The Place of Middle East Energy Resources in China's Foreign Policy Strategy in the Post-Cold War (Case Study of Iran and Saudi Arabia)

Subject Areas : Iranian Political Research

Mohamadreza Adabi ¹ ( student )
Davood Kiani ² ( Associate Professor, Faculty of Humanities, IAU, Qom Branch, Qom, Iran. (Corresponding Author) )
Mashallah Heidarpour ³ ( Assistant Professor, Faculty of Humanities, IAU, Qom Branch, Qom, Iran. )

Accepted : 2019-08-22 Published : 2023-12-02

Keywords: China, Middle East, energy Security, Saudi Arabia, Iran,

Abstract :

The Middle East region is one of the most important areas of the world that has been at the forefront of the world for many years. The obvious feature of this region is the huge reserves of oil and gas. But the issue that was highlighted in the twenty-first century is the rise of China and the efforts of this Asian nation after the reform period for a dynamic and effective presence in strategic areas of the world, including the Middle East, and as it needs its energy resources to grow its economy. It tries to increase its influence in various ways, including establishing widespread relations with the countries of the region. For the purpose of this study, the present paper seeks to answer the question of why China's presence in the Middle East has increased over the past few decades? The paper, which is based on a descriptive-analytic method based on the theoretical framework of mutual complex interdependence, has tested this hypothesis in response to its main question: Increasing the reliance of China's economy on imports of fossil fuels from The Middle East for economic and industrial development; the main shift in China's gradual evolution policy toward the Middle East, especially with two countries rich in energy such as Iran and Saudi Arabia, is from the principle of non-interference in the policy of expanding economic-political interactions.

References:

