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Open Access Article
1 - Investigating and evaluating sustainable financing strategies for municipalities Case of study: Marvdasht Municipality
Mohammadamin Gerami Ali shamsoddiniThe current research was conducted with the aim of investigating and evaluating the strategies for providing sustainable financial resources in Marvdasht Municipality. In this research, along with evaluating and analyzing the revenue sources of Morvdasht municipality in MoreThe current research was conducted with the aim of investigating and evaluating the strategies for providing sustainable financial resources in Marvdasht Municipality. In this research, along with evaluating and analyzing the revenue sources of Morvdasht municipality in a five-year period (2018-2022), introducing sustainable financial resources and evaluating the potential strategies of providing these financial resources in this municipality. The research method in this study is descriptive-survey, cross-sectional and applied. The research data were analyzed using SPSS software and in two formats, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (including: T-TEST of two independent groups, SWOT analytical model and Student's t-test). The research findings from the comparison of the average of two independent communities (administrators and researchers) on the issue of stable and unstable incomes of Marovdasht Municipality indicate a lack of mutual understanding between the two groups regarding the previous activities of the urban management system. In addition, the results of this research showed that the income from public tolls and the income from municipal funds and properties are among the stable sources of income, and donations, gifts, and assets are among the most unstable municipal incomes. Also, by evaluating the score of internal strategic factors in the form of strengths and weaknesses and evaluating the score of external strategic factors in the form of opportunities and threats, it was determined that this score is placed in the conservative strategy section. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Economic assessment and Policies on controlling air pollution due to Transportation: Case study of Tehran
J. Pejoyan A. moghiminiaThe air pollution which is at present on of the most important problems in the city of Tehran, as anexternality, imposes costs and expenses on the economy of the country. These costs which are sometimesunaccountable while add to the environmental issues in the long &nda MoreThe air pollution which is at present on of the most important problems in the city of Tehran, as anexternality, imposes costs and expenses on the economy of the country. These costs which are sometimesunaccountable while add to the environmental issues in the long – run and aggravate the circumstances inaccessing to sustainable development. So, by controlling and reducing the air pollution the necessarygrounds for creating appropriate and suitable conditions for growth and development should be prepared.Controlling the air pollution can be assessed in two directions (pivotal stages).First, posing rules and controls by the policymakers and second, setting environmental taxes. Using theestimations by the model which analysis the air pollution resulted from transportation in Tehran, weconclude that the distance demand is a less elastic factor (good) which is due to the low price of gas inTehran. The findings of the estimations after setting (posing) environmental taxes (taxes on the price of gasand distance plus taxes on vehicles) also, indicate that considering the less elasticity of the driven distancedemand, setting these types of taxes is merely useful for the income purposes of the government, while,pigovian purposes, that is, reducing the air pollution through reducing demand by consumers Will not besatisfactory via posing these types of taxes Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Estimating the tax base in the value added tax system (case Iran 1995-1999)
A. A. Peirow N. SamadpoorExpansion of government commitments in economic and social realms and efforts aimed at achieringobjectives such as economic growth, price stability, rise in employment and equitable income distributionhave faced the expenditures of governments with an asceding trend. Fu MoreExpansion of government commitments in economic and social realms and efforts aimed at achieringobjectives such as economic growth, price stability, rise in employment and equitable income distributionhave faced the expenditures of governments with an asceding trend. Funding such expenditures requiressources of revenue. Among government revenues, the tax revenue plays a major role.The value added tax system, as one of the methods for tax calcution and taxcollection, can transparentlycalcutate the tax base and facilitable tax collection, and also in many cases it can lead to increased taxrevenues.In the present research , using the inpout –output table, the tax base has been estimated for the period1995-1999 by the use of this method. The reslts obtained from estimation of the base of the value added taxwith regard to the tax code , indicate that during the second develoment plan, on average about 54 percent ofgross domestic product (GDP) has been annually envisaged as the tas base. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - The Investigation of Cash Flow Volatility on Systematic Risk in Accepted Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange
Younes Badavar-Nahandi Hossein Bevrani Hamzeh AbravanEvaluation of utility of a platform investment in uncertain status is based on its risk andreturn values. In other words, awareness from risk of companies, especially the systematic riskcan play an important role in decision-making. The main purpose of this research is MoreEvaluation of utility of a platform investment in uncertain status is based on its risk andreturn values. In other words, awareness from risk of companies, especially the systematic riskcan play an important role in decision-making. The main purpose of this research is study ofeffects of volatility in cash flows on systematic risk. In this study the effect of volatility in cashflows related to each of the sections of Cash Flow Statements (accounting standards of Iran) onsystematic risk of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange has been studied. The aim ofthis research is Applied Research and research method is causal or post facto method. In thisstudy, financial information of 73 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period2004 to 2008 were investigated. In order to test the hypotheses, statistical techniques ofcorrelation and regression analysis and test of significance for the Pearson model, T and F hasbeen used.The results show that volatility in cash flows from operating activities, volatility incash flows related to income tax, volatility in cash flows from investment activities andvolatility in cash flows from financing activities have positive effect on systematic risk, whilevolatility in cash flows related to investments returns and interest and dividend paid forfinancing activities has no impact on systematic risk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - An Assessmentof Human Development Index in Rural Region of Kohkilooye & Boyerahmad Province
Yaghoub Zeraatkish Mansor karimi Maryam MorvaridiThis study estimates the human development index in rural areas of Kuhgilooyeh and Boyerahmad province. In this study, the research method is descriptive-analytic. It has used of the statistics and data taken from statistic directories, sanitary and training centers, te MoreThis study estimates the human development index in rural areas of Kuhgilooyeh and Boyerahmad province. In this study, the research method is descriptive-analytic. It has used of the statistics and data taken from statistic directories, sanitary and training centers, teaching and training organization, other offices and related organizations. The results show that the conditions of human development in rural areas of this province have improved in comparison to last years, and this amount has increased from 0.446 in 1375 to 0.703 in 1390. It means that it has improved from a low human development to a middle one. It also shows that income index has not been able to play an important role in the improvement of the human development index in rural areas of this province. However, it is necessary to pay attention to policies and procedures so asto increase family per capita income. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - فروش "محتوای آموزشی" جدیدترین شیوه درآمد زایی در اقتصاد رسانه ای
مریم طاهریان عارف واحد ناوان سید محمد قره باغ -
Open Access Article
7 - Role of Urban Sustainable Development Revenues in Spatial-Physical Planning
Alireza Andalib Seyed Mohammad Ali Sabet Ghadam One of the important items in gaining to urban constant development is constant incomes. This matter has an effective and impressionable role in spatial-physical planning of the cities. On the other hand, in adoption of the policies of urban development, consider More One of the important items in gaining to urban constant development is constant incomes. This matter has an effective and impressionable role in spatial-physical planning of the cities. On the other hand, in adoption of the policies of urban development, considering to the private public benefits is so important. With consideration to necessity in being of urban planning and with the objective of introduction to mutual relationships among the effective indexes, this Article studies on the objective of the article in the frame of theories of local governments, urban spaces, social inequality, spatial separation-selecting and some discussions consisting of financial federalism and axes of operation on containing theory. Concerning to this matter, system for providing the financial resources of the city is fulfilled through establishment of constant incomes and consideration to the local-crucial observing on the base of partnership planning in appearance of directors, architectural and urban specialists, residents, citizens and investors, financial institutions and banks in the frame of local governments (urban united management). This subject is an important fact in direction of improvement of urban discordant development for sectional equilibrium on the base of the considered indexes of spatial-physical planning in the frame of plans of urban development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - A Method for Designing Optimal Systems for the Centralized Structures in DEA
Sh .RazavyanThis study designs optimal systems for the centralized structures in data envelopmentanalysis (DEA). It assumes that a collection of decision making units (DMUs) with a masterdecision maker and a certain budget for them is available and introduces an optimal systemfor e MoreThis study designs optimal systems for the centralized structures in data envelopmentanalysis (DEA). It assumes that a collection of decision making units (DMUs) with a masterdecision maker and a certain budget for them is available and introduces an optimal systemfor each DMU by maximizing their total revenue. A nmerical example is used to illustrate theproposed model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - The Calculation of the output price vectorby applying reverse linear programming: The novel approach in DEA
S. Sadri M. Rostamy-MalkhalifehIn the today’s world wherein every routine is based on economic factors, there is no doubt that theoretical sciences are driven by their capabilities and affordances in terms of economy. As a mathematical tool, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is provided to econom MoreIn the today’s world wherein every routine is based on economic factors, there is no doubt that theoretical sciences are driven by their capabilities and affordances in terms of economy. As a mathematical tool, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is provided to economics, so that one can investigate associated costs, prices and revenues of economic units. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a linear programming technique used for measuring the relative efficiency of decision making units based on input and output data. One of the applications of this technique is calculation of revenue efficiency. Methods of revenue efficiency calculation in DEA are generally presented for obtaining maximum revenue from output selling, these methods are not sufficiently efficient for evaluation of all system including network systems due to ignoring the internal structure of units and their middle products. Therefore, in this article, in addition to introduction of inverse linear programming in DEA and its application in calculating revenue efficiency, a new method is presented which considers the network structure of units, the ability to determine the optimal price and appropriate costs for efficiency of the unit. The proposed numerical examples demonstrated the superiority of the proposed methods over the traditional data envelopment analyses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
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A. Saee F. Payam -
Open Access Article
11 - Income financing model in Tehran municipality
parvin bahraei رحمت اله محمدی پور فاطمه احمدی سعید صادق خانیThe main purpose of this article is to present the revenue financing model in Tehran municipality.A combined method with the priority of the qualitative stage over the quantitative has been used. In the qualitative approach, in order to meet the objectives of the resear MoreThe main purpose of this article is to present the revenue financing model in Tehran municipality.A combined method with the priority of the qualitative stage over the quantitative has been used. In the qualitative approach, in order to meet the objectives of the research, interviews were conducted with 15 experts on the subject and by correcting the indicators identified from the qualitative content analysis of the interviews, the Delphi method was used. The data was determined using SPSS 22 and Lisrel 8.5 software and the confirmatory factor analysis technique for the analysis and weight of the variables.The findings show that seven dimensions of justice, transparency, local independence, thrift, income adequacy, sustainability and practicality, non-shifting of the tax base were extracted for the revenue financing model. The indicators of these dimensions include charges on official documents, charges on added value, charges on buildings and lands, charges on communications and transportation, charges on professional business licenses, charges on parking, charges on centralized collection, charges on property. Real estates are income from municipal services. Experts have a positive consensus about the proposed dimensions of this research.The results of this research can help the municipality of Tehran metropolis in advancing the goals of financing and making use of existing financial resources, which is one of the most important concerns of that organization, and this synergy and participation leads to the satisfaction of citizens. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Evaluation of factors affecting price earnings ratio of listed companies in Tehran Stock
سیدعلیقلی روشن ابوالفضل آرین سید حسن حسینی کامبیز نوابی زند علی دریکندهPrice to earnings ratio is widely used by investors and for investors has a majorrole in investment decisions. Hence having a scientific understanding of the price toearnings ratio and ability to identify factors affecting has great importance. Based onprevious empirica MorePrice to earnings ratio is widely used by investors and for investors has a majorrole in investment decisions. Hence having a scientific understanding of the price toearnings ratio and ability to identify factors affecting has great importance. Based onprevious empirical studies and findings about factors affecting price earnings ratio andalso according to the Gordon basic model, the major factors is selected. Independentvariable of research includes the growth rate of dividends, the coefficient of dividendspayments and systematic risk (beta). The sample includes 41 companies from thecompanies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange between 84 to 88 years. This study usespanel data and multiple regression analysis and Tested the hypothesis by E-viewssoftware. The results showed that the growth rate of dividends and the coefficient ofdividends payments have a positive impact on P/E ratio and beta with negative impacton the P/E ratio. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Assay the Effect of revenue Diversification on performance in Accepted Banks in Tehran Stock Exchange
seyed kazem Ebrahimi Mehri Shahriyari Soheyla Mehman-navazanTo create diversified revenue strategies for the purpose of value and performance improvement has become vital due to the globalization of the banking industry.This article investigates the effect of revenue Diversification on Performance in Accepted Banks in Tehran Sto MoreTo create diversified revenue strategies for the purpose of value and performance improvement has become vital due to the globalization of the banking industry.This article investigates the effect of revenue Diversification on Performance in Accepted Banks in Tehran Stock Exchange from 1388 until the end of 1392. The population of the study are the accepted banks in Tehran Stock Exchange.Variables needed to use the software Excel calculated and then through multiple regressions, using Eviews software and Fisher F test research hypotheses were testedWith this study, it was found that revenue Diversification and ROA have a positive impact and cost- to- income have a negative impact on bank performance. The results show that equity and bank size have no effect on the Bank's Performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - The role of banking crisis in the effect of income diversity on profitability of banking industry in Iran
