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Open Access Article
1 - Evaluate the Accountability System in Islamic Azad University
Ali Kargar Zanjani Abolhasan Faghihi Reza Najafbeyghi The purpose of this study was to determin the level of influential factors on the accountability system of Islamic Azad University and to design the conceptual model to improve and develop the accou More The purpose of this study was to determin the level of influential factors on the accountability system of Islamic Azad University and to design the conceptual model to improve and develop the accountability systemusing a descriptive method. For this purpose,first the accountability level of Islamic Azad University was evaluated based on some factors and then based on them,some approaches were developed and designed to improve the accountability system in terms of some factors and idices. The main method of this study is correlational one.However, the researcher has used other research methods such as investigating theoretical studies, douuments, interviewing. The validity of the identified factors was performed by the researcher made questionnaire the population of the study includes all mangers of different parts hthe directors, deans and vice chancellorsof colleges, assistants and university deans of all branches of Islamic Azad University of 13 and 8and 2 areas which was performed by cluter sampling and random and based on Morgan table 384 people were selected.Validity of research instruments were confirmed by experts and scholars in this field and for reliability Cronbakh alpha was used which for each of the questionnaire was in a suitable level(0.80). the data were analyzed by statistical software SPSS. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Hamshahri and Iran newspaper performance from the audience's perspective
firoz dindar farkoushAccording to ever-increasing impact of media on the audience especially the press,it is necessary that we study the sense ofaudience and absorb them more .In this research we want to compare audience's satisfaction on Hamshahri and Iran newspaper and after that the medi MoreAccording to ever-increasing impact of media on the audience especially the press,it is necessary that we study the sense ofaudience and absorb them more .In this research we want to compare audience's satisfaction on Hamshahri and Iran newspaper and after that the media areable more absorb the audience and continue with more power and knowledge . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - The Complexity of Relationship between the Physical Environment and Residents' Walking in Tehran, Iran: A Qualitative Study
Sara Dadpour Hamid Reza Khankeh -
Open Access Article
4 - Explaining the Adaptability Model of Industrial Heritage with Landscape
Hadith Faramarzi Mehdi Khakzand Mohammad Hasan Talebian Mostafa Masoudinejad -
Open Access Article
5 - Foreign Policy Analysis Changes in the International Relations Debates
عبدالعلی GavamThe author in this paper analyzes the changes in foreign policygrowing out of the new thinking in international relations debates. Theauthor here has the advantage in his analysis of having been able to moredefail and alternatives within the changes. He outlines the ins MoreThe author in this paper analyzes the changes in foreign policygrowing out of the new thinking in international relations debates. Theauthor here has the advantage in his analysis of having been able to moredefail and alternatives within the changes. He outlines the institutionaldomain of foreign policy in international relations debates and examines itsconnection with international politics. The author makes a striking case onsetting out to fashion and implement a foreign policy, as well as, circumscribing the debates among idelists and realists and also the debates withinthis sphere between traditionalists and behaviorists. This paper provides theclearest indication of how the different concerns and insights of the statesaffects the political analyzes. He deals with what he calls chronicle in thenature of international politics and relationship between states. The authorhere provides varying perspectives of international relation’s thinkers anddoers and also demonstrates the role of countries of the south in framingthe rise of international system. This paper probides the policy alternativessupported by various groups within the elite, like: Kenneth Waltz, Alisonand Singer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - A study on export structure of manufacturing industries Using Shift-Share Analysis technique
صالح قویدل سیامک علمی حسین رزاقیThis paper aims to evaluate the comparative advantage of manufacturing industries at 2 digit- level of International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), using Shift-Share Analysis model. Towards this end, relevant data on Iran and world export was compiled for th MoreThis paper aims to evaluate the comparative advantage of manufacturing industries at 2 digit- level of International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), using Shift-Share Analysis model. Towards this end, relevant data on Iran and world export was compiled for the period 1381 - 1385[1]. The specificity of this model is that it delineates and breaks down the changes in the structure of export into three parts viz. world share, structural shift, and competitive shift. As such, one can classify the manufacturing industries into four groups namely: 1- Economic winners that include isic- 24, isic- 23, isic- 27, isic- 29 and isic-32. . 2- Mixed winners that include isic- 15, isic-16, isic-19, isic-20, isic-21, isic-22, isic-25, isic -26, isic -30, isic 34, isic-35, isic 35, and isic 36. 3- Mixed losers that include isic- 28, isic-31, and isic-33. 4- Economic losers that include isic-17 and isic-18 Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - A Comparative Study of the Policies and Strategies of the Assistance of Treatment of the Social Security Organization of Iran and Selected Countries
Mansureh Dini سید جمالالدین طبیبی leila riahi کامران حاجی نبیIntroduction: The purpose of this study is to compare the policies and strategies of the Social Security Organization as the second provider of social insurance and treatment in Iran with 5 other countries. Methodos: This research is a comparative study with a qualitat MoreIntroduction: The purpose of this study is to compare the policies and strategies of the Social Security Organization as the second provider of social insurance and treatment in Iran with 5 other countries. Methodos: This research is a comparative study with a qualitative approach that was conducted in 1401, the sampling was purposeful and the five countries of Japan, Costa Rica, Egypt, Greece and Mexico in the components of policies and strategies, including treatment management and administration, social components, provision Financial and insurance, legal, policy making and strategic plan were compared with Iran. In this study, an authentic database was used and the data were analyzed using the comparative education model in the four stages of description, interpretation, juxtaposition and comparison, and compared in the form of a comparative table. Results: The results indicate the impact of the components of health and treatment management, financing and insurance, social, legal, policy making and strategic plan on the policies and strategies of the treatment deputy of the Social Security Organization; The social component with an average of 92.8% had the highest frequency observed among the accepted documents and the strategic plan component had the lowest frequency observed among the accepted documents with an average of 65.5%. Conclusion: Paying attention to the growing elderly population, paying attention to the financial stability of the social security organization, the correct implementation of the insurance and medical policies and the correct and scientific formulation of the strategic plan can lead to an improvement in the provision of medical services and an improvement in the management of expenses and resources of the organization. ; Therefore, it is necessary to review and modify the policies and strategies of the deputy of social security treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Interactive Communication Channels and Their Appropriateness for the FMCG Business
Aasim Munir Dad -
Open Access Article
9 - Considerations on Knowing the Nature of Contracts with a Comparative Approach towards Sale
Mehdi Mohaghegh farThe proper application of the regulations of contracts depends on theactual knowledge of each of them. Although certain contemporaryjurisprudents have dealt with some aspects of the nature of contracts whilediscussing sale contract, no distinct and sufficient text has b MoreThe proper application of the regulations of contracts depends on theactual knowledge of each of them. Although certain contemporaryjurisprudents have dealt with some aspects of the nature of contracts whilediscussing sale contract, no distinct and sufficient text has been written onImÁmiyya jurisprudence of contracts. The present article seeks to raisesome important considerations presenting outlines of the general methodof knowing the nature of contracts. It deals briefly with distinguishing theontological approach from the conceptual one, distinguishing thedelimiting elements from the causal ones, that of contracts property fromvows property, explanation of causal and effectual attitude to contracts,distinguishing the nature of contracts from their effects, their compoundor simple nature, all of which contribute to finding the essence and natureof contracts. To come to more tangible conclusions, I have delimited thecontracts under discussion to reciprocal ones. I have also studied certaincases of applying these considerations in sale contract with a comparativeapproach Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Principles and sources of shareholders' preemprive rights due to the capital increasing (with comparative study in Iranian, American law and Imamie Jurisprudence)
Hossein Sadeghi Hamideh Zaree Mahdi NaserThe right of shareholders to raise equity capital is a right recognized in all legal systems. The main question of the present study is what are the foundations and sources of this right in the perspective of Iranian, American and Imamieh legal systems? The legal basis MoreThe right of shareholders to raise equity capital is a right recognized in all legal systems. The main question of the present study is what are the foundations and sources of this right in the perspective of Iranian, American and Imamieh legal systems? The legal basis of this right to purchase and subscribe for new shares arising from the increase in capital in the US legal system is the prevention of the reduction of various shareholder rights, an issue that is also valid in Iranian law. In addition, jurisprudential rules such as the rule of loss and the rule of law can also be considered as the basis for the right of priority. In Iranian law, the law is the source of this right, but in American law the right is the product of a judicial procedure, law, and company statute that have two general approaches. Except as stipulated in the Statute of Priority, shareholders do not, except the Statute, deny this right unless the Statute has denied this right, while the legal provisions relating to the right of priority in Iranian law are applicable and the possibility of infringement Contrary to that, there is no company statute. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Comparison of traditional culture and modern culture in Bushehr management solutions
Fatemeh Pooladi Bahram DelgoshaeiObjective: Considering that Bushehr is one of the most important provinces enjoying a rich and original culture, experiencing cultural and trade interactions with many countries in the past ; what impacts has the resultant culture had on the host culture and the social MoreObjective: Considering that Bushehr is one of the most important provinces enjoying a rich and original culture, experiencing cultural and trade interactions with many countries in the past ; what impacts has the resultant culture had on the host culture and the social interactions in this city? What are the main factors of the existing heterogeneity between modern and traditional elements and what similarities are there among these elements?Methodology: The above questions have been testified using a comparative approach and secondary data analysis. Investigating the questions is saying that: this research has been accomplished using both library and field approaches. The library approach encompasses gathering data from the resources being previously performed. The field approach on the other hand is comprised of performing interviews and obtaining data from native and non-native people’s culture and beliefs in Bushehr. The traditional culture has devoted to itself about %40 of the peoples’ culture and beliefs and a little share of the previous culture, and the modern culture about %60 and has been influenced by the present generation and the youth at a meaningfully high level, which has been increased as compared to the past and of course can be investigated by offering management solutions.Findings: Our findings in this research is defined as a set of native and non-native people’s culture and beliefs, cultural objects or anything that has at list one cultural specification in common and the researcher is interested in generalizing the research findings to them.Results:According to the findings of the present study, lots of words and traditions which have been imported and adopted from African countries, Zanzibar and India, have still remained as parts of Bushehri culture, while lots of them have been vanished, forgotten, or thoroughly weakened. Hence, institutions like The Research Center Of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts And Tourism Organization, other related corporations and free researchers, should investigate and identify these elements, register them as conceptual heritage, also preserve and retain them Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Sociological analysis of the role of comparative dissatisfaction in creation of job idleness (Case study of Sharif University staff)
Fatemeh Abron Khadigeh Safiri Khalil MirzaeeAbstract Idleness in the organization is a deliberate behavior and a form of common fraud to all employees at all levels of the organization. The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes and contexts of creating idleness among Sharif University staff. The res MoreAbstract Idleness in the organization is a deliberate behavior and a form of common fraud to all employees at all levels of the organization. The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes and contexts of creating idleness among Sharif University staff. The research method is grounded theory, which data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with 35 employees. The method of selecting participants was targeted and quantified was specified by reaching the saturation stage. From 665 raw data, 385 concepts, 35 sub-categories and 14 main categories were extracted from the preliminary data. Finally, the central concept of comparative dissatisfaction was chosen as the main phenomenon that covered the rest of the categories. The results of this study showed that the most important factor in creating a sense of idleness and burnout among participants was "comparative dissatisfaction". This dissatisfaction arises as a result of a feeling of discrimination or inadequacy, as well as dissatisfaction with the amount of pay or benefits relative to the amount of work that results problems such as idleness, organizational dishonesty and inadequate organization. Key words: job idleness, comparative dissatisfaction, employees, grounded theory, job burnout Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - A comparative study of social impact assessment tools in social research
sara hajialiani Farahnaz Rostami Mostafa Ahmadvand Ali Asghar Mirakzadeh Hossein Azadi Considering that social impact assessment is a social prerequisite for solving social problems andinefficiencies, and even one of the most important starting points for economic growth, and providesopportunities for fundamental application of the foundations of su More Considering that social impact assessment is a social prerequisite for solving social problems andinefficiencies, and even one of the most important starting points for economic growth, and providesopportunities for fundamental application of the foundations of sustainable development. Therefore, it isnecessary to pay attention to the social dimension and focus on assessing this dimension in order to provide ageneral conclusion of the social impacts of sustainable development measures and programmes. However,literature studies show that there are few studies on the description and interpretation of social impactassessment methods despite the importance and attractiveness of assessing this dimension in sustainabledevelopment measures. Despite the availability of metrics to measure social impact, it is difficult to choose toolsthat meet the exact needs of social science researchers. In order to address this challenge, the main goal of thecurrent research is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the common and widely used tools for measuringsocial effects in social projects, which has been done using a systematic review of the subject literature. Fromthis point of view, in this study, the model of George Z. L. Brady has been used as one of the most importantstandard methods for the comparative comparison of these tools in the form of four stages of description,interpretation, juxtaposition and comparison. The results show that there is not always one best method andeach method definitely does not rule out other methods. On the other hand, each method is not better thananother method, and the choice of the best method depends on factors such as the research field, research topic,research design, choosing suitable and appropriate methods, reviewing the choices made, re-examining thequestions, the nature of the problem, and others. There are underlying factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Instability of wind accumulate forms, case study: lut plain
ابراهیم MoghimiIn this essay in order to done studies and new observation will discuses to stability of wind accumulate morphs in lut plain. The activity of wind morphs in comparison together can be different due to their nature. In this essay discus that lut plain Barkhans due to the MoreIn this essay in order to done studies and new observation will discuses to stability of wind accumulate morphs in lut plain. The activity of wind morphs in comparison together can be different due to their nature. In this essay discus that lut plain Barkhans due to their condition and nature are more active than other morphs. So, they have more unstable ability. This essay is based on comparative method in nature of morphs, and has prepared with using of 1/100000 land set images, 1/50000 topography maps,1/100000 geology map, wind-gauge data of region stations and 1/5500 air photo. Its analysis is based on some observations in Google Earth and local observations. In this essay are emphasized 4 types of morphs including: Barkhans, length duns, wide dunes and Ghourd which are abundant in lut plain, and in images scale and used pixels. The vast part of west section in east mountain of lut plain (the east part of central lut plain) and south and south-west of this plain is covered differently by wind sand, this morphs have different high. The high of Ghourds (from floor) are about 475m. Sand duns almost have very slope head-line over the less slope, and it is indication for changing role of present winds. Between the some sand duns, specially in Ghourds, the seasonal water-remains are increasing. This increas show that sand duns in its floor also are affected by seasonal sub-surface flows. Where the Barkhans have been accumulated, erosion surface not seen on the Barkhans how had been cut it and the affect of seasonal water-remains there isn’t in the base-level, and even in some parts, Barkhans formed on the aged erosion valleys, that is, they prepared the wind cycle surface (aged erosion-new accumulation).So, presents the newer activity, and based on and by attention to criterions which presents in the essay text, in comparison with Ghourds, length and width, duns Barkhans are more unstable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The comparative study of cultural landscapes in mountainous and plain villages (A case study : ROODSAR TOWNSHIP)
نصرالله Molaei سیده مرضیه RoodbariIn consideration of the rural landscape, we can find that in a human residencedifferent elements continue their life in a natural bed by using of human culture(population, economic and spatial characteristics) and they have been spread in themutual actions to each other MoreIn consideration of the rural landscape, we can find that in a human residencedifferent elements continue their life in a natural bed by using of human culture(population, economic and spatial characteristics) and they have been spread in themutual actions to each other.In this study, with a view to this main question that "what are the differences andsimilarities between cultural landscape in mountainous villages and plain villages? "the main purposes like considering the component elements of the cultural lands cap inmountainous villages and plain villages and also analyzing the mutual effects of theseelements on each other and on the rural environments have taken in to attention as theeffective chains.In direction of the analysis of these purposes , the analytic and descriptivemethods of studies are in two ways including documents - library studies and fieldstudies and also through analytic considering the cultural landscapes of the villagesunder in restigalion in Roudsar township, we have been engaged in hypothesis test,concluding and presenting propositions.The achived results are consist of:The kind of living is an important factor in explaning the differnces between thecultural landscape of mountainous and plain villages.Presentation of the infra structural and public services in mountainous and plainvillages are effective in the changes of the cultural landscape of villages . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Jonathan Z. Smith: A Reflection on the Meaning and Concept of Comparison in the Study of Religions
Mohsen Ovaisy Mahdi Lakzaei Abolfazl MahmoudiJonathan Zittell Smith is one of the most important critics of Mircea Eliade's approach to comparative religious studies, who has written works in fields such as "comparative methodology", "Classification of Religions" and religion in the contemporary world. One-sided f MoreJonathan Zittell Smith is one of the most important critics of Mircea Eliade's approach to comparative religious studies, who has written works in fields such as "comparative methodology", "Classification of Religions" and religion in the contemporary world. One-sided focus on similarity and homogenization and the discovery of similar patterns in the comparative studies of religions was the dominant method in religious studies, which was expressed by Eliade. In fact, the most important criticism of Eliade's approach is absence of serious attention to historical details, cultural and social contexts, and economic and political elements. Zittell Smith accused Eliade's comparative method to "Colonizing" the subject of research and believed that comparison does not only indicate to common and similar factors. He sought to present a comparative model that includes both differences and similarities. He reviews the main methods of comparison including (ethnological, encyclopedic, morphological, evolutionary and comprehensive comparison of religious patterns) and finally chooses the "morphological-structural" approach with emphasis on historical and anthropological components. He considers it a more correct comparative method than other methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - The Methodology of Comparative Studies of Mysticism
علی صادقی شهپرComparative studies of mysticism tries to compare mysticalphenomena in different cultures in order to bring about a betterunderstanding of these cultures and make an intercultural relationbetween them.This article classifies the sources of the study into the first hand, MoreComparative studies of mysticism tries to compare mysticalphenomena in different cultures in order to bring about a betterunderstanding of these cultures and make an intercultural relationbetween them.This article classifies the sources of the study into the first hand,second hand and third hand sources, and differentiate the translatedsources from exegeses. It reviews the difficulties of the comparativemethod of research on mysticism, like: unavailability of the first handsources, misunderstanding of the original sources by the foreignresearchers, and word by word translation of mystical terms. It alsosuggests some resolutions for dealing with such problems (e. g.functionalist approach). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - A Study of the Word “dharaʼ” in the Qur’ān and the Sacred Jewish -Christian Texts
mahmood makvand Elham shirmohammadiThe present article, based on a comparative view, has studied the word "dharaʼ" in the Qur’ān and Sacred Jewish-Christian Texts and, with a historical approach has focused on the etymology of this word in Arabic, Hebrew, Syriac and Aramaic. An etymological investi MoreThe present article, based on a comparative view, has studied the word "dharaʼ" in the Qur’ān and Sacred Jewish-Christian Texts and, with a historical approach has focused on the etymology of this word in Arabic, Hebrew, Syriac and Aramaic. An etymological investigation is useful in explaining some of the patterns governing the consonantal substitution and phonological phenomena between the aforementioned languages. Based on such an investigation, the connection between the forms "dharʼ" and "dharw" as well as the consonantal substitution of the Hebrew «ה» (he) with the consonants Hamza and Waw in Arabic has been explained. According to this study, the conceptual metaphor of "people are harvest" is used in the Qur’ān and the Sacred Jewish-Christian texts. In this conceptual metaphor, the target domain is harvest and the source domain is people. Also, the highlighted aspect is consisting of two pure and impure or valuable and worthless parts. This research shows that the aforementioned sacred texts following the worldview of their first audiences have used metaphorical language to efficiently express those educational and cultural teachings that are related to the abstract matters. Not paying attention to this language and its features can confuse the commentators. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Geopolitical and environmental study of artificial islands in the Persian Gulf (From the perspective of international law)
sona ghasemi Seyed-Abbas Poorhashemi ali zare parvin farshchi hermidas bavandAccording to the 1982 convention of the seas, constructing artificial islands is permitted, and countries can build artificial islands in their own territory. However, creating artificial islands in the Persian Gulf area makes the countries in the region, especially Ira MoreAccording to the 1982 convention of the seas, constructing artificial islands is permitted, and countries can build artificial islands in their own territory. However, creating artificial islands in the Persian Gulf area makes the countries in the region, especially Iran, pursue the issue more sensitively. Moreover, according to principles of International Environmental Law, the countries that construct artificial islands should provide other countries with the required information regarding the construction and properties of their own artificial islands.Today, artificial island construction is being increased, and this has caused many environmental crises, including the increase of water darkness and pollution and transport of coastal sediments. This article analyzed the destructive impacts of constructing artificial islands in the Persian Gulf environment, the effect of development of new land space from geopolitical view, and building artificial islands from the viewpoint of International Law of the seas are being reviewed. Moreover, because the notion of governance in modern International Law has been modified regarding the use of the environment and sustainable development, the countries constructing these islands and coastal countries will have limited rights to build artificial islands. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Comparative Study of Architecture of Contemporary Tabriz Mosques, Based on Design Criteria Derived from Religious Concepts
behnaz montazer Jamal al-din soheyliBackground and Objective: Throughout history, mosques have always provided different aspects of body, function and meaning. These three parameters are put together as layers that the lack of each can undermine the performance of contemporary mosques compared to the perf MoreBackground and Objective: Throughout history, mosques have always provided different aspects of body, function and meaning. These three parameters are put together as layers that the lack of each can undermine the performance of contemporary mosques compared to the performance of ancient templates. In this regard, this study will examine and compare contemporary examples of architectural design patterns in line with the "conceptual model of research" based on "criteria influencing architectural design patterns through religious concepts" in mosques. Method: In order to extract the architectural components derived from religious concepts in all three dimensions, library and documentary studies were used to collect data through descriptive-analytical research method. And in the second step, after developing the conceptual model of the research, it payed to the field evaluation (in 1397) and scoring of the architectural components in the sample community (contemporary selected mosques in Tabriz) which were selected by purposeful sampling by experts in the field. Findings: Architectural design components of mosque in line with religious concepts can be divided into 3 functional components (special entrance, neighborhood, location and design of different spaces), semantic components (readability, sense of place and hierarchy) and physical components (orientation, attention to light, and proper design of the mihrab, dome, minaret, and courtyard). Discussion and Conclusion: By assessing the effectiveness of contemporary Tabriz mosques in each of the three dimensions, it can be concluded that the sub-component of "different spaces" in functional dimension, "sense of place" in semantic dimension, and "light" in physical aspect have been most emphasized. Also, the results show that the architecture of the contemporary mosques in Tabriz was more in line with the semantic dimension of the patterns than the other two dimensions. Also, Imam Reza Mosque (AS) has the most conformity with ancient patterns from the point of view of architectural design patterns based on religious concepts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - New Medias in Multi – Layer Filters and Comparing their Performance with Conventional Multi – Layer Filter
Mostafa Khezri Farima Roshan AbkenarBackground and Objective: In order to purify drinking water, we usually use different water treatment units which one of them is filtration. Today multi media and specially two media filtration one usual units in developed countries but unfortunately in Iran we still us MoreBackground and Objective: In order to purify drinking water, we usually use different water treatment units which one of them is filtration. Today multi media and specially two media filtration one usual units in developed countries but unfortunately in Iran we still use the single media filtration. In order to develop these types of media in Iran we perforemed this research. The purpose of this study is to investigate new media from waste material for alternative use in Sand – Anthracite media beds. Method: This study is the results from one of the experiential research in pilot scale. All of the experiments were done according to AWWA B 100 standard method and also different parameters including turbidity, running time were considered. Findings: Results showed average turbidity removal efficiency of three media Sand – Anthracite, Basalt – Anthracite, Granite – Anthracite are 91.4, 92.1, 92.9 respectively and best height of two media beds is 85 cm, and maximum running time belongs to Granite – Anthracite bed. Discussion and Conclusion: Performance of Basalt material is very similar to Sand from hardness and solubility in acid points. So we suggest that waste Granite and Basalt are very good substitution for sand in water treatment industries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - A Framework for Comparing Assessment Criteria of Environmental and Sustainability Rating Systems
Seyed Majid Mofidi Shemirani Mansoureh Tahbaz AYDA MEHRABANBackground and Objective: Nowadays, enviromental impact of buildings is assessed by several sustainability rating systems. Analyzing relative importance and prioritizing of assessment criteria, as the principal measures for rating systems, indicate the general trend of MoreBackground and Objective: Nowadays, enviromental impact of buildings is assessed by several sustainability rating systems. Analyzing relative importance and prioritizing of assessment criteria, as the principal measures for rating systems, indicate the general trend of those systems in accordance with three pillars of sustainability, i.e. environment, economics and society. Method: Having gathered data in the form of library-based study, this paper proposes a framework to compare and analyze the criteria of widely-used assessment systems, including BREEAM, LEED, CASBEE, DGNB and HQE. By chossing an analytical-comparative method, assessment criteria for 5 rating systems are explored and classified. In order to acquire the relative importance of each criterion, weigthing coefficients are adopted and the weighted percentages are calculated. Findings: The comparative framework organized by three principles of sustainability, mainly covers 11 categories including Energy, Water, Site, Environmental Loads, Material, Waste, Indoor Environmental Quality, Socio-cultural issues, Economics, Technical and Functional Quality and Sustainable Management. Sub-criteria of each category provide the possibility for evaluating rating systems sufficiency at the micro level. Discussion and Conclusion: Rating systems concepts and trends have a major role in organizing criteria structure. For example, DGNB, which has an assessment structure in compliance with the three principles of sustainable architecture, much of criteria are assigned to economic and social issues, while BREEAM, LEED and HQE, considered as first generation of rating systems, mostly deal with environmental issues. In the holistic systems such as DGNB and CASBE issues such as performance, technical capabilities and building service are generally highlighted, whereas atomistic systems such as BREEAM, LEED and HQE give importance to preservation of resources including energy, water, land, etc. However, in both systems, energy and indoor environment quality are significantly considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Investing in the Culture and Economic Growth
sara hanjari Mehdi Taghavi fatollah Tari Ahmad Jafarisamimi Abbas ShakeriCulture is infrastructures of economic, social and political. Development of the country is not possible without considering that. Expenditure spent on culture is not cost, but it could be kind of investment. Countries can boost economic growth through investment in the MoreCulture is infrastructures of economic, social and political. Development of the country is not possible without considering that. Expenditure spent on culture is not cost, but it could be kind of investment. Countries can boost economic growth through investment in their cultural heritage and ultimately contribute to the welfare. The cultural index is estimated by using theoretical foundations of relative advantage and RCA benchmark and the impact of cultural indicators on Iran's economic growth in the form of dynamic integration regression (GMM) in the period of 1379-1395. Estimates show that with each percentage increase in physical capital, economic growth is expected to increase by 0.047% and physical capital has a positive and significant relation with economic growth. Therefore, it is expected that with increasing capital, production and, consequently, economic growth will increase. Also, with every percentage increase in human resource, economic growth will increase by as much as 5.73% and with each unit increase in the interactive variable of economic growth will increase by 0.0004 units. Therefore, the cultural index in addition to the direct channel through human capital can also affect the economic growth. The results for AR (1) and AR (2 are 0.17 and 0.688, which indicate the proper choice of model tools. In fact, in the period under review, the effect of the relative advantage of increasing the value of cultural variables on economic growth is positive and significant. Also, if cultural index can increase human capital, it can also increase economic growth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - A Comparative Study of Venture Capital Instruments in Iranian Commercial Banks
Mohammad Ebrahim Pourzarandi Majid ShahriariVenture capital is an interesting area in banks financial decisions and because of its uncertainty, brings lots of challenges. Despite the increasing tendency for banks in this kind of investments, there is not any certain method to analyze the risk and return of ventur MoreVenture capital is an interesting area in banks financial decisions and because of its uncertainty, brings lots of challenges. Despite the increasing tendency for banks in this kind of investments, there is not any certain method to analyze the risk and return of ventures; thus it is neccessary to develop an effective research in this area. Recently, development of the studies about ventures, has facilated conditions for investors and increase the proportion of venture capital in commercial banks portfolio. This paper as a novel study, at first, consider the literature review of financing VC projects and their instruments, and then try to find the usablity of these methods in Iranian commercial banks in a comparative approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - New methods of financing football clubs in developed countries and the developing countries have a comparative study
Taghi Torabi Mahsa Ghorbani Meysam Bagheri Samaneh TarighiThe main objective of this comparative study is to see how professional football clubs in Iran and England’s premier league are financed. This applied research has been conducted in a descriptive and analytical way. The results of the study showed that there is a MoreThe main objective of this comparative study is to see how professional football clubs in Iran and England’s premier league are financed. This applied research has been conducted in a descriptive and analytical way. The results of the study showed that there is a significant difference between the ways through which English and Iranian professional football league clubs are financed. Most Iranian clubs are funded by government and industry-based sources (65%) while most English clubs are private and are funded by television broadcasting rights (31%), match-day income and cash flow from business (22%). Some major barriers to financing Iranian professional football league clubs are as follows; the state-run clubs, lack of financial transparency , the fact that IRIB refuses to pay the media broadcasting right to the clubs, failure in complying with copyright law in Iran , inappropriate competition schedules, unsuccessful club marketing management, club managers lack of awareness about new methods of financing , limited use of creative sport directors with financial and business expertise at different levels of football industry Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Comparison of emotional rhetorical element in the poetry of Rahi Moairi and Diwan Abdul Wahab Al Bayati According to Ullman's theory
Fatemeh Aazam alsadat Modirzade Tehrani Shahin ojaq Alizad Fatemeh EmamiSensualness helps the poet in the creation of pictures and beautiful poetic images and the theme of new creation. By reflecting the emotions and feelings of the poet and breaking the boundaries between the senses, this array expands the meanings and power of the speaker MoreSensualness helps the poet in the creation of pictures and beautiful poetic images and the theme of new creation. By reflecting the emotions and feelings of the poet and breaking the boundaries between the senses, this array expands the meanings and power of the speaker's words and by creating Spiritual music adds to the effect on its audience. The long history of using this array, both in Persian literature and in the poems of Arab poets, shows its importance and value, which has faded over time, but has never completely disappeared, and is widely accepted in the contemporary era. It has been encountered by poets and the basis of poetic style and creativity has been found in the work of some of them. This research is a reflection on the application of this beautiful literary art in the poetry of two contemporary Iranian and Arab poets (Rahi Moiri and Abdul Wahab Al Bayati) until the sense The combinations extracted in their poems should be examined in terms of how the senses are combined and the frequency of use of each of them, and then these sensory combinations should be written in a comparative manner based on the Hungarian linguist Ulman's theory. The research method in this study is descriptive, analytical and library. The result of this research will determine the attention and interest of these two poets in using different senses and the frequency of using this poetic gift in their poems according to Ullman's theory. Manuscript profile -
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27 - A Study of Mystical Components in the Texts of Islamic and Indian Schools (based on the views of Rumi and Mohammad Darashkooh)
ghasem ahmadi Fatemeh Lajavardi Mohammad reza adliThe roots of the cultural, literary and religious commonalities of Iran and India can be traced back to the distant past, and many of the themes and allegories used in Iranian and Indian mystical texts are similar. The similarities between Islamic Sufism and the mystici MoreThe roots of the cultural, literary and religious commonalities of Iran and India can be traced back to the distant past, and many of the themes and allegories used in Iranian and Indian mystical texts are similar. The similarities between Islamic Sufism and the mysticism of other nations of the world are undoubtedly very noteworthy. Although there are common features in the experiences of world mysticism, one should not expect them to be expressed in the same words always and everywhere. This article examines the similarities between some of the customs and rituals of the two mystical schools of Islam and India. From a careful study of Indian sources and Persian Sufi books, there are many similarities in educational methods and conduct, the most important of which are: the value of human existence and its importance in mystical literature of Iran and India, the manifestation of love and knowledge in mysticism Iranian and Indian, the multiplicity of houses and authorities of conduct, the value and importance of the position of the heart, the value of the position of old man and mentor, asceticism and austerity, struggle against the soul, the theory of annihilation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - A Study of the Reflection of Arabic and Indian Words in Bahr Ajam Culture
Jaleh Shafii abolghasem radfar Hamid TabasiOne of the important issues in comparative literature research is the analysis of the reflection of words and linguistic structures in the literature of different nations. Undoubtedly, relations between different nations over the past centuries have led to cultural exch MoreOne of the important issues in comparative literature research is the analysis of the reflection of words and linguistic structures in the literature of different nations. Undoubtedly, relations between different nations over the past centuries have led to cultural exchanges. Such relations between the land of Iran on the one hand and the Arab countries and the Indian subcontinent on the other hand led to the introduction of Persian words into Arabic and Indian. One of the most important language groups is Indo-European, which includes all the languages of the Indian subcontinent, Iran, as well as European, which is influenced by various factors such as the dominance of Muslim rulers, the migration of Iranian writers, conquests, bilingualism and culture... Vocabulary exchange has taken place between them. In this research, by descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, the reflection of some Arabic and Indian words in the culture of " Bahr Ajam " was investigated. And it was concluded that the Persian words involved in the Indian language are: words taken from Arabic and used in Hindi or in exactly the same sense, or their pronunciation, meaning, concept or structure has changed. Manuscript profile -
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29 - A comparative study of the eastern and western use of the "lion" symbol by Nizami and Shakespeare
zohreh sakian Mohammad TaheriSymbolism is a literary approach that uses symbols, including words, people, signs, places, or abstract ideas, to represent something beyond their literal and real meanings in the real world. The purpose of this article comparatively compares the similarities and differ MoreSymbolism is a literary approach that uses symbols, including words, people, signs, places, or abstract ideas, to represent something beyond their literal and real meanings in the real world. The purpose of this article comparatively compares the similarities and differences between the concepts that related to the metaphorical and the mythological symbolism of the symbol of " Lion" in Shakespeare's "Othello" and "Hamlet" and great and lyrical work Nezami's "Khosrow and Shirin." The present paper shows that the use of the mythical symbol of "lion" in the expression of both authors includes extensive and particular abstract concepts. In Shakespeare's Hamlet, this symbol has associated with the concepts such as madness, anger, revenge, hatred, and in "Khosrow and Shirin" with glory and grandeur. In the book "Othello" Shakespeare used the symbol of the lion in a different way as a social strategy. An analytical and descriptive study of the symbol of the lion shows that the symbolism of the "lion" has helped writers persuade the reader to understand their mentality and accept fictional characters. In addition, we see that the authors have pursued common rhetorical goals in brevity and exaggeration; the symbol of the " Lion " beside its conventional meanings among different societies, in the works of these two writers, has its similarities in their use. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - comparative study of Abolqasem Halat and Ahmad Matar satirical implementations
Mohammad amin Ehsani Estahbanati enayatollah sharifpour Mohammad reza SarfiSatire is one of the ways of spoken combat of speakers through which political and social structures are challenged. There are a variety of methods to make satirical implementation and speakers use their desired way, depending on the intended content of the speaking. In MoreSatire is one of the ways of spoken combat of speakers through which political and social structures are challenged. There are a variety of methods to make satirical implementation and speakers use their desired way, depending on the intended content of the speaking. In this research the poems of Abolqasem Halat, an Iranian poet and Ahamd Matar, an Iraqi poet, were analyzed regarding the use of satirical methods and we concluded that the difference in contents of the poems of these two writers as well as discrepancy in time and place have caused different methods of satire to be used. Abolqasem Halat focused more on making laugh and amusing and challenging people’s behavior and in some cases he has ridiculed the lawyers of assembly so he has created the mockery more through using vernacular words, repetition and irony of circumstances but Ahmad Matar has more focused on the political situations and his satire has been more serious and it doesn’t include any fun or laughter and he used ironical methods and the metaphor of tyranny more. Manuscript profile -
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31 - Comparative sociological analysis of violence (male and female) and its types In my bird novels "Fariba Wafi" and "The Alba of Access" (according to Bourdieu's theory of capital)
mahtab hajimohammadi sara zirak mahrdad navabakhshSociological analysis of types of violence is an important issue that can be addressed using the views of theorists such as Bourdieu. This article uses a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the female characters in the novels "My Bird" by Fariba Wafi and "The Forbi MoreSociological analysis of types of violence is an important issue that can be addressed using the views of theorists such as Bourdieu. This article uses a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the female characters in the novels "My Bird" by Fariba Wafi and "The Forbidden Book" by Alba Accessups. And by comparatively examining the extent of the impact of violence in the social, cultural, and activist contexts of women and men, it shows how violence (especially explicit and active male violence) and the representation of the limitations of women in both societies are externalized. Forms of systemic, symbolic, covert, and actionable violence are imposed on women with the complicity of perpetrators in the absent strata of society. The results of the study in comparison between male and female social actors show that women are victims of various types of violence and social controls, in the production and reproduction of capital in social and cultural spaces are inferior to men. The rate of violence against men is lower and much lower than that of women and children. The activism of men in society by resorting to male domination and patriarchal rule of societies in five types of violence (symbolic, systemic, physical, sexual and linguistic) is more than women and children. Systemic violence and symbolic violence covertly harm women more than physical and verbal violence. On the other hand, the complicity and dominance of women communities and women activists paves the way for male domination over women. Manuscript profile -
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32 - Comparative Linguistic Stylistics in Rostam’s Combat with Ashkbous in Shahnamaeh and Amroas’s Combat with Imam Ali in Ali Nameh
Farshad Eskandari Sharafi Hossein Sahragard hasan heidaryAli Nameh is the first religious epic in Persian literature traced back to fifth A.H. The composer of this versified story is a Shia poet alias to Rabi’e who has composed the descriptions of Imam Ali’s combats, especially his combats in Jamal and Sefein, ver MoreAli Nameh is the first religious epic in Persian literature traced back to fifth A.H. The composer of this versified story is a Shia poet alias to Rabi’e who has composed the descriptions of Imam Ali’s combats, especially his combats in Jamal and Sefein, versus Shahnameh. Applying a descriptive-analytical method and library references, the present paper aims to determine the influence level of this less known religious epic from the stylistic elements of Shahnameh linguistically. This is a comparative study; therefore, at first, we have chosen two stories from Shahnameh, “Rostam’s combat with Ashkbous” and “Amroas’s combat with Imam Ali” and Ali Nameh composed by Rabi’e. The stories were compared and contrasted phonologically, morphologically and syntactically in order to figure out their common and distinct features linguistically. The findings reveal that although Ali Nameh has been composed against Shahnameh 70 years after that, it is highly affected by Shahnameh in term of linguistic styles. In fact, Ali Nameh includes a majority of phonological, morphological and syntactic features of Shahnameh and its Khorasani style. The high level of influence from Shahnameh proves that Shahnameh has always been considered as an indicator and stylist work which has inspired other epic poets. Manuscript profile -
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33 - Investigating the position of women in the poems of Mojez Shabestari and Seyed Ashrafoddin Gilani
ziba esmaeiliThe Constitutional Revolution considered women's issues as one of the most central social issues. Turkish poets, along with Persian poets, published social problems related to women. Poets such as Mojez Shabestari and Seyyed Ashrafuddin Gilani are in this category. This MoreThe Constitutional Revolution considered women's issues as one of the most central social issues. Turkish poets, along with Persian poets, published social problems related to women. Poets such as Mojez Shabestari and Seyyed Ashrafuddin Gilani are in this category. This study examines the commonalities and differences of the two poets' thought lines in issues related to women based on the comparative-descriptive method to analyze and evaluate the issues reflected in the poetry of the two poets and their social stance on the issue of women. Education of women, establishment of schools for girls, struggle against religious people against education, comparison of Iranian women with women of other countries, struggle against superstitions and raising awareness for women, freedom of women by observing hijab, women's jobs and their marriage are the most central themes in poetry of both poets. Both poets emphasize the education of women and object to religious opposition to the education of girls. Mojez emphasizes the employment of women, but Syed Ashraf al-Din does not clearly state his position on women's employment. Manuscript profile -
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34 - Comparison of two solar systems, emerging grom terms of the semantics of numbers
zeynab noroozali Ahmad khiyali khatibi aliasghar halabiThe world of numbers is a fascinating world in the world.The first and foremost number is the symbol of science,ranging into statistics and documented for any Discussion.Show the quadruple action and show the heart of the smallest neutron particles.Building the largest MoreThe world of numbers is a fascinating world in the world.The first and foremost number is the symbol of science,ranging into statistics and documented for any Discussion.Show the quadruple action and show the heart of the smallest neutron particles.Building the largest building in the world has always started from a small number and a simple Calculation,it is the number raised and down,the tidal fraction and the trajectory of the missile reaches to the surface of the moon. On the other hand,the rational and regular number that the base of the world is easily assailed is the color of the story and its vast concepts. The argument holds for the numbers of power and a particular symbol that can affect human life and the whole universe. One of the most widely used models is numbers. on the basis of Jung's theory, we consider the number of numbers in the above-mentioned works. They seem to have an accurate and accurate understanding of their numbers and use them in their works. Both are similar in practical concepts of numbers and have used it in their poems, especially in religious verses. The numbers are similar to symbolic meanings but with different frequencies in both of them. This research has been done by using library and digital Resources. Manuscript profile -
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35 - Explaining the religious characteristic in Saadi and Tartushi's governmental thought; Case study of Golestan and Seraj Al-Moluk
Fazel Abbaszadeh Shahram DelshadVarious works have appeared in Persian and Arabic literature that, with a preaching approach, have consulted and guided different segments of the people and tried to strengthen morality and consolidate the civilization of society. Among these groups are sultans and king MoreVarious works have appeared in Persian and Arabic literature that, with a preaching approach, have consulted and guided different segments of the people and tried to strengthen morality and consolidate the civilization of society. Among these groups are sultans and kings whose authors have addressed this group and tried to explain the position of the sultan and his methods of governing, including religious, political, moral, managerial and similar principles. Attention. In "Golestan", Saadi in a special chapter investigates the character of kings and in other chapters, briefly deals with the ethics, merits and equality of this group and mentions their do's and don'ts. Tartoushi also talks about sultans in "Seraj al-Moluk" and states the moral and political principles that the property should be adorned with. This study seeks to specifically examine the role of religious character in Saadi's governmental thought and Tartushi in the three axes of the sultan's position, governmental style, and the concept of government decay. Manuscript profile -
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36 - A Comparative Study of Plant Origin in World Mythology
Zohreh SarmadFrom the myth of creation to death, plants have always had a special position in early human thoughts. The importance of plants in human nutrition, revitalization of nature, connection with the transcendental and the desire to discover the secrets of the material world MoreFrom the myth of creation to death, plants have always had a special position in early human thoughts. The importance of plants in human nutrition, revitalization of nature, connection with the transcendental and the desire to discover the secrets of the material world are the reasons for human relation with nature. The plant origin and god-plant is one of the marks of the Totemizm tribes, who attributed their generation to an animal or plant following mental conflicts about the creation and the afterlife. The view of the cycle of nature, the death and regeneration of plants and their growth along with the body that was buried, made the myths of the creation of plants and God plants more fertile in the mind. The purpose of this study is to study the God-plant and plant origin in the myths of nations and also the reason for the similarity of some of these myths because research in primitive myths due to their similar nature reveals cultural commonalities among societies. The research method in this research is analytical-descriptive. Manuscript profile -
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37 - Literary literature and a comparative case study of the love letters of Gibran, Khalil Gibran and Anton Chekhov
mohammadnabi ahmadi Hosna MansooriComparative literature is a branch of literature that compares the literary works of different nations. This article seeks to compare the letters of two famous writers of the world. Romantic Gibran Khalil Gibran and realist Antoine Chekhov have exchanged letters with th MoreComparative literature is a branch of literature that compares the literary works of different nations. This article seeks to compare the letters of two famous writers of the world. Romantic Gibran Khalil Gibran and realist Antoine Chekhov have exchanged letters with their desired women, which are in the field of confessional literature. In order to cross the narrow national borders, this essay is interested in comparative comparison and has extended these correspondences to the cultural context in which the authors were born. In the shadow of this generalization, only the concept of love and woman in their thought is not enough; Rather, in a more comprehensive view, relying on the literary literature, the societies in which these two lived have been compared. Gibran Khalil Gibran and Antoine Chekhov regard the beloved as sacred; But the extent of the effect of love is different in their view. This difference has a reason for which it is necessary to examine its true root in the context of their lives and circumstances. Manuscript profile -
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38 - The comparative study of Kafka's novel "Metamorphosis" and Sultan Al-Amimi's "Samsa"
matyam bakhshiKafka's novel Metamorphosis has attracted the attention of many novelists and storytellers in various languages, including English, Persian, and Arabic; Among them, Sultan Al-Amimi, a contemporary Arabic novelist, is influenced by this novel in his story called "Samsa". MoreKafka's novel Metamorphosis has attracted the attention of many novelists and storytellers in various languages, including English, Persian, and Arabic; Among them, Sultan Al-Amimi, a contemporary Arabic novelist, is influenced by this novel in his story called "Samsa". Sultan Al-Amimi takes a different look at the identity crisis and resumes the fate of the protagonist in a different way. Therefore, the main issue of this research is the quality of influence and explanation of the general view on the subject of loneliness, isolation, identity crisis and metamorphosis, and finally understanding the similarities and differences between the two works. The present study, which has been carried out descriptively-analytically and based on the French school of comparative literature, has concluded that the theme of Kafka's novel is the human destiny, which is isolated and transformed by the problems of society. Al-Amimi, although he took the depth of his story from Kafka's novel, changed its theme and changed the character's destiny, and figured out another future for him. The character or protagonist is the same in both narratives. In the first, the transformation took place in the form of an animal and in the second, in the form of a human; Kafka has taken a pessimistic and isolated view of the character, distancing himself from those around him, and Sultan al-Amimi has taken an optimistic view of the character, processing him in the form of a social and happy personality. Manuscript profile -
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39 - A comparative study of the most important social themes in the poems of Qasem Haddad and Ahmad Shamloo
reza kuchari ardashir sadradini mostafa yeganiComparing the literati of Iran and the Arab world is one of the topics that has been considered by Persian and Arabic scholars. Today, common social issues have provided grounds for intellectual commonalities and Social themes are also a recurring theme in contemporary MoreComparing the literati of Iran and the Arab world is one of the topics that has been considered by Persian and Arabic scholars. Today, common social issues have provided grounds for intellectual commonalities and Social themes are also a recurring theme in contemporary literati around the world And due to the cultural and social convergence that exists between the literature and literati of Iran and the Arab world, a study of this perspective will bring new achievements to the research. Qasim Haddad and Ahmad Shamloo are two Bahraini and Iranian poets who have devoted a large part of their poems to expressing the realities of society due to the problems of society and the problems of the people. In this research, which has been compiled by library and descriptive-analytical methods, social themes in the poems of both poets have been studied with a comparative view. The political and social conditions prevailing in their societies, their poems have a lot in common, topics such as patriotism, freedom, oppression and justice are the common motifs of these two poets Which are presented with narrative and story-like context, choosing the right words and using internal music. Manuscript profile -
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40 - Comparative analysis of mystic themes in Nahj al-Balaghah and Tazkerat al-Awliya
Tahereh Moradzadeh Moghaddam saidmahmod razaghebi Ayyoub koushan syla saratiUndoubtedly, Nahj al-Balaghah, following holy Quran, is the most important Shi’ah book which is the manifestation of love, knowledge, humanity, government, justice, education, rhetoric, etc. Attar Neyshabouri's Tazkirat al-Awliya is about the fate, virtues, words MoreUndoubtedly, Nahj al-Balaghah, following holy Quran, is the most important Shi’ah book which is the manifestation of love, knowledge, humanity, government, justice, education, rhetoric, etc. Attar Neyshabouri's Tazkirat al-Awliya is about the fate, virtues, words and thoughts of ninety-six saints and elders have been mentioned with moral virtues sermons and words, and all its parts are full of the springs wisdom and knowledge and a unique mystical work. A comparative study of these two works undoubtedly reveals important aspects of their differences and similarities for researchers. In the present research, at first it is tried to extract the important mystical, points of the two works, and then to identify common and different themes by examining their similarities and differences, at last to use some verses of the Qur'an and prophetic hadiths as criteria to Analyze them. In this research which was conducted in a descriptive-analytical method, it is tried to work on the main question of the research ie. the similarities and differences between them. The results of this research demonstrate that both of the works originate from Quran and Sunnah, however, the reason of some differences in type of attitude and interpretation. After examining and analyzing the extracted samples, the most important results include superiority of literal aspect of Tazkereh al-Awliya on the educational aspect, The extreme views of some sayings in Tazkereh al-Awliya, the use of literary arrays in it, contradictions in sayings, the expression of dignity and fictional exaggerations, etc. have caused differences in these two works. Manuscript profile -
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41 - Protest literature with the symbol of "night" in contemporary Persian and Arabic poems
faroogh nematiSymbolic expression is considered as one of the most delicate artistic techniques among various elements of imagination, one of the main language structures in contemporary poetry. Meanwhile, the element of night has a different meaning in contemporary Arabic and Persia MoreSymbolic expression is considered as one of the most delicate artistic techniques among various elements of imagination, one of the main language structures in contemporary poetry. Meanwhile, the element of night has a different meaning in contemporary Arabic and Persian poetry; In such a way that the night atmosphere and its special situation have caused different readings among the singers of the two languages. Using this natural symbol in order to express protest against the existing situation is one of the functions of the night in the poetry of two languages; By using this symbolic capacity, poets express their objection to the darkness and suffocation of the situation. In this essay, with a comparative approach and analytical-descriptive method, by choosing three poets from contemporary Arabic poetry (Bayati, Siyabb and Boland Heydari) and three poets from contemporary Persian poetry (Nima, Tahereh Safarzadeh and Akhwan) to examine the symbolism of the symbol of the night. We will pay as a protest symbol. Manuscript profile -
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42 - Comparative study of the coordinates of "Hajj travelogue" based on Ibn Jubayr and Ibn Mazeh's travelogue
Fazel Abbaszadeh Sarban Valizadehhave set their destination and aim for their trip to Mecca to do the Hajj commandment and if it weren't for this goal, we would only have a few travelogues today.Meanwhile, during trip to Hajj, many belletrist have mentioned the conditions of this trip and compilation o Morehave set their destination and aim for their trip to Mecca to do the Hajj commandment and if it weren't for this goal, we would only have a few travelogues today.Meanwhile, during trip to Hajj, many belletrist have mentioned the conditions of this trip and compilation of a book in the form of a travelogue, and have created a special literary form called "Hajj travelogue" in terms of content, structure and other stylistic and literary features is differentfrom travelogue in the general meaning. . This study wants to compare and analyze characteristics and conditions of Hajj travelogue in Persian and Arabic literature by relying on two ancient Arabic and Persian travelogues called Ibn Mazeh's travelogue entitled "Latayef Al-Azkar lelhozar and Al-safar fi Al-manasek and Al- Adab" and Ibn Jubayr's travelogue entitled " Al-Nasak's validity treatise fi Al-Karimat and Al-Manasek . The results show that both travelogues were from the title to the form and content for Hajj and for the purpose of Hajj. Characteristics and conditions in the processing of time, place,subject,and structure, etc distinguish it from other types and travelogues According to the American comparative literature School, this study investigates a comparative study of this type of literature in two said works Manuscript profile -
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43 - Investigation and analysis of the semantic component of homeland and love in poems Golchin Gilani and Gibran Khalil Gibran
sakine saremi geraviThe change and transformation of political, social and emotional conditions and also modernism and industrial progress are effective in evoking the strange sense of alienation. Nostalgia includes things such as being away from the land, being away from the lover, memori MoreThe change and transformation of political, social and emotional conditions and also modernism and industrial progress are effective in evoking the strange sense of alienation. Nostalgia includes things such as being away from the land, being away from the lover, memories of childhood and youth, loss of values, migration, and the mythological past. Many poets and writers have displayed different forms of this strange feeling; Among these Persian and Arabic poets, Golchin Gilani and Gibran Khalil Gibran can be mentioned. The hypothesis of this research is that although these two poets have a common point of view and opinion, they have not been influenced by each other, and this research is based on the American school. In this research, relying on the analytical-descriptive and library method, we are going to examine the way of expressing the feelings and emotions of Golchin Gilani's nostalgia and Gibran Khalil Gibran.The change and transformation of political, social and emotional conditions and also modernism and industrial progress are effective in evoking the strange sense of alienation. Nostalgia includes things such as being away from the land, being away from the lover, memories of childhood and youth, loss of values, migration, and the mythological past. Many poets and writers have displayed different forms of this strange feeling; Among these Persian and Arabic poets, Golchin Gilani and Gibran Khalil Gibran can be mentioned. The hypothesis of this research is that although these two poets have a common point of view a. Manuscript profile -
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44 - Comparative study of love components in the roman Tight door by André GIDE and the book Forty short letters to my wife by Nader Ebrahimi
maryam rafizadeh Majid Yousefi BehzadiAbstractAndré Gide (1869-1951) and Nader Ebrahimi (1815-1897) are contemporary writers who have focused on the element of love based on spiritual motives and expressing their human feeling in (Tight door) and (Forty short letters to my life). Love in the writing MoreAbstractAndré Gide (1869-1951) and Nader Ebrahimi (1815-1897) are contemporary writers who have focused on the element of love based on spiritual motives and expressing their human feeling in (Tight door) and (Forty short letters to my life). Love in the writing of these two writers is not limited to emotions and attachment, and as a major motif (subject) for expressing their opinions and ideas, they are, in fact, considered good and evil. Gide to show love representing the kind moral dependence in personality Alissa that he know to continue a mental rejoicing, moreover Ebrahimi believe this stability to be formed in union between virtue and respect internal. These two writers have made a link between love and sacrifice, which is more significant in the character of Alissa in (Tight door). From this perspective, in their writings and letters, they have spoken of love for sacrifice, spouse and loyalty, whose mystical, yet wise, attitude of love and affection is associated with the importance of love in social-family relationships. In this article love components, mention in Gide and Ebrahimi writings, will be considered by American school( similarities and contrasts) to show both writers with different attitudes towards love try to discover new concept of love. Manuscript profile -
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45 - a comparative analysis of the protest literature in the poems of samih AL-Qasim and ali Reza Ghazouh (relying on criticism of international institutions)
sabrh seavashi mostafa javid nahid nasihatObjection is a type of stance, the most basic use of which is to deprive a person or a group of people who have been sued of a sense of security. The degree of impact of protest is different according to its type. One of the most effective types of protest is in the for MoreObjection is a type of stance, the most basic use of which is to deprive a person or a group of people who have been sued of a sense of security. The degree of impact of protest is different according to its type. One of the most effective types of protest is in the form of poetry; Because poets, by expressing their protests, play a significant role in awakening people and bringing society out of depression. This essay focuses on comparing the protest poems of two contemporary Palestinian and Iranian poets named Samih al-Qasim and Alireza Qazweh. The authors' effort has been to examine the commonalities and differences of the poems of these two poets, based on the American school of comparative literature, using the descriptive-analytical method. The obtained results show that the type of literature of Samih al-Qassem is mixed with helplessness and incapacity, which shows his despair, but Alireza Qazwa criticized international institutions from a position of power and with a kind of determination, which shows his hope and this hope. And the disappointment is caused by the social atmosphere of these two poets; From the point of view of Samih al-Qasim, due to the lack of a suitable platform, the impact of poetic concepts has been minimized and ultimately led to the poet's disappointment. Manuscript profile -
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46 - Reading mystical signs in the poems of Ibn Fariz and Sanai Ghaznavi
mohammad ghafourifar mohammad ghafourifar ali rezaOne of the types of literature whose various frequencies are found in the works of most Persian-speaking and Arabic-speaking poets, and which have produced remarkable and readable works in this type, is "mystical literature". In this type of literature, poets use code l MoreOne of the types of literature whose various frequencies are found in the works of most Persian-speaking and Arabic-speaking poets, and which have produced remarkable and readable works in this type, is "mystical literature". In this type of literature, poets use code language to express mystical meanings and refer to a special style in poetic formats, especially sonnets. In the arena of Arabic and Persian literature, Ibn Faraz of Egypt and Sana'i of Ghazni are considered to be two famous poets and high-ranking mystics, and lovers of divine love. The current research in the field of comparative literature, based on the American comparative literature school, is trying to investigate the most important commonalities and differences of mystical manifestations in the poems of these two poets with descriptive-analytical method. The results of this research indicate that both poets drank from the water of mysticism and politeness, and in the belief of both of them, the most prominent motivation for transcendence is love, and in the basic issues of mysticism, in addition to love, in other mystical manifestations such as Intellect, existential and intuitive unity, annihilation and mystic symbols also have commonalities with each other. with the difference that Ibn Faraz used the symbol in his poems more than Sana'i. In the discussion of colors, Ibn Faraz has mostly interpreted them as light and dark; But Sana'i has paid more attention to the symbols of colors than Ibn Faraz. Manuscript profile -
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47 - Comparative study of swan's image in Arabic and persian poetry
Parviz Ahmadzadeh houchThe principles and elements of romanticism have greatly influenced contemporary Arabic and Persian poetry, and new themes have entered the poetry through this school. Swans and images made using this bird are considered one of these themes. Swan and its poetic images ar MoreThe principles and elements of romanticism have greatly influenced contemporary Arabic and Persian poetry, and new themes have entered the poetry through this school. Swans and images made using this bird are considered one of these themes. Swan and its poetic images are not used in Arabic classical poetry, and the history of its application dates back to the contemporary era. In the contemporary era, through the introduction of European literature through translation, which translates into the transmission of literary and cultural phenomena, new themes have been introduced into the Arabic literature by using the artistic features of this bird. This article reviews the contemporary Arabic poetry, which uses Swan and its related attributes to create images and themes and adapt them to the Western pattern. Swans have different symbolic meanings in different cultures. In contemporary Arabic poetry, poets such as Adonis, Mahmoud Darvish and ... have used the image of swan, such as the death of swan, dance of swan and singing of swans, using western patterns and poetic look at the Swan Bird. Since the study of the origin and source of new Arabic poetry images and themes will help clarify the rules and patterns of the development of the new Arabic poetry, this study looks at the comparative view of the extent and type of Arabic poets' influence on Western literary patterns. Manuscript profile -
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48 - Reflection on the Lyric poems of Fadavi Toughan and Fatemeh Rakeai. (The brightness of bitter or sweet aspects of life in the subtly of the soonet).