1.    اخوانکاظمی، مسعود (۱۳۸۴). انرژی و امنیت: دیدگاه آسیایی، مجموعه مقالات سمینار بین‌المللی انرژی و امنیت: دیدگاه آسیایی. به کوشش عباس هدایتی. دفتر مطالعات سیاسی و بین‌المللی.
2.    ترابی، قاسم (1390). مقایسه انرژی چین و آمریکا: با تأکید بر منطقه خاورمیانه. فصل‌نامه مطالعات منطقه‌ای: اسراییل شناسی-آمریکا شناسی، 41، 40-1.
3.    سیف‌زاده، حسین (۱۳۸۴). نظریه‌ها و تئوری‌های مختلف در روابط بین‌الملل. فردی- جهانی‌شده: مناسبت و کارآمدی. تهران: انتشارات وزارت امورخارجه.
4.    شریعتی‌نیا، محسن (1386). سیاست خاور‌میانه‌ای چین. فصل‌نامه سیاست خارجی، 21(3)، 682-663.
5.    طاهری، ابوالقاسم، و ترابی، قاسم (۱۳۹۰). اقدامات و سرمایه‌گذاری چین در عرصه بازار انرژی. فصل‌نامه تخصصی علوم سیاسی، ۱۴، 88-61.
6.    Alhajji, A. F. (2007). What is energy security? definitions and concepts, middle east economic survey. Oil, Gas & Energy Law Journal, 45.
7.    Auerswald, D. P. (2006). Deterring nonstate WMD attacks. Political Science Quarterly, 121(4), 543-568.
8.    Betts, Richard (2002). The Soft underbelly of American Primacy Tactical Advantages of Terror. Political Science Quarterly, 117(1), 543-568.
9.    Bilgin, M. (2009). Geopolitics of European natural gas demand: Supplies from Russia, Caspian and the Middle East. Energy Policy, 37(11), 4482-4492.
10.    Blanchette, S. (2008). A hydrogen Economy and its Impact on the World as we know it. Energy Policy, l36(2), 522-530.
11.    Chang, F. K. (2001). Chinese Energy and Asian Security. Orbis, 45(2), 211-240
12.    Chichester, G. (2006). Security of Energy Supplies, Particulary Gas 2006.
13.    Cornelius, P., & Story, J. (2007). China and Global Energy Markets. Orbis, 51(1), 5-20
14.    Correlje, A.. & Van der linde, C. (2006). Energy Supply Security and Geo Politics: A European perspective. Energy Policy, 34, 532-543
15.    Davidovic, S. (2008). China`s Energy Policy. 2-38
16.    Dickey, L. (2014). China takes steps toward realizing Silk Road ambitions. China Brief, 14(11), 3-4
17.    Dorian, J. P. et al. (2006). Global challenges in energy. Energy Policy, 34. 1984-1991.
18.    Favennec, J. P. (2005). Oil and Natural Gas Supply for Europe. Catalysis Today, 106. 2-9
19.    Garver, J. W. (2013). China-Iran Relations: Cautious friendship with America`s nemesis. China Report, 49(1), 69-88.
20.    Harold, S. W., & Nader, A. (2014). China and Iran: Economic, political, and military relations, santa monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, OP-351-CMEPP, 2012. As of September 4.
21.    Hippel, D. V. et al. (2009). Energy security and sustainability in Northeast Asia. Energy Policy, 6719-6730.
22.    Holmes, J. R., & Yoshihara, T. (2008). China’s energy- driven soft power. Orbis, 52(1). 123-137.
23.    Hughes, L. (2009). The Four ‘R’s of Energy Security. Energy Policy, 37(6), 1-8
24.    Jian, Z. (2011). China`s energy security: Prospects, challenges, and opportunities, the brookings institution. 1-32.
25.    Jianhai, B., & Zweing, D. (2005). Managing China-U.S. energy competition in the Middle East. Washington Quarterly, Winter.
26.    Kahl Colin, H., Melissa, G. D., & Matthew, I. (2013). Atomic Kingdom: If Iran Builds the Bomb, Will Saudi Arabia Be Next?. Washington DC.: Center for New American Security.
27.    Keohane, R., & Nye, J. (2001). Power and interdependence, (3d ed.), United States: Harrisonburg.
28.    Kruyt, B. et al. (2009). "Indicators for energy security. Energy Policy, 37(8). 2166-2181.
29.    Mgnus, G., & Burnett, P .(2006). A Route to Riches on the new silk road. Financial Times, 15-58
30.    Mohamedi, F. (2009). China: A new model in overseas oil strategy. September, 11.
31.    Mouwad, J. (2010). New York Times. at:www.nytimes.com/2010/03/20/business/energy environment/20 saudi.html? page wanted=all.
32.    Nuttall. & William J., & Manz Devon L. (2008). A New energy security paradigm for the twenty-firstcentury. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 75. 1091-1348
33.    Seznec, J. F. (2011). China and the gulf in 2010: A political economic survey. In Bryce Wakefield and Susan L. Levenstein, eds., China and the Persian gulf: Implications for the united states, Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 54-61.
34.    Steg, L. (2008). Promoting household energy conservation. Energy Policy, 36(2), 4459-4453.
35.    Stracke, N. 2007. "Economic Jihad: A Security Challenge for Global Energy Security". in: Gulf Research Center (Ed). Energy Security. Security & Terrorism Research Bulletin, No .6, Dubai, August.
36.    Tata, S. (2013). Recalibrating American grand strategy: Softening US Policies toward Iran in Order to Contain China. Parameters, 42(4), 47-58.
37.    Truscot, P. (2009). European energy security. Royal United Institute for Defence and Security Studies, London: Routledge.
38.    Umbach, F. (2009). Global energy security and the implications for the EU. Energy Policy. In press, corrected proof. f Defense.
39.    Xinhua (2010). China, Arab states eye new `Silk Road` seek elevated ties, at:http://xinhua.com/english2010/china/2010-5-12/c‌-13290704.htm.
40.    Xinhua (2012). Iran oil ban triggers Chinese oil reserve concern. at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2012-02-21/c-131423403.htm.
41.    Xuecheng, L. (2006). Chinas energy security and its grand strategy. Policy Analysis Brief.
42.    Xuecheng, L. (2017). China's energy security and its grand strategy.
43.    Yergin, D. (2006). Ensuring energy security. Foreign Affairs. March, April.

 

_||_