examines the developments of the three countries of Iraq, Bahrain and Yemen as the sphere of i More

Abstract: Iran and Saudi Arabia are two prominent countries in the Islamic World. They play important role in the Middle East region’s developments. The present article examines the developments of the three countries of Iraq, Bahrain and Yemen as the sphere of influence of Iran and Saudi Arabia to find out the root cause competition and rivalry between the two governments and give suggestion for solving the problem. The aim of the present study is to show that the nature of the conflict between the two countries has roots in ideological consideration which originates from the prevalence of contrasting ideological and value system which has led to wide gulf between Iran and Saudi Arabia and strained regional relations. It seems that any attempt to strengthen the grounds of cooperation and interaction and attenuating the tension between the two depends on change in semantic structure of the two governments and flexibility on both sides. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

337 - بررسی ناحیه تنظیمی ژن GDF8 میوستاتین در گوسفند ایرانی
م. کمانگر ه.ا. روشنفکر ح. گله‌داری آ.س. صدر م. ممویی م.ت. بیگی نصیری

میوستاتین یک فاکتور رشد و عضوی از سوپر خانواده  TGFβمی‌باشد. فاکتورهای رشد TGFβ نقش تنظیمی در توسعه جنینی و هومئوستازی بافت‌ها در بلوغ دارند. جهش در نواحی کدکننده ژن میوستاتین در گاو منجر به هایپرپلازی (افزایش در تعداد فیبرها) ماهیچه‌ها و در نتیجه باعث جل More

میوستاتین یک فاکتور رشد و عضوی از سوپر خانواده  TGFβمی‌باشد. فاکتورهای رشد TGFβ نقش تنظیمی در توسعه جنینی و هومئوستازی بافت‌ها در بلوغ دارند. جهش در نواحی کدکننده ژن میوستاتین در گاو منجر به هایپرپلازی (افزایش در تعداد فیبرها) ماهیچه‌ها و در نتیجه باعث جلوگیری در تکثیر میوبلاست‌ها می‌شود. در گاو کاهش فعالیت این ژن باعث ظهور فنوتیپ ماهیچه مضاعف می‌شود که در بعضی از نژادهای گاوهای اروپایی مشاهده می‌شود. وجود چند شکلی در ژن میوستاتین در گوسفند نیز بررسی شده است. ژن میوستاتین در توسعه ماهیچه‌ها مؤثر است. این تحقیق به‌ منظور توالی‌یابی ناحیه‌ی پروموتور ژن میوستاتین و تعیین جهش‌های احتمالی که باعث تغییر بیان ژن می‌شوند، انجام شد. در این تحقیق DNA از خون 15 گوسفند عربی و 15 گوسفند کردی استخراج گردید و برای تکثیر قطعه 1034 جفت بازی ژن میوستاتین مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. سه جهش در جایگاه 430، 450 و 530 مشاهده گردید. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

338 - Frequency of Limb Injuries Between Thoroughbred and Arabian Horses
M. Pieszka J. Luszcynski A. Baranowska

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

339 - ویژگی‌های سم اسب Anglo Arabian، Haflinger، Monterufoli و Maremmano
ر. توسی ک. سارجنتینی

در این پژوهش کیفیت سم اسب‌های Anglo Arabian نه رأس، Haflinger 10 رأس، Maremmano هفت رأس و Monterufoli 15 رأس ارزیابی شد. Anglo Arabian یک نژاد بینالمللی است، دیگر نژادها اسب‌های ایتالیایی هستند: Haflinger مشتق شده از Trentino Alto Adige، Maremmano و Monterufoli از More

در این پژوهش کیفیت سم اسب‌های Anglo Arabian نه رأس، Haflinger 10 رأس، Maremmano هفت رأس و Monterufoli 15 رأس ارزیابی شد. Anglo Arabian یک نژاد بینالمللی است، دیگر نژادها اسب‌های ایتالیایی هستند: Haflinger مشتق شده از Trentino Alto Adige، Maremmano و Monterufoli از Tuscany. نمونه‌های سم، از پای چپ جلو، به منظور ارزیابی خصوصیات فیزیکی-شیمیایی و مواد معدنی موجود در ناخن، در حین پیرایش جمع‌آوری شدند. داده‌های جمع‌آوری شده به ANOVA، مولفه‌های اصلی و تجزیه و تحلیل جداکننده معرفی شدند و یک نقشه داغ از فاصله مربع میان محتوای مواد معدنی در سم نژادهای متفاوت انجام شد. نرم‌ترین سم در Monterufoli Pony یافت شد، همچنین دارای بیشترین محتوای ماده خشک. بیشترین محتوای Fe، Ni، Pb، Se، مشخصه سم Anglo Arabian بود، اگرچه سم Monterufoli Pony بیشترین محتوای Na را نشان داد. آنالیز چندمتغییره نشان‌ داده است که K، Li، Mn، Na و بیشترین مواد معدنی قابل شناسایی در ناخن سم هستند. در سم Anglo Araian، Haflinger، Maremmano تجمع زیستی بالایی از مواد معدنی وجود داشت، در حالیکه سم Monterufoli Pony به سرعت از طریق مصرف ناخن و فعالیت تنظیم مواد معدنی (Osmoregulation) از بین می‌رود. تمامی آنالیزهای آماری نشان دادند که سم Monterufoli Pony متفاوت از سم دیگر نژادهای مورد ملاحظه بود. تمامی حیوانات سم با کیفیت خوب مناسب برای تمرین barefoot نشان دادند. Manuscript profile

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340 - Biometric Variability of Arabia Goat in Laghouat (Algeria) Using the Mean of the Principal Component Analysis
M. Laouadi S. Tennah N. Azzag N. Kafidi N. Antoine-Moussiaux N. Moula

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Open Access Article

341 - اثرات کوتاه و بلند مدت اسفنج MAP بر عملکرد تولید مثلی میش‌های عربی در خارج از فصل تولید مثل
P. Sareminejad S. Tabatabaei M. Mamouei K. Mirzadeh M. Boujarpour

هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی راندمان تولید مثل درمان‌های کوتاه و بلند مدت پروژسترونی به همراه هورمون PMSG در میش‌های عربی در خارج از فصل تولید مثل بود. در مجموع 56 رأس گوسفند ماده به سه گروه تقسیم شدند. در گروه اول، اسفنج داخل واژنی (60 میلی‌گرم مدروکسی پروژسترون استات، MAP More

هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی راندمان تولید مثل درمان‌های کوتاه و بلند مدت پروژسترونی به همراه هورمون PMSG در میش‌های عربی در خارج از فصل تولید مثل بود. در مجموع 56 رأس گوسفند ماده به سه گروه تقسیم شدند. در گروه اول، اسفنج داخل واژنی (60 میلی‌گرم مدروکسی پروژسترون استات، MAP) به مدت 6 روز در داخل واژن باقی ماند، در گروه دوم، اسفج مدروکسی پروژسترون استات به مدت 14 روز در واژن باقی ماند و گروه سوم، نیز به عنوان گروه کنترل در نظر گرفته شد. به دو گروه اول، پس از برداشت اسفنج میزان 600 واحد بین المللی (IU) هورمون PMSG به صورت عضلانی تزریق شد. پارامترهایی از جمله، میزان پاسخ فحلی، مدت فحلی، میزان آبستنی و میزان تزاید بین گروه‌ها مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. تفاوت معنی‌داری در میزان پاسخ فحلی و میزان تزاید بین دو گروه اول و دوم وجود نداشت (05/0<P). با این حال، دو گروه درمانی در مقایسه با گروه کنترل تفاوت معنی‌داری داشتند. در گروه اول، طول مدت فحلی به طور قابل توجهی بیشتر از گروه دوم بود (05/0>P). علاوه بر این، میزان آبستنی نیز در گروه اول به طور معنی‌داری بالاتر از گروه دوم بود (05/0>P). نتیجه‌گیری شد که درمان کوتاه مدت اسفنج (6 روز) در مقایسه با درمان بلند مدت (14 روز) در میش‌های عربی عملکرد بهتری دارد  Manuscript profile

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342 - ارتباط ژنتیکی بین چهار جمعیت گوسفند عربستان سعودی
R.S. Aljumaah M.A. Al-Shaikh H. Kibogo A. Kwallah Jianlin Jianlin O. Hanotte M.M. Musthafa F.M.M.T. Marikar

چهار جمعیت گوسفند بومی عربستان سعودی، شامل نجدی، حبشی، عرب و نائمی، برای 16 نشانگر ریزماهواره توصیه شده توسط سازمان خواربار و کشاورزی ملل متحد (FAO) تعیین ژنوتیپ شدند. این مطالعه با هدف آگاهی از ساختار ژنتیکی این نژادها و ارائه پیشنهاداتی برای اجرای برنامه آمیخته‌گری بی More

چهار جمعیت گوسفند بومی عربستان سعودی، شامل نجدی، حبشی، عرب و نائمی، برای 16 نشانگر ریزماهواره توصیه شده توسط سازمان خواربار و کشاورزی ملل متحد (FAO) تعیین ژنوتیپ شدند. این مطالعه با هدف آگاهی از ساختار ژنتیکی این نژادها و ارائه پیشنهاداتی برای اجرای برنامه آمیخته‌گری بین آنها انجام شد. کلیه جایگاه‌های ژنی در تمامی جمعیت‌ها چندشکل بوده و کلیه جایگاه‌ها به غیر از ILSTS044، ILSTS005، MAF209، HUJ616، OARFCB226 و SRCRSP09 در تعادل هاردی - واینبرگ بودند (05/0>P). تنوع ژنتیکی در این جمعیت‌ها در سطح مناسبی بوده و هتروزیگوسیتی مورد انتظار به طور متوسط بین 759/0 تا 811/0 در نوسان بوده است. با در نظر گرفتن میزان کاهش هتروزیگوسیتی مشخص شد که همخونی در جمعیت‌های مزبور در پایین‌ترین سطح قرار دارد. کمترین فاصله ژنتیکی (013/0) بین جمعیت‌های حبشی و نجدی و بیشترین فاصله ژنتیکی (146/0) بین جمعیت‌های عرب و حبشی مشاهده شد. برآورد ضریب همخونی (FIS) برای همه جمعیت‌ها، به غیر از جمعیت عرب معنی‌دار گردید (05/0>P). نشانگرهای مزبور توالی‌یابی شده و درخت ژنتیکی برمبنای فاصله نااُریب با استفاده از نرم‌افزار MEGA 4 ترسیم گردید. برای مطالعه ارتباط ژنتیکی بین این جمعیت‌های گوسفند، آنالیز مختصات اصلی بر مبنای فاصله استاندارد نِی انجام شد. نتایج حاکی از آن بود که اجرای یک برنامه حفاظت در این جمعیت‌های گوسفند ضرورت دارد. زیرا اکثر آنها در معرض خطر همخونی قرار دارند. Manuscript profile

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343 - بررسی اثرات پروتوکل‌های مختلف پروژسترونی و سطح پایین هورمون eCG بر همزمان‌سازی فحلی در میش‌های عربی
ف. ‌خلیلاوی م. ممویی ص. طباطبایی م. چاجی

این آزمایش به منظور ارزیابی عملکرد تولیدمثلی میش‌‌های عربی تیمار شده با اسفنج‌های پروژسترونی کوتاه و بلند‌مدت به همراه سطح پایینی از هورمون eCG، در فصل غیر تولیدمثلی انجام گرفت. بدین منظور 36 رأس میش به سه گروه تقسیم‌بندی شدند: در گروه اول و دوم اسفنج‌های پروژسترونی (60 More

این آزمایش به منظور ارزیابی عملکرد تولیدمثلی میش‌‌های عربی تیمار شده با اسفنج‌های پروژسترونی کوتاه و بلند‌مدت به همراه سطح پایینی از هورمون eCG، در فصل غیر تولیدمثلی انجام گرفت. بدین منظور 36 رأس میش به سه گروه تقسیم‌بندی شدند: در گروه اول و دوم اسفنج‌های پروژسترونی (60 میلی‌گرم پروژسترون استات، MAP) به ترتیب به مدت 6 و 12 روز به کار گرفته شدند، در حالیکه گروه سوم (بدون هیچ تیمار هورمونی) به عنوان گروه کنترل در نظر گرفته شد. دو گروه ابتدایی پس از حذف اسفنج پروژسترونی، 300 واحد هورمون eCG به صورت تزریق عضلانی دریافت کردند. پارامترهایی مانند نرخ پاسخ فحلی، زمان شروع فحلی، طول مدت فحلی، آبستنی، بره‌زایی و میزان تزایدگله مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. نمونه‌های خون در یک روز قبل از قرارگیری اسفنج، دو روز پس از قرار دادن اسفنج و در روز فحلی گرفته شد. اختلاف آماری معنی‌داری در میان گروه اول و دوم با گروه کنترل بر اساس سطوح استروژن و پروژسترون وجود داشت. اختلاف آماری معنی‌داری در نرخ پاسخ فحلی، زمان شروع فحلی، طول مدت فحلی، آبستنی، بره‌زایی و نرخ تزاید گله در میان گروه اول و دوم وجود نداشت (05/0<P). هرچند این اختلافات زمانی که این دو گروه با گروه کنترل مقایسه گردیدند، معنی‌دار بود. در گروه اول، طول مدت فحلی به طور معنی‌داری از گروه دوم بالاتر بود (05/0>P). به‌‌‌نظر می‌رسدکه در میش‌های عربی تیمار اسفنج کوتاه‌مدت (6 روزه) دارای عملکرد بهتری در مقایسه با تیمار اسفنج بلندمدت (12 روزه) بوده است. Manuscript profile

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344 - Introduction and critical review of manuscripts, structure and characteristics of Mohammad Darabi's commentary on Hafez's poems
Fariba Kazemi saeed Aiyoub Koushan Ali Dehghan

Commentaries, in addition to being able to provide a new point or reading of the text, somehow reflect the mentality of the era in which he lives. These works give a different interpretation according to the expectations of that age. In the current research, Mohammad Da More