Nesa Kamalian Farshid pourshahabi azim nazariIn the last three decades, the Iranian economy has faced many vicissitudes in macroeconomic areas such as the banking industry. Analysis of the dominant condition of Iran’s banking system indicates that although it has not practically resulted in an explicit crisi MoreIn the last three decades, the Iranian economy has faced many vicissitudes in macroeconomic areas such as the banking industry. Analysis of the dominant condition of Iran’s banking system indicates that although it has not practically resulted in an explicit crisis due to the state-owned banks and the central bank's financial support, the Iranian economy has experienced a banking crisis. The main objective of the current study is to examine the role of banking crisis in the effect of Income diversity on Profitability of banking industry using panel econometric method) EGLS .(For this purpose, 8 accepted banks in the Tehran Stock Exchange were evaluated as a research statistical population during 2005-2015. The results show that an increase in the share of Non-interest income in the time of banking crisis has a significant negative effect on return on equity. However, there is a significant positive relationship between the ratio of lending facilities to bank assets and return on equity during times of banking crisis. This means that in times of banking crisis, generating interest income is more efficient for the banks than diversifying their activities and investments. The results also suggest that variables of capital adequacy and efficiency in times of banking crisis have significant positive effect on return on equity, but on the other hand, the degree of bank concentration (Lerner) in times of banking crisis has significant negative effect on return on equity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - نقش درآمدهای نفتی و اعتبارات بانکی با تأکید بر حاکمیت سیاستهای پولی در بخش تولید ایران با رهیافت یک مدل DSGE
جواد خلیل زاده سحر بشیری حسن حیدری -
Open Access Article
16 - بررسی تاثیر سرمایهگذاری و تولید سرانه استانی بر نابرابری درآمدی درون استانهای ایران
الناز امیدوار فرهاد غفاری عباس معمارنژاد تیمور محمدی -
Open Access Article
17 - اشتغال و تحلیل اثرپذیری آن از بهبود فضای کسبوکار با تاکید بر طبقه درآمدی و برخورداری از منابع سوختی
مهرداد زارع نژاد شهریار زروکی محمدباقر گرجی -
Open Access Article
18 - بررسی تاثیر همزمان سیاستهای پولی و مالی بر نابرابری درآمد در ایران
مهدی جعفری سید جواد عمادی اسماعیل رمضانپور -
Open Access Article
19 - تاثیر عوامل درآمدی و غیردرآمدی بر ارتقای شادی در کشورهای EU
همایون رنجبر مرتضی سامتی فرزانه صرافان -
Open Access Article
20 - امکان جایگزینی درآمدهای مالیاتی با درآمدهای نفتی (مطالعه موردی ایران)
همایون رنجبر مجید صامتی مهسا مالیان -
Open Access Article
21 - Currency Devaluation and Demands for Imports: Case of Iran (1959‐2008)
یداله رجایی شهلا احمدیIn this study, we investigate the long‐run relationship between demand forimports and the relevant determining factors. We use the method of leastSquares Engel Granger (1987) and Maximum Likelihood Johansen (1988) aswell as Joe Hansen and Joe Sylyvs (1990) to estimate t MoreIn this study, we investigate the long‐run relationship between demand forimports and the relevant determining factors. We use the method of leastSquares Engel Granger (1987) and Maximum Likelihood Johansen (1988) aswell as Joe Hansen and Joe Sylyvs (1990) to estimate the Long‐Run ImportDemand Function.To have a better assessment of the effectiveness of trade policies; a logicalunderstanding of demand for imports is of particular importance. Our studyshows that the oil revenue, real income, and GDP evaluated at domesticprices, are positively related to demand for imports. On the other hand, therises of price of imported goods relative to the price of domestically producedgoods and currency devaluation have a negative effect on demands forimports of intermediate goods as well as consumption and capital goods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - تاثیر کیفیت مقررات بردرآمدهای مالیاتی: رویکرد داده های پانل
پروانه سلاطین سمانه محمدی ساناز پریویش -
Open Access Article
23 - The Effects of Corruption Perception Index on Tax Revenues In Iran
M. Mohammadi A.H. Ghafarinejad S. AhmadiThe main purpose of this study is to explore how corruption in public sectors affects collection of tax between in Iran. We have used GMM models to find the impact of Corruption Perception Index on tax revenues collected from 1980 to 2010. The results show that lower c MoreThe main purpose of this study is to explore how corruption in public sectors affects collection of tax between in Iran. We have used GMM models to find the impact of Corruption Perception Index on tax revenues collected from 1980 to 2010. The results show that lower corruption perception indices i.e. high level of corruption has reduced every type of tax revenues except consumption and sales taxes. We have also found that GDP per capita and the degree of economic openness are positively related to the amount of tax collected. Another finding of our study is that inflation and value added of agricultural sector are negatively related to all tax revenues. -SA style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Nazanin'>این مقاله با استفاده از شش مدل، به بررسی شاخص درک فساد بر درآمدهای مالیاتی و اجزا آن می­پردازد. این مدلها با استفاده از تکنیک GMM داده­های سری زمانی برای 31 سال برآورد شده است. نتایج نشان می­دهد که شاخص­های درک فساد بر انواع مالیات­ها به جز مالیات بر مصرف و فروش دارای تأثیری منفی بوده و متغیّرهای درجه باز بودن اقتصاد و درآمد سرانه نیز تأثیر مثبت و معنی­داری بر انواع درآمدهای مالیاتی دارند. همچنین ارزش افزوه بخش کشاورزی و تورم دارای تأثیر منفی و معنی­دار بر تمامی مالیات­ها میباشند. از این رو مهم ترین توصیه سیاستی این مطالعه آن است که اگردولت به منظور بالابردن سطح رفاه در پی افزایش درآمدهای مالیاتی است، بایستی با بهرهگیری از سیاست­های مناسب و با پیاده سازی اصلاحات از میزان فساد مالی و اداری بکاهد و این امر مستلزم افزایش درآمد از پایه­های مالیاتی است که کمتر در معرض فساد هستند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - بررسی رابطه بین نابرابری درآمد و دسترسی به مسکن در مناطق شهری ایران
یونس گلی درخشان حیدری -
Open Access Article
25 - اثرات کوتاهمدت و بلندمدت درآمدهای نفتی بر فقر اقتصادی مناطق شهری در ایران
مجتبی ملکی -
Open Access Article
26 - A Survey of Income Inequalities in Urban and Rural Areas using Beta Lorenz Curve technique
کامبیز هژبر کیانی علیرضا مرادیThe Study of Income Distribution and its Inequality still poses some theoretical and practical challenges to economists. Research Institutes, International publishing organizations and scientific research Papers produced so far, altogether do acknowledge the very import MoreThe Study of Income Distribution and its Inequality still poses some theoretical and practical challenges to economists. Research Institutes, International publishing organizations and scientific research Papers produced so far, altogether do acknowledge the very importance of conducting a genuine study on this topic with a view to casting light on untapped dimension of income distribution and related issues. The political and economic repercussion of income distribution and inequality has given this topic an overwhelming importance in the development of new frontiers in economics in general and political economics in particular. In this study attempts were made to use household budget data published by Iran Statistical Center along with Beta Lorenz curve technique introduced by Teekens (1987). The result has been the extraction of Beta Lorenz curve and Gini Coefficient both for rural and urban areas specified in this paper, over the period of 1378-86[1](Iranian calendar) by Iranian colander system). To focus on income Inequality for certain period of time, the entire period was divided into two sub-period viz. (1376-80) and (1381-86). To compare income inequality, using Bootstrap technique, a pseudo statistical population was constructed. The final results reveal that income distribution measure has improved in the second period (1381-86), both in urban and rural areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - واکاوی اثر درآمدهای ناشی از تولید انرژی بر شاخص توسعه انسانی در ایران
علی سلمانپور زنوز سیامک شکوهی فرد محرم ابوالحسن زاده اصل -
Open Access Article
28 - برآورد اثر بازگشتی مستقیم بهبود کارایی مصرف گاز در بخش خانگی ایران
مریم عباسی عباس امبنی فرد -
Open Access Article
29 - بررسی اثر درآمد نفتی بر درآمد مالیاتی کشورهای صادرکننده نفت
فاطمه نظری -
Open Access Article
30 - Emigration; Inequality in Incomes or Raising the Quality of Life
مریم شفیعی کاخکیIn this study through the application of econometric methods, the aim is to investigate the motives of emigration in two cases: economic and non-economic motives. Accordingly, first two non-economic indicators are presented for the quality of life with focus on the lite MoreIn this study through the application of econometric methods, the aim is to investigate the motives of emigration in two cases: economic and non-economic motives. Accordingly, first two non-economic indicators are presented for the quality of life with focus on the literature of the subject for all provinces are introduced in the country in the year 1385 and then using the analytical approach to describe the main factors and calculating the disturbance factors, an econometric model is estimated and finally the ranking of provinces on the basis of two indexes of the quality of life is offered. Then using the gravitational model approach, we have investigated who the variables of income ratio of the destination province over the original province, the income inequality ratio in the destination province over the original province, the destination between the two province, the neighborhood of them, the population of the original province and the destination province, the ratio of non-economic quality of life index in the original province over the destination province and the ratio of geographic non-economic quality of life index in the original province over the destination province have affected emigration. This study has been done by using cross-section approach and econometric software-Eviews. The econometric model has been estimated for 870 observations through the weighted least squares method and its results show that income motives have a significant positive effect and non-economic indexes as non-economic motives have a negative effect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Investigating the relationship between Traffic safety and economic growth in Iran
نادر مهرگان علی اکبر قلیزاده فریبرز محمدیRoad accidents and casualties resulting from the current one of thechallenges communities, which have large economic costs on the economy hasforced countries. Comparison of aspects of development of countries, mostvictims of this crisis in developing countries make up. MoreRoad accidents and casualties resulting from the current one of thechallenges communities, which have large economic costs on the economy hasforced countries. Comparison of aspects of development of countries, mostvictims of this crisis in developing countries make up. Unfortunately, Iran isamong the countries where the rate of accidents caused by inattention tosafety principles and other related factors has always ascending; so thatcurrent statistics show the severity of this issue in Iran.This study, aim to evaluate the relationship between road accidents andeconomic indicators in the form of the Environmental Kuznets hypothesis(EKC). Based on the hypothesis, the road mortality rate increases in the earlystages of economic growth and ultimately decreases because of technicalprogress, increasing in capital investment and improve care medical. Theresults show that the relationship between road accidents and per capitaincome is inverted U shape, and actually the Kuznets hypothesis hasconfirmed by Iranian data. The results also indicated that the capitalinvestment in the roads, making safe cars and education have an importantrole in reducing road accidents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Foreign Trade and Income Distribution: the case of Iran 1977-2007
محمد بابازاده صالح قویدل حسن عموزاد خلیلیThis research examines the factors affecting income distribution with emphasis on foreign trade. We investigate the significance of international trade on distribution of income in Iran from 1977to 2007. We begin our study with explanation of the theoretical relationshi MoreThis research examines the factors affecting income distribution with emphasis on foreign trade. We investigate the significance of international trade on distribution of income in Iran from 1977to 2007. We begin our study with explanation of the theoretical relationship between foreign trade and income distribution and demonstrate that the economic structure of the country is an important factor in the explanation of the connection between trade and income distribution. Using empirical evidence from Iran, the examination of the link between foreign trade and income distribution, shows that international trade will reduce the income inequality in Iran but the impact is not noteworthy. We also discover that while the non-oil exports have no significant effect on income distribution the export of crude oil increases the income inequality in Iran even though the increase in imports financed by petrodollars has let to an improvement of the index for income distribution. Furthermore, this study indicates an overall increase in GDP per-capita and its distribution is such that the share of upper income groups has increased relative to those in lower income brackets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - بررسی علل کسورات سازمان های بیمه گر از اسناد حق العلاج بیماران در یکی بیمارستانهای ایران
حسن باقری محمد امیری -
Open Access Article
34 - The Impact of Socio-Economic Factors on Life Expectancy in Iran
Ahmad Sarlak Adibe SavariIntroduction: Long life represent the well-being or better living standard of nation,as life expenctancy has direct link with social walfer, human health and economic development. The goal of study is to know the Impact of Socio factors (education, population growth) an MoreIntroduction: Long life represent the well-being or better living standard of nation,as life expenctancy has direct link with social walfer, human health and economic development. The goal of study is to know the Impact of Socio factors (education, population growth) and Economic Factors (per capita gdp, food production) on Life Expectancy in Iran. Methods: The present study is causative and is kind of times series data within 1350-1392 with using Autoregressive distributed lag model and Micro fit 4.1 software and its data extracted from World Bank, Central Bank and Iran Statistics Central. Results: food production, school enrollment has positive and significant relationship with life expectancy in Iran. On the other hand inflation and population growth and CO2 emissions has negative and significant relationship with life expectancy in Iran. The results show In short long and long run GDP growth has positive and significant relationship with life expectancy Conclusion: The findings suggest that government of Iran should seriously check these socio-economic factors for increasing life expectancy. Manuscript profile -
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35 - تاثیر مخارج بهداشتی (دولتی - خصوصی) بر شاخص توسعه انسانی در کشورهای منتخب با سطوح درآمدی بالا، متوسط و پایین: 2010 – 2000
محسن بارونی تورج هراتی خلیل آباد جواد هراتی -
Open Access Article
36 - Modeling and Analysis of the Impact of Cancer Costs on Economic Growth in Iran
samira ghanbari Hossein RaghfarIntroduction: The epidemiological burden of chronic diseases and their risk factors is increasing worldwide, especially in developing countries.When it comes to the impact of diseases on economic, direct cost include all costs related to the diagnosis and treatment of d MoreIntroduction: The epidemiological burden of chronic diseases and their risk factors is increasing worldwide, especially in developing countries.When it comes to the impact of diseases on economic, direct cost include all costs related to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and indirect costs include loss of productivity and efficiency of the patient, should be taken into consideration. The main purpose of this paper is to explore and demonstrate the cost effect of chronic non-communicable disease, cancer, at the national level. Methods: In this study, we calculate the cost of 22 types of cancer for 18 age group with 5 years interval, for both males and females. Then, the equation that shows the negative impact costs related to cancer treatment on national income, is estimated due to ordinary least squares method. In the next stage, trend of growth for cost of cancers and GDP is computed by ARIMA model during 2004 to 2036. Results: The results show that the cost of cancer treatment examined in this study, will experience a growing trend over the next 20 years.The general trend for Iran, shows that during 2004 to 2036, 2/7 percentage of GDP is lost by cost of different types of cancer. Conclusion: Catching non-communicable diseases, increasing the share of cancer costs in patient’s budget and reducing in his purchasing power prevent his participation in profitable economic activities. Income and GDP of a Country decrease and consequently slow economic growth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Estimating the Crowding-Out Effect of Defense Expenditures on Public Health Expenditures in Countries with Different Income Groups
Sahebe Mohammadian Mansour abolghasem golkhandanIntroduction: An increase in the share of defense expenditures from the total public expenditures may have a negative effect on the share of public health expenditures from the total public expenditures due to the concept of opportunity cost and through the crowding-out MoreIntroduction: An increase in the share of defense expenditures from the total public expenditures may have a negative effect on the share of public health expenditures from the total public expenditures due to the concept of opportunity cost and through the crowding-out effect. The intensity of this effect can change according to the income level. Based on this, the main purpose of this study is to estimate the crowding-out effect of defense expenditures on public health expenditures in countries with different income groups.Methods: The present descriptive-analytical and applied study using the panel data of 90 countries of the world (including Iran) during the period of 2000-2018, to estimate the crowding-out effect of defense expenditures on public health expenditures by separating the studied countries into three income groups including low and below average income, above average income countries and high income countries, and also to examine the cross-sectional effect of defense expenditures and per capita income on public health expenditures in all sample countries. The data used were also collected from the World Health Organization database, World Development Indicators belonging to the World Bank and SIPRI. Also, the models were estimated in the form of dynamic panel data using stationery and panel cointegration analyzes and Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) in Eviews10.0 software.Results: The results show that the crowding-out effect of defense expenditures on public health expenditures in terms of elasticity and for countries with low and below average income, countries with above average income and countries with high income are equivalent to -0.654, -0.453 and -0.316 respectively. The cross-sectional effect of defense expenditures and per capita income on public health expenditures of all the studied countries is also positive and equal to 0.112.Conclusion: The (negative) crowding-out effect of defense expenditures on public health expenditures is confirmed for all countries with different income groups; But with the increase in per capita income, this crowding-out effect decreases exponentially. Based on this, it is necessary to adopt the necessary policies to ensure security without spending high defense expenditures, especially in countries with low per capita income, in order to prevent the reduction of public health expenses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Jurisprudential analysis of the legitimacy of earning money from performing an obligatory act