Ali Salimi maryam rahmati torkashvand Mahin ShiftehOne of the literature phenomena during the last two centuries is of the connection between poem, specially sonnet and whole dimensions of life. Then Constitutionalism now, the Sonnet moved from love circle and its biography at the same times of Persian literature as wel MoreOne of the literature phenomena during the last two centuries is of the connection between poem, specially sonnet and whole dimensions of life. Then Constitutionalism now, the Sonnet moved from love circle and its biography at the same times of Persian literature as well as Arabic one together so that it endowed softness and subtly towards political and social problems. This approach gets the border between Sonnet and non-Sonnet to be disturbed and then the political sonnet resulted from that. This is clear example. In this article, we study the lyrical poems of two poets namely “Fadavi Toughan and Fatemeh Rakeai” in this way. It is done by analytical-comparative method. As a result, it is noticed that love coming up with the struggle and sustainability is the basic theme of the political and social lyric genres of these two poets. They expanded love circle to the political and social range of their society within the poems. Their common poetic properties are of simplicity, fluency, intimidate, and subtly womanish feeling. They have composed poetries in both traditional and modern forms. They were witness closely the war events and its surpassions so that they’ve Contemporary Sonnet combined life hardships with Sonnet subtly. The imaginations of resistance by people against alliances, Praise of leaders and militant personalities, invitation to awakening, praise of martyrdom and martyrs and patriotism can be seen the whole parts of their sonnets and this fascinates everyone’s soul and heart. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - A comparative study of the two-story rabbit intelligent story of Joseph and Wolf and Hare effect Mustafa Abdel Tawab effect Rahmandoust
Ahmad Omidali esmail eslamiFiction has a very important role in the development of children's personality. Children through stories and good stories, discover the many moral values. Through analyzing the elements of the story children can be helped to improve the quality of this kind of literary MoreFiction has a very important role in the development of children's personality. Children through stories and good stories, discover the many moral values. Through analyzing the elements of the story children can be helped to improve the quality of this kind of literary writers in order to most effectively rely on the strengths of the elements of the story. The aim of this research in the first phase, introduction to children's literature, and introduce these two important writer and Iranian, Egyptian, Youssef Mustafa Abdel Tawab Rahmandoust and also introduce elements of the story and the story of the clever rabbit and the wolf and rabbit effect Egyptian writer Iranian author's work. To achieve this goal, the analytical method used. The result of this was that the two writers in the field of art and story elements are similar and the difference between them is very small.Keywords: Story elements, Mostafa Rahmandoust, Yousef Abdel Tawab, children's literature, comparative literature. Manuscript profile -
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50 - A comparative analysis of the paradoxes of life and death and the world and the hereafter from the perspectives of Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī and Abū al-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī
mahboobeh sadeghi googhari Hamid Reza KharazmiAbstract One factor contributing to the permanence of literary works and texts is the thought underlying these works. In Persian literature, poets and writers have not only composed poems and created literary works, but also introduced theological, moral, philosophica MoreAbstract One factor contributing to the permanence of literary works and texts is the thought underlying these works. In Persian literature, poets and writers have not only composed poems and created literary works, but also introduced theological, moral, philosophical, mystical, and other thoughts into literary works. Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī is one of the poets of the 7th century AH with mystical thoughts and Abū al-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī is one of the poets of the 5th century AH with religious and philosophical ideas. Following the American school, the present study sought to perform a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences in the views of two Eastern poets with the same religion but with different ideas about the contradictory issues of existence related to life and death and the world and the hereafter. The results indicated that Mawlānā follows a mystical and philosophical approach to the phenomena with his enlightening lens, but Abū al-ʿAlāʾ follows a poetic philosophy and a skeptical and pessimistic view of these paradoxical concepts. Keywords: Mawlānā, Abū al-ʿAlāʾ, Comparative Literature, Paradoxes Manuscript profile -
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51 - the Analysis comparative of types of narrative in Samak-e-Ayar and the Count of Monte Cristo
Tahereh Hassani Mohammad Ali Davoodabadi Farahani Mohammad Reza GhariThe present research considers the analysis comparative types of narrative in Samak-e-Ayar and the count Monte Cristo. Samak-e- Ayar is the greatest inheritance of the Persian written in prose in the 6th century Hijri and the count Monte Cristo was created by Alexander MoreThe present research considers the analysis comparative types of narrative in Samak-e-Ayar and the count Monte Cristo. Samak-e- Ayar is the greatest inheritance of the Persian written in prose in the 6th century Hijri and the count Monte Cristo was created by Alexander Dumas in the 19th century A.D. which belong to Romance in the classification of fictional literature. The major problem in the research is how the types of narrative apply in these two outstanding Persian and French works. They will be studied by descriptive- analytical method. The narration is the most important fictional item in the works. The writers have considered not only the presentation of type of narrator but also characterization and description. The findings show that the narrator of Samak-e Ayar and count Monte Cristo are a text-oriented heterogonous unlimited wise person. It can be seen the types of narrative to two forms: the 3rd person singular and the 1st person plural. Multiplicity of the narrative can be seen in Samak-e- Ayar and the count Monte Cristo, so it causes to be more attractiveness. The narrator have the same function. It is endoscope of out. Manuscript profile -
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52 - A Comparative Study of the Position of Social Themes in the "Maqamat" of Badi al-Zaman al-Hamadani and the "Hadith Isa Ibn Hisham" by Muhammad Muwaylihi
Mohammadreza Lotfi zahra Khosravi vamakani Ali SaberiRecognition and analysis of literary works and the lives of the creators of those works is not possible without studying and analyzing the society and culture in which they have developed. In other words, researching the way of life, social relations, beliefs, failures MoreRecognition and analysis of literary works and the lives of the creators of those works is not possible without studying and analyzing the society and culture in which they have developed. In other words, researching the way of life, social relations, beliefs, failures and victories, pains and joys and ups and downs of the society in which the artist lives, a more detailed and comprehensive study of life and works Makes it possible."Maqamat" is the most important work of "Badi at al-Zaman Al-Hamadani" which was written in Arabic and was first published in Beirut in 1889 with 51 descriptions. He created a new style in Arabic prose writing; The hero of his officials, Abolfath Eskandari, appears every time in clothes and travels to different cities and talks about various issues such as a powerful storyteller. It is a literary place. He sees the story as a place to show his literary power in using metaphorical expressions along with metaphor, irony, metaphor and proverb.Writers in the contemporary period also followed his style and expressed their thoughts in the form of "maqamah", among which we can include well-known figures such as Muhammad Muwaylihi, Nasif Yazji, Ahmad Shoghi, Muḥammad Tawfīq Al-Bakrī and Hafez Ibrahim.This research, which has been written in a comparative-analytical way, has comparatively studied social themes in the "authorities" of Badi al-Zaman al-Hamadani and the "hadith of Isa Ibn Hisham" by Muhammad Muwaylihi. Manuscript profile -
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53 - A comparative study of Common Concepts of Iran and Palestine's Resistance Literature
Hossein Arian Nasrin BeiranvandComparative study of the resistance concept is one of the most significant concepts in the world's literature as well as Iran and Palestine's poetry. Resistance literature is the struggle and love to values and expectations; it is a turbulent literature which ignores di MoreComparative study of the resistance concept is one of the most significant concepts in the world's literature as well as Iran and Palestine's poetry. Resistance literature is the struggle and love to values and expectations; it is a turbulent literature which ignores disappointment and regret. The position of resistance literature is irrefutable in nations' changes. The concern of the poets is to warn and awaken the human beings. Martyr, challenge, hometown, symbol, residence, peace and friendship are the most important motifs of resistance poetry. The goal of the present article – which has been done in descriptive – analytic method – is to study the common concepts of the resistance literature in contemporary poetry of Iran and Palestine. Thus in this regard two poets – Salman Harati and Kaiser Aminpour as Iranian poets and Samih Al – Qasem and Mahmoud Darvish as Palestinian poets – from both countries were selected. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Woman in Sedqi and Bahar's poetry
Mahmoud Reza Tavakolli Mohammadi Mohammad Ali Azarshab Masoumeh ShabestariThe foundation of the Solafiyeh school in comparative literature is to pay attention to social, political and cultural infrastructure of that society. The existing similarities in cultural, religious and social aspects in Iran – conditional era – and Iraq &n MoreThe foundation of the Solafiyeh school in comparative literature is to pay attention to social, political and cultural infrastructure of that society. The existing similarities in cultural, religious and social aspects in Iran – conditional era – and Iraq – Nehzat era – caused that both countries poets and scholars study common subjects and issues without having knowledge of each other’s literary works. One of the main concepts which has been manifested in these eras was the women issue and (studying) their problems and matters. Based on the abovementioned, the present article intends to study the women’s presence in the society according to Solafiyeh school from Bahar in Iran and Sedqi in Iraq point of views and tries to show the similarities nad differences between them in this regard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Comparative literature in Iran through conferences
Nahid HejaziOne of the growth and arrogance indicators in every science is to hold special conferences especially in the academic communities. The first conference on comparative literature history took place in 1878in Paris. There is no association or conference in Iran in the fie MoreOne of the growth and arrogance indicators in every science is to hold special conferences especially in the academic communities. The first conference on comparative literature history took place in 1878in Paris. There is no association or conference in Iran in the field of comparative literature or if there is any, it seems that it is not active. The mentioned field does not have a background more than seven decades (since 1938); it was late 70s that universities started to hold such conferences with the Comparative Literature subject. The present article studies the pathology of the held conferences in this major. Manuscript profile -
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56 - A Comparative Study of the Poetics of Rudaki and Bashar
Fatemeh moshkiComparative literature is a mode of literary activity in the field of literary criticism. It assumes a general approach to literature and studies literary interaction between different cultures and languages, that is, it treats literary relations and influences among na MoreComparative literature is a mode of literary activity in the field of literary criticism. It assumes a general approach to literature and studies literary interaction between different cultures and languages, that is, it treats literary relations and influences among nations. In fact, comparative literature came into being as relations between nations expanded and their literary products were translated and circulated. In the current article, the researchers first treat the status and principles of this innovative branch of literary studies. Then by way of application and comparison the authors study Rudaki and Bashar’s artistic lives, poetic diction, and a number of their common motifs and themes. Manuscript profile -
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57 - A brief comparison of Eulogy poetry of Am'aq-Bukhari and Motanabbi
Ahmadreza Yalmeha Nasrin IzadiThe purpose of this paper is to introduce the Am'aq Bukharai and Motanabbi two poet of Persian and Arabic and then making a brief Comparison between them. Which his eulogy poetry is considerable. In the short history of Persian and Arabic influence on thinkers and theor MoreThe purpose of this paper is to introduce the Am'aq Bukharai and Motanabbi two poet of Persian and Arabic and then making a brief Comparison between them. Which his eulogy poetry is considerable. In the short history of Persian and Arabic influence on thinkers and theories about it offered. Although the Arabic literary tradition closest to Persian literature, and with all the differences in linguistic divisions are tied to the fate of these languages. And have a big impact on each other. Manuscript profile -
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58 - Comparative study of the Elements of Samarkand Story in Maqamate Hamidi and Maqamate Hariri
Mohammad Reza Najarian Zahra Karim Zadeh Shooshtari Nezhad Shima Faraji Far"Maqamate Hariri" and "Maqamate Hamidi" are technical proses in Arabic and Persian literature. The present article studies the Samarkand Story in both works from structural, perspective, infrastructure, voices, time and place, description, dialogues, personification, ch More"Maqamate Hariri" and "Maqamate Hamidi" are technical proses in Arabic and Persian literature. The present article studies the Samarkand Story in both works from structural, perspective, infrastructure, voices, time and place, description, dialogues, personification, characters and intertextual point of view as well as expressing the similarities and the differences. The Samarkand story in "Maqamate Hariri" is about an old man who advises people during the day but he ignores them all and does something different during the night. In "Maqamate Hariri's" an old man is described who talks about Samarkand's people miserliness pettishly but he changes his mind and praises Samarkand and its people just in time. The similarities show that Ghazi Hamideddin had enjoyed "Maqamate Hariri" in his literary work. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Comparative Literature
S. Ja'far HamidiComparative literature _ as understood from its name _ is comparing different languages' literature and finding similarities between them. The present article has studied literatue variations which are particular in some nations but its reflection has seen in other nati MoreComparative literature _ as understood from its name _ is comparing different languages' literature and finding similarities between them. The present article has studied literatue variations which are particular in some nations but its reflection has seen in other nations. In the present article, comparative literature starts by introducing the details; literature and comparative. Then it will discuss about comparison necessity and offers an introduction about the history of the comparative literature through its advantages. Manuscript profile -
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60 - A Study and Analysis of Gérard Genette's Transtextualite Relationships in "Istanbul, Memories and City" Novel by Orhan Pamuk
Ameneh Hashemi Siamak PanahiTranstextualite is a literary approach that allows critics to investigate the links between literary works in a scientific and systematic way. Gérard Genette is one of the most important theorists of this approach who plays a key role in its application. This art MoreTranstextualite is a literary approach that allows critics to investigate the links between literary works in a scientific and systematic way. Gérard Genette is one of the most important theorists of this approach who plays a key role in its application. This article has been formed with the aim of establishing a relationship between the theory of Gérard Genette's Transtextualite and "Istanbul, Memories and City" novel by Orhan Pamuk. And it has been tried to be analyzed based on the divisions of Gérard Genette's Transtextualite of urban space and architecture of Istanbul in the novel. The research is conducted based on deductive research method, based on the data collected by documentary studies and data analysis based on comparison and comparison. In the mentioned novel, Orhan Pamuk has been able to place the roots of previous artistic works of texts such as literary texts, prose, poetry and painting in various ways in his text and establish a close relationship with the theory of Gérard Genette's transtextualite, especially in the field of transtextualiteand hypertexuality. Manuscript profile -
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61 - Comparative Analysis of Dezh-hoshroba with Gonbad-Sorkh in Nezami’s Haft-Peikar
Muhammad Behnamfar Azam NazariMathnaviManavi is concluded with Dezh-Hoshroba or Ghal-e Zat-alsor which is one of the most important and attractive stories of Mathnavi and different descriptions have been written for it so far .Nezami’sGonbad –sorkh in Haft –Peikar has a particular MoreMathnaviManavi is concluded with Dezh-Hoshroba or Ghal-e Zat-alsor which is one of the most important and attractive stories of Mathnavi and different descriptions have been written for it so far .Nezami’sGonbad –sorkh in Haft –Peikar has a particular Position in the corpus of Nezami’s works as well . It has been endeavored in this article to analyze and study these two stories with a Comparative Perspective concerning some similarities between these two stories.The result of the study shows that Molana for writing Dezh-Hoshroba was influenced by Nezami’sGonbad-Sorkh and like other Mathnavi’s stories, he has used it for his own goals and purposes-Dr both of them have used a common source . Manuscript profile -
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62 - A Tale; Four Traditions (Hosn-o del, Dastour-e Oshshaq, Sab ras, Parboudh Chandroudi)
Abolqasem RadfarThere are a numerous works in the field of comparative literature which have always drawn the attention of literary reviewers and scholars of comparative literature. Among such literary works, four famous books: Hosn-o del and Dastour-e Oshshaq by Sibak Nishapouri, Sab MoreThere are a numerous works in the field of comparative literature which have always drawn the attention of literary reviewers and scholars of comparative literature. Among such literary works, four famous books: Hosn-o del and Dastour-e Oshshaq by Sibak Nishapouri, Sab ras by Vajhi, and Parboudh Chandroudi by Krishna Misra are remarkable.The examination of these works shows a great deal of similarities among them. Furthermore, the evidence and testimonies indicate that the first three works (Hosn-o del, Dastour-e Oshsuhaq, and Sab ras) were influenced by Krishna Misra's Parboudh Chandroudi which was compiled in Sanskrit. Attempts have been made in present article to make some brief comparisons between four traditions of same tale in Sanskrit, Urdu, and Persian literatures, and to, demonstrate how the latter works took influence of the authentic Sanskrit drama, namely Parboudh Chandroudi. Manuscript profile -
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63 - Comparative criticism on color element in Homer odyssey & Ferdowsi's Shahname
Afsaneh Seraji Seyed Ahmad Hosseni Kazeruni seyed jafar hamidi Ali Pouladi RishehriComparative literature discusses the general links between world literature & expresses original elements of each nation by penetrating the different aspects of literature in order to find out foreign elements importance and every nation's literature characteristics MoreComparative literature discusses the general links between world literature & expresses original elements of each nation by penetrating the different aspects of literature in order to find out foreign elements importance and every nation's literature characteristics. Colors in form of comparative, have not been analyzed and compared in Homer and Shahname. Accordingly, the present paper surveys the different applied colors in two mentioned epics in comparative method to obtain cognition and the importance of color in two different cultures in order to identify the application share of this fundamental element (color) in two different time and era. Manuscript profile -
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64 - Comparative investigation of the panegyric poetry of Bohtori and Onsory
Yahya Maaroof Armin SattarvandPanegyric poetry received due attention in both Persian and Arabic. This genre has attracted Persian and Arab poets in different eras. Onsori as a Persian panegyrist and Bohtori as an Arabic counterpart both tried their genius in this genre. Bohtori the Abbasid court po MorePanegyric poetry received due attention in both Persian and Arabic. This genre has attracted Persian and Arab poets in different eras. Onsori as a Persian panegyrist and Bohtori as an Arabic counterpart both tried their genius in this genre. Bohtori the Abbasid court poet, and Onsori the poet in Ghaznavi court, both praised the caliphs, sultans, ministers and governors of their age. There are many common and different themes in their poetry which are reflections of their life conditions and environments. This paper is to answer the following questions: 1. what are the purpose of the two poets in their praise? 2. Did both Poets praise the mythological character of the ancient Iran and Sassanid Akaserah? 3. To what extent were they honest in their praise? 4. How did they praise their devotees? Manuscript profile -
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65 - A Study on Norm Deviation in Muin Bseiso and Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani’s Poetries
Mohammad Taqi Zand Vakili Marziyeh GhasemianNorm Deviation is one of the new literary theories in which the poet disorders the common structure of the language by applying special patterns and recreates unfamiliar language. Arabic and Persian contemporary poets have come to modernism in their poetic language and MoreNorm Deviation is one of the new literary theories in which the poet disorders the common structure of the language by applying special patterns and recreates unfamiliar language. Arabic and Persian contemporary poets have come to modernism in their poetic language and concepts simultaneously with the modernism proceed Bseiso and Kadkani are the poets who have widen their poetic aesthetics and effectiveness by deviation from standard language. The aim of the present research is to study the elements of norm deviation in both poets’ poetries to show the abovementioned poets’ reason and goal in applying this method in their works to present their concept and meaning. The outcome has showed that two poets empower themselves by deviation from common syntax and semantic styles. Manuscript profile -
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66 - The Comparative Analysis of Farewell in Arabic & Persian Poetries
Nasrin Zargarzadeh Dezfuli Abbas Mahyar Ahmad ZakeriOne can find out the similar lexicon and conceptual aspects by comparing the Arabic and Persian separation poetries. Persian poets derived some of their poetic concepts from Arabic poetries before and after Islam. The present article initially studies two Arabic odes: o MoreOne can find out the similar lexicon and conceptual aspects by comparing the Arabic and Persian separation poetries. Persian poets derived some of their poetic concepts from Arabic poetries before and after Islam. The present article initially studies two Arabic odes: one for Imra’ ul-Qais – before Islam – and the other for Boosiri – the poet after Islam. Finally it analyzes both languages separation poetries and their affections on one another. It could be resulted out that the frequency of some lexicons and concepts are more applicable in both languages such as beloved, hometown, camel, caravan, desert, tear, sorrow, cry and so on. Manuscript profile -
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67 - Comparative Study of Ridicules in Ahmed Mattar and Nasim –e Shomal's Poetries
Mohsen Khoddami Mohammad JannatifarIn spite of short time life of comparative literature in Eastern countries, it could progress and develop remarkably. Today researching views tend more towards finding the similarities between the works of art in different regions of the world. In this regard valuable r MoreIn spite of short time life of comparative literature in Eastern countries, it could progress and develop remarkably. Today researching views tend more towards finding the similarities between the works of art in different regions of the world. In this regard valuable researches has been done comparatively. The present survey compares Nasim – e shomal - constitutional era poet - and Ahmed Mattar's – famous Iraqi poet – poetries. Since both poets criticize the adversity of their era by applying various method such as allusion, implicit, paradox ant etc. It is attempted to analyze the commonalities and their strategies to contend against autocracy and injustice are studied as well. Manuscript profile -
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68 - The Meaning of World Literature
Francois Jost Alireza AnoushiravaniThis paper is a study of the concept of World Literature from different perspectives. World Literature is closely associated with Comparative Literature, and in fact, provides the raw materials for the comparative researcher. Goethe, the great German intellectual and wr MoreThis paper is a study of the concept of World Literature from different perspectives. World Literature is closely associated with Comparative Literature, and in fact, provides the raw materials for the comparative researcher. Goethe, the great German intellectual and writer, is the first one who proposes the term in literary circles and persuades others to study World Literature. According to Goethe, literature does not have any geographical boundaries, and a literary man chooses his books according to aesthetic criteria. Hence, literary criticism has become international, and the best literary critics of National Literatures are not necessarily national critics. The writer, then, refers to excessive specialization in literary studies and considers it an obstacle on the way of appreciating the wholeness and the totality of literary' knowledge. An accurate and precise understanding of the concept of World Literature is the pre-requisite knowledge before launching any discussion of Comparative Literature theories. Manuscript profile -
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69 - Comparative Study of Syntactic – Stylistic Techniques and Literary Innovation in Farrokhzad and Shamloo's Works
Bahman Gorjian Farangis Abbas ZadehThe goal of the present article is to study the syntactic and stylistic, innovation and literary depiction of Forugh Farrokhzad and Ahmad Shamloo. Foroogh is one of the most capable Iranian contemporary poets. Her poetry is made of humanistic emotions and thoughts &ndas MoreThe goal of the present article is to study the syntactic and stylistic, innovation and literary depiction of Forugh Farrokhzad and Ahmad Shamloo. Foroogh is one of the most capable Iranian contemporary poets. Her poetry is made of humanistic emotions and thoughts – it contains figures of speech in lexicon and content both. The concepts of her poetries are based on her emotions and personal experiences. Shamloo's braveness is admirable in breaking the norms of Persian Language. The more distance between the terms and words the more literary the works. Shamloo's serious reaction to the political situation of his era has started from his youth and forms his thinking structure which reflects in his works and contexts. His writing style is full of literary figures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Comparative Study of Vajhi’s “Sab Ras” and SibakNeishabouri’s “Lovers’ Face, Heart and Instructions”
AbulGhassem RadfarAsadollah a member of Vajhi family became the poet laureate of the court. He was a prominent poet and writer of Persian and Urdu who became famous as “GhalebDakn”. Vajhi is the first Urdu prose writer and his book “Sab Ras” is known as the first MoreAsadollah a member of Vajhi family became the poet laureate of the court. He was a prominent poet and writer of Persian and Urdu who became famous as “GhalebDakn”. Vajhi is the first Urdu prose writer and his book “Sab Ras” is known as the first Urdu prose work. His other book “GhotbeMoshtari” made him become known as the first critic of Urdu Language. In this latter book he has paid attention to the criteria and principles of criticizing poems and poetry. The book is still valuable today. Content analysis of the book “Sab Ras” which is the first Sophist allegorical work in Urdu shows that the writer has been under the influence of the famous sections by Fattahi or SibakNeishabouri. The present article studies this influence and brings in instances to prove it. Manuscript profile -
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71 - A Comparison of the Story of “Rostam and Sohrab” with the Play “Cuchulain”
Muhammad PashaeiComparative literature is researching on relations and connections of the literatures of different nations of the world and their intellectual and literary exchanges. The main duty of comparative literature is depicting these relationships and literary connections in o MoreComparative literature is researching on relations and connections of the literatures of different nations of the world and their intellectual and literary exchanges. The main duty of comparative literature is depicting these relationships and literary connections in order to give them a fresh identity to reach in friendship between nations. The present article tries to analyze and compare the tragedy of Rostam and Sohrab from Hakim AbulGhasem Ferdowsi the fourth century poet with the play “Cuchulain” from William Butler Yeats the famous 19th century Irish famous author. Although these stories are written in two different eras there are similarities in them. In both these stories the hero kills his son in the battle while he is not aware of this fact. Manuscript profile -
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72 - A Comparative Look at Satire and Satirizing in Iran and Arab Literature
Zahrā AsadiThe present article is a comparison between Iran and Arab’s satire. Obeid Zakani’s satire as an Iranian satire has been compared to an Arabic one. Satire is a kind of prelude in which we can taunt, defeat or reveal someone’s weak points MoreThe present article is a comparison between Iran and Arab’s satire. Obeid Zakani’s satire as an Iranian satire has been compared to an Arabic one. Satire is a kind of prelude in which we can taunt, defeat or reveal someone’s weak points easily. In Arabic literature, the poet tries to defeat a person or tribe by using satire in his poetry. Satire’s aim is not “laugh’’; it is a means of expressing and transferring the aim of writer to the reader in a better way. Manuscript profile -
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73 - Historical Development of Comparative Literature
Francois Jost Alireza AnoushirvaniThis paper studies the historical development of comparative literature as an academic discipline from the Middle Ages to modern times. It starts with the development of national languages which results in the emergence of national literatures during the Renaissance. Th MoreThis paper studies the historical development of comparative literature as an academic discipline from the Middle Ages to modern times. It starts with the development of national languages which results in the emergence of national literatures during the Renaissance. The author emphasizes the fact that diversity is wealth and that variety is the spice of intellectual life. This is at the heart of comparative literature that there is oneness and unity beyond all appearances. The author, then, continues with a short survey of comparative literature in France and Germany, and lists the comparative periodicals which were published in Europe and America since the 19th century. The author concludes that comparative literature, which is increasingly expanding all over the world, promises to become a prominent and valid approach to literature and criticism in future. Manuscript profile -
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74 - Philosophy and a new theory in literature
François Youst Alireza AnoushirvaniThe comparative literature has been surveyed as a university course in the present article. Indeed the comparative literature is a kind of worldview which goes beyond the national, lingual and geographical boards. The author also differentiates the world literature and MoreThe comparative literature has been surveyed as a university course in the present article. Indeed the comparative literature is a kind of worldview which goes beyond the national, lingual and geographical boards. The author also differentiates the world literature and the com-parative literature and believes that the world literature does not deal with the effects and affects and studies the literary works individually despite of the comparative literature. The author – knowing that – there is not a single definition of this course, tries to express and analyze different definitions of compara-tive literature. The researchers should notice that the comparative lit-erature’s goal is not to compare but to recognize the literati in general which the details – national literature – are interrelated. The author of the present article believes that the comparative literature is philosophy and a new theory in studying the literature. Manuscript profile -
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75 - Comparative Study on Anti – Colonialism in Seyed Ashrafedin Hosseini and Bahar’s Poetries
Reza Mousa Abadi Mahdi Norouz Batoul Fakhr IslamColonialism is one of the phenomena which most orient countries and nations have always been faced with; thus attentive and capable human especially artists and literary men had fought colonization and colonialists by the weapon of poetry. Since colonization maneuvers a MoreColonialism is one of the phenomena which most orient countries and nations have always been faced with; thus attentive and capable human especially artists and literary men had fought colonization and colonialists by the weapon of poetry. Since colonization maneuvers are various, thus the fighting methods should be different, diverse and appropriate. The present article studies anti – colonialism phenomenon based on literary school of East Europe and surveys Maleko-Sho'arā Bahār and Seyed Ashrafedin Hosseini’s viewpoint about anti – colonialism in their poetries comparatively with the librarian method. The researches of the article show both poets versed about anti – colonialism in various ways and offered similar maneuvers to fight it which the most important ones are informing people, inviting them to unity and integration, contemning by satire and motivating people to returning to Islamic culture. Manuscript profile -
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76 - A Comparative Study of Didacticism in Hafez’s and Imam Ali’s Poetry
Moslem RajabiHafez is the greatest lyricist of the eighth century. He enjoys an excellent position in mysticism and poetry. Hafiz’s excellent ideas and poetic gifts distinguished him markedly from other poets. The human heart knows the language of his poems. Ethical issues and MoreHafez is the greatest lyricist of the eighth century. He enjoys an excellent position in mysticism and poetry. Hafiz’s excellent ideas and poetic gifts distinguished him markedly from other poets. The human heart knows the language of his poems. Ethical issues and educational considerations in his poetry absorb everyone's attention and stimulate the audience’s emotions. We know that Hafez had a good command of earlier poetry and these concepts have been integrated in his poetry. It is possible that Hafiz has been aware of the poetry of Imam Ali, because the didactic aspect of his poetry is similar to that of Imam Ali’s poetry which focuses on Morality and education. It is possible that Hafiz has been influenced by poetry of Imam Ali. This paper aims to reconcile the poetry of Hafez with the poetry of Imam Ali from the perspective of didactic literature in order to discover the similarity of ethics and education between them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Comparative Study of the Philosophical Concept of Time in Literature
Kian Pishkar Nooshin NaseryMay be it is not so meaningful disregarding philosophical meanings and concepts of time as Heidegger, Sartre, Schopenhauer and some others considered, but its concepts can meaningful and attractive without its philosophical frame. Is it possible to live without consider MoreMay be it is not so meaningful disregarding philosophical meanings and concepts of time as Heidegger, Sartre, Schopenhauer and some others considered, but its concepts can meaningful and attractive without its philosophical frame. Is it possible to live without considering what is called limitation of Time? If we put aside the time frames (past, present and future) or we combine then in literature, can we achieve new areas and concepts in literary criticism and new understanding in Man’s attempt to get rid of the concept of the time? This article tries to study the several different Iranian and western playwrights, poets’ and novelists’ ideas about the time without considering its philosophical ground. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - A comparative study of rhetoric language in Persian and Arabic Languages
Houshmand EsfandyarpourThe present article is a comparative study of the science of rhetoric in Persian and Arabic languages since their emergence up to the present time. This study reviews the way scholars looked at the science of rhetoric at different times separately in Persian & Arabi MoreThe present article is a comparative study of the science of rhetoric in Persian and Arabic languages since their emergence up to the present time. This study reviews the way scholars looked at the science of rhetoric at different times separately in Persian & Arabic. The views of the important masters of rhetoric are also mentioned. The study concludes that the Persian rhetoric masters were under the influence of their Arab counterparts concerning the use of Arabic figures of speech. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - An Analysis on Arabic Tutinama Proverbs and Mottos and Compare to Persian Proverbs and Mottos
Hossein Soltani Qadim Hamid Reza FarziTutinama is written by Ziya' al-Din Nakhshabi. He is one of the famous eighth century's mystics and authors. This book consists of colloquial stories. Nakhshabi was predominate on Arabic language and specially bon Arabic proverbs and mottos; he applied them according to MoreTutinama is written by Ziya' al-Din Nakhshabi. He is one of the famous eighth century's mystics and authors. This book consists of colloquial stories. Nakhshabi was predominate on Arabic language and specially bon Arabic proverbs and mottos; he applied them according to the story relatedly in order to beautify his works. The plurality of the proverbs helps the author to repeat them in most pages to make the book more attractive and stronger. The present research not only offers the accurate translation of the proverbs and mottos but also has been expressed from comparative literature view point. Comparative view point clarifies the validity of the proverbs and mottos and illustrates the interactions and effects of different nations on each other. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - The Theme of Naser Khosrow and Abū l-Atāhiyya Philosophical Poetries
Fazlollah Rezaei Ardani Gholam Reza Hatefi MajomerdNaser Khosrow and Abū l-Atāhiyya are the poets who developed philosophy in their poetic concepts. These two great poets are known as the pioneers of this field in spite of similarities and differences in expressing the purpose; the present paper tries to explain the sim MoreNaser Khosrow and Abū l-Atāhiyya are the poets who developed philosophy in their poetic concepts. These two great poets are known as the pioneers of this field in spite of similarities and differences in expressing the purpose; the present paper tries to explain the similarities and differences by studying the frequency of those concepts. The results show that both poets attempted to express philosophical concepts in their poems. But Naser Khosrow have enjoyed the mentioned concepts based on ethical, religious and practical principles. It seems that he was familiar with the common Arabic poetry among Iranians of that era – especially Abū l-Atāhiyya. It could be claimed that he was affected by Abū l-Atāhiyya's concepts and philosophies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - The Ideas of Love, Patriotism, and Freedom in Gibran Khalil Gibran and Gheysar Aminpoor’s Works
Seyyed Hosein Seyyedi Sakine Saremi GeraviFreedom, patriotism, and love are the most important sources and components of imagery in classical and contemporary literary writings in the form of poetry and prose. The poets, Gibran Khalil Gibran and Gheysar Aminpoor, influenced by their socio-political milieu and t MoreFreedom, patriotism, and love are the most important sources and components of imagery in classical and contemporary literary writings in the form of poetry and prose. The poets, Gibran Khalil Gibran and Gheysar Aminpoor, influenced by their socio-political milieu and the spirit of the age, developed such subjects and themes as patriotism, nature, freedom, love, pain, and politics, among many others. This article attempts a comparative analysis of the views of Gibran and Aminpoor, taking into account and reflecting their intellectual differences and similarities. This study treats several hypotheses. First, Gibran and Aminpoor have many similarities in thought. Second, both poets are romantic and nostalgic. Third, such components as freedom, love, and patriotism are clearly reflected in their poems. The study concludes that these two poets have many individual and professional characteristics and features in common. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Comparative Analysis of Expression Techniques in “The Lion and the Cow Chapter” in Arabic and Persian Kalila wa Dimna
key rokh ahmadi fereshteh nasseri seyyed ebrahim armanAbstract Kalila wa Dimna is among the most valuable books in human history that from long ago has attracted the attention of the people from different cultures. Its origin has been Indian and in Sanskrit. This book is among the works that are not restricted to a particu MoreAbstract Kalila wa Dimna is among the most valuable books in human history that from long ago has attracted the attention of the people from different cultures. Its origin has been Indian and in Sanskrit. This book is among the works that are not restricted to a particular nation and it has been translated in accordance with the culture and language of each people and the translators have done some manipulation in it. Mohammad Jafar Mahjoub, knows the book Kalila wa Dimna as the origin of the emergence of comparative literature. Abolma’ali’s translation that was performed after Ibn-e-Moghaffa’s one, has been the base of various students’ research in different majors. In this field, the present study also examines the techniques of rhetoric in these two valuable books. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Status of Comparative Literature in Persian Language and Literature
Shirin Behboudian Tahereh PalizbanIn this article, we provide a brief explanation about comparative literature and then compare the historical criticism and the comparative literature. And we mention the views of several wise and learned professors. And at the end, we do the comparative criticism of Kha MoreIn this article, we provide a brief explanation about comparative literature and then compare the historical criticism and the comparative literature. And we mention the views of several wise and learned professors. And at the end, we do the comparative criticism of Khaghani, Behtari and Pourkeshi in Shahnameh and the similar Greek works. Comparative literature is one of the today's new wide branches of the literature and drama which investigates the similarities and differences among the different samples of the literary works. And what is the intention of the researcher and critics in the comparative literature is not the literary work itself but the quality, manifestation and the reflection of the literary works of a nation on the literary works of another nation. Manuscript profile -
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84 - A Comparative Review of Phenomenal literature of Holy Koran and Mowlana's Mathnavi
Behrouz Hassan NezhadHumans have always been under the influence natural elements and phenomena and have always searched for the spirit of the phenomenon to reveal it's secret. This article reviews the role of Wind as one of the important elements of nature in Holy Koran and Mowlana's MoreHumans have always been under the influence natural elements and phenomena and have always searched for the spirit of the phenomenon to reveal it's secret. This article reviews the role of Wind as one of the important elements of nature in Holy Koran and Mowlana's Mathnavi. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Audience Classification in Contemporary Visual Arts and Classical Arts of Iran by Studying Comparative Literature
Soheyla Dizgoli Shahnaz Ali Poori MeralooThe purpose of the present paper is to study the classification of audience in the context of time in Iranian contemporary art. One of the challenges that are evident in the art of today's Iranian society is the shaky position of the audience. A position that should be MoreThe purpose of the present paper is to study the classification of audience in the context of time in Iranian contemporary art. One of the challenges that are evident in the art of today's Iranian society is the shaky position of the audience. A position that should be decisive, but other factors that are out of the realm of art and the artist such as the view of politics and power and economics to this category are more influential. It seems that knowledge of the audience depended on the view of the elites of society to different types of audiences, but to what extent this classification of the audience, which ultimately led to the absence of the audience, was based on the correct knowledge of the top people in society or based on the top attitude to the elites of society. It can be said that various factors are influential in classifying the audience of art. According to the present study, it can be said that the audience of art in the context of time have been different based on social, economic, political and ... factors. Also, in order to divide the audience, effective and key factors must be considered at any time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Application of Satire Method in Nasim – e Shomal and Ibrahim Tuqan's Poetries
Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi Masoumeh Haji AmoushaThe patriotism concepts would manifest in those nations' literature in which aggression had happened. Iran and Palestine are of countries which have experienced aliens' invasion in recent century; both countries poets were attended to defend the Islamic identity and nat MoreThe patriotism concepts would manifest in those nations' literature in which aggression had happened. Iran and Palestine are of countries which have experienced aliens' invasion in recent century; both countries poets were attended to defend the Islamic identity and national authority. There were few poets in that era whose poets were based on satire; that's why public were interested in their works. The present article which has been done in descriptive – analytic method studies the application of satire method in Nasim – e Shomal and Ibrahim Tuqan's Poetries; some common concepts such as patriotism, regret for the present conditions of the country and criticizing the action of betrayers have been surveyed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Content Criticism of Some of Collete's and Forugh FarrokhZaad’s works
Faranak Ashrafi Farnaz ArfaizadehComparative Literature is one the most important literary branches which studies similar or different aspects of authors' or poets' works, in order to help these works be better understood. Sidonie Gabrille Colette, the French wirter, and Forugh Farrokh Zaad, the Irania MoreComparative Literature is one the most important literary branches which studies similar or different aspects of authors' or poets' works, in order to help these works be better understood. Sidonie Gabrille Colette, the French wirter, and Forugh Farrokh Zaad, the Iranian poet, although have been grown in two different cultures, have created some contents which are comparable in terms of content criticism. Does feminine writings have special characteristics? To answer this question, we have studied and reviewed the works of these two women, one of them an author and the other one a poet, who have been grown in two different cultures. In their various works we faced some contents which are present repeatedly in works of these two great women. Regret of past, love to nature, depression for mother and birthplace, feeling of solitude and tendency to isolation are some of common contents in thoughts of these two thinkers. In this study, in addition to studying the concepts mentioned above, we have reviewed special hidden feminine feelings in these works as well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Emanation of Ashura and Hosseini revolution in Shiite poetry Formation and evolution era
Seyyed Hossein Seyyedi Houshang OstadiThe present article expresses the historical, political, social, cultural and literal fields in the formation process of Epic poetry with a comparative look. It also surveys the reflection of religious values (province, injustice, jihad, martyrdom, propagation of human MoreThe present article expresses the historical, political, social, cultural and literal fields in the formation process of Epic poetry with a comparative look. It also surveys the reflection of religious values (province, injustice, jihad, martyrdom, propagation of human ideals) in Arabic and Persian literature by offering informative samples; and at the end studies the concepts, verbal and spiritual structures and their literal consequence s and values. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Literal Image of Iranian Characters and Characterization in Showqi's Qambeez Play
Mahmoud Heidari Dariush RastkhizOne of the comparative literature branches is nation's imageologie and a hometown in other nation's literature. Ahmed Shawqi – contemporary poet – has versed a play called "Qambeez" or Cambyses II which is about an Iranian king and has depicted Iranians in a MoreOne of the comparative literature branches is nation's imageologie and a hometown in other nation's literature. Ahmed Shawqi – contemporary poet – has versed a play called "Qambeez" or Cambyses II which is about an Iranian king and has depicted Iranians in a way its analysis is precious from comparative literature point of view and the reader can have a better understanding of our ancient history and culture. Although the main aim of the present paper is to present the Iranians images in the mentioned play, the technical aspect of the characters and Characterization is also studied and analyzed. Manuscript profile -
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90 - One Anecdote, Several Narrations A Comparative Review of the Story, Death Angel (Azrael) Looking at a Man... in Mathnavi and Other Sources
Karīmbakhsh SajjādīThe present article compares one of the anecdotes of Mathnavi (Death Angel (Azrael) looking at a man...) with some other resources in order to explain the advantages of Molānā’s narration in comparison to them.The present article compares one of the anecdotes of Mathnavi (Death Angel (Azrael) looking at a man...) with some other resources in order to explain the advantages of Molānā’s narration in comparison to them. Manuscript profile -
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91 - Themes of social love in poems of Ahmad Shamloo and NizarQabbani
Sohayla Salahi Moghadam Marziye Asghar Nejad FaridLyric poetry in contemporary literature has changed. “Woman” has changed from aesthetic subject to an active persona and in the literature field; we can see the effects of this activity and creativity. With contrastive literature as a branch of comparative l MoreLyric poetry in contemporary literature has changed. “Woman” has changed from aesthetic subject to an active persona and in the literature field; we can see the effects of this activity and creativity. With contrastive literature as a branch of comparative literature, we study the common subjects in global literature which there are not composed or written by effect from each other, but they are the result of same situations and approaches. In this article, ten common concepts for description “woman” in Nizar Qabbani, Arab contemporary poet, and poems of Ahmad Shamlou, Iranian contemporary poet, are studied. In some poetic periods of these poets, both, lyric and social and poetical issues mixed together and “love” is seen in a specific balance. There are two basic approaches in the poetry of both poets, in first approach bands the poet heat and verve of challenge and social concern. In second approach, “love” gives poet hope for challeng. Beloved in the shape of a prophet and a perfect “woman” is the source of beauty and goodness in the poet’s world and celebrates the days of victory with poet. Manuscript profile -
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92 - A comparative introduction on Persian and Urdu poetry in Constitutional era
Abol Ghasem RadfarThe present article attempts to study the Persian and Urdu poetry comparatively and the author tries to compare two Persian and Urdu poets – Malek Al Shoaraye Bahar and Feyz Ahmad Feyz and state their progressive and evolutional progress in constitu MoreThe present article attempts to study the Persian and Urdu poetry comparatively and the author tries to compare two Persian and Urdu poets – Malek Al Shoaraye Bahar and Feyz Ahmad Feyz and state their progressive and evolutional progress in constitutional era and afterwards. He also expresses the history of Persian literature and its impact on Urdu literature briefly. At the end of the present survey the ways to improve the comparative literature between two languages have been studies. Incidentally a comparative study of two poets according to the offered samples has been presented. Manuscript profile -
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93 - The Influence of Emro’-al-Qeis on Amir Moezzi
Ahad PishgarAmir Moezzi is one of the famous poets of Khorasan who had honored Arabic literature as well. That’s why he has used Arabs’ contents and words in his poetry, directly or indirectly. The present article tries to survey two poems and some verses MoreAmir Moezzi is one of the famous poets of Khorasan who had honored Arabic literature as well. That’s why he has used Arabs’ contents and words in his poetry, directly or indirectly. The present article tries to survey two poems and some verses of Amir Moezzi and the influence of Emro’-al-Qeis on his poetry. Manuscript profile -
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94 - The utopia thoughts in “Fereidoon Moshiri” and “Adonis”’s poems Mohammad
Mohammad Reza Hajibabaee Sahar YousefizadehIdealism and having an ideal society (Utopia) is the greatest aspiration that has preoccupied the mind of human who has been seeking perfection. Literature realm has provided an extensive field for poets and writers to propose their notions. Persian and Arab classic poe MoreIdealism and having an ideal society (Utopia) is the greatest aspiration that has preoccupied the mind of human who has been seeking perfection. Literature realm has provided an extensive field for poets and writers to propose their notions. Persian and Arab classic poets have not neglected this matter either, and have tried to depict their ideal world through different perspectives and thereby have left diverse works. Furthermore, the footprint of idealism and that of the imagination of an ideal world in modern works also can be easily perceived and we can characterize the desired world through the poems of contemporary poets. Fereidoon Moshiri and Adonis are regarded as two modernist innovative poets of Persian and Arab literatures, who paid great attention to utopia in their poems. From this point of view, we can find some similarities in their works. The present article has surveyed some of the features and components of the ideal world from the perspective of these two poets and it deals, within possible limits, with the similarities of their thoughts in this field. Manuscript profile -
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95 - A Comparative Study of Feminist Perspectives in the Novels of Salhaye Abri and Mesle Ab Baraye Shokolat
Neda Morad Amir Hamzeh Hassanvand Hoda MashhadizadehComparative literature is a field of literary research in which the works of two or more authors from two different languages and nationalities are compared with each other. In the meantime, writers influence each other in their illustrations, the way of expressing th MoreComparative literature is a field of literary research in which the works of two or more authors from two different languages and nationalities are compared with each other. In the meantime, writers influence each other in their illustrations, the way of expressing their emotions, the choice of formats and themes, and the translations. In this article, feminist perspectives in the novel "Salhaye Abri" by Parinoosh Saniei and "Mesle Ab Baraye Shokolat" by Laura Squiol are read from a feminist perspective in an introduction and two discourses, using a descriptive-analytical method with example. The study and analysis of the feminist perspectives of these two novels shows that the attempt to identify and represent the oppression of women and their lost rights in the patriarchal system has been a common feature of these two works. The authors of both novels have expressed the status of women with common themes and subjects. They narrate the vision of the feminist view that patriarchy has infiltrated the minds and languages of societies, and that one way to clear this mentality is to bow down and honor women. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Persian Contemporary Literature Weighed with the Scale of Comparative literature
Abolghasem RadfarComparative literature is a branch of literature which apparently compares the literature of the different countries of the world focusing on the penetration of the subjects and methods of literary conception which have resulted in great conceptual movements; or in othe MoreComparative literature is a branch of literature which apparently compares the literature of the different countries of the world focusing on the penetration of the subjects and methods of literary conception which have resulted in great conceptual movements; or in other words, its subject is (literary relations and impacts) of the two countries. The present article first discusses the emergence of fields of comparison and factors affecting emergence of comparative literature based on the creation of important European literary schools and their impacts on the relation of the literature of East and West including examples and then the main part of the article, namely contemporary literary give and takes such as poetry prose, drama and other things are mentioned. Manuscript profile -
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97 - A Comparative Look Into the Story Writing of Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Gholam Hussein Saedi
Farhad Tahmasbi Maryam Al-Sadat SojoudiThe present article is an attempt to show that modern story writing in Iran has been influenced by the world dramatic literature. Studying the contemporary stories shows that Iranians have been influenced by worldmethods and literary schools. For certain political and i MoreThe present article is an attempt to show that modern story writing in Iran has been influenced by the world dramatic literature. Studying the contemporary stories shows that Iranians have been influenced by worldmethods and literary schools. For certain political and ideological reasons these influences have mostly been from the works of Russian literature. The article explores the works of Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Gholam Hussein Saedi as the representative story writers of two different cultures and from different times to conclude how the Russian writer has influenced the iranain one. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Case Study of Shawqi's Haamziyeh and Mo'ayyeri's "in Commemoration of Prophet"
Ensiyeh Khazali Mahboubeh ParsaeiThe remarkable differences between Ahmed Shawqi and Rahi Mo'ayyeri are as follows: epic and social concepts in shawqi's against Mo'ayyeri sonnet – like poetries. Showqi's poetries are simple and fluent while Mo'ayyeri's own complex lexicon and figures of speech. I MoreThe remarkable differences between Ahmed Shawqi and Rahi Mo'ayyeri are as follows: epic and social concepts in shawqi's against Mo'ayyeri sonnet – like poetries. Showqi's poetries are simple and fluent while Mo'ayyeri's own complex lexicon and figures of speech. In Showqi's poetry a logical procedure can be seen whereas analyzing different aspects of Prophet Mohammad's life as well as studying his characteristics. Although realism, deep honor and ignoring beautiful depicting is common in both poetries. The outstanding concept in Showqi's poetry is appealing to Ahl – e Beit while there is no trace of it in Mo'ayyeri's in spite of his growth in Shia's environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Comparative Analysis of Simile in Wisdom Poems of Boostan and Motanabbi,s songs
mohammad benam far majid khosravi Abstract Simile is one of the most obvious and fundamental ways of expression that has a major role in imagination and effect of poet’s speech. In this article in a descriptive – analysis and comparative method, similes have been surveyed in theosophic More Abstract Simile is one of the most obvious and fundamental ways of expression that has a major role in imagination and effect of poet’s speech. In this article in a descriptive – analysis and comparative method, similes have been surveyed in theosophical poems of Boostan and Motanabbi’s theosophical poems from different aspects such as: mutual of simile, perceptual simile and conceptual simile, singular and compound, point of resemblance and … and statistical analysis of them is presented. The results of research reveal that, Saadi and Motanabbi, have used different types of similes including: singular, compound, absolute simile, implicit simile, shortened simile, emphatic simile and …, but in the application of simile they are statistically different. As among 311 images that were extracted from theosophical verses of Boostan, 97 of them were similes (%31) and among 112 images that were extracted from theosophical verses of Motanabbi 43 were similes (%38) and this fact shows that Motanabbi,s power or trend to simile is more than Saadi. The second result is that Saadi,s similes are often singular, shortened and obvious, but Motanabbi,s similes are compound, implicit and complicated. Manuscript profile -
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100 - Comparative study on Jalal Al Ahmad’s “My sister and the spider” and Albert Camus’s “Plague” and “the guest”
Mohammad Ziyar Sedigheh Sherkat MoghaddamThe present article tries to study the impacts of Albert Camus’s thoughts on Jalal Al Ahmad. If we assent that the some of the Iranian authors are affected by French literature, then Jalal Al Ahmad is one of the most famous contemporary authors who MoreThe present article tries to study the impacts of Albert Camus’s thoughts on Jalal Al Ahmad. If we assent that the some of the Iranian authors are affected by French literature, then Jalal Al Ahmad is one of the most famous contemporary authors who is similar to Albert Camus in regard to his thoughts. The author of the present article attempts to do a psychological criticism from Jacques Lacan’s point of view and Roland Barthes’s semiology on one of the Al Ahmad’s novels titled “my sister and the spider”. By doing so the concepts such as nihilism, mechanism and demodernization can be worked out. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Emergence and development of comparative literature in Japan
Nahid HejaziAfter World War II, Japan was slowly coming out of political, social and economical isolation and situation in Japan was provided for the growing field of comparative literature. As a result of Japanese’s researchers desire to adapt to modern sch MoreAfter World War II, Japan was slowly coming out of political, social and economical isolation and situation in Japan was provided for the growing field of comparative literature. As a result of Japanese’s researchers desire to adapt to modern scholars, the French School of Comparative Literature was welcomed by them. Comparative literature was founded in 1948 and its first issue was published in 1958.Courses in literature, social sciences and humanities in most if not all national and private universities are hold from international and intercultural perspective, although private universities are more active than national. In 2002, international agreements between foreign universities outside of Japan were signed with Japanese universities inside to promote those subjects. The number of foreign masters was increased in the Japanese’s universes. Although Japan is not a world leader in the field of literary theory and comparative literature, but it has some of the world's literary theory in its literature while preserving the traditions and culture of its own. Some aspect of its literature and culture has been introduced to the world in the form of world's literary theory. Manuscript profile -
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102 - The Comparative Literature Role in Islamic Literature Globalization