Commentaries, in addition to being able to provide a new point or reading of the text, somehow reflect the mentality of the era in which he lives. These works give a different interpretation according to the expectations of that age. In the current research, Mohammad Darabi's commentary on Hafez's poems has been examined and analyzed from a structural and content point of view. On the other hand, some of the most important manuscripts of this description have been evaluated along with explanations about them. The results show that it is necessary to be very careful in examining the manuscripts of this description because most of these manuscripts are very wrong and full of annotations. Some writers have also mentioned this issue and tried to correct the text. The history of many of these versions is based on speculation, and even in some cases, the introduced version is not related to the famous book "Latifeye Gheybi". In any case, the ideological reading of Hafez's poems, attribution of other people's poems to Hafez, lack of attention to vocabulary and symbols, and criticism of Sufis in Hafez's poems are among the characteristics of Darabi's commentary. This description, with all the problems it may have, from the point of view of "reader reaction" criticism, shows a part of the commentators' mentality in the Safavid era society. An era when Hafez's poetry is interpreted with the principles of Shiism. Manuscript profile

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345 - The effect of educational views of ancient Iranians on the Farsi language with emphasis on the Sadie's seventh chapter of Boostan
vahid Sabzianpour

Sadie has composed the seventh chapter of Boostan under the title of in the world of education. His purpose in composing this chapter is to teach the methods of education and ethics. Most of researchers believe that Sadie's works, especially this part, is under influenc More

Sadie has composed the seventh chapter of Boostan under the title of in the world of education. His purpose in composing this chapter is to teach the methods of education and ethics. Most of researchers believe that Sadie's works, especially this part, is under influence of Arabic culture and Islamic thoughts.  This article shows that the source of Sadie's thoughts in the issues of education is coordinated well both with Arabic and Iranian culture. The results of this research represent the necessity of attention to the Arabic sources for discovering of the ancient Iranians' views and its effect on Persian literature. The chronological sequence of Iranians' point of view to Arabic and Islamic thoughts shows that the people of the Persians were familiar with so many of educational and ethical affairs which today considered as Islamic or Arabic. Therefore, they have gone beyond the field of Iranian culture and Pahlavi texts and have entered to the realm of Arabic culture. Unfortunately, the references to the Iranian view in the explanation and interpretation of Persian texts have been neglected by researchers, so it is necessary to pay attention not only to the effectiveness of the Persian literature from the Arab literature but also to the effectiveness of the Iranian culture. Manuscript profile

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346 - A comparative study of reason and religion from the perspective of Farabi and Kant
محسن فهیم احترام کاظمی سمیه عظیمی

The Subject of raised the issue of the relationship between reason and religion has always been a major issue among Muslim theologians and philosophers etc., and are Muslim. Among Islamic thinkers and philosophers Abu Nasr Farabi has a significant role in this regard. B More

The Subject of raised the issue of the relationship between reason and religion has always been a major issue among Muslim theologians and philosophers etc., and are Muslim. Among Islamic thinkers and philosophers Abu Nasr Farabi has a significant role in this regard. Because after Muslims with Greek rationalism and resume the argument that perhaps this phenomenon alien product, the Farabi who believed in harmony between reason and faith, opens a new chapter on Islamic philosophy. Bobby that way for the next great philosophers such as Avicenna, Nasir al-Din Tusi, and Mulla Sadra paved. West also among thinkers and philosophers Kant, a milestone in the relationship between reason and religion. This research is based on descriptive, analytical study of the views of these two philosophers and implementation of the differences between them in terms of reason and religion has And the difference between theoretical and practical reason and wisdom about their relationship with religion, the difference in the wisdom of God, the difference is in the way of happiness, and so on. Farabi is an important issue in philosophy of mind, so that the source of knowledge in reason and faith, grace the active intellect angel of revelation, Gabriel (as) knows and accordingly believes that reason and religion are essentially one. In case of full unity between reason and religion rejects Kant believes that through theoretical reason to issues such as God, the immortality of the soul and the world can not be reached. So for minor issues such as prophecy, grave, resurrection and angels do not go. On the way to happiness, happiness Farabi's intellectual identify general and theoretical reason lays in the end, while Kant attempts to justify rationally sees no reason to get to act in a way as if God exists. The belief in God, the God of Kant's intellectual and moral Farabi God believes. Manuscript profile

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347 - آزمون جدایی پذیری ضعیف و برآورد سیستم تقاضای کالاهای خوراکی منتخب در خانوارهای شهری ایران ( مطالعه موردی: مرکبات، صیفی جات و سبزیجات)
امین دلاور غلامرضا یاوری سعید یزدانی افشین امجدی ابوالفضل محمودی

وجود جداییپذیری در تابع مطلوبیت مصرفکنندگان شرط لازم و کافی برای بودجهبندی چند مرحلهای و جمعیسازی سازگار کالاهاست که در آن مخارج با استفاده از شاخصهای قیمت بین گروههای خوراکی تخصیص داده میشود و تخصیص درونگروهی هم به طور More

وجود جداییپذیری در تابع مطلوبیت مصرفکنندگان شرط لازم و کافی برای بودجهبندی چند مرحلهای و جمعیسازی سازگار کالاهاست که در آن مخارج با استفاده از شاخصهای قیمت بین گروههای خوراکی تخصیص داده میشود و تخصیص درونگروهی هم به طور مستقل از سایر گروهها صورت میگیرد. در این مطالعه از تابع تقاضای روتردام برای تعیین الگوی مصرف کالاهای منتخب (مرکبات، صیفی جات و سبزیجات) در ایران استفاده شده است. برای این منظور از دادههای مقطع عرضی در سال 1396 که از طریق بانک مرکزی و مرکز آمار ایران جمع آوری گردیده، استفاده شده است. نتایج حاصل از آزمونهای جداییپذیری این فرضیه را که مصرفکنندگان ابتدا درآمد خود را بین کالاهای منتخب به صورت سه گروه مرکب (مرکبات، صیفیجات و سبزیجات) تخصیص داده و سپس عمل تخصیص درآمد بین انواع زیرردههای آنها که بر اساس گروهبندی صورت گرفته، را تایید مینماید. همچنین نتایج تخمین سیستم تقاضا نشان داد ﻫﻤـﻪ ﮔﺮوههای ﻛـﺎﻻﻳﻲ، دارای کشش قیمتی خودی منفی هستند. در این میان کشش قیمتی گروه مرکبات (پرتقال، نارنگی و لیمو)، گروه صیفیجات (سیب زمینی، گوجه فرنگی و پیاز) و گروه سبزیجات (سبزیهای برگی) به ترتیب برابر 83/0-، 48/0-، 91/0- میباشند. با توجه به کشش درآمدی که برای سه گروه کالایی محاسبه شده است، گروه دوم کالاها (سیب زمینی، گوجه فرنگی و پیاز) نسبت به سایر گروهها، کالایی ضروریتر است که باید در سیاستهای دولت در رابطه با تولید و قیمتگذاری محصولات کشاورزی لحاظ شود. Manuscript profile

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348 - Tsunami Propagation in Arabian Sea and Its Effect on Dwarka City of Gujarat, India
Vikram M. Patel H.S Patel A.P Singh

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349 - Scientific articles of Iran and Islamic countries of Middle East indexed in Web of Science (WOS) during 2003-2007
abdalreza noroozi chakoli mohammad hasanzadeh

Using library method and comparative analysis, this research deals with evaluating and comparing indexed scientific products of Iran, Turkey, Egypt, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia based on WoS during the 5 years between 2003 and 2007. The most important objectives of this r More

Using library method and comparative analysis, this research deals with evaluating and comparing indexed scientific products of Iran, Turkey, Egypt, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia based on WoS during the 5 years between 2003 and 2007. The most important objectives of this research include the comparison of articles of each country regarding ‘variety of language’, ‘variety of types of documents’, ‘subject areas’, ‘participant bodies’ and ‘number of articles and their growth rate’. Moreover, evaluation of ideality of performance of articles of these countries on the basis of the mingled indicator of “Average Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in comparison with the Indexed Scientific Products” is another issue discussed in this article. The results show that although Iran is placed between Turkey and Egypt regarding its number of articles in WoS, it is placed after these two countries considering its performance of indexed scientific products in WoS.   Manuscript profile

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350 - The Accountability Levels of Saudi Arabia towards United Nations Mechanisms (2009-2016)
Farzaneh Mostofi-far Fatemeh Hashemi Seyed Mohammad Kazem Sajadpoor

]

] Manuscript profile

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351 - The Consequences of Iran's Islamic Revolution on Saudi Shiites socio - political situation
Farzaneh Rahmati

[

[ Manuscript profile

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352 - The Decline of the Structural Power of the United States of America and the Consequent Effects on the Relations Between Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran (2001-2020)
Sajjad Hasani Hassan Khodaverdi Garineh Keshishyan Siraki

The United States, as the dominant power in the structure of the international system, has been in decline since 9/11, and a gradual trend has emerged in its hegemonic position. Iran and Saudi Arabia, as two important regional players, were not unaffected by these chang More

The United States, as the dominant power in the structure of the international system, has been in decline since 9/11, and a gradual trend has emerged in its hegemonic position. Iran and Saudi Arabia, as two important regional players, were not unaffected by these changes in US power and the situation of this country in the structure of the international system. Changes in US power and position in this structure have also affected Saudi Arabia's relations with Iran in the Middle East security order. The question that arises in this regard is what effects the change in the position of the United States in the structure of the international system after 9/11 has had on the security order in the Middle East and, consequently, on the relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia. In the present article, an attempt is made to provide a suitable explanation of the subject by combining the theoretical propositions of neorealism and hegemonic stability using a descriptive-analytical method. The required information has been collected by library method and referring to valid internet sources. Manuscript profile

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353 - The Consequences of Iran's Islamic Revolution on Saudi Shiites Socio - political Situation
Ahmad Jansiz Farzaneh Rahmati

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w Manuscript profile

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354 - The long-term and short-term factors affecting the Arab Revolutions
Garineh Keshishyan Siraki Majid Alavian

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355 - Factors concerning the phenomenon of pan-Arabism in Iran
Reza Kaviani Shideh Shadloo

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z Manuscript profile

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356 - Investigating the Impact of President Joe Biden’s Government on the Relations between Saudi Arabia and Qatar, Emphasizing the Role of Iran
Khalill Janami Hamed Mohagheghnia Hossein Karimifard Hamed Ameri Golestani

The crisis in Qatar's political relations with Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries took place on June 5, 2017, which followed the talks of the Emir of Qatar regarding the importance of Iran and interaction with it, and the severance of diplomatic relations between Qat More

The crisis in Qatar's political relations with Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries took place on June 5, 2017, which followed the talks of the Emir of Qatar regarding the importance of Iran and interaction with it, and the severance of diplomatic relations between Qatar and the four Arab countries led by Saudi Arabia.  In the wake of this crisis, the Trump administration took a middle position and encouraging Qatar to accept Saudi’s conditions, especially regarding relations and interactions with Iran. It also undertook a wide diplomatic effort to reduce the crisis, but the differences in the positions of American officials such as Trump, Tillerson, Pompeo and other officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs brings to mind a kind of passivity and lack of determination in order to secure the strategic interests of the United States in the region. With the defeat of Trump in the 2020 presidential elections and the ascension of the Democrats to power and the change of priorities in the Persian Gulf region, especially in relation to Iran, it seems that the performance of the Biden administration regarding the crisis in the relations between Saudi Arabia and Qatar is different from that of the Trump administration. The signs of this change can be seen in the change of crisis level and reduction of tensions.  This article aims to examine the diplomatic crisis between Saudi Arabia and Qatar from the perspective of the role of Iran and the view of the new administration of the United States of America and Joe Biden himself on this issue and to answer the basic question of how the variable of Iran can affect the role of the United States of America, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar have an impact on the diplomatic crisis that began between Qatar and Saudi Arabia in 2017, and what direction will the future crisis between the two countries go in the Biden administration, and what will be the impact of other influential factors in the Persian Gulf region?  In this article, using the analytical-explanatory method and using library sources, it shows that the change in the approach of the Biden administration towards Iran will cause the position of Saudi Arabia to become softer towards Qatar, and accordingly, the tension between Saudi Arabia and Qatar, one of the main parts of which was Qatar's relations with Iran, to move towards the mitigation of the crisis and the resumption of relations. Manuscript profile

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357 - The Opportunities of the Normalization of Ties between Saudi Arabia and Israel for the Axis of Resistance
Hamed Vaez Hassan Khodaverdi Garineh Keshishyan Siraki Mohammadreza Dehshiri

The Middle East and North Africa constitute one of the strategic and most significant regions in the world with a turbulent history. The region witnessed the birth of various countries and tense developments from the second decade of the 20th century until the middle of More

The Middle East and North Africa constitute one of the strategic and most significant regions in the world with a turbulent history. The region witnessed the birth of various countries and tense developments from the second decade of the 20th century until the middle of the century, and most of the countries in the region, including Arabic countries and Israel, emerged during the period. In this regard, the countries in the region have experienced conflicts, wars, invasions, and, sometimes, peace, in their relations with Israel. The latest development in this respect is the Saudi-led normalization of ties between some Arabic countries and Israel to oppose Iran and its axis of resistance. Though this has posed a number of threats to Iran’s national security, some opportunities are evident in it, as well. Thus, the main question of the present study is what opportunities the normalization of ties between Saudi Arabia and Israel can have for the empowerment of the axis of resistance. The study utilizes a descriptive and analytical methodology to answer the question, and the overall result of the study – i.e., the tested hypothesis – shows that opportunities like the creation of chasms between the government and society in Saudi Arabia, the pressure felt by Fatah and the need to reconcile with Hamas, Muslims’ reaction to the negation of the Palestinian Dream by Saudis, the creation of chasms between the government and society of Israel, and the gradual withdrawal of the U.S. from the region are all factors that can boost the axis of resistance based on the existence of groups who oppose the process of normalization across Saudi Arabia, Israel, and the Islamic world at large. Manuscript profile

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358 - Comparing the Relationship between Inflation and Inflation Uncertainty in Iran and Three OPEC Members
Elham Farnaghi Oranus Parivar Hamid Tofighi

By employing conditional variance modeling and Granger causality test, we specified and compared the linkage between inflation and inflation uncertainty in Iran and three other OPEC members. To achieve this purpose we used consumer price index quarterly data for the yea More