Mostafa BoroujerdiGetting income through performing obligatory religious duty (Farḍ or farīḍah) is one of the issues that has been taken into consideration by jurists for a long time and about which different views have been expressed. Although the main focus was on the lease contract, i MoreGetting income through performing obligatory religious duty (Farḍ or farīḍah) is one of the issues that has been taken into consideration by jurists for a long time and about which different views have been expressed. Although the main focus was on the lease contract, it does not seem to be specific to it, and it can be taken into account in other barter contracts. In any case, how to make clear the relationship between what is obligatory, which is a religious duty (Farḍ), and earning, as an economic action, is a serious challenge. Presenting the subject with intensive reference to jurisprudential opinions, this article analyzes the arguments and tries to explain its jurisprudential legitimacy. In this regard, the opinions of jurists who believe in the inherent contradiction between obligation and earning income is concerned critically, and the arguments of those who expand the types of Farḍ is examined. Next, the issue of receiving remuneration for performing the act of worship of a hired is discussed, and finally, the factual and evidential dimensions of the legitimacy of the act of proxy (Niyabah) worship are debated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Apprising the Possibility of Identifying, Recognizing and Reporting of the Tehran Municipality Incomes by Using the Adjusted Accrual Basis
Z. Pourzamani A. Jahanshad M. HesarakiWith the practice of self-sufficiency policies of municipalities in 60s Solar Decade, municipality dues obtained from the public had been the greatest resource of financing Municipality Expenses of Tehran Municipality. In addition, considering importance of determining MoreWith the practice of self-sufficiency policies of municipalities in 60s Solar Decade, municipality dues obtained from the public had been the greatest resource of financing Municipality Expenses of Tehran Municipality. In addition, considering importance of determining rate of incomes and actual expenses of a fiscal period in meeting responsibility and evaluation of such responsibility by the citizens and their legal representatives, detection and assessment approaches of income and municipality expenses are entitled with considerable importance. Most of developed countries to lead their utmost attentions towards modulated promissory base accounting and reporting incomes of public sections including, but not limited to, municipalities. In the current research, to examine the possibility of identification, recording and reporting of the Tehran Municipality incomes, the possibility of the realization of two necessary (commensurability) and sufficient (solvency in a short term) conditions from the detection stage until realization of the incomes of Tehran Municipality is analyzed and tested. This research is carried out based on document searching method and making use of the factual information as well as due statistical tests. Statistical universe of this research is extracted from 22 municipalities of Tehran and Statistical Sample is selected from among districts 1, 2, 5, 10, and 18 of Tehran. The results indicated that all evaluated continuous and non continuous incomes of Tehran Municipality (26 income resources) in this research hold the Necessary Condition, i.e. Commensurability in stand-alone fashion and are entitled with the Sufficient Condition, i.e. Solvency during the fiscal year or 60 days after it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - The Impact of Government Budget Allocation (Capital and Recurrent Expenditure) on Income Inequality across the Provinces (Case Study of Iran)
mohammad amin nahal bijan baseri manijeh hadinejadThe Income inequality in Iran is mainly influenced by government policy, in particular through budget allocation. This study aims to investigate how the government budget (capital and recurrent expenditure) has impacted on income inequality across the provinces in Iran. MoreThe Income inequality in Iran is mainly influenced by government policy, in particular through budget allocation. This study aims to investigate how the government budget (capital and recurrent expenditure) has impacted on income inequality across the provinces in Iran. Data used in this study pertain to period 1379- 1398, corresponding to Gregorian calendar (2000 - 2019), and the same has been utilized by employing the Panel Smooth Transition Regression Model (PSTR) to analyze the relationship between government budget allocation and income inequality. The results of the model estimation suggest that government budget allocation (capital and recurrent expenditure) has meaningfully reduced income inequality across the provinces in Iran. These findings align with previous research conducted by Milanovich, Khan and Bashir and Wood, D’Onofrioa et al(2019), which support Kuznets' hypothesis that government budget allocation initially exacerbates income inequality, but over time, with the implementation of supplementary policies, income distribution can improve. In addition to government budget, factors such as level of education (literacy rate), labor participation rate, trade expansion (state trading) have a significant equalizing impact on income distribution. By pursuing a well-targeted foreign trade policy in which economic entrepreneurs and stakeholders benefit from trade expansion, government can pave the way for income inequality to mitigate across the provinces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Structural characteristics and economic value of pistachio species (Pistacia atlantica) in Gilan-e Gharb forests
Mohsen Javamiripour Rohollah Parvane Aliakbar DarabiThe ecosystem value, wild pistachio species importance and the product of raw turpentine in terms of creating employment, villager’s income and supplying raw materials for chemical, pharmaceutical, food industries and exporting it to European countries is a main i MoreThe ecosystem value, wild pistachio species importance and the product of raw turpentine in terms of creating employment, villager’s income and supplying raw materials for chemical, pharmaceutical, food industries and exporting it to European countries is a main interest to the government. The aim of this study was to investigate the ecosystem characteristics of pistachio species and the economic value of its gum in the direction of production rise in the Zagros in the Gilan-e Gharb forests that located in Kermanshah province. The studied forest stands with 700, 2100, 700 and 1000 hectares' area, respectively, are located in Kamreh Alirezavandi, Cheshmeh Sefid, Bapir and Balaleh in Gilan-e-Gharb in a mountainous and forested area. The desired area was determined using the available maps after filed visiting. Then, for griding, the study area in 10,000-scale maps was identified. Sampling by regular random method, was performed. In addition, the area of the sample plots is 4000 m2, have been surveyed. The results showed that the mean diameter at breast height in Kamreh, Bapir, Cheshmeh Sefid and Balaleh areas equal to 31.9, 35.5, 39.3 and 30.2 cm, respectively. Furthermore, the mean number of harvestable pistachio trees in Kamareh, Bapir, Cheshmeh Sefid and Balaleh areas is 30.15, 58.3, 44.45 and 32.25, respectively. The total height of pistachio trees in Kamareh, Bapir, Cheshmeh Sefid and Balaleh habitats is 5.6, 6.1, 4.5 and 4.2, respectively. The profit amount for the wild pistachio gum exploitation includes 821.7, 1623, 1740.5 and 2116 MilionRials in the Kamreh, Bapir, Cheshmeh Sefid and Balaleh, respectively. The findings of the present study showed that knowledge of the structural characteristics and production potential of turpentine in pistachio trees in the studied forest ecosystems and extraction of their gums based on habitat capacity is a significant step to protect this species and increase rural income and empower local communities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - برآورد ارزش اقتصادی گون سفید (Astragalus gossypinus) و گون زرد (Astragalus verus) در مقایسه با درآمد حاصل از علوفه مراتع در استان اصفهان
ولی اله رئوفی راد ستاره باقری محمد جعفری آبتین میرطالبی -
Open Access Article
43 - The Study Of The Relationship Between Corruption & Human Development Indicators In Selected Countries During The Years 2010 To 2012
maryam najar nahavandi hamid khorsand asiabarThis study examines the type & strength of the relationship between corruption & human development indicators in communities through data provided by UNDP & transparency international organizations for duration from 2010 to 2012. the research model suggests MoreThis study examines the type & strength of the relationship between corruption & human development indicators in communities through data provided by UNDP & transparency international organizations for duration from 2010 to 2012. the research model suggests a two-way relationship between corruption index (CPI) & the human development index (HDI). Corruption as an indirect cause by a negative impact on gross national income & economic growth will limit the amount of human development. Also human development process directly with the new laws & increased government authority & revenue, can increase corruption. The results indicate a significant relationship between human development index (HDI) & corruption (CPI) in a duration from 2010 to 2012. Also the results show that sub human development index (life expectancy, educational attainment & gross national income) as an independent variables has an effect on the corruption index (CPI), & the greatest efect between these three variables belongs to the sub gross national income. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - The effect of social capital on income inequality in Iranian Provinces
maryam lashkarizadeh yazdan naghdi soheila kaghazianThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of social capital on income inequality in Iran's provinces. For this purpose, the country's provincial data have been used during the years (2013-2019). In this study, we used the Panel GMM method to estimate the r MoreThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of social capital on income inequality in Iran's provinces. For this purpose, the country's provincial data have been used during the years (2013-2019). In this study, we used the Panel GMM method to estimate the relationship between social capital and income inequality. The results suggest that increasing social capital can help improve income inequality in Iran. In simpler terms, increasing social capital can help make income distribution more equitable in Iran. According to the results of this study, any 10% increase in social capital in the country can reduce 3.9% of inequality in income distribution. It is interesting to know that among the variables of inflation, unemployment rate, tax revenue and social capital, the variable of social capital has had the greatest impact on the inequality of income distribution in the country. Therefore, it is recommended that governments make more efforts to increase social capital. To this end, governments must be considered to strengthen social capital, strengthen cultural and social infrastructure, promote participatory incentives, and increase the sense of patriotism and economic well-being of the people. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Investigating the Social Factors Affecting the Social Happiness of Teachers (Case Study of Teachers in the 20th and 21st District of Tehran)
Alireza samiee esfahani samer poordaneshHappiness and vitality are one of the most important human needs and they can play a significant role in coping with problems and confronting pressures and promoting productivity. Considering the role and importance of teachers in the education and community of students MoreHappiness and vitality are one of the most important human needs and they can play a significant role in coping with problems and confronting pressures and promoting productivity. Considering the role and importance of teachers in the education and community of students, the aim of this article is to investigate the social happiness of Teachers in Tehran and identify the social factors affecting it. The statistical population included teachers from the 20th and 21st regions of Tehran, using a Cochran formula, a sample of 370 of them were selected for study. The research method was a survey and a tool for collecting required data Instrument research has a formal validity. The results of regression analysis and the relationship between variables show that in fact, the underlying factors as well as effective social factors such as alienation, income, religion, dimensions of social capital, life satisfaction, occupation, economic and social status have a significant relationship with the social vitality of the subjects studied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Sociological Study of the Relationship between Types of Capital and Pattern of Electricity Consumption with Emphasis on Social Development(Case Study: Urban Residents of Mazandaran Province)
Ali Akbar Safari Ali Rahmani Firoozjah Majedeh GholipoorThe purpose of this paper is to examine the sociological relationship between the types of capital and the pattern of electricity consumption with an emphasis on social development.Method: The research method is survey research . Statistical sample consists of 450 urban MoreThe purpose of this paper is to examine the sociological relationship between the types of capital and the pattern of electricity consumption with an emphasis on social development.Method: The research method is survey research . Statistical sample consists of 450 urban and home Subscribers of Mazandaran province who were selected by systematic cluster sampling.Findings: There is a significant relationship between individuals' cultural capital and consumption pattern, and there is a significant relationship between two indicators of social capital (social trust and social interaction) and consumption pattern. There is no meaningful relation between Social participation and consumption pattern , but there was a significant relationship between economic capital and consumption pattern.Conclusion: The amount of awareness about energy consumption has increased in urban households of Mazandaran province, but unfortunately, this awareness has not had much effect on the pattern of electricity consumption. In the last few years, according to lifestyle chang , the shape of energy consumption in families has changed. The amount and level of energy consumption, according to the paid bill, indicated high energy consumption. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Explaining social happiness with an emphasis on income inequality and the role of mediation in life satisfaction
Ehsan Rahmani Khalili Abstract: The word of happiness is not used to refer to a particular aspect of life, but to the whole person's life.It means that one can express one's own perceptions of the dimensions and events of his life for expressing hisvitality. In the definition of happin More Abstract: The word of happiness is not used to refer to a particular aspect of life, but to the whole person's life.It means that one can express one's own perceptions of the dimensions and events of his life for expressing hisvitality. In the definition of happiness, the meaning of a pleasant, worthwhile and loving life is on the person'sown. The main question in the present article is: What does income affect the mediation of life satisfaction onsocial happiness? This research is based on the positivist approach and is an explanatory type and has beenused for scrolling. The measurement of the social happiness variable has been operational based on theLindenberg index. After assessing validity and reliability, a combination of multistage cluster sampling andmulti-stage cluster sampling was performed on 790 households in five areas of Tehran in 2021 by estimatingsample size using the Cochran formula. The findings of this article show that in spite of the relationship betweenincome and social happiness and life satisfaction control, income with social happiness is not significantlycorrelated. Also, in the review of the research model by the Bootstrap method in SmartPls software, the resultsshow that the effect of variable income on social happiness is directly insignificant and the income variable hasthe most impact through the life satisfaction variable on social happiness and also the amount The impact of lifesatisfaction on social happiness also has a strong impact. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Globalization and Social Development in the Past Three Decades (1982-2012)
Jafar Hezarjaribi Abdolmajid Arfaie Moghaddam -
Open Access Article
49 - The Effective Factors on the Quality of Women’s Life in Isfahan
Mansour Haghighatian -
Open Access Article
50 - The Investigation of Fertility Increase and Effective Factors on it among the Kord Clan in Andimeshk
Mehdi Adibi Sedeh Eshagh Arjmand Siahpoush Zahra Darvishzadeh -
Open Access Article
51 - Sociological analysis of Mehr housing massification policy and its role in reducing social inequality under study (Mehr housing in the new phase of Hashtgerd and Shahr Lahijan in Gilan province)
Forouzan Nahas Mostafa Azkia Mehrdad Navabakhsh -
Open Access Article
52 - Analysis of Drivers of Housing Provision in Vulnerable Groups with Emphasis on Foresight and Scenario Writing (Case Study: Tabriz Metropolis)
Rahman Mahdavi Karim Hosseinzadeh Dalir Soheila Hamidzadeh KhiaviIn today's world, more than half of the world's population, in addition to being centers of social, economic and spatial development, live in cities and towns. Housing as one of the most basic human needs plays a very important role in the peace and mental sec MoreIn today's world, more than half of the world's population, in addition to being centers of social, economic and spatial development, live in cities and towns. Housing as one of the most basic human needs plays a very important role in the peace and mental security of social groups. In the meantime, the study and knowledge of the population and how they enter the period of need for independent housing is the main part of the need for housing. The purpose of this study is structural analysis of housing barriers for vulnerable urban groups in a case study of Tabriz metropolis. The method of the present study is developmental in terms of purpose because it aims to identify and construct a conceptual model of housing barriers in the city of Tabriz and has an exploratory nature. Also, in terms of data type, this research is a combination research (qualitative-quantitative). In order to collect data, statistical yearbooks, censuses of different periods, information of health centers and other valid information of related centers have been used along with completing a questionnaire. In the present study, cross-sectional structural analysis with MICMAC software has been used for future research and recognition of key indicators of the housing sector and Scenario Wizard software has been used to develop possible future housing scenarios in Tabriz metropolis. The results of the research show that during the period 2016-1976, the quantitative and qualitative indicators of housing in the city of Tabriz have improved. The results show the housing market management style, housing policies, land and housing prices, marginalization expansion, lack of mass housing supply, urbanization growth, rental rates, housing quality, private sector absence, population growth, political developments, unemployment, strategic indicators And are an effective key to providing housing for vulnerable urban groups in the metropolis of Tabriz. Finally, two scenarios were obtained as the most probable future housing scenarios in the metropolis of Tabriz. In the first scenario, we see the stability of indicators of housing management, housing policies, mass housing supply, urban growth, private sector presence in housing, population growth and political developments and rising land and housing price indicators, marginalization, rental rates and unemployment. The only indicator of housing quality in this scenario is a declining trend. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Effective Factors Concerning the management and building of urban accommodation
محمود RAHIMI اصغر NAZARIAN In our country, the issue of accommodation in big cities is turaning in to an unsolvable problem so thet the majority of low-income and working-class people are facing the incleasing crisis of poor housing . Housing problem inIran,especially in big cities,has wor More In our country, the issue of accommodation in big cities is turaning in to an unsolvable problem so thet the majority of low-income and working-class people are facing the incleasing crisis of poor housing . Housing problem inIran,especially in big cities,has worsened due to rise of population on one hand, and tendency towards urban life on the other hand, since 1350 (1971) . This has happened because in recent decades preparing accommodation, both in quantity and quality, has been provided less than necessary . In this essay, we will discuss and evaluate the proposed solutions by the government concerning offering subsidies to the low-income citizens. Meanwhile, we review investment policies in accommodation, and factors affecting property value. Finally, wewill analyse the role of strategic management concerning building and allocating urban accommodation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - The administration of Urban slums in Bandar Abbas
Seyed Jamaleddin Daryabary Heydar LotfiThe city of Bandar Abbas is considered to be as the most important city in south of Iran. witch is strong political role in Hormozgan Province. According to the Intest used census the population of Bandar Abbas is estimated to be about three hundred and thirty thousands MoreThe city of Bandar Abbas is considered to be as the most important city in south of Iran. witch is strong political role in Hormozgan Province. According to the Intest used census the population of Bandar Abbas is estimated to be about three hundred and thirty thousands. This mean that the population of the city in the last fifty years shows an average growth of 6.3% and has grown 21 times. With regard to the estimation done almost tow fifth of the population in the city and a least 30% of the structural formal of the city is occupied by the uncommon group of people with low income who have a completely different pattern of social living with other common residents Based on both subjective as well as field studies. Carried out the informal living areas for the uncommon group with low income in Bandar Abbas city are divided in to ten different districts. For this purpose a questionnaire made and distributed among 1200 people who live in the boundaries of these ten districts within different parts of the city, this was done according to random sampling (RPS) which was finally analyzed and the areas in mind were ranked according to poverty indexes and a number of solutions for the renewal of the slums concerned were offered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - The study of socio-economic characteristics of the rural women and their contribution in the household income. Case study: The rural women of Divandareh town
M.S AliyayiBesides their responsibilities in the family institution as a mother and wife, the Iranian women play important roles in the economic affairs and in the rural regions in the production affairs as well. Amid this situation, the role of rural women in the production and a MoreBesides their responsibilities in the family institution as a mother and wife, the Iranian women play important roles in the economic affairs and in the rural regions in the production affairs as well. Amid this situation, the role of rural women in the production and agricultural activities including plantation, harvesting, animal husbandry and gardening are more noticeable. Furthermore, the role which they play in the family's responsibilities is considerable and perhaps it is more than that of the urban women. In this article, the socio-economic characteristics of the women in the rural areas of Divandareh town and their share in the family income with regard to the value of the labor force being produced by them in the production activities have been reviewed. Using a survey method, this study selected 177 sample households on the basis of random sampling out of four various rural districts. Moreover, the collection data was performed by using questionnaire technique and oral interviews. The finding of this research shows that there is a meaningful co-efficiency between the variable of the women's' labor force value and their share in the household income. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Evaluation of economical-functional indexes of housing portion in Regional Scale (instance study: the province of lorestan)
A. Faraji Mollaie K. Ziari S. MohamadpourAssembling of a plenary program in housing portion, requires complete cognition and deep analysis of broad dimensions of housing and it’s effective factors. But here, the most crucial tools for programming that makes it’s main foundation is using of housing MoreAssembling of a plenary program in housing portion, requires complete cognition and deep analysis of broad dimensions of housing and it’s effective factors. But here, the most crucial tools for programming that makes it’s main foundation is using of housing indexes that could be the most sensitive step of programming. functional indexes of housing in one side are cognition tools for housing situations in diverse quantitative and qualitative dimensions and in other side are a key tools for illustrating the outlook of the housing’s future and programming for it. By doing researches and important projects about cognition and analysis of functional indexes of the housing, it is feasible to increase the performance of housing programs saliently. In this paper, we tried to analyze the structure and evolutions of the housing market and it’s effective factors by investigation on the economical- functional indexes of the housing portion in urban parts at province of “Lorestan”, in the level of province with the vision of housing as a economical part. The final purpose of this research is providing a basis and preliminary for forecasting the future of the housing and residency environment in the province and we hope that it provide the conditions of raise of the programs of the housing and urban development in the province. In this research we proceed to explain the cause and caused relation and investigation of functional indexes of housing with considering the cause of the variations of these indexes. For the sake of getting these goals, we proceed to analyzing the economical indexes such as investment of private part on providing of the housing of province and interference of government, investigation of the price of land and housing and estimation of housing’s cost by using the Ginny multiplier, estimation of effective request pattern of the housing in one tenths of income, estimation of the index of the access of income groups, and estimation of the family’s pattern of the function of costs defining the housing’s place in the basket of family’s budget. According to studies done reviews housing indicators (economic-performance indicators), is one of the tools identify housing features (in terms of case study). This main tool in the discussion of housing make suitable context for provide the housing policy and planning, evaluation results planning, system development, the correct habitat provides and the analytical framework. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Analysis of factors affecting on the performance of municipalities And Measurement Amount of Citizens Satisfaction (Case Study: Yazd Municipality)
میرنجف Mosavi رحیم Sarvar علی BagheriResearch Objective: Citizen's satisfaction From Municipality Performance Is a major factor Continuous Improvement at process of works that takes place in order to increase efficiency and Improve of quality urban comprehensive management. One of most important elements o MoreResearch Objective: Citizen's satisfaction From Municipality Performance Is a major factor Continuous Improvement at process of works that takes place in order to increase efficiency and Improve of quality urban comprehensive management. One of most important elements of optimal performance municipalities are Supply Financial resources and income municipalities. In this regard, the purpose of this paper is Reviews of how the performance of yazd city municipalities and citizens satisfaction rate of their. Methodology: Research methods' is analytical - descriptive. The data collection tool studied is documents and questionnaires. The statistical population is 1200 people from citizens in three regions of Yazd city According to Cochran sampling with confidence level 95% and randomly assigned. Indicators Research is 33 urban life quality index. For communication between components Is used inferential statistics Such as regression coefficients and path analysis And Also For planning from SWOT Model. Finding: Studies financial resources Yazd municipalities Indicative Increase in sustainable incomes with growth equal to 17/98 percent, which is very impressive against Growth -35/2 percent From Unsustainable incomes. In this case, On the one hand, Decrease income instability coefficient from 24% to 15% Is Indicative upward trend. And On the other hand With this source sustainable income Answer has been given to 42% of Real needs city in development sector, construction and maintenance town. However Yet In turn have remained Construction priorities Such as improving urban streets, Street lighting And Quality of public health services, On the other hand, Instability 20/13% of total incomes obtained Has caused Until Possibility Planning There is About 46/32 % of incomes obtained. Conclusion: results of performance evaluation municipalities from perspective Citizens Indicates in 33 Criterion surveyed of Municipalities Have been region 1 have Best Performance and region 3 Municipal worst performances. Based on results of Path analysis Also Variables increase of sustainable incomes with amount 0/889 and participatory Investment With amount 0/846 have been greatest impact on Municipalities Favorable Functions in Yazd city. Finally Suggestions Is provided For Improved service delivery by municipalities Yazd city And Citizen satisfaction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Reading City Ratings Law to Empower Level 1 to 7 Municipalities for Sustainable Income (Isfahan Province Study)
hamed akhgar Hossein Zabihi Ali Sa'ediIntroduction & Objective:The municipal classification system is considered as a rule of varying characteristics that is now considered merely in the area of the mayor's salary and the criteria for the selection of the mayor, while the grading criteria out of 1 for t MoreIntroduction & Objective:The municipal classification system is considered as a rule of varying characteristics that is now considered merely in the area of the mayor's salary and the criteria for the selection of the mayor, while the grading criteria out of 1 for towns with populations Lower or newly established, up to 12 metropolitan cities, including the population, municipal income and the city, to achieve the empowerment of first-degree municipalities to achieve sustainable incomes. Research method: Analytical-descriptive research and survey of municipalities of grade 1-7 in Isfahan province have been carried out by navigating the urban managers. Then, using SWOT model, the existing income methods are summarized. Findings: Research findings indicate that in municipalities with a lower degree of dependence of the municipality's income on state aid and so on, while there is no cost management in this type of municipalities, and, on the other hand, the role of the city council in these cities It is much smaller. Conclusion: Legislators such as the Parliament and the Cabinet of Ministers should endeavor not to be included in the text of the municipal law as an institution and in the general text of the text, and considering the grading of municipalities as a law can play an effective role in influencing the text of the law in the realization of sustainable incomes Have. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Affecting factors on Delivering Sustainable Income Resources of Local Governments (Case of Study: Firoozkooh Municipality)
محمد ذاکری حسین شجاع حرمت اصغریIntroduction and purpose: Today urban management needs a sustainable income system to be able to implement its duties. Effective urban administration and providing suitable services to citizens and performing construction projects all need sustainable income. This resea MoreIntroduction and purpose: Today urban management needs a sustainable income system to be able to implement its duties. Effective urban administration and providing suitable services to citizens and performing construction projects all need sustainable income. This research aimed at studying affecting factors on delivering sustainable income resources by local government and municipalities in small towns. Method: To do this research, financial documents of Firoozkooh municipality in the period of 2001-2011 have been collected and some interviews with members of local parliament and urban managers has been done and analyzed. Results: The results showed that income resources of Firoozkooh municipality mostly was based on unsustainable income of construction taxes(between 20to 40%) which were affected by public policies made by government in the field of house building development and its market and local parliament has affected this resources with changing the taxes. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Firrozkooh municipality hasn't been successful in sustaining income resources and can make and implement some policies to deliver more sustainable resources such as investment attraction, tourism development and other relating services with collaboration of local parliament. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Review water tariff systems in European countries in order to water demand management strategies
عبدالرحیم رحیمی رمضانعلی محمودی مجید کلانتری محمد داودآبادی سید علی سید زادهResearch Objective: Nowadays, population growth, industrial development, increasing demand for water and sanitation, reducing water resources caused excessive consumption of water and environmental protection of water demand management has greater sensitivity. Therefore MoreResearch Objective: Nowadays, population growth, industrial development, increasing demand for water and sanitation, reducing water resources caused excessive consumption of water and environmental protection of water demand management has greater sensitivity. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide to help water demand management process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling water consumption to identify current practices and use of existing tools to improve efficiency levels and patterns of water. Method: This study is analytical- review and based It on water demand management, a combination of corrective measures for achieving appropriate utilization of production capacities and the real value of it is that the consumer is acting. Findings: The findings of this study indicate that in addition to applying demand management strategies to protect water resources and reduce environmental pollution causing reduce costs, increase value added and ultimately improve the quality of service to subscribers in improving urban management. Conclusions: The study some of the successful patterns of water demand in European countries such as Germany, Netherlands and Belgium are the most successful countries in the management of demand shows that countries with abundant water resources have been able to moderate their consumption 120 liters for every person per day reduction Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Assessment of the Executive Policies of the Government on Providing Housing for Low-income Urban Groups (Case Study: Metropolitan City of Mashhad
Mahsa Arshin Rahim SarvarAim of Rsearch: The aim of the present research is assessment of the governmental executive policies adopted for providing low-income groups with housing in city of Mashhad. Method: This is an survey research. Using descriptive-analytical method and by ranking executiv MoreAim of Rsearch: The aim of the present research is assessment of the governmental executive policies adopted for providing low-income groups with housing in city of Mashhad. Method: This is an survey research. Using descriptive-analytical method and by ranking executive policies of the government on providing housing for low-income groups (i.e. policies related to developing new towns, regulation and empowerment of informal settlements, Mehr housing development project, and renovation and revitalization of urban distressed areas) these policies are assessed and evaluated. The tools employed for data collection include field investigation, questionnaire, interview, library method and documentary research. The questionnaire needed was so designed to determine, with the aid of Likert scale, the potentials of economic, social, institutional-managerial, and interactive-participatory development enhancing of each policy and also capability of such policies in improving housing indicators, and ultimately, make it possible to assess the rate of success and also ranking of the implemented policies. Research Findings:The potentials of economic, social, interactive-participatory and institutional-managerial development enhancing come first through fourth in ranking, respectively, and are numerically in the same level. And finally, capability of such plans in improving housing indicators are at the top of the ranking and have played the most significant role in providing housing for low-income groups in metropolitan city of Mashhad. Conclusion: The general ranking of the four housing policies implemented in the city of Mashhad for the target groups are as follows: First, the policy of developing new towns; then, renovation and revitalization of urban distressed areas; after that the policy of regulation and empowerment of informal settlements; and at last, the policy of Mehr housing development project. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Strategy of Small Municipalities' Income Management Promotion by Emphasizing Budgeting Case Study Shahdieh Municipality
میرنجف موسوی رحیم سرور علی باقری کشکولیIntroduction: Municipalities as one of the most active urban institutions are responsible for widespread functions and services, so that all their financial activities, such as income and costs and their multiple programs and tasks is done in budget framework laws. So b MoreIntroduction: Municipalities as one of the most active urban institutions are responsible for widespread functions and services, so that all their financial activities, such as income and costs and their multiple programs and tasks is done in budget framework laws. So budgeting technique has got a very important and vital role in achieving the goals of municipalities. The main goal of this paper is presenting the operational budget strategies to enhance revenue management of Shahdieh Municipality that this goal, has been done by studying the procedures and methods of budgeting of Shahdieh. Method: our method is "descriptive analysis". For statistical data analysis we have used of t-test, Wilcoxon test and the Friedman statistics. Results: revenues from general tax of the municipality of Shahdieh from 49.7 percent in 1380 have been decreased to 29.4 percent in 1387. The increasing costs during the current municipal revenues over 1381- 87 with year separation respectively equivalents 24.3 percent, 26.2 percent, 29.8 percent, 28.1 percent, 16.9 percent and 29 percent has continued in distance between 1386- 87. Conclusion: The results show that the budgeting of municipality of Shahdieh as an important indicator to the performance planning and evaluation capabilities has not been able to help to the urban management. Indeed, division and classification of costs in the current municipality is not a suitable and reliable basis for decision making, planning and control of function. So one of the main reasons for the weakness in budgeting system of municipality of Shahdieh is lack of specialist staffing and experts in budgeting. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - The role of municipalities in creating sustainable urban employment and income with an emphasis on income from funds and property (Study case: Hamadan city)
majid gharabaghi abas malekhoseini Majid ShamsWhat all municipalities are looking for in the field of income is to create a systematic and coherent structure that will lead to sustainable income for the municipality. One of the important issues that are discussed and focused on in most cities of the world is earnin MoreWhat all municipalities are looking for in the field of income is to create a systematic and coherent structure that will lead to sustainable income for the municipality. One of the important issues that are discussed and focused on in most cities of the world is earning a stable income to cover the cost of urban services. The aim of the research was to investigate the role of municipalities in creating sustainable urban employment and income, considering the environmental and urban capacities of Hamadan city. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the data was collected by documentary and field method (questionnaire). The statistical population of the research was 20 specialists. Data analysis was done using AHP hierarchical analysis process. The research results showed that in relation to the research topic, region (1) with the highest score (0.482) in the first priority and regions 3, 2 and 4 with scores (0.202), (0.199) and (0.117) respectively, in the priorities They are placed next. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - An Investigation of Human Development Indices in Rural Areas of Iran Based on UNDP Model
shadali tohidloo Gholamreza MojarradiThis applied research, in terms of documentary method and secondary information analysis, was conducted with the aim of investigating human development index(HDI) and its components based on official secondary demographic, economic and educational data in rural areas of MoreThis applied research, in terms of documentary method and secondary information analysis, was conducted with the aim of investigating human development index(HDI) and its components based on official secondary demographic, economic and educational data in rural areas of Iran. In this study, the rural areas in different provinces were classified in two steps, first, classification was done by using of country’s official data in 2017 for HDI and its’ components measurement, based on UNDP criteria,and then zoning of these areas was taken. The research findings showed that the provinces were divided into two categories, middle(30 provinces) and low(Sistan and Baluchestan) classes in terms of HDI values. The findings of the research in the components of HDI also showed that in terms of Life Expectancy Index(LEI) values, 31 provinces were divided into two categories as very high and high LEI value. In the first group, Tehran province achieved the first rank and 24 provinces were categorized in the second group regarding. The third categorization was done by considering Education Index(EI) values,that rural areas were divided into two classes by very high and high. Eleven provinces were placed in the first group. Accordingly, the Alborz province achieved the highest index value. But Per Capita Income Index(PCII), the whole of Iran’s rural areas were placed in one category, based on PCII values.The maximum value of this index allocated to Mazandaran province by a score of 0.485 and the minimum of PCII belonged to the Sistan and Baluchestan province with a score of 0.270. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Integrated water resources management at basin scale (IWMsim) using a system dynamics approach
مریم سلطانی حمزه علی علیزادهAssessment of the economic, social and environmental effects of water projects is required to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, the development of a model that can simulate the different dimensions of water resource development projects and interactions betwee MoreAssessment of the economic, social and environmental effects of water projects is required to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, the development of a model that can simulate the different dimensions of water resource development projects and interactions between different methods of operation, can be helpful to managers and decision makers in the water sector. The main objective of present study was development of water integrated model (IWMsim) to evaluate different management policies and contribute to improve decision-making in large scale systems, using system dynamics modeling approach. The developed model is capable of simulating the impact of various effective factors in the water utilization on economic and environmental sustainability. In this investigation, to study interactions between environmental and economic effects of water resources development projects, two macro indicators of national costs and national revenue were developed. The developed model was calibrated and validated using long-term climatological, hydrological, agricultural and environmental data of Varamin case study. The developed system dynamics model evaluation showed that the model was able to simulate key variables such as relative crop yield (RMSE=14.2%,ME=20%andR2=0.92), groundwater levels (RMSE=0.37m, R2=0.92and ME=0.45m) and groundwater salinity (RMSE=57 μS/cm, R2=0.79andME=148μS/cm) with reasonable accuracy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Factors Affecting Food Security of Rural Farming Households in Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province of Iran
S. Y. Zera' at Kish Zh. KamaeiIntroduction: Household food security refers to the available and adequate food supplies for the households to make sure that the members are provided with the minimum requirements of food. According to the definition set by the United Nation in 1986, food availability, MoreIntroduction: Household food security refers to the available and adequate food supplies for the households to make sure that the members are provided with the minimum requirements of food. According to the definition set by the United Nation in 1986, food availability, food access, and feeding sustainability are the three principle elements. Materials and Methods: The present study has been undertaken regarding the importance of household food security as a contributing factor concerned with the adequate growth and evolution for all the household members, therefore members can provide their society with prosperity, productivity and average food security state. This research investigates the factors affecting food security of the rural farming households in Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province of Iran. Random sampling method was used to build a sample of 223 respondents including 223 householders from rural areas. Required data was extracted from household, expenditure and income report released by the Statistical Center of Iran. Results: The data was analysed using descriptive statistics, food security indices, food security shortage/surplus gap and probit model. The obtained results via the so-called calorie consumption method indicated that, 46% of rural households enjoy food security. These households were found to exceed recommended calorie consumption by 43%. In fact the rural households without food security were found to under take the recommended calorie consumption by 69%. Conclusion: The householder income, the ratio of food expenditure to household expenditure and farm size positively contributed to the household food security, while householder gender, household size and householder education are negatively associated to the household food security. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - the Effect of Behavioral Biases of Investors on their Decision in Investing at Stocks, Exchange and Fixed Premium Sheets and Bank Deposits
narges yazdanian mohammadreza saeidiThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of behavioral biases of investors on their decision in investing at stocks, exchange and fixed income securities. This study was a descriptive-correlation based on gathering information and an applied research based on it MoreThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of behavioral biases of investors on their decision in investing at stocks, exchange and fixed income securities. This study was a descriptive-correlation based on gathering information and an applied research based on its porpuse. The statistical population of research consists of all investors in stock market, exchange market and fixed premium sheets and bank deposits investors in an undefined number. Referring to Cochran sampling formula a number of 513 individuals were selected in a random way and validated questionnaires of study distributed among them. Data of research was analyzed by structural equation models. Findings showed that cognitive and emotional biases have direct and significant effect on the investor’s attitude to investment in each of stocks, exchange and fixed premium sheets and bank deposits assets. The results showed that investor’s attitude to investment in risky assets such as stocks and exchange, is more affected by their emotional biases, while investment in non risky assets such as fixed income securities is more affected by investor’s cognitive biases. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Investigating the Effect of Liquidity and Per capita Income on the Housing Market (Using a vector auto regression model)
shahrzm vahedi Farhad Hanifi seyyed jalal sadeghi sharifAbstractThe housing market has been one of the most volatile sectors of the economy in recent times, experiencing periods of stagnation and boom. It is important to note that the housing sector is most closely linked to other sectors of the economy. With the recession, MoreAbstractThe housing market has been one of the most volatile sectors of the economy in recent times, experiencing periods of stagnation and boom. It is important to note that the housing sector is most closely linked to other sectors of the economy. With the recession, the whole economy will be in crisis. Also, the housing sector, given these features, has a stronger impact on investment and housing prices than short-term economic fluctuations, as well as its widespread and past relevance to other sectors, has the potential to generate growth and development in other sectors of the economy and can serve as an endogenous growth incentive. To play a slower role, and to stimulate, to stimulate economic growth in the short term and to drive the recession out. Therefore, further reflection is necessary in this section. Therefore, in this study, using the vector auto regression Time Series (VAR) analysis model, we investigate the interaction between housing price markets of some macroeconomic variables such as liquidity volume, per capita income. The results showed that the volume of liquidity has a significant share in the volatility of the housing market. Therefore, policymakers in the economic field should pay more attention to this. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Investigating the interactions of inequality income, employment and economic growth
Mohammad Reza Radfar Gholamreza Zomorodiyan Masoud KarimkhaniThe present study examines the interactions between income, employment and economic growth inequality. To do this research, Iran's economic data was collected from 1989 to 2016 and analyzed by self-regression analysis (VAR). Simultaneously with the test of the effect of MoreThe present study examines the interactions between income, employment and economic growth inequality. To do this research, Iran's economic data was collected from 1989 to 2016 and analyzed by self-regression analysis (VAR). Simultaneously with the test of the effect of inflation and government expenditures as test variables.The results showed that there is a positive effect between income inequality and economic growth. This means that economic growth has not been distributed in the country's economy in a balanced way, and its effects have not led to the income of households. Also, there is no significant relationship between employment interaction and economic growth.Which can be attributed to the phenomenon of inflationary stagnation in the economy. Based on the results of this study, it can be suggested that, it is suggested that the level of inequality in the country be considered in the formulation of economic-social development programs of the country. Efforts to reduce or modify how governments spend on reducing inflation and resulting inequality will be effective. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Investigating the Impact of Stock Market Liquidity on Income Distribution (Selected from Developing and Developing Countries)
zeynab moridi shahram fatahi Kiomars SohailiFair distribution of income is one of the concerns of policymakers in developing and developed countries, and despite the economic growth of world countries and the implementation of various policies to combat it, remains one of the most important goals of economic poli MoreFair distribution of income is one of the concerns of policymakers in developing and developed countries, and despite the economic growth of world countries and the implementation of various policies to combat it, remains one of the most important goals of economic policymakers in the world. One of the important and influential factors in any society for econoears. Capital market liquidity enables long-term investment by raising small and large funds and providing them to business owners, so stock market liquidity can be a good platform for attracting micro and large capital by reducing the risk of liquidity.According to macroeconomic theories, capital accumulation resulting from capital market liquidity is one of the conditions for economic growth, thereby increasing the income of those who are risk averse and more willing to invest in the stock market and those who are risk averse. And it relies solely on wages and salaries from work The results show that liquidity of the stock market as a financial market increases income inequality and in developed countries and decreases income inequality and increases in developing countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Investing in the oil and gas industry using estimates of crude oil and natural gas consumption in Iran by VECM model
vahid rajabian reza taleblo hamidreza arbabAbstractThe main objective of this research is to estimate the demand model for crude oil and natural gas in the country during the period from 1988 to 2015 and also to predict crude oil and natural gas demand functions in Iran during the sixth development plan with the MoreAbstractThe main objective of this research is to estimate the demand model for crude oil and natural gas in the country during the period from 1988 to 2015 and also to predict crude oil and natural gas demand functions in Iran during the sixth development plan with the aim of studying the effect of important variables affecting their consumption in the country. VAR - VECM model is used to investigate the relationship and the effects of variables and the short-run and long-run relationship between variables, and finally, extracted model has been used to predict crude oil and natural gas demand in the country at 1400 horizon. The results indicate that: (1) income elasticity is low and the sensitivity of oil consumption to changes in income (here, per capita income) is small. (2) There are no long-term causal relationship between intrinsic independent variables and exogenous independent variables, such as oil price and natural gas prices, towards natural gas consumption and per capita income. (3) In the short term, there is no causal relationship from natural gas consumption, natural gas prices, oil prices, and per capita income towards crude oil consumption. (4) Variance decomposition for oil consumption variable indicates that in the long run, natural gas consumption has a significant contribution to explaining changes in crude oil consumption. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Analysis feasibility study of establishing a local hedge fund in Iran
Seyyed hassan hosseini Ali Najafi Moghaddasm Yadollah NourifardThe main purpose of this study is to study one of the most important investment funds, the Hedge fund, which has attracted the attention of investors (especially real investors) and scientific circles over the last few decades. This study tries to conduct a comprehensiv MoreThe main purpose of this study is to study one of the most important investment funds, the Hedge fund, which has attracted the attention of investors (especially real investors) and scientific circles over the last few decades. This study tries to conduct a comprehensive study on these funds and to obtain a comprehensive knowledge about them, functions, interests and disadvantages of investment. The aim of this research is to study the feasibility of establishing this fund in Iran with a view to the main needs of investors, tools required and legal requirements and to test the feasibility of launching the fund in Iran with the data obtained from feasibility and feasibility study using opinion survey of experts.The results of data analysis show that based on the opinion of experts and the establishment of new financial instruments in the Iranian capital market, including private investment funds (Private equity fund and short sale), it is possible to establish a hedging fund in the country.Keywords: Hedge Fund, Hedging Strategies, Fixed Income Arbitrage, Currency Risk, Interest Rate Risk Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - The impact of government expenditure and stock market on income distribution in selected MENA countries
behnaz noroozi Mehdi Taghavi Ebrahim RezaeeIn this study, the effect of government and stock market expenditures on income distribution has been investigated. The countries studied in this study are the selected countries of Mena (Iran, Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia and Jordan). 2018. The data panel method has been us MoreIn this study, the effect of government and stock market expenditures on income distribution has been investigated. The countries studied in this study are the selected countries of Mena (Iran, Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia and Jordan). 2018. The data panel method has been used to estimate the research model. The results of this study show that the logarithm of the ratio of the volume of transactions in the stock market to GDP with a coefficient of -0.02 has a negative and significant effect on the Gini coefficient. The volume of exchanges in the capital market increases the working capital of companies and ultimately their production. With the increase and prosperity of production, the total production increases and this issue increases the national income and as a result the government can Improve income distribution. Also, the logarithm of the ratio of consumption expenditures to GDP with a coefficient of 0.03 has a negative and significant effect on the Gini coefficient. Increasing government spending can have different effects on income distribution in two ways. In the direction of transfer payments to the people, so the distribution of income is improved No, they are not transferable, so the distribution of income does not improve. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Reasons for the Gap between Declared and Assessed Taxable Incomes of Non Manufacturing Companies Listed on Tehran Stock Exchange
Hossien Yarahmadi masoud Taherinia ebrahim givaki Ghodratallah TalebniaThe taxable income of legal persons is a critical issue in Iran as this sector plays a dynamic role in economic, social, and cultural activities in the society. The major problem of this study is the gap between the amounts of taxable income calculated by taxpayers and MoreThe taxable income of legal persons is a critical issue in Iran as this sector plays a dynamic role in economic, social, and cultural activities in the society. The major problem of this study is the gap between the amounts of taxable income calculated by taxpayers and the Tax Administration. Field and bibliography methods besides Pearson Correlation Test were used, and all four hypotheses of research were confirmed. Accordingly, the reasons for the difference or gap between declared taxable income and assessed taxable income include breach of direct tax law by taxpayers, violation of accounting standards by taxpayers, lack of sufficient evidence and documents (including expenses, tax exemptions, and tax incentives) in the hand of taxpayers, ignorance of tax directives, instructions, and regulations by taxpayers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Investigating some corporate governance mechanisms and its effect on stock value and projected income in companies listed on the stock exchange
MISAGH AKHOONDI Abdolmajid DehghanTensions between the rights of individuals and organizations have been fundamental problems in societies.Financial markets and powerful corporations are growing dramatically around the world.In the face of this growth, there must be targeted legal and regulatory tools f MoreTensions between the rights of individuals and organizations have been fundamental problems in societies.Financial markets and powerful corporations are growing dramatically around the world.In the face of this growth, there must be targeted legal and regulatory tools for corporate accountability.Corporate governance is designed in the same framework.Corporate governance system is a reaction to the issue of representation and to the separation of ownership from management or, more commonly, the separation of ownership from control of companies, and is itself the result of two main causes;First, each participant has different goals and preferences.Second, each does not have complete information about the other's actions, knowledge, and preferences.Obviously, this separation, assuming effective executive mechanisms of corporate governance, creates the potential for managers to make decisions that are in line with their own interests and the opposite of the interests of shareholders.Gradually, as the authority to exercise direct sovereignty over the owners diminishes, control is transferred to other groups, such as boards and directors.It can be said that any change in the implementation of the governance structure has a great impact on the change of leadership and their performance.The relationship between corporate governance and corporate performance is an important issue in financial matters. Corporate governance aims to strengthen the atmosphere of transparency, honesty and accountability in the management of the organization. Evaluating the performance of corporate governance and examining its mechanisms is very important and has a great impact on economic decisions of companies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Review is research affect Tobin q ratio and Revenue growth rate on the level of investment in listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange
Ebrahim Abbasi Behrooz Ebrahimzadeh RahimlouThe purpose of this paper is research affect Tobin q ratio and Revenue growth rate on the level of investment.The order One handrered companies from Tehran Stock Exchange (1381-7) have selected for they research. Company’s have Tobin q ratio to two groups from Tob MoreThe purpose of this paper is research affect Tobin q ratio and Revenue growth rate on the level of investment.The order One handrered companies from Tehran Stock Exchange (1381-7) have selected for they research. Company’s have Tobin q ratio to two groups from Tobin q ratio point of view that are firms with a Tobin q ratio smaller than One and firms with a Tobin q ratio greater than One. The regression test results showed that; for the total of firms, Tobin q ratio has significant affect on the level of investment,but Revenue growth rate has significant affect on the level of investment. Also results showed that; for the of firms with q < 1 , Tobin q ratio has significant affect on the level of investment,but ; for the of firms with q > 1 Tobin q ratio has significant affect on the level of investment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Impact of Buffer capital changes on banks portfolio risk changes
Majid Zanjirard Alireza ZamanpourCapital is one of the fundamental factors in assessing the health and stability of the banking system. On the other hands, the value of the banks’ capital has a significant effect on their competitive position. Therefore, the utility and appropriateness of the cap MoreCapital is one of the fundamental factors in assessing the health and stability of the banking system. On the other hands, the value of the banks’ capital has a significant effect on their competitive position. Therefore, the utility and appropriateness of the capital base is as safe cover against a wide range of banking risks. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Buffer capital changes on the risk changes of banks’ portfolios. This research has been collected in term of applied methodology and accomplished transaction data in the period of five years from 2011 to 2015. The statistical population of the study consisted of 17 with systematic elimination sampling from Stock Exchange organization. For analyzing the data, Linear Regression and Correlation tests were used Eviewse software. The research results show, changes in Buffer capital have a significant effect on portfolio risk changes and given the negative coefficient of the variable of the Buffer capital changes, there is an inverse relationship between Buffer capital changes and portfolio risk changes. Also, Buffer capital changes in interaction with the business cycle, income diversification and asset fluctuation affects banks’ portfolio risk changes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Investigating the Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Real Currency Value on Iran's Stock Exchange
Masoume Karimi Gholamreza ZomorodianMoney and monetary policy, on the one hand, are the source of economic activity and on the other hand, the value of money and the speed of its circulation are influenced by the conditions and economic activities. According to many scholars, the criterion of the importan MoreMoney and monetary policy, on the one hand, are the source of economic activity and on the other hand, the value of money and the speed of its circulation are influenced by the conditions and economic activities. According to many scholars, the criterion of the importance of money is that it can have a decisive impact on the economical structure of the countries. Along with this approach the present study is looking for to determine and quantify the effect of the real value of money on Iran's gross domestic product, it will be a useful guide for policy makers to properly plan future programs. According to objectives this research is practical and according to the methodology inductive reasoning and the research design is retrospective study; the time period for doing this research is 1991- 2016. In this study, inferential statistics were used to analyze the relationship between variables. Accordingly, based on theoretical foundations and various studies which have been carried out both inside and outside the country, all the variables that influenced the Iran Stock Exchange were identified.In the following, according to the statistical characteristics of the variables, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag(ARDL) was selected as an appropriate econometric model. Based on the real value of money, short-term and long-term money does not have a significant effect on gross domestic product; but government expenditures, exports, imports and exchange rates have a positive and significant impact on Iran Stock Exchange over the short term and in the long termperiod. The results also indicated that the error correction model (ECM) coefficient in the study was about 0. 347; in other words, about 34.7 percent of the Iran Stock Exchange's imbalance variable from its long-term values disappears after a period of time. Accordingly, if the Iran Stock Exchange exits from the initial equilibrium due to the shock, 3 courses of time are needed to correct short-term imbalances and gross domestic product will return to the original long-term equilibrium. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - آنالیز کارایی هزینه و درآمد غیرمحدب در شبکه دو مرحله ای و کاربرد آن برای فرودگاههای ایران
جواد گرامی محمد رضا مظفری پریسا کامیابدر دنیای حقیقی ممکن است تصمیم گیرنده بخواهد کارایی هزینه و درآمد را برای واحدهای تصمیم گیرنده موجود در مقابل برای واحدهای تصمیم گیرنده مجازی انجام دهد در اینصورت دیگر نمی توان از مدلهای سنتی تحلیل پوششی داده ها استفاده نمود و باید از مدلهای FDH به منظور ارزیابی کارایی و Moreدر دنیای حقیقی ممکن است تصمیم گیرنده بخواهد کارایی هزینه و درآمد را برای واحدهای تصمیم گیرنده موجود در مقابل برای واحدهای تصمیم گیرنده مجازی انجام دهد در اینصورت دیگر نمی توان از مدلهای سنتی تحلیل پوششی داده ها استفاده نمود و باید از مدلهای FDH به منظور ارزیابی کارایی واحدهای تصمیم گیرنده استفاده نماییم. در این مقاله مدلهای ارزیابی کارایی درآمد و هزینه را بر اساس مدلهای FDH و مقایسات زوجی توسعه می دهیم. در ادامه مدلهای ارائه شده را برای شبکه دو مرحله ای توسعه میدهیم و مقادیر مطلوب ورودیها و خروجیها را با توجه به قیمت آنها بدست می آوریم. یک الگوریتم برای اندازه گیری کارایی هزینه و درآمد بر اساس نسبت ورودیها و خروجیها ارائه شده است. سرانجام الگوریتم ارائه شده را برای ارزیابی کارایی 13 فرودگاه با ساختار شبکه دو مرحله ای در ایران بدون در نظر گرفتن قید تحدب بکار می بریم. در انتها نتایج حاصل از تحقیق را ارائه میدهیم. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - توزیع فضایی فقر با استفاده از هزینه و درآمد بر توسعه پایدارخانوارهای روستایی: مطالعه موردی مناطق روستایی استان آذربایجان غربی
گلناز شاهسواری بیژن رحمانی عبدالرضا رحمانی فضلی -
Open Access Article
81 - تبیین اهمیت منابع درآمدی برای موفقیت تمرکززدایی؛ پیشنهاداتی برای موفقیت نهادهای محلی در ایران
حسن کریمی فرد -
Open Access Article
82 - تحلیل روشهای تامین منابع مالی شهرداری تبریز با تاکید بر درآمدهای پایدار
اکبر مددی پرویز نوروزی کریم حسین زاده دلیر -
Open Access Article
83 - تحلیلی بر وضعیت امکانات و تسهیلات گردشگری و نقش متقابل آنها بر توسعه گردشگری (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان آستارا)
ماریا نهاوندپور محسن رنجبر حسین مجتبی زاده خانقاهی -
Open Access Article
84 - تحلیل اثر نابرابری درآمد بر کیفیت محیط زیست در ایران (با ارائه یک مدل کاربردی در برنامهریزی محیطی)
محمد خیری وحید دهباشی هادی اسماعیل پورمقدم -
Open Access Article
85 - نقش گردشگری در درآمدزایی مناطق روستایی با ارائه یک مدل راهبردی در توسعه گردشگری روستاها (مطالعه موردی شهرستان فیروزکوه)
رضا سیر محمد علی احمدیان حمید جعفری کتایون علیزاده -
Open Access Article
86 - بررسی و ارزیابی سیاستهای مسکن گروههای کمدرآمد شهری (نمونه موردی: تبریز)
محمد ملکوتی نیا علیرضا سلطانی بختیار عزت پناه -
Open Access Article
87 - عوامل اثرگذار در پیادهسازی الگوی مشارکت عمومی- خصوصی در توسعه شهری تهران
کامران زارعیان رحیم سرور عباس ارغان -
Open Access Article
88 - ارزیابی مؤلفههای تأثیرگذار بر پایداری ساختار درآمدی شهرداریها(مطالعه موردی: کلانشهر اصفهان)
نعمتاله شریفنژاد حمید صابری احمد خادمالحسینی کرامتاله زیاری مهری اذانی -
Open Access Article
89 - بررسی نقش پایگاه اقتصادی – اجتماعی در تبیین میزان مشارکت سیاسی شهروندان شهر مهاباد
حسام نصیری شهلا کاظمی پور مجید کفاشی -
Open Access Article
90 - بررسی نقش پایگاه اقتصادی – اجتماعی در تبیین میزان مشارکت سیاسی شهروندان شهر مهاباد
حسام نصیری شهلا کاظمیپور مجید کفاشی -
Open Access Article
91 - An Analysis of the Effect of Different Types of Tax on Production and Inflation with an Emphasis on Value-Added Tax and Income Tax
Omid Ahmadi Arash Jahangiri Babadi khatereh AlemiPurpose: The purpose of the present study is to recognize and analyze short-term and long-term effects of income tax and value-added tax on these 2 macroeconomic criteria from 1991 to 2021. Considering the result of the unit root test and the stationarity of the variabl MorePurpose: The purpose of the present study is to recognize and analyze short-term and long-term effects of income tax and value-added tax on these 2 macroeconomic criteria from 1991 to 2021. Considering the result of the unit root test and the stationarity of the variables at the level and with an interval, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method was used to estimate the coefficients.Results: The results show that both models (dependent variable of the first model: inflation, dependent variable of the second model: gross domestic product) have long-term relation. In the first model, the results indicate that taxes have inflationary effects in the long term. On the other hand, contrary to the expectation of some experts, imposing taxes would improve GDP in the long term. Moreover, the value of ECT (-1) for both models is as expected and equal to -0.775 and-0.901 which means returning to long-term balance in less than 2 periods after the shock.Conclusion: It is suggested that by studying other macroeconomic variables, more attention will be paid to their evaluation and effectiveness on the variables of macroeconomics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Effective Factors on Income Tax Non-Compliance in Occupations: Theory of Planned Behavior
Sajad Ebrahimi Jaafar Babajani hamideh AsnaashariPurpose: The purpose of the present study is to review non-compliance of taxpayers in occupations within the framework of a behavioral theory.Method: The present study is practical and it has a descriptive-survey approach. Cluster sampling method was used and the resear MorePurpose: The purpose of the present study is to review non-compliance of taxpayers in occupations within the framework of a behavioral theory.Method: The present study is practical and it has a descriptive-survey approach. Cluster sampling method was used and the research data were collected through 338 structured and researcher-made questionnaires with 5-point Likert scale from 4 groups of occupations (currency exchangers, real estate agents, lawyers, and official court experts). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS (version 25), Smart P.L.S. (version 2), and structural equations modeling method.Results: The results indicate that within the framework of planned behavior theory, attitude variables, information asymmetry, risk taking, and tax compliance cost have a significantly direct relationship with tax non-compliance intention. However, no significant relation was observed in the effect of attitude variables, tax knowledge, tax system, and tax officials. A significantly indirect relation was observed between the impact of norms on the intention of tax non-compliance and individual norms. Finally, it was observed that recognized behavioral control has a significant effect on the intention and behavior of income tax non-compliance in occupations.Conclusion: It is noticeable that tax organizations do not have sufficient focus on behavioral factors and since the theory of planned behavior is a suitable approach to explain and predict the intention and behavior of taxpayers, this gap can be investigated using this theory and other similar ones to present appropriate solutions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Relationships between reduction of income, health and job satisfaction before retirement with psychological well-being after that it according to moderating role of job planning, bridge job and retirement earlier and later than expected
mohammadreza mosahebi hamidreza oreyzi fariba yazdekhasti hamid bidramThe purpose of this study is to examine the moderating role of retirement plan, retiring stage and retirement time in the relationship between reduction of income, health and job satisfaction before retirement AND psychological well-being after retirement. Research meth MoreThe purpose of this study is to examine the moderating role of retirement plan, retiring stage and retirement time in the relationship between reduction of income, health and job satisfaction before retirement AND psychological well-being after retirement. Research method is descriptive-correlative, performed on the employees close to retirement in an industrial complex in Esfahan. To test the hypotheses, a sample of 893 people was gathered through Convenience method. Data gathering took place with measures including CES-D scale (Raulf, 1977), questions measuring reduction of income, health and job satisfaction before retirement extracted from health and retirement survey (HRS, 1992), and questions measuring retirement plan and retirement expectation extracted from Wolfgang(2014). For data analysis correlation coefficient and subgroups analysis (for moderating analysis) was used. Results indicated that there is a positive relationship between job satisfation and well-being before retirement AND psychological well-being after retirement, on the other hand, there is a negative relationship between expected time of retirement, self-reported reduction of health, expert-reported reduction of health AND psychological well-being (p<0.01). Also, in the relationship between reduction of income, health and job satisfaction before retirement AND psychological well-being after retirement, there is a moderating effect by retirement plan, bridge job and expected time(earlier or later than expected) of retirement (p<0.01). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Platform-Based Business Strategy
Marzieh Eskandari Fatemeh shokri saraviAbstract: Platform-based business strategy is actually a novel approach to industry and trade that has emerged by new technologies and methods. This strategy is not necessarily loyal to the business traditional rules, and has redefined a great number of the fundamental MoreAbstract: Platform-based business strategy is actually a novel approach to industry and trade that has emerged by new technologies and methods. This strategy is not necessarily loyal to the business traditional rules, and has redefined a great number of the fundamental concepts. The previous models such as value-chain analysis or Porter’s model (and its modified strategies which describes a couple of mix strategies such as three basic value disciplines) are replaced by network effects and monetization strategies and the success of platform-based business strategies has led to a noticeable growth in the field of business strategies instead of using traditional methods and the substitute of traditional methods with these new strategies are increasing more and more. In this study, we explore the idea of platform-based business strategies using a number of analytic approaches. Furthermore, employing several concepts such as the network effect and monetization strategies, we examine the economic and organizational aspects of this family of businesses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Analysis of Strategies for securing sustainable income sources in Metropolitan Tehran
Ali Aram Abdoalreza Shahvazi Making money in municipalities is one of the things that has a major impact on providing urban services to citizens. If municipalities are not able to generate sufficient and sustainable revenue, they will not be able to create and o More Making money in municipalities is one of the things that has a major impact on providing urban services to citizens. If municipalities are not able to generate sufficient and sustainable revenue, they will not be able to create and operate the necessary facilities in the city. But the important point in the discussion of financing and reforming the financial resources of municipalities is the sustainability of revenue sources; So that these revenues, in addition to being reliable and sustainable, should not be a threat to sustainable urban development. This research is an applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. The reason for choosing the research is to achieve the principles and effective criteria of "providing sustainable revenue sources for the municipality of Tehran". A questionnaire was prepared for field assessment and accreditation of the status of the studied incomes and was prepared by 150 professors and urban planning experts, city council members, senior financial managers and deputies, consultants, financial experts and experts, expert professors, managers. And revenue recognition experts of 22 municipalities in Tehran were completed. The purpose of preparing a questionnaire and collecting information in this way was to determine the stability of financial and revenue resources of municipalities and determine the possibility of using these resources in Tehran Municipality. The results showed that the most stable type of revenue for the city of Tehran, which is also enforceable, is to receive an appropriate share of government taxes, either in the form of VAT or in the form of a percentage transfer of national taxes as a share of the municipality.Extended AbstractIntroduction: Making money in municipalities is one of the things that has a major impact on providing urban services to citizens. If municipalities cannot generate sufficient and sustainable revenue, they will not be able to build and operate the necessary facilities in the city. One of the most important concerns of managers and urban planners is to achieve sustainable urban development. Due to the rapid gro;wth of urbanization, the demand for goods and services in cities has increased significantly, and in this regard, meeting the needs of its citizens requires sufficient financial resources. But the important point in the discussion of financing and reforming the financial resources of municipalities is the sustainability of revenue sources; So that these revenues, in addition to being reliable and sustainable, should not be a threat to sustainable urban development.Methodology: This research is an applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. The reason for selecting the research is to achieve the principles and effective criteria of "providing sustainable revenue sources for the municipality of Tehran". A questionnaire was prepared for field assessment and accreditation of the status of the studied incomes and was prepared by 150 professors and urban planning experts, city council members, senior financial managers and deputies, consultants, financial experts and experts, expert professors, managers. And revenue recognition experts of 22 municipalities in Tehran were completed.Results and discussion: The results showed that the most stable type of revenue for the city of Tehran, which is also enforceable, is to receive an appropriate share of government taxes, either in the form of VAT or in the form of a percentage transfer of national taxes as a share of the municipality.Conclusion: Findings from library and comparative studies of revenue sources of different municipalities around the world, theoretical foundations and global experiences of sustainable revenue systems of municipalities, four ways in the urban economy to finance public services, are known:Direct sale of municipal service pricing servicesCollection of local taxes and dutiesUse of government grants (government transfers)Borrowing and issuing city bonds) Using financial markets as a complement to the income system Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - ارزیابی سیاست های اجرایی تأمین مسکن گروه های کم درآمد شهری از دیدگاه ساکنان؛ مطالعه موردی: مسکن مهر سهند ـ تبریز
محمد ملکوتی نیا علیرضا سلطانی بختیار عزت پناه -
Open Access Article
97 - بررسی اثرات اقتصادی نوسانات اقلیمی برآب مصرفی و تولید محصول گندم در استان خوزستان
نرگس ظهرابی نصره حمادی رضا مقدسیدر این تحقیق، تغییر در پارامترهای اقلیمی دما و بارش و تغییرات کمی آن­ها برای منطقه خوزستان مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. سپس اثر اقتصادی آنها بر آب مصرفی و همچنین بر درآمد خالص محصول گندم با بکارگیری روش ریکاردین بررسی شد. دادههای سری زمانی دما و بارش دوره (13 Moreدر این تحقیق، تغییر در پارامترهای اقلیمی دما و بارش و تغییرات کمی آن­ها برای منطقه خوزستان مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. سپس اثر اقتصادی آنها بر آب مصرفی و همچنین بر درآمد خالص محصول گندم با بکارگیری روش ریکاردین بررسی شد. دادههای سری زمانی دما و بارش دوره (1388- 1345) در سه منطقه دزفول، اهواز و شادگان مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. نتایج تحلیل آماری با استفاده از آزمون من کندال نشان داد که روند در سری زمانی درجه حرارت به صورت افزایشی است. اما روند در سری زمانی بارش برای منطقه اهواز کاهشی بوده، در منطقه دزفول وجود روند تایید نگردید و برای ایستگاه شادگان روند کاهشی ضعیف دیده شد. افزایش نیاز آبی محصول گندم برای منطقه دزفول، اهواز و شادگان به ترتیب برابر 2106، 2500 و 3129 متر مکعب و به طور متوسط برابر 31% در 100 سال می­باشد. کاهش بازده سالانه این محصول در اثر افزایش نیاز آب ناشی از نوسانات اقلیمی نیز برای منطقه دزفول، اهواز و شادگان به ترتیب برابر 24587، 19291 و 18360 ریال می­باشد. همچنین نتایج مدل ریکاردین نشان داد که افزایش در دما و کاهش بارندگی تا 100 سال آینده باعث کاهش جمعا 57863 هزار ریال در بازده گندم به ازای هر هکتار می­گردد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Creating new and stable incomes for municipalities (Case study: Sanandaj Municipality)
Salahuddin Ghasimi sirvan seidi jahede tekyekhahOne of the most important concerns of municipalities in all countries is to create sufficient sources of income and finance various financial expenses of municipalities. in the country's municipalities and create stable incomes. The main goal of this research is to prov MoreOne of the most important concerns of municipalities in all countries is to create sufficient sources of income and finance various financial expenses of municipalities. in the country's municipalities and create stable incomes. The main goal of this research is to provide strategies and solutions to generate income for Sanandaj municipality. The current research aims to identify internal factors (strengths and weaknesses), external factors (opportunities and threats) and formulate a strategy for sustainable development for Sanandaj municipality. Did. For this purpose, SWOT integrated model and network analysis process (ANP) have been used. The process of network analysis gives measurements in situations where there are dependencies between strategic factors. The network model in this research is composed of four levels, objective (best strategy) in the first level, SWOT factors in the second level, SWOT sub-criteria in the third level and strategy options in the last level in order to present and analyze SWOT. To determine the weights of SWOT factors based on the ANP method, a questionnaire was completed in a comparative manner with the results of 9 items designed by 34 people. After that, they are collected to be analyzed by Super Decision software and ST, WO, SO, WT strategies are determined as the best strategies to generate sustainable income for Sanandaj Municipality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Maintenance Management Value Chain in the Revenue Enhancement and Productivity in Kermanshah Petrochemical Industries Company
Farhad Vafaei Amir Moradi Sina FarajiThis study examined the effectiveness of maintenance management value chain in Kermanshah Petrochemical Industries Company which can lead to revenue enhancement and productivity. A total number of 126 employees of Kermanshah Petrochemical Industries Company were selecte MoreThis study examined the effectiveness of maintenance management value chain in Kermanshah Petrochemical Industries Company which can lead to revenue enhancement and productivity. A total number of 126 employees of Kermanshah Petrochemical Industries Company were selected by simple random sampling. Ghasemi's (2014) value chain questionnaire and Hersey and Goldsmith’s (2005) organizational efficiency questionnaire were used to collect data. Afterwards, SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the revenue enhancement and maintenance management value chain were effective. Moreover, the maintenance management value chain can predict the amount of revenue enhancement and efficiency in Kermanshah Petrochemical Industries Company. The results showed that the maintenance management value chain has been done properly in Kermanshah Petrochemical Industries Company. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Identifying And Prioritizing The Factors Affecting The Reduction Of Staff Motivation Using Network Analysis Model In Imam Khomeini Relief Committee Of Fars Province
shokoufeh zare mehdi mehdi zaderostam peyman piroozThis study was conducted to identify and prioritize the effective factors in reducing employee motivation using network analysis model in Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Fars province.The study consists of 723 employees of Imam Khomeini Relief Committee, of which a sa MoreThis study was conducted to identify and prioritize the effective factors in reducing employee motivation using network analysis model in Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Fars province.The study consists of 723 employees of Imam Khomeini Relief Committee, of which a sample of 251 people was selected using the Cochran's formula. Sampling was done randomly.Data collection was used to test the hypotheses of two questionnaires.The first questionnaire based on Likert scale 5 degrees is for the initial screening of criteria and sub-criteria and the expert questionnaire is based on pairwise comparison to prioritize the criteria and sub-criteria. An expert who is based on a pairwise comparison of all the elements with each other is a probability that a variable is not considered.Therefore, because all the criteria have been considered in this assessment and Qad designer is not particularly oriented in designing the questions, so this questionnaire is valid in itself. In this study, the network analysis process has been used to prioritize the indicators.For this purpose, the pairwise comparison matrix has been used to determine the weight of the criteria.The implementation of the ANP technique has been performed using super decision software. Based on the results; The income level factor with a weight of 0.294 is in the 1st place.The supervisor factor with a weight of 0.265 is in the 2nd place. The job level factor with a weight of 0.182 is in the 3rd place. The gender factor with a weight of 0.16 is in the 4th place. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Designing an innovative model of income generation in education with an emphasis on opportunities and threats
mohammad bigdeli abbas ghanbariAbstract Purpose: The purpose of the research is to design an innovative model of income generation in education with an emphasis on opportunities and threats. Research methodology: This research was conducted using a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative). The s MoreAbstract Purpose: The purpose of the research is to design an innovative model of income generation in education with an emphasis on opportunities and threats. Research methodology: This research was conducted using a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative). The statistical population includes the service recipients of the income centers (N=445), among whom 206 people were selected by stratified random sampling. In order to collect data in the qualitative part, a semi-structured interview with 21 experts was used, and in the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. Reliability and validity in the qualitative section were calculated through two methods of review by participants and review by experts, and in the quantitative section using Cronbach's alpha, which is 0.7. To analyze the data of the qualitative part of the content analysis method, and to check the current status of the factors affecting income generation and the fit of the final model, a sample t-test was used. Findings: The results of the research show 6 general categories, which include: causal conditions (intra-organizational factors, extra-organizational factors); the central phenomenon (income generation in education); strategies; substrates; Intervening conditions and outcomes have been obtained that reveal potential income generation methods and their relationships. Conclusion: The findings of this research can be effective in increasing the income of education and provide a suitable basis for providing desirable educational and educational services. Keywords: income generation, innovation, foundation data-based approach, education Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - بررسی توان پیش بینی درآمد بالقوه مشتریان در مقابل سابقه اعتباری آنها جهت باز پرداخت تسهیلات دریافتی در بانک ملت مطالعه موردی بانک ملت استان زنجان
مریم خلیلی عراقی منصوره علیقلی جواد محمدی -
Open Access Article
103 - مدیریت سود ریسک سهام و نوسانات درآمد در بانگهای پذیرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران
پیمان نوری بروجردی داود سوری محمدعلی اشرف گنجوئی -
Open Access Article
104 - بررسی عوامل تأثیر گذار بر انگیزه پیشرفت دانشجویان دانشگاه آزاد 1387- اسلامی واحد ابهر، ورودی 88
دکتر یدالله رجائی -
Open Access Article
105 - تدوین سناریوهای برنامهریزی مسکن برای گروههای آسیبپذیر شهری با رویکرد آیندهنگاری(مطالعه موردی: کلانشهر تبریز)
شهریور روستایی عادل شری زاده -
Open Access Article
106 - Simulation of urban revenues dynamics using systems dynamics approach
Seyed Maziar Alavi Morteza Mousakhani Gholamhossein Hosseininia Seyed Hossein HosseiniMunicipalities are among the organizations that play an important role in the development of cities and the expansion of civic areas. Today, one of the most important issues for municipalities is creating sustainable sources of income and financing municipal services. A MoreMunicipalities are among the organizations that play an important role in the development of cities and the expansion of civic areas. Today, one of the most important issues for municipalities is creating sustainable sources of income and financing municipal services. Also, one of the biggest problems of the municipality is the reduction of the relative share of sustainable revenues, which will reduce the power of long-term and sustainable planning of this urban institution. In this research, as an applied research, the dynamics of municipal revenues, both stable and unstable, have been investigated using system dynamics. The use of systems dynamics method made it possible to study the causal relationships affecting the issue under study and by modeling the conditions prevailing in municipalities, it was possible to provide solutions to improve the current situation. The simulation results on one of the districts of Tehran Municipality show that with the continuation of the current situation, the share of stable municipal revenues will increase from 5% to only 21% in 1404. This is while the percentage of fulfillment of municipal revenue obligations reaches about 5% in 1404. Based on the simulation results in different scenarios, paying attention to the development of waste recycling infrastructure and focusing on increasing the collection of municipal toll revenues can increase the percentage of sustainable municipal revenues by up to 45%. The proposed model can be used as a basis for decisions of municipal managers to strengthen sustainable revenue sources and reduce costs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - The Roles of A200 Super Absorbent Rates on Yield of Burley 21 Tobacco under Different Irrigation Treatments
مهرداد Molavi S. Mohammadi S. Sharafi E. Namvar RezaeiIn order to study the effect of different levels of irrigation and different rates of A200super absorbent on dry leaf yield of tobacco burley21, a factorial experiment with four replications was conducted in RCB, during crop season of 2010. The levels of irrigations )80 MoreIn order to study the effect of different levels of irrigation and different rates of A200super absorbent on dry leaf yield of tobacco burley21, a factorial experiment with four replications was conducted in RCB, during crop season of 2010. The levels of irrigations )80, 120 and 160 mm evaporation from A pan( and four levels of super absorbent (0, 5, 10 and 15 g.m-1). Increasing irrigation interval length from 80 to 160 mm evaporation from pan decreased plant height, dry leaf yield and total income by 13, 10 and 15%, respectivly. Application of 5, 10 and 15 g.m-1 of super absorbent compared to control increased dry yield of leaf by 4, 7 and 10%, and total income by 7, 8 and 13%, respectively. Results also showed that application of 1 kg of super absorbent (costed at least 120000 toman/kg) increased total income by 2580 toman. In general, delayed irrigation decreased quantity and income of tobacco. On the other hand, application of super absorbent increased quantity, quality and income of tobacco as compared to the control treatment, since super absorbent is expensive, its application would not be economical and it is thus not recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - The effect of Intellectual Property Protection on Growth Economic and Income Distribution in Iran
YUSEF MEHNATFAR FARIBA OSMANIIn this paper, the relationship between intellectual property rights and economic growth and income distribution in Iran has been investigated using time series data during the period 1360-1396 using the ordinary least squares method. This paper examines the relationshi MoreIn this paper, the relationship between intellectual property rights and economic growth and income distribution in Iran has been investigated using time series data during the period 1360-1396 using the ordinary least squares method. This paper examines the relationship between economic growth and the degree of economic openness, information and communication technology, government spending and the intellectual property rights index, and the results indicate a positive and significant relationship between growth and information and communication technology and a negative relationship between growth and Intellectual property rights. On the other hand, the relationship between income distribution and inflation rate, unemployment rate, economic growth and intellectual property rights index has also been examined. The results indicate a positive and statistically significant relationship between intellectual property rights and income distribution and significant relationship. Negative is the relationship between inflation, unemployment and economic growth with income distribution. To this end, the government should pave the way for equal income distribution and motivate innovators by protecting intellectual property rights and creating the conditions for enacting and overseeing laws. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Social factors affecting the presentation of a suitable housing model for low-income groups in the city of Tabriz
Leila Soheili vand Farzin Hag Parast Alireza Soltani Mahsa FaramarziAccess to housing for various groups in society, especially low-income groups, and its quality and quantity is one of the most important challenges facing governments and communities. Numerous factors have made it difficult to access in cities, especially for low-income MoreAccess to housing for various groups in society, especially low-income groups, and its quality and quantity is one of the most important challenges facing governments and communities. Numerous factors have made it difficult to access in cities, especially for low-income groups. In this study, the key drivers affecting the provision of adequate housing for low-income groups in the city of Tabriz have been identified and analyzed. First, with the environmental and Delphi scanning technique, 40 primary factors in four dimensions of physical-spatial indicators, economic indicators, social indicators and environmental indicators were extracted and then using the Delphi method of managers, the matrix of intersecting effects of the components was formed and through software. The matrix analysis was performed and five categories of variables were identified accordingly. Due to the high score of direct and indirect effect of factors, sixteen main factors as key drivers in order to provide suitable housing for groups. Low income was identified in Tabriz metropolis. Among the propellants studied, the variables of physical-spatial dimension had the greatest impact on housing of the groups in the study area and factors related to the environmental dimension had the least impact. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Analysis of social welfare in Iran with emphasis on human development from the perspective of economic sociology
Monireh DizajiOne of the appropriate criteria for assessing the situation of any country is to assess the social status and welfare of that country and improving the social welfare status of any society should be considered as one of the macroeconomic goals. The concept of human deve MoreOne of the appropriate criteria for assessing the situation of any country is to assess the social status and welfare of that country and improving the social welfare status of any society should be considered as one of the macroeconomic goals. The concept of human development emphasizes the goals of progress and development instead of focusing on tools. Human development means the process of expanding people's choice and improving their Welfare. The most important dimensions of human development are a long and healthy life, knowledge and dignified living standards. The subject of this study is to investigate the impact of human development dimensions on social welfare in Iran. The statistical society is the macroeconomic variables of Iran during the years 1987 to 2017. Data analysis was performed using Eviews software and vector autoregression method. The results show that there is a significant relationship between human development index and social welfare in Iran. So that the value of the normalized vector for the variable of education index, life expectancy and per capita income are equal to 2.86547, 2.353574 and 4.28745, respectively. The results also showed that shocks in human development index such as education shocks, life expectancy index and per capita income were 20.472, 0.645 and 3.456 percent in the short term, respectively, and 75.883, 0.986 and 5.587% explain the long-term changes in social welfare in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Evaluation of job and family-work conflict among employed women in governmental institutions of Tabriz
Pari Fathipour Samad Rasoulzadeh AghdamThe aim of this study was to investigate the job and family-work conflict among employed women in governmental institutions of Tabriz. The study population consisted of all married women employed in state institutions of Tabriz. The sample size determined by Cochran for MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the job and family-work conflict among employed women in governmental institutions of Tabriz. The study population consisted of all married women employed in state institutions of Tabriz. The sample size determined by Cochran formula was 278 and the sampling method used to find respondents was Simple Random method. Measurement tool was Carlson’s et al (2000) multi-dimensional 18-points Questionnaire of work-family conflict. The data were analyzed by spss19 using Pearson correlation and analysis of variances to test hypothesis. Research results indicate that, total work-family conflict is different due to job type and education of respondents. The average of total work-family conflict between service jobs and under bachelor’s degree is higher than the other respondents. The correlation between work-family conflict and job experience is not significant. On the other hand the correlation between work-family conflict and income is reverse and significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - a
esmaeil rabie ahmad saie saeed mirtorabi -
Open Access Article
113 - Pathology of Fifth and Sixth Plans of Economic, Social and Cultural Development of the Country in the Field of Housing Supply Urban low income groups
Jamileh Tavakolnia Saeed ZarghamiOne of the challenges facing cities today, especially cities in the Third World, is, along with other economic and social issues, housing and housing finance for low-income groups. As a result of this, the problem of housing and its supply in the cities of Iran is an im MoreOne of the challenges facing cities today, especially cities in the Third World, is, along with other economic and social issues, housing and housing finance for low-income groups. As a result of this, the problem of housing and its supply in the cities of Iran is an important challenge. Therefore, this research seeks to study the policies, attitudes and practices of the country's development plan for its pathology in the housing sector, and in particular the housing of low-income groups. The results of the research indicate that in the fifth development plan, with the change of government, we see the policy shift from the axial supply to the demand side. In the early years of this program, the most important approach to low-income housing was the failed Mehr Housing Project, which was abandoned by changing the government due to the problems of this project in providing housing for low-income groups. But no substitute program for housing in low income groups was provided, only to review the comprehensive housing plan and add five new programs. During the fifth development plan, housing inflation has risen and the housing market is in recession. Housing market approaches have practically failed to help finance low-income groups. The sixth development plan was also designed with more goals than the fifth program. The program focuses on the issue of housing of low-income groups in four dimensions, in which policies and strategies are being considered to optimize the desirable urban depreciated texture. Manuscript profile -
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114 - محاسبه کششهای قیمتی و درآمدی تقاضای گردشگری داخلی شهر اصفهان در سالهای 88 و 90 (قبل و بعد از اجرای یارانه)
جواد میرمحمد صادقی مهناز رضازاده -
Open Access Article
115 - برآورد تابع تقاضای گردشگری داخلی در شهرستان مشهد
جواد میرمحمد صادقی رامین محبوبی مریم شریف دوست -
Open Access Article
116 - Strategic Planning Model for Public Sector Organizations (Case Study of Malayer Municipality,2017-2021)
Fakhrodin maroofi naghdei alireza EmamiOne of the most important duties strategist, future projections are based on past experiences and future goals is to achieve. Among all management tasks, from the most basic plan is that the bridge linking the present into the future. Those of the past had planned to de MoreOne of the most important duties strategist, future projections are based on past experiences and future goals is to achieve. Among all management tasks, from the most basic plan is that the bridge linking the present into the future. Those of the past had planned to decide when and for action in the future. We can not control changes but we can prepare to deal with it. On the other hand resource constraints and low price elasticity of public service organizations, assign tasks as diverse organizational tasks of the Authority, Vslayq high expectations of citizens in creating public goods, public sector managers in setting priorities and making choices between the diverse demands of citizens due to limited resources, the problem of inconsistency in the objectives, policies, strategies, planning Vslyqh axle, resulting in the loss of resources and diminishing marginal utility and productivity encountered last currency. This longitudinal study using indirect observations between 1372 till 1394, and based on the economic theory of rational expectations model and the new model Bryson, statistical methods, time series ARMA final performance criteria and test Dickey - Fuller and t-student, the income equation and costs for the years 1396 till 1400 estimate Zndvatbar statistical hypotheses effect on investment and value added in the construction sector, effects of national and government aid, grants and borrowing, economic crises, rate of return and added value for other sectors, duration of return on investment, Vmkhatrh risk investments in the construction sector, maintenance of assets and savings culture in the form of quantitative and qualitative factors affecting the costs and revenue of public sector organizations and Atbaramary analyzes the hypothesis is accepted. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Identification and Analysis of Influential Components on Sustainable Urban Revenue Generationwith an Emphasis on Urban Branding (A Case of Urumia)
hadi alizadeh Soheila hamidzadeh khiyavi karim hosseinzade dalirA sustainable income is crucial for any organization, whether in urban or other fields. It serves as the fundamental basis for proper and purposeful implementation of an agency's activities. Therefore, managers’ efforts are focused on identifying specific resource MoreA sustainable income is crucial for any organization, whether in urban or other fields. It serves as the fundamental basis for proper and purposeful implementation of an agency's activities. Therefore, managers’ efforts are focused on identifying specific resources for their annual budget and determining alternative resources if needed and utilizing them when necessary. Urban tourism is an alternative field for providing sustainable urban income. This article aims to examine and identify effective components for sustainable urban income in the city of Urumia. The research methodology used in this study is survey-based and descriptive-analytical. The statistical population includes all experts and specialists in the fields of urban management, urban tourism, and urban planning, totaling 95 individuals who were selected using purposive sampling methods. Factor analysis and network analysis models were used to identify effective components for sustainable urban income with a focus on urban branding. The results have shown that urban management, based on six factors including transportation access, media and advertising activities, access to urban services and tourist facilities, among others, can utilize urban branding