Touraj Zeini Vand Jahangir Amiri Asqar Hosseini The aim of the present article is to show the comparative literature's role at Islamic literature service and then its transfer to all around the world; because since the formation of comparative literature recognizes Islamic literature as a global one and its e More The aim of the present article is to show the comparative literature's role at Islamic literature service and then its transfer to all around the world; because since the formation of comparative literature recognizes Islamic literature as a global one and its effect on the global literature. Thus we also may draw the main lines of the present article as follows: the factors which helps and will help the Islamic literature globalization.Leili & Majnoon, A thousand and one night, Kalileh and Demneh study the effects on Divine Comedy. It shows that Arabic literature and books have had deep effects on western literature. Manuscript profile -
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103 - A Comparative Survey on Common Aspects of Persian and Greek Languages and Cultures
Abolghasem RadfarIran and Greece have had long important historical, political, cultural and literary relationships during the history. Hence the present article reviews the linguistic and literary relationships of Iran and Greece during Achemenid era as well as appearance of Greek word MoreIran and Greece have had long important historical, political, cultural and literary relationships during the history. Hence the present article reviews the linguistic and literary relationships of Iran and Greece during Achemenid era as well as appearance of Greek words in Persian and vise versa and some of the influences that their cultures have had on each other. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - A Comparative Study on the position of “disbelief” And “belief” at Sadegh Hedayat and Bent-AlHoda Sadr’s Stories
Ahmadreza Heydarian Shahri Seyyed Roohollah Hoseini The following investigation is a comparative finding about differentapproaches of Sadegh Hedayat and Bent-Al Hoda Sadr, two prominent writers in persion and arabic literature respectively, with respect to believable thoughts by applying a single tool in a similar More The following investigation is a comparative finding about differentapproaches of Sadegh Hedayat and Bent-Al Hoda Sadr, two prominent writers in persion and arabic literature respectively, with respect to believable thoughts by applying a single tool in a similar epoch but in different geographical vastitude.The aim of this paper is to examine the style and type of approaches of the two skillful writers to their metaphysical and surrounding area.According to propounded novel ideas in interesting model of fiction, it is essential to examine introduced categories by a new look scientifically.The method of doing this research is descriptive and analytic. First some of the prominent stories of the two writers have been studied and then their views to the”Position of belief in life "have been compared.The present research attempts, by bringing some sections of story texts of these two writers and analyzing their datum, to draw directions of Hedayat in hisworks and its relationship with his disbelief and his wrong and superficial world view; on the other hand, it tries to demonstrate the role of belief as a fundamental pivot of Bent-Al Hoda Sadr’s stories and by using Islamic world view, in addition to adaption and fair critique, it aims to lead readers of this kind of fiction writing to a clear horizon. Manuscript profile -
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105 - A Comparative Study of Reasons for the Rise of the Novel in Iran and Egypt
Mahindokht Farrokhnia Farzaneh buryazadehOne of the research fields of comparative literature, is the study of literary genres’ genesis and the examination of the quality of their growth and development. Fiction, especially the novel, is one of the important and significant contexts of comparative resea MoreOne of the research fields of comparative literature, is the study of literary genres’ genesis and the examination of the quality of their growth and development. Fiction, especially the novel, is one of the important and significant contexts of comparative research. This article, prepared by a library method, studies and analyzes the reasons for the rise of the novel in Iran and Egypt, which are the two most important cradles of Persian and Arabic literature. The novel form in Iran and Egypt appeared more or less simultaneously, in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Because of such common factors as similar political and social conditions, the rise of modernist movements, the advent of the printing industry, the establishment of science academies, the impact or hegemony of western culture, the translation movement, and the rise of the intelligentsia, the emergence of the novel has coincided in both countries. This article studies all these common reasons for the rise of the novel, and introduces the first major novels in these two cultural contexts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Goethe and the Concepts of World and Comparative Literature
Seyyed Saeed FirouzAbadiIn recent years comparative literature has become very popular in European countries especially in the German speaking ones. This scientific field of literary study was established in early 19th century and many scientific activities have been conducted in German s MoreIn recent years comparative literature has become very popular in European countries especially in the German speaking ones. This scientific field of literary study was established in early 19th century and many scientific activities have been conducted in German speaking countries in this regard. Some believe that Goethe who first brought in the concept of world literature is one of the founders of comparative literature. The present article introduces the national literature, colonial literature and world literature and tries to elaborate on the true meaning of world literature according to Goethe. Manuscript profile -
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107 - Comparative Literature; Orientation. Formation and Innovation
Mehdi MomtahenIt's felicitous to mention that comparative literature is inchoate in the research world. It was born in recent years_19th and zo" century and has started from Europe to East. It's better to say that comparative literature and critical literature run concurrently. This MoreIt's felicitous to mention that comparative literature is inchoate in the research world. It was born in recent years_19th and zo" century and has started from Europe to East. It's better to say that comparative literature and critical literature run concurrently. This coexistence is a prelude of a precious evolution in literature and new schools such as French, American and English. American school is the result of cultural relationship between comparative literature and contemporary one, which the theory is a factor for innovating criticism in comparative literature. There are some theories which have shown that the comparative literature couldn't run with other critical schools concrurrently and rapidly. Thus we are responsible to pay more attention to these schools and study them in special way in inchoate countries and in the world. Manuscript profile -
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108 - Nicolas Bouvier's own look in the itinerary
Fatemeh Khanmohammadi Elnaz AaliTravel mirror that can reflect the image of social, political, economic, customs and beliefs, behavior and negotiation of various communities living in that vision, It seems clear picture and largely devoid of cynicism and considerate. Including travel, travel "way of t MoreTravel mirror that can reflect the image of social, political, economic, customs and beliefs, behavior and negotiation of various communities living in that vision, It seems clear picture and largely devoid of cynicism and considerate. Including travel, travel "way of the world" by Nicolas Bouvier's is. The Swiss tourist to travel to different lands, a story interesting, honest and accurate of how people's livelihood, status of cities, industries and products, schools, religious customs of the people and the ruling classes that from the perspective of comparative literature very valuable and important; We believe that relying on the itinerary "way of the world" Bouvier's work to study the manifestations of Iranian culture from the perspective of comparative literature at all. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Comparative Study of Utipia from Bahar and Heinrich Böll's Viewpoint
Asiyeh Soveini Kamran Pashaei Fakhri Parvaneh Adel ZadehPoets and authors as members of the society have always expressed their views about societies' situations. Amongst all Malek o-Sho'Ara Bahār and Heinrich Böll from Iran and Germany had stated their political and social viewpoints in order to criticize the existing MorePoets and authors as members of the society have always expressed their views about societies' situations. Amongst all Malek o-Sho'Ara Bahār and Heinrich Böll from Iran and Germany had stated their political and social viewpoints in order to criticize the existing situation and unwrap their own societies' injustice and lacks. The present research attempts to survey and study the abovementioned subject in Malek o-Sho'Ara Bahār's valuable poetries and Heinrich Böll's stories to express their ideas and views; then it shows that ideal criteria were global for Malek o-Sho'Ara Bahār and Heinrich Böll by focusing utopia's criteria and are known as ideal message for today's human. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - A Research in Common Contents in Persian and Arabic Literatue with Comparative Approach
Gholamreza FakhrToday, comparative literature regards as an important branch of literature which may result precious accomplishment in literal study. Comparative literature is a branch of literature, better to say literal criticism which compares different literal writings in different MoreToday, comparative literature regards as an important branch of literature which may result precious accomplishment in literal study. Comparative literature is a branch of literature, better to say literal criticism which compares different literal writings in different languages and studies similarities and conflicts. In other word, comparative literature discusses literal writings of other nations. To say briefly, comparative literature is one nation's perspective in ohter nations' literature. The nobility of literal writings will increase if they are studied comparatively. Other languages' literature has had interplay on each other, certainly the Persian and Arabic interplay is the most obvious one. The writer of the present article attempts to mention some advantages of comparative literature and offers common samples in Persian and Arabic literatue. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Comparative Study of Good Natured and Bad Natured in Paradise Lost and Shahnameh
Kian Pishkar Noushin NaseriEpic works are the identity and character of each country and could be bravely claimed that a country without epic works is faceless. Two great epic masterpieces of the world are Ferdowsi's Shahnameh who has been written about repeatedly and will and Paradise Lost by Jo MoreEpic works are the identity and character of each country and could be bravely claimed that a country without epic works is faceless. Two great epic masterpieces of the world are Ferdowsi's Shahnameh who has been written about repeatedly and will and Paradise Lost by John Milton which is not comparable to Shahnameh but is of universal position. Paradise Lost and Shahnameh have commonalities in feature and characteristics that it seems rare comparative studies has been done so far; one of the commonalities is in the relative similarity of good and bad characters, although there are many differences in composition, theme, context and characters, the emphasis is the separation of good natured and bad natured and their effects on the people of the world. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Comparative Analysis of “Armance” by Stendhaland “Tom Jones” by Henry Fielding Based on the Freud’s Theories
Mehdi Momtahen Nasrin DaftarchiSigmund Freud, the father of psychology looks for the psychological interpretation of the unconscious manifestation of the writer in the literary text. Thus he judges the literary work on behalf of the writer and looks for the signs of the unconscious presence of the wr MoreSigmund Freud, the father of psychology looks for the psychological interpretation of the unconscious manifestation of the writer in the literary text. Thus he judges the literary work on behalf of the writer and looks for the signs of the unconscious presence of the writer in order to reveal the secrets of such presentations. Henry Fielding published the novel “The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling” in1749 which depicts the life of a sociable and naïve boy who falls in for the girl next door, Sophia Western. Accordinglythe novel “Armance” or some scenes from “A Salon in Paris”, written by the 19th century French writer Stendhal are instances in which the signs of the unconscious presence of the writer could be pointed out. The present article tries to have a psychological review of these novels from Sigmund Freud point of view. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Comparative Reading of Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān and Robinson Crusoe
Sabereh Siyavashi Leila JadidiThe present article compares two stories: Hayy ibn Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe in order to determine the effect or lapse of Daniel Defoe form Ibn Tofail story. Thus the content aspect would be studied first and then the subject and theme. The structural aspect would be s MoreThe present article compares two stories: Hayy ibn Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe in order to determine the effect or lapse of Daniel Defoe form Ibn Tofail story. Thus the content aspect would be studied first and then the subject and theme. The structural aspect would be surveyed by emphasizing the theme, character, view point, situation (time & place) and the ending. And finally the differences and similarities are studied. The findings and results show that both stories are similar in structure and content but these similarities are more in structure rather than content. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Duality of Death concept in Hedayat and Allan Poe
Firouz Fazeli Forough Ahmadi Edgar Allan Poe – American author – and Sadeq Hedayat – the Iranian writer – are two authors who have always thought and special attention to death and morbidity is the main subject of their works. What makes their works content similar to More Edgar Allan Poe – American author – and Sadeq Hedayat – the Iranian writer – are two authors who have always thought and special attention to death and morbidity is the main subject of their works. What makes their works content similar to each other is the duality and conflict about the concept of death; this can be achieved, obtained and derived from their real character. That’s why such approach can be seen in their works and their stories heroes struggle with the fear and anxiety feelings. The present article studies the concept of death in Hedayat and Allan Poe’s works comparatively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - A Study on Rational Trope in Arabic and Persian Poetries
Parviz Azizi Javad Sa’adoun Zadeh Abdol Reza AtaashiTrope is one of the most important means in creating beauty in poetries and composers have applied and enjoyed it in order to enrich and develop the fancy domain in their poetries. Trope is applying a term in its other meaning from rhetoric scholars’ viewpoint. In MoreTrope is one of the most important means in creating beauty in poetries and composers have applied and enjoyed it in order to enrich and develop the fancy domain in their poetries. Trope is applying a term in its other meaning from rhetoric scholars’ viewpoint. In rhetoric, trope includes simile, metaphor, rational trope and synecdoche; as mystery, myth and superstition are interrelated in criticism. Five hundred witness from Arabic and Persian poetries in which rational trope and documents have been applied are studied in order to analyze this beautifier trick comparatively. Comparative assessment of rational trope and applied interests represent many similarities in Arabic and Persian poetries which is not exclusive to specific literary era or history. Time and affinity interest were more frequent in Arabic and Persian poetries respectively. Manuscript profile -
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116 - Comparative Study of "Abu Muslim Nameh" by Abu Tahre al-Tarsusi and Abu Muslim al – Khorasani by Jurji Zaydan
Asgar Babazadeh Aqdam Hossein Tak Tabar FirouzjaeiNarration and recounting about Abu Muslim Khorasani and his uprising have always been the literati and historians and each described it according to their own understanding and attitude. Amongst all two Arabic and Persian literati – Jurji Zaydan and Abu Taher Tars MoreNarration and recounting about Abu Muslim Khorasani and his uprising have always been the literati and historians and each described it according to their own understanding and attitude. Amongst all two Arabic and Persian literati – Jurji Zaydan and Abu Taher Tarsusi have studied Abu Muslim issue with a special attitude and offered various concepts as well as contradict ones. According to his status, the present paper intends to compare the structure and the content of Abu Muslim Khorasani and Abu Muslim Nameh's stories. The results show that there is no evidence of effect and affect between two stories. The real character of Abu Muslim has been distorted somehow in both works; Zeaydan has been more successful in considering the form and content both rather than Tarsusi. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Comparison of Tajikistan and Iran's Persian
Morteza Razm AraThe present article is aimed to survey that how close or far are the Tajikistan and Iran's Persian language; by emphasizing on semantics. Delusive terms in two languages which in the modern linguistics are called "Deceptive Friends" describe the differences between MoreThe present article is aimed to survey that how close or far are the Tajikistan and Iran's Persian language; by emphasizing on semantics. Delusive terms in two languages which in the modern linguistics are called "Deceptive Friends" describe the differences between the languages.The Writer's attitude in the present article is a comparative-coincidence survey. Deceptive friends is an interesting subject for the comparative-coincidence linguistics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - Myth in Hedayat and Edgar Allan Poe's works Based on Intertextuality approach
Mahboubeh Emtiyazi Gholam Reza Hatefi MajomardToday the conjunction between the comparative literature and intertextuality is known as a new achievement which makes the analysis easier in a framework. One of the most important factors of analysis in the field of comparative literature is to study the similarities a MoreToday the conjunction between the comparative literature and intertextuality is known as a new achievement which makes the analysis easier in a framework. One of the most important factors of analysis in the field of comparative literature is to study the similarities and the effects on one another; the text founds based on a pre – discourse and then makes the discourse of his own and it even causes change in the main text. According to the myths effects on one another, this paper tries to compare the myths in Sadeq Hedayat and Edgar Allan Poe's works. The present paper attempts to study the myths and their applications in two abovementioned famous authors based on intertextuality. The question of the research is how to study Sadeq Hedayat and Edgar Allan Poe's works based on intertextuality. The results show that the similarities of myths and common applications in the field of content and concept is observable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - An introduction to imagology Introducing a literary and artistic criticism
Bahman Namvar MotlaqHuman relationships form based on team and individual view points and studying these viewpoints from different aspects are the imagology’s job. This important scientific subject which is the subject of different scientific fields is of special importance in the co MoreHuman relationships form based on team and individual view points and studying these viewpoints from different aspects are the imagology’s job. This important scientific subject which is the subject of different scientific fields is of special importance in the comparative literature. The present article aims to introduce imagology with the literary and artistic criticism and it defines this subject as well as studying for and against ideas. Manuscript profile -
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120 - A Comparative Study of the Reflections of Voltaire and Akhundzādeh
Sa‘īd Ganjbakhsh ZamānīThe present article is an analysis of the entrance of the Volterian views from Russia to Caucasia and their impacts on the consideration of Akhundzādeh. Also two works (Candidate by Voltaire and Aallegories by Akhundzādeh) are compared and contrasted.The present article is an analysis of the entrance of the Volterian views from Russia to Caucasia and their impacts on the consideration of Akhundzādeh. Also two works (Candidate by Voltaire and Aallegories by Akhundzādeh) are compared and contrasted. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Evaluation and Analysis of Comparative Literature Journal
Fatemeh Alinezhad ChamazcotiThis research is conducted with the purpose of citation assessment and analysis of comparative literature journal during 2007-2013. The results show that this journal within the years under study (7 years), published 262 articles in 28 issues. The collaboration of resea MoreThis research is conducted with the purpose of citation assessment and analysis of comparative literature journal during 2007-2013. The results show that this journal within the years under study (7 years), published 262 articles in 28 issues. The collaboration of researchers shows that within these seven years 51.15% of articles had just one author. In other words, in the first four years, the scientific collaboration of authors had been weak and the majority of articles were single-authored ones. However, over the last three years authors have tended towards collaborative writing and coauthoring. This research shows that Mehdi Momtahen with 22 articles is introduced as the most prolific author. Also Islamic azad university of Jiroft branch with 46 articles is ranked as the most prolific university. Books form 90% of research sources of the authors of this journal and about 71% of research sources of this journal has been in Persian language. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Comparative comparison of social identity concept in Natalia Ginsburg works & Fariba Vafi novels
Effatossadat Moniri Maryam HosseiniNatalia Ginsburg (1916-1991) is one of the most famous Italian authors in 20th century. Women and their problems is the main subject of Ginsburg stories. Women character of Ginsburg works were compared with women in Iranian novels. The main goal of this article is compa MoreNatalia Ginsburg (1916-1991) is one of the most famous Italian authors in 20th century. Women and their problems is the main subject of Ginsburg stories. Women character of Ginsburg works were compared with women in Iranian novels. The main goal of this article is comparative comparison of identity concept in Mrs. Ginsburg works and Iranian author, Fariba Vafi. In this study we will be examined social identity of the protagonist during Communicative Action by other characters in the story, which appeared in the daily life. In this study, Social identity is Defined by Jürgen Habermas and it’s Subset of world life cuncept . Fariba Vafi novels "Trlan", "Dream Tibet" and "my bird” who speaks about women that clearly have recognized self and others Gynzbvrg three novels, "ABC Family", "our yesterdays" and "night whispers" In addition to portraying the lives of women Pays to the political situation in Italy during World War II and the actions of the characters is Approach of this study is feminist. so that Political identity characters are more important than other aspects of social identity. Manuscript profile -
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123 - A Critical Comparative Analysis of the Character and Statusof Two Ladies in Love;”Helen” in Iliad’s Odyssey and “Manijeh” in Firdaust’s Shahenameh
Muhammad Reza Nasr Esfahani Leila Mir MojarrabianThe great Greek and Iranian epics, “Iliad” and “Shahnameh”, could be studied and compared from different perspectives. One perspective here could be female characters namely Helen the beauty queen and ManijehBanou, Bijan’s lover. Helen is d MoreThe great Greek and Iranian epics, “Iliad” and “Shahnameh”, could be studied and compared from different perspectives. One perspective here could be female characters namely Helen the beauty queen and ManijehBanou, Bijan’s lover. Helen is described by Homer as the most beautiful woman of the world and the wife of Menlaswho falls in love with Paris the son of king Periam the king of Troy and escapes with Paris to Troy after robbing the royal treasury. This prepared the ground for exhausting war between Greece and Troy. Manijeh on the other hand is the daughter of the king of the land of Turan who is in love with Bijan the Iranian brave man and marries him. While Bijan is in trouble she accompanies him to cooperate with the Iranian champion Rostam. Both of these ladies are princesses but one leaves the husband and children for the lover while the other leaves the royal family to stay with the husband. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - Hafiz in Western Literature; A case study of the effect of Hafez's poems on Goethe
Nahid Jafari Dehkordi Maryam Shahriyar Sara FarajiEnglish, German, Russian and French were the most important languages to which Hafez's poems were translated to. Many translators have translated directly from the Persian original (literary translation) and some have used intermediate languages. Althou MoreEnglish, German, Russian and French were the most important languages to which Hafez's poems were translated to. Many translators have translated directly from the Persian original (literary translation) and some have used intermediate languages. Although acceptable translations of the sonnets gradually emerged, none of them were able to express the literary subtleties contained in them. In German, the translation of Hammer Purgstall became the basis for many literatures acquainted with the poems of this Eastern poet. Goethe – the German poet and literary man – made a strange acquaintance with them by reading the poets translations and composed a collection of heartwarming poems called "The Eastern Court of the West" and became a supplement to Hafez's Divan in the West under the influence of these lyric poetries. Manuscript profile -
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125 - Religion in the poetry of Muhammad Mehdi Javaheri and Muhammad hussainShahryar
Mehdi Momtahen Hoseyn Mohammadiyan Mohammad Amin RoodiniDue to the similar social and cultural conditions of Iranian and Iraqi nations, the present article attempts to survey the points of similarity and difference in the works of Muhammad Mehdi Javaheri and Muhammad hussainShahryar based on the religious them MoreDue to the similar social and cultural conditions of Iranian and Iraqi nations, the present article attempts to survey the points of similarity and difference in the works of Muhammad Mehdi Javaheri and Muhammad hussainShahryar based on the religious themes of their poetry. Javahery in his poetry discusses the fighting against superstitions and religious segmentation whilehe is after religious reforming. Also the view Shahryar holds is a fundamentalist one and he tries to elaborate the main branches of religion. The present article is a comparison of the religious views of these two neoclassic poets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Comparative Survey on Recreation of Myths in Contemporary Poetry
Mahyar Alavi Moghaddam Maryam SasaniMyths are human's dreams that are originated from ethnic's creativities.Poetry is also originates from human's heart and can be known as ethnic's dream. Poetry and myth are the same in personal and mass dreams.Recreation of myths in poetry is the most beautiful and arti MoreMyths are human's dreams that are originated from ethnic's creativities.Poetry is also originates from human's heart and can be known as ethnic's dream. Poetry and myth are the same in personal and mass dreams.Recreation of myths in poetry is the most beautiful and artistic outlay of mythology. Previous and contemporary poets were always able in recreation of myths. The past and present eras can be joined by recreation of myths. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - A comparative study of Nature Description in Ibn-e Rumi and Manoochehri’s Works
Ibrahim Namdari Mohammad Ali Fouladi Narges LorestaniThe environment is the main factor of nature description. Nature description and its manifestation such as gardens, flowers and etc. were waster and wider in Abbasid era rather than Omavid’s. In Abbasid era the civilization and development manifested suddenl MoreThe environment is the main factor of nature description. Nature description and its manifestation such as gardens, flowers and etc. were waster and wider in Abbasid era rather than Omavid’s. In Abbasid era the civilization and development manifested suddenly. Thus the explanation and description had been done with applying metaphors and similes; and this states the Abbasid era’s dreaming. The Persian poetry might be called nature poetry in Manoochehri’s period in which he was of beginners of that kind of poetry. He imitated the Arab poets because he was affected by Arabic literature. Ibn-e Rumi’s poetry is a brilliant and vivid image of gardens and greens. Personification of things in most parts of his poetry. Manuscript profile -
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128 - Studying Sunnet's Application in Ibn Zaydún and Shahriyar Poetries
Robabeh Ramezani Parisa FeyziIt could be resulted out that there are common aspects in Arab Ibn Zaydún and Iranian Shahriyar's poetries by studying their works; while both were far away from their beloveds and burnt in the fire of love but were loyal and faithful to them and insisted their l MoreIt could be resulted out that there are common aspects in Arab Ibn Zaydún and Iranian Shahriyar's poetries by studying their works; while both were far away from their beloveds and burnt in the fire of love but were loyal and faithful to them and insisted their love. Following the hard and suffering times of their live, they blames the era and their beloveds were not exception. Since Iran and Andalusia were charming in nature and fertile lands, both abovementioned poets have enjoyed them to describe their beloveds. Two poets who were familiar with Holy Quran, applied this precious source in their poetries too. Their poems are also moral and decent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - The influence of Persian Culture and Literature on Javaheri's Poetry
Shamsi Vaghef ZadehBoth Persian and Arabic literature have influenced each other and have had more literary interactions compared to other languages due to social and cultural similarities of the two nations. Mohammad Mehdi .Javaheri is a prominent Arab poet whose poetry which ranges MoreBoth Persian and Arabic literature have influenced each other and have had more literary interactions compared to other languages due to social and cultural similarities of the two nations. Mohammad Mehdi .Javaheri is a prominent Arab poet whose poetry which ranges from neoclassicism to romanticism has been affected by Persian Literature regarding terminology. content, poetic style, imaginations and emotions. His mastery of Persian language, culture and society has played an important role in this regard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Implementation of Investigation of children's on the works of Nader Ebrahimi and Lina kilani
Omid Majd Mirot SalmanThis paper studies and compares the methods of story writing of Nader Ebrahimi and Lina Kilani, the wellknown Syrian writer, in children literature. In the following, this paper explains the abstracts of two stories from Nader Ebrahimi and Lina Kilani (when someone talk MoreThis paper studies and compares the methods of story writing of Nader Ebrahimi and Lina Kilani, the wellknown Syrian writer, in children literature. In the following, this paper explains the abstracts of two stories from Nader Ebrahimi and Lina Kilani (when someone talks, how will be their shape? – cloth of a doll called Selmi respectively) and criticize them based on the mentioned standards. It is noteworthy that this paper derived from a master's degree dissertation investigating all stories written by both writers, and the results of the paper adopted from all their works. Due to the scope of it, this paper only investigates one work of each writer. Manuscript profile -
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131 - Comparative Study on Magical Realism in Saedi and Márquez works
Arash Moshfeqi Elham AlaviThe present paper intends to study the elements of magical realism in Gholam Hossein Sa'edi and Gabriel García Márquez's works comparatively. Saedi – one of Iran's famous contemporary literary men in the field of story writing. Gabriel García MoreThe present paper intends to study the elements of magical realism in Gholam Hossein Sa'edi and Gabriel García Márquez's works comparatively. Saedi – one of Iran's famous contemporary literary men in the field of story writing. Gabriel García Márquez is also the one whose name is linked with magical realism and is known as avant-garde in the mentioned literature. Both authors have left similar works in this genre in which both can be seen bitter, morbid as well as satirist and nihilist. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - The Analysis and Comparison of Factors of Joseph and Zuleika by Nur Mohammad Andalib and Jami
Khojeh Seyyed Seyyed Mohammadi Mohammad Fazeli Reza AshrafzadehThe purpose of comparative literature is to explain the tracks and timelines of different nations' literary relations and links which should be competent for understanding and friendship of other nations by familiarizing the heritage of common thoughts. The present pape MoreThe purpose of comparative literature is to explain the tracks and timelines of different nations' literary relations and links which should be competent for understanding and friendship of other nations by familiarizing the heritage of common thoughts. The present paper studies, surveys and analyzes the components of the novel such as theme, character, landscape and etc. as well as the method of processing of two speakers with different languages and cultures by the aid of analytical – comparative approach and in librarian method. Joseph and Zuleika by Andalib – poet, author and translator of twelfth century – has been compared to the one by Jami – ninth century – to find the similar and opposite aspects of Turkman and Persian stories. The general results of the study are as below: Jami spreads his story by alive and obvious explanations while Andalib brings more proofs of events and incidents. Both narrators are omniscient. The frequency of metaphysical factors are more in Andalib's theme but Jami enjoys more logical and believable patterns. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Comparative Study of Common Themes of Resistance in Ahmad Mattar and Mardani's Poetries
Eesa Zare DornianiResistance literature follows a unique orientation in most subjects and languages; poets and authors attempt to reflect their most important resistance themes in their works affected by common goals in order to encourage people to fight for their aims and lives. Thus th MoreResistance literature follows a unique orientation in most subjects and languages; poets and authors attempt to reflect their most important resistance themes in their works affected by common goals in order to encourage people to fight for their aims and lives. Thus the present paper – which is done in analytical – comparative method and based on American school of comparative literature – attempts to study common themes of two Persian and Arabic languages by focusing on two poets' works: Ahmad Mattar and Nasrollah Mardani and compares common concepts such as resistance, freedom and liberty, patriotism, call for fight and applying national, religious and tribal symbols. One of the most important achievements of the present article is that Ahmad Mattar's language is satirical and despairing while Mardani's language is epic, ideal and promising which both are affected by their literatures and pionners in national and religious symbols. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Idiosyncratic dialect between Perse and sepehri
Maryam Iranmanesh Zeynab Arab NezhadTodays comparative literature has been accepted as one of the most important style in new criticism. We are going to study Sepehri and Perse by applying this way of criticism. We selected this tow poet because they are been reputed as difficult to be inte MoreTodays comparative literature has been accepted as one of the most important style in new criticism. We are going to study Sepehri and Perse by applying this way of criticism. We selected this tow poet because they are been reputed as difficult to be interpreted. So we base American school and use linguistic knowledge to illustrate why it is difficult to interpret their poems. Hence Anabase of Perse andMosafer of sepehri has been choosen. Dialect is a linguistic expression meaning individual style of speaking and writing. But deviant form of dialect lead to idiosyncratic dialect. In this essay we want to study comparatively the reason of difficulty of poem according to their idiosyncratic dialect Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - Onsori and His Influence from Arabic Poets
Mehdi Momtahen Comparative Literature, in general, is studying great thoughtful people's literature all around the world. Studying the relations between literatures from one side, and other things such as architecture, painting, music, poetry, grammar, art, economy, sociology More Comparative Literature, in general, is studying great thoughtful people's literature all around the world. Studying the relations between literatures from one side, and other things such as architecture, painting, music, poetry, grammar, art, economy, sociology, etc. on the other side is called comparative. It can be said that this kind of literature is comparing literature with other Human's sciences among the nations.Since the comparative literature was born in America and Europe in 19th century, but it is not so comprehensive in West, yet. Nevertheless, the literature of this part of the world is full of common purposes which were created through discussions among literary men and scientists.One of these literary men is Onsori, 4th and 5th century poet, who could derive many concepts by inspiration from Arabic poetry and put them among his beautiful odes. We, also, can have more effective role in order to enrich the comparative literature in this part of the world, Iran. Manuscript profile -
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136 - The comparative study in Nostalogic poems of nima & jibran
Mahdi Momtahen Hassan Majidi Sakineh SaremiAbstract Nostalgia or « sad exile" in terms of psychology, envy, and blue is a man of his past. It felt as manifestations of the unconscious in human behavior will emerge. Poverty, migration, away from home and ... In making this feel is effective. Many poets and MoreAbstract Nostalgia or « sad exile" in terms of psychology, envy, and blue is a man of his past. It felt as manifestations of the unconscious in human behavior will emerge. Poverty, migration, away from home and ... In making this feel is effective. Many poets and writers, as many of these feelings are displayed, including the poet Gibran Khalil Gibran and be named Nima Yooshij. Gibran Khalil Gibran (1883 - 1931 AD) was born in Lebanon. One of the most gifted and talented poets of the Romantic school of the principles of freedom of romanticism, naturalism, and historical journey is evident in his poetry, and Nima Yooshij (1274 - 1338 AD. Sh) Yoosh, village Noor was born in Mazandaran. Ability of contemporary poets and Persian literature of the social and political poems he has left have been forced into political exile 3 - both are romantic poet. The comparative study of American schools because no symmetry between the poet and the historical connection between them that is, their work is the implementation and evaluation. This paper is a comparative work nostalgic feelings and emotions expressed in how compensation is paid Yooshij Khalil Gibran and Nima. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Comparative Study of Baluchi and Arabic Proverbs
Mohammad Akbar SepahiProverbs are important rituals and representations of human societies that represent human society, culture, and literature, their interests, tastes, and attitudes well. Baluchi language, literature and culture has always been in direct interaction with Persian language MoreProverbs are important rituals and representations of human societies that represent human society, culture, and literature, their interests, tastes, and attitudes well. Baluchi language, literature and culture has always been in direct interaction with Persian language and literature, and on the other hand, Baluchi and other Iranian languages, dialects and subcultures, either directly, due to the position of Islam in this land or indirectly, due to Persian, which has been in closer interaction with Arabic have been influenced by proverbs and wise sayings and hadiths and narrations that have become proverb. In this article, we have tried to examine the prominent and remarkable examples of this type of proverbs and sayings that have become the form of proverb. One of the most important results in the middle of this research is the role of Persian language and literature. Regarding the commonalities of Baluchi and Arabic proverbs, most of the compatible examples of these two languages, the common example of them can also be found in Persian. Manuscript profile -
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138 - Study and compare (sonnet) lyrical approaches in poetries of Ibrahim naji and Mohammad Hussein karimi
Hossein Goli Shahrokh Hekmat Shahboddin KarimiThe comparative literature that is a branches from interdisciplinary studies, passes literary borders and discovers new findings. Therefore, lyrics in the scope of lyrical literature, open plenty fields for researchers. Studying lyrical themes at the works of naji and k MoreThe comparative literature that is a branches from interdisciplinary studies, passes literary borders and discovers new findings. Therefore, lyrics in the scope of lyrical literature, open plenty fields for researchers. Studying lyrical themes at the works of naji and karimi indicates that they were dynamic and efficient in composing sonnet. Two fundamental concepts have considered to achieve substantial results among content and context and genres of lyrics. the researchers study According to analysis of lyrical approaches and objective components. The American method of comparative literature was based because without caring whether literatures contractual relationship or not. Manuscript profile -
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139 - A Comparative Study of Nature Description in Divans of Toghraei and Manouchehri Damghani
Fahimeh Mirzaee Jabery Seyyed Mohammad Reza EbnerrasoolAbstract In this paper, the description of nature is compared and contrasted from specific perspectives in the Divans (collected works) of two Persian old poets named Toghtaei and Manouchehri Damghani.First, the status and mission of comparative literature is studied. MoreAbstract In this paper, the description of nature is compared and contrasted from specific perspectives in the Divans (collected works) of two Persian old poets named Toghtaei and Manouchehri Damghani.First, the status and mission of comparative literature is studied. A brief review of Toghraei and Manouchehri biographies is presented. Then, the literary, cultural, and environmental features of their period and they are presented with a descriptive-analytical approach comparative study of description of inanimate and animate nature is carried out. In addition, the involvement and depiction of these poets is accompanied with examples and poems in which the effect can be seen. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - A Study on Quranic Adaptations in Hafez and Abū l-ʻAtāhiyya's Diwans
Morteza HeidariUnderstanding the depth of most great and famous poets in Islam is not possible without recognizing and understanding Quranic themes of the poetries. In the present research, the author expresses, analyzes and compares the effectiveness manifestation of Hafez and Abū l- MoreUnderstanding the depth of most great and famous poets in Islam is not possible without recognizing and understanding Quranic themes of the poetries. In the present research, the author expresses, analyzes and compares the effectiveness manifestation of Hafez and Abū l-ʻAtāhiyya's poetries from Quranic Verses and concepts and then explains their types in both poets' diwans. Both poets' affect of Quran is in the field of direct and indirect adaptation in which each includes various types. The author concluded that there is no trace of similar concepts to Quranic interpretations in Abū l-ʻAtāhiyya's works. Because Hafez enjoyed God's words' elixir to enrich his poetries with lovely, political and social concepts since Abū l-ʻAtāhiyya' works are Quranic adaptation in the field of ethics and asceticism. Manuscript profile -
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141 - Praise of the Prophet (PBUH) by reviewing and adapting the poems of Safi al-Din Hali and Khaghani
Sakineh Saremi Garvi Hossein Mirzaei NiaThe praise of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) can be seen in Arabic and Persian poetry of great poets, Safi al-Din Hali (677-744 AH) and the poet Shervan, Khaghani (520-595 AH) have composed beautiful poems in praise of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Safi al-Din Hali has paid more at MoreThe praise of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) can be seen in Arabic and Persian poetry of great poets, Safi al-Din Hali (677-744 AH) and the poet Shervan, Khaghani (520-595 AH) have composed beautiful poems in praise of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Safi al-Din Hali has paid more attention to the miracles of the Prophet and expressed general concepts and has not mentioned social characteristics such as the spirit of justice of the Prophet and Safi al-Din Hali's praises are influenced by the theological thoughts that have occupied the thinkers of the time. The hypothesis of this research seeks to show how these two poets, while not being influenced by each other, have expressed the virtues of the Holy Prophet with a close and similar perspective to each other. The research method in this article is analytical-descriptive and based on library sources. The purpose of this article is to examine the commonalities and differences between the views of these two poets about the praise of Hazrat Mohammad Mustafa (PBUH), because this adaptation is based on the American school. Manuscript profile -
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142 - Investigating the Influence of Saadi's Thoughts on Victor Hugo's Works
Maryam Kafshdooz ZarrinThe movement of translating masterpieces of Persian literature, which began with the translation of Saadi's "Golestan" in 1644, attracted the attention of the French literary centers of criticism and forced them to study the historical sources of Iran. Among them, great MoreThe movement of translating masterpieces of Persian literature, which began with the translation of Saadi's "Golestan" in 1644, attracted the attention of the French literary centers of criticism and forced them to study the historical sources of Iran. Among them, great poets and writers such as Victor Hugo, Marceline Bradwalmer, Henri de Mousse, Lafontaine, etc. are among the French romantic poets and writers who, under the influence of Orientalist views, are among the pioneers of literature in this field. In this article, Saadi's influence on Victor Hugo and its manifestations and effects are examined and criticized. In addition, it has been shown that Iranian literature has influenced Victor Hugo so much that he has written a significant number of his works inspired by Persian literature, especially Saadi's works. The article deals with common concepts and issues in the works of Saadi and Victor Hugo and seeks to show the different dimensions of Hugo's influence from Saadi. Manuscript profile -
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143 - Investigating the Motives of War in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey
Safar Abdolvand Qasem Sahraei Ali HeydariComparative literature is a knowledge that adapts some works with some other literary works or compares the literature of two or more countries and usually a type of literature that has emerged in two different languages to reveal their commonalities and cultural diff MoreComparative literature is a knowledge that adapts some works with some other literary works or compares the literature of two or more countries and usually a type of literature that has emerged in two different languages to reveal their commonalities and cultural differences. Comparative literature is a vision of the colorful horizons of art and literature that can explore the cultural contexts of the various nations of the world and show their direct or indirect relationship to each other. As all nations are willingly or unwillingly inspired by each other's literature, this literature is becoming more universal. Eastern literature and Western literature are constantly being influenced. This qualitative analysis method has a new view at the ancient epic texts of Iran and Greece, which showed some of the motives of war in the text of Ferdowsi's "Shahnameh" and Homer's "Iliad and Odyssey". It has highlighted the functions of common mythology in two systems. Manuscript profile -
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144 - Comparative Study of Leili and Majnoon by Nizami, and Amir Khosrow Dehlavi's
Mohammad Moradi Ahmad Reza Keikha FarzanehThis descriptive – analytical study surveys the "Leili and the Majnoon" by Nizami and Amir Khosrow Dehlavi. It is clear that the temporal and spatial differences have had an undeniable effect on an imitated work; Therefore, although Dehlav MoreThis descriptive – analytical study surveys the "Leili and the Majnoon" by Nizami and Amir Khosrow Dehlavi. It is clear that the temporal and spatial differences have had an undeniable effect on an imitated work; Therefore, although Dehlavi's "Majnoon and Leili", is the same "Leili and Majnoon" by Nizami, It is a different work in terms of cultural and social components that do not have the specific structures and prejudices of the fifth century in the traditional Iranian society. However, the structure of both works is similar in terms of the beginning and the end of the story as well as the characters and the generalities of the story. But the one by Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, has given more opportunity to the beloved to express his love in processing Leili's character. Leili talks about her feelings and nostalgia along with women. The intellectual commonality of both poets is the Islamic cultural. Also special attention paid to the cultural conditions of Arabs and consequently, the special strictures that underlie the behavior of men and women in social relations. Manuscript profile -
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145 - Unity; Discourse in the Context of Sustainability Literature; with a Reflection on Persian and Arabic Contemporary Poetries
Farooq NematiInvitation to national unity and cohesion is one of the main themes in sustainability literature. Therefore, one of the most important discourses among the poets of the Islamic awakening in Persian and Arabic contemporary poetry is the issue of unity and public invitati MoreInvitation to national unity and cohesion is one of the main themes in sustainability literature. Therefore, one of the most important discourses among the poets of the Islamic awakening in Persian and Arabic contemporary poetry is the issue of unity and public invitation to solidarity and the formation of a single line against the enemies. This important socio-political category, the main sources of which are the guidelines of Holy Quran and the hadiths of the Prophet (PBUH), is widely reflected in the contemporary period and in the poems of bilingual poets; In a way, these poets consider the factor of unity in religious and national fields as one of the main factors of victory and success of Muslims in their political and social arenas. In this article, we will examine and analyze their views on the issue of unity by passing over the poems of the most important Persian and Arabic contemporary poets in the field of sustainability literature. The approach of this research shows that these poets, while enumerating the dangers of division, consider unity in its two Islamic and national spheres as the basis for achieving goals and defeating the conspiracies and plans of the enemy. Manuscript profile -
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146 - The Comparative Study between Nima Yushij's Letters and Jean-Jacques Rousseau’ Emile
Maryam HaghiNima Yushij (1276-1338) is one of the most famous and influential contemporary poets. In addition to the poem and literary works, Nima Yushij has also a collection of letters containing Nima's comments on various topics. One of the important issues found in the Nima&rsq MoreNima Yushij (1276-1338) is one of the most famous and influential contemporary poets. In addition to the poem and literary works, Nima Yushij has also a collection of letters containing Nima's comments on various topics. One of the important issues found in the Nima’s letter series is the educational issues. Nima, who has taught for several years, is closely acquainted with the issues and problems of this field and has criticized many of the country's educational systems, including poor school conditions, weaknesses in textbook writing, teachers' lack of motivation, etc. Nima appeared to have been influenced by Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1778-1778), a French author and philosopher, and especially his "Emile", in expressing some of his educational ideas. Nima, like Rousseau, prefers the nature and the countryside to the city life and believes that children should be raised as much as possible in nature and away from the city, and the most important childhood education is physical education and stimulation of curiosity. The aim of this study is to analyze Nima’s ideas in his letters concerning education and how he was affected by Jean Jacques Rousseau, especially his Emile. Manuscript profile -
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147 - A comparative study of characterization and story plot in Hamidi and Hariri's Maghamat
Hedye Khanafereh Mansoureh Tadayoni Massoud Pakdel Farzaneh RahmanianMaghame is one of the types of ancient stories that with artificial prose mixed with poetry, are about a hero who appears anonymously in anecdotes and creates events with the intention of begging, and as soon as his character is known, it disappears until appear again i MoreMaghame is one of the types of ancient stories that with artificial prose mixed with poetry, are about a hero who appears anonymously in anecdotes and creates events with the intention of begging, and as soon as his character is known, it disappears until appear again in another awe in the next Maghame. Hamidi's Maghamat is one of the most important books in Arabic and Persian. Hamidi, by choosing the format of the story and using the principles of storytelling, as well as selecting the events of these stories from the realities of life and choosing fictional characters from the people who live among them, along with their individual and social characteristics, brought the writing style close to realist writers. The effervescence of life through the events of Maghamat, together with the action of the real characters in its scenes and the influence of the spiritual, moral, social, material, scientific and literary atmosphere on the characters, realizes the truthfulness as the stories. In this research, it has been tried to investigate the most important story in Hamidi and Hariri's Maghamat by a descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile -
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148 - Comparison of Leili and Majnoon of Nezami with Leili and Majnoon in the Divan of Qais Ibn Molawah
Massoud Pakdel Mandana Alimi Hedye KhanaferehThe story of Leili and Majnoon is originally one of the old stories of nomads of the land of Najd in the Arabian Peninsula, which was narrated by Abolfaraj Isfahani in "Al-Aghani" by providing a document. The most famous story of the poem Leili and Majnoon in Persian is MoreThe story of Leili and Majnoon is originally one of the old stories of nomads of the land of Najd in the Arabian Peninsula, which was narrated by Abolfaraj Isfahani in "Al-Aghani" by providing a document. The most famous story of the poem Leili and Majnoon in Persian is the military poem of Ganjavi. In this article, the environment and its influence on the two poets, Nezami and Qais Ibn Molawah, are analyzed in the composition of their poems, the characters of both stories are matched and differences and commonalities are represented. It seems that despite the fact that Nezami has used many of the themes in the Divan of Qais Ibn Molawah, but he has made very beautiful modifications in the story by using the taste and art of poetry, so that he has succeeded in building a school in love to be compatible with taste of many readers and Leili and Majnoon causes world popularity of this story. The story of Leili and Majnoon is not just a failed love story, but it is the image of a closed society doomed to the brutal domination of the traditions and dry laws of the tribe. Throughout the story, Nezami shows that it must obey the law of God, I,e morality and chastity, and, contrary to the Arabic narrations, Leili has been preferred in the image of story. Manuscript profile -
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149 - A Comparative Study of the Ethical Themes of Jarir and Akhtal Contradictions
Hamid Motavalizadeh NaeiniOne of the best ways to recognize the superiority of a poet over his peers is a comparative study of subjects and a study of the cognitive style of their poetry. Jarir and Akhtal, who, like two militant rivals, ridiculed each other throughout their poetic periods and al MoreOne of the best ways to recognize the superiority of a poet over his peers is a comparative study of subjects and a study of the cognitive style of their poetry. Jarir and Akhtal, who, like two militant rivals, ridiculed each other throughout their poetic periods and always tried to discredit their enemy, tried to subdue the opponent to the power of amazing imagination and reasoning by using innovative structures. Make your own literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the content of common moral themes in Jarir and Akhtal violations and to study more than 840 bits in the form of 20 poems by analytical-descriptive method. Based on what is said in examining the differences and similarities of content and style between the two poets, it can be seen that Jarir has been more successful in depicting the theme of humility and avarice than Akhtal, but Akhtal in his descriptions and interest and use of various literary techniques in depicting fear and insecurity has snatched the Jarir. Manuscript profile -
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150 - A Comparative Study of the Common Themes of Women in Ghada Al-Saman and Parvin Etesami's poetries
Saeedeh Mirhaghjoo Langroudi Fatemeh Ali Nejad ChamazaktiGhada Al-Saman is a Syrian contemporary poet that wife, love, discrimination and anti-prejudice are the main themes of most of his poems. He is best known around the world as a writer. Parvin Etesami is an Iranian poet whose poems express love for humanity, freedom, soc MoreGhada Al-Saman is a Syrian contemporary poet that wife, love, discrimination and anti-prejudice are the main themes of most of his poems. He is best known around the world as a writer. Parvin Etesami is an Iranian poet whose poems express love for humanity, freedom, social justice, science, art and love for the deprived and suffering strata of society. This study examines the biographies and poems of two women poets and enumerates the similarities and differences in themes and concludes how two poets in two close periods of time can be so similar and through the lens of emotion of these two women look at the world and the issues in it, and achieve the new and innovative ideas in the adaptation between Persian and Arabic literature. Manuscript profile -
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151 - A Comparative Study of the Concept of Science and Ignorance in Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi and Malek osh-Sho'arā Bahār’s Poetries
Ramezan Mohammadi Mohammad Jafari Mohammad Shaygan MehrSimultaneously with the Constitutional Revolution in Iran and the Iraqi People's Revolution against the Ottomans, poets entered the field of literature who had common themes in their poetries including the struggle against ignorance and the demand for science, coloniali MoreSimultaneously with the Constitutional Revolution in Iran and the Iraqi People's Revolution against the Ottomans, poets entered the field of literature who had common themes in their poetries including the struggle against ignorance and the demand for science, colonialism, freedom, and so on. They knew how to seek knowledge and avoid ignorance, and these poets lived in two Muslim and neighboring countries. Malek osh-Sho'arā Bahār’and Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi were both well-known and contemporary poets of Iran and Iraq and lived in the same period. Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi, known as "Iraq’s poet", studied Islamic sciences and Arabic literature at his father's school. Bahar also learned to compose poetry at his father's school. The present article attempts to study concept of science and ignorance in the poems of two precious poets comparatively and the results of the research indicate abovementioned poets’ close thoughts to each other. Manuscript profile -
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152 - Comparative Study on Deconstruction of Shamloo and Cummings’ Poetries
Hassan Tajik mohamdiyeh Kiyan PishkarComparative literature is the founder of modern viewpoint in universal literature studies era as a new science and attempts to propose common fields between nations and their literature in order to achieve a better universal convergence. Studying literary functions of t MoreComparative literature is the founder of modern viewpoint in universal literature studies era as a new science and attempts to propose common fields between nations and their literature in order to achieve a better universal convergence. Studying literary functions of the countries with distinguished and privileged literary style which may own commonalities in language, structure, culture and even religion can assist development of this field; thus the present article intends to find out lingual, literary and stylistic commonalities and writing styles by studying two stylist, famous, great and contemporary Iranian and American poets – Ahmad Shamloo and E. E." Cummings based on postmodern deconstruction theories and principles. This article tries to survey and present a new window to comparative studies field – specifically contemporary literature – from two various countries with great literary backgrounds but completely different. Manuscript profile -
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153 - Comparative reading of feminine themes in the poetry of Nabileh Al-Khatib and Forough Farrokhzad
Tayebeh Sadat Javanian Sadegh Ebrahimi Kavari Sahad JadariFeminine literature, despite the history of Arabic and Persian literature, due to social and cultural barriers as a context for expressing feminine thoughts and expressing its problems has not had much crystallization in the Arab lands and Iran. After the social and pol MoreFeminine literature, despite the history of Arabic and Persian literature, due to social and cultural barriers as a context for expressing feminine thoughts and expressing its problems has not had much crystallization in the Arab lands and Iran. After the social and political developments in the Arab countries and the Constitutional Revolution in Iran, feminine poetry achieved a significant crystallization and somehow introduced the idea of women poets and their worldview. This research has tried to analyze the poetic themes of two Persian and Arabic poets, Forough Farrokhzad and Nabila Al-Khatib, a Jordanian poet in terms of poetic content and expression of women's ideas. The poems of these two poets contain women's issues. At a glance, the works of these two poets show that women's ideas are related to rejecting the constraints and cumbersome personal and social traditions of women's lives, especially in the East, and also include issues such as love, motherhood, and so on. Both poets have tried to rely on poetry, the expressive larynx to mature the presence of women and her social and cultural identity, given that poetry both because of feminine indicators in a positive way of their social and cultural identity as women and it represents its unique literary style. Manuscript profile -
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154 - The Issue of Polygamy in Modern Intellectual Discorse: The Study of Contemporary Readings of Q 4:3 with the Emphasis on Al-Manār, Al-Mīzān and Min Waḥy Al-Qur'ān
Seyyed Mahmood Tayyeb Hoseini Muhammad Hassan Shirzad Muhammad Hussein ShirzadOne of the most important verses of the Holy Qur'an, which brings gender inequality to mind in the modern era, is Q 4:3. According to this verse, those men who are capable of observing justice among wives are allowed to marry up to four women. Mentioning the legislation MoreOne of the most important verses of the Holy Qur'an, which brings gender inequality to mind in the modern era, is Q 4:3. According to this verse, those men who are capable of observing justice among wives are allowed to marry up to four women. Mentioning the legislation of polygamy in Islamic ruling, the early and medieval Muslim exegetes devoted their efforts to some linguistic-literary discussions about the Q 4:3. However, a new generation of Muslim exegetes, paying attention to the emerging questions and doubts in the contemporary period, have disregarded the traditional interpretations and provided justifiable interpretations which are appropriate to the modern socio-cultural conditions. In this research, the authors are going to study the change of attitudes of Muslim exegetes towards the interpretation of the holy verse Q 4:3 by focusing on Al-Manār, Al-Mīzān and Min Waḥy Al-Qur'ān. This study shows that while Abduh, Tabātabāei, and Fadlallāh advocated the legislation of polygamy in Islam, Sheikh Muhammad Abduh who was influenced by the doctrine of Neo-Mo'tazelah, forbade the practice of polygamy in Egypt in order to provide a more appropriate interpretation to the expectation and interest of the audiences in contemporary period. Manuscript profile -
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155 - The Role of Synonymy in Causing Inconsistencies in the Choice of Equivalents in Farsi Translations of the Holy Qur'an: A Case of the Twelve Contemporary Translations of the Ash-Shams and Al-Balad Suras
mostafa kamaljoo Mehdi ShahrokhThe Holy Quran is a book for human guidance in Arabic, whose understanding is only available through translation to those who do not know Arabic. None of the translations of the Qur'an can ever compare with its Arabic origin and they serve only as a means for a better u MoreThe Holy Quran is a book for human guidance in Arabic, whose understanding is only available through translation to those who do not know Arabic. None of the translations of the Qur'an can ever compare with its Arabic origin and they serve only as a means for a better understanding of the Qur'an. However, since Arabic is one of the most complete languages and it involves many fine details, this makes the translation of the Qur'an a very challenging job. Therefore, unless the translator has a competent knowledge and command of the fine details of the Arabic language, his translation would be a flawed one. This research aims to study the role and the effect of synonymy on inconsistencies and their frequencies in translation based on the analytical descriptive method. For this purpose, the translations of two short Suras of Ash-Shams and Al-Balad by the following contemporary translators have been selected for comparison: Ansariyan, Ayati, Bahrampour, Khorramdel, Khorramshahi, Sadeghi Tehrani, Fooladvand, Qaraati, Mojtabavi, Mo'ezi, Makarem Shirazi, and Elahi Qomsheie. The results of this study show a significant ratio of differences in finding the Farsi equivalents among these translators, Such that the percentage of differences is much higher than that of the similarities. the highest ratio was seen between Khorramdel and Mo'ezi and the least ratio was seen between Fooladvand and Sadeghi Tehrani. This probably represents the least and highest amount of influence among these translators, and of course their only instrument in producing these inconsistencies is the synonymy phenomenon in Manuscript profile -
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156 - A study on Different Types of Quranic Adaptations in Hafiz and Abū l-ʻAtāhiyya Poetries
Morteza HeidariDiscovering the depth of the poetries of many great poets of the Islamic World without recognizing Quranic motifs is an impossible issue. This paper expresses, analyzes and compares the influences manifestations of Hafiz and Abū l-ʻAtāhiyya's poetries derived from Qura MoreDiscovering the depth of the poetries of many great poets of the Islamic World without recognizing Quranic motifs is an impossible issue. This paper expresses, analyzes and compares the influences manifestations of Hafiz and Abū l-ʻAtāhiyya's poetries derived from Quran verses and studies their different types. The author finds out that in Abū l-ʻAtāhiyya poetries compared to Hafiz's there is no sign of similar concepts with Quran's. Because Hafiz joins God's words with his poetries' lovely, social and political concepts and has created new concepts and lingual culture; while Abū l-ʻAtāhiyya's Quranic adaptations are singe dimension. Manuscript profile -
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157 - Etymology of Comparative Interpretation Method by Najjarzadgan in Interpretive Heritage
Ensiyeh Asgari Interpretive works called “comparative interpretation” increase remarkably in last decades while research interpretation has not grown equally. One the important issues is the comparison method which needs to be known and recognized. This research stud More Interpretive works called “comparative interpretation” increase remarkably in last decades while research interpretation has not grown equally. One the important issues is the comparison method which needs to be known and recognized. This research studies comparison method specifically in Najjarzadgan works. His method involves three stages of quotation, expression and ideas criticism. Since the mentioned stages form the general criteria of interpretive texts, an etymology could be done on his method. The present research studies fourth and sixth centuries which are known as historical turning point. The results show that Najjarzadgan method goes back to traditional interpretations and his works developed gradually by considering some preferences. Quotation and expression of ideas are developed based on documentaries; but arbitration and decision making are done with the same tools and basics. Manuscript profile -
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158 - A Study on Parties’ Interpreters ViewPoint under Verse No. 43 of Muddathir Surah
Alireza Zaki Zadeh Renani Akram BahramianThe present research studies the viewpoints of parties’ interpreters under Verse No. 43 of Muddathir Surah with descriptive – analytical method; the aim is to find out the disagreement origin in order to offer the more appropriate meaning. The common viewpoi MoreThe present research studies the viewpoints of parties’ interpreters under Verse No. 43 of Muddathir Surah with descriptive – analytical method; the aim is to find out the disagreement origin in order to offer the more appropriate meaning. The common viewpoint by Shiite and Sunnite on Verse «قَالُواْ لَمْ نَکُ مِنَ الْمُصَلِّین» can be expressed as: nine Shiite and seven Sunnite interpreters interpret it as “leaving obligatory pray”, four Shiite and three Sunnite interpret it as “absolute leaving of pray”. But their views differences divide into leaving specific prays, leaving pray and thanks, pray interruption, Muslims pray leaving, believers’ pray leaving, unfaithfulness and lack of paying attention to rights in specific times. According to the term’s meaning, the origin of the discrepancy could be explained as: some interpreters interpret the verse and some express the paraphrase and some explained the ethical analysis and its part of speech. Manuscript profile -
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159 - Comparative Study of Noor Verse from Contemporary Interpreters’ Viewpoint
Seyyedeh Ameneh Mir KhatamiOne of Quran Verses which has always been paid attention by Muslim scholars and interpreters is Verse no. 35 of Noor Surah which the name of the Surah is taken from the mentioned Verse. According to complexity of allegories in the mentioned Verse and necessity of more c MoreOne of Quran Verses which has always been paid attention by Muslim scholars and interpreters is Verse no. 35 of Noor Surah which the name of the Surah is taken from the mentioned Verse. According to complexity of allegories in the mentioned Verse and necessity of more contemplation and consideration, much attention paid to this Verse and its interpretations. In this research which is fundamental and librarian documents are applied for it, it is tried to study the interpretation of Verse No. 35 from contemporary interpreters’ viewpoints. “Al Mizan”, “Nemooneh”, “Noor” and “Hedayat” interpretations are some of the selected books by contemporary interpreters which are applied as references for the present article. Manuscript profile -
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160 - A comparative Interpretation of the Spirit of Self – Esteem from Parties’ Viewpoint
Mohsen Khoshfar Vajiheh Orak ShiraniAl-Fajr Surah was revealed in Mecca and like many other Surahs of Mecca, its verses are short, shocking, full of content and with many warnings and sermons; One of these addresses is ﴿یَأَیَّتهُا النَّفْسُ الْمُطْمَئنَّة﴾. The commentators of parties have expressed diff MoreAl-Fajr Surah was revealed in Mecca and like many other Surahs of Mecca, its verses are short, shocking, full of content and with many warnings and sermons; One of these addresses is ﴿یَأَیَّتهُا النَّفْسُ الْمُطْمَئنَّة﴾. The commentators of parties have expressed different views on the meaning of the self - esteem soul and the application of this concept to external examples. The present article has dealt with the descriptive-analytical method in studying the views of the commentators of the parties on the abovementioned subject, in line with which different statements have been made about the "confident soul", each of which refers to one of the characteristics of the confident soul and all of them the same literal meaning; That is, peace of heart returns without anxiety or residence after anxiety, and it also reaches eight instances, some of which are Hamza, some Habib ibn Adi, some others Abbas, Prophet’s uncle and some of the Messenger of God a group of Imams. Hussein and his Shiites or those who believe in the guardianship of Ali and in contrast to a group of people consider the verse as "the first caliph" and "the third caliph". Manuscript profile -
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161 - Investigating the Conventional Realms of Grief Metaphors in Persian Based on Zaltan Kochsh's Theory
ali reza Rezainejad Mehdi Mohammadi Nia ahmad mojaveziMetaphor as a tool for conceptualizing what is abstract is of particular importance among linguists Found. Following the research of cognitive linguists, the role of metaphor in everyday speech gradually became more prominent It became more colorful. Today, the study of MoreMetaphor as a tool for conceptualizing what is abstract is of particular importance among linguists Found. Following the research of cognitive linguists, the role of metaphor in everyday speech gradually became more prominent It became more colorful. Today, the study of metaphor in various fields of language is very important and without a doubt, feeling is one of the most important of these fields. It seems unlikely to speak of emotion without the use of metaphor or metaphor. One cannot speak of one's inner feeling without a metaphorical mapping and a part of the realm of origin matching the realm of the destination, which is the feeling. In fact, the properties of the source world and the destination world are so interrelated that the metaphor can be extended or its internal logic preserved. One of the interesting topics in the study of emotion metaphor is what areas of origin the speakers of each language consider in expressing their feelings and what are the most common ones. One of these feelings is the feeling of sadness, and in this article we intend to examine and compare the realm of feeling sad in Persian and English based on Zaltan Koch's theory. Manuscript profile -
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162 - A Comparative Study of the Homeland Theme in the Poems of Mohammad Taghi Bahar and Hafez Ebrahim
Ibrahim Fallah Mohammadreza HajiyanMalek al-Sho'arai Bahar and Hafez Ibrahim are two literates that homeland and patriotism are so obvious in their poems. Therefore, in this research, it is tried to make a comparative study of the patriotic and national poems of these two poets about the homeland, relyin MoreMalek al-Sho'arai Bahar and Hafez Ibrahim are two literates that homeland and patriotism are so obvious in their poems. Therefore, in this research, it is tried to make a comparative study of the patriotic and national poems of these two poets about the homeland, relying on the American school of comparative literature which does not consider the condition of adaptation as just the existence of fields of influence and regret. A comparative study of the poems of these two poets shows that patriotism and love to homeland are prominent manifestations of their ideas. The patriotic approach in his poems is so wide that it has become a stylistic and decisive element in the content and linguistic level of their poetry. The most important common themes that the two poets express about homeland and patriotism are: love and affection for the homeland, nostalgia for the homeland from which they are far away, struggle against colonialism, pride in the history and background of the homeland and effort to restore authority and past honor, condemnation of the rulers who do not pay attention to the affairs of the country. Manuscript profile -
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163 - Comparative Study of the Poems of Mohammad Hossein Shahriyar and Nazak al-Malaeka from the Perspective of Social Criticism
Jamal Talebi Qara Gheshlaghi Muharram Ghorbani Mehdi ShafaeiMohammad Hussein Shahriyar and Nazak al-Malaeka are two great poets and pioneers in contemporary Persian and Arabic literature. Nazak al-Malaeka, like Shahriyar, has reached true love after the failure of love that he has seen displaced and confused. The spirit of oppre MoreMohammad Hussein Shahriyar and Nazak al-Malaeka are two great poets and pioneers in contemporary Persian and Arabic literature. Nazak al-Malaeka, like Shahriyar, has reached true love after the failure of love that he has seen displaced and confused. The spirit of oppression, altruism, justice and the expression of social pains are in the poems of both poets and it is the way for oppressed nations. Undoubtedly, the penetrating and miraculous language of Mohammad Hossein Shahriyar in creating dramatic and happy stories of his life is so fascinating and sweet that it can be boldly said that none of his contemporaries is equal to him. Social and political poems, his love poems and pieces and poems, especially Turkish Shahriyar, have been expressed in a fascinating and emotional way that expresses the nostalgia of the poet's childhood to the highest degree and all poets and speakers in Turkish literature and Persian and the literature of other nations of the world are also astonishing. This article is expressed in an analytical-descriptive way. The present study has tried to know the secret of permanence and attractiveness of social and mystical poems of Mohammad Hossein Shahriyar and Nazak al-Malaeka and the influence of knowledge and thought in themes such as justice, oppression, love and altruism, love, anti-poverty and ... take one more step to the destination. Manuscript profile -
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164 - Review and analysis of comparative literature researches in Lasan Mobin
alireza HosseiniComparative literature is one of the branches of literary criticism that talks about the literary relations of nations, emotions and feelings, different languages, and the interaction between the literatures of nations. The aim of the research is meta-analysis of compar MoreComparative literature is one of the branches of literary criticism that talks about the literary relations of nations, emotions and feelings, different languages, and the interaction between the literatures of nations. The aim of the research is meta-analysis of comparative literature articles to present, summarize and categorize the findings of the latest scientific efforts related to the subject and examine the components used in these studies. The results of this research show that most of the selected articles include topics related to the general principles of comparative literature such as methodology, goals, foundations, schools of comparative literature, analysis of comparative literature in Iran and the world, what comparative literature is, symbolism, styles. and literary currents, comparative linguistics, Persian and Arabic comparative studies. The most important components of comparative literature studies in the articles mentioned in terms of the general principles of comparative literature include the schools of comparative literature and the comparison between Persian and Arabic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - An Analysis on Resistance Factor in Al-Rabi' Boushameh and Hassan Hosseini
Sabereh Siavoshi Amineh SoleimaniAlgeria and Iran are countries which suffered from colonialism and violation in special decades but could survive by resistance, fight and sacrifice. Thus public resistance and sacrifice for hometown caused forming "resistance literature" in which the poets depict peopl MoreAlgeria and Iran are countries which suffered from colonialism and violation in special decades but could survive by resistance, fight and sacrifice. Thus public resistance and sacrifice for hometown caused forming "resistance literature" in which the poets depict peoples' championship and their combats. Accordingly literature is of a special share in dependence and liberty in both countries. The researchers of the present article study the resistance factor in Algerian poet - Al-Rabi' Boushameh and the Iranian one – Seyyed Hassan Hosseini to analyze their poetries and discovering different aspects of resistance poetry comparatively. The results show that invitation to combat and war, respecting martyr and martyrdom, hope to freedom and victory and disclosing the violators' crimes are the most important elements of resistance in their poetries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - Borrowing of Syrian Accent from the Persian Vocabulary
Maryam JalaeiBorrowing in different accents – similar to languages – is done because of the trade between that accent and other languages and accents and shows the dynamism of the accent. On the other hand it proves the relationship between different cultures in spite of MoreBorrowing in different accents – similar to languages – is done because of the trade between that accent and other languages and accents and shows the dynamism of the accent. On the other hand it proves the relationship between different cultures in spite of their historical or geographical distance. By a deep research in Syrian accent the borrowing from Persian, Turkish, French, Italian and English can be seen. The present paper studies the borrowing phenomena in the Syrian accent from Persian language – about 250 words and phrases who 13% of Arab People use them in their conversations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - The Image of the Woman in Nizar Qabbani and Hossein Monzavi's Poetries
Zeineh Arfat Pour Ali MozaffariVarious poets and authors have studies the subject of woman in different eras. Woman's role is prominent in literature; hence she has played as a beloved in poets' poetries since long time ago as well as her different roles in Arabic and Persian literatures. Qabbani is MoreVarious poets and authors have studies the subject of woman in different eras. Woman's role is prominent in literature; hence she has played as a beloved in poets' poetries since long time ago as well as her different roles in Arabic and Persian literatures. Qabbani is famous for his poetries on "women" and is pioneer in this field in Arabic contemporary poetry. Monzavi – Iranian contemporary poet – who may be known as the poet of women as well because he also knows woman as the main subject in his poetries. It could be claimed that common issues in Qabbani and Monzavi are remarkable from form and concept view point. Thus this article intends to compare the image of the woman in these two poets' poetries in descriptive – analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - Comparative literature:ItS schools and Research Grounds
Hadi Nazari Monazam Reyhane Mansooricomparative literature,when it is looked at by French school ,investigates,studies and compares historical roots of the folk(national) literature with other kinds of such literature.comparative literature research works have always been under each others influence since Morecomparative literature,when it is looked at by French school ,investigates,studies and compares historical roots of the folk(national) literature with other kinds of such literature.comparative literature research works have always been under each others influence since the beginning of literary activity up to second part of the twentieth century,that is when American literary school was ushered.this school (American school) does not consider historical conditions to be an effective factor influencing comparative research works,nevertheless it paysgreat attention to human knowledge and human sciences and considers then important factors in comparing literary works. The Present paper triees to study the schools of comparative literature and its matter and methods in the world . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - The First steps of the emergence of Comparative Literature in Arabic Literature
Ali SaberiCosmopolitanism, Romantic Movement, the development and extension of literature through communication devices and advancement of publishing technology were the sources of emergence of comparative literature.The present article studies the attempts of Arab literary men i MoreCosmopolitanism, Romantic Movement, the development and extension of literature through communication devices and advancement of publishing technology were the sources of emergence of comparative literature.The present article studies the attempts of Arab literary men in this field after it was introduced into Arabic literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - A study of color in contemporary Persian and Arabic literature (a case study of the poems of Qaisar Aminpour and Adonis)
Elham Karimi Rahimeh Choulanian Sohad JaderiThe basic elements in literary images and imaginary forms, such as metaphor, simile, irony, metaphor, matching of the senses, etc., depend on colors; color has an important and prominent place; Because it gives literary words dimension, direction and depth and also its MoreThe basic elements in literary images and imaginary forms, such as metaphor, simile, irony, metaphor, matching of the senses, etc., depend on colors; color has an important and prominent place; Because it gives literary words dimension, direction and depth and also its great impact on our lives and spirits is evident, poets use this element to give objectivity to their literary concepts. The abundant effect of colors has encouraged many researchers to study their effects and dimensions, both positive and negative, and each of them is trying to show these effects to others. In this article, an attempt has been made to study color as one of the main and important elements in contemporary literature, especially in the poems of Adonis and Qaisar Aminpour, by descriptive-comparative method, and also to evaluate the poems of these two Syrian and Iranian poets. The most obvious achievement of this research is that these two poets used six colors of black, white, blue, green, red and yellow with different committees to reflect and express different intentions and themes that were often due to the social conditions of the society. Their symbolic use was used to add to the richness of their poems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Adaptation and analysis of romantic elements in poetry of Nader Naderpour and Paul Eluard translated by Ahmad Shamloo
Farhad MohammadiRomanticism is one of the most complicated and at the same time the most attractive literary schools in the world. Its emergence in France in the eighteenth century was against the tradition of neoclassicalism. Nader Naderpour, as one of Nima Youshij's disciples who is MoreRomanticism is one of the most complicated and at the same time the most attractive literary schools in the world. Its emergence in France in the eighteenth century was against the tradition of neoclassicalism. Nader Naderpour, as one of Nima Youshij's disciples who is the source of romanticism in contemporary Persian poetry, has used many of his features in the Romantic school of poetry, and their comparison with surreal poetry such as Paul Eluard is attractive, Because romanticism itself later opened the way to surrealism, and the poetry of the surreal school effectively utilizes romanticism in their poetry. Especially Paul Eluard, who sometimes romances so much in his poems that the poet's audience is skeptical about his surreal thoughts. In this essay, we try to discuss the elements of romanticism in his poetry with the poet Paul Eluard, a French poet who later became the founder of the school of surrealism, which aims to find common doctrines between two poets from two lands and two cultures from the school's point of view of Romanticism is that the literature is universal and epidemic by this common vision of poet and writer. This speech was conducted in a descriptive analytical manner (library research). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Application of paradigm archetypes in Astarabadi's Happiness Letter and Tarshizi Letter Letter based on Jung
Zeinab Norouzali Ahmad Khatini Khiyali Ali Asqhar HalabiThe present article is an attempt to find an ancient paradigm in the Court of Saadatnameh of Astarabadi and Saghinameh Tarshizi. Archaeologists are a treasure trove of collective psyche and thought that emerges, regardless of tradition, wherever and whenever, and becaus MoreThe present article is an attempt to find an ancient paradigm in the Court of Saadatnameh of Astarabadi and Saghinameh Tarshizi. Archaeologists are a treasure trove of collective psyche and thought that emerges, regardless of tradition, wherever and whenever, and because of the abundance of human experience, the number of archetypes cannot be determined. Since archetypes express certain psychological states of human beings, their specific psychological and worldview features of poets can be achieved by interpreting them in poems. Examples of Jungian personality models include the model mother, Anima-Animus, Shadow, Persona, and herself. Jung considers these concepts to be inherited structural components of the human psyche. Moving from me to myself requires the development of different layers of the subconscious that we will address in this article. Saghi's letter of emergence of Tarshizi and Saadatnameh of Nizamuddin Astarabadi are among the works that have not been sufficiently researched and many of their ammunition have been hidden. Therefore, by extracting the ancient pattern of examples in these two works, we can help to interpret the verses. This article has been evaluated with the aim of comparative study of proverbs in two poetry collections; and it aims to answer the questions raised. Did Astarabadi and Tarshizi use all the ancient concepts of parables in the works in question? And which of the concepts of exemplary forms (Persona, anima, animus, shadow, self, material mother) has the highest and lowest frequency in Astarabadi and Tarshizi poems? After extracting the archetype of exemplary forms in both courts, it was concluded that both poets used all the concepts of archetype in their work. Shadow and Anima have the highest frequency in Saadatnameh and Saqinameh, and Animos has the lowest frequency in both works. The proposed result is expressed in a library-analytical-descriptive manner. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - Comparative Analysis of the Two Mythical Creatures of Simorgh and Garuda in Two epics Shahnameh and Mahabharat
Sara Ajalli Ahmad Khatami Abulqasem Esmailpour MutlaqThe ancient epic of the Indians (Mahabharat) has affinities with the outstanding and universal epic of the Iranians (Shahnameh) which highlights the cultural similarities between the Indians and the Iranians. The present study tries to explore these two master epics and MoreThe ancient epic of the Indians (Mahabharat) has affinities with the outstanding and universal epic of the Iranians (Shahnameh) which highlights the cultural similarities between the Indians and the Iranians. The present study tries to explore these two master epics and to examine the two mythical creatures of these two works from mythological perspective and to investigating their similarities and differences. The results of this research which carried out in analytical-descriptive method, seek to answer the commonalities and differences in the aspects of the two mythical creatures of the aforementioned works and the common criteria between these two works to show that among the numerous characters of these two epic works, similarities between Simorgh and Garuda are noticeable. These similarities and differences could be studies from various perspectives such as their unique place among the mythical birds, their appearances, their full presence as required, and their life on the sacred mountain. Another result of this research is that there are significant differences between these two mythical creatures; For example, in terms of outstanding personality traits, there is a significant difference between these two mythical birds: Simorgh's character relies on his wisdom, while Garuda is admired by his overwhelming physical strength. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - The connection between the language of mysticism and the vernacular In the works of Sheikh Ahmad Jam
atefe soltani Fateme GholamiMystical prose is considered as a more accurate source for analyzing the components of the language of mysticism than poetry due to the presence of greater self-awareness. Many of the norms of this language, though seemingly in the service of expressing complex and unsp MoreMystical prose is considered as a more accurate source for analyzing the components of the language of mysticism than poetry due to the presence of greater self-awareness. Many of the norms of this language, though seemingly in the service of expressing complex and unspeakable truths; But it is not entirely disconnected from the features of slang. This connection is deeper and more obvious in the literary form of "speech". Ahmad Jami is one of the speakers whose works are speeches that are then included in the text. The language of his works is simple and often focused on the vernacular.In the present article, an attempt has been made to identify and analyze the similarities and connections between these two languages in the works of Ahmad Jam, using a descriptive-analytical method, taking into account the characteristics of the language of mysticism and slang. For this purpose, the six texts of Ahmad Jam Majalis were read and close components in these two languages were extracted along with its evidence. Findings show that among the characteristics of the language of mysticism are melodicity, narration, de-familiarization, ambiguity and closeness to the language of the people in the forms of speech writing with characteristics such as poetry and proverb, allegory and anecdote, phonetic and grammatical aberration, Irony and specific dialect words and expressions are applicable in the vernacular. In addition, the clarity of tone in the language of Sheikh Jam, which is full of a sense of compassion, sharpness, biting and distress, is affected by the clarity and clarity that is more pronounced in slang than in other levels of the language. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - Investigating the Common Topics of the Western-Eastern Divan and Saadi's Clergy
Mahmoud MehravaranA form of comparative literature is to compare a work or some works of two eloquent poets in order to find their mutual influence. The content of West–Eastern Diwan (the Collection of poems) of Goethe, the famous German man of letter, shows that he was greatly inf MoreA form of comparative literature is to compare a work or some works of two eloquent poets in order to find their mutual influence. The content of West–Eastern Diwan (the Collection of poems) of Goethe, the famous German man of letter, shows that he was greatly influenced by Hafiz as well as S'adi, the great Persian poet and author, because some works of Persian literature, particularly those of S'adi, has been translated into western languages since some centuries ago, which has made western scholars and men of letters familiar with them. This article, after examining Goethe's familiarity with Saadi's works and the reasons for Goethe's influence, examines the considerable evidence of the common themes between Saadi and Goethe and illustrates Goethe's influence on Saadi or the affinities of their ideas from the poetry offices of the Western-Eastern Divan. These are commonalities and influences on the content, thought, and type of thought of many phenomena, including: Praise God and point to His justice and dominance over the East and the West, Freedom of Thought, Arrest of the Poor, Inability to Love, Short and Lifetime, Trespassing on Short Life, Eating the Sadness of the World, and Spending the World With Jealousy and Disdain Others, language silence, ignorance of the ignorant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - Susa and Beirut as Depicted in the Poems of Mehdi Akhavan Saless and Nizar Qabbani
. Mah Nazari Kobra Assadi Mansoure BasirpourThe importance of home and birthplace and how regretfully or joyfully poets and writers think about them have always been the subject of consideration throughout history. Nizar Qabbani, the Arab innovator poet, and Akhavan Saless, the Iranian contemporary poet, have vie MoreThe importance of home and birthplace and how regretfully or joyfully poets and writers think about them have always been the subject of consideration throughout history. Nizar Qabbani, the Arab innovator poet, and Akhavan Saless, the Iranian contemporary poet, have viewed Beirut and Susa respectively in a mournful and tearful tone recollecting their affluence and destruction in the past in their poems. This paper compares two odes of the poets to argue the importance of these two places in their depictions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - A Comparative Study of the Lives and Works of Mahmoud Dolatabadi and Yousef Edris
ghasem mokhtarikjklkjkl Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - A Comparative Study of Common Thoughts in Ghazals of Ghaleb Dehlavi and Hafiz Shirazi
Zohreh ValikhaniComparative literature concerns literature universal, and plays, undoubtedly, an instructively important role in enriching the literature of nations. The value of the literary works of any nation is evident through comparative literature, showing its magnitude and impre MoreComparative literature concerns literature universal, and plays, undoubtedly, an instructively important role in enriching the literature of nations. The value of the literary works of any nation is evident through comparative literature, showing its magnitude and impression on the literature of other nations and consequently the perfection of better and more accurate world literature. The swap of Persian literature in the lands of Iran and India is long lasting. Regarding Iranian Poets, it is important to note that the influence of Hafiz on poets and literati of India is remarkable and unparalleled; specially his influence on Ghaleb Dehlavi, the great poet, thinker and prophet of peace. Although Ghaleb lived about 500 years later than hafiz, and despite the differences between the lands and cultures of the two territories of Iran and India, the two poets share a lot in common. The present research is an attempt to show how Ghaleb’s ghazals has been influenced by the thoughts of hafiz. To do so, the researcher has tried, through a descriptive-analytical approach and by giving objective evidences, to compare and contrast the common ideas of the two poets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - Study of Shahnameh through a Cosmopolitan Approach
Nozzhat NoohiThis essay aims at considering the characteristics of Shahnameh through a literary cosmopolitan approach. Since many new theories are inspired by antecedent ideas, we should bear in mind that literary cosmopolitanism leads us to two previous theories i.e. world literatu MoreThis essay aims at considering the characteristics of Shahnameh through a literary cosmopolitan approach. Since many new theories are inspired by antecedent ideas, we should bear in mind that literary cosmopolitanism leads us to two previous theories i.e. world literature and comparative literature. The new reality of global village has impressed literature as well and resulted in a kind of literary cosmopolitanism. It is a new practice for magnificent literary works to stabilize their place on the list of world literature masterpieces. Shahnameh is one of these masterpieces which have been preserved through the ages. Shahnameh closely matches with the criteria of literary cosmopolitanism and invites the readers all around the global village to intelligently read it Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - A Comparative study of Romanticism in the Poems of Sohrab Sepehri and Jibran Khalil Jibran
Zahra Sedaqati Dr. Zahra Soleymani -
Open Access Article
181 - Reflection of the pre-Islamic Arabic poems, in Khajavi Kermani’s Poems
tpraj Zeynivan zeynab ManouchehriThe adaptation of pre-Islamic Arabic poems, is not limited to Persian poets in the fourth and fifth centuries, instead the poets have used it in the sixth or seventh centuries, in order to take advantage of the deal. Khajavi Kermani, a famous poet of the eighth century, MoreThe adaptation of pre-Islamic Arabic poems, is not limited to Persian poets in the fourth and fifth centuries, instead the poets have used it in the sixth or seventh centuries, in order to take advantage of the deal. Khajavi Kermani, a famous poet of the eighth century, has been influenced by two different approaches of pre-Islamic poems; at first, he has adapted of pre-Islamic poems in the field of standing and weeping over the ruins of the beloved and addressing cameleer, traveling and particularly describing the displacement expressed separation sad parting of friends. Although his creation of innovative and imaginative images has created on the undeniable atmosphere in the pre-Islamic lyrics, and the second, he has made innovative in this field by romantic storytelling to name a famous brides in the pre-Islamic poems, mirth-making, and addressing the butler in the mystical approach. He has used secular, financial meanings in the mystical ways, in order to create the fundamental evolution in this field. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - Science in the view point of Bahar and Hafez Ebrahim
zahra soleymaniBahar and Hafez ebrahim are two important poets in recent literature of iran and egipt. Their social and political participations was very importantin their histoty baise on this they called Malekl-al-shoara and the poet ofNile. In this study we try to know their view p MoreBahar and Hafez ebrahim are two important poets in recent literature of iran and egipt. Their social and political participations was very importantin their histoty baise on this they called Malekl-al-shoara and the poet ofNile. In this study we try to know their view point to their idial socity Manuscript profile -
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183 - social themes on poems of Gibran Khalil Gibran and nima Yooshij
Hassan majidi Sakineh SaremiPoets and writers in each period affected by political environment - and the impact on their social and work His writings are depicted. Of justice and equality, and have been pleased to express his love to the homeland, female, freedom and ... And opened to the oppressi MorePoets and writers in each period affected by political environment - and the impact on their social and work His writings are depicted. Of justice and equality, and have been pleased to express his love to the homeland, female, freedom and ... And opened to the oppression, injustice and ... Have complained. Nima Yooshij including social and political poets of the Year (1274 - 1338 AD. Sh) Yoosh, Mazandaran, Noor was born in the village. He had to live away from home and spent time in Tehran. These are themes of nature, freedom, humanism and the ideal society, politics and so on. This paper is a comparative work on social themes Drbrrsy the poet Gibran Khalil Gibran Arabic and Persian-language poet Nima Yooshij. Given that each of the two poets are not accepted. This article is based on several assumptions: 1 - Nima poets and political and social compensation. 2 - both utopian society without poverty and oppression and injustice and ... Poems set in the picture. 3 - 4 Liberty poet Gibran - Lebanese Yoosh Nima compensation and utopia Is. In this paper, the differences and similarities between the intellectual poet and the painter with the social themes periods is depicted Manuscript profile -
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184 - Comparative Study of Social Subjects in the Poems of Nimayoushij and Jibran Khalil Jibran
Hassan majidi Sakine Saremi -
Open Access Article
185 - The image of Don Giovanni in the poem of Samīh al-Qāsim and Abdulla Pashew, An imagologic and comparative study
Naseh Molaei Sayed Mahdi Masbogh Salahodin AbdiThe Imagology (Fr. Imagologie) is one of the new important branches of the Comparative literature or Comparative criticism in French school that deals with the image of "I" and "Other" in literary texts. The image of "Other" is like a mirror that on the one hand, I sees MoreThe Imagology (Fr. Imagologie) is one of the new important branches of the Comparative literature or Comparative criticism in French school that deals with the image of "I" and "Other" in literary texts. The image of "Other" is like a mirror that on the one hand, I sees in it his/her view, and on the other hand the "Other" can see I's viewpoint of his/her view in it. Don Giovanni is a Spanish legendary character who is famous as a philander or gallant or flirt-man. The same character is European cultures. This character is fond of relations to many women and is continuously in search of new cases and leave the old ones. Samīh al-Qāsim and Abullah Pashew, two great poets of the Resistance literature in Arabic and Kurdish literature, has each one an ode for Don Giovanni in order to use it to enrich their resistance literature through its image reflection and to create more fruitful poetic concepts. This essay in the light of comparative literature and by use of descriptive-analytic approach tries to disclose the Arab and kurd "I" outlook in imaging "Spanish mythical other" and employing it in their poems. Samih al-Qāsim's imaging of Don Giovanni is tolerant and compromising, but Abullah Pashew's is in the beginning tolerance and then changes to negative and ugly one. I in these two odes are of the real kind (human being) and "other" is of the mythical type. Manuscript profile -
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186 - A Cognitive study of happiness concept in Persian and Arabic languages (comparative study
Somayah Mohammadi Salah-Aldin Abdi Mohammad Amin Sorahi Morteza GhaemiHappiness includes a range of soft and intense emotions and enjoying a subject up to happy feeling in life. Forasmuch as a part of happiness concept is structured by language data in addition to literatures, art, custom, etc., we use cognitive metaphor as an effective t MoreHappiness includes a range of soft and intense emotions and enjoying a subject up to happy feeling in life. Forasmuch as a part of happiness concept is structured by language data in addition to literatures, art, custom, etc., we use cognitive metaphor as an effective tool for analyzing language which is one of mind aspects. Cognitive metaphor is attributed to understanding and expression of an abstractive concept based on a more physical concept. In this research, we study data according to Kovecses cognitive theory and intend to find the way of speakers thinking about happiness, understanding and their similarities and differences in the mentioned languages. Importance of cognitive study of this data is that it systematizes their different and scattered range according to names mapping and also accurate cognitive pattern. Data of this research show that derivative feature of Arabic language provides a wide vocabulary variety for happiness conceptualization in this language as if some metaphors of Persian language compared with Arabic samples have more distance with general metaphors and bears further and complicated special cultural features. Also in connection with the metaphor of "happiness is up", "distance from the earth" in Arabic can be more prominent than in Persian. Manuscript profile -
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187 - Reciprocal Opposition of Common Mystical Themes in the Poems of Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari and Attār of Nishapur
Mehrdad Aghaei Hossein Hadidi Akbar BashiriMysticism is a kind of cognition based on a spiritual and indescribable state in which man feels that he received a direct and immediate connection with the existence of the Almighty God. These feelings are spiritual and transcendental states in which the mystic underst MoreMysticism is a kind of cognition based on a spiritual and indescribable state in which man feels that he received a direct and immediate connection with the existence of the Almighty God. These feelings are spiritual and transcendental states in which the mystic understands the absolute nature through the taste and conscience. Mysticism is one of the important subjects of literature that has been effective in expanding and enriching poetic themes. Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari, known as (the Bride of the Jurists), is one of the poets of the Andalusian period in the seventh century AH, who composed beautiful poems in the field of mysticism. In the meantime, Attār of Nishapur is one of the prominent poets of the sixth century and a pioneer of mystical poetry and Persian literature. This article, by use of a descriptive-analytical method, aims at the study of commonalities of mystical thoughts of these two poets on concepts such as (unity of existence, divine love, mystical cup, freedom, immortality and annihilation, reality of the world, consent and submission) in the poetic structure and language. The results of this research reveal that Attār of Nishapur and Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari are prominent mystical poets, and the concepts such as freedom, divine consent, mystical cup, death and annihilation in God's cause, love of the Essence of The One, are repeated in high frequency in the poems of these two poets. Attār in his poems influenced the souls and spirit of his addressees through symbolic utterances, solitariness, novelty of speech and silence. Abu al-Hassan al-Shushtari speaks always of melting in Divine Way and believes that the Divine Love should be expressed manifestly. Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari in his poetry was greatly influenced by Attār. Manuscript profile -
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188 - Short Story in Arabic and Persian Literature: Case Study of Literary Works by Abd-al-Samee'a Bensaber and Javad Saeedipour
Abd- al-Ali Alebooyeh Langeroodi Zoheir Jansiz Vesam Roomieh Short story is one of the newborn literary genres that has drawn special attention of literary men and researchers to itself in recent years because of its general effect on literature and its special influence on reader of a literary work. This articl More Short story is one of the newborn literary genres that has drawn special attention of literary men and researchers to itself in recent years because of its general effect on literature and its special influence on reader of a literary work. This article investigates short story comparatively in Arabic and Persian literature. The aim of this paper is to discover latent aspects of short story in Persian and Arabic literature. The authors are going to compare short story in the two languages through studying factors related to birth of short story and also the opinion of critics in this literary field. Findings of this research show that critics of both languages agree to some extent about definition of short story and its narrative elements. This important conclusion has been obtained through analyzing samples of short stories in Arabic and Persian literature. And these critics have considered various names for this literary genre. The only difference existing in short story is its length. According to analytical- descriptive approach and library sources, the present study is to recognize narrative elements in elected samples and to define quality of its application in order to show how narrative spirit has been actualized in it. Manuscript profile -
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189 - A Critical Study of Ghada- al-Saman and Bijan Najdi from American School of Comparative Literature
Abdollah AlboghbishUntil the advent of the American school of comparative literature, the studies in the field had focused on finding out the effects of a literary work on another one belonging to a different country and culture. But with the advent of the American school, which can be ca MoreUntil the advent of the American school of comparative literature, the studies in the field had focused on finding out the effects of a literary work on another one belonging to a different country and culture. But with the advent of the American school, which can be called the criticism-oriented school, the studies in comparative literature have centered on probing into the aesthetic dimensions of the literary texts and thereafter on their comparison so that a literary text stands in its own deserving status on the basis of scientific viewpoints. Based on the criticism-oriented school of comparative literature, the present study has compared two literary works, ie. "Bimarestan, na Ghatar" (Not Hospital, Train) by BijanNajdi and "Fazzao Toyuren Akhar" (Another Scarecrow) by Ghada al-Samman, a Syrian writer and poetess, so as to uncover the importance of comparative literature function in understanding literary texts. According to this study, the American or criticism-oriented school is able to actualize its outlined goals, i.e. merging the two knowledge areas of comparative literature and literary criticism without their being fused with one another. This study indicates that the mentioned school can, relying on the new tools of literary criticism, play a role in discovering the aesthetic dimensions of literary texts. Moreover, the two above-mentioned writers convey their intentions to their audience through certain mechanisms that are compatible with the concepts in their texts, except that BijanNajdi has surpassed Ghada al-Samman in creating literary images. The present study also shows that extracting aesthetic dimensions of literary texts is not the final stage of a comparative research: rather, a comparative researcher should thereafter set the aesthetic dimensions for the readers to raise their understanding of the texts and strengthen their viewpoints in opting for the better choice. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
190 - Synesthesia in Abol Qasim Alshaby's and Sohrab Sepehri's Poetry
Zinat Orfatpour Amineh SoleimaniSynesthesia is an extended type of poetic image through transferring five natural senses of human from a sense to another which poet creates by expanding his imagination and producing and influencing images on the audience. The present study has invest MoreSynesthesia is an extended type of poetic image through transferring five natural senses of human from a sense to another which poet creates by expanding his imagination and producing and influencing images on the audience. The present study has investigated Synesthesia in poems of Abol Qasem Ahshabi and Sohrab Sepehri since this phenomenon influences and attracts audience's attention and exacts transferring of his inner sense and involving him in poet's spiritual experience in poems of these poets. Rate of applying synesthesia in poems of Alshabi and Sepehri and creating original and new words and meanings via this visual technique is our subject in this research which investigates and analyzes poems using descriptive- analytical method by bringing comparative poetic samples of two the poets. It can be said that in poems of these poets, senses were synthesized and expressed interchangeably which led to breaking boarder between senses and poets went beyond conventional meanings so that the audience experiences writer's inner impression through literary text. Manuscript profile -
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191 - A Critical Investigation of Persian Translation of Holy Koran
Ali Haji KhaniUnlike literal translations which are devoted to professional translation ,interpretive translations are not merely concerned with the original text. This paper analyzes translations of Holy Koran with reference to some specific sections focusing on the following issues MoreUnlike literal translations which are devoted to professional translation ,interpretive translations are not merely concerned with the original text. This paper analyzes translations of Holy Koran with reference to some specific sections focusing on the following issues: comparative translation, omissions in translation, and unity of translation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - Image of Mayakovsky in Abdul Wahab Al-Bayati's and Sherko Bekas' Poetry “The Study of Imagology in Comparative Literature”
Kalil Parvini Hadi Nazari Monazzam Kaveh KhezriImagology is to search for the image of the other in the literary text. Imagology allows the knowledge of man by man which highlights us the essence of humanity. Then we proceed to a world of brotherhood which is in close contact with us. And if we loo MoreImagology is to search for the image of the other in the literary text. Imagology allows the knowledge of man by man which highlights us the essence of humanity. Then we proceed to a world of brotherhood which is in close contact with us. And if we look at this essence, we will find not only interaction with others which highlights the importance of comparative literary studies in our relations with the other. Wahab al-Bayati and Sherko bekas are great poets in Arabic and Kurdish contemporary poetry, and each of them sang a poem to describe Russian Mayakovsky, and may represent the ego Arab and Kurdish in their relations which has grown out of friendship,oneness,and glorificaion of other. This article attempts through the descriptive - analytical and Comparative approach to compare and contrast the concept of" the Russian other" at in Bayati and Bekas poetry .the Results indicate that the poets have an image of the other Russian in the form of tolerance; and this kind of Image of the Other is one of the most beautiful images read, and the only case of the real exchange. Manuscript profile -
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193 - Yusef Hossein Bakkar and his Role in the Interaction between Persian and Arabic Languages
Esmail NaderiThe most important concept in comparative literature is the existence of a literary ,cultural ,and historical relationship between cultures. In the present era, many researchers have focused on the investigation of these relations. For the same reason many scholars &nbs MoreThe most important concept in comparative literature is the existence of a literary ,cultural ,and historical relationship between cultures. In the present era, many researchers have focused on the investigation of these relations. For the same reason many scholars have traveled to Iran for further and closer investigation. Among them one can refer to Yusef Hossien Bakka r. His eight year residence in Iran and his acquaintance with Gholam Hossein Lotfi helped him be more familiar with the sources of Persian Literature. He has written invaluable works which serve Persian literature. As it will be explained he has been truly successful in the interaction between these two languages. Manuscript profile -
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194 - The Impact of East and West on Children’s Literature in Nasim-e-Shomal: The Case of ‘The Literary Garden’
Inaas Mohammad Abdul Aziz‘The Literary Garden’ is a collection of thirty three anecdotes in the form of masnavi. The poet uses simple and commonplace vocabulary in these poems since using simple diction in those works addressing children plays an important role. Meanwhile, the poet More‘The Literary Garden’ is a collection of thirty three anecdotes in the form of masnavi. The poet uses simple and commonplace vocabulary in these poems since using simple diction in those works addressing children plays an important role. Meanwhile, the poet avoids using colloquial and vernacular diction lest making children used to them therewith arriving at his didactic end in increasing the vocabulary range of children reading these poems. The poet imbues a formal and classical sense in these poems to provide a serious tone in them all in a way that - except a poem named ‘Asl’aan’ – no sign of political or social satire can be found there. Therefore, in the first place, these poems are didactic and the poet has not used them to metaphorically imply hints to the political, social and religious conditions of his time. Manuscript profile -
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195 - The Role of Translation in Comparative Literature
Hadi Nazari Monazzam Reyhaneh MansuriTranslation is one of the first steps and a highly influential element in the development of the literary heritage of a nation. Hence, the study of translation studies is intrinsic to the research activities concerned with comparative literature, the productiveness of w MoreTranslation is one of the first steps and a highly influential element in the development of the literary heritage of a nation. Hence, the study of translation studies is intrinsic to the research activities concerned with comparative literature, the productiveness of which benefitting all eras. Mastering languages of the world is a very painstaking task indeed. Consequently, the comparative researchers welcome translation studies. A glance at the literary translation movements in Iran reveals the very fact that translators active in this field have done a poor job which can be due to lack of enough knowledge of Iranian comparative researchers with western literature. This paper is an attempt to familiarize the readers with comparative literature and introduce the most renowned works translated in Persian language. Manuscript profile -
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196 - The Study of Comparative literaturein Arab World: Ghonaymi Helal's Al-hayat Al-atefiah bayn Al-Ozriah va Al-sofiah
hadi nazari monazzam reyhaneh mansoriStudying through comparative literature in Arab world, we can find out that Arabic-Persian approach is one of the most important and fundamental elements in comparative literature studies among Arab countries. Obviously, we can also find out that studies in the case o MoreStudying through comparative literature in Arab world, we can find out that Arabic-Persian approach is one of the most important and fundamental elements in comparative literature studies among Arab countries. Obviously, we can also find out that studies in the case of the Arab's relations with Iranians in the cultural and literal areas, especially through ancient era, is limited or stopped. Most of the Arab researchers and comparativists, in their studies have ignored current period. The ancient period is full of mutual interactions between the two cultures and many influences from the two sides. But in recent periods western culture has the deep impression on the two mentioned literatures as well. In this article, the most important comparative works in Arab world has been investigated critically, that is Al-hayat Al-atefiah bayn Al-Ozriah va Al-sofiah written by Dr. Ghonaymi Helal. Manuscript profile -
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197 - Another Kurdish Artist in abd-Alwahhab Albayati's Poetry: “A Study Based on Image Recognition in Comparative Literature”
Mohammad Hadi Moradi Kaveh KhezriImage recognition is a branch of comparative literature studying the image of foreign other in a literary text. This science is a proper context to differentiate human beings from each other and by this recognition, common essence of humanity is revealed and a gat MoreImage recognition is a branch of comparative literature studying the image of foreign other in a literary text. This science is a proper context to differentiate human beings from each other and by this recognition, common essence of humanity is revealed and a gate is opened to brotherhood world that brings together "I" with the other . Therefore, comparative researches that evaluate our relation with others are very important. Albayati is one of the biggest contemporary Arab poets most of whose odes have been dedicated to investigating the other's image. Meanwhile, he composed three odes in description of three Kurdish artists: Abd-allah Gooran, Yashar Kamal and Aylmaz Güney. Arabic" I" in Albayati's poem has drawn a system of relations with other Kurdish artist. The present paper tries to investigate Albayati's image of other Kurdish artist using descriptive- analytical method ,based on comparative criticism. Results of the paper suggest that the poet has shown image of other Kurdish artist neglectfully. This kind of reading the other is one of the most beautiful possible methods and a unique true way of recognizing the other. Manuscript profile -
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198 - The chllaenges of comparative literature in iran
Hadi Nazari Monazam Reyhaneh Mansoori Comparative Literature is a kind of literary researches that born in france and grew up then expanded at the second half of the twentieth century in third world universities. Comparative literature in its simple and primary concept is very old.the aim that we co More Comparative Literature is a kind of literary researches that born in france and grew up then expanded at the second half of the twentieth century in third world universities. Comparative literature in its simple and primary concept is very old.the aim that we consider in this research is comparative literature in its causative concept in Iranian universities. Comparative literative was established by the efforts of lady fatemeh sayyah in Iran and in researches of competent scholars like Dr Mohammad mohamadi and jawad Hadidi and Azartash Azarnoush culminated. But this academic unit has faced a huge number of challenges such as severe lack of know ledgeable teachers and inatten tion to theory of comparative literature. This study is an attempt to provide a picture of the history of comparative literature in Iran and its encountered challenges Manuscript profile -
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199 - A Comparative Study of the Poem "Qasedak" by Akhavan Thaleth and "Saee Al-barid" by Boland Al-heidari
Heidar Mahallati Mahdi NaseriArabic and Persian poems have numerous common points and poets of these two languages share the same point in style, subject, structure and music of poetry. Mahdi Akhavan Thaleth, famous Iranian poet, and Boland Al-Heidari, well-known Iraqi poet, are among p MoreArabic and Persian poems have numerous common points and poets of these two languages share the same point in style, subject, structure and music of poetry. Mahdi Akhavan Thaleth, famous Iranian poet, and Boland Al-Heidari, well-known Iraqi poet, are among poets who have many similarities in their works. As an example, there are some conceptual and verbal similarities between Qasedak and Saee Al-barid (postman) and authors of this article investigate them in analytical- descriptive method. Undoubtedly, recognition of inspiring origin of these two common poems is very helpful in knowing deep poetic relation of Persian and Arabic languages. Results of this research show that these two odes are very similar in many cases as social themes particularly expressing people's suffering and difficulties, simplicity of speech figures of thought as well as speech, diverse ways of expression, poetic musicality, repetition and its aims and contents. Manuscript profile -
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200 - "Nima yushyj" and "Badr Shakir Alsyab"in the"The Task of the Night-Guard" of Nimayushyj and Badr Shakib's "Almo'mes Al mia'"
Reza Nazemian Fatemeh KheyratiLiterature of a nation, reflects the political and social situation of the nation. Given the political situation - Iran and Iraq in contemporary society have been affected by the same events, so these two ideas and literary themes of literature are largely similar MoreLiterature of a nation, reflects the political and social situation of the nation. Given the political situation - Iran and Iraq in contemporary society have been affected by the same events, so these two ideas and literary themes of literature are largely similar. Two contemporary literary characters "Nima yushij" and "Badr Shakir Alsyab" are poets who are not indifferent to the problems of their society, as the issues mentioned are clearly visible in their poems. In this paper, after discussing the poets lives, common themes and ideas in the poems "The Task of the Night-Guard" by Nima yushyj and "Almoms Almia’" by the BadrShakirAlsyab will be analyzed. Manuscript profile -
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201 - A Comparative Study of the Iranian Mysticism with the Indian Religions and Philosophical-and-Mystical Movements
Maryam Abolqasemi No one can deny the blending and cultural communication between the two ancient civilizations of Iran and India. A very important point to consider is the comparative study of the Iranian mysticism with the Indian religions and philosophical-and-mysti More No one can deny the blending and cultural communication between the two ancient civilizations of Iran and India. A very important point to consider is the comparative study of the Iranian mysticism with the Indian religions and philosophical-and-mystical movements. The aim of this paper is not to seek the origin of the Iranian mysticism in the Indian rituals; the goal, however, is to examine the similarities between the Iranian mysticism and the existing rituals and creeds in the Indian religions and movements in a scientific and well-documented way. By a careful examination of the Indian books and texts such as Bhagavadgita , Mahabharata and Upanishad, and also Persian mystical books, one can find lots of similarities between educative and mental-journey aspects and methods. From a comparative viewpoint, the most important points could be summarized as: the significance and value of human’s existence, love and insight, plurality of comportment's stages and positions, the value of the heart’s position, the importance of the sage and the preceptor, piety and asceticism, fighting against the self, perdition theory, and so on. Manuscript profile -
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202 - Parables of Protest in the Poetry of Forough Farokhzad and Ghada al-Samman
Z. SoleymaniThe structure of traditional society in Iran and Arab states, their values, and cultures have helped shape the social situation of women. The women are forced in these societies to lead isolated lives, far from the social life. Forough Farokhzad from Iran and Ghada al-S MoreThe structure of traditional society in Iran and Arab states, their values, and cultures have helped shape the social situation of women. The women are forced in these societies to lead isolated lives, far from the social life. Forough Farokhzad from Iran and Ghada al-Samman from Syria are two poets who antagonized the patrimonalist traditions and raised their voice against discrimination and oppressions of women in the male dominated Persian and Arab societies. A compresion between Forough and Ghada, as two protest poets who have aimed their critical views against the false beliefs in their societies, is emerged here. Manuscript profile -
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203 - Narrative from the view point of fables in Parvin Etesami and Ilia Abo Mazi’s poetry.
nafice Hajirajabi Abbas ArabNarrative includes wise awareness and rational experiences which are used by writers and poets to express their thoughts in the frame of narratives. The narrative era in the literature of Iran is the time of overcoming of rationality and rational awareness. Writers and MoreNarrative includes wise awareness and rational experiences which are used by writers and poets to express their thoughts in the frame of narratives. The narrative era in the literature of Iran is the time of overcoming of rationality and rational awareness. Writers and poets found narratives the best way to express their ideas, philosophical, ethical, mystic and moral thoughts Because in many categories expres of subject don,t possible through examples and Narrative. This paper aims to investigate the correspondence between the poems of two Persian and Arabic poets in terms of one forms of narratives called “Fable” and the common concepts discussed by these two poets. Manuscript profile -
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204 - Persian Sonnet and its Pentration into the literature of German-Speaking Countries: a Comparative Study
Said FiroozAbadiThe main aim of comparative literature is to recognize the intellectual sources and its reflection in literature, and also to discover the common points between human minds. To achieve this, it is not enough to consider the subjective aspect of the works; yet, one needs MoreThe main aim of comparative literature is to recognize the intellectual sources and its reflection in literature, and also to discover the common points between human minds. To achieve this, it is not enough to consider the subjective aspect of the works; yet, one needs to pay attention to different literary genres and their criteria. This paper tries to examine, comparatively, how sonnet changed and the way it penetrated into the literature of the German-speaking countries. It also attempts to find out the reasons of the German-speaking poets’ interest in this genre. Manuscript profile -
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205 - Nafsatolmasdur with Romanticism
Hossein Mikaeili Ebrahim GoudarziThe study of historical books with high literary value is an important step in understanding the unknown aspects of these valuable works especially in comparing and adapting them with literary schools and trends. In this paper we try to show the adaptation of Nafsatolm MoreThe study of historical books with high literary value is an important step in understanding the unknown aspects of these valuable works especially in comparing and adapting them with literary schools and trends. In this paper we try to show the adaptation of Nafsatolmasdur with Romanticism based on a proven approach. After the introduction, Nafsatolmasdur and its author are introduced, Second part deals with the study of Romanticism school. Then, the third part focuses on the adaptation of Nafsatolmasdur and Romanticism. Finally, the conclusion of the afore-mentioned topic is presented. According to some evidence, there are major characteristics of Romanticism in this book, even though complete adaption of Romanticism and Nafsatolmasdur is impossible due to the fact that they emerge from two different times, places and thoughts. Manuscript profile -
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206 - English Comparative Forms in Iranian Textbooks Compared to Textbooks Developed by Native Material Developers
Ghazaleh Shafeniya AhmadReza Lotfi -
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207 - A Comparative Evaluation of Iranian ELT PhD Curriculum: Reappraisal of Goals, Admission Criteria and Course Requirements in Iran
Leila Kordi Mansour Koosha -
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208 - Comparative Study of Bachelor Curriculum for Elementary Education in Iran and Selected Asia-Pacific Countries
forough tasdighi Mohammad Javad Liaqhatdar Lotfali AbediThe purpose of the current study was to investigate Bachelor Curriculumfor elementary education in selected Asia-Pacific and to compare it with Iran. So, Brady pattern and descriptive-analytic method were used. The study population comprised presenter universities of th MoreThe purpose of the current study was to investigate Bachelor Curriculumfor elementary education in selected Asia-Pacific and to compare it with Iran. So, Brady pattern and descriptive-analytic method were used. The study population comprised presenter universities of this major in Asia and Pacific and documents related to its curriculum. Due to variety forms of curriculums offered for this degree in different countries, after preliminary review, purposeful sampling method was used and 6 presenter universities of this major were selected from 4 countries. Then, their curriculum was extracted by some tables and content analysis checklists. Thus, raw data were described, coded, compared and analyzed. The obtained results indicated similarity and differences in study program of the investigated countries. Among the most significant was - such as in-person and full-time curriculums, emphasis on promoting professional competencies, and elementary schools content knowledge, and offering required and practicum courses. But, they were different in other aspects, such as: Necessity of IT, manner of presentation and number of credits of practicum courses, offered research credits, and attention to content knowledge and offered additional opportunities. Accordingly, some recommendations were given the course program in Iran, such as: giving more importance to some courses, promoting flexibility of the curriculum, evolution in the manner of presentation of dissertation, seminar and practicum courses. Manuscript profile -
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209 - Providing a roadmap for technical and vocational secondary school educational system in Iran
zohreh bagherzade Alireza AsarehFocusing on the USA, the UK, Germany, and Japan, this study aimed to identify the characteristics of technical and vocational educational system in such countries to improve the vocational and technical educational system in Iran. This study was a comparative survey. Da MoreFocusing on the USA, the UK, Germany, and Japan, this study aimed to identify the characteristics of technical and vocational educational system in such countries to improve the vocational and technical educational system in Iran. This study was a comparative survey. Data were collected using documentary method and libraries research as well as surfing the related websites as UNESCO and Ministries of Education of the studied countries. The used pattern was George Brady. Based on the findings, improving the quality of educational system, building confidence, promoting the employment efficiency, entrepreneurship, and adopting with the international markets were the determined purpose of such countries in this very field. Developing a national qualifications framework, using an eclectic approach for teacher training, allocating more hours devoted for the internship, communicating teachers with companies, continuing corporation under the supervision of an expert, having evaluation by using a variety of different types (lasting, formative, continuous), considering the emotional factors, professional ethics, and grouping evaluation were highly noticed in these countries.Taking the successful models of developed countries into consideration and applying them in our vocational and technical educational system in our country would provide more occupational chances for graduate students. Manuscript profile -
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210 - Comparative study of internationalization of higher education curricula in a number of countries
fatemeh behjati ardakani mohamad hossein yarmohamadian ahmadali foroughi abari kourosh fathi vajargahToday internationalization of higher education has been accompanied with issues such as rapid changes, rebuilding of programs, elimination of geographical borders, and access to the new information and technology. The aim of this article is to study and compare the effo MoreToday internationalization of higher education has been accompanied with issues such as rapid changes, rebuilding of programs, elimination of geographical borders, and access to the new information and technology. The aim of this article is to study and compare the efforts made by curriculum planners in different universities around the world for the internationalization of the higher education. This comparative – analytical study investigates different approaches for the internationalization of curriculum of the higher education (including strategies, programs, activities and methods of teaching and learning) in countries like the United States of America, Canada, Australia, and Japan. Findings include strategies, programs, activities for internationalization of higher education curriculum learning and teaching methods in each country. Comparison of four strategies of the United States, Canada, Australia, and Japan showed that internationalizing the curriculum and learning strategies by embedding international content into their existing curricula is their most important strategy and teacher and student exchange programs receive less attention. Today, the internationalization of local and national curricula is of great importance. Manuscript profile -
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211 - A comparative study the process of reviewing the universities curricula in Iran and other countries
mohammad Rahmanpour Ahmad-Reza NasrPurpose of this research was comparative study the process of reviewing the curricula in various countries and Iran. for the purpose, was selected 6 Universities of the 5 America, Australia, Canada, China and Turkey countries for comparison with the University of Isfaha MorePurpose of this research was comparative study the process of reviewing the curricula in various countries and Iran. for the purpose, was selected 6 Universities of the 5 America, Australia, Canada, China and Turkey countries for comparison with the University of Isfahan in Iran by targeted sampling method. The study, by George Brady was performed four-stage comparison process into four stages: describe, interpret, neighborhood and comparison. Campus tool of collecting of data, was check list of data sources in relation to primary curriculum review process was different universities at databases was available on each campus. After collecting and Classification information in different tables, interpreted and analyzed. The results showed that the process of reviewing the various universities have similarities and differences in terms of review levels,work process, and members component. also results indicate that the some of universities had novel aspects in reviewing the academic curricula. These aspects were: attention to personal and professional education of students, and presence of students, experts and specialists outside of the university, and the representative of the library in the review board. Manuscript profile -
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212 - A Comparative Study of E-learning System in Selected Countries of Asia “Japan, China, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and Iran”
Marjan Masoomifardthe aim of this study is to recognize and compare the similarities and differences between educational system of E-learning of Asian countries and Payame noor university (in fields such as the number of students, faculty members, employees, teachers/students ratio, teac Morethe aim of this study is to recognize and compare the similarities and differences between educational system of E-learning of Asian countries and Payame noor university (in fields such as the number of students, faculty members, employees, teachers/students ratio, teaching-learning ways, resources, learning materials and library facilities, support mechanisms, exams and quality insurance mechanisms).The present study is a documentary research which is done based on comparative-analytical method. Statistical population is all distance universities of “Japan, China, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and Iran”. From among the universities of these countries, the Open University of Japan, the Open University of China, Indira Gandhi University in India, Iqbal Allamah University in Pakistan, and Payame noor University were chosen through judgmental sampling. The required information were gathered by studying the records and documents, and official web-sites of universities. Also, the data were analyzed based on Brody’s method. Results showed that using the successful experience of Asian countries can help us to proceed in solving our educational problems based on other countries’ solutions. Manuscript profile -
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213 - A Comparative Study of Montessori and Loris Malaguzzi’s View on Early Childhood Education
Shahla Hosseini mohamad hossin heidari zohreh saadatmandThe purpose of this study is to compare the Montessori and Loris Malaguzzi’s View in the field of early childhood education. This qualitative research utilized a transcendental analytic method. The study field, all the national and international written and non-wr MoreThe purpose of this study is to compare the Montessori and Loris Malaguzzi’s View in the field of early childhood education. This qualitative research utilized a transcendental analytic method. The study field, all the national and international written and non-written references in the field of the research’s subject. For selecting the sample among the existing references and documents, theoretical sampling method was used. Also, electronic note taking was used for gathering the data. Data analysis was conducted by qualitative content analysis with deductive categorical system type and in three stages of open, central and selective coding. Results of the research suggested the presence of high similarities between the views of Montessori and Loris Malaguzzi. Emphasis on comprehensive growth of children, integrative organization of curriculum, utilizing various learning activities, considering individual differences between children, using active teaching methods, and employing alternative or original assessment methods are among the most important similarities between these two views. However, there are some differences between the views of Montessori and Loris Malaguzzi on curriculum, including goal, teaching methods, teacher’s role and assessment methods. Finally, the most important implications of Montessori and Loris Malaguzzi’s views on pre-school education were discussed. Manuscript profile -
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214 - Evaluation the curricula related to entrepreneurship based on comparative and synthesis approaches in general education
Niloufar MortazanejadEvaluation is considered as an essential component in whole curricula; which is vaguer and more complicated once the curriculum has practical and applied aspects. Present paper has examined the evaluation component of curriculum through comparative and synthesis approac MoreEvaluation is considered as an essential component in whole curricula; which is vaguer and more complicated once the curriculum has practical and applied aspects. Present paper has examined the evaluation component of curriculum through comparative and synthesis approaches. In comparative section, first the present state of Iran has been described, then the intended situation in advanced countries has been displayed and finally the comparison has been performed. In synthesis approach, all studies among 2000-2017 gathered and their findings synthesized. According to the results, in Iran, based on documentaries and teacher guide books on entrepreneurship, a variety of written tests, portfolio, observation, job sample, etc. are proper, however, in advanced countries and also research findings, competitions inside and between schools and simulated small start-ups are regarded as evaluation methods too. On the other hand, psychological tests, especially Need for Achievement and Self-Efficiency tests are important in determining and improving the entrepreneurial traits. Manuscript profile -
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215 - Sohrevardi and his Proceeding Intellects
محمّد بقائی ماکانComparative studies to identify minds and thinking bases are of prime position. Sohrevardi s beliefs emerges in the comparison. One of the achievements of Illumination philosophy is that it depicts lost identities and refrains from self-arousal. Out of those scholars de MoreComparative studies to identify minds and thinking bases are of prime position. Sohrevardi s beliefs emerges in the comparison. One of the achievements of Illumination philosophy is that it depicts lost identities and refrains from self-arousal. Out of those scholars devoted to Illumination Sheikh are Qotboddin Shirazi, Jalaleddin Davani, Mirdamad Asterabadi, followers of Azar Kyevan, Haj Molla Hadi Sabzevari, and others whose works if studied make the reader get closer to Sohrevardis beliefs. The same is true with comparing Sohrevardi with Hege. Niche, and other Western philosophers, showing the existing the existing similarities available. Just like the book titled Journey to East by Herman Hesse that is of great simillarity with Secret Treatises of Illumination Sheikh. Manuscript profile -
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216 - Tracing Jami’s Ontological Thoughts in Fayz Kashani’s Mentality
Qodratolah Khaiatian Rahele MirakhorliNurdin Abdul Rahman Jamy- famous ninth-century Sufi poet Islamic calendar by the writings and commentaries of Ibn Arabic school in explaining a significant impact on the spread and persistence of schools in Iran. He thought in the works of Ibn Arabic, as one of the top MoreNurdin Abdul Rahman Jamy- famous ninth-century Sufi poet Islamic calendar by the writings and commentaries of Ibn Arabic school in explaining a significant impact on the spread and persistence of schools in Iran. He thought in the works of Ibn Arabic, as one of the top exponents of this school is an important issue. As described in the Nqdalnsvs Hekam as per description Alfsvs role and also wrote a commentary on Hekam. But the influence of the teachings of the cup on the Iranian thinkers, the question comes to mind whether the unity of existence - as the most important teachings of Ibn Arabic thought in theoretical Sufism as the goblet as follows, in the writings of Faiz Kashani Reflective or not? This descriptive comparative study plans, the possibility that the teachings of the cup thinking about ontology reached Faiz Kashani criticized by relying on texts and words Almknvnh examine and analyze the comparison between the ideas of Heroes and grace Kashani, trace Jami ideas about ontology can be seen in the writings of Faiz Kashani. Manuscript profile -
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217 - A Comparative Study of Attar's Mantegh Al-Tair and Hudhud Mahmoud Darwish's Ode.
Fatemeh Lotfimofradniasari Amir Hosein Rasoulnia Mohamad SeifiAttar's Mantegh Al-Tair is the story of a group of birds traveling to Mount Qaf led by Hudhud to reach the SimUrQ threshold. In this mystical system, each of the birds represents a group of human beings who travel in search of the truth, and the hardships and sufferings MoreAttar's Mantegh Al-Tair is the story of a group of birds traveling to Mount Qaf led by Hudhud to reach the SimUrQ threshold. In this mystical system, each of the birds represents a group of human beings who travel in search of the truth, and the hardships and sufferings of the path cause one to give up one after the other. At the end of the route, the blackbirds reach Mount Qaf and finally realize that Simurq is, in fact, themselves.Contemporary Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish has also portrayed the achievement of an ideal society and the effort to achieve it in mystical poems, calling it Hudhud. Mysticism and Sufism have not been included and only in the ode discussed by the author, that is, the ode of Hudhud has been influenced by mystical ideas. He has finally stated that Mahmoud Darvish in his poems in many cases has common themes with the Persian poet. Manuscript profile -
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218 - The Intrinsic Manifestation of God in the Universe According to the Old Testament and the Quran, Based on Mystical Interpretations of the 13th and the 7th Century
Saideh Alvaan bakhshali ghanbari Mohammadreza AramOne of the ways to know God is through the manifestation of His essence in the universe by his names, attributes and actions. The Jews, despite their adherence to monotheism, have sometimes attributed representation and incarnation to the divine essence while the Quran, MoreOne of the ways to know God is through the manifestation of His essence in the universe by his names, attributes and actions. The Jews, despite their adherence to monotheism, have sometimes attributed representation and incarnation to the divine essence while the Quran, despite accepting representation for some beings, denies representation and incarnation for the essence of God. God is introduced in the Old Testament by many names and in some cases has human attributes and is manifested to the Jews in tangible ways and "Shekhinah" in the Old Testament is a symbol of God's material presence, while the Holy Quran recognizes the divine presence as permanent and expresses God's closeness to man closer than the jugular vein. The divine essence is more glorious in the Quran than in the Old Testament, but in the Torah it sometimes refers to the direct presence and human conception of God However, the Jews later interpreted such verses. Nevertheless, it seems that the use of human words and human behaviors for God brings the knowledge of God from the circuit of purification into the circuit of simile. Of course, the existence of such expressions can be considered only to bring the concept of divine essence closer to the human mind, but no book like the Quran has purified God from any polytheistic belief. Manuscript profile -
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219 - Investigating the Aesthetic Role in Influencing the Sufi Poems of Ibn Fariz and Sheikh Mahmoud Shabestari
Fatemeh GooshehneshinThrough the lens of aesthetics, the poets' inner thoughts, inner worlds and emotions can be reached to achieve a correct insight and complete knowledge of the poets, and through this, he entered the corners of their minds and reflected on their poems with more understan MoreThrough the lens of aesthetics, the poets' inner thoughts, inner worlds and emotions can be reached to achieve a correct insight and complete knowledge of the poets, and through this, he entered the corners of their minds and reflected on their poems with more understanding and insight. The poems of Sheikh Mahmoud Shabestari, one of the great mystics of the eighth century, are among the outstanding works of Persian literature that have a special place in answering epistemological and mystical ambiguities. On the other hand, Ibn Farid Masri is one of the Arab poets of the Abbasid era who is unique in composing mystical poems. In this literary essay, the mystical poems of Ibn Fariz and Sheikh Mahmoud Shabestari have been studied from an aesthetic point of view in several branches of unity, perfection and beauty, appropriateness, lexical coherence, emotion and imagination. The results of the research show that both poets have written beautiful poems in a unique style with regard to the principles of balance, unity, certain limit, order and artistic imagery in metaphors and similes. Has been addressed. Manuscript profile -
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220 - Comparative Analysis of Imam Khomeini's Interpretation Method and Tabatabaei's
Hasan Vahhabpour Mohammad Hossein Saeini Farhad EdrisiBy considering the scientific, mystic and political personality of Imam Khomeini on the one hand, and the scientific and mystical character of Tabatabaei on the other hand, we are going to survey the view of two great persons as declared. The return to the Qur'an and th MoreBy considering the scientific, mystic and political personality of Imam Khomeini on the one hand, and the scientific and mystical character of Tabatabaei on the other hand, we are going to survey the view of two great persons as declared. The return to the Qur'an and the Muslim holy book is something that is well reflected in the interpretation and interpretive views of the interpreters. Research method in this paper is based on the writings and speeches of Imam Khomeini which has been investigated comparatively in Tabatabaeis' interpretation of Quran verses. By clarifying the views of Imam Khomeini and Tabatabaei, the importance of Quran in their social and personal life is revealed. Other verses of the Quran can be interpreted by using similar interpretation method. Manuscript profile -
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221 - A comparative study of the types and functions of symbols in the mystical stories of Avicenna and Suhrawardi
masoumeh rohanifard Hamid alikordkalaiiThe mystical expression of mystical concepts has been the trick of mystics and mystics to convey and instill their purpose to others. The use of symbol in Persian literary fiction, and especially in the field of Sufi literature, has been a tool for concealing the deep m MoreThe mystical expression of mystical concepts has been the trick of mystics and mystics to convey and instill their purpose to others. The use of symbol in Persian literary fiction, and especially in the field of Sufi literature, has been a tool for concealing the deep mystical implications that in most cases should be avoided in understanding the ignorant in this field. The use of symbolism in works that are narrated in the form of stories creates an allegorical narrative that the stories of Avicenna and Suhrawardi can be considered as a clear example. The present study attempts to describe the types and functions of the symbol in the stories of these two philosophers who had mystical tendencies in an analytical descriptive way; Examine in a comparative way. What is clear from the present study is that the symbolism in Suhrawardi's stories is much more complex and personal than in Avicenna 's. On the other hand, Suhrawardi has used more symbolic or covenant symbols than Ibn Sina. He uses traditional (general) symbols, most of which originate from ancient Iranian mythology, and uses them as situational symbols in his mystical works. As a result, the network of symbols that make up the allegorical narrative is very nested and complex. . Manuscript profile -
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222 - Analysis of Mystical Discourse of Disciple's Behavior in Masnavi Based on Fairclough’s Model
Farajullah Nakhaei Sarv Hadi Heydarnia Azizullah Tavakkoli KafiabadiCritical discourse analysis is a branch of linguistics that examines the relationship between text and the production of ideology. In his proposed model for text analysis, Norman Fairclough considers three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation. The pres MoreCritical discourse analysis is a branch of linguistics that examines the relationship between text and the production of ideology. In his proposed model for text analysis, Norman Fairclough considers three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation. The present article tries to examine Rumi's view on the stages of mystical journey through descriptive-analytical method. At the level of description, this study examined the use of nuclear words and semantic lexical relations and processes in Masnavi. At the level of interpretation of discourses of abandonment, the superiority of discovery and intuition, the denial of partial reason and the gradual nature of behavior and the need to obey the guide were identified as dominant discourses. At the level of explanation, it was concluded that Rumi reproduced the dominant discourses of his time in this regard and his view in this regard is in line with the prevailing ideology of his time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
223 - Analysis and study of elements and artistic images of nature in the poems of Saadi and Petrarch with emphasis on illustrated copies
ashraf sadat ashrafi Mohammadreza Asad Fateme AsgariThe present article is a comparative comparison between Saadi's sonnets and Petrarch's sonnets, which deals with the aesthetic aspects of nature, illustrations and poetic imagery in the form of similes, metaphors and symbols; Attention has been paid.Saadi, a great poet MoreThe present article is a comparative comparison between Saadi's sonnets and Petrarch's sonnets, which deals with the aesthetic aspects of nature, illustrations and poetic imagery in the form of similes, metaphors and symbols; Attention has been paid.Saadi, a great poet of love, and Petrarch father of Humanism, use nature and its various elements not only to describe their ownstate of mind but also to emphasize the beauty of their loved one. At a first sightusage of nature made by two poets appears identical, but with a more careful analytical study we realize some points of divergence at the level of poetic conception that exists in the two poetry collections. So knowing poetic traditions and very different linguistic styles bring us closer to poetic cultures far from our poetic raditionalready known for its lyricism and this is a factor that helps to enrich ourindepth cultural knowledge . The research method adopted is descriptive and analytical with a comparative approach between the two selected corpuses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
224 - A Comparative Study of Image Creation with the War of Tools in the Heroic Section of Ferdowsi Shahnameh and Masnavi Descriptions of MirzaMohammad Taher Vahid Qazvini
mohammad hosain Tashkari Bafghi Fatemeh Ghafouri Mehdiabad Pouran Yousefipour KermaniAmong the literary works of the poets of the world, we come across poems which are called literary masterpieces of the world. Ferdowsi Shahnameh is one of them. One of these topics, in which the important parts of this great book have a significant presence due to its e MoreAmong the literary works of the poets of the world, we come across poems which are called literary masterpieces of the world. Ferdowsi Shahnameh is one of them. One of these topics, in which the important parts of this great book have a significant presence due to its epic nature, is the mirrors, techniques and tools of warfare, about which no research has been done so far. Combat tools play an important role in the creation of artistic images, as they have been used throughout the Shahnameh, both in describing battle and battle scenes and in describing feast scenes. Masnavi "Tools of War", the work of Vahid Qazvini, is one of the poets of the 11th and 12th centuries AH, which has eight hundred verses and is written to describe the tools of war. This research seeks to compare the Shahnameh and Masnavi of Mirza Mohammad Taher Vahid Qazvini's war instruments in a descriptive-comparative manner. The results indicate that there is a significant difference between the creation of imagery and tool warfare in the heroic part of Ferdowsi Shahnameh and Masnavi descriptions of Mirza Taher Qazvini's war tools. Since no research has been done on this Masnavi so far, the author intends to introduce this poet and study this work and compare it with Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and identify their similarities and differences and the extent and how this poet is influenced in describing the war of tools from Shahnameh. Express Ferdowsi. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
225 - Wisdom in the Poems of AbolfathBosti and SaadiShirazi
mohammad ahaygan'mehrThe rich Iranian literature is our eternal pride-worthy capital. Iran has been home to many world-famous men of letters. Every Iranian is duty bound to introduce them to the world community. In the present article, the author aims to study practical wisdom (practical et MoreThe rich Iranian literature is our eternal pride-worthy capital. Iran has been home to many world-famous men of letters. Every Iranian is duty bound to introduce them to the world community. In the present article, the author aims to study practical wisdom (practical ethics) in the poetry of these two poets: SaadiShirazi, who lived in the era of Khorazmia kings and the Mongols’ invasion of Iran (7th century H. G.) and AbolfathBasti, the Arabic speaking poet who lived in the Chaznavid era (4th century H. G.) their poems are replete with wisdom and advice. The present article tries to provide the readers with some wise meanings coming out of the two poets’ pure hearts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
226 - Comparative Comparison of Strategic Thinking in the Management and Planning of Universities Inside and Outside the Country
Mahya Papari Yadollah Mehralizadeh Seyed Masoud Seyyedi Mohammad Hossein pour -
Open Access Article
227 - Development of Product Space Theory for Systemic Analysis of Industries in Kermanshah Province
Shadi Ghiasi heirsh soltanpanah Adel Fatemi Abdolnaser Shojaei -
Open Access Article
228 - A Comparative Study of Housing Planning in the Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plans of Iran and Measuring their Efficiency Using the TOPSIS Model
Mohammad Mehrad Doughaei Mohammad Mahdinia Maryam Daneshvar -
Open Access Article
229 - A Comparative Study of the Role of Integrated Urban Management in Local Economic Development: A Case Study of Iran and South Africa
foad Sahabi toktam Hanaei -
Open Access Article
230 - Analysis of the "woman" in thought of Gibran Khalil Gibran and Nima Youshij
Sakineh Sarami Garavi Hassan MajidiGibran Khalil Gibran and Nima Youshij as the most important representative of Iranian contemporary poets were concerned to women issues. To review the both poets addressing the women issue as well as their poetical motifs were the main objectives of this research. The s MoreGibran Khalil Gibran and Nima Youshij as the most important representative of Iranian contemporary poets were concerned to women issues. To review the both poets addressing the women issue as well as their poetical motifs were the main objectives of this research. The study was was purposed to demonstrate that Nima and Gibran Khalil Gibran were the contemporary poets who in their poems focused on the subject of "woman" (as mistress, wife and mother). From the perspective of Gibran Khalil Gibran, women's status were much higher that what Nima tought . The environment where Nima Youshij grew was a rural environment in which the women worked alongside with the men, so they had low social status and value. However, to Gibran Khalil Gibran, women had a better position, because Gibran Khalil Gibran lived in Lebanon and America that women possessed higher social status. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
231 - Legal Status Of Woman In The Holy Qur'an
A. R. AttashThis article is about the status of woman in the Holy Qur'an and eradicating the healthy relationshipsbetween men and women. So the subjects of psychology, sociology, law and religion havebeen used in this study. Also, descriptive method and analysis of the verses have MoreThis article is about the status of woman in the Holy Qur'an and eradicating the healthy relationshipsbetween men and women. So the subjects of psychology, sociology, law and religion havebeen used in this study. Also, descriptive method and analysis of the verses have been used and theHoly Qur'an is the main source of the study. Thus, in this article the weakened status of women inhuman society are discussed in general and in Islamic society in particular. Then the reasons of thisweakness investigated by the Holy Qur'an and Sunnite of Ahle Beit (peace be upon them). Theresearcher has referred to the strategies by using the religion and based on this, the article answeredthe basic questions in the introduction. But primarily, we say that the reasons of weakened statusof women in society is the thoughts and views that people had in a specific period of time whenmen had the responsibility of all the works and with iron hands faced with women. Based on this,in the era of science revolution and the small global village, we can see such relations. Since Islamis the last religion and Islam prophet is the last one that has the responsibility of the bliss in thisand next world, it is the duty of religion to eradicate such a wrong social distance between men andwomen. Thus, we are required to refer to the Islamic sources- the Holy Qur'an and Ahle Beit- andsolve social problems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
232 - Identification of industrial investment opportunities with economic complexity. A case study of selected provinces (West Adarbaijan, Ilam, Kurdistan and Kermanshah).
Shadi Ghiasi Heirsh soltanpanah adel fatemiThe importance of industrialization in any society is such that many economists consider industrial development as the main development factor of a country. The industrial sector is able to play a key role in providing many necessities of human life and the economic gro MoreThe importance of industrialization in any society is such that many economists consider industrial development as the main development factor of a country. The industrial sector is able to play a key role in providing many necessities of human life and the economic growth of societies by taking advantage of concentrated physical capital, natural resources and raw materials, manpower and technical knowledge. The scarcity of financial resources in Iran's economy has intensified in the last few years, and the optimal direction of limited funds and the correct selection of economic sectors for investment is a necessary thing, and the industrial planning of regions within the framework of a systemic approach is to determine the growth pattern for that region in accordance with its potentials. It is of special importance. In this article, by applying the theory of product space and network science and using information related to the production structure of selected provinces of Iran in the years 2013-2017 related to thirty-two products based on ISIC codes, it has been tried in a systematic approach to produce products with an obvious relative advantage. The selected provinces of Iran have been identified and the path and roadmap of industrial development of these provinces have been drawn. Then, the probability of diversification of products without revealed relative advantage was calculated for all the selected provinces and the industrial development path of the selected provinces was determined based on the greedy strategy. The results of the research showed that among the 32 Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
233 - A Post-Colonial Critique of the Novels Mysteries of My Land by Reza Barahani and Palace Walk by Naguib Mahfouz
allahkaram abbasi mahmood haidari mahbobeh KhorasaniColonial literature refers to a branch of contemporary literature that emerged during colonial domination or afterwards with the purpose of liberation from the yoke of colonialism in the colonized countries. Of the main themes of this literature, one can mention the con MoreColonial literature refers to a branch of contemporary literature that emerged during colonial domination or afterwards with the purpose of liberation from the yoke of colonialism in the colonized countries. Of the main themes of this literature, one can mention the confrontation between characters and the themes that set the oriental writer’s ‘self’ as confronting the western ‘other’ and the interaction between them. In the literary fiction in Iran and Egypt, many writers have written on this subject. The present investigation is a comparative study of the two novels, namely the Mysteries of My Land by Reza Barahani, and Palace Walk by Naguib Mahfouz. Both works date back to the occupation of the writers’ lands by western countries. The findings of the study, obtained through content analysis, adopting a comparative approach, suggest that, by expressing and evaluating such fundamental and post-colonial concepts as ‘other’, the core and the periphery, gender, beliefs, freedom-seeking, and the fight against colonialism, the writers have sought to show their “selves” and “other” or the core and the periphery. Key words: Postcolonial Literature, Comparative Literature, Reza Barahani, Naguib Mahfouz, the Mysteries of My Land, Palace Walk Manuscript profile -
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234 - A Comparative Study of the Narration of Immigration Theme in Two Postmodern Novels: the Nocturnal Harmony of Wood Orchestra” and “All Special”
narges oskouieAbsterac: Narrative immigration literature in Iran is consistently and rapidly expanding due to substantial social issues. It necessitates extensive and multidimensional research in the field of literature and migration. The present study with a comparative study approa MoreAbsterac: Narrative immigration literature in Iran is consistently and rapidly expanding due to substantial social issues. It necessitates extensive and multidimensional research in the field of literature and migration. The present study with a comparative study approach searches the two important novels of contemporary migration literature for common components in these works. Both novels express (like the autobiography) the lives of two immigrant writers. The results indicate that the nostalgia of home is left behind and its belongings and multiple threads (identity, culture, communication, emotions, etc.) of the current world of author, alongside factors such as mental distress and constant fear (out of concentrated flows on migration axis), strongly cause emotional distress of the narrator-author in both novels, and this effective issue has made very close together other narrative factors of both novels, like choosing the viewing angle, characterization, temporal and spatial rupture of the narrative, plot and narrative language (symbolic) in both novels. Using the narrative technique of stream of consciousness, mental reflections, time intervals, symbolic language, continuous associations, spatial and temporal confusion by relying on an unreliable narrator whom the audience must detect the events of the story through his unbalanced speech, which are a mixture of dream and reality, and most importantly the main design of the two stories that reflect the realities of the situation of migrating human fleeing from home has greatly increased the intertextual relationships of these two novels. Key words: Immigration Literature, Comparative Literature, Narratology, the Nocturnal Harmony of Wood Orchestra, All Special Manuscript profile -
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235 - A Study of Socio-Political Themes in the Divan of Adib-AL Mamalek Farahani and Ahmad Showqi
parvin mortazaei zahra hosseinicommitted literature covers avariety of areas. Expressing the social and political issues of society isone of the most important approaches in this type of literature In the last century, similar social and political situations have developed in the society of Iran and Morecommitted literature covers avariety of areas. Expressing the social and political issues of society isone of the most important approaches in this type of literature In the last century, similar social and political situations have developed in the society of Iran and Egypt. Issues that exposed the independence and identity of such countries to foreign aggression and, as a result, posed a serious threat; Thus, social poets entered the turmoil of such a turbulent situation, and the most important of them was dealing with social and political issues. Inthis descriptive-analytical study, socio-political themes in the poems of Adib al-Mamalak and Ahmad Shawqi have been extracted and studied based on the American comparative school. Findings of the research indicate that themes such as patriotism, mention of Free people and patriotic heroes, encouragement of unity and solidarity, disgust with foreigners and criticism of social disorders have been widely used in the poetry of these two poets. With the difference that Adib al-Mamalek has included minor social issues in his poetry; Ahmad Showqi, on the other hand, has often raised larger issues. Both patriotic poets initially have a positive view of the constitutional movement; But with the entry of anomalies into the structure of the movement, they change their course and complain about it. Reformism and the need for positive action of various classes of society and politicians are among the most important solutions that these two poets propose to achieve national prose.Keywords: Comparative Literature, Constitutional Movement, Patriotism, Adib al-Mamalik, Ahmad Showqi. Manuscript profile -
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236 - The symbolism of the numbers in the saadatnameh and zohuoriy tarshizi of saghinameh baseh on Jung
zeynab noroozali Ahmad khatibi khiyali aliasgar halabiNumbers are one of the most important types of archetypes and have been one of the concerns of human minds since time immemorial. It has been the basis of many studies and theories in various sciences. In fact, it is impossible to exclude numbers from everyday life. Num MoreNumbers are one of the most important types of archetypes and have been one of the concerns of human minds since time immemorial. It has been the basis of many studies and theories in various sciences. In fact, it is impossible to exclude numbers from everyday life. Numbers, like time and space, have a completely mythological meaning and as one of the most important archetypal ideas, they have many hidden concepts that express mental states and thoughts, worldview, and the world around the owners of the work. In this article, we will examine and apply some numbers in Saadat, Nizamuddin, Astarabadi and Saqi, Zohuri, Tarshizi. Astarabadi and Tarshizi seem to have a deep and precise knowledge of the archetype of numbers and have used them in their works using the element of imagination. Both look at the practical concepts of numbers and have used them in their poems, especially in religious verses. Numbers with similar symbolic meanings but with different frequencies appear in both courts and the frequency of their use in Saadatnameh is higher than Saqinameh. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and using the library and digital resources. Manuscript profile -
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237 - A comparative criticism of the classification of conceptual metaphors from lakoff and Johnson view with new classification with evidence from Afghani and Ishiguro works.
Sanaz Taghipoury hajebi Kamran Pashaie fakhri parvaneh AdelzadehThe present study, examination and compares the contemporary view of metaphor against its new classification.The contemporary theory of metaphors which was systematic put forward by lakoff and Johnson, the study of metaphor transformed in to a conceptual metaphor that i MoreThe present study, examination and compares the contemporary view of metaphor against its new classification.The contemporary theory of metaphors which was systematic put forward by lakoff and Johnson, the study of metaphor transformed in to a conceptual metaphor that is at the core of cognitive linguistics that encompasses the purpose of human thought and experience. Most recently due to the lack of categorization of some mapping names, a new classification was introduced by Afrashi and Hesami (1392), who introduced the structural and ontological classes in to three new Categories: objective to subjective, subjective to subjective and objective to objectiveThe purpose of the present study is to review and criticality two conceptual metaphorical perspective and to express their similarities and differences with some evidence of Afghani and IshiGuro.The research method is descriptive - analytical.The finding of the study showed that although the application of lakoff and Johnson classification is the basis of much of the current research, in some cases it is not sufficiently responsive in classifying metaphors, Therefore the new classification is more efficient. Manuscript profile -
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238 - Representation of some ideas of people in the emergence and happiness of Astarabadi based on Jung's theory
zeynab noroozali Ahmad khatibi khiyali aliasgar halabiOne of the theories that is being explored in literary contexts today is Jung's archetypal theory, and one of the topics of this theory is archetypal ideas, which mainly include person, situation and symbols. One of these assumptions is the character that is seen a lot MoreOne of the theories that is being explored in literary contexts today is Jung's archetypal theory, and one of the topics of this theory is archetypal ideas, which mainly include person, situation and symbols. One of these assumptions is the character that is seen a lot in the butchery of the appearance of Tarshizi and Saadatnameh of Astarabadi, but due to the unknownness of these two works, not enough research has been done on them and many of their valuable angles have been hidden.In this article, by examining this component in the mentioned works, we want to help interpret their verses and answer the questions of how Zohuri and Astarabadi know about the ideas of archetypes and what is the frequency of each idea in Saqiqnameh and Saadatnameh. It seems that despite the lack of knowledge of archeology in the modern sense, emergence and astronomy have a deep and accurate knowledge of archaic ideas and have used them in their works in a special way using the element of imagination. Also, in these two works, the ideas of religious-national figures are superior to other types, and the idea of the seeker is only for the poet who has searched and finally reached mysticism. The result is presented in an analytical-descriptive library method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
239 - A Comparative Study of Hossein Monzavi and Nazar Qabbani's Verses
Ashraf AhmadyComparative literature deals with aspects shared by cultural works of different nations. Since today’s world lives in communication age, seeking to build the global village, undoubtedly, it is impossible to gain a comprehensive and perfect cognition without under MoreComparative literature deals with aspects shared by cultural works of different nations. Since today’s world lives in communication age, seeking to build the global village, undoubtedly, it is impossible to gain a comprehensive and perfect cognition without understanding the surrounding world. Certainly, we will never be able to achieve self- definition exactly if we only know ourselves. Present paper compares verse works of two contemporary prominent poets, Hossein Monzavi and Nazar Qabbani that each of whom is an innovator and master of style poet in his own culture. We attempt to explore alignments and similarities existing in the works of these creative artists and to understand mutual interaction between aspects of impressions of Iranian and Arabic cultures. Since to discuss all aspects of content and structure requires more extended opportunity, this paper compares only such aspects as love, women, politics, and patriotic poems, which are of richly colored impression in the works of these two contemporary poets. Of course, examination of other aspects is tempting and interesting. Manuscript profile -
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240 - A Comparative Study of Nezami's Leyla and Majnu and Khana Ghobadi's Leyla and Majnun
Jamal ahmadi Shno salemLeyla and Majnun is a long narrative poem which has it root among Arabs in the first century. The story went to other cultures very soon. Especially after the arrival of Muslim Arabs to promote Islamic thought, culture and studies including stories and anecdotes travell MoreLeyla and Majnun is a long narrative poem which has it root among Arabs in the first century. The story went to other cultures very soon. Especially after the arrival of Muslim Arabs to promote Islamic thought, culture and studies including stories and anecdotes travelled to other civilizations. Hakim Nezami Ganjavi (614- 530, H), originally Kurdish poet of the sixteen century, wrote Leyla and Majnun in Persian in 4700 lines. The story then imitated by many other Kurdish and Persian poets. Kaha Ghobadi (1191- 1115) wrote this story in Kurdish verse with Gorani dialect. The number of lines of this long narrative poem is 1644. Khana as a great poet of 12th century had his own narration of the same story. The writers of this study using an analytical- descriptive method seek to investigate the similarities and differences between the two works and the rate of impact of Nezami on Khana in writing Leyla and Majnun. The results show that Khana probably have used other sources of Kurdish oral literature beside Nezami's for writing Leyla and Majnun. The other minor result suggests that Nezami most probably have used other sources in his mother tongue along with Arabic texts and narrations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
241 - Comparative Study of Significance of Barbad’s musical modes or alhan in Nizami’s Khosrow and Shirin and Manuchehri’s Texts
Mansoure SabetzadehStudying music in literary texts and its mutual inspirations is one of the branches of comparative studies. This paper investigates music and its system in Nizami’sKhosrow and Shirin. Khosrow and Shirin is one of the most prominent musical heritages and Barbad&rsq MoreStudying music in literary texts and its mutual inspirations is one of the branches of comparative studies. This paper investigates music and its system in Nizami’sKhosrow and Shirin. Khosrow and Shirin is one of the most prominent musical heritages and Barbad’s musical derivative modes called Alhan in which the names of songs and sounds, instruments and music have been cited in terms of lyrical themes. Thus, it is used as a sovereign exposition of music. One of the most significant elements of Khosrow and Shirinis revealing some parts of musical system of Sassanid era including Barbad’s thirty derivative modes named lahn. Theses modes had been appraised by Manuchehriformerly. This paper is a comparative study of Barbad’s modes or alhan cited in various accounts in different texts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
242 - Hbsiyha writing in Arabic and Persian Poetry (Comparative Research: Poetry Abvfras malk alshoaraye Bahar)
Toraj zainivand Payman SalehiHbsyh, any one of the poet's poetry is the conscience of her B sin, separation from relatives and friends, prison difficulties, resorting to elders and Amir and ... word says. In Arabic and Persian poetry, famous choral reputation in this field MoreHbsyh, any one of the poet's poetry is the conscience of her B sin, separation from relatives and friends, prison difficulties, resorting to elders and Amir and ... word says. In Arabic and Persian poetry, famous choral reputation in this field have reached. Abvfras Hamdani, poet and composer Abbasid period of the "Romans" in Arabic literature, the lead ball is stolen from others. Bahar poet laureate of the poets of the period Constitutional Persian literature is considered that the prison years Bndmvyh that is pulled up to the order. This research is based on the American school in comparative literature review and comparative analysis of themes and structures common or Hbsyh differently by the two poets pay. The basic research topics include: A) a short preface, writing about Hbsyh garlic in Persian and Arabic literature and research overview. B) Comparative analysis of the content and structure of para Mvyh Abvfras and Bahar. Manuscript profile -
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243 - A Survey on Ideological views of a Novelist: Naturalistic Analysis of Mahmoud Dowlatabadi’s Stories
Kiumars RahmaniNaturalism was a literary movement taking place from the 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character. Naturalism is the outgrowth of literary reali MoreNaturalism was a literary movement taking place from the 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character. Naturalism is the outgrowth of literary realism, a prominent literary movement in mid-19th-century France and elsewhere. Naturalistic writers were influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution, philosophical-literal ideas of Taine and experiments of a physiologist named Claude Bernard. Also, philosophical opinions of Kant and Taine which were based on interpretations of social life and relationships influenced the principles of naturalism importantly. Thus, Naturalists believe that people’s behavior has the tendency to be objectified and treated like a machine and it would be impossible to judge it morally because of heredity, environment and moment is inevitable. Hence, we can have knowledge of the mechanisms of natural phenomena in man to define rational and emotional parts of his being which are under the influence of heredity, environment, and the moment. This paper aimed at identifying and describing the naturalistic aspects of Mahmoud Dowlatabadi stories. Naturalistic analysis of his stories can help us to have better in depth insight of his ideology. Manuscript profile -
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244 - A Comparative Study of the Poem, "Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season" by Forugh Farrokhzad with the Poem "The Waste Land" by T.S. Eliot
Faezeh Arab Yousef Abadi Behzad Pour Gharib Although T.S. Eliot's "The Waste Land" and Forugh Farrokhzad's "Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season" seem to be different formally, in essence they have a correlated basis of similarity of views in modern men. The aim More Although T.S. Eliot's "The Waste Land" and Forugh Farrokhzad's "Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season" seem to be different formally, in essence they have a correlated basis of similarity of views in modern men. The aim of this study is to analyze the comparative study of these two poems in order to demonstrate the proof effectiveness of Forugh Farrokhzad from T.S. Eliot’s views. This study relied on the analytical method and by taking advantage of the library notes in order to achieve the main objective of this research. The results indicate that both these poems at the beginning and the ending have equally important ways. These poems are the texts which are ripped and shredded and are not cohesive in appearance; but the presence of seemingly unrelated structures and broken images in these poems have a targeted strategy for inducing anxiety of modern man and human social breakdown in these poets era. Allusions, which are the most important forms of intertextuality in these two poems, show that both the poets made their poetry into the space where a variety of concepts and images manifested in classical literature and originated religious texts in the line with the criticism of modern man. In these both poems, combining each image with another one has made meaning throughout the poem. Similar thoughts and their shared imageries in these poems express the unity of the needs of modern men with consistency problems and problems of modern life. Manuscript profile -
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245 - Pioneers of Persian and Arabic poetry; Nima and nazok Almalaekh
Zeynab khorramabadi arani Abuzar ghasemi AraniNima Yooshij (father of Persian poetry) and Nazok Almalaekh, (contemporary poetess of Iraq) pioneer of free verse in Arabic, have some similarities from the viewpoint of time and geography and literature that are valuable to study and review. These two poets became the MoreNima Yooshij (father of Persian poetry) and Nazok Almalaekh, (contemporary poetess of Iraq) pioneer of free verse in Arabic, have some similarities from the viewpoint of time and geography and literature that are valuable to study and review. These two poets became the origens of new feeling and knowledge among the people, they revived their contemporary poetry without deviation of traditions. Familiarity of both poets with European languages and social and political conditions of their society and literature leads to common and similar poetries and being im the poems. In this essay, the author after studying Modern poetry in Persian and Arabic, as well as the lives of two poets, review and analyzes commonalities and differences between the two poets with a comerative approach. Manuscript profile -
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246 - A Comparative Study of Story Elements in Saadee's Golestan and Majd Khafie's Roze Khold
Mostafa Khodayari Zakiyeh DehnamakiSaadee's Golestan is one of the Persian language master pieces written in prose. This work, since its creation till now has been very attractive for Persian speakers considering its content, fluency and style. Throughout the history, many famous poets and authors have t MoreSaadee's Golestan is one of the Persian language master pieces written in prose. This work, since its creation till now has been very attractive for Persian speakers considering its content, fluency and style. Throughout the history, many famous poets and authors have tried to create works like Golestan, but non of them have been to compete seriously with Golestan. Majd Khafie's a famous poet and theosophist of eight centuries is one of the many who when created Roze Khold, joined the group of Golestan imitators and even over pass them. His book is one of the very similar copies of Golestan which is copied from Golestan. In this article, the concepts of story, tale and anecdote are defined and their differences are explained. Later, the authors have compared and contrasted language, style, characters, messages and other elements of stories of Golestan and Majd Khafie's Roze Khold. Through doing a comprehensive comparison and contrast of these two works next to using a documentary and library research, a significant, scientific and research based article is produced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
247 - The Comparative Study of Religious Motifs in Mastooreh Ardalan and Ayesheh Teimoor’s Poetry
Ali Salimi Farough NematiMastooreh Ardalan and Ayesheh Teimoor are contemporary poets and authors lived in the same period in Iran and Egypt. In spite of the fact that the complications of their time limited women's activity in literary and scientific fields, they found their ways to the Persi MoreMastooreh Ardalan and Ayesheh Teimoor are contemporary poets and authors lived in the same period in Iran and Egypt. In spite of the fact that the complications of their time limited women's activity in literary and scientific fields, they found their ways to the Persian and Arabic poetic circle, and they composed the most delicate and stunning poems. Both poets were born from Kurd descendants provided their common concepts in religion. Obligation to Islamic creed and morality are common motifs in their poems. They both emphasize on Islamic cover (Hejab) for women and strongly believe in its dignity. Also, they both have allusions to characters from holy Quran in their poems. Mastooreh has continuously praised Islam's prophet's intimate family members in his poems. Similarly, mystical prays and using Quran lexicons are other association between these two poets. Using library and critical research, this paper aims at comparative study of common religious motifs in poems of these two less recognized poets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
248 - Comparative Study ofRomanticism Elements in the Literary Texts ofBadr Shaker Syaband QeysarAminpour
Abbas Ganj-Ali Sakineh SaremiRomantic Movement reacted against the restraintNew Classicism literature originated when gifted and courageous writers invented new ways to express their feelings The main principles of MoreRomantic Movement reacted against the restraintNew Classicism literature originated when gifted and courageous writers invented new ways to express their feelings The main principles of this school were freedom,bond to nature, free expression of emotion and excitement (such as grief, love, solitude and remind of death), travel in time and journey to name a few. SyabBadr Shakeris one of the pioneers of modern romantic Arabic poetry whose poems touch the romantic elements like naturalism and historical travel. On the other hand, QeysarAminpour, who is a giftedcontemporary Persian poet, is a talented poet in expressing the feelings and emotions in his poetry.Since the motif in his texts is mostly expressing the pain and agony, he is considered as a poet of recalling the pains,andhe dubbed the namethe poets of pain and grief. This paper tries to study the principle of romanticism used by the both poets and also, compare and contrast the methodologies used in stating the romantic elements in Badr Shaker Syab and QeysarAminpourtexts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
249 - Nostalgia in the works of Gibran Khalil Gibran and Nader Naderpour
Sakineh saremi geravi Hassan MajidiNostalgia or "exile Sorrow" is a of psychological team for, yearning for the past. It feels as an expression of the human subconscious behavior emerges. Poverty, migration, exile, etc, This feeling is effective In creating this feeling. Many poets and writers, has exhib MoreNostalgia or "exile Sorrow" is a of psychological team for, yearning for the past. It feels as an expression of the human subconscious behavior emerges. Poverty, migration, exile, etc, This feeling is effective In creating this feeling. Many poets and writers, has exhibited these feelings, including the poet Gibran Khalil Gibran Naderpour. Gibran Khalil Gibran (1883- 1931 AD) was born in Lebanon. He's gifted and talented Romantic poet of the are principles such as freedom, naturalism historic journey and ... well reflected in his poems, Naderpour (1308-1379H. P) was born in Tehran,considering this fact that these Two poets are not under each others effect, the study is based on several assumptions: 1. Feeling nostalgic which is a romantic component is evident in the works of both poets 2. Both of them are romantic. Manuscript profile -
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250 - Comparative study of normative ethics theories of contemporary thinkers from the intellectual perspective (Allameh Misbah Yazdi and Dr. Hadi Sadeghi)
shabnam bahrami ali balvardiNormative ethics is a type of ethical studies and investigations, the use of which is to present a reasonable theory about the voluntary actions of humans, and in this field, there are various theories that have fundamental problems, and the existence of these problems MoreNormative ethics is a type of ethical studies and investigations, the use of which is to present a reasonable theory about the voluntary actions of humans, and in this field, there are various theories that have fundamental problems, and the existence of these problems makes it necessary to achieve a distinct and comprehensive theory. Now the ideas of contemporary thinkers are also used in the field of normative ethics. In this research, after a brief reference to the main components and characteristics of contemporary moral theories (Allameh Mohammad Taghi Misbah Yazdi and Dr. Hadi Sadeghi), two viewpoints have been compared. Misbah Yazdi's moral theory is based on "proximity". This theory is based on the real relationship between human action and free will and the real effects resulting from it, which tells about the cause and effect relationships between the action and the result, and according to their combined view, reason determines the general principles of ethics, but for defining and explaining and Determining the examples considers the need for revelation necessary. But in the theory of "Ethical Integrity" attention is paid to the differences and capacities of people and groups in moral affairs, and they make moral recommendations based on their scope and appropriateness. Among the features of this theory, it can be mentioned that it is trans-religious, non-combination, proportionalism, etc. This research is written based on descriptive and analytical method Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
251 - A comparative study of the imprisonments of Malek al-Shoara Bahar and Fadavi Touqan
Esmaeil EslamiCommon intellectual fields are the result of common social issues and the manifestation of this can be found in literature. By exploring literary works, one can find out how similar ideas are formed among writers. The present research will deal with the descriptive-anal MoreCommon intellectual fields are the result of common social issues and the manifestation of this can be found in literature. By exploring literary works, one can find out how similar ideas are formed among writers. The present research will deal with the descriptive-analytical method, with the approach of comparative literature and based on the American school, to examine imprisonment in the poems of Malek al-Shoara, an Iranian poet, and Fadavi Touqan, a Palestinian poet, and will study and discuss the most obvious themes of prison in their poems. Because Malek al-Shoara Bahar and Fadavi Touqan are poets who fought and sought freedom and spent the best years of their lives in prison and exile. Both of them have complained about their depressing and inhuman environment and have been imprisoned. The results of the research show that patriotism, anti-colonialism, call to resistance, promotion of solidarity and stability, promotion of justice and fairness, honoring the position of martyr and freedom and hope are common themes in the poems of these two poets and it seems that the two poets are in a situation And the understanding of the similar experience has provided the prerequisites for such a thing. Manuscript profile -
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252 - The comparative of Saadi's Golestan and Magamat of Badia-Al-Zaman Hamadani
Rasoul Ebadi maryam mohammadzadeh Badia-Al-Zaman Hamadani one of the greatest authors in Abbasids age, innovated a new technonogy which is attended by other authors of that age, even by the authors and poets of the next ages. The interest in innovative technology Badia-Al-Zaman not limited to the More Badia-Al-Zaman Hamadani one of the greatest authors in Abbasids age, innovated a new technonogy which is attended by other authors of that age, even by the authors and poets of the next ages. The interest in innovative technology Badia-Al-Zaman not limited to the Arabic language but some of the authors and poets in other languages follows him and wrote valuable works Including Saadi's Golestan book. Saadi influenced in compiling this book from the Arabic Magamat, to the point that some critics consider the introduction of Golestan in a composed way it's a perfect Maqameh. This article seeks to adapt to the Sa'di's Golestan into Magamat Badia-Al-Zaman compare the similarities and differences between them and to clearly express. Based on the results obtained, Shared cases between Magamat and Saadi's Golestan are twelve and difference cases are seven. Thus, with regard to cases more common than differences, Saadi follow style of Magamat, but this influence is not merely imitating Saadi in Golestan genius is clearly visible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
253 - Comparative study of the transcendental concept of "demon" in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Hadith Sanai
Reza Moradian Dr. Khorshid Norouzi Dr. Khadijeh Bahrami RahnamaShahnameh and Hadiqah, as two important literary works in two different epic and mystical subjects, have many similarities. One of the similarities between the two is the transcendental concepts of demon, which are used in both works, and cause these two works to have a MoreShahnameh and Hadiqah, as two important literary works in two different epic and mystical subjects, have many similarities. One of the similarities between the two is the transcendental concepts of demon, which are used in both works, and cause these two works to have a special affinity in terms of aspect. Transcendental principles and themes and surreal ideas can be traced back to the mythological beliefs, religious beliefs and intellectual traditions of the time and even mystical ideas. The objective manifestations of the demon are based on mythological beliefs that have sometimes been used to symbolize Ferdowsi. The word demon was common in Iranian culture before Islam and changed after the advent of Islam and gave way to jinn. In this research, which is descriptive-analytical and with a library method; The supernatural concept of demon has been criticized in Shahnameh as the most important epic work and Hadiqah al-Haqiqah as the foremost official mystical work by mentioning evidences and comparing their frequency. This research shows that in Shahnameh, the demon has lost its previous position and the authority of the court and the influence they have had in existence has been drastically reduced and they have approached a lower position. While Sanai emphasizes its mystical aspects; Sometimes he uses it in the sense of jinn and sometimes in the sense of inner devil; In some cases, he thinks the same as the meaning of the devil, and sometimes, by using it metaphorically, he opens the door to interpretation and interpretation to this concept. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
254 - Comparative comparison of the components of love in the thought of Maulana Jalaluddin Balkhi and Ervin Yalom
Masoome Ghasemlo qaidari Morteza Razakpour Mohammad Ismail Ebrahimi Love is one of the most important and fundamental mystical topics that is prominently raised in Islamic mysticism and in the works and thought of Rumi; In the way that in Masnavi, love is one of the ways to reach God's connection and perish in His essence and surv More Love is one of the most important and fundamental mystical topics that is prominently raised in Islamic mysticism and in the works and thought of Rumi; In the way that in Masnavi, love is one of the ways to reach God's connection and perish in His essence and survive in Him. In Rumi's mystical thought, the ultimate goal of love is the unity of the lover and the beloved; But in Yalom's opinion, love is one of the meaningful components of life. He acknowledges the power of love in transforming a person and giving meaning to life. Although he likened love to religious ecstasies; But due to not believing in the supernatural and not paying attention to spiritual matters among the types of love, he has only paid attention to earthly love. Among the types of earthly love, his attention is mostly focused on carnal and somehow moral love. This research aims to investigate the components of love in the thought of Rumi and Yalom in a descriptive-comparative way. The result of the research shows that Yalom believes that love should be mature and developed and believes that love brings with it responsibility and the person in love should be responsible for the physical and psychological needs of the beloved and for his/her uniqueness, be valued Like Yalom, Rumi believes that love gives meaning and warmth to life, and also that love brings responsibility; In such a way that his alignment with Yalom in this theory is clearly visible in his poems. Manuscript profile -
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255 - A study of the structural similarities between the story of Zahak Shahnameh with the story of "The Lion and the Rabbit" by Kelileh Woodmaneh and the Indian story of "Bahim Sin and Bakeh" by Mahabharata
Tayebeh Rahmani Soheila Mousavi Sirjani Abdolhossein Farzad The presence of animals in human life has caused these creatures to serve human thoughts first in mythical life and then symbolically. Kelileh Woodman is one of the works in which animals have played a role. Due to the rich culture and history of ancient civiliza More The presence of animals in human life has caused these creatures to serve human thoughts first in mythical life and then symbolically. Kelileh Woodman is one of the works in which animals have played a role. Due to the rich culture and history of ancient civilizations, Iran and India, the same and common myths can be seen in these two cultures. Given that the main theme is often common myths. Myths are very similar not only in content but also in structure. In this research, with descriptive-analytical method and library method, common roots and symbols in Zahak story with the story of "The Lion and the Rabbit" by Kelileh Woodmaneh and "Behim Sin and Bakeh" Mahabharata have been compared in terms of mythology and common cases have been analyzed and deciphered. . Kelilehudmaneh anecdotes have always been of interest to the authors of Persian texts and have created a bridge between Indian and Iranian culture. In this article, the roots of the story of "the lion and the rabbit" with the story of Behima and Bakeh (Mahabharata) and Fereydoun and Zahak (Shahnameh) in Indian and Iranian mythology have been searched and analyzed and deciphered. Their similarity is that a powerful tyrant (king or demon) kills a number of inhabitants (city / forest) every day to feed himself; The inhabitants of the city / forest send one or two people to him every day so that he does not harm others, and eventually one of the cruel prey causes his death and destruction. Manuscript profile -
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256 - Comparative Analysis Hmsanyhay novel "The Blind Owl" and the novel "Zorba has Greek»
Asieh Zabihnia Emran Literary fictions of different nations can be very similar to each other in terms of both subject matter and themes, and structure and narrative style. No doubt, those works which have successfully gained the attention of their audience and have been fundamental More Literary fictions of different nations can be very similar to each other in terms of both subject matter and themes, and structure and narrative style. No doubt, those works which have successfully gained the attention of their audience and have been fundamental in creating literary movements, in line with the intellectual and social changes of their societies, can play a significant role in establishing dialogical interaction among literary works of various nations. Zorba the Greek (1946), the famous novel by Nikos Kazantzakis (1883-1957) and the Blind Owl by Sadegh Hedayat are in fact among these literary works. Given the significance of these two novels in the Greek and Persian Literature, the distinctive structural and thematic similarities between the two works and also the considerable acclamation earned by the writers and their academic and scholarly readers in the two countries, attempts have been made in this paper to examine these two works through a comparative analytical approach. Results of the analysis suggest that the two novels are substantially similar in terms of their Khayyami narrative style, critical and pessimistic view toward life, strong tendency to solitude and death and narrative and structural aspects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
257 - comparative analysis between the figure of the beloved in the Saadi and Petrarch's lyrics
ashraf sadat ashrafi Dr.Mohammadreza Asad Dr.Fatemeh Asgari Dr.Mohsen Izadyar The first purpose of this original research is to present and the to know better the love poetry and the essential elements of poetics of Francesco Petrarca, the famous Italian love lyrics father who set up Humanism in Europe, with a particular textual emph More The first purpose of this original research is to present and the to know better the love poetry and the essential elements of poetics of Francesco Petrarca, the famous Italian love lyrics father who set up Humanism in Europe, with a particular textual emphasis on the different points of convergence between his love lyrics and those of his contemporary, a great Persian poet, Saadi. In this paper, using some available sources and making a series of textual and lexical analyzes on two corpus available in comparison, we look for the thematic and stylistic similarities between two poetry collections that are the main subject of this study. Another aim of this research is to find the different points of divergence that recurs normally in two eastern and western poets’ works from the general point of view of the figure of the beloved one who is the principal subject of the poems in question. Manuscript profile -
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258 - works Darab-nama Tarsusi and Homer's Odyssey "with an emphasis on the act of warfare and chivalry in the views of comparative mythology of Georges Dumzil"
elnaz mohammadzadeh mohammad mahdi esmaailiy shervin khamsehMyth alongside the epic, legends and popular culture, is one of the elements that form the culture and ethnic and national identity of societies and a charter of social beliefs that is produced in the cultural context. The subject of myth is not separate from the study MoreMyth alongside the epic, legends and popular culture, is one of the elements that form the culture and ethnic and national identity of societies and a charter of social beliefs that is produced in the cultural context. The subject of myth is not separate from the study of religious rituals and it can be considered as a tool that explains existing beliefs and institutions by referring to religion. "Sin" as an action or behavior is an important concept; to the extent that cultural events related to it cannot be understood without understanding the concept and its motivating effects. "Darab" and "Ulysses" as mythological heroes, are cultural figures, and the subject of their "sin" is also placed as an action in the category of culture. In addition to exploring the hidden and implied meaning of the text, the theory of comparative mythology of Georges Dumezil also pays attention to the social/cultural context. The findings of this research, which was carried out in a descriptive-analytical method, showed that the trajectory of a myth and her sin in the two civilizations of Iran and Greece is clearly defined. Themes such as "deception by demons", "doubt in the creator", "pride and claim of divinity", "achieving power and fear of losing power", "disobeying the command of gods and goddesses", " Killing ritual beings and heroes", "disrespecting to fire and sowing the seeds of hatred in the human institution", is the basis of the most sins among Iran and the world. The research findings indicate that there is a fixed structure in Indo-European mythology; which remained in these cultures over the centuries and despite the geographical expansion and reforms of different religions, their traces can still be found after many years. Manuscript profile -
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259 - Investigating and analyzing the similarities of Mazdisna wisdom and Friedrich Nietzsche's self-founded attitude
Saeed Mohammadi kish The religion of Mazdisna is one of the oldest religions in the world, which, despite the abandonment of the Avestan and Pahlavi languages and scripts, has long been considered by human schools and teachings. The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche was not depri More The religion of Mazdisna is one of the oldest religions in the world, which, despite the abandonment of the Avestan and Pahlavi languages and scripts, has long been considered by human schools and teachings. The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche was not deprived of the philosophy and wisdom of Zoroastrianism even after many centuries and extensive social changes in the life of mankind, and it seems that many of his words are influenced by this religion. The present study examines the similarities between these two rituals and philosophical methods in a descriptive-comparative way. The result of this research strengthens the possibility of the connection and influence of Mazdisna's religion on Nietzsche's views, so that in representing the self-founded subject of Nietzsche, the will in an anonymous inner vision is focused on power. The interpretation which in Mazdisna is called Emshaspandan sale, and just as they are the spiritual forms of the world of creation, in Nietzsche's world, objects are manifestations of the truth of their essence. The main focus of Nietzsche's thought is to create and build a world free of long-standing presuppositions and superstitions.As heresy has been the highest desire of the Prophet Mazdista in Avestan Iran.One of Nietzsche's approaches is the emergence of new ideas and the sinking of incompatible ideas. Also, from the Zoroastrian point of view, the Fravehars of the living are stronger than the Forouhars of the dead. In two approaches, the superman or Sushyant is the immortal and last creation who will make the world free from the evil of lies and man immortal. Manuscript profile -
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260 - A Comparative Study of Belief in Human Freedom in the Thoughts of William Blake and Rumi
Zahra Iranmanesh One of the fields of study in comparative literature is the study of subject matter, position, literary expression and the like in the works of poets. The main aspects of comparative study are subject and thought and feeling. The aim of this research is to compare More One of the fields of study in comparative literature is the study of subject matter, position, literary expression and the like in the works of poets. The main aspects of comparative study are subject and thought and feeling. The aim of this research is to compare the human belief in freedom in Blake and Rumi's poems with a descriptive-analytical method. To understand the connection between world and Iranian literature and the extent to which different writers are influenced by each other, it is necessary to conduct global comparative studies. In this research, the thought of Rumi and Blake in poetry is important and is examined. In this study, it has been concluded that Blake's calm spirit is not completely compatible with the situation of the society of his time and shows his attitude towards the freedom of these spirits. Kingdom, materialism and scientism, unity of existence and attention to the inner world of man and imagination are among the signs of the Iraqi style that exist in Rumi's poems, and these signs can also be seen in Blake's poems. Rumi's freedom is mystical and individual and is expressed by leaving worldly belongings and spiritual and personal attachments. In contrast, Blake's freedom is social and political. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
261 - Comparative Study of the Prosody System in Persian and English Languages
meysam ebrahimi Dr.hasan delbari Marziye Rahmati Inthe cognitive system of a poem, some features are based on the essence of the poem, such as the key element of emotion, and some are related to the knowledge of the poem, such as Meter, melody, rhyme, and imagination. The science of prosody is one of the litera More Inthe cognitive system of a poem, some features are based on the essence of the poem, such as the key element of emotion, and some are related to the knowledge of the poem, such as Meter, melody, rhyme, and imagination. The science of prosody is one of the literary sciences that talks about how to create Meter and its types, as well as the special techniques of poetry. The main body of this research consists of a description of the prosodic system in Persian and English languages in which a comparative study of prosody science in Persian and English languages has been studied by library method and case study based on the American school of comparative literature. These two languages are similar in some idiomatic definitions such as Meter, pronouns and fragmentation, and some poetic powers in the pronouns of the two languages can be equated with different names, but in terms of their differences, the subject of pronouns in Persian must be regularly and accurately considered. And its awkwardness in English, the type of weight of the poem in two languages (quantitative Persian extension and continuous multiplicative English), the existence of three short, long and long syllables in Persian and two accented and unstressed syllables in English, especially the difference in the illustrated pattern of these syllables, number He pointed out the branching Meters and the more melodious Persian Meters than the English Meters. Manuscript profile -
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262 - Matching the narration of the common story of the dervish who adorned the slaves of Amid Khorasani in Harry from Masnavi and the mantek Al-Tair
Sorour kanebaigi Seyyed Mahmoud Seyed Sadeghi Shams Al-Hajiyeh Ahmadi roknabadi Narration is one of the most efficient and effective literary and educational methods. Great poets such as Rumi inherited very old cultural and literary traditions, and therefore their stories are rooted in history and the collective human subconscious. Storytelli More Narration is one of the most efficient and effective literary and educational methods. Great poets such as Rumi inherited very old cultural and literary traditions, and therefore their stories are rooted in history and the collective human subconscious. Storytelling has a unique and completely different place in the spiritual Masnavi. Masnavi is an educational work full of stories and anecdotes. This research, in a descriptive-analytical way and library method, seeks to apply the narrative of one of the stories of Masnavi and Al-Tair region entitled "The common story of the dervish who adorned Amid Khorasani's slaves in Masnavi and Al-Tair region". Since allegorical stories form a large part of Masnavi and the best method and technique of Rumi in inducing teachings is his special method of narration, by analyzing this story, we can explain how narration and the role of semantic association in Rumi's method of narration. That is, knowing the narrative style of the text helps us to get closer to the author's mentality, and by identifying the narrative style of Masnavi, we can answer the questions of what is the difference between choosing a particular method of narration in the story of Masnavi and giving meaning to the text or the story of the region. It creates and to what extent has Rumi been able to create new meanings due to the change in the way of narrating the story of Al-Tair region? Manuscript profile -
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263 - Structural, Conceptual and Applied Comparative Analysis of Laki and Persian Language Parables
Farshad Eskandari Sharafi Mehdi Sadeghi Darvishi Oral or popular literature is the true translation of various aspects of people's lives in every era, and parables as one of the most prominent types of public literature and intellectual and cultural expressions of human societies, echo beliefs, thoughts, feelin More Oral or popular literature is the true translation of various aspects of people's lives in every era, and parables as one of the most prominent types of public literature and intellectual and cultural expressions of human societies, echo beliefs, thoughts, feelings, abuses, aspirations, customs and traditions of different tribes. Iran with a rich and long-standing culture, resulted from intellectual bond and cultural affinity of various ethnic groups, has always been the origin of rich parables, and parables of the people of Lak, the oldest and most racial Iranian people, like other parables, have increased the richness of popular culture and literature and Oral History of Iran. The structural, conceptual and applied contributions of verbal literary parables in the Laki and Persian languages represent the cultural interaction of these languages, showing that Laki and Persian had bilateral relations. This study describes Laki parables with Persian ones based on the effect of the French comparative school on structural, conceptual and applied aspects of the descriptive- analytical approach and their similarity and uncertainty. The results of the research show that Laki and Persian parables are categorized in four sections based on similarity and uncertainty in three areas: 1. Parables with the same structure, content and application; 2. Parables with the same content and application, and a little difference in structure; 3. parables with the same content and application, and a completely different structure; and 4. parables with different structure, concept, or application from Persian ones. Manuscript profile -
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264 - Linguistic Abnormality in the Poems of Rahi Moayeri and Mehrdad Avesta
tina Niknam Razia Zavarian mahnaz ramezaniAbnormality is one of the practical methods in composing poetry and conveying the concepts hidden in it, and many poets have used this method to convey their intentions. The norm-breaking poet succeeds in creating artistic pleasure with the aim of literary resurrection MoreAbnormality is one of the practical methods in composing poetry and conveying the concepts hidden in it, and many poets have used this method to convey their intentions. The norm-breaking poet succeeds in creating artistic pleasure with the aim of literary resurrection in poetry. Examining the degree of abnormality in the poetry of contemporary poets shows the extent of their ability to highlight words. Since one of the most important factors in the transmission of culture is language, the type of use of language is one of the most important characteristics of poets. In this article, by reviewing the concepts related to linguistic aberration from Leach's perspective, different manifestations of linguistic abnormality in the poems of "Rahi Moayeri" and "Mehrdad Avesta" have been studied. The purpose of this study is to investigate the types of linguistic aberrations based on Leach theory in the poems of these two poets. This research was conducted with a library method and with a descriptive-analytical approach. Convey your wishes to the reader. Manuscript profile -
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265 - Comparative Study of the Intellectual Level of Hafez and Sanai's Sonnets with an Emphasis on Lucien Goldmann's Theory of Formative Constructionism
Azadeh Malakouti Ali Fallah Safa Taslimi In this article, the authors' efforts are a comparative study of the intellectual level of Hafez and Sanai's sonnets with an emphasis on Lucien Goldmann's theory of formative constructionism. In his own way, Goldmann tries to reveal the connection between the inne More In this article, the authors' efforts are a comparative study of the intellectual level of Hafez and Sanai's sonnets with an emphasis on Lucien Goldmann's theory of formative constructionism. In his own way, Goldmann tries to reveal the connection between the inner structure of the work and the intellectual construction (worldview) of the author's social class, and in his opinion, the stronger this relationship is, the greater its artistic validity. The mental structure of Sana'i society made his sonnets in terms of intellectual level fall into three categories: romantic, mystical, and intellectual, and the social structure of Hafez's time made his sonnets appear to the level of a reformist critical thinker. The results of research, by using the comparative method, indicate that the dominant intellectual level of Hafez's poems is to change the structure of the existing situation and realize justice, and the intellectual level of Sana'i poems, due to the inclusion of epistemic, situational and especially normative implications, is of dimensions and ability. It has important civil and political functions. Manuscript profile -
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266 - From Persepolis to Naqsh-e Rostam: An Archaeological Survey on the Nature of Site's Element in the Story of “Atash Parast”
Fatemeh Johari Najmeh Dorri This is the retrieval of the other texts' presence and regenerating them in the narrative texts that enriches the process of reading as well as evaluation of any substantial work. On the other hand, assuming archaeology and its evidences as yet another textual sou More This is the retrieval of the other texts' presence and regenerating them in the narrative texts that enriches the process of reading as well as evaluation of any substantial work. On the other hand, assuming archaeology and its evidences as yet another textual source, the question arises that, how was the interplay between the narrative texts and archaeological evidences, as two influential and important texts, during their natural development process in Iranian society?Preliminary studies indicate that the issue had become increasingly apparent in the works of celebrated authors such as Sadegh Hedayat — due to their relatively extensive studies in different fields of historical geography, their historical approach, as well as their inherent propensity in discerning archaisms and “epochs” in their works. Furthermore, among his oeuvre, “Atash Parast” is the one that provides the ground for a comparative-intertextual reading, by establishing the connection between the narratives of the story and the most prominent elements of the Iranian archaeology. Accordingly, the present study explains the reasoning behind the relocation of the fabled place-in-question by comparing subsequent text (“Atash Parast”) with the former text (the travelogue of Eugène Flandin), using the principles of comparative and intertextual criticism to prove the hypothesis behind its intentional relocation from Persepolis to Naqsh-e Rostam. Moreover, the mentioned relocation has caused the elements of the original discourse to be separated from their context, placed in another context and provide more substantial archaeological ground for the intertextual reading of the work-in-question. Manuscript profile -
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267 - A comparative study of the common themes of the prophetic praises of Ahmad Shooghi and Khaqani
Roqayeh Nemati Mehrdad Aghaei Abdollah Pasalari The ancient root of comparative literature or parallel literature in the history of Persian and Arabic literature has not been hidden from any researcher of this bilingual literature, especially in the field of prophetic praises since ancient times. The praise of More The ancient root of comparative literature or parallel literature in the history of Persian and Arabic literature has not been hidden from any researcher of this bilingual literature, especially in the field of prophetic praises since ancient times. The praise of the Holy Prophet of Islam (PBUH) is a legacy of the common religious sentiment and thinking of Islamic writers, especially between the civilizations of Iran and Arabs. Even the long time of living between the poets of Wadiban has not been able to make these common and remarkable aspects and themes in their poems become forgotten. The poems of these two poets, considering The religious and religious background of both of them, in spite of living in different eras, and with a long time gap, has a common aspect, especially the teachings of the Holy Prophet of Islam. The comparison of the poems of these two poets is based on prophetic praises and common themes such as the birth, morals and creation of the Prophet (PBUH), the position and status of the companions and family of the Prophet (PBUH). , the Kausar pool, miracles and influence from the Qur'an and prophetic hadith and attention to Jesus the prophet can be compared and measured. with the difference that although Khaqani does not have a Sufi profession, he has a special skill in creating meanings and using various words of Sufi literature, and most of his descriptions are short and concise. However, in most cases, Shoghi expresses the matter in a simple, clear and concise way in his prophetic praises. A comparison compares the poems in Shoghi Diwan and Khaqani Batkieh on their prophetic praises, in order to show the commonalities and differences of these two famous poets in the way of speaking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
268 - Archaeological Survey of Prehistoric Sites of Fasa District
Majid Mansouri Ahmad Ali AsadiFasa is located in central east of Fars province, Iran. The first extensive archaeological survey in Fasa, carried out by Aurel Stein in 1934. Nevertheless, a more intensive archaeological survey, directed by Miroschedji was conducted in Fasa and Darab in 1971-72. Final MoreFasa is located in central east of Fars province, Iran. The first extensive archaeological survey in Fasa, carried out by Aurel Stein in 1934. Nevertheless, a more intensive archaeological survey, directed by Miroschedji was conducted in Fasa and Darab in 1971-72. Finally, an Iranian mission directed by Ali Asadi resurveyed Fasa in 2009, which prehistoric sites of this survey will be introduce and discuss in this paper. Base on the surface collections, the prehistoric of Fasa has been divided in several periods and has also been suggested a relative chronology for prehistoric of this region. No ceramic Neolithic sites were found in this survey, but ceramic Neolithic sites indicate a local culture in the Fasa. There was a dramatic increase in the number of the Bakun sites, which most part of the region were occupied by the Bakun occupants. Post-Bakunian sherds material were limited, so characteristics of these cultures are not clear yet. It appears that, there have been some local cultures in the Fasa after the Bakun period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
269 - A Preliminary Report on the Excavation in Late Neolithic Site of Maya Tepe; Buin Zahra, Qazvin
Mohammad Reza Rezaei Kallaj Hossein Davoudi Ebrahim SadeghiNowadays, constructive activities such as dam construction, villages and cities development and etc. are some of the main human factors in destroying many of archaeological sites. By the same token, during road construction in Buin Zahra- Sagz Abad, transit axis widenin MoreNowadays, constructive activities such as dam construction, villages and cities development and etc. are some of the main human factors in destroying many of archaeological sites. By the same token, during road construction in Buin Zahra- Sagz Abad, transit axis widening project in Qazvin province, southern parts of Maya tepe which have been located in road boundary would be destroyed. Therefore, urgent excavation of mentioned site was implanted in fall 1389 by an archaeological expert of cultural heritage organization of Qazvin city. Maya tepe is located in 5/5 km of the west of Buin Zahra City and in northern side of Buin Zahra- Sagz Abad axis and is an important site due to its particular location which is near to prehistoric sites of Qazvin plain such as Charbone, Zagheh, Ghabrestan and Sagz Abad. During the excavation in 10 trenches 2×2 meters and with preliminary researches about obtained results specially ceramic typology, within a semi-permanent settlement pattern, this site has a culture from late Neolithic I and early late Neolithic II (end of the first half of the sixth millennium BC), whose similar cultures in Qazvin plain have been identified in Charbone and Ebrahim Abad sites. In this paper, findings and results of an urgent excavation are presented and ultimately a comparative chronology of Maya Tepe is presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
270 - Face Detection at the Low Light Environments
Mehdi Asadzadeh Arash Rikhtegar -
Open Access Article
271 - Analysing the Effects of Environmental Recognition on Enhancing the Hidden Natural Landscape of Tajrish River-Valley and its Sociability
Ali Asghar Adibi parichehr goodarzi -
Open Access Article
272 - Comparative Analysis of Teaching and Evaluation Methods in the Art Curriculum of Elementary School in Iran and Selected Countries
Somayeh Fallah Tafti Reza Jafari harandi Mina Sadat TabatabaeiThis study aimed at comparative analysis of teaching and evaluation methods in the art curriculum of elementary school in Iran, Brazil, Greece and South Korea. The qualitative comparative research method and choice of countries was purposeful. data were collected throug MoreThis study aimed at comparative analysis of teaching and evaluation methods in the art curriculum of elementary school in Iran, Brazil, Greece and South Korea. The qualitative comparative research method and choice of countries was purposeful. data were collected through upstream and national education documents, research reports and articles in scientific journals. data analysis was performed based on Bereday's four-step model. Results in teaching methods show The four countries jointly emphasize the use of storytelling, discussion, music and anthems, performances, visits to art galleries and museums, and the use of Internet sites, while presenting models for painting, setting an example for calligraphy and defining individual and group projects specific to Iran, playing with clay and piles of paper, making objects with wood, making native dolls and walking in nature specific to Brazil, Educational games specific to Greece, storytelling, exhibitions of student art activities and the use of online media specific to South Korea. The results in evaluation methods also showed that the preference of the qualitative approach, the use of the workbook, recording the report and observation and judgment of the teacher, including subscriptions There are commonalities between the four countries, while from the handicraft exhibition, a discussion with students about the quality of works of art and measuring the artistic attitudes of students in Iran, from essay questionnaires and polls from parents in Brazil, from evaluating in-house actions Class and evaluation of extracurricular activities in Greece and the process-oriented use of approved checklists in South Korea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
273 - comparative study of bilingual education in educational systems((Case study: Iran, USA and Australia
javad jahandidehLanguage is one of the important cultural issues that there are different views on it in different cultures. Examining intercultural similarities and differences can help to better understand cultures. Educational institutions in societies, as influential elements in cu MoreLanguage is one of the important cultural issues that there are different views on it in different cultures. Examining intercultural similarities and differences can help to better understand cultures. Educational institutions in societies, as influential elements in culture, are directly or indirectly affected by this issue. The purpose of this article was to identify and compare the similarities and differences between bilingual education in Iran and the United States and Australia. This research is a documentary study with an analytical-comparative approach based on comparative analysis based on "Berdy" method. Research data has been collected through official databases, library documents, research reports and searches on the websites of the Ministry of Education of the countries under study. The research population has been bilingual education activities in selected countries. In this study, countries were purposefully selected. The findings show that bilingual education is more or less present in all three countries, but the United States has officially started bilingual education earlier than Australia and Iran. The findings also showed that all the countries studied have programs for bilingual education, but the difference between them is that some countries such as the United States and Australia have several programs (transitional, immersion and two-way) for bilingual education, but Iran uses only structured immersion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
274 - A Survey of the Spread of Sufism in India with an Emphasis on the Historical Development of Pantheism from IbnArabi to Bidel
Masood sedghi Abolfazl MahmoodiContrary to some researchers, Islamic Sufism has the East as its origin and through various ways from Buddhism and other religions in India found its way into the Islamic world. The pantaistic ideas current in India fist appeared in the Khorasan school of Sufism and fro MoreContrary to some researchers, Islamic Sufism has the East as its origin and through various ways from Buddhism and other religions in India found its way into the Islamic world. The pantaistic ideas current in India fist appeared in the Khorasan school of Sufism and from there found its way into the Iraqi school of Sufism. Mohialdin of Arabi of Andalusia who is credited with the creation or at least the arrangement of Sufism and its philosophy, has to a great deal influence Sufism. The works of IbnArabi accompanied with their explications, criticism or even excommunications spread through the Islamic word and even found their way in the remotest parts of the East outside its borders. MirzaAbdolghaderDehlawi known in Iran as Dehlawi has been much influenced by the ideas of IbnArabi, so far that he can be considered as the greatest commentators on the ideas of IbnArabi. Bidel, despite being famous and popular in the Persian-speaking Indian subcontinent and middle Asia, is not much known in Iran. This research through a comparative traces the transfer of Sufism to India. Then analyzes the influence of the Idea of IbnArabi on Sufism and specially the idea of pantheism which is found in the poetry of Dehlawi. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
275 - A comparative study of development material culture between Europe & Iran in the Safavied period
alireza karimiThe development has always been a point of interest for people, especially in recent history. The historical review of the concept of development has been one of the approaches those interested in the issue of the causes of underdevelopment. We have also pay atten MoreThe development has always been a point of interest for people, especially in recent history. The historical review of the concept of development has been one of the approaches those interested in the issue of the causes of underdevelopment. We have also pay attention to it with this approach and analytical method and we have tried to answer to some of questions about the causes of undevelopment In the field of trade in Iran. Progress and development in every country there have had total cultural immersion with the culture of development. The safavids in Iran came to power coincided with the start of development in Europe and they were attempts to revive the ancient Iranian authority. The safavids welcomed political and military reasons from arrival of Europeans in Iran. But the Safavids never used from this opportunity for to know the material culture of develop in Europe. Iranians did not follow Europeans in the field of trade and its industries such as waterways and land roads, money, navigation, freedom of trade and commercial corporations. Safavids Despite extensive relations established with Europe and Europeans, they did not adopt No element of material culture of development in Europe .In this article we have tried to review the material culture development in Europe and to compare that with the situation of Iran in the Safavids period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
276 - A Comparative Study of Abortion in the Penal System of Iran and Sweden
hamid morovati saeed mansori ahmad shamsThe issue of fertility has always been debated in every civilized human society and has had consequences, one of which is abortion. The question is what is the criminal status of abortion in Iran and Sweden? The research hypothesis is that the legislator of the Islamic MoreThe issue of fertility has always been debated in every civilized human society and has had consequences, one of which is abortion. The question is what is the criminal status of abortion in Iran and Sweden? The research hypothesis is that the legislator of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Sweden considers the human fetus to be a human being with a respectable and protective personality who, like other human beings, has rights such as the right to life and health. Using the method of documentary and library study, the present article seeks to compare the legal system of Iran and Sweden in the field of abortion and the aim is to finally understand the quantitative and qualitative differences between the criminal laws of the two countries. The results show that abortion is a crime in Iranian and Swedish law and the offender must be punished. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
277 - The Contrastive Analysis of Persian and English Adjective Knowledge
Mahboobeh Joze Tajareh Mohammadreza Khodareza -
Open Access Article
278 - Evaluation and Comparison of LEED, BREEAM, and the 19th issue of National Building Regulations of Iran (NBRI) in Perspective of Sustainability by (MCDM) TOPSIS Method
Mohammad Javad Mahdavinejad Mohammad Mehranrad Nasim Eslamirad -
Open Access Article
279 - A Comparative Study of the Relationship between Teacher's Social Capital and Their Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment among the Employed and Hired Teachers of Maragheh during the Academic Year 1388-89.
Siroos Fakhraie Mehdi AsadiThe aim of this research is to make a comparative investigation on the relationship between social capital and job satisfaction and operational commitment of employed and hired teachers. Social capital, and job satisfaction and organizational commitment are of great im MoreThe aim of this research is to make a comparative investigation on the relationship between social capital and job satisfaction and operational commitment of employed and hired teachers. Social capital, and job satisfaction and organizational commitment are of great importance in development and social welfare. The study is of survey type and the research instrument is a questionnaire. The statistical population consists of 250 employed and hired teachers of Maragheh during the academic during the academic year 1388-89 by simple and stratified random sampling. The independent variable of the research is social capital and its dimensions, and the dependent variables are job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The obtained results shows a significant difference between the mentioned variables. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
280 - A Comparative Study on the Theoretical Foundations, Objectives and Practices of Compensation in Civil Liability; in Iranian, French and British Laws
Ahmad Mirzaei Garmi Alireza Lotfi Dodaran Mozaffar BashokouhThe most important purpose of civil liability is compensation, but examining the theoretical underpinnings of compensation is the introduction to the discussion of compensation for loss. However, the principle of bindingness for compensation, as one of the fundamental p MoreThe most important purpose of civil liability is compensation, but examining the theoretical underpinnings of compensation is the introduction to the discussion of compensation for loss. However, the principle of bindingness for compensation, as one of the fundamental principles of civil liability law, has been accepted in Iranian law by some jurists and legal systems, including France and the United Kingdom. However, each of the aforementioned legal systems has adopted different approaches to achieving such a goal. On the contrary, the Iranian legislator did not have a clever and systematic view of civil liability and its objectives, and has not established a coherent system, so that neither the conventional theories nor the judicial procedures in Iranian civil liability law are in line with nature of compensation. Therefore, in this article, in a descriptive-analytical and comparative approach, theoretical foundations, goals and methods of compensation are reviewed, to help establishing a proper civil liability system and remedy legal gaps in the proper implementation of the provisions on compensation in Iranian legal system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
281 - راهکار خواندن انتقادی تطبیقی و تاٌثیر آن بر مهارت نوشتاری زبان آموزان ایرانی
مژگان رشتچی محمد آقاجان زادههدف از انجام این پژوهش بررسی تاٌثیر راهکار خواندن انتقادی تطبیقی بر مهارت نوشتاری زبان آموزان ایرانی است. به همین منظور شصت زبان آموز دختر و پسر بین سنین 19 تا 27 به طور تصادفی به دو گروه شاهد و تجربی تقسیم شدند. اعضای گروه تجربی متن هایی را که از نظر موضوع شبیه ب Moreهدف از انجام این پژوهش بررسی تاٌثیر راهکار خواندن انتقادی تطبیقی بر مهارت نوشتاری زبان آموزان ایرانی است. به همین منظور شصت زبان آموز دختر و پسر بین سنین 19 تا 27 به طور تصادفی به دو گروه شاهد و تجربی تقسیم شدند. اعضای گروه تجربی متن هایی را که از نظر موضوع شبیه به هم بودند خواندند و مقایسه کردند، در حالی که گروه شاهد مهارت خواندن را به شیوه متداول تمرین کردند، یعنی متن ها را خواندند و به سوالات درک مطلب پاسخ دادند. نتایج حاصل از بررسی آماری نشان داد خواندن انتقادی تطبیقی بر توانایی نوشتاری زبان آموزان در گروه تجربی تاٌثیر معنادار دارد. مقایسه ی مهارت خواندن دو گروه نشان داد تفاوت معناداری بین توانایی خواندن دو گروه وجود ندارد. به عبارت دیگر خواندن انتقادی تطبیقی روشی موٌثر برای بهبود توانایی نوشتاری است ولی مزیتی بر روش های معمول خواندن ندارد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
282 - Comparative Study of Nullity Theory of Moghareseh Contract
Moein Farzaneh Ali TavalaeiContracts related to the agricultural sector in Islamic Jurisprudence allocate considerable part of the juridical issues. Identifying different kinds of contracts related to the ground to obtain the product, checking the legitimacy of the principles of the contracts and MoreContracts related to the agricultural sector in Islamic Jurisprudence allocate considerable part of the juridical issues. Identifying different kinds of contracts related to the ground to obtain the product, checking the legitimacy of the principles of the contracts and specifying its bases and influences are essential prerequisites to ordain favorable rules in the Islamic societies and especially in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Also different contracts about agriculture and injecting them to the banking system will motivate people to increase their activity in this section. One of the contracts is Mogharasah which in the viewpoint of most Shiite and Sunni scholars from the past till now is invalid. Shiite scholars know that invalid because it is Toghifi and Qarar. Sunni scholars know it as one of the certain contracts such as Bey and Ejare and invalid Mosaqat. In this comparative study on the contract and determining its nature and its different forms, we will examine the reasons that show it invalid. The result of the study is that Mogharaseh is an independent contract that would be legitimate by observing general rules of contracts. Also legitimization of this contract by Bey and Ejare and Solh is valid. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
283 - A Comparative Study of Literature Course Syllabus at High Schools in Iran and Six European Counteries
Mohammad Rahmanpour Mohammadreza NiliThe present research was a comparative study of literature course syllabus at high schools in Iran and six European counteries. It was a qualitative research in which the content analysis of documents and survey was conducted. The data were collected through examining t MoreThe present research was a comparative study of literature course syllabus at high schools in Iran and six European counteries. It was a qualitative research in which the content analysis of documents and survey was conducted. The data were collected through examining the documents related to the course syllabuse of different covnteries and semi-structured interviews. Regarding the content analysis of the documents, Beredy's proposed was used and for the survey, 15 Iranian experts in Literature were interviewed. The collected data were first summarized in tables and then analyzed. The results showed that the Literature course syllabus in our country is richer in content and approaches as compared to other countries. Moreover, it was found that the literature course syllabus in our country fosters optimal capabilities in students, among which are the ability to understand and interpret, and literary Knowledge. However, communicative skills and information processing skills, as one of the most important skills needed in today`s world, were overlooked, which need to be more emphasized. The other results of the study indicate that the literature course syllabus is challenging in terms of content and teaching method, which needs to be minimized Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
284 - Comparative Study of Productivity of Islamic Takafel Insurance and Conventional Insurance Based on Fuzzy Hierarchical Analysis Method
Kazem Amjadi Yadollah Rajaei Mahamed Dalmanpour Ashkan RahimzadehTakafel Insurance is a relatively new but growing sector of Islamic financial industry that has intrigued many researchers and executives. Yet, owing to the low public confidence in this type of insurance, many researchers and executives are still skeptical about releva MoreTakafel Insurance is a relatively new but growing sector of Islamic financial industry that has intrigued many researchers and executives. Yet, owing to the low public confidence in this type of insurance, many researchers and executives are still skeptical about relevant issues like its performance and productivity. Therefore, the present descriptive-analytical inquiry set out to compare the productivity of TAKFEL insurance industry against conventional insurance based on Fuzzy Hierarchical Analysis Method. The research population of included two groups of research experts as well as senior managers at insurance companies, organizations active in the insurance sector and associations active in the insurance industry of East Azerbaijan Province from whom a sample of 47and 15were selected to participate in the first and second phases of the study, respectively. Two questionnaires were employed to collect the research data concerning identification of the productivity indices affecting the evaluation of different types of insurance in the initial phase of the study as well as finding out the importance of each of the indicators in the second phase. One-sample t-test and fuzzy hierarchical analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed the higher productivity of conventional insurance with asset return as the most important among the productivity indices. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
285 - Determining the Comparative Advantage of Food Industry in East Azerbaijan Province (Based on indirect productive advantage and commercial advantage)
kamaleddin rahmani Salar MameliProper economic policy making and planning in every country require knowing its possibilities and capabilities of production. This study investigates the condition of the food industry of EastAzerbaijanProvince and evaluates the comparative advantage in the major subbra MoreProper economic policy making and planning in every country require knowing its possibilities and capabilities of production. This study investigates the condition of the food industry of EastAzerbaijanProvince and evaluates the comparative advantage in the major subbranches of this industry. To do this, with the use of the tenfold branches of comparative advantage within the industry, the production ability of every subbranches is investigated in order; then, with the help of LQ index and its results, release ability is ranked indirectly. Ultimately, with the help of primary factorizing technique followed by the use of numeral taxonomy, the final ranking of the subbranches and their condition in terms of comparative advantage in the mentioned industry is prepared. Finally, with regard to the results of LQ index and with the help of spider diagram, the rate of the structural transformations of the province’s food industry within the years 80-85 is also shown. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
286 - Identifying Competitive Activities in the Arak Metropolitan with Economic Sustainability Approach
mina eftekharnia کرامت الله زیاری majid naderiThe rapid growth of urbanization and process of globalization has brought expansion of the competitiveness conception at international, national, regional and local levels by the last century. According to the intercommunication among different environmental, social and MoreThe rapid growth of urbanization and process of globalization has brought expansion of the competitiveness conception at international, national, regional and local levels by the last century. According to the intercommunication among different environmental, social and economic aspects, inattention to other sectors, but more attention to the economic field though, causes an increase in peripheral and social damage in urban and regional systems. Through the last decades, Iran has also faced with the plenty of problems of unsuccessful economic development, which has led to social and environmental damage. So that it is essential for managers and urban planners to consider peripheral and social indicators in order of economic development. In the present research, an attempt has been made to determine sustainable competitive activities for the Arak metropolitan area in which it is tried to extract the most appropriate indicators using documentary methods and content analysis to measure the condition of development and competitiveness of Arak metropolitan. Field activities has been extracted by using spatial coefficient, share change analysis, export to other provinces, and natural capacity of the region. Finally, using TOPSIS method, and basing on the two criteria of economic activities through first competition and its sustainability in superior economic activities, sustainable activities with competitive advantage were determined for using in the region. Accordingly, the activities of industrial production (manufacturing), electricity, gas, steam, air conditioning, drinking water supply and purification, transportation, warehousing, agricultural activities, forestry and aquaculture have been considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
287 - Performance Comparison of CCR -AP Modeling Techniques in a Single Space data with Conventional Multi-Criteria Approach (Case Study: Medical Health services in Western Azarbaijan)
farhad barandak Hamed Abdolahi Fardin Ghasemzadeh hadi KarimiPlanning and decision-making techniques and mathematical methods, providing optimal solution; But have this ability in under certain conditions and assumptions. Despite the wide range of multi-criteria decisions in the real world, this approach also has its limitations MorePlanning and decision-making techniques and mathematical methods, providing optimal solution; But have this ability in under certain conditions and assumptions. Despite the wide range of multi-criteria decisions in the real world, this approach also has its limitations and challenges. There are also procedures to select the appropriate method. Of course, sometimes these procedures are instrumental to remove techniques (to choose the technique). In the present study methodology, comparative located techniques of usual multi-criteria optimization (-that has diverse and many applications in research-) with approach DEA-AP. To use the technique DEA / AP introduction of inputs and outputs is necessary. In the present study, DEA has been modeled in continuous space. Thus, is intended all indicators decision matrix, as output data envelopment analysis models and each of the options of the matrix as a decision-making unit (DMU). The results of this test shows the CCR-AP modeling techniques in a single space has a positive correlation with attribute data with conventional techniques (TOPSIS, VIKOR, PRPMRTHEE and SAW). The correlation in most of its value, is evaluated compared with TOPSIS technique. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
288 - A comparative Study of Resaleh Qoshayriyeh and Siyar al-Auliya Based on Gérard Genette's Theory of Transtextuality
Maliheh KarimipanahSince mystical texts are based on Qoranic verses, hadiths, and sayings of saints, they are more suitable for the exploration of transtextual relations than other texts. This comparative study aimed to analyze transtextual relations in Resaleh Qoshayriyeh and Seyr al-Aul MoreSince mystical texts are based on Qoranic verses, hadiths, and sayings of saints, they are more suitable for the exploration of transtextual relations than other texts. This comparative study aimed to analyze transtextual relations in Resaleh Qoshayriyeh and Seyr al-Auliya based on Gérard Genette's theory of transtextuality. The goal was to discover which types of transtextual relations exist in Seyr al-Auliya, and how this work has established a dialogic relationship with Resaleh Qoshayriyeh. Based on the results, Mir Khord Kermani established a conscious transtextual relationship to create a work on the same level as Resaleh Qoshayriyeh. Among the different types of transtextual relations, explicit, latent, and implicit intertextual relations were observed at the level of themes and narratives; a paratextual relation existed in the book’s structure and parts (main title and subtitle, chapters, sections, and epilogues); an architextual relation in the book’s style and language; and a hypertextual relation of the adaptation type in the use of mystical terms, verses, hadiths, anecdotes, and sayings of the saints. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
289 - Revision in Glaucium oxylobum Boiss. et Buhse. and Glaucium vitellinum Boiss. et Buhse in Flora Iranica
افسانه Gran فریبا SharifniaGenus Glaucium Mill. is belongs to Papaveraceae family and included 25 species in the world yet. Iran have about 19 taxa and it is one of the important country for diversity of these plants. There are 11 species in Flora Iranica. G. oxylobum is synonym of G. vitellinum MoreGenus Glaucium Mill. is belongs to Papaveraceae family and included 25 species in the world yet. Iran have about 19 taxa and it is one of the important country for diversity of these plants. There are 11 species in Flora Iranica. G. oxylobum is synonym of G. vitellinum in this flore, while in valid floras and references such as, Flora orientalis, Flore del’Iran and Engler’s Book; there is separated description for these species. Recent research pay attention to micromorphological differences in pollen grains and seeds; also macromorphological and comparative anatomical in viewpoint several vegetative and reproductive organs in G. oxylobum and G. vitellinum is done. Our results in morphological studies showed that there are basic diffrences between two species. Also morphological studies showed that there are basic diffrences between two species. Anatomical studies showed that there are diffrences in several organs in two species such as: stigma, ovary, pedicle, stem and leaf. Our results showed that there are diffrences in qualities and quantities characters in pollen grains and seeds too. Thus separation of these two species is proposed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
290 - Revision in Glaucium leiocarpum Boiss. in Iran
افسانه Gran فریبا SharifniaGenus Glaucium belongs to papaveraceae. We studied two species of Glaucium. Glaucium leiocarpum Boiss. is synonym of Glaucium oxylobum Boiss. & Buhse in Flora Iranica while it is seprated in Flora orientalis, Flora U.S.S.R and Flore DeL’iran. Current res MoreGenus Glaucium belongs to papaveraceae. We studied two species of Glaucium. Glaucium leiocarpum Boiss. is synonym of Glaucium oxylobum Boiss. & Buhse in Flora Iranica while it is seprated in Flora orientalis, Flora U.S.S.R and Flore DeL’iran. Current research is large studies in morphological study in vegetative and reproductive organs in two species. For further assurance, comparative anatomic in several organs and micromorphologic technical in pollen and seed and their differences is done. Samples were fresh or herbarium spacimen.Herbarium specimen from Herbarium of Plant Protection Research Institute of Iran and Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch were prepared. Our results indicated that, two species are differented together in morphology, comparative anatomic in several organs and micromorphological study in pollen and seed. In conclusion, two species are distinct, base on other floras and this result. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
291 - Urban Population Systems in Iran: A comparative analysis of southern Alborz and Khorasan regions
Javad Rahmani Esfandyar ZebardastUrban systems in each country explain how the interaction of regional cities happen. In this study, we have analyzed the spatial distribution of city population on ten regions of national and regional physical plans, the years 1956 to 2011 are discussed and has bee MoreUrban systems in each country explain how the interaction of regional cities happen. In this study, we have analyzed the spatial distribution of city population on ten regions of national and regional physical plans, the years 1956 to 2011 are discussed and has been analyzed both the urban population system and the ten physical regions. Of the ten regions of national and regional physical plans, two regions of the southern Alborz (Including the provinces of Tehran, Markazi, Semnan, Zanjan, Qazvin, Qom and Alborz) and Khorasan (Including the provinces of South Khorassan, Razvi Korasan and North Kohorasan) ,respectively, had the highest and lowest rates of change between the ten regions. In the follow-up analysis , indicators such as the first twenty positions in the years 1956 to 2011, the analysis of the actual population and population number of twenty cities Primary of the region in relation to the theoretical Zipf in 2011 and also the analysis of primacy city and decentralization city in the South Khorasan and Alborz, was completed separately. Finally, a comparison between Khorasan region and southern Alborz together and with physical national and regional regions determined that southern Alborz region despite its position among the ten regions was not affected by a change but the intra-regional changes are massive and large altered. Conversely, Khorasan region that on the variations between Regions has been a fundamental change, in the intra-regional variations was found in relative comfort. The study also revealed that due to the changes between regional, it cannot be possible to make an intra-regional analysis and predictions are imposssible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
292 - Development and Its Different Dimensions in Ardebil Province
Farhad Barandak ali hoseiniFormulation of development strategies, identification of capabilities and shortcomings, and determination of the level of development based on appropriate indicators are necessary for effective regional planning. This study aims to use the component-oriented approach to MoreFormulation of development strategies, identification of capabilities and shortcomings, and determination of the level of development based on appropriate indicators are necessary for effective regional planning. This study aims to use the component-oriented approach to evaluate the development of Ardabil (according to various aspects of development). This study has analyzed the developmental condition and comparative comparison of the parameters of different parts of development in Ardebil province using 60 indicators (in sectors of health, infrastructure, cultural, and economic). The research method is descriptive-analytical using a Multi-attribute technique for data analysis. Following the overall results achieved, the developmental condition of Ardabil province was unbalanced and this situation proved to be evident in various developing sectors (health, infrastructural, cultural, and economic). Following the results of the parameters of development in SAW, the highest average development of Ardebil is the cultural elements. This implies health sector is leading in the development of Ardabil province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
293 - Comparing Comenius´ educational thoughts with the document of the fundamental educational transformation of Iran
Alireza Dehghani seyyed hashem golestani seyyed hossein vaezi zohreh saadatmand -
Open Access Article
294 - Insight and Method Historiography of Hamzeh Esfahani In the Sanni al-Muluk and al-arz al-Anbia
Zekrollah Mohammadi Pourya EsmaeiliThis article examines the historiography style of Hamzeh Esfahani, the historian of thefourth century AH. His book is Sanni al-Muluk and al-arz al-Anbia, which was writtento Arabic in 350 AH. There are ten episodes that have been dedicated in several chapterto the histo MoreThis article examines the historiography style of Hamzeh Esfahani, the historian of thefourth century AH. His book is Sanni al-Muluk and al-arz al-Anbia, which was writtento Arabic in 350 AH. There are ten episodes that have been dedicated in several chapterto the history of the kings of Iran, Rome, Greece, the Copts, the Israelites, the Qassani,and Quraysh. The author was heavily patriotic and influenced by Shubia movement,which is very clear in the content of the book. This question arises, what was the basis ofthe insight and method of historiography of Hamzeh Esfahani? The hypothesis is asfollows, his vision is universal and is based on divine appreciation, because it deals withthe history of the various tribes according to divine providence and his methodology isbased on the historiography of the dynasties, which is based on the tradition of Iranianhistoriography. This article with use the method of historical research is based on thedescription and analize, examines the dimensions and angles of the subject gives. Themain findings of the research show, which Hamzeh Esfahani, influenced by SassanidPahlavi texts such as, Xvatai-Namag, as well as with awareness of governments, tribesand various religions, named as the book History of the Prophets and the Kings, So thisway Link and matched between the two and with a clever to draw the attention of thepeople to his book, which is interesting in this regard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
295 - The Effect of the Comparative Advantage of Economic Activities on the GDP of the Provinces
Seiedeh Narges Aghamohammadi Golamali Haji hadi ghafari peyman ghafari ashtianiAlthough economic growth is affected by the growth of factors of production, but according to the pattern of endogenous growth, other variables also affect economic growth. In this study, the effect of the comparative advantage of different activities on the GDP of the MoreAlthough economic growth is affected by the growth of factors of production, but according to the pattern of endogenous growth, other variables also affect economic growth. In this study, the effect of the comparative advantage of different activities on the GDP of the provinces in the period 2004-2014 has been used. For this purpose, the data of statistical yearbooks and regional accounts of the Statistics Center of Iran for 30 provinces have been used. The estimation of the models has been evaluated in the form of a dynamic panel model using the GMM technique. The results of estimating the models confirm that the comparative advantage index in the three major sectors of agriculture, construction and services have a positive and significant effect on the economic growth of the provinces by 0.49, 0.08 and 0.07 percent, respectively. While the index of comparative advantage of industry, mining and energy sector shows a negative impact of 0.15 on the economic growth of the provinces, this negative impact can be due to the greater impact of other sectors on the GDP of the provinces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
296 - Comparison of Iran's Medicinal Plants Exporting Comparative Advantage With other Exporting Countries (Case study: Fennel, Badian, Anise and Corian)
shahriar Nessabian Tahereh gholamhoseini Farkhodeh Jebel AmeliThis article investigate the export comparative advantage of Iran and the 11 major exporters using the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) index from 1995 - 2008. The values of the index were calculated by the data derived from the Food and Agriculture Organ MoreThis article investigate the export comparative advantage of Iran and the 11 major exporters using the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) index from 1995 - 2008. The values of the index were calculated by the data derived from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) website. According to the results, Syria, Iran, India, Turkey, Singapore, Egypt, Morocco, Bulgaria and Vietnam have comparative advantage and Canada and Germany don’t advantage. Also, China has export comparative advantage in some years. Although Iran has a comparative advantage in the export of selected medicinal plants, but its export competitiveness trend is declining. On the other hand, the analysis of Iran's competitive position in the export comparative advantage of selected medicinal plants compared to the other top exporting countries represents the demotion of the position from the third to the sixth in the world. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
297 - A Comparative Study of Elhami Ashura Poems with Abbas Gholi Yahyavi from an Epic aspect
Gholamreza Ziyai Niri Khodabakhsh Asadollahi Khalil HadidiThe great event of Ashura is full of persistence and epics in which Imam Hussein (A.S.) and his noble companions were the heroes, so this aspect (epic) of that eternal event is more prominent than other dimensions and it has a special significance. In the present articl MoreThe great event of Ashura is full of persistence and epics in which Imam Hussein (A.S.) and his noble companions were the heroes, so this aspect (epic) of that eternal event is more prominent than other dimensions and it has a special significance. In the present article, using a comparative approach, the epic, ritualistic backgrounds of Ashura are explained in the works of Elhami Kermanshahi and Abbas Gholi Yahyavi Ardabili and the reflection of ritual (religious) and epic values of Ashura such as: steadfastness, self-sacrifice, resistance, struggle and resistance against tyranny of oppressive individuals and governments, praise of freedom and libertarianism, incompatibility against oppression, invitation to defense and perseverance against tyrants and Jihad and martyrdom, and Shiite revolutionary ideas were studied in the field of Persian and Turkish literature with thought-provoking and instructive examples. Finally, the article concludes by examining the poetic purposes and its value and literary consequences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
298 - The Comparative Study of Arabic and Laki Proverbs
kobra khosravi tayebe fathiiranshahi ali karampourProverb is a short sentence derived from an ordinary or sometimes a particular story among various nations and it can be a real manifestation of different ethnic groups and cultures. Every proverb represents a long history; therefore, a comparative study of the proverbs MoreProverb is a short sentence derived from an ordinary or sometimes a particular story among various nations and it can be a real manifestation of different ethnic groups and cultures. Every proverb represents a long history; therefore, a comparative study of the proverbs provides a good basis for comparison and cultural impressionability of the nations. The study aims to compare the proverbs in Laki, as one of the oldest Iranian language spoken in the west of Iran, with Arabic proverbs. Of many of Laki proverbs, thirty one proverbs selected which are ethically and socially relevant. The results show that speakers of Laki has had cultural interactions and had been influenced by Arabs throughout history .The comparative study of Laki proverbs with the proverbs in the Arabic is a good start to publicize and make known the culture of speakers of Laki. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
299 - An investigation and adaptation of certain Taleshi and Persian proverbs
Kayomarth khanbabazadehMetonymies and Proverbs in two languages open a new horizon for the contact recovering and culture relations for both nations in ancient eras. Backgrounds and features of a language hold insight and knowledge of predecessors. In fact, by considering the proverbs of a la MoreMetonymies and Proverbs in two languages open a new horizon for the contact recovering and culture relations for both nations in ancient eras. Backgrounds and features of a language hold insight and knowledge of predecessors. In fact, by considering the proverbs of a language, they can adapt to attitude that is common among antecedents of languages and cultures. In this study, we have chosen certain North Taleshi proverbs of Anbaran zone and compared with Persian one for recognizing the similar roots of these two languages. They are analogous to each other and they have similarities of ancient language and literature made current verbal forms; so, we could choose them from daily talking words. Then, they were adapted with Persian proverbs dictionary. Consequently, these both languages have the same ancient backgrounds regarding culture and language relation and both of them used separately and grew and developed gradually. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
300 - A Comparative Study on the Historical Development of “ra” in Persian and Mazandarani
Hassan BashirnezhadThe syntactic marker "ra" in Persian and some Iranian languages was discussed in various sources from different viewpoints. Some linguists have studied the historical development of this marker from ancient Persian to the present day. Mazandarani is an Iranian varnacula MoreThe syntactic marker "ra" in Persian and some Iranian languages was discussed in various sources from different viewpoints. Some linguists have studied the historical development of this marker from ancient Persian to the present day. Mazandarani is an Iranian varnacular which has retained many lexical and syntactic features of medieval and even ancient Iranian languages. In this article, the syntactic behavior of “ra” as a function marker of noun has been investigated and then, various functions of “ra” in contemporary Mazandarani have been compared with its historical development in Persian. Research data have been extracted from some old and new written sources of Mazandarani as well as through the field method from some Mazandarani native speakers or the author's linguistic knowledge as a native speaker of that area. A survey on data from Mazandarani dialect, shows that today, “ra” is used as a direct object marker, indirect object marker, and dative marker in this language. Syntactic behavior of "ra" in Mazandarani, as an Iranian language, confirms the existing theory about the historical development of "ra" in Persian. However, in many cases today, in Mazanderani, (ĵā-) and its various forms have been replaced for “ra” as indirect object marker and “ra” is less frequently used as dative marker. So it can be predicted that in recent future, “ra” will be stabilized as direct object marker. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
301 - Introduction of the Balochi poem "Makkoran" of Ravanbod and its adaptation to "Haidar Baba" of Shahryar
Abdolghafour JahandidehBalochi literature has a long history and it has developed significantly in the contemporary period, but compared to the literature of some other ethnic groups in Iran it has remained unknown for various reasons. Poetical art has been an essential part of Baloch life an MoreBalochi literature has a long history and it has developed significantly in the contemporary period, but compared to the literature of some other ethnic groups in Iran it has remained unknown for various reasons. Poetical art has been an essential part of Baloch life and poetry still has many fans and enthusiasts. The Poetry of Ravanbad is the most popular and very famous in Balochistan. This bilingual poet has written many poems in Persian and Balochi languages, and his most important poem is "Makkoran". This poem is in Balochi and has 317 stanzas and it is in the traditional Balochi form and composed in the form of prosodic or poetical meter. The prominence of this poem is mostly due to the minstrels or the so-called "Pahlevanan". This is a small encyclopedia of knowledge of Balochistan, especially Makkoran and the people. This poetic work is considered to be one of the masterpieces of contemporary Balochi literature and it is at the peak of rhetoric and eloquence. The poet, in this poem talks about the culture, customs, past history, beauties of Balochistan, the originality and masculinity of Balochi people, the longing of the past of this people and the adherence to morality and religion. This poem is in many ways, comparable to the Turkish poem of Haidar Baba. In this article, we first present and review the structure and theme of Makkoran poem, and then we compare it to the poem of Haidar Baba Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
302 - Comparative study of concrete structures designing based on the Standard 2800 fourth edition and regulation ASCE/SEI 7-16
Sasan Ghoflgar Ghasemi saeid javaherzadehExamining the results of calculation and designing of buildings bases on earthquake regulation is very important due to locating of Iran on earthquake belt. Standard 2800 fourth edition is currently the latest regulation of building designing against earthquake issued b MoreExamining the results of calculation and designing of buildings bases on earthquake regulation is very important due to locating of Iran on earthquake belt. Standard 2800 fourth edition is currently the latest regulation of building designing against earthquake issued by the Ministry of Roads and Urban Planning for designing of buildings. This regulation depicts the national determination and the government plans for reduction of the damages resultant from earthquake.In order to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of our country's law and to improve the defects in subsequent versions of the law, we compared the results of designing buildings according to Iran's rules and ASCE / SEI 7-16. In this paper concrete buildings 7 and 8 The height between the floors of 20.3 m and in two types of terrain II and III by Etabs 2016 software have been examined based on the two regulations. Based on studies carried out in accordance with the ASCE / SEI Regulations 7-16 in Iran, the use of a medium-ductile bending frame is not permissible, and the effects of the vertical load of the earthquake should be reconsidered, and it is suggested that the relative deformation for Categorize different individual hazards Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
303 - بررسی ابعاد اقتصادی تولید بادام کوهی در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری
محمود بخشی نژاد جمشید پیک فلکمقدمه و هدف: سایر فعالیت­های کشاورزی و حتی جایگزین نمودن کشت محصولات جدیدی مانند گیاهان دارویی به جای محصولات سنتی در استان گیاهان دارویی از این جهت که مواد اولیه لازم را برای تولید صنایع داروسازی فراهم می نماید ،یکی از محصولات اساسی کشور محسوب می شوند، از طرفی نقش Moreمقدمه و هدف: سایر فعالیت­های کشاورزی و حتی جایگزین نمودن کشت محصولات جدیدی مانند گیاهان دارویی به جای محصولات سنتی در استان گیاهان دارویی از این جهت که مواد اولیه لازم را برای تولید صنایع داروسازی فراهم می نماید ،یکی از محصولات اساسی کشور محسوب می شوند، از طرفی نقش روستاهها، در توسعه اقتصادی، نقشی محوری،کلیدی و بی بدیل است، که برای رسیدن به این امر باید فرصتهای افزایش درآمد در روستاهها فراهم شود، و یکی از این فرصتها در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری تولید گیاهان دارویی در کنار است. در این پژوهش ابعاد اقتصادی بهره برداری از بادام کوهی به عنوان یکی از گونه های دارویی بومی استان، مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. روش تحقیق: داده های مورد نیاز از طریق مصاحبه با نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده به دست آمده و با استفاده از شاخص هزینه منابع داخلی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته اند، نتایج و بحث: نتایج حاصله حاکی از آن است که استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، در تولید این محصول دارای مزیت نسبی بالقوه ای است و جمع آوری و فروش بادام کوهی از مناطق مستعد این محصول سود خالصی معادل چهارمیلیون و یکصد وسی هزارریال برای کشاورزان در بر دارد. توصیه کاربردی/ صنعتی: با توجه به اینکه بادام کوهی بومی مناطق زاگرس در کشور می باشد، سازمان جهاد کشاورزی استان آموزشهای لازم را برای کاشت و داشت و برداشت این محصول از روشهای موثر به کشاورزان ارائه نماید. در این صورت علاوه بر افزایش درآمد کشاورزان ، مواد اولیه لازم برای تولید برخی دارویی فراهم شده و همچنین از مهاجرت رستاییا ن به شهرها می کاهد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
304 - Comparative Analysis of the Security in the Neorealist and Postmodern Perspective
محمد رضا اقارب پرست محمد میلاد شجاعیAbstract Security is the vital and important subject in international relations. Theories of international relations provide different view about the state of creating secure condition or emergence of insecurity. Therefore, the question of security is the preoccupation MoreAbstract Security is the vital and important subject in international relations. Theories of international relations provide different view about the state of creating secure condition or emergence of insecurity. Therefore, the question of security is the preoccupation of most theorists in this field. The question raised by the present article is "What homogeneities and heterogeneity exist between postmodernism and neorealism in security field?" The underlying hypothesis is that regarding the positivist and post positivist approaches of the two, neorealism and post modernism show different views about security. The paper by using comparative approach deals with the issue of security from neorealist and post-modernist viewpoints to show their similarities and differences. The finding of the study shows that neorealism has strengthened the position of super-government in the field of security. However the common basis of all postmodern beliefs is that, the state is not the main and exclusive actor in the established positivist approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
305 - A comparative study of the process of legislation the constitution in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran and the Great French Revolution
Ghasem GharibThe autocratic regimes of France and Iran respectively in 1789 and 1906 changed to the constitutional governments. The revolutionaries in both countries demanded the imposition of unlimited powers of the king and the establishment of parliament. The establishment of a p MoreThe autocratic regimes of France and Iran respectively in 1789 and 1906 changed to the constitutional governments. The revolutionaries in both countries demanded the imposition of unlimited powers of the king and the establishment of parliament. The establishment of a parliament in the structure of both the governments of Iran and France led to constitutional legislation. The present study seeks to make a comparative study of the process of legislation of constitutional constitution during the two Iranian and French revolutions. In each revolution, the process of legislation the constitution is carried out by the constituent assembly. The drafters of the constitution, the sources of adaptation of the laws, the spectrum opposed to the proposed constitution and finally the role played by the revolutionaries and people's actions are four important factors that affect the constitution. In the present article, the four factors mentioned compared in the two constitutional revolutions of Iran and France. The comparison result showed that In France, unlike Iran, the constituent editors represented a distinct social class and in their adopted laws the class interests of the makers were clearly achievable. The main source of the constitution of Iran was the translation of the laws of the western countries but the constituent assembly in France, in addition to the adoption of the laws of other countries, adopted most of its laws based on the needs and conditions of the French community. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
306 - مطالعه مقایسهای عملکرد بلدرچینهای ژاپنی (Coturnix coturnix japonica) پرورش یافته روی سیستم بستر و قفس در منطقه سیلهت بنگلادش
آ. رازی آ.اس.م. محبوب م.ی. میاه م.ر. حسنس م.کا. حسن م.ن. اودین اس.آ. بلالتعداد 66 بلدرچین ژاپنی یکروزه در دو تیمار (هرکدام با 33 بلدرچین) و سه تکرار در هر تیمار با 11 پرنده در هر تکرار (5 نر و 6 ماده) در سیستم­های بستر و قفس به مدت 5 هفته و با هدف بررسی اثر سیستم پرورش روی عملکرد رشد و خصوصیات لاشه پرورش داده شدند. در 35 روزگی متوسط وزن Moreتعداد 66 بلدرچین ژاپنی یکروزه در دو تیمار (هرکدام با 33 بلدرچین) و سه تکرار در هر تیمار با 11 پرنده در هر تکرار (5 نر و 6 ماده) در سیستم­های بستر و قفس به مدت 5 هفته و با هدف بررسی اثر سیستم پرورش روی عملکرد رشد و خصوصیات لاشه پرورش داده شدند. در 35 روزگی متوسط وزن بدن و مصرف خوراک در قفس به ترتیب برابر با 15/102 و 7/320 گرم به ازای هر بلدرچین بوده و در سیستم بستر به ترتیب برابر با 41/78 و 02/146 گرم به ازای هر بلدرچین بوده است. ضریب تبدیل خوراک (FCR) در پایان دوره برای سیستم­های قفس و بستر به ترتیب برابر با 89/3 و 10/4 بوده است (01/0>P). وزن بدن، مصرف خوراک و FCR در سیستم­های بستر و قفس تفاوت معنی­داری داشتند (01/0>P). قابلیت بقا در سن 21 و 35 روزگی برای قفس به ترتیب برابر با 72/72 و 72/72 درصد بوده و برای بستر به ترتیب برابر با 63/63 و 60/60 درصد بوده است. بنابراین قابلیت بقاء در سیستم قفس بالاتر بوده است. خصوصیات تولید گوشت، متوسط وزن سینه، ران، بال و پا به ترتیب 92/20، 37/7، 42/5 و 72/5 گرم در سیستم قفس و 84/20، 35/7، 39/5 و 63/5 گرم در سیستم بستر بوده است. هیچ تفاوت معنی­داری بین متوسط وزن سینه، ران و پا بین دو سیستم پرورش مشاهده نشد. از دیدگاه توسط جنس، وزن بال بین دو جنس تفاوت داشته است. نتیجه­گیری می­شود که بلدرچین­های پرورش یافته در سیستم قفس، عملکرد بهتری در مقایسه با سیستم پرورش روی بستر داشتند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
307 - Driving and Inhibiting Themes of Nation-Building in Path to Sustainable Development
Ahmad Shojaeian Ali Asghar Pourezzat Gholamreza Memarzadeh TehranThe crafting of a common national spirit, referred to as nation-building, has been the prime objective of political systems throughout history. Nation-building is a process whereby citizens gradually arrive at a self-understanding of their common and unifying factors an MoreThe crafting of a common national spirit, referred to as nation-building, has been the prime objective of political systems throughout history. Nation-building is a process whereby citizens gradually arrive at a self-understanding of their common and unifying factors and take steps towards its evolution. During the process of nation-state building, political and social structures are formed to meet mutual needs. Through such interactions, efficient and development-oriented political, economic, and social structures, which form the basis for sustainable and genuine development, naturally emerge through interdependency. As a result, this research was conducted with a qualitative approach to reexamine the themes of nation-building on the path to sustainable development in Iran. The research method employed thematic analysis based on Clarke and Braun's (2006) model. The data collection instrument comprised semi-structured and in-depth interviews, which were analyzed using open and axial coding. The research population consisted of academic experts in the field of management, with data reaching saturation level after 12 interviewees. Validation was ensured through member checking and external audits. The results reveal that nation-building, as an overarching theme in the path to sustainable development in government organizations, consists of two themes: drivers and inhibitors of nation-building, comprising 83 components as major themes. This process aims to foster solidarity and cooperation between people and different organizations, with the goal of achieving sustainable development across social, economic, and environmental levels. It serves as a strategy to strengthen solidarity, unity, and national cooperation, ultimately reducing conflicts based on commonalities rooted in mutual national interests. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
308 - Comparative stylistics of Saadi and Hammam Tabrizi's lyric poetry (based on the war manuscript of Lala Ismail Library of Turkey)
mohammad reza hesaraki mahin khatibniaSaadi is a 7th century poet and the only master of romantic, mystical and instructive lyric poetry, Hammam Tabrizi is a contemporary of Saadi and has a poetry collection of about 4000 verses. In the Jang manuscript number 478 of Lala Ismail Library of Turkey, 47 ghazals MoreSaadi is a 7th century poet and the only master of romantic, mystical and instructive lyric poetry, Hammam Tabrizi is a contemporary of Saadi and has a poetry collection of about 4000 verses. In the Jang manuscript number 478 of Lala Ismail Library of Turkey, 47 ghazals of Saadi are compared with 47 ghazals of Hammam Tabrizi under the title "Controversies between the ghazals of al-Sheikh Saadi and Maulana Humamuddin Tab Tarahama". While correcting the mentioned manuscript, researchers have studied the style and influence of these two poets.Hammam's influences from Saadi are either based on the basis and foundation, without any similarity in appearance and theme, or the influence of weight and rhyme, which are of two types: Ghazals by Hammam, which are influenced by Saadi in terms of weight, rhyme and theme, and second. Ghazals that are united only in weight and rhyme is the method of library and analytical research, and since these two poets are contemporary with each other and so far the poems of these two have not been studied in a comparative stylistic way, it seems necessary to carry out this research. arrive Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
309 - Studying the Reflection of Didactic Literature in Ancient Myths by Focusing on the Story of Zaal and Simorq, and the Adventures of Telemachus)
Ahmad Ranjbar Behnaz SHakouriMyths and their role in training human traits are as old as ancient history. In the guise of the adventurous lessons, myths pave the way for a righteous and wise life. Didactic literature is derived from stories and myths. Heroic and mythohogical literary works are amon MoreMyths and their role in training human traits are as old as ancient history. In the guise of the adventurous lessons, myths pave the way for a righteous and wise life. Didactic literature is derived from stories and myths. Heroic and mythohogical literary works are among the most significant specimen of didactic literature. The purpose of this paper is to compare the story of Zaal and Simorq in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh with the Adventures of Telemachus by Francois Fénelon. Mantor, in the Adventures of Telemachus, and Simorq, in the story of Zaal, are both legendary supernatural mentors who possess the supreme wisdom. Mantor trains Telemachus who will rein Ithaca after his father, Ulysses, and Simorq instructs Zaal who will be the ruler of Sistan after his father Saam. Both epic works take place in the context of didactic literature. Taking the role of myths into account in both of these epic masterpieces, it is perceived that mythical gods, in the light of their supreme wisdom, aim at instructing the moral traits in all human beings as their supposed mission. The mehod used in this comparative study is the narrative-analytical. By using this approach, the researchers intend to illustrate the reflection of didactic literature in ancient myths, by focusing on Zaal's and Telemachus' training, the ruler and the king of their stories. It is concluded that though the concern of the story in these two heroic works is different (i.e., Zaal and Simorq emphasizes the heroic aspects, while the focus of attention in the Adventures of Telemachus is on the governing rules.); teaching the lessons of wisdom to gain inner growth is the main common characteristics of both heroic works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
310 - A Comparative Study of Individual Ethics and Country Administration Teachings of Qabus nameh and Siyāsatnāmeh
Hosein ArianDidactic literature has a long history in Iranian literature. The purpose of didactic works is to educate and train the ethical issues and matters to promote the morality of the audience. Qaboos nameh written by Onsor al-Maali and Siyāsatnāmeh by Khawaja Nizam al-Molk T MoreDidactic literature has a long history in Iranian literature. The purpose of didactic works is to educate and train the ethical issues and matters to promote the morality of the audience. Qaboos nameh written by Onsor al-Maali and Siyāsatnāmeh by Khawaja Nizam al-Molk Tusi respectively, both belong to the fifth century AH, are part of the didactic literature. With its comparative approach, this article tries to analyse the educational teachings of both texts in two fields, i.e. the field of teachings politics and governing, and the field of the individual ethics. The study intends to answer the question of whether there is a difference between these teachings in both of these literary. The result shows that while not neglecting the teachings of politics and civilization, Qaboos nameh focuses more on the teachings of individual ethics. In contrast, Siyāsatnāmeh places more emphasis on the author's purpose in dealing with the politics and governing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
311 - Comparative study of educational poems attributed to Imam Reza (as) With Saadi Shirazi's educational poems with an intertextual theory approach
Faroogh Nemati Seyedeh Somayeh Mosavi Salem Ayoob MoradiAnalysis examines the relationship between a text and other earlier or contemporary texts with an "intertextual" approach. Intertextuality was one of Julia Cristova's innovations, which was later expanded with the research of Gerard Genet and found several sub-branches. MoreAnalysis examines the relationship between a text and other earlier or contemporary texts with an "intertextual" approach. Intertextuality was one of Julia Cristova's innovations, which was later expanded with the research of Gerard Genet and found several sub-branches. Educational literature seeks to teach moral and educational points in a way that is one of the most important areas of education in the context of the goals of human growth and excellence. Imam Reza (AS), who is the embodiment of the most beautiful and highest moral manifestations, by examining his poems, we find that the poetry of that Imam (AS) is tied to the rules and concepts of teaching and morality. Meanwhile, Saadi Shirazi, whose garden and orchard are the mainstay of all educational literature in the field of ancient Persian poetry, has included many moral-educational themes in his poems. What can be considered in comparing the educational poems of Imam Reza (AS) with the educational themes in Saadi's poems is very similar to these poems; It is as if Saadi, after a few centuries, has repeated the moral messages of that Imam (as) again with other words. In this research, the author tries to use the theory of intertextuality, while emphasizing the educational and moral themes in Imam Reza's (AS) poems, to discuss the similarities and commonalities of Saadi's educational poems with Razavi's poems and pass it on. Educational literature to examine and Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
312 - Comparative Analysis of the Learnings of the Safavid Period Urban Planning System in Iran with the Renaissance Urban Planning System in Europe
Ali Alimoradi Hassan Ahmadi Vahid GhobadianThe Safavid period due to security and economic prosperity, providing a suitable ground for enhancement of the Islamic - Iranian culture. This contributed to the distinction of the Iranian-Islamic art especially the architecture and urban planning of Safavid era compare MoreThe Safavid period due to security and economic prosperity, providing a suitable ground for enhancement of the Islamic - Iranian culture. This contributed to the distinction of the Iranian-Islamic art especially the architecture and urban planning of Safavid era compared to other periods in Iran. The Renaissance urban planning system is also rooted in the school of human primacy which inspired the design at all levels of architecture until urban spaces. The purpose of research is to compare the teachings of urban Safavid and Renaissance periods and to identify the effective elements in the physical of the city. Therefore, the present study has been used on the nature of the subject combination of historical, comparative analysis and phenomenology. The data collection tool is library method. The analysis of the data in a qualitative manner. The findings of research show that the ideal city of the Safavid period and Renaissance has been influenced by the kind of worldview they are observing. The physical crystallization of urban spaces has emerged in a process of historical and natural transformation. Therefore, the conclusion is that the city is a spatial temporal phenomenon which is every part of history can transform its quantitative changes with the qualitative changes required by its age and place concept of place and time in line with each other. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
313 - Comparative study on medium-time 5 year municipal plans, Case study: Qom and Johannesburg metropolises
mohsen askari mahmood rahimiTheoretical analysis and measuring capability of urban planning systems in various countries with comparative research methods, have good outcomes for cities. The goal of this study is to analyze the structure of forming and the content of five years of municipality&rsq MoreTheoretical analysis and measuring capability of urban planning systems in various countries with comparative research methods, have good outcomes for cities. The goal of this study is to analyze the structure of forming and the content of five years of municipality’s plans in Iran and other countries with same usage of these plans. The methodology of research is based on process-oriented evaluation and also studying application basis of these plans with each other. This study has used mentioned approaches and with review of main and supplementary approved plans, focuses on five year municipal plans of the Qom metropolis in Iran and integrated development plan of Johannesburg (IDP) in South Africa as a case study. The finding of this study indicated the qualitative distance between these two kinds of the planning system in Iran with an African country which has unique characters like urban poor’s. Integration of urban plans and urban management system, having a simultaneous view to quantity indexes and quality of plans with Performance management system are the most important advantages of Johannesburg to Qom metropolis in this area of medium-time planning. Furthermore, weakness of content in comparison with structure form of plans is Sensible in Iranian case. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
314 - A Comparative Study of Spending Leisure Time among the Youth in Somaesara City (A case study: boy and girl students at high school level)
akbar motamedimehr maryam vaghef koodehiOne of the most important aspects of human life that has gained special value and attention in human societies is leisure time. So, there should be a systematic and principled planning for the youth that are the fundamental and primary capitals in each society. Regardin MoreOne of the most important aspects of human life that has gained special value and attention in human societies is leisure time. So, there should be a systematic and principled planning for the youth that are the fundamental and primary capitals in each society. Regarding the significance of leisure and its potentially cultural and social advantages to the youth, especially young students, the present research has been conducted to study leisure time comparatively among boy and girl students at high school level in Somaesara. Since the research is conducted to study the present situation, the method used is descriptive-analytic through field study. The subjects of study are boy and girl students at high school level in 88-89 educational year. Data collection is done through researcher-made questionnaire. Based on random sampling, 360students are selected according to Morgan table. To analyze the data and explore the results, hypothesis testing is employed through inferential-descriptive statistics by the help of SPSS and EXCEL softwares. Based on the results reached, there is a significant difference among boy and girl students in their leisure time. This difference gets highlighted in summer. Similarly, the dire shortage of leisure facilities in Somaesara proven by the students’ needs and desires indicates that there is a no relation between the needs and leisure time creation. One hypothesis is proven with significance level of 0.05. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
315 - تجزیه و تحلیل مقایسه ای برچسب های توالی بیان شده از Picea abies برای شناسایی ژن های مرتبط با تنظیم خواب در مریستم رأس ساقه
شادی حیدری پیوند حیدریاساس مولکولی رهاسازی خواب مریستم گیاه یک فرآیند پیچیده است و به خوبی درک نشده است. برای یافتن ژنهای مربوط به رهاسازی خواب مریستم آپیکال P. abies، از تجزیه و تحلیل برچسب توالی بیان شده استفاده شد. داده های اولیه برای دو کتابخانه cDNA با استفاده از پایگاه داده دانشگاه ها Moreاساس مولکولی رهاسازی خواب مریستم گیاه یک فرآیند پیچیده است و به خوبی درک نشده است. برای یافتن ژنهای مربوط به رهاسازی خواب مریستم آپیکال P. abies، از تجزیه و تحلیل برچسب توالی بیان شده استفاده شد. داده های اولیه برای دو کتابخانه cDNA با استفاده از پایگاه داده دانشگاه هاروارد (کتابخانه های خواب و رهاسازی خواب به ترتیب با 6987 و 6981 EST) جمع آوری شد. نرم افزار EGassembler برای جمع آوری تمام توالی های EST به منظور یافتن شباهت بین دو کتابخانه استفاده شد. پس از آن، همه کانتبگ ها با استفاده از نرم افزار CLC bio X-blast در برابر یک پایگاه داده پروتئین غیر تکراری پردازش شدند. برای شناسایی ژنهای دارای بیان افتراقی در دو کتابخانه، از نرمافزار IDEG6 و آزمون Audic-Claverie استفاده شد. ابزار طبقه بندی مقایسه ای GoMapMan برای دسته بندی کاتالوگ های کاربردی استفاده شد. همه یونیژن ها در 35 کاتالوگ عملکردی گروه بندی شدند که 10 کاتالوگ عملکردی متفاوت از جمله متابولیسم اصلی CHO، متابولیسم هورمون، استرس، انتقال، متابولیسم ثانویه، کوفاکتورها و ویتامین ها، متابولیسم نوکلئوتید، تنظیم ردوکس، انتقال الکترون میتوکندری/ATP و تخمیر شناسایی شدند. تاکنون گزارشی مبنی بر نقش متابولیت های ثانویه در تنظیم خواب مریستم گیاهی گزارش نشده است. این مطالعه بینشی در مورد عملکرد احتمالی متابولیت های ثانویه به عنوان تنظیم کننده اصلی خواب مریستم آپیکال در P. abies ارائه می دهد. علاوه بر این، تغییرات ردوکس و اپی ژنتیک در پایین دست هورمون ها نیز به نظر می رسد که در تنظیم خواب دخیل هستند. پتانسیل اختصاصیت ROS از نظر ویژگی های مکانی-زمانی که بیان آنزیم های آنتی اکسیدانی را مشخص می کند به آنها اجازه می دهد تا به عنوان نشانگرهای زیستی در مراحل رشد استفاده شوند. این تحقیق همچنین اطلاعاتی در مورد مکانیسمهای مولکولی فرآیند مورفوژنز در صنوبر نروژ ارائه میکند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
316 - Estimating the Export Supply Function of Flowers Case Study: The Dutch Rose of Fars Province in the Region of Persian Gulf
Seyed Nematollah MousaviThe main purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting the export of flowers in Iran. After data collection using by the index of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), the condition of business of flowers in Iran was compared with a number of countries ex MoreThe main purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting the export of flowers in Iran. After data collection using by the index of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), the condition of business of flowers in Iran was compared with a number of countries exporting the product. According to the results of study, the small elasticity of the exportation price in the function of export demand is negative and smaller than one, and it indicates that flowers are inelastic goods; moreover, the income from its export could be increased by in-creasing the price. It can be concluded that the domestic price increase will lead to a decrease in exports due to the high elasticity and negative of export supply in comparison with the domestic price. Partial elasticity obtained for the variable of the value of domestic production of flowers in the export supply function in this study indicates that uncontrolled increase production by increasing the acreage under cultivation makes the decrease of exportation price of flowers, and at the most it causes reducing of exportation income because of higher effect of low price in comparison with the effect of an increase in demand; thus, the income from the export of flowers can be increased by controlling the production and the value of export. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
317 - Comparative Benefits of Mobile Telephone in Selected Rural and Urban Locations of Obio/Akpor Local Government
Franklin Nlerum Anthony Nnodim -
Open Access Article
318 - Comparative Analysis of Shea-butter Production Techniques Used among Women Processors in Baruten and Ilorin-South Areas, Kwara State, Nigeria
Abdulrazaq Daudu Felix Oladipo Fadekemi Awosusi -
Open Access Article
319 - A Profit Approach Comparison between Tomato Grown under Organic and Inorganic Methods in a Typical Nigeria’s Soil
Hamza Babagiwa Aliyu Muhammad R. Ja’afar-Furo -
Open Access Article
320 - چگونه دیدگاه دانشجویان نسبت به عوامل آموزشی بر انگیزه پیشرفت و رویکردهای یادگیری تاثیر می گذارد؟ رویکرد تطبیقی
مهتاب پورآتشی چانگ زومطالعه تطبیقی حاضر با هدف بررسی انگیزه پیشرفت و رویکردهای یادگیری دانشجویان کشاورزی انجام شد و به مطالعه تاثیر دیدگاه دانشجویان نسبت به عوامل آموزشی بر انگیزه پیشرفت و رویکردهای یادگیری پرداخت. جامعه آماری مطالعه را دانشجویان کشاورزی دانشگاه تهران (ایران) و دانشگاه گنت Moreمطالعه تطبیقی حاضر با هدف بررسی انگیزه پیشرفت و رویکردهای یادگیری دانشجویان کشاورزی انجام شد و به مطالعه تاثیر دیدگاه دانشجویان نسبت به عوامل آموزشی بر انگیزه پیشرفت و رویکردهای یادگیری پرداخت. جامعه آماری مطالعه را دانشجویان کشاورزی دانشگاه تهران (ایران) و دانشگاه گنت (بلژیک) تشکیل دادند. نمونه­ای شامل 89 دانشجوی دانشگاه تهران و 85 دانشجوی گنت با استفاده از روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی انتخاب شدند و در این مطالعه شرکت کردند. ابزار مطالعه پرسشنامه­ای مشتمل بر بخش­های ویژگی­های فردی، دیدگاه نسبت به عوامل آموزشی، انگیزه پیشرفت، و رویکردهای یادگیری بود. روایی و پایایی ابزار از طریق نظرات تعدادی از استادان و محاسبه آلفای کرونباخ تایید شد. براساس یافته­ها، تفاوت معنی­داری بین دو گروه (دانشجویان ایرانی و فلاندرز) در خصوص انگیزه پیشرفت درونی مشاهده نشد، در حالی که دو گروه در انگیزه پیشرفت بیرونی تفاوت معنی­داری نشان دادند. همچنین، تفاوت معنی­داری بین دو گروه مورد مطالعه در زمینه رویکردهای عمیق یادگیری مشاهده شد. این مطالعه نشان داد که تفاوت­ها و شباهت­هایی بین عوامل موثر بر انگیزه پیشرفت و رویکردهای یادگیری دانشجویان کشاورزی در بافت­های متفاوت وجود دارد. بر اساس یافته­ها، نتیجه­گیری صورت گرفت و پیشنهادهایی ارایه شد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
321 - بررسی مزیت نسبی تولید و سنجش رقابت پذیری محصولات عمده زراعی شهرستان ارومیه با ماتریس تحلیل سیاستی
دنیا بایزیدنژاد محمد خداوردیزاده صدیقه هاشمی بنابهدف این مطالعه بررسی مزیت نسبی تولید، آثار سیاست­های حمایتی دولت و توان رقابتی محصولات عمده زراعی شهرستان ارومیه با استفاده از ماتریس تحلیل سیاستی در سال زراعی 96-1395 می‎‏باشد. نتایج شاخص­های مزیت نسبی نشان دهنده این بود که از بین محصولات عم Moreهدف این مطالعه بررسی مزیت نسبی تولید، آثار سیاست­های حمایتی دولت و توان رقابتی محصولات عمده زراعی شهرستان ارومیه با استفاده از ماتریس تحلیل سیاستی در سال زراعی 96-1395 می‎‏باشد. نتایج شاخص­های مزیت نسبی نشان دهنده این بود که از بین محصولات عمده زراعی شهرستان با توجه به سه شاخص مزیت نسبی اعم از: شاخص سود خالص اجتماعی (NSP)، شاخص هزینه منابع داخلی (DRC)، شاخص هزینه به منفعت اجتماعی(SCB)، شهرستان ارومیه در تولید گندم آبی، گندم دیم، جو دیم، آفتابگردان، گوجه فرنگی، نخود و لوبیا قرمز دارای مزیت نسبی و در تولید جو آبی و چغندر قند فاقد مزیت نسبی بوده است. براساس شاخص NSP)) تولید گوجه فرنگی دارای مزیت­نسبی بالاتری در مقایسه با سایر محصولات می‏باشد و لوبیا قرمز، نخود دیم، آفتابگردان، گندم آبی، گندم دیم و جو دیم به ترتیب در اولویت­های بعدی قرار دارند. با توجه به شاخص توان رقابت هزینه­ای تمامی محصولات مورد بررسی توان رقابت هزینه­ای را دارا می باشند. همچنین نتایج بررسی شاخص­های حمایتی اعم از ضریب حمایت اسمی از نهاده (NPCI)، گویای این بودکه یارانه غیرمستقیمی به نهاده­های قابل تجارت تمامی محصولات مورد مطالعه پرداخت می­شود. مقدار شاخص (NPCO) برای محصولات گندم آبی، گندم دیم، آفتابگردان، نخود دیم و لوبیا قرمز بیانگر اعمال مالیات غیر مستقیم بر تولید این محصولات از طرف دولت می­باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
322 - Determination of target Exchange Rate for the Comparative Advantage of Iran Crops (A Case of Sari Township)
Mohammad Reza Pakravan Mohammad Kavoosi KalashamiIn this paper, the value of exchange rate was calculated in order to determine comparative advantage in crops of Sari Township during 2009-2010. Hence, first, comparative advantage indices are estimated by using a policy analysis matrix. The results showed that just whe MoreIn this paper, the value of exchange rate was calculated in order to determine comparative advantage in crops of Sari Township during 2009-2010. Hence, first, comparative advantage indices are estimated by using a policy analysis matrix. The results showed that just wheat has a DRC index of one in the minimum amount of national currency exchange rate value. This indicated the fact that only wheat, compared to Rice, Soybean, Canola and Barley in this region, can compete with global markets and had a social profitable production system. Therefore, it is recommended that executive policies, which make competitive ability in wheat, should also be applied for other products. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
323 - Future Prospects of Iran, U.S and Turkey's Pistachio Exports
Mohammad Reza Pakravan Mohammad Kavoosi KalashamiIn this study, the situation of Iran, U.S and Turkey's Pistachio export is investigated. to this purpose, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) Index is calculated based on Agricultural and total economy export, separately, then forecasted by using Auto- Regressive Integ MoreIn this study, the situation of Iran, U.S and Turkey's Pistachio export is investigated. to this purpose, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) Index is calculated based on Agricultural and total economy export, separately, then forecasted by using Auto- Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) approached, for 2008-2013. The results show that considering both commodity baskets, Turkey and Iran had comparative advantage in Pistachio export in 1982-2007, but U.S did not. Also, forecasting RCA index, based on both commodity baskets, show the improvement of U.S Pistachio export situation, unlike the values of RCA index forecasting for Iran and Turkey is falling. Therefore, it is recommended that Iran and Turkey attempt to identify new consumer markets in order to retain their market shares in pistachio export. Following the U.S imposed policies during last six years which improved its pistachio export, Iran and Turkey can increase their market shares. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
324 - Determining Comparative Advantages of Corn in Optimal Cultivation Pattern
Samaneh Abedi Gholam Reza Peykani Mohammad Kavoosi KalashamiThe purpose of this study is to investigate comparative advantages of corn in comparison with other competitor crops. To do so, Linear Programming, to 2004-2005 data related to classic index (DRC) in Kermanshah province was applied. Results showed that corn has comparat MoreThe purpose of this study is to investigate comparative advantages of corn in comparison with other competitor crops. To do so, Linear Programming, to 2004-2005 data related to classic index (DRC) in Kermanshah province was applied. Results showed that corn has comparative advantages in all regions of Kermanshah province while in optimal cultivation pattern of 37.5 percentages of regions in existence of rotation and 50 percentages of regions in lack of rotation, corn acreage has been increased. In addition, comparing optimal cultivation pattern resulted from linear programming models with crops ranking based on comparative advantage indices indicated that, resources availability and limitations, tradable and non-tradable inputs costs and yield will lead to shift in production’s comparative advantage from one crop to another. Factors such as supporting policies and rotation might also have effects on comparative advantages and optimal cultivating pattern. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
325 - Comparative Advantage, Self-sufficiency and Food Security in Iran: Case Study of Wheat Commodity
Mahmood Haji-RahimiFood security has a dynamic notion during the time and may be affected by various domestic and global factors.Nevertheless, Iranian policy makers consider food security as same as self-sufficiency in agricultural food products, particularly wheat production. However, se MoreFood security has a dynamic notion during the time and may be affected by various domestic and global factors.Nevertheless, Iranian policy makers consider food security as same as self-sufficiency in agricultural food products, particularly wheat production. However, self-sufficiency can contribute to food security only if it is in coincidences with comparative advantage and sustainable resource management. The present study aims to investigate the coincidences of self-sufficiency and comparative advantage and the real impact of selfsufficiency on net social benefit as a measure of food security; by developing a Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) to analyze the trend of comparative advantage and self-sufficiency measures for the past decade. The data for wheat input-output quantities and their domestic prices during the period of study were obtained from production and cost system of agricultural products, and other relevant information collected from World Bank statistics and FAO database. The results showed that the self-sufficiency policy through price supports, inputs and credit subsidies and research and extension programs, has increased the physical productivity of wheat farms as well as increased the area under cultivation. However, the net social profit of wheat production was negative during the period of study, indicating a negative effect of self-sufficiency policy on the food security. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
326 - Cropping Pattern and Comparative Advantage of Agricultural Products in Ilam Province
Roya Eshraghi Samani Alireza PoursaeedIn this study, the comparative advantage of main agricultural products and its relation to cropping pattern was studied in Ilam Province. For data analyzing the comparative advantage and government policies effects indices, Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) were used. The ob MoreIn this study, the comparative advantage of main agricultural products and its relation to cropping pattern was studied in Ilam Province. For data analyzing the comparative advantage and government policies effects indices, Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) were used. The obtained results for the comparative advantage indices of Domestic Resource Cost (DRC), Social Cost Benefit (SCB) and Net Social Profitability (NSP) show that production of irrigated wheat, dry-farming wheat and dry-farming barely has not comparative advantage in Ilam Province but the production of irrigated barely, corn, dry-farming pea, dry-farming lentil, watermelon, cucumber and tomato have comparative advantage in Ilam Province. In addition, the obtained results for NPIC index show the Nominal Government Protection of inputs in all products. Also, Nominal Protection Coefficient index indicated that nominal market protection of products like wheat (irrigated and dry-farming) and barely (irrigated and dry-farming) was positive and those of other products were negative and the Effective Protection Coefficient for wheat and barley had the highest values. The results showed that the existing cropping pattern was not allotted with comparative advantage but is related to the effective protection coefficient. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
327 - تاثیر مزیت نسبی صنایع سه گانه کشاورزی و متنوع سازی صادرات بر ارزش افزوده این صنایع در ایران
افسانه شایسته همایون رنجبربرنامه­های توسعه­ای کشور بر استراتژی رشد مبتنی بر صادرات تاکید دارد و متنوع سازی صادرات، یکی از سیاست­های مناسب در این زمینه است. یکی از عوامل مؤثر در شناخت توانمندی­های تولیدی و صادراتی یک کشور برای اتخاذ سیاست­های مناسب در آن زمینه، وجود مزیت نسبی Moreبرنامه­های توسعه­ای کشور بر استراتژی رشد مبتنی بر صادرات تاکید دارد و متنوع سازی صادرات، یکی از سیاست­های مناسب در این زمینه است. یکی از عوامل مؤثر در شناخت توانمندی­های تولیدی و صادراتی یک کشور برای اتخاذ سیاست­های مناسب در آن زمینه، وجود مزیت نسبی در تولید و صادرات کالا بوده و تغییرات ارزش افزوده فعالیتهای صنعتی می­تواند توانمندی­های تولیدی و صادراتی کشور و همچنین رشد تولید را نشان دهد. با توجه به اهمیت و ارزش افزوده بخش کشاورزی در کشورهای در حال توسعه، ارزش افزوده و عوامل تاثیرگذار در صنایع سه گانه غذا، چوب و کاغذ مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. برای این منظور متغیر مزیت نسبی وزنی صنایع سه گانه کشاورزی و تنوع در این صنایع در طول سال های 1998 تا 2013 با استفاده از داده های پانل در نظر گرفته شده است. نتایج برآورد مدل نشان می دهد که در دوره مورد مطالعه صنایع چوب و کاغذ کمبود مزیت نسبی در تولید و صادرات داشته اند و این متغیر تاثیر منفی بر رشد ارزش افزوده خواهد داشت. متنوع سازی صادرات تنها در صنایع غذایی انجام شده است، اما این متغیراثر مثبت بر رشد ارزش افزوده صنایع بخش کشاورزی دارد. متغیرهای سرمایه انسانی و سرمایه فیزیکی هم اثر مثبت بالایی بر ارزش افزوده این صنایع، در بخش کشاورزی دارند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
328 - Dual-layer Multiple Tuned Mass Dampers for Vibration Control of Structures
Tanuja P. Bandivadekar Radhey S. Jangid -
Open Access Article
329 - Investigating the effective factors on the application of internet marketing dimensions from the point of view of managers and employees of Ramek Dairy Products Company
Mohammad Bahrami Marzieh Yari ZanganehObjective: This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the application of Internet marketing dimensions from the perspective of managers and employees in Ramek Dairy Products Company. Method: The current research is applied MoreObjective: This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the application of Internet marketing dimensions from the perspective of managers and employees in Ramek Dairy Products Company. Method: The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the research is all the managers and administrative employees of Ramek company, there are 442 people, among them, a sample of 206 people was selected using Cochran's formula. Shaltoni (2017) questionnaire including seven dimensions (comparative advantage, complexity, adaptability, innovativeness, competitor pressure, customer pressure of Internet marketing application) and 19 Likert scale items were used to collect data. The results of Cronbach's alpha test, 0.74, indicate the acceptable reliability of the tool. Data analysis and research hypotheses were done with one-sample t-test, one-way variance and Pearson correlation and SPSS software. Findings: The findings of the research showed that there is a significant relationship between all factors using internet marketing from the point of view of managers and employees, the highest correlation is related to the adaptability dimension (0.865) and the lowest is related to the innovativeness dimension (0.653) and the hypotheses of the research was confirmed. Also, the findings showed that there is no difference in the willingness to use internet marketing between men and women. The relative advantage variable is affected by age and the complexity variable is dependent on age, education and work experience. Conclusion: The results obtained from this research showed that the benefits of using internet marketing dimensions can be a strategy to maintain competitive advantage and maintain relationships with customers and finally find new customers and satisfy them in Ramek Company. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
330 - A comparative study on digital library open source code softwares
fereshteh sepehr aliasghar sharifiniaPurpose: The aim of the present research is developing knowledge in the field of open-source code software of digital libraries, and identifying their strengths, weaknesses, similarities, and differences. Methodology: This research is of applie MorePurpose: The aim of the present research is developing knowledge in the field of open-source code software of digital libraries, and identifying their strengths, weaknesses, similarities, and differences. Methodology: This research is of applied type. The population is composed of Greenstone, Koha, Dspace, MyLibrary, EPrints, and OpenBiblio. The existing standards of digital libraries have been investigated and a checklist is prepared so that the best software for providing a suitable model could be introduced.Descriptive measurable research method is used to collect the information and describe the related features. Findings: The findings show that among the softwares that are designed as Integrated Digital Library open-source code, the highest capabilities belong to Koha, MyLibrary, and OpenBiblio. And, those which have been designed for digital library materials according to the checklist are Greenstone, Dspace, and EPrints. Conclusion: From the viewpoint of digital library materials, regardless of functional modules (Acquisition, Cataloging, OPAC, Circulation, Serial Control), the highest capabilities belong to Greenstone, Dspace, Koha, MyLibrary, EPrints, and OpenBiblio Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
331 - A comparative evaluation of objectives, missions and plans of national information and documentation centers in Iranian Ministry of Science, Research and Technology
Noroozi Chakoli AbdolrezaThe comparison of missions and plans of organizations that are led by the same ministry and have similar objectives can result in optimizing their objectives and missions and preventing composition of similar programs and performance of overlapping activities. At the cu MoreThe comparison of missions and plans of organizations that are led by the same ministry and have similar objectives can result in optimizing their objectives and missions and preventing composition of similar programs and performance of overlapping activities. At the current study, thus, objectives, missions and plans of 'Regional Information Center of Science and Technology' (RICST), 'Iranian Information and Documentation Center' (IRANDOC) and 'Iranian Research Organization of Science and Technology; Office for Information Technology and Scientific Network' (IROST) have been studied and compared. To accomplish this research, "Multiple Case Study Method" has been used. Furthermore, "Survey", "Historical" and "Library" methods have employed to conduct "Multiple Case Study Method". Considering the fact that it is possible to use both quantitative and qualitative data in "Multiple Case Study Method", both types of mentioned data have been used at the present research. Besides, "comparative method" has been used to analyze data. The results of both quantitative and qualitative findings reveal that in spite of having corresponding objectives and missions with objectives and missions of Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, these three centers consider revising and updating their overlapping objectives and missions as a necessity. However, this revision should not result in the integration, omission or suspension of any of their activities and must only lead to optimization of their objectives and missions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
332 - Explaining the Pattern of Job Creation by Production and Service Cooperatives in Kermanshah Province
Zahra FarshadfarThe issue of employment and manpower in general has always been one of the main concerns of economic policy makers.Achieving economic development and creating employment in the country requires using all available economic potentials in various sectors.The cooperative s MoreThe issue of employment and manpower in general has always been one of the main concerns of economic policy makers.Achieving economic development and creating employment in the country requires using all available economic potentials in various sectors.The cooperative sector is no exception to this situation. One-dimensional attitude towards economic sectors causes the sterility of environmental capabilities in resource efficiency. Therefore, it should be noted that economic development in any land depends on efficiency, integration and optimal combination between economic sectors (agriculture, industry and services).In this study, using two models of basic economy and regional economy, shifting the share and using the population and housing census statistics of 2011 and 2016 to investigate the causes of proportional or disproportionate growth of employees in Kermanshah province compared to the whole country and determine the basic economic sectors. In Kermanshah province and determining the share of employment in the cooperative sector in the basic parts of the province has been studied.The results show the disproportionate growth of employees in Kermanshah province compared to the country's employees in the period under review and the model of change analysis of the causes of this disproportion expresses competitive and structural changes as negative. Estimation of the basic economy model also identifies the agricultural and service sectors and the building sub-sector as basic sectors.Changes in share change coefficients over time indicate the rapid and unbalanced growth of the service sector in the province and indicate a decrease in the advantage of the industrial sector and an increase in the advantage of the agricultural sector in attracting employees. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
333 - Topicalization in English Translation of the Holy Quran: A Comparative Study
Soheila Mohammadpour Jahanbakhsh Nikoopour -
Open Access Article
334 - Examining the Translations of Forough Farrokhzad’s Selected Poems by a Native and a Non-Native Speaker Using Vinay and Darbelnet’s Model
Enayat A. Shabani Nafiseh Emadi Fatemeh Daftari -
Open Access Article
335 - Critique of Freud's view on "relationship with others", with a Quranic approach
Bakhshali Qanbari Mujgan MuahammadiOne way to get to know a person is to examine his relationships. These relationships have been studied in different cultures and different thinkers in philosophical and non-philosophical traditions have explored different aspects of these relationships. Relationships ca MoreOne way to get to know a person is to examine his relationships. These relationships have been studied in different cultures and different thinkers in philosophical and non-philosophical traditions have explored different aspects of these relationships. Relationships can be researched rationally in four areas, which are: 1) Man's relationship with God; 2) with yourself; 3) with other human beings and 4) with nature. Among these relationships, man's relationship with God is very important; Because this relationship determines the limits and limits and the quality of other relationships. These relations in five areas: 1) ideological-epistemological; 2) mental (including emotional); 3) will; 4) speech and 5) action are realized. Among the most prominent Western thinkers is Sigmund Freud, who commented on all relations, especially human relations with others. Assuming the negation of God, Freud views relations with others based on the theory of inner complexities and sexual orientations, and considers its suppression to be the cause of many human anomalies. He cites examples and evidence as evidence that sexual harassment is the cause of many problems. Judging by these views with the Qur'an, we came to the conclusion that despite finding little evidence to confirm Freud's view, the rule in "relation to others" is subject to educational conditions, and without it a theory cannot be generalized to the general public. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
336 - The emergence of divine affairs in man from the point of view of Origen of Alexandria and Feyz Kashani
Nastaran Fahimi alireza ebrahim Zahra Hoseini hamidOrigenes of Alexandria and Feyz Kashani are two influential figures in Christian and Shiite theology, respectively, who have offered special views on the relationship between God and man. These two have a background in philosophical, theological and mystical studies and MoreOrigenes of Alexandria and Feyz Kashani are two influential figures in Christian and Shiite theology, respectively, who have offered special views on the relationship between God and man. These two have a background in philosophical, theological and mystical studies and have devoted themselves to the interpretation of the Bible and the Qur'an. This article, which is presented in a descriptive-comparative manner, examines the "emergence of divine things in man" from the perspective of the two. Origen and Grace believe that all human beings, especially Jesus Christ (the Son) and the Caliph of God, are God's creatures and that all divine attributes, except eternity and eternity, are transmitted to them. Also, other human beings can manifest many divine attributes through Christ or the Caliph of God. In this regard, loving Jesus or the Caliph of God is a means of transmitting divine attributes to man. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
337 - The Components of Surrealism in Masnavī-ye Ma’navī; A Comparative Study
Fātemeh Koolivand Gholamreza Salemian Fatemeh KolahchianSurrealism is a school that appeared in France in the twentieth century. It has the principles that most important of them are as follows: dream and imagination, automatic writing, juxtaposition, insanity and magic. Although surrealism was introduced in Europe, its feat MoreSurrealism is a school that appeared in France in the twentieth century. It has the principles that most important of them are as follows: dream and imagination, automatic writing, juxtaposition, insanity and magic. Although surrealism was introduced in Europe, its features have been seen in other cultures, especially in Iranian mysticism. It can be said that before the emergence of surrealism in Europe, Iranian Sufis have created valuable works with surrealist themes. There are deep differences between these works and western ones that indicate the originality of Iranian surrealism. Masnavī-ye Ma’navī of Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī has proposed surrealistic themes but they have remarkable differences with Western surrealist ones. The present article attempts to show these differences and similarities. The differences show the primacy and superiority of the Iranian version of surrealism. These differences include Divine grace (Karāmat), magic, the Truth, reality and Divine intoxication. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
338 - The Mystical Poems of Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati and Sohrab Sepehri: A Comparative Study
Hosain Etemādi Nāheda Fawzi Mehrdād ĀghāeeLove and mysticism have a very close relationship with each other and in Arabic and Persian literature many poets have dealt with them. The mystical poems of Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati and Sohrab Sepehri represent their mystical approaches. The study of the poetry of these MoreLove and mysticism have a very close relationship with each other and in Arabic and Persian literature many poets have dealt with them. The mystical poems of Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati and Sohrab Sepehri represent their mystical approaches. The study of the poetry of these two poets shows that both of them are influenced by Oriental and Islamic mysticism. By employing descriptive-analytical method, the present article attempts to study the common themes, such as religious modern point of view, religious pluralism, Utopia, preaching the good news, life and death, in the poems of these two poets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
339 - The Archetype of Death and Rebirth in the Works of Badi Saqour and Shafiei Kadkani: A Comparative Study
Gholāmrezā Pirouz Parināz BāgheriArchetypes are rooted in the depths of collective unconsciousness; some of them, beyond the geographical boundaries, are present in the minds of all men. The present article, by using analytical-comparative method, attempts to exmine "the archetype of death and rebirth" MoreArchetypes are rooted in the depths of collective unconsciousness; some of them, beyond the geographical boundaries, are present in the minds of all men. The present article, by using analytical-comparative method, attempts to exmine "the archetype of death and rebirth" in the poems let the Pigeon sleep by Syrian poet, Badi Saqour and in the Praise of Pigeons by M.R. Shafiei Kadkani. The issue of death and rebirth in these poems can be studied in three ways: a: The poet's focus is more on the subject of death. b: Death and rebirth occur in a balanced manner. c: More attention is paid to the subject of rebirth. The most important findings of this study are as follows: Many of the poems in these two collections are based on the balance between death and rebirth. In other his poems, Badi Saqour focuses more on death; but, Shafiei Kadkani emphasizes more on the issue of rebirth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
340 - Comparative Analysis of the Hero’s Mythical-Journey Stages with the Mystic’s Mystical-Journey Stages in English Literature
Mahmoud َAfrouz Traveling (mythological / mystical) is one of the topics covered by great writers of fiction. The present article compares the two models of travel in Iranian and world literature from mythological and mystical perspective. The Pearson-Marr archetypes refer to twe More Traveling (mythological / mystical) is one of the topics covered by great writers of fiction. The present article compares the two models of travel in Iranian and world literature from mythological and mystical perspective. The Pearson-Marr archetypes refer to twelve stages of the hero's mythological journey (innocent, orphan, warrior, protector, seeker, destroyer, lover, creator, governor, wizard, wise and clown). In Mantiq-u-Tayr, the outstanding book of Attār of Nishapur, seven stages of mystical journey (suluk) are mentioned as follows: search (talab); love (eshq); knowledge (marifat); unity (tohid); contentment (esteghnā); bewilderment (heirat); true poverty (faqr); nothingness (fanā). The purpose of the present article is to compare the Pearson-Marr archetypes with Attār's stages of mystical journey by examining John Bunyan's the Pilgrim’s Progress, a classic Christian novel with travel theme. Christian, the hero of the story, begins his journey from his hometown, the "City of Destruction" (this world), to the "Celestial City" (the Heaven). The research findings show that the main reason for the similarity between the two books (Mantiq-u-Tayr and the Pilgrim’s Progress) is their religious background. Although there is no one-to-one correspondence between the stages of the journey in the two models of Attār and Pearson-Mar, but since John Bunyan's book is about a mythological-mystical journey, the steps that his protagonist (Christian) goes through fit into both patterns. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
341 - Three Functions of Mythological Characters in Odyssey and Darab-nama: A Comparative Analysis Based on Dumézil's Theory of Comparative Mythology
elnaz mohammadzadeh mohammadmahdi esmailii Shervin KhamseThe current research aims to compare the actions of mythological characters from Homer's Odyssey and Darab-nama of Abu Tahir Tarsusi. This study is based on Georges Dumézil's theory of comparative mythology and utilizes a descriptive-analytical method. The primar MoreThe current research aims to compare the actions of mythological characters from Homer's Odyssey and Darab-nama of Abu Tahir Tarsusi. This study is based on Georges Dumézil's theory of comparative mythology and utilizes a descriptive-analytical method. The primary focus is to evaluate the extent to which these characters' actions align with Dumézil's theory of three functions. In doing so, the research considers both the similarities and differences between these mythological characters. The findings of the study suggest that the main characters of Darab-nama, namely "Darab" and "Iskander," can be classified in the same category as "Ulysses." When analyzing the actions of Darab and Ulysses, it becomes evident that both characters, as kings, exhibit characteristics associated with all three functions: sovereignty, force, and fertility. However, it is important to note that Ulysses is the son of Zeus while Darab possesses divine royal glory (farre izadi). Ulysses is characterized by his intelligence and cunning, while Darab is known for his power. Furthermore, Iskander forsakes kingship for religious conquests, whereas Ulysses faces punishment for neglecting to make sacrifices to the gods. Other characters such as "Tamrusia," "Buran-dokht," and "Penelope" also play significant roles, embodying the concept of "purity" with slight variations. In the case of Odyssey, fidelity to the marriage contract takes precedence in the narrative, while in Darab-nama, religious conquest serves as the dominant discourse. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
342 - Seir Al Ibad Ila Al Ma’ād and Divine Comedy: A Comparative Study
بهجت السادات حجازی Divine Comedy composed by Dante Alighieri (1265 –1321) is considered to be the greatest literary work in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature. On the surface the book describes Dante's journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Para More Divine Comedy composed by Dante Alighieri (1265 –1321) is considered to be the greatest literary work in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature. On the surface the book describes Dante's journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise but at a deeper level it allegorically represents the soul's journey towards God. It has been said that The Book of Arda Viraf, The Epistle of Forgiveness (Risālat al-ghufrān by Abul Ala Maarri), The Gospel and Iliad of Homer had left impression on Dante. Also, Sanā'ī Ghaznavi (died around 1131), Persian Sufi poet, in his work, “Seir Al Ibad Ila Al Ma’ad”, speaks about spiritual journey and the world of Divinity. The present article, by studying the similarities and differences between the two works, tries to discover if Seir Al Ibad Ila Al Ma’ad is the forerunner of Divine Comedy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
343 - Mithraism and Yazidism: A Comparative Study
مصطفی دماوندی سامان رحمان زادهYazidism is an ethnic religion in Kurdistan of Iraq which is influenced by other religions especially Mithraism. The main question of present article is on what parts Mithraism has left impression of Yazidism. Based on the predictive method and researches of scholars, t MoreYazidism is an ethnic religion in Kurdistan of Iraq which is influenced by other religions especially Mithraism. The main question of present article is on what parts Mithraism has left impression of Yazidism. Based on the predictive method and researches of scholars, the similarities of two religions are discussed, and yet it seems necessary to investigate more about their history and geographical distributions. Close scrutiny shows more similarities in their rites (prayer, fasting and pilgrimage), beliefs (mysticism, seven hierarchies of mystic journey, trinity of gods and the role of the Satan), myths (the birth of Mithra and Yazid-ibn-Mosafer, totems like rooster, cow, snake, dog and scorpion) and ceremonies (Mehrgan festival, the birth of Mithra, Feast of the Assembly). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
344 - “Suluk” in the Story of Sheikh Sanān and Siddhartha: A Comparative Analysis
Eshāq Toqyānī Zohreh MoshāverīThere are common grounds in the world's great literary works which have their roots in adaption or following common patterns. “Suluk” (spiritual journey) and struggle towards perfection are instances of these common grounds. There are remarkable similarity b MoreThere are common grounds in the world's great literary works which have their roots in adaption or following common patterns. “Suluk” (spiritual journey) and struggle towards perfection are instances of these common grounds. There are remarkable similarity between the story of Sheikh Sanān, composed by Farīdad-Dīn Attār (1145 –1221) in Mantiq-ut-Tayr, and Siddhartha, a novel written by Hermann Hesse, the German contemporary poet and novelist. Referring to the similarities and differences between these works, and by analyzing the actions of characters, the present article shows that the main characters in both works are trying to reach perfection through suluk, in which worldly love is one of the important parts of this spiritual journey Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
345 - The Functions of Prophecy in the Great Epics of the World (Iliad, Odyssey and Shānāmeh): A Comparative Study
sekine gholam por dehaki ali mohammad posht darCommon aspects in texts belonging to the cognate tribes may be realized. We can find some similarities and differences about prophecy between the nations, especially among the great epics of Greece and Iran namely in Iliad, Odyssey and Shānāmeh. Based on comparative ana MoreCommon aspects in texts belonging to the cognate tribes may be realized. We can find some similarities and differences about prophecy between the nations, especially among the great epics of Greece and Iran namely in Iliad, Odyssey and Shānāmeh. Based on comparative analysis and with regard to the subjects of comparative literature, the aim of present article is to study the function of prophecy in these three books. The findings of the research show that there is a close relationship among Indo-European tribes manifested in their epics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
346 - A comparative study of the legal system for investigating construction violations in Iran and Singapore
Farbod Nazari Ali DashtiField and Aims: Over the past years, in parallel with the establishment of urban planning and construction regulations, the category of supervision and control over construction activities has been raised. In 1345, under Article 100 of the Municipal Law, a commission wa MoreField and Aims: Over the past years, in parallel with the establishment of urban planning and construction regulations, the category of supervision and control over construction activities has been raised. In 1345, under Article 100 of the Municipal Law, a commission was provided to deal with construction violations. After that, in different historical periods and affected by the social and political conditions of the society, the mentioned article has been modified and added. Based on this, we study the handling of construction violations. Method: This article is written in a descriptive-analytical way. Findings and Conclusion: The number of cases presented in the aforementioned commissions in Iran and the complications in the way of proceedings and the resolution of disputes between individuals and representatives of public power, the need to formulate a new law or at least amend related laws and regulations in the field of monitoring and dealing with violations It makes a building inevitable. This issue has been accurately and widely provided with effective enforcement guarantees and the use of legal levers, including compliance with regulations, demolition, suspension of activity, financial fines and imprisonment in Singapore under the Building Control Law. In addition, the violations of legal entities and government bodies have been taken into consideration and in some cases, the establishment of regulations and the handling of complaints have been placed in the competence of a real person (the minister). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
347 - Eight Archetypal Persian in SaghiNameh of Zohouri and Sa’adatNameh Astarabadi based on Jung's theory
زینب نوروزعلی ahmad khatibi aliasqar halabiArchetypal ideas include person, situation, and symbols. The idea of personality is very common in Astarabadi's Sa’adat Nameh and Zohouri’s Saghi Nameh. However, due to the unknown nature of these two works, not enough research has been done on them and ma MoreArchetypal ideas include person, situation, and symbols. The idea of personality is very common in Astarabadi's Sa’adat Nameh and Zohouri’s Saghi Nameh. However, due to the unknown nature of these two works, not enough research has been done on them and many of their valuable angles have been hidden.Therefore, by examining this component in the above works, we intend to help interpret their verses and answer the questions that cognitive emergence and astronomy are related to the ideas of archetypes and what is the frequency of each idea in SaghiNameh and Sa’adatnameh. It seems that despite not knowing the knowledge of archeology in the modern sense, Zohouri and Astrabadi had a deep and accurate knowledge of the ideas of archaism. And they have used them in a special way by using the element of imagination in their works. Also in these two works, the ideas of religious and national figures were superior to other types and the idea of the seeker is only for the poet who has searched and finally reached mysticism.This research is presented in descriptive-analytical method As a result. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
348 - A comparative comparison of think tanks in Obama and Trump's decision-making towards Iran
Reza Haghshenas Gorgabi Hossein Ahmadi Mohammadali basiriThe think tanks of the United States have played a special role in the decision-making of American politicians. The main issue is what effect think tanks have on relations with Iran. This study examines the role of think tanks in US foreign policy decision-making toward MoreThe think tanks of the United States have played a special role in the decision-making of American politicians. The main issue is what effect think tanks have on relations with Iran. This study examines the role of think tanks in US foreign policy decision-making toward Iran during the Obama and Trump presidencies. The change in decision-making was due to the change of think tanks during the two presidents. What was the role of think tanks in the decision-making of Obama's and Trump's foreign policy apparatus towards the I.R.Iran? The think tanks with the intellectual and executive elites and the formulation of foreign policy and the design of various scenarios have focused on the decisions of the US foreign policy apparatus towards Iran during the Obama and Trump eras. Through negotiations, Obama signed JCPOA, which sought to reduce related sanctions. Trump left JCPOA. Obama agreed with JCPOA the negotiation scenario that originated from the think tanks and Trump with JCPOA with the scenario of pressure and sanctions of the think tanks. This change in scenario was due to the shift of think tanks from moderate to neoconservative and extremist. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of think tanks on the decisions of the US foreign policy apparatus and use it to adopt a counter-strategy against US policies towards Iran. using the Obama approved think tank comparison method, chose the negotiation approach and Trump chose sanctions and pressure. This research, analytical method and library tools have been used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
349 - Comparative analysis of effective identity components in the conflict between the relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America
Solaiman Almasi Ghasem Toraby abbas salehiAbstract The examination of the foreign policy of Iran and the United States shows that America, with its identity combination, is the axis of Western civilization as the moderator of the current world, and Iran, with its corresponding identity combination, has the clai MoreAbstract The examination of the foreign policy of Iran and the United States shows that America, with its identity combination, is the axis of Western civilization as the moderator of the current world, and Iran, with its corresponding identity combination, has the claim of establishing the Islamic world civilization, which requires the change of the international system of the world. For this reason, the relations between the two countries have diverged under the influence of the challenge of conflicting and mutual identity components. In such a way that one is trying to maintain and expand control over the existing international order and structure and the globalization of Western culture, and the other is trying to establish a new order and system and the globalization of divine sovereignty.In this article, the analytical-comparative method is used in the framework of constructivist theory. Thus, firstly, with library studies and the investigation of identity factors effective in decision-making and policy-making around the international relations and foreign policy of the two countries, the identity components of Iran and America in an analytical-explanatory way, statistics; And in the end, the research findings have been analyzed by comparing corresponding and contrasting components. The result is that this approach has a good capacity to understand and understand the position of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the United States due to its central meaning and according to the types of identities.Keywords: Comparative analysis, conflict, identity components, Iran, America Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
350 - A Simulation Model for Estimating Herbage Standing Crop and Grazing Capacity in Sar Ali-Abad Summer Rangelands of Golestan Province, Iran
Ali Hosseini Nafise Fakhar izadi Mansoor Mesdaghi -
Open Access Article
351 - Analysis of digital currencies from the perspective of jurisprudence and law
zahra khorsandi kouchesfahani morteza chitsazianDigital currencies are one of the topics that needs an accurate evaluation given several complicacies and ambiguities about them. The preset paper is an attempt to elaborate on digital currency to clarify ambiguities about its legal identity. In addition, the status of MoreDigital currencies are one of the topics that needs an accurate evaluation given several complicacies and ambiguities about them. The preset paper is an attempt to elaborate on digital currency to clarify ambiguities about its legal identity. In addition, the status of digital currency in Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian laws was examined. As the results showed, digital currencies are a type of money in virtual space emerged on the Internet ground so that they have a monetary nature. From jurisprudence viewpoint, they are considered as property. At the first glance, digital currencies are highly complicated and ambiguous; while in practice, they have a simple essence. The true nature of digital currencies is lost in the growing debates about their advantages and disadvantages. Given the disadvantages and ambiguities about digital currencies, they may not be confirmed by Islamic religious laws until these ambiguities are resolved. To achieve the true concept of digital currencies and give a legal and jurisprudential account of them, grounded theory and case study approaches were used in this work. The study also gives more efficient approaches to using digital currencies that can solve many of the disadvantages of digital currencies. Keywords: Digital currencies Bitcoin, money, object, property, comparative jurisprudence Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
352 - A Comparative Study and Examination of the Views of Faculty Members and Students Regarding the Doctoral Comprehensive Exam
Mohammad Ghafari MejlejPassing the comprehensive exam is one of the usual and at the same time relatively unexamined conditions in doctoral education in Iran. This article examines the comprehensive examination from the point of view of faculty members and students in the Faculty of Education MorePassing the comprehensive exam is one of the usual and at the same time relatively unexamined conditions in doctoral education in Iran. This article examines the comprehensive examination from the point of view of faculty members and students in the Faculty of Educational Sciences of Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch. The current research is an applied research in a descriptive and comparative manner, which was carried out in 2013, by examining 20 articles between 2013 and 2014. It was found that in addition to the traditional function of the test as a gateway to obtaining a doctorate degree, other goals have also been formed. Conflicting opinions have been raised about whether this test is designed to assess the mastery of material required for teaching or to assess the degree of preparation for conducting doctoral research. Using the comprehensive exam as an opportunity for learning and as a tool for identity formation, including familiarizing students with the pressures of university life, was also contrary to the traditional practice of its evaluation. Although the students were aware of the discussions related to the design and formation of the test, the objectives of the comprehensive test remained unclear to them. Additionally, faculty members did not always agree on the goals of the comprehensive exam. The difference in perspective and how it affects the implementation of the comprehensive test affects the student experience, including test preparation. In this article, the consequences related to the implementation, preparation and evaluation of the test are discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
353 - Analysis of the Structure and the Comparative Advantage of Manufactured Commodities in Iran with the Emphasis on the Shift-Share Analysis approach
S. GhavidelIn this paper to evaluate the comparative advantage of ISLC two digit code manufactured commodities in Iran, two indexes of comparative shift analysis and symmetric revealed comparative advantage in 2002 to 2006 were used. Then, using taxonomy analysis method the MoreIn this paper to evaluate the comparative advantage of ISLC two digit code manufactured commodities in Iran, two indexes of comparative shift analysis and symmetric revealed comparative advantage in 2002 to 2006 were used. Then, using taxonomy analysis method the two indexes were combined and the manufactured goods with comparative advantage were specified. The results showed that in turncoke producing industries-oil refinery (23), chemical materials and products (24), and mine and non-metal products (26) had the highest advantage and administrative machinery products (30) and medical and opticalequipments (33) had the lowest. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
354 - Predictive Toxicology and Toxicogenomics of Potassium Sorbate-Gene-Diseases Association
K. Shanmuga Priya V. Pushpa Rani A. Anitha Nancy -
Open Access Article
355 - A Comparative Study of the Novel " The Smell of Gunpowder and Scent of Orange " and " The Memories of the Body " Based on Jacques Lacan's Theory
Faezeh Arab Yussef Abadi Tayyebeh Koochek Zehi Sorayya Issa ZaeeAbstract The novels: The Smell of Gunpowder and Scent of Orange by Reza Kazemi and The Memories of Body by Ahlam Mostagnami, although incongruous in form, are fundamentally interrelated, as evinced in shares views of bot MoreAbstract The novels: The Smell of Gunpowder and Scent of Orange by Reza Kazemi and The Memories of Body by Ahlam Mostagnami, although incongruous in form, are fundamentally interrelated, as evinced in shares views of both authors in mixing love and saga. The aim of this research is to draw a comparison between these two works in an attempt to portray the unity of contemporary human demands and the consistency of life issues in the present era. To this purpose, a descriptive analytical method along with library method have been adopted. The objective of the present research is to explore the main characters of these two novels from a psychoanalytical perspective based on American school of comparative literature and Jacqueline Lacan's three psychoanalytic orders. The results suggest that the process of emotional development of the main character in both works follows three stages. The imaginary stage starts in the pre-war era, which is manifested in the form of love for mother and maternal archetype of the motherland that are interwoven. Following the war and martyrdom of the loved ones, they are brought into symbolic stage. In adulthood, these issues arouse a feeling of loss and endless desire, which is partially healed by displaying love to a woman. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
356 - Comparative Studying and Analyzing of Sadegh Hedayat's Dash Akol with Maxim Gorki's Chelkash
Sakineh Gholampour Dahaki Ehteram RezaeiAbstract " Dash Akol " one of the most significant stories of Sadegh Hedayat, is of the distinguished samples of Iranian contemporary literature. This research, by reading the stories of Dash Akol and the Chelkash deals with t MoreAbstract " Dash Akol " one of the most significant stories of Sadegh Hedayat, is of the distinguished samples of Iranian contemporary literature. This research, by reading the stories of Dash Akol and the Chelkash deals with the surveying of their similarities and dissimilarities in the field of characterization and structure and the similarity of the two thought frequencies ( benevolence, devil and generosity ) in an analytical and descriptive way. Generally, the similarities of the two stories can be attributed to the human spirit and the historical constraints and the accidence and repeatedly entrance; its dissimilarity lies in the difference in culture and social aspects. In fact, these two writers are resultant of their own period in which they have manifested themselves. The results of this research indicates that Gorki is one of the writers whose effects have penetrated deeply in Persian stories and has influenced the Iranian writers, whether directly or indirectly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
357 - Studying the Origin and Roots of Some Farsi and Arabic Proverbs
Ya'ghoob MoghdimiAbstract A proverb is a kind of terse and well-known expression which has a cautionary story or event in itself. To understand the historical culture and manners of a nation, the proverbs are of basic matters which have seriou MoreAbstract A proverb is a kind of terse and well-known expression which has a cautionary story or event in itself. To understand the historical culture and manners of a nation, the proverbs are of basic matters which have serious values. Most of the proverbs, in addition to have real illustration of people's life, are the indications of mutual impact in the different ethnic cultures. Meanwhile, the effect of the Arabic and Persian cultures on each other, because of their contiguity, commercial relations, acceptance of Islam by Iranians, Arabs' dominance on great parts of Iran, is undeniable. We have selected some fairly important Arabic and Persian proverbs in this research and studied their themes, origin and their similarities and dissimilarities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
358 - Comparative Study of the Components of Magical Realism in the Novels of The Tooba and the Meaning of Night and The Garden of a Thousand Twist Pathways
Behruz Azhari Hamid Reza farzi Ali DehqanAbstract The foundation of " Magical Realism " is built on reality, but the writer of such literary genre, includes so much ultra realistic phenomena in the real texture of the story which it becomes easily believable to the r MoreAbstract The foundation of " Magical Realism " is built on reality, but the writer of such literary genre, includes so much ultra realistic phenomena in the real texture of the story which it becomes easily believable to the reader. We have studied the important elements of magical realism in The Tooba and the meaning of the night from Shahrnoosh Parsipour and a collection of short stories of The Garden of a thousand twists from Jorges Luis Borged. In by analytical and comparative method. The results of the story show that among the components studied, overstatement and exaggeration and alliance and dualism have allocated the most part of share to themselves. And also, by comparing the two articles one finds that quietness and silence have been used more in The Tooba and the Meaning of the Night than The Garden of a Thousand Twist Pathways. At the same time, the texture of dualism and reconciliation and also sarcasm and allusion are more colorful in the garden of pathways from the Parsipour novel; and it seems that the lack of the essence of sarcasm in some parts of it has endangered the believability of the events. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
359 - Intertextual Comparative study in Sa'di and Shahriar's Odes, Based on ethical points
Hedayat Naghavi Mahdi Mahoozi Shahin Ojagh AlizadehAbstract Human being has had inherently a bias toward the ethical values from birth till the end of his life; and his personality has been evaluated with those virtues and devil concepts and whoever attains the higher privileg MoreAbstract Human being has had inherently a bias toward the ethical values from birth till the end of his life; and his personality has been evaluated with those virtues and devil concepts and whoever attains the higher privilege in this evaluation, will have lofty stance in the memory of people and near his God. That's why, the prophets, in the long history of the humanity, by inviting them to worship the almighty, relying on the genuine ethical values, have guided people to the development and fulfillment of better life. Intertextual study in poets works is of the most attractive topics of literary criticism. The present essay is a research in which the influence of the virtues and wickedness of Sa'di's odes on Shahriar is studied comparatively and the cases of adaptation and inspiration of Sa'di's lyrics in Shahriar poetry is shown. The similarity of ethical thoughts is the theme of this article which have been shown by concrete examples; Shahriar's verses from the view point of affectability from Sa'di' lyrics through comparative approach deserves studying. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
360 - Political and Cultural Aspects of International Scientific Collaboration in National Science and Technology Plans of Selected Countries
seyed abdolhamid mirhosaini hosain mohamadi dostdarPolitical and cultural aspects of international science and technology collaboration may be understood through exploring the concept of ‘science diplomacy’. Regardless of the mainstream conceptions of this term, it can be viewed from the perspective of domin MorePolitical and cultural aspects of international science and technology collaboration may be understood through exploring the concept of ‘science diplomacy’. Regardless of the mainstream conceptions of this term, it can be viewed from the perspective of dominance and resistance. From such a perspective, science diplomacy refers to attempts at exploiting scientific involvements to influence countries which deny other types of influence, on the one hand, and awareness of such attempts and resistance against them, on the other. The present study investigates aspects of such a conception of science diplomacy in national science and technology policy documents of different countries. The bulk of data in this research comprises the full text of macro science and technology plans of 34 countries in five continents. The qualitative content analysis of these documents reveals seven major themes: vague and wordy goal setting; over-focusing on science and technology import; purposeful priority setting in selecting collaborators; consideration of legal and organizational structures; cultural and political aims beyond mere science; inviting fellow national experts residing abroad; leadership in international science and technology trends; and independent priority setting in determining focal scientific areas. Awareness and consideration of these issues can bear significant messages for science and technology decision makers and administrators and may provide insights on the strengths and weaknesses of current national policies in this regard, especially in the context of growing international interactions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
361 - Comparing Different Methodologies Used To Ensure the Security of RFID Credit Card: A Comparative Analysis
Rohit Sharma Anuj Kumar Agarwal P.K Singh -
Open Access Article
362 - Evaluation of Comparativ Advantage in the Wood Products Industry in Iran
Afsaneh Shayesteh Homayoon Ranjbar -
Open Access Article
363 - Comparative Analysis of the Foreign Policy of Iran and Turkey
reza rahmdel Ahmad JahansizAssessment of impact on the foreign relations is one of the critical issues for policy makers. The government's ability to understand the needs of the structure of international system depending. Understanding the foreign policy of Iran and Turkey leading an opportunity MoreAssessment of impact on the foreign relations is one of the critical issues for policy makers. The government's ability to understand the needs of the structure of international system depending. Understanding the foreign policy of Iran and Turkey leading an opportunity for understanding the challenges and complexities of international crises and how to confront with it. Comparative Comparison of foreign relations will be possible to predict many international affairs. Research question would be, shaping the foreign policy of Iran and Turkey in international crises and challenges how will shape? Such the hypothetical answer will be different actions of the governments of Iran and Turkey to the international crisis caused by the Construction of the complex (domestic and foreign) policy combined with the Behavioral complexity of policy makers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
364 - A Comparative Study of Islam and Divid Vikart’s View on Early Childhood Education
محمدحسین Heydari Sh Hosseini زهره SaadatmandAbstractIncreasing number of applicants for early childhood education, the need for working parents and the need of society, and solving existing problems in childhood education demonstrate the necessity of providing quality and rich programs in this course. For this re MoreAbstractIncreasing number of applicants for early childhood education, the need for working parents and the need of society, and solving existing problems in childhood education demonstrate the necessity of providing quality and rich programs in this course. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to compare the teachings of Islam and Divid Vikart in the field of early childhood education. This qualitative research utilized a transcendental analytic method. In the findings section, first, through coding, the content of ViKart’s works were analyzed, through which concepts such as education and learning based on growth, active learning, applying the problem solving method, all-round growth, observational measurement, and having a relationship between home and school were identified. About the education of preschool children, in Islamic teachings too, some concepts, such as Islamic-based education, the development of thinking skills, interaction of the home, society and preschool centers, alternative measurements (real), child-centered, the development of national children's identities, attention to differences, the decentralized curriculum and all-round education were identified and introduced. Through reviewing the Codified concepts, the similarities and differences between the views of Islam and Vikart were appeared in the field of early childhood education. As a result, according to the findings, it is expected that, in line with the effectiveness of early childhood education programs and the growth and development of children, from the findings of this research can be used in order to insight into the goals, content, principles, methods and the manner of evaluation of early childhood education. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
365 - Comparative study of praise of the Prophet Mohammad in the works of Attar and Bousiri
Abdul hamid AhmadiPraise of prophets is one of the poetic themes whose main focus is the character of the prophet Mohammad (S). In this poetic genre, the poet describes the different dimensions of the prophet’s character and worships him because of his appearance, moral characteris MorePraise of prophets is one of the poetic themes whose main focus is the character of the prophet Mohammad (S). In this poetic genre, the poet describes the different dimensions of the prophet’s character and worships him because of his appearance, moral characteristics and speaks of his miracles and all that is in connection with his mission. This poetry has arisen from a heart which is absolutely pure and sincere and is based on a passion kindled and inspired by the belief in the prophet’s mission and love towards his humane and godlike virtues. Due to the special place this genre of poetry has in the Persian and Arabic literature the present research has attempted to make a comparative study of praise of prophets in Attar’s and Bousiri’s works in order to reflect the different aspects of this poetic genre in the outstanding works of these two great poets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
366 - Content Analysis and Criticism of Makhzan al-asrar
Khorshid NourouziMakhzan al-asrar is the first of the fifth treasures of Nezami Ganjavi whose enormous semantic ambiguities and sophistications challenged many scholars to comment and interpret its verses. In this article attempt is made to criticize and analyze the contents of co MoreMakhzan al-asrar is the first of the fifth treasures of Nezami Ganjavi whose enormous semantic ambiguities and sophistications challenged many scholars to comment and interpret its verses. In this article attempt is made to criticize and analyze the contents of commentaries written on this masterpiece. In addition to familiarizing the reader with the complex verses of this Masnavi, compiling and evaluating different shades of meanings explained by the commentators, correcting the errors made in the paraphrasing of some verses, selecting the most correct meaning of verses, and also recognizing the source of discord between commentators’ point of views reflected in their commentaries on Makhzan al-asrar are purposes of this article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
367 - Fables and tales in European Literature (Victorian Age- 19th Century)
Fereshteh NaseriIn this article attempt is made to point out briefly the following subjects: The impact of Old Persian Literary works such as Thousand and one nights on European Literature Formation and development of a bond between the west and the East, as well as discussing the inf MoreIn this article attempt is made to point out briefly the following subjects: The impact of Old Persian Literary works such as Thousand and one nights on European Literature Formation and development of a bond between the west and the East, as well as discussing the influential factors involved Interchange of cultures, Occidental Literature meets Oriental Literature Introducing great literary figures of the Victorian Age and their works inspired by the Oriental Literature. Manuscript profile
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