By employing conditional variance modeling and Granger causality test, we specified and compared the linkage between inflation and inflation uncertainty in Iran and three other OPEC members. To achieve this purpose we used consumer price index quarterly data for the years 1985-2009. The results suggest strong evidence that shows that in all these countries the increase in inflation leads to increase in inflation uncertainty. But in reverse, only in Iran and Venezuela, a causal relationship from inflation uncertainty to inflation can be found Manuscript profile

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359 - Sleep, Dream, and Love from the Perspective of Ibn Arabi
Seyed Mahdi Mousavi Abdolreza Mazaheri Bakhsh Ali Ghanbari

In Ibn Arabi's thought, sleep and dream is important. He has distinguished between connected and disconnected imagination and brought the place of dream in the connected imaginary world and revelation in the disconnected imaginary world. He considers the dream’s i More

In Ibn Arabi's thought, sleep and dream is important. He has distinguished between connected and disconnected imagination and brought the place of dream in the connected imaginary world and revelation in the disconnected imaginary world. He considers the dream’s interpretation to be related to the connected imaginary world. Therefore, Qur'an cannot be just a dream, because it lacks Shari'at and its rules do not have a grammatical aspect. The dream is one of the divine annunciators and the sincere dream is a part of revelation. Ibn Arabi considers the imagination as a force of the heart, and love is the excess of affection whose manifestation is within the heart. The heart has seven stages as seven layers of the sky, which is in one stage, the mine of affection, love, and compassion for the people, and in the higher stage, the mine of love of the divinity, and finally, the mine of the manifestations of the divinity’s attributes. Therefore, by expressing the position of dream and its relation with revelation, we discuss about calling Qur'an a dream letter and the relationship between sleep, dream, and love in order to determine the secret of man's superiority over other creatures. Manuscript profile

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360 - Love with Roozbehan, Baqli and Ibn Arabi; With emphasis on the status of women
Zahra Kushki Insha' Allah Rahmati

    Abstract"Love" as a challenging category has been the concern of many Muslim mystics, including Roozbehan and Ibn Arabi. In addition, this word has always been associated with the female sex as a mistress. This connection seems stronger in the opinions o More

    Abstract"Love" as a challenging category has been the concern of many Muslim mystics, including Roozbehan and Ibn Arabi. In addition, this word has always been associated with the female sex as a mistress. This connection seems stronger in the opinions of the two mystics than the others. The importance of the issue of love from the point of view of Roozbehan and Ibn Arabi, emphasizing the role of women, is due to the fact that both mystics had innovative and somewhat different views on love and women from other Sufi elders. This is what makes this issue "controversial" and readable. In this regard, the authors, through phenomenological studies, have explored the circumstances and views of these two characters about women and chaste human love. How these two mystics interpret love and its types, as well as the status of women in their minds, are questions that have been tried to be answered. After studying the opinions of Sheikh Shatah and Sheikh Akbar, it has been concluded that for all of them, virtual love is not just a training ground or a ladder and a path to true love, but chaste human love is a radius of the spark of divine love and along and in line with It is counted. Moreover, both mystics believe that understanding the eternal beauty of God and tasting the love of God, only by paying attention to the "manifestations" of that eternal truth in the forms of creatures, especially the highest of them, namely man, especially woman, with All aspects of his existence, including physicality and spirituality, are possible. It is in this direction that woman and chaste human love find a special place in the life and thought of these two in comparison with the opinions of other great Sufis.   Manuscript profile

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361 - Femininity and marriage in Ibn Arabi's ontology
Alila Attar Abd Al-Reza Mazaheri Muhammad reza Adli

Abstract The diversity of names is defined in Ibn Arabi's system of thought along with the contrast of names, which depicts how the grace of existence from one to many. By expressing repentance, he deals with the multiplicity of names and the infinity of the universe, a More

Abstract The diversity of names is defined in Ibn Arabi's system of thought along with the contrast of names, which depicts how the grace of existence from one to many. By expressing repentance, he deals with the multiplicity of names and the infinity of the universe, and considers the secret of creation in the movement of love that leads to repentance, and points out that the resurrection of Sari takes place in all particles. However, considering the scope of the discussion and also clarifying it, the present article deals with the first part and considers it necessary to enter the discussion first by expressing the meaning of the name from the point of view of scholars and mystics and then by explaining the multiplicity of names from the essence. To effectively understand the marriage of names and the creation of multiple creations from one unit. Therefore, in this article, first, the meanings of tawakah in the human world and divine names are discussed, and its mystery and lavender are also considered from Ibn Arabi's point of view, and then the discussion of divine names and the contrast and reincarnation of names are discussed and different divisions are discussed. It has been clarified from the names and names of the names, and that the divine love has caused creation through the names, has been examined and is active and capable in the divine matter and the natural system, which is the reason for the creation and acceptance of this divine matter by The natural world has been studied and for this reason, marriage and ability in different names and worlds and finally the human world have been discussed. Manuscript profile

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362 - The Wise Fools (Uqalā al-Majānin) and Sufis; A Study Based on the Views of Ibn Arabi and Ayn al-Quzat
Ali Rahimi Hatef Siahkoohian Jamshid sadri

10.30495/mmlq.2022.689682

In mystical texts, the abrogation of Islamic Laws by wise fools (Uqalā al-majānin) is one of the most frequent issues that has been interpreted in various ways. By using descriptive- analytic method, the present article attempts to explain the theoretical approaches of More

In mystical texts, the abrogation of Islamic Laws by wise fools (Uqalā al-majānin) is one of the most frequent issues that has been interpreted in various ways. By using descriptive- analytic method, the present article attempts to explain the theoretical approaches of Sufis about the abrogation of the Islamic Laws by wise fools and to recognize the causes of it from their point of view. An attempt is made to answer these questions: In mystical anthropology, which human faculty is related to Islamic Laws? If the intellectual faculty declines, is there any other faculty related to these Laws? Considering the fact that the wise fools have a kind of intellect, can they be considered as obligated to enforce Islamic Laws like other wise men? The findings of the study show that the Sufis believe that the wise fools receive Divine inspirations and experience a state of intoxication and these spiritual modes justify their behavior.  According to some Sufi theories, the decline of intellect and consequently the abrogation of Islamic Laws is a gift from God; and some Sufis consider the intoxication state of a wise fool as constant praying. The aim of the research is to study the reasons for the abrogation of Islamic Laws by wise fools from the point of view of Sufis, especially Ibn Arabi and Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani. Manuscript profile

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363 - Reexamining Significant Myths in Maad Jabouri 's Poetry
Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi Ali Akbar Reisi

10.30495/mmlq.2024.709040

The employment of myth and traditional heritage is a significant aspect of modern Arabic poetry. Contemporary poets utilize myth to convey their intended ideas indirectly and by deviating from conventional language norms, enabling them to express their contemporary ex More

The employment of myth and traditional heritage is a significant aspect of modern Arabic poetry. Contemporary poets utilize myth to convey their intended ideas indirectly and by deviating from conventional language norms, enabling them to express their contemporary experiences. Maad Jabouri, a contemporary Iraqi poet, has also been influenced by mythological heritage to enhance his poetry and articulate his thoughts, representing the aspirations and concerns of the people of Iraq and the Arab world. The poet recognizes the delicate atmosphere of the era and endeavors to inform the Muslim nations so they can address these concerns. The authors of the present study, employing an analytical-descriptive method with the intention of expressing the poet's concerns in the political and social realms, aim to identify the most crucial semantic implications of myth in Maad Jabouri's poetry. The study's findings suggest that Jabouri, inspired by the mythological legacy, has employed diverse non-conventional myths to create meaning and accentuate the text. These myths illustrate the poet's desires, passions, and concerns in various ways. In Jabouri's poetry, all mythological characters embody political and social concerns and lament a shared suffering. Additionally, they yearn for Iraq's independence and political freedom, as well as the establishment of social justice within the country. Manuscript profile

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364 - Common Themes in Persian and Arabic "Habsiyyehs"
صادق ابراهیمی کاوری رحیمه چولانیان

  "Habsiyyeh" is a kind of lyric poem, similar to an ode, the prevalent theme of which is "the prison" and "the prisoner". the prison, its walls and door, iron collar, chains, prisoners and the jailer as well as nostalgic feelings of the prisoner, his inner sentim More

  "Habsiyyeh" is a kind of lyric poem, similar to an ode, the prevalent theme of which is "the prison" and "the prisoner". the prison, its walls and door, iron collar, chains, prisoners and the jailer as well as nostalgic feelings of the prisoner, his inner sentiments, being away from relatives, the days and nights of the prison, and freedom are all subjects of habsiyyeh. The present article tries to examine Persian and Arabic Habsiyyehs and their common themes with respect to common cultural, social and religious backgrounds.     Manuscript profile

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365 - Cow in Ancient Arabic Literature: A Mythological Approach
Bāgher Ghorbāni Zarrin

Sacredness of animals, namely cow, is a common theme in all myths. Cow, as the first mythological animal, has an important role in different nations, which is reflected in their literature. By a mythological analysis, a new interpretation can be proposed about the role More

Sacredness of animals, namely cow, is a common theme in all myths. Cow, as the first mythological animal, has an important role in different nations, which is reflected in their literature. By a mythological analysis, a new interpretation can be proposed about the role of cow in ancient Arabic literature. Applying a comparative mythological analysis, in this article, we try to study themes like the “battle of bison and hounds”, “cows and bearing rain”, and “cow and genies” in ancient Arabic literature.          Manuscript profile

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366 - The Idea of “Unity of Being” in the Rubā'iyāt of Bidel Dehlavi
masuode rohani siyavash haghjo ali akbar shobaklaii

Ibn 'Arabi's idea of “unity of being” grew slowly in Islamic lands, especially in Iran and then in India. One of the important ways of promoting the idea was the literary-mystic texts. The idea of “unity of being” has been manifested in the rubā' More

Ibn 'Arabi's idea of “unity of being” grew slowly in Islamic lands, especially in Iran and then in India. One of the important ways of promoting the idea was the literary-mystic texts. The idea of “unity of being” has been manifested in the rubā'iyāt (quatrains) of Bidel Dehlavi. In his rubā'iyāt, the issues of tashbih and tanzih (transcendence and immanence), inward and outward, unity and diversity, and the like are discussed. He believes firmly to the idea of “unity of being” and explains, in a stable manner, the related topics.   Manuscript profile

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367 - Theory of Badayat ol Owlia, Nahayat al Anbia in Islamic Mysticism
Amir Hossein Hemati

The fundemental and most important issue in Sufism and Islamic mysticism is welayah and knowing wali. Nearly all of the subjects in Islamic mysticism are formed and developed in relation to the problem of welayah. Questions and discussions about wali and walayah has bec More

The fundemental and most important issue in Sufism and Islamic mysticism is welayah and knowing wali. Nearly all of the subjects in Islamic mysticism are formed and developed in relation to the problem of welayah. Questions and discussions about wali and walayah has became more salient and complicated as Sufism moved from mere worshiping stages into more complicated phases. Over time, different and additional issues have emerged about walayah some of them have really been controversial among scholars for several centuries. One of these controversial issues is the theory of “badayat-ol- owlia, nahayat- al- Anbia”. In this theory the superiority of walayah over nabovah (prophethood) is the key proposition. It seems that, this theory stands against the theory of “nahayat- al- owlia, badayat- ol- anbia”, in which nabovah has superiority over welayah. In this article, in addition reviewing the history and the way of formation of this theory we study ideas provided by both groups about these concepts. In an attempt to put an end to the controversies, we also try to provide a kind of explanation for the relation between the followers of the two views. Manuscript profile

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368 - Shoshtari and His Role in Development of the Arabian Mystical Poetry
Seyed Mahdi Masbuq

The mystical poems of Ibn Abdollah Shoshtari (d. 668 A.H), Andalusian famous poet and mystic, have a different and special structure and style. He has expressed mystical contents in the forms of Zajal and Muwashaah which are the traditional forms of oral strophic poetry More

The mystical poems of Ibn Abdollah Shoshtari (d. 668 A.H), Andalusian famous poet and mystic, have a different and special structure and style. He has expressed mystical contents in the forms of Zajal and Muwashaah which are the traditional forms of oral strophic poetry. In comparison with Arabic classic poetry, his poems have a different structure; they are in a colloquial dialect, therefore, they are welcomed by the public. Indeed, he has composed the mystical poems, not for mystics, but for the general public. The aim of the present article is to review the innovations of Shoshtari in the mystical poetry. So, first we consider his place in mysticism and Arabic literature, and then, his mystical, simple and uncomplicated poems which have been composed in a colloquial dialect, would be examined. And finally, we study the forms of Zajal and Muwashaah, and then the sample poems of him are presented. Manuscript profile

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369 - 'Unity of Being' in the Thoughts of Jāmi and Shabestari: A Comparative Analysis
Batool Mahdavi Shahlā Khalilollāhi Monireh Eidi

The present article attempts to compare the idea of 'unity of Being' in the thoughts of Ibn Arabi, Jāmi and Shabestari. Ibn Arabi has a key role in formation this idea. Among the poets and writers of 7th and 8th A.H. centuries, Jāmi and Shabestari played an important ro More

The present article attempts to compare the idea of 'unity of Being' in the thoughts of Ibn Arabi, Jāmi and Shabestari. Ibn Arabi has a key role in formation this idea. Among the poets and writers of 7th and 8th A.H. centuries, Jāmi and Shabestari played an important role in enforcing and developing the ideas of Ibn Arabi. Like Ibn Arabi, they believe that there is nothing in the universe other than the Truth (God) and all of the pluralities are the different manifestation of God. The present research shows that Jāmi and Shabestari, like Ibn Arabi, believe that all things are manifested in God; they use rhetorical mediums like sea and its manifestations, number, mirror and light, and glow of light through the colorful mirrors for explaining the idea of 'unity of Being'. Manuscript profile

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370 - Evaluation of Sound Channel usage in Tsunami Alarm System in Makran Sea
A. Mohseni Araste K. Lari

In this project it was focused on a method which used sound channel to receive underwater seismo signals. After the discovery of sound channel existence in Arabian Sea and Makran Sea, all the sea water physical parameters data and the possibility of their variations cau More

In this project it was focused on a method which used sound channel to receive underwater seismo signals. After the discovery of sound channel existence in Arabian Sea and Makran Sea, all the sea water physical parameters data and the possibility of their variations caused by wind, surface currents, internal currents, sedimentations, etc. were analyzed, following which, the seismo acoustics transmission in sound channel was studied. Furthermore time travel of a sound signal was calculated and compared with a tsunami wave time travel. Research method was based on the study of sound channel formation with regards to sea water physical parameters variations, change in mixed layer formation and evaluation of SOFAR cline with changes in mixed layer cline. Results showed that we can use underwater sound channels to trace underwater seismo acoustics in these regions. Travel time of this sound was one seventh of a tsunami wave travel time. Manuscript profile

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371 - Analysis of intertextual theory in the field of Arabic literary criticism, translations provided from it and introduction of elders in this Field
sajad arabi hamidreza gholami

The concept of intertextuality was introduced in 1982 by Siza Qasim in an article called “Paradoxical view in contemporary Arabic stories” in the discourse of  contemporary Arabic criticism. This theory was accom pained by different reactions from Arab More

The concept of intertextuality was introduced in 1982 by Siza Qasim in an article called “Paradoxical view in contemporary Arabic stories” in the discourse of  contemporary Arabic criticism. This theory was accom pained by different reactions from Arab critics and they have provided different translation of it, and have different views and same have theorized about this and they raised view that had hot been raised in this field until then.In the present study, an attempt is made to study and analyze intertextual theory in the field of Arabic literary criticism by descriptive-analytical method, and to examine the most important efforts and works of authors in this field in the Arab world. The results show that the efforts of contemporary Arab critics on intertextuality have taken two trends so far which are: The first is to refer to the field of ancient criticism and adapt this theory to the critical heritage, and the second is to suffice with the new form of intertextual theory without referring to the ancient heritage of literary criticism.Contemporary Arab critics have made great strides in both practical and theoretical terms, Their efforts and achievements in this field and other new theories show this. Manuscript profile

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372 - Conceptual metaphor of anger in Sange-Sabour, Sound and Fury and Miramar
nasrin Mahmoudi Barmasi maryam Iraji Jinuss Shirvan

This article is a descriptive-analytical research based on conceptual metaphor theory (CMT), which studies the conceptual metaphors of the field of anger in three fictional works of Sange Sabour (Persian), Sound and Fury (English) and Miramar (Arabic). The findings of t More

This article is a descriptive-analytical research based on conceptual metaphor theory (CMT), which studies the conceptual metaphors of the field of anger in three fictional works of Sange Sabour (Persian), Sound and Fury (English) and Miramar (Arabic). The findings of the research show that one of the most frequent source domains that all three authors have used to express the abstract concept of anger is the specific metaphor "ANGER IS AN OBJECT / TOOL". Of course, just by having one common source domain, it is not possible to strongly emphasize the universality of conceptual metaphors, and the existing differences indicate culture-specificity of these specific metaphors.But in relation to Generic- level metaphors in these stories, it was found that all three writers, Sadegh Chubak, William Faulkner, and Najib Mahfouz, have benefited the most from the Generic- level metaphor "EMOTIONS ARE OBJECT" in the field of anger, and it can be said that at the Generic- level of metaphors, The universality of metaphors can be confirmed. Manuscript profile

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373 - Descriptive-analytical study of political commitment in the poetry of Izz al-Din Mahyoubi relying on the court of Gharabin Lilmilad Al-Fajr
Hamze Ahmed Osman Masoud Bavan Puri Narges Lorestani Hadiseh Motevalli

Palestine problem is a global problem which has had a special manifestation in the contemporary poetry and people suffering pain of the bitter colonization and occupation around the world, have paid special attention to it. Libertarians and freedom fighters from differe More

Palestine problem is a global problem which has had a special manifestation in the contemporary poetry and people suffering pain of the bitter colonization and occupation around the world, have paid special attention to it. Libertarians and freedom fighters from different countries and with different languages have spoken about the oppression and persecution of the usurpers of the olive land and have protested against it. Algerian poets, who have tasted the bitterness of colonialism themselves, have paid special attention to Palestine in their poems. Izz al-Din Mahyoubi is one of these poets whom various aspects of Palestine Issue could be observed in his poems. He has considered critically the Palestinian children martyrdom is. He considers Qods as his own homeland and has always considered the children sling martyrs alive. Using descriptive-analytical approach, this paper attempt to explain and analyze the poems of this Algerian poet on Palestine and his commitment on it by reviewing Court "Gharabin Lilmilad Al-Fajr"  . Manuscript profile

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374 - The kinds of symbol in Arabic Contemporary Poetry
Baqer Qorbani Zarin

The Symbol has been discussed in Arabic Literature from a long time ago. Even some poems written by Imru’ al-Qays and Zuhayr are considered symbolic. In Arabic literature, this concept appeared after emerging the Symbolism school in France. Mane poets and writers More

The Symbol has been discussed in Arabic Literature from a long time ago. Even some poems written by Imru’ al-Qays and Zuhayr are considered symbolic. In Arabic literature, this concept appeared after emerging the Symbolism school in France. Mane poets and writers welcomed this school and filled their work with different symbols. The varieties of these cases are so much, so we can fill a lot of papers and volumes with. Hence, in this essay we’ll just investigate the Symbolism in Arabic Contemporary Literature. Even in this case, gathering all related materials spends a lot of time; therefore, only prominent instances of Symbolism in Contemporary Arabic poetry have been analyzed. Symbol analysis has major effect on stating poems’ contents and themes; if the ‘Symbol’ won’t be identified and interpreted correctly, the poem’s whole content would be incomprehensible. For presenting the Symbolism generally, it hasn’t sufficed to a single country’s poets; and by dividing symbols, which was for the first time in this way, it was attempt to draw an overall image about symbolism in Arabic Contemporary Literature. Manuscript profile

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375 - Aesthetic study of Qoranic vocabularies on the subject of personification in Arabic and Persian Literature.
Hosein Ghadami

In rhetorical studies by focusing on rhetorical knowledge which is a miraculous aspect, in divine verses is an organizer element and is very impressive to convey the meanings to the audiences. The beauty of these vocabularies come from personified and humanized words wi More

In rhetorical studies by focusing on rhetorical knowledge which is a miraculous aspect, in divine verses is an organizer element and is very impressive to convey the meanings to the audiences. The beauty of these vocabularies come from personified and humanized words with pleasure of hearing melodies, enjoyment of intelligence and ear, emotional joy and suitability of verses in psychological verses. In such expression divine vocabularies arrange themselves by personifying and making creatures wise. And in addition to their aesthetic rhetorical expressions, they appear in weaving art, too. This unknown late-named literary term rely on achievements and works of great rhetoricians and by working on contemporary rhetorical culture gets new name, personification. Its background goes before revelation of Qoran. And it shows itself more in divine verses and become a subject for Persian and Arabic Literature. This topic is the continuation of rhetoricians’ discussions about metaphor and it is completely different from animism. Because recognizing the participations of word in personification, by making the meanings clear is achievable. It has rational satisfaction and has effect on emotion and sentiment. This article with humility and respect tries to present the aesthetic inspired words in art and personification respectfully to friends. Manuscript profile

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376 - The manifestation of contemplation poetry of Ilia Abu Mazi in view of religious instructions in elegiace poem of Talasem
Farhad Divsalar Zahra Shahbazi

The contemplation poetry is nowdays considearbl as one of the important poetic schools especially in Arabic literature, which has lots of influence in modern Arabic literature. In this type of literature, the poet try to challenge thought via talent and elegance. Ilia More

The contemplation poetry is nowdays considearbl as one of the important poetic schools especially in Arabic literature, which has lots of influence in modern Arabic literature. In this type of literature, the poet try to challenge thought via talent and elegance. Ilia Abu Mazi is one of the best representatives of contemplations poetry and the field of his thought and questions are very different and variable. In present investigation, we decide to reflect and manifest parts of thinking backgrounds and deliberations of the profound deep-sighting immigrant Ilia Abu Mazi. We try to focuse on one of the most important elegiace poem of Ilia Abu mazi (Talasem) in view of religious instructions in order to answer for his questions using Qoran. Manuscript profile

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377 - Review common and Antithetical Weasel interpretation of Al-tebyan from Sheikh Tusi
Fatemeh Rahmat

In any language the general rule is based on this state that each word only impose for one meaning. In other word, for a meaning only one word must exist. But sometimes some conditions and opportunities creates in language which causes implication of various words on on More

In any language the general rule is based on this state that each word only impose for one meaning. In other word, for a meaning only one word must exist. But sometimes some conditions and opportunities creates in language which causes implication of various words on one meaning or implication of one word on various meanings, it means verbal sharing. The viewpoints of Arab linguists in the past and in new centuries and existing of different opinions in acceptance or denying of verbal sharing, make this discussion suitable for research and study. Doubtlessly, recognizing discussion about verbal sharing  in linguistic and considering opinions of linguists in the past and p Manuscript profile

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378 - Mind and Reality in Farabi's philosophy
Mahdi Abbaszadeh

The discussion of mind and reality and the relation between the two, apart from its prevalence in earlier philosophy, especially Islamic philosophy, is also one of the new debates in philosophy and epistemology. In the present article, below the debate, we will deal wit More

The discussion of mind and reality and the relation between the two, apart from its prevalence in earlier philosophy, especially Islamic philosophy, is also one of the new debates in philosophy and epistemology. In the present article, below the debate, we will deal with the key issues such as intentionality, the relation between mind and reality, and ultimately the secondary concepts from Farabi’s perspective. Farabi in his various works and texts has been more or less consider to the discussion of the above issues. From his works and texts can be deduced that in his discussion of intentionality, he views knowledge (mind) as belonging to reality; he also gives a considerable explanation of the relation between mind and reality or , in another words, knower and known; And for the first time in Islamic philosophy, he has considered secondary concepts and has clearly distinguished them from primary concepts, though he has not been deal with philosophical secondary concepts which fills the void of mind and reality. Farabi has been preparing in these discussions, and from this point, influencing later Islamic philosophers such as Ibn-e Sina, Nasir ul-Din Tusi, and Sadr ul-Mutaallehin. Manuscript profile

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379 - William Chittick's Epistemological Studies In Mystical literature
Massoumeh Naghdebishi Mohammad Taghi Faali hadi vakili

 The epistemological study of the propositions of mystical literature such as Rumi and Ibn Arabi’s Sufism as William Chittick understood, has been considered in this paper. "Research" and "imitation" are two cognitive strategies that have left their effect in More

 The epistemological study of the propositions of mystical literature such as Rumi and Ibn Arabi’s Sufism as William Chittick understood, has been considered in this paper. "Research" and "imitation" are two cognitive strategies that have left their effect in earlier and later texts and have also been discussed in contemporary epistemology. The field is influenced by these two intellectual and narrative sciences, which have attracted the attention of scholars like William Chittick, and each one has its own appropriate method. This descriptive-analytical report shows that Chittick, in a paradoxical way, justifies the imitation in all the cognitions he acquires and the most rational stream of imitation, which is obedience to God. He tries to use the Islamic literary and mystical heritage to revive the intellectual tradition, and as a critique of modern epistemology, he points to the lack of cognition and existence, from Rumi’s view which is trapped in imitation and in the teachings of Ibn Arabi also make imitation an inevitable issue in the process of cognition and considering only God and open the way for creative thinking and reasoning. Although Chittick's opinions can be criticized in this regard as well as in the criticism of modernity, and some of them have been discussed in this article. Manuscript profile

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380 - The Epistemology of Revelation Regarding a Dream or a Revelation According to Farabi and Ibn Arabi’s Approach
Leila Mirzakhani Abdorreza Mazaheri bakhshali ghanbari

God speaking with the messenger and the quality of revelation received has been the vital problem for theologians and philosophers during the Islamic history. Islamic thinkers such as Farabi and Ibn Arabi have encountered this issue through what vision and form can be s More

God speaking with the messenger and the quality of revelation received has been the vital problem for theologians and philosophers during the Islamic history. Islamic thinkers such as Farabi and Ibn Arabi have encountered this issue through what vision and form can be sent to the Prophet. Can other people except messengers like philosophers or mystics achieve that or not? If so, what are the differences between them and the prophet? Farabi has used his imagination to solve this problem. It can play the role of intermediate to make the relationship between simple and immaterial God and the prophet who is living in change and time, acceptable.  That is why some contemporary scholars interpreted the revelation as a dream. Ibn Arabi criticized Farabi’s thought, he has mentioned that the imagination is beyond the reason which is in need of senses, memory and rational faculty which is subjected to the error. Since Farabi’s approach may be considered by certain philosophers, it has its own importance. Ibn Arabi’s answers are the modern discussion which has not been presented by any one so far. As a result, it should be said that considering the revelation as an imaginative phenomenon is a sort of reductionism which has descended it to the level of unveiling and intuition.   The koranic words considered as existence will be reduced to human words. While the revelation is allusion and human words are the passage. Manuscript profile

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381 - Epistemological elements of imagination in Ibn Al Arabi's Sufism
Fatemeh Mortaji Mehdi Najafi afra

Imagination has lied in the horizon beyond the reason, continuous imagination as an important epistemological instrument can achieve some facts which is not available for the reason. However, the discontinuous imagination has embraced the all creatures. It is the comple More

Imagination has lied in the horizon beyond the reason, continuous imagination as an important epistemological instrument can achieve some facts which is not available for the reason. However, the discontinuous imagination has embraced the all creatures. It is the complete corresponding to the being except the God, without imagination the God and His words cannot be understood precisely and the universe in its totality as well. Imagination is identified with the heart which can obtain the intuitions and direct knowledge. Reason has its own static and fixed principles which can achieve the God’s incomparable aspects. But the imagination is constantly in transforming as same as the universe. Imaginary knowledge opens up and in constant motion as well as the life and cosmos which does not lead to a final point of view and Idea. Ibn Al Arabi’s Imagination has been neglected by the philosophers and then they have been prevented from many facts epistemologically and ontologically. This research has tried to evaluate the importance of the imagination in epistemology and ontology by the analytical methods. Manuscript profile

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382 - A Comparative Study of Iranian-Saudi Foreign Policy in Yemen and Syria Crisis Based on Cubic Crisis Model
farzad jahanbein محمدجواد javad

Syria and Yemen are now active focal points of unrest in the West Asian region, and Iran and Saudi Arabia are the most prominent actors in the crisis. An important issue for understanding and managing these two models. The country is in control of developments. The pres More

Syria and Yemen are now active focal points of unrest in the West Asian region, and Iran and Saudi Arabia are the most prominent actors in the crisis. An important issue for understanding and managing these two models. The country is in control of developments. The present study seeks to answer the question of how the crisis in Iran and Saudi Arabia is perceived in terms of the crisis in Syria and Yemen and how they have managed the developments in these countries. The region is Iran's influence and Yemen is Saudi Arabia's backyard, so according to the three main components of the crisis, namely threat, time and awareness, the two countries differ in their perceptions of these crises. Iran is in an acute and threatening situation at point 'A', but the Yemeni crisis is due to the geographical distance from the direct line. The axis of resistance and the lower threat level for Iran is at the "C" point of the cube. On the other hand, Saudi Arabia considers the Syrian crisis an opportunity, so it is at the "C" point, the Yemeni crisis One of the most acute and threatening issues for Saudi Arabia is at point "A". Research findings indicate that Saudi Arabia and Iran's foreign policy is in sharp conflict with the Syrian and Yemeni crises; . Manuscript profile

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383 - Persian Gulf Arab Lobbies in the United States:Mechanisms and Goals
Alireza Madadi Hossein karimifard lena abdoulkhane Shiva Jalalpour

The decentralized and pluralistic nature of power in the United States has allowed for a diverse and influential role for a diverse range of ethnic lobbies.Meanwhile, the Arabs of the southern Gulf have focused on lobbying as a reliable foreign policy tool and influenci More

The decentralized and pluralistic nature of power in the United States has allowed for a diverse and influential role for a diverse range of ethnic lobbies.Meanwhile, the Arabs of the southern Gulf have focused on lobbying as a reliable foreign policy tool and influencing US decision-making and policy-making.The scope and dimensions of lobbying and lobbying have increased significantly in recent years.In this connection, the main question of this study is: "What mechanisms and goals have been pursued by the Arab Gulf lobbies in the Persian Gulf since its inception?The findings of the paper suggest that the Arab Gulf lobbies of pluralistic trends and mechanisms such as embassies, foreign-registered lobbyists, individual lobbyists, oil companies, and sponsoring American thought toward goals such as Two-States solution their economic goals and interests, have been confronted with negative agendas, against positive portrayal of themselves, and ultimately with Iran.The present study is a descriptive-analytical one And information collection has also been done in a library-style way and through online resources. Manuscript profile

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384 - Foreign policy strategy of Mohammed bin Salman and its security requirements for Iran
Omid Azizyan Hossein Rafie Ali Akbar Jafari

After entering the power system in Saudi Arabia, Mohammed bin Salman, made great changes to the Saudi foreign policy strategy. By leaving the traditional strategy of defensive policy, he conducts an offensive strategy against Iran and the middle east and north Africa re More

After entering the power system in Saudi Arabia, Mohammed bin Salman, made great changes to the Saudi foreign policy strategy. By leaving the traditional strategy of defensive policy, he conducts an offensive strategy against Iran and the middle east and north Africa regions. Meanwhile, changing the coalition patterns in the region in the form of alliance with Israel, the NATO plan and trying to retain American military in the region has threatened national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, the present study aims to answer the question of what requirements the foreign policy strategy of Mohammad bin Salman in the region has created for the foreign policy and national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran? In this paper, "the security of the Copenhagen school" and "aggressive constructivism" have been used as a theoretical framework. Research methodology and data collecting are descriptive-analytical and library-documentary approaches. The findings indicate that the increasing closeness of Saudi to Israel, trying to create an Arab front along with Egypt and the United Arab Emirates, Riyadh 's attempt to move closer to the United States and bring this country to a wide contrast with Iran, has touched Iran 's national security at two levels of confrontation and detente. Manuscript profile

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385 - Examining Saudi Arabia's position in US foreign policy regarding Iran's anti-hegemonic role.
sajad hasani arsalan ghorbani-e sheikhneshin Hassan Khodaverdi Garineh Keshishyan Siraki

The governing structure of the international system and, consequently, the Middle East order, which is influenced by the arrangement, competition, and interaction of regional actors and interregional intervening powers, have particular effects and consequences on the re More

The governing structure of the international system and, consequently, the Middle East order, which is influenced by the arrangement, competition, and interaction of regional actors and interregional intervening powers, have particular effects and consequences on the relations of actors in the Middle East. Organizes the surface of regular areas. The relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia and the patterns of interaction and friendship-enmity between the two countries are also a function of the formulations of the structure of the international system and the order of the Middle East. The question of the present article is that what effect does the anti-hegemonic emergence of the Islamic Republic of Iran have on the position of Saudi Arabia in US policy (considering the superior role of the US in the structure of the international system) in the West Asian region? Findings of the article Using neo-realist theoretical propositions show that Washington, in the context of its superior role in the structure of the international system, uses Riyadh as a geopolitical, geostrategic and geocultural weight to maintain balance. It looks at regional forces and countering the emergence and expansion of anti-hegemonic powers such as Iran. This article has been done through qualitative-interpretive method and inference of information through existing documents with descriptive-analytical approach and case information. The need has also been collected by taking methods from available and available sources, including: books, articles in domestic scientific research quarterly and foreign articles, reputable sites and Internet resources, and so on. Manuscript profile

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386 - Impacts of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 Programme on Foreign Policy Islamic Republic of Iran
Majid Abdollahi mohammadreza ghaedi maryam moradi

The influence of the foreign policy of any country on the actions and plans of other countries can move in positive or negative dimensions and show the behavior of governments in relation to each other. conciliatory or confrontational.In the Middle East region, we see d More

The influence of the foreign policy of any country on the actions and plans of other countries can move in positive or negative dimensions and show the behavior of governments in relation to each other. conciliatory or confrontational.In the Middle East region, we see different types of behavior and approaches in the foreign policy of the governments of this region. The plans that governments in this region are pursuing for development will affect foreign policy. The Saudi government has developed a Vision 2030 plan since 2016 in line with intra-country development measures and consequently to develop relations with its neighbors, as well as promote relations globally. So what is the main purpose of this article is to explain the effects of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 program on foreign policy.A.It's Iran. To investigate this objective, the research method is descriptive-analytical, which is compiled by the library method and the use of internet sites, the findings in question. The main question posed is the role of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 programme on foreign policy C.A.How is Iran? In this paper, the theoretical approach is to the theory of international regimes. The results of the research findings show that Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 program is based on the foreign policy approach of C.A.Iran and Saudi Arabia on foreign policy C.A.Iran is influential and foreign relations between both countries are affected by the program. Manuscript profile

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387 - Explaining the change and continuity of Saudi Arabia's foreign policy approach towards Yemen; The role and impact of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Alireza Mohammadinigjeh Hossain Daheshiar nozar shafiee

Abstract With the onset of what is known as the Arab Spring, it was inevitable for Iran and Saudi Arabia to play a role. These two important countries in the region took completely different positions regarding the current developments in the crisis-affected countries, More

Abstract With the onset of what is known as the Arab Spring, it was inevitable for Iran and Saudi Arabia to play a role. These two important countries in the region took completely different positions regarding the current developments in the crisis-affected countries, including Yemen. After Iran's support for Ansarullah, Saudi Arabia launched a military attack on Yemen in April 2014. After 6 years of war, Saudi Arabia shifted towards engaging in political dialogue with the Yemeni side. The main issue of this article is why this change occurred. In response to this problem, using the explanatory-analytical method, it is argued that factors at three levels of analysis - domestic (Saudi Arabia), regional, and international - led to the Saudi military attack on Yemen and subsequent changes at these three levels. It is mentioned that this caused Saudi Arabia to opt for diplomacy. Meanwhile, Iran's role is examined at the regional level of analysis. Manuscript profile

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388 - Russia's Middle East Policy and Conflict Management Tehran-Riyadh Relations
Reza Ekhtiari Hossein Rafie Atieh Bulbul Amiri

With the rise of Russian nationalists and Eurasianists, the Middle East has become strategically important in Russia's regional and global calculations. In this context, the development of relations with key actors in the Middle East subsystem, such as the Islamic Repub More

With the rise of Russian nationalists and Eurasianists, the Middle East has become strategically important in Russia's regional and global calculations. In this context, the development of relations with key actors in the Middle East subsystem, such as the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia, has been one of Russia's foreign policy priorities. But Tehran and Riyadh are pursuing conflicting interests in the region, which poses a challenge to Russia's diplomatic apparatus. Given this issue, the research question is based on how Russia, while maintaining relations with Tehran and Riyadh, has managed the conflict in their relations in line with its regional interests? The hypothesis of the article is based on the fact that Russia has tried to establish independent relations with both countries simultaneously based on a completely realistic and pragmatic approach, in order to serve its regional as well as global interests. The research method is analytical-explanatory and the theoretical approach of realism has been used to explain the subject. Findings show that in relation to the issue of Iran's nuclear activities, regional influence and its presence in Syria, the confrontation of the Resistance Front with the Arab-Hebrew coalition and Iran's support for the Yemeni Houthis in the war With Saudi Arabia, Kremlin leaders ignored the Saudis' demands and instead pursued a policy of coordination with Tehran in the national interest. Manuscript profile

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389 - Influences of Arabic Spring and Color revolutions in Central Asia and the Caucasus
Habibollah Abolhassan Shirazi

Abstract Arabic uprisings which began from Tunisia and developed to Egypt, Morocco, Jordan, Libya, Syria, Yemen and Bahrain, there was some questions to mind that the uprising could spread to other parts of the world? Possibility of long-term instability into Eurasia in More

Abstract Arabic uprisings which began from Tunisia and developed to Egypt, Morocco, Jordan, Libya, Syria, Yemen and Bahrain, there was some questions to mind that the uprising could spread to other parts of the world? Possibility of long-term instability into Eurasia in general and in the Caucasus and Central Asia in particular have created serious concerns about the occurrence of similar uprisings against the political regimes in the region. Arabic uprisings leading to the establishment of authoritarian regimes and prevent their societies form any development conditions. There are some similarities between the communist societies of the Soviet Union and the Arabic societies such as widespread corruption, lack of atmosphere of competitive politics and the gap between rich and poor class. Appearance of some colored revolutions in the CIS countries have also considered as an unexpected event in the third millennium.   This paper attempts to answer these questions that why and how Arabic Spring happened? How we can analysis influences of Arabic Spring in Central Asia and the Caucasus? This paper also investigates the formation of color revolutions in the Eurasia, causes and factors which influenced in Georgia, Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan developments. Manuscript profile

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390 - The European Union’s Human Rights Policy towards Islamic Republic of‌ Iran and Saudi Arabia
زهرا الوندی داود کیانی

Abstract In recent decades, the important part of dominant soul of the relations between European Union-EU and other countries has been formed of the human rights subjects and problems. European Union, with the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, entered the respect conditions t More

Abstract In recent decades, the important part of dominant soul of the relations between European Union-EU and other countries has been formed of the human rights subjects and problems. European Union, with the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, entered the respect conditions to human rights for third world countries as essential element and also shows the high sensitive than to human rights subjects. Concerning the EU Relations with Islamic Republic of Iran and Southern States of Persian Gulf, it has always been truth. Current paper, reviews the European Union’s Human Rights Policy towards I.R. Iran and Saudi Arabia as Comparatively. This paper tries to analyze the violations of human rights standards, defined by European Union, towards Iran and Saudi Arabia and also reviews the effect of its behavior on foreign policy for European Union towards these two countries.   Key words: European Union, Human Rights Policy, Islamic Republic of Iran, Saudi Arabia.   Manuscript profile

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391 - Anatomy of Pink Revolution in Yemen and the Role of Saudi Arabia in Its Repression
Habibollah Abolhassan Shirazi Seyed Reza Mazlum

Abstract The emergence of colored revolutions in the Middle East countries was an unexpected event in the early years of the third era. The Yemeni Pink Revolution followed the initial stages of the Tunisian Yasmin Revolution and occurred simultaneously with the Egyptia More

Abstract The emergence of colored revolutions in the Middle East countries was an unexpected event in the early years of the third era. The Yemeni Pink Revolution followed the initial stages of the Tunisian Yasmin Revolution and occurred simultaneously with the Egyptian Lotus Revolution and other mass protests in the Middle East in early 2011. Protests in Yemen were initially escalated to calls for Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh to resign. For much of the year in 2011, demonstrators have been camped in a sprawling tent city near the university, in Sanaa, flying pinki banners and singing protest songs on a stage. But unity among the antigovernment forces- focusing solely on the goal of deposing Saleh- has splintered.  But during recent years, Saleh’s state used all possible instruments against protesters and with support of foreign countries has faced with crises such as war against Al-hosi shiites. Entering the field of military conflict with Shiite militant groups in nearly seven years, six full-scale war with the warriors Al-hosy have to deal with the uprising in the territories of southern Yemen and the dangers of intense activities of Wahhabism led to the growing of people's dissatisfaction with the political system in this country which created variables for challenging. Saudi Arabia trying to expand Wahhabi tradition in her country in order to repress the Shiites and deal with the Shiites in Bahrain, Saudi influence in fear lest they be.Saudi bombing in the Shiite areas in Yemen and doing a proxy war and interventionist policies on behalf the Arab Muslim countries such as Bahrainled military presence as "island shields" to calm the Bahraini Shiites to be.On the other hand, the economic objectives of America and Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council countries and the joint is aligned so that they are trying to suppress the revolution in Bahrain. The aim of this paper is to identify how the maturing of the revolution in this country, but Saudi cooperation with the help of American has tried to suppress it.   Manuscript profile

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392 - Political Islam and the West Asian Security Order
Jahanbakhsh Izadi Hamidreza Akbari

Abstract To draw Security horizon ofWest Asian region- after Arabic revolutions in 2011- it is imperative to analyze variables and important elements such as political Islam. On this basis, the main currents of political Islam and discourses of recent developments affec More

Abstract To draw Security horizon ofWest Asian region- after Arabic revolutions in 2011- it is imperative to analyze variables and important elements such as political Islam. On this basis, the main currents of political Islam and discourses of recent developments affecting the region. In this context, the Islamists behavior can be studied in three main categories: 1. extremism and violence in the Middle East, with the advent of emerging trends Takfiri like ISIL. 2. Inability to maintain power and sovereignty by the genuine political Islam movements like the Muslim Brotherhood. 3. Change activism in the resistance movement. The situation of West Asian region is in a period full of tension and chaos with war, Violence and religious and ethnic division’s experiences.The main question is what is the position of political Islam in the development of security order in the Middle East? This article attempts to explore by exploring trends, driving forces and scenarios of political Islam and Islamic movements, and their role in shaping the regional security order in Middle East. Manuscript profile

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393 - Impact of Insecurity on Development of Neoterrorism in the Middle East An Approach to Iran and Saudi Arabia
Amir Heshmati Alireza Rezaei

DOR:20.1001.1.24234974.1398.12.45.3.4

Abstract Over the recent years, expansion of neo-terrorist groups in the Middle East has shaped a wave of various security threats in the area. Although credible news has been published on downfall and destruction of organizational and logistical cores of these groups i More

Abstract Over the recent years, expansion of neo-terrorist groups in the Middle East has shaped a wave of various security threats in the area. Although credible news has been published on downfall and destruction of organizational and logistical cores of these groups in Iraq and Syria, there are valid documents suggesting that scattered actions still continue by currents depended on ISIS. Various researches were carried out focusing on root causes of development of neo-terrorism and several measures were taken to confront terrorist acts. Nevertheless, at regional level, there is no effective experiment available on investigations and measures taken to identify the nature of insecurity. This is a qualitative research conducted with descriptive-analytic approach aimed at finding how did identity insecurity of Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia influence the development of neo-terrorism in the Middle East? According to the researcher, unrestrained prevention of biographic narration by Iran and Saudi Arabia , added to creating identity insecurity for both countries, triggered or exacerbated the anxiety caused by shame in credence and regional behavior of these actors, prevented earning honor policy, and in an unplanned manner, led to development of neo-terrorism in the region. Manuscript profile

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394 - Constructivism analysis of Turkish new foreign policy and competition with the Islamic Republic of Iran
Mohammadmansour Azimzadeh Hossein Masoudnia Javad Emamjomezadeh

Abstract: By Turkey's Islamists coming to power in 2002 and the victory of Justice and Development Party, a model of foreign policy making has been formed by political leaders of this country titled "Neo-Ottomanism". Components ruling this policy-making were "zeroing pr More

Abstract: By Turkey's Islamists coming to power in 2002 and the victory of Justice and Development Party, a model of foreign policy making has been formed by political leaders of this country titled "Neo-Ottomanism". Components ruling this policy-making were "zeroing problems with neighbors" on one hand, and efforts to provide new face of Muslim Turkey as "model of democracy, freedom and human rights" in Middle East and other peripheral regions of this country. The aim of Neo-Ottomanism was revival of the cultural, political, economic and even military influence of the country on regions that were considered part of Ottoman Empire in near historical past. Adopting and persuasion of this policy led to increase in influence of this country in Middle East, especially in Arabic revolutions and faces Iranian traditional and strategic areas and interests in Middle East to create major issues in bilateral relations of two countries. Investigation of why and how this meeting of interests that are mainly affected by foreign policy of Neo-Ottomanism of Turkey is the aim of this study. The research findings gathered by cross-sectional study, and using library resources and documents in constructivism theory suggest that the norms and identity of Turkey's Islamist government policy makers are in conflict with Iranian policymakers, so, it is observed that Turkey's Neo-Ottomanism would meet of interests between the two countries in the Middle East. Manuscript profile

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395 - Power Vacuum and it's Impacts on the Middle East Security
Mokhtar Salehi Rahman Zare

Situation of Middle East's Security is being Complex, Uncertain and Ambiguous. Notwithstanding, there are many Reasons that have Created this Situation, the Great Power Vacuum in Middle East has an Important Role in the Region's Instability. the Main Subject of this Ess More

Situation of Middle East's Security is being Complex, Uncertain and Ambiguous. Notwithstanding, there are many Reasons that have Created this Situation, the Great Power Vacuum in Middle East has an Important Role in the Region's Instability. the Main Subject of this Essay is what Does the Power Vacuum Has Impacted on the Middle East Security? Hypothetically, the Influence of United States in the Middle East Specially in the Era of Obama's Presidency has been Reduced and Simultaneously the Main Actors in the Region Such as Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia tries to increase their Powers and Influences in the Region. With According to this Situation, there isn't Great Power as a Regulator in the Region and its leads to the Divergent Situation in the Middle East. Reduction of Insecurity and Promote of Stability in the Region Are Depend on Cooperation Among Middle East Countries for Achieving Regional Sustainable Security. Theoretically, this Paper is Based on the Offensive Realism. Methodologically, in this Essay We Use Descriptive, Analytical and Explanatory Methods. Manuscript profile

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396 - Reviewing Saudi Interactions with the Human Rights Council
Abbasali Talebi Reza Jalali Amir Sajedi

Abstract Following the establishment of the Human Rights Council in March 2006, the human rights situation in Saudi Arabia has been considered by many in this institution. Given the widespread, qualified and sensitive nature of the Council's abuses of human rights abus More

Abstract Following the establishment of the Human Rights Council in March 2006, the human rights situation in Saudi Arabia has been considered by many in this institution. Given the widespread, qualified and sensitive nature of the Council's abuses of human rights abuses in Saudi Arabia, the question was raised about the mechanisms of monitoring and mechanisms How did the council work on how Al Saud behaved toward respect for women's rights within national borders and how far Saudi Arabia has been in line with the idea of universal human rights and what has changed? In response to the above question, it has been suggested that it seems that the monitoring mechanisms and executive mechanisms of the Saudi Human Rights Council have required reforms and compliance with human rights requirements. Research findings show firstly that country recommendations Regarding periodic reports and appointment of special reporters, there has been a greater impact on the promotion of the status of women's rights, and secondly, the traditional context in which the ideas and ideas of people and community officials were conceived and seriously violated the rights of women is under reconstruction. Thirdly, the women's efforts and their alignment with the pressures of the Human Rights Council and the media it has been the founder of a new order, which is characterized by a change in the gender system. Manuscript profile

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397 - The evolution of military-economic relations between the United States and Saudi Arabia, 1943- 2019
morteza karimi mohammadjavad aghajeri mohammad mojaver sheykhan

Washington-Riyadh Defense Cooperation has a long history. Relations between Saudi Arabia and the United States have two different goals. The most important goal of the Saudi government to strengthen its relationship with the United States is "security," calling for Wash More

Washington-Riyadh Defense Cooperation has a long history. Relations between Saudi Arabia and the United States have two different goals. The most important goal of the Saudi government to strengthen its relationship with the United States is "security," calling for Washington to support Al Saud in Saudi Arabia and at the level of the West Asian region, but the United States continues to have a relationship with Saudi Arabia, in addition to its defense From the Zionist regime, he pursues most of the "economic" goals. This article looks at the causes of the evolution of this collaboration. The authors are trying to show that the defense cooperation between the two countries was essentially due to the formation of a patron-to-follow relationship between them in the 1940s and then to the development of this relationship in the decades to come. In fact, what we are seeing is that, with the deepening and expansion of the patronage relationship between Saudi Arabia and the United States during the period under review, military cooperation between them has seen considerable quantitative and qualitative growth so that at this time of Saudi Arabia after Israel and Pahlavi Iran became the third US military partner in the Middle East. The important question is, how does the United States play a major role for Saudi Arabia in the Middle East? The hypothesis is that the United States is not only providing weapons, military training, and building military infrastructure for Saudi Arabia, but also defining its defense strategy. As a result, the United States has played a major role in the formation and modernization of Saudi military forces. Manuscript profile

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398 - Russian Foreign Policy in the Middle East
Mohammad Sohrabi

Appearance of Revolutions in North Africa and its exposure to the Middle East has led to regional and trans-regional actors to adopt different approaches to the Middle East region. Russia, as a trans-regional actor in the history of the region dates back to the Tsars wh More

Appearance of Revolutions in North Africa and its exposure to the Middle East has led to regional and trans-regional actors to adopt different approaches to the Middle East region. Russia, as a trans-regional actor in the history of the region dates back to the Tsars which during the uprising has changed its approach to the region and in each of the countries has risen due to the benefits of its instruments, has adopted a different policy. Middle East and focus on the various issues, one of the important issues to Moscow, especially in the second term of Putin presidency, have paid much attention to it. Top diplomatic traffic between the Middle East to Moscow and back, it reflects the kind of mobility in Russia's Middle East policy is different from past decades. It seems that in the wake of developments since September 11, 2001, and particularly in America's military efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq that led to the proliferation of religious fundamentalism and anti-American sentiment in the Middle East, Russia has a greater interest among state and local communities, governments and the public have been mentioned, a situation of this country, it thinks itself to welcome advantage. The paper suggests that the popular uprisings in the Middle East as "Arabic revolutions" led the first Russian politics with the revolution in the form of cooperation with the West in advance but later due to concerns about increasing America's presence in the region and extend this process to Eurasia, policy trends and revolutionary opposition to support governments in the form of confrontation with the West followed. This paper considers Russia's approach to the popular uprisings and revolutions in the Middle East. Manuscript profile

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399 - Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran Strategy towards the Crisis in Yemen
Seyed Ali Nejat Raziyeh Musavi Mohammadreza Saremi

Abstract Relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran in the past years had turned cold with military attack on Yemen and Saudi Arabia accuse Iran of military and political support for the movement Ansar Allah, their opposition was procedural. Therefore, this essay is to ex More

Abstract Relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran in the past years had turned cold with military attack on Yemen and Saudi Arabia accuse Iran of military and political support for the movement Ansar Allah, their opposition was procedural. Therefore, this essay is to explain the strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia is responsible for the crisis in Yemen. In this regard, the author using descriptive - analytical and comparative approach, to answer the fundamental question that the Islamic Republic of Iran, Saudi Arabia and Yemen have adopted a strategy for the crisis? In response to the question of Saudi Arabia has tried to form a coalition and military intervention in Yemen, Ansar Allah movement from the political power and in line with the current arrangements in the power structure of Iran's influence in the new government of Yemen to prevent it. Iran's spiritual and political support for the movement Ansar Allah and the revolutionaries in Yemen has been trying to alter the balance of regional power to their advantage. The results of this suggest that competition and conflict of interests between Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran on the crisis in Yemen, has created a zero-sum game. Manuscript profile

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400 - Russia’s Balancing Behavior in Middle East: Case Study of Iran and Saudi Arabia (2012-2018)
Seyed Hasan Mirfakhraei

Abstract Considering the first signs of shaping of a new regional order in the Middle East since 2011, Russia has taken new approaches toward this critical region. The approaches which show regaining Moscow’s role in this area. However, due to the new complexitie More

Abstract Considering the first signs of shaping of a new regional order in the Middle East since 2011, Russia has taken new approaches toward this critical region. The approaches which show regaining Moscow’s role in this area. However, due to the new complexities, the current Middle East is basically different to the past. The states are more independent and inter-connections in various areas has led to shaping complicated fronts; that each of them requires particular patterns of relations between the players. These complexities caused emergence of an empirical balancing behavior by Moscow toward regional states. The behavior based on specific approaches such as direct military intervention, counter terrorism, shaping anti-West coalitions and following up international energy strategies. The main components of Russia's balancing behavior can be summarized in emphasis on functional dimensions, playing with all state actors, task division without confrontation and interaction with non-state actors. This approach has been adopted Russia’s relations with Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia, as two key regional actors with opposite and sometimes contradictory interests, and has resulted in well and balanced relations with the two countries. Manuscript profile

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401 - Impact of Wahhabi Influence in Pakistan onto Relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran
Hossein Rafie

The alliance of Wahhabi Sheikh and the Saudi Emir in the 18th century and its historical persistence caused the establishment of the Arabia government in the twentieth century and the Wahhabism becomes the official religion of this country. The Saudi government exploits More

The alliance of Wahhabi Sheikh and the Saudi Emir in the 18th century and its historical persistence caused the establishment of the Arabia government in the twentieth century and the Wahhabism becomes the official religion of this country. The Saudi government exploits the publicity and propaganda of this sect to attract the views of Wahhabi clergymen and as its influencing and diplomacy tool in Islamic countries. The oil wealth has provided the necessary funds in this area for Saudi government. Pakistan has also been apt to the influence of Saudi Wahhabism due to some grounds, the influence that can be exploited to limit the influence of rival Iran and disturb the relations of Iran and Pakistan. This paper aims to investigate the grounds and influence of Saudi Wahhabism in Pakistan and analyse the effect of this influence on the relations of Pakistan and Iran. In this way, by employing the analytical-descriptive method and benefiting the credible library based resources, this assumption is exposed to test that the religious similarities as well as economic and cultural poverty in Pakistan alongside the financial power and the publicity-educative centres under the control and influence of Arabia, have been the ground maker of birth and expansion of Wahhabi Salafism in Pakistan. Considering the serious conflict of this sect with Shiite religion, the Wahhabi Salafism enters the action from confrontation gate against Shiites and creating challenge in the relations of Pakistan and Shiite Iran. The research data confirms the research assumption of this article. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

402 - therolee of the foreeign policy discourse of the islamic revolution in the rreestablishment of relations beetween iran and saudi arabia
amirhossin mirahmadi Akbar Ashrafi Abolhassan shirazi reza jalali

The Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia, as two main and effective regional players, have played and will continue to play an influential role in the relations and geopolitical developments of the Persian Gulf. In the last decade and due to many political develop More

The Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia, as two main and effective regional players, have played and will continue to play an influential role in the relations and geopolitical developments of the Persian Gulf. In the last decade and due to many political developments, the relations between these two actors faced serious challenges and the tensions between them have played a destructive role in the region.The foreign policy discourse of the Islamic Republic of Iran, despite elements such as: culture of resistance, rejection of dominance, religious democracy and the spirit of martyrdom in its discourse, succeeded in bringing Saudi Arabia to the negotiating table and after nearly seven years of breaking relations and The pervasive and escalating tension will re-establish relations between the two regional powers.Using the method of discourse analysis and extraction of existing elements, in the foreign policy discourse of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the role of the aforementioned discourse in re-establishing the relationship between the two countries is investigated. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

403 - The Effect of Authorized Professional Judgment’s Application in Iran Accounting Standards on Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information
Hashem Nikomaram Mousa Bozorg Asl Mehdi Taghavi Ali Asghar Mahmoudzadeh

Financial statements have been considered as the most significant part for contributing the financial reporting process, assessing financial position, performance and flexibility of companies. In general, the field of activities of companies is very various and these ar More

Financial statements have been considered as the most significant part for contributing the financial reporting process, assessing financial position, performance and flexibility of companies. In general, the field of activities of companies is very various and these are always faced with so many economical events, so it is not possible to define some specific regulations for reporting those events. In this case, there is an emphasis for financial statements preparers to apply professional judgment in accounting standards. In this study, we are going to elaborate whether the application of professional judgment in Iran accounting standards will affect the quality of financial information such as comparability and reliability of them? And if accountants intend to change the financial information for his benefit, does the professional judgment let them to do that and work as an appropriate tool for their goals? For considering the subject of this research, we have used a combined design in order to measure the effects of financial statements preparers’ decisions on comparability and reliability of the information by using professional judgment. The empirical evidences have been collected to demonstrate whether the level of applied professional judgment in Iran accounting standards, can have any influence on comparability of financial statements. Findings of this research show that using professional judgment in accounting standards will decrease comparability of financial reporting. Empirical findings of this research show that the accountants which are put in an suitable circumstance for moral hazard in comparison to other people who are not in such situation, use their professional judgment to demonstrate better performance for their company and gain more benefits. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

404 - Comparability of Accounting, Quality of Financial Reporting and Pricing Efficiency of Optional Accruals
Farzaneh Nasirzadeh Seyed Mohsen Salehi Vaziri

10.30495/faar.2023.707967

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between accounting comparability and the quality of financial reporting and the pricing efficiency of discretionary accruals, taking the view that comparability improves the information environment and not only enhances the a More

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between accounting comparability and the quality of financial reporting and the pricing efficiency of discretionary accruals, taking the view that comparability improves the information environment and not only enhances the ability of managers to accurately assess liabilities, it also improves investors' understanding of commitments. The investigation companies included 71 companies during the years 2012 to 2019. In this study, Di Franco's (2011) model for accounting comparability, Kotari et al. (2005) and Kaznik's (1999) models for financial reporting quality, and McNichols' (2002) model for accruals were used. The findings showed that increasing the comparability of financial statements reduced the absolute value of accruals and the lower the amount, the higher the quality of financial reporting. Overall, the obtained results revealed that comparability is associated with higher quality financial reporting, as comparability improves the accrual estimation process and the ability to signal future performance. Further, it was concluded that accountability comparability has a negative relationship with the pricing efficiency of optional accruals. In other words, the higher comparability of financial statements in the previous year has increased the perception of users regarding the financial statements of pricing of accruals. Accordingly, the more negative the coefficient of the variable, the higher the understanding of investors. We also found that when comparability was greater, the investors did not respond so strongly to optional accruals. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

405 - Investigating the Effect of Accounting Comparability on Financial Reporting Quality and Tax Avoidance
Alireza Rahimi Ali Kiani

10.30495/faar.2024.709450

Abstract This study investigated the effect of accounting comparability on financial reporting quality and tax avoidance. Accounting comparability improves information environment. Increased financial reporting transparency caused by increased accounting comparability More

Abstract This study investigated the effect of accounting comparability on financial reporting quality and tax avoidance. Accounting comparability improves information environment. Increased financial reporting transparency caused by increased accounting comparability provides users a better understanding of the information content of financial reports, furthermore it reduces the opportunistic behaviour of managers. Meanwhile in reporting financial information for tax purposes transparent and comparable information plays an important role in in tax decisions.In this study by focusing on on an important aspect of financial reporting environment, that is accounting comparability, we are supposed to investigate the effects it could have on financial reporting quality and tax avoidance. To do so we have sampled out 110 companies listed with stock exchange. We have used multiple linear regression models to test the hypotheses. Our findings are indicative of positive relation between accounting comparability and financial reporting. the financial statement comparability as a governance mechanism prevents managers opportunistic behaviors including tax avoidance. quality as well as negative relation between accounting comparability and tax avoidance which are both in accordance with the hypotheses. based on the results of this study, when the quality of financial reporting, high and lower tax avoidance and tax avoidance, the capacity of accounting comparison improves the ability of users to identify similarities and differences between economic phenomena. As a result, consumers choose the best financial information that makes decisions more effective.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

406 - The arrival of the Arabic language in India and its reflection in the Middle East
Abolfath Momeni

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

407 - The Effect of Accounting Comparability on Financial Reporting Quality with Emphasis on Audit Quality
Zohreh Hajiha hasan chenari

10.30495/jdaa.2023.699869

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of comparing financial statements on the quality of financial reporting with emphasis on audit quality. It is argued that comparability increases the usefulness of accounting information and makes it possible t More

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of comparing financial statements on the quality of financial reporting with emphasis on audit quality. It is argued that comparability increases the usefulness of accounting information and makes it possible to identify similarities and differences between economic events for users of financial statements.For this purpose, information on the financial statements of 103 companies has been collected. Multivariate regression with panel data has been used to test the hypotheses.The findings of the research hypothesis test show that the comparability of financial statements enhances the quality of financial reporting, but the moderating role of audit quality is ineffective in this relationship.Managers' ability to evaluate the company's performance and predict future events and to provide information on reliable forward-looking estimates that can be used to report higher quality commitment items increases. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

408 - Corporate Social Responsibility and Compare Financial Statements
Babak Jamshidinavid Maryam Mansouri

10.30495/afi.2021.1927769.1019

Provision and presentation of quality information is a prerequisite for decision making by stakeholders of business units. One of the features of this information is having the ability to compare with other peer companies, as one of the quality features of this informat More

Provision and presentation of quality information is a prerequisite for decision making by stakeholders of business units. One of the features of this information is having the ability to compare with other peer companies, as one of the quality features of this information. Social responsibility can affect the qualitative characteristics of financial reporting. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between corporate social responsibility and the ability to compare financial statements as one of the most important features of financial reporting. To achieve the purpose of the study, the composite data of 114 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period 2010-2020 were analyzed using multivariate linear regression. Findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between corporate social responsibility and the ability to compare financial statements. Based on these findings, it can be said that social responsibility obliges company managers to adhere to their ethical commitments and provide accurate and quality information to their stakeholders. To do this, they use quality and similar standards and procedures that help reduce information asymmetries at the company level, employees, stakeholders, peer companies and even the capital market. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

409 - Investigating the effect of economic uncertainty on the relationship between comparability of financial statements and the stock price crash risk in Tehran Stock Exchange
Zeinab Rezaei fatemeh kiyani

10.30495/afi.2022.1944433.1061

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of economic uncertainty criteria on the relationship between the financial statement comparability and the stocks price crash risk in companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange. To measure stocks price crash risk, th More

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of economic uncertainty criteria on the relationship between the financial statement comparability and the stocks price crash risk in companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange. To measure stocks price crash risk, the criterion of negative stock skewness was used and to measure the economic uncertainty, three indicators of inflation rate changes, exchange rate changes and economic growth rate changes were used. For this purpose, data related to 119 companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange for the period from 2014 to 2020 have been analyzed. The research regression model has been investigated and tested using the panel data method with a random effects approach. The results showed that in conditions of economic uncertainty, stocks price crash risk increased and economic uncertainty criteria moderate the negative relationship between financial statement comparability and stocks price crash risk. In addition, the results showed that improving the quality of financial statement comparability facilitates investors’ access to some information not disclosed by company managers, and therefore managers' motivation to accumulate bad news is reduced, resulting in stocks price crash risk. The effect of the sudden release of bad news is reduced. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

410 - Studying the Origin and Roots of Some Farsi and Arabic Proverbs
Ya'ghoob Moghdimi

Abstract         A proverb is a kind of terse and well-known expression which has a cautionary story or event in itself. To understand the historical culture and manners of a nation, the proverbs are of basic matters which have seriou More

Abstract         A proverb is a kind of terse and well-known expression which has a cautionary story or event in itself. To understand the historical culture and manners of a nation, the proverbs are of basic matters which have serious values. Most of the proverbs, in addition to have real illustration of people's life, are the indications of mutual impact in the different ethnic cultures. Meanwhile, the effect of the Arabic and Persian cultures on each other, because of their contiguity, commercial relations, acceptance of Islam by Iranians, Arabs' dominance on great parts of Iran, is undeniable. We have selected some fairly important Arabic and Persian proverbs in this research and studied their themes, origin and their similarities and dissimilarities. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

411 - Studying the Grammatical Stance of the Qur'anic Verses and Arabic Poetry and Expressions in the " Nafsatol Masdoor "
Somayyeh Abbasi Nasab

Abstract           After Islam, because of close connection between the Arabic and Persian prose and poetry, there was much affectability in Persian works, especially from the Holy Qur'an, tradition and narratives. The Nafsa More

Abstract           After Islam, because of close connection between the Arabic and Persian prose and poetry, there was much affectability in Persian works, especially from the Holy Qur'an, tradition and narratives. The Nafsatol Masdoor from Shahaboddin Mohammad Zeidari Nassavi, is one of the Persian reliable history and one of the rhetoric masterpieces of technical prose. Of the prominent characteristics of this book is the usage of poetry, verse, tradition and Arabic parables that the author, by the method of writers of the 6th, 7th, and 8th centuries has adorned his prose with them and used by supplementary combination to emphasize and complement of incomplete meaning in Persian expressions, as the appositive sentence for simile and allegory , as an adverb, description and quality. One of the cases which has been highlighted in this research is the grammatical stance of the verses and Arabic expressions in the prose of this book which have been used as a complement column in the roles of attributed, object, added as attributed complement in the sentences. The writer has skillfully used the Qur'anic verses to beautify the atmosphere of sentences and also demonstrating the art of his authorship. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

412 - The Role of Arabic Language and Literature in the Transfer of Islamic Culture and Civilization to Andalusia
enayatolah fatehinejad mohammadhossein ashraf

The subject of this research is the expression of the role of Arabic language and literature in the transfer of Islamic culture and civilization to modern Spain (Islamic Andalusia). This mapping began since 92 AH, the beginning of the Muslim presence in this land, and l More

The subject of this research is the expression of the role of Arabic language and literature in the transfer of Islamic culture and civilization to modern Spain (Islamic Andalusia). This mapping began since 92 AH, the beginning of the Muslim presence in this land, and lasted for nearly 8 centuries. What was transferred to Andalusia as a heritage of Islamic culture and civilization during this period is in the form of written works and oral narrations, which are often translated into Arabic and its use requires the familiarity of Andalusians with this language. In this article, based on descriptive-analytical method, the main question has been what is the role of Arabic language as a bridge between Islamic culture and civilization in the East and Christian Spain in the West? According to the findings of this study, Islamic culture and civilization spread in Andalusia during the 8th century, especially in the first centuries of Islam, where almost all of its content could be transmitted in Arabic and only in this language. As a result, the Arabic language became important to both the people of Andalusia and the rulers for the transmission of religious teachings as well as the connection of Andalusians with the government. Subsequently, steps were taken to address the existing needs, such as the establishment of schools, libraries, and the transfer of scientific resources and scholars from the East to Andalusia. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

413 - Russia's ethics for the Syrian civil war and the US response
fatemeh sadat maloomi afshin zargar

The Syrian civil war, which has been the most important crisis in the Middle East over the past seven years, has turned the region into a rivalry and rivalry between regional and trans-national powers. The geographic extent of the conflict, the high volume of damage, th More

The Syrian civil war, which has been the most important crisis in the Middle East over the past seven years, has turned the region into a rivalry and rivalry between regional and trans-national powers. The geographic extent of the conflict, the high volume of damage, the occurrence of extreme violence and the direct and indirect presence The numerous international actors on the scene of operational battles have made the crisis one of the most unique examples of the past decade. The nature of international phenomena has shown that great powers in a multilateral structure, along with co-operation and competition, seek to stabilize the power equivalence in the international environment. Russia has been the main actor in Syria in recent years and has been the strongest player among foreign actors in Syria, but on the other side of the United States, with multiple instruments under the pretext of confronting ISIL's threat and preventing Iran from penetrating Syria in this crisis-affected country. Has played a role that has not been in line with the interests of Russia. In this way, there is a clear and secret opposition between Russia and the United States in Syria. In this article, we examine this contradiction. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

414 - A Survey of the Yemeni Crisis: Developments, Roots, Actors and Strategies for the End of the Crisis
Garineh Keshishyan Siraki soheil soheiy najafabadi

The Yemeni crisis is the result of inefficient political structures and the lack of a fair distribution of power and resources at the social level, and adds to this the involvement of foreign powers such as Saudi Arabia, The United States, Russia, Britain, Israel, the P More

The Yemeni crisis is the result of inefficient political structures and the lack of a fair distribution of power and resources at the social level, and adds to this the involvement of foreign powers such as Saudi Arabia, The United States, Russia, Britain, Israel, the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council, Egypt and Islamic Republic of Iran. In general, they can be identified at two levels of internal and external crisis factors. Accordingly, the main question of the paper is that "the factors involved in the Yemeni crisis, including the process of transformation, the roots of the crisis and its actors, and what are the solutions to this crisis coming out of the future?" As a result of the whole article, it is concluded that due to the problems of the internal structure of Yemen, such as tribalism and the failure of the process of nation-state building in this country, as well as the competition between Saudi Arabia and Iran, as well as other regional powers of the Middle East and major powers in this country; The Yemeni crisis may end in one of the following four situations: Establishing a balance of power between the groups and their supporting countries, the victory of one of the forces and its supporting states, namely the Yemeni government or the victory of Ansarullah, the intervention of the UN Security Council to establish a temporary ceasefire to begin the process of peace negotiations and national reconciliation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

415 - The Role of Identity in the Relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia From 2005 to 2018 with emphasis on constructivism theory
Mehdi Shirazian Garineh Keshishyan Siraki

The Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia are important countries in the turbulent Middle East region. The fields of conflict and conflict in the two countries' relations go back to the past decades. But in the aftermath of the Islamic Revolution, and especially in More

The Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia are important countries in the turbulent Middle East region. The fields of conflict and conflict in the two countries' relations go back to the past decades. But in the aftermath of the Islamic Revolution, and especially in the last decade, the pattern of identity-based conflict has been ruled by the two countries. The critical centers of crisis in the two countries' relations lie in the conservative Wahhabi-Salafi-Arab conservative identity on the one hand and Iran's revolutionary-Shiite identity on the other. Identity has shaped the interests and security structure of the two countries in relation to each other. In Iranian-Saudi relations, along with other subjective factors such as culture, ideology, and objective factors such as geopolitical competition, energy, and identity, it is important. The role of the structure of the international system and the policies of the great powers in intensifying the identity conflicts between the two countries are also prominent. The research method in this study is qualitative in nature and in terms of fundamental and descriptive methods. This study, with the theoretical framework of constructivism, shows that the lack of a shared identity as a critical focus of the crisis lies in the two countries' relations and is an identity conflict that exacerbates and perpetuates other sources of tension and inequality between the two countries. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

416 - The Impact of Identity Confrontation between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia on Regional Security Policies of the Two Countries (Case Study of Yemen)
Saeed totonchi Majid golparvar ALi bagherizadeh

10.30495/psq.2023.1987311.2206

One of the most important of them has been formed in Yemen. This research tries to answer the question of the identity-seeking confrontation between Iran and Saudi Arabia on the transformation of the regional security policies of the two countries by applying the constr More

One of the most important of them has been formed in Yemen. This research tries to answer the question of the identity-seeking confrontation between Iran and Saudi Arabia on the transformation of the regional security policies of the two countries by applying the constructivist theoretical framework and using the descriptive-analytical method. And what consequences has it had in the developments in Yemen? The hypothesis of the research shows that the regional security policies of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran, affected by the identity-seeking confrontation of the two countries, have moved in the opposite direction during the past decade and have caused and intensified conflicts in the region. Clearly, the identity conflict between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia has led to the intervention and conflict of the two countries in Yemen, so that after nearly a decade since the beginning of the crisis in this country, there is no clear prospect for its solution and management. to be The expansion of Shiism in the Islamic Republic of Iran against the Wahhabism of Saudi Arabia, a different view of the West, and the confrontation and proxy wars in some countries in the region such as Syria and Yemen are among the most important effects of the identity-seeking confrontation of the two countries on politics. The regional issues of the two countries - religious politics, looking towards the West and proxy conflicts in the region - have been. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

417 - Struggle for Regional Power Position: Iran-Saudi Arabia in the Middle East
mahdieh heydari

10.30495/psq.2021.684699

Iran - Saudi Arabia, the two most powerful powers have always sought to maximize power equations and gain the highest position in the Middle East. Although these two actors have managed to showcase their strength in the region at some point in history, they have always More

Iran - Saudi Arabia, the two most powerful powers have always sought to maximize power equations and gain the highest position in the Middle East. Although these two actors have managed to showcase their strength in the region at some point in history, they have always faced many challenges due to the inconsistency of national requirements and international requirements. For example, before the Islamic Revolution, with the backing of the United States, Iran succeeded in asserting its power in the region; Could not. Now, with this descriptive-analytical research method, this research seeks to answer the question of what are the requirements of the Saudi-Iranian competition for a regional power plan in the Middle East? The provisional hypothesis is that gaining regional status in the Middle East requires both actors to have both material and immaterial power, as well as the behavior and policies of other regional and transnational governments. The findings of the study, by applying neoclassical realism theory, and analyzing the requirements of the power plan, at two levels of micro and macro analysis, suggest that the existence of different national capacities, relying on, or opposing the existing order, prevents one of these two states from topping. Over the Middle East's power equations. The method of gathering data and data is based on the library method. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

418 - Sports diplomacy, a strategy to improve political relations with Saudi Arabia
Mohammad Bidgoli asghar rajabi dehborzoei Abdullah Iraqi

10.30495/psq.2023.1985852.2203

The relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia have faced many challenges in the last few decades. The use of sports and sports diplomacy has recorded a documented experience in the history of world sports diplomacy. Based on this, the current resea More

The relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia have faced many challenges in the last few decades. The use of sports and sports diplomacy has recorded a documented experience in the history of world sports diplomacy. Based on this, the current research seeks to answer the question of how sports diplomacy can be a suitable strategy for improving political relations with Saudi Arabia. The findings of the research, taking into account Alexander Van Moyd's point of view, are the predominance of Kantian's point of view or friendship over Lackey's point of view or competition based on sports diplomacy. In this article, according to the strategic requirements and regional considerations of Tehran and Riyadh, which want to normalize relations and end several years of hostility and competition, we use a descriptive-analytical method, relying on written library sources and internet articles on sports diplomacy. We have used it as a suitable strategy to improve political relations with Saudi Arabia. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

419 - Analysis and evaluation of the Iranian resistance from the arrival of the Arabs to the Umayyad caliphate: Its effect on the Identify of Iranians
Afshin Eshkevar kiaei

10.30495/psq.2023.1993853.2227

This article examines the confrontation and resistance of the Iranians against the subjugation of the Islamic-Arab identity of the Arabs (especially the Umayyads) from the time of the arrival of the Muslim Arabs until before the Abbasids came to power. On the one hand, More

This article examines the confrontation and resistance of the Iranians against the subjugation of the Islamic-Arab identity of the Arabs (especially the Umayyads) from the time of the arrival of the Muslim Arabs until before the Abbasids came to power. On the one hand, this study refers to the strategies of groups and currents that tried to escape from the relations and mechanisms of subjugation of Arab-Islamic identity with various forms of resistance, and on the other hand, it examines the results of these resistances on Iranian identity.The results of this study show that the resistance of Iranians was irregularly distributed among different currents and groups and the centers of resistance were different according to the time and place that occurred: Sometimes by relying on their own thoughts and ideas (like the Zonbilis) and sometimes by relying on non-Iranian forces such as the Kharijites; Others accompanied the Arabs and joined the Islamic army as infantry in the hope of trophy or fearing for their lives; Others, hoping for revenge on the Arab fighters, went to the support of any force opposed to the central caliphate so that they could resist the central caliphate and escape Arab domination. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

420 - The regional competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia and its impact on the security of the Persian Gulf based on offensive realism
Nader Molaeian

10.30495/psq.2023.1990668.2215

This article is prepared and organized based on the security conditions of the Persian Gulf and providing solutions for stability and security in this sensitive international region. Stable security in this geo-strategic, geo-cultural and geo-political region of the wor More

This article is prepared and organized based on the security conditions of the Persian Gulf and providing solutions for stability and security in this sensitive international region. Stable security in this geo-strategic, geo-cultural and geo-political region of the world is of great importance due to the route of energy passage and estimation of more than 90% of fossil energies (in 2030). The geography of the Persian Gulf, which is separated from the Sea of Oman by the Strait of Hormuz, consists of the following countries: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Oman and Qatar, which are important and vital for the world in terms of economy and fossil energy production. Is. Britain's withdrawal from this region and its replacement by the United States in 1970 has caused many ups and downs in this region of the Middle East. This year, the United States used the two countries of Iran and Saudi Arabia as two pillars of regional security to reduce the tension between the two countries and a barrier against communism in a plan called the Nixon-Kessinger doctrine (two-pillar security). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

421 - The role of Yemen's internal developments in the regional competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia in 2010-2020
narjes arabshahi behnaz azhdari

The continuous and stable competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the Middle East region has a long history,and according to internal,regional and international tensions and issues,the rules of their behavior and performance are different from each other.The politi More

The continuous and stable competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the Middle East region has a long history,and according to internal,regional and international tensions and issues,the rules of their behavior and performance are different from each other.The political approach emanating from this competition has been less based on cooperation,more based on confrontation and sometimes conflict. Yemen's internal developments after the Arab Spring, and Saudi Arabia's role as a godfather to this country due to Yemen's strategic location, caused Saudi Arabia to adopt a hostile policy.Accusing Iran of supporting Yemen's Ansarullah turned this crisis-stricken country into a field of competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia. This research seeks to answer the question, what role does Yemen's internal developments play in the regional political competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia?The hypothesis of the research in response to the question is that the internal developments in Yemen have caused the direction of the aggressive foreign policy of Saudi Arabia towards Iran.The purpose of the research is to investigate the role of the Houthis in the rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia, and the method of data collection is the use of library and internet documents. The findings of the research show that Saudi Arabia has made a systematic change in its foreign policy under the title of "Salman Doctrine" due to the challenges facing the region.The competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the field of Yemen is analyzed in the framework of Barry Buzan's regional security theory as a theoretical framework. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

422 - Constructivism and the Logic of Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia Confrontation
Mohammad Reza Dehshiri

Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia as two regional and influential powers in the Middle East and Persian Gulf region have always had a tensional and confrontational rivalry towards each other, to the point that we can say that the competition and the divergence c More

Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia as two regional and influential powers in the Middle East and Persian Gulf region have always had a tensional and confrontational rivalry towards each other, to the point that we can say that the competition and the divergence constitute a part of their bilateral relations. The ambition of both countries for the leadership of chia world or Sunni world, the huge oil resources and the considerable human sources are considered as their assets which have given them the potentiality to play an active role in the Middle East as well as in the Muslim World. As the activities of these two actors is considered generally as conflictual and computational, we can say that based on the constructivist theory, the absence of common values, norms, rules, identity and perceptions represent the main factors of their rivalry and the non-establishment of a solid relationship between two countries.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

423 - Investigating the Mediating Role of Comparability of Financial Statements on the Relationship between Managers' Opportunistic Behavior and Investors' Divergence of Opinions
mohsen tohidloo علی بیات Ali Mohammadi VAHAB ROSTAMI

10.30486/FBRA.1403.1105071

Beliefs and emotional tendencies of investors can influence the direction of trading volumes and stock market prices by creating changes in the capital market environment. This paper has investigated the mediating role of comparability of financial statements on the rel More

Beliefs and emotional tendencies of investors can influence the direction of trading volumes and stock market prices by creating changes in the capital market environment. This paper has investigated the mediating role of comparability of financial statements on the relationship between managers' opportunistic behavior and investors' divergence of opinions. This research was conducted post-event and using the causal correlation method. The companies listed to the Tehran Stock Exchange. formed the statistical population of the research, and by applying the desired conditions and systematically removing, it we used information of from 134 companies as a research sample in the period of 2014 to 2023. Divergence of investors' behavior has been calculated using the index of unexpected trading volume and managers' opportunistic behaviors have been measured by two factors of real earnings management and managers' overconfidence. The findings indicated that earnings management and management overconfidence have a direct and significant relationship with the divergence of investors' behavior. Also, the comparability of financial statements moderates the positive relationship between real earnings management and management's overconfidence on the divergence of investors' behavior regarding determining the correct figure of the intrinsic value of stocks while making investment decisions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

424 - Simple Style Writing and Arabic terms in Ali Dashti’s Prose
Sayyed Mahmood Elham Bakhsh Zohreh Ramazani

Ali Dashti (1273-1360) is one of the distinguished writers who upon  publishing the notes”Ayyam Mahbas” in 1301 joined the simple style writing movement in Contemporary Prose.  Apart from this work, many other works in variety of genres such as tra More

Ali Dashti (1273-1360) is one of the distinguished writers who upon  publishing the notes”Ayyam Mahbas” in 1301 joined the simple style writing movement in Contemporary Prose.  Apart from this work, many other works in variety of genres such as translation, journalism, story, and literary criticism all share this characteristic.  However, in his prose, particularly his first works, there are considerable numbers of Arabic terms which apparently deviates his prose from the simplicity in terms of choice of diction. The density of such terms has drawn the attention of critics to an extent which they regard this feature as a great shortcoming in his writing style and even comparing his prose particularly in his articles with that of his contemporaries,  they place his prose alongside courtly prose and regard it as a continuation of the same tradition. In this article, the impact of Arabic terms on the simplicity of Dashti’s prose, in particular his critical works is investigated. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

425 - The influence of Ibn Arabi's Fosus on Sheikh Mahmoud Shabastri's Gulshan Raz
vahideh dadashzadeh tayebeh shamsaei

This article is a kind of comparative analysis between the views of Ibn Arabi and Shabastri to show the points of the influence of Arif Shabastri from the passages of Sheikh Akbar's rulings, and it has been tried that the teachings of Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi permeated the t More

This article is a kind of comparative analysis between the views of Ibn Arabi and Shabastri to show the points of the influence of Arif Shabastri from the passages of Sheikh Akbar's rulings, and it has been tried that the teachings of Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi permeated the thought of Sheikh Shabastri. It is to be analyzed based on the system of Golshanraz. Shabestri was influenced by the spiritual influence of Ibn Arabi's words and expressions, and according to Mohammad Lahiji, the famous commentator of Gulshan Raz, the herbit of this compact and concise poem, but in secret, refers to the detail of a part of Sheikh Akbar's mysticism. Sheikh Mahmoud Shabastri has been influenced by Ibn Arabi's thoughts in topics such as the unity of existence, the perfect human being, the microcosm, the nature of creation, prophethood and guardianship, and the like. Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi, the founder of the school of theoretical mysticism and a preacher of a kind of philosophical mysticism in the 7th century, was able to leave a significant impact on the entire history of mysticism. Ibn Arabi's mystical thoughts clearly overcame the thinking of Iranian mystics and found a high place especially in Sufi literature. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

426 - Standing in Najd: The Ghataf§nÊ Tribes' Relations with The Prophet (PBUH)
Mehran Esmaeili Maryam Behdarvand

Despite its significant political and social importance, the region of Najd in the Arabian Peninsula has received little attention from researchers of early Islamic history and the Prophet's biography (Sira). The focus of traditional narratives has been on the conflicts More

Despite its significant political and social importance, the region of Najd in the Arabian Peninsula has received little attention from researchers of early Islamic history and the Prophet's biography (Sira). The focus of traditional narratives has been on the conflicts between the Prophet and the Quraysh, as well as the Prophet and the Jewish tribes. However, Najd, located in eastern Hijaz, was a crucial region where many of the Prophet's military campaigns took place, and some of his missionary activities occurred. This paper aims to investigate the reaction of Najd tribes to the Prophet's call and expansion in Najd, and the outcomes of the Prophet's actions in this region. The findings suggest that the Ghatafani tribes, one of the major tribal groups in Najd, largely resisted the spread of the Prophet's call in Najd until the end of the prophetic period, posing significant security threats to Medina and actively collaborating with the Quraysh and Jewish tribes. Manuscript profile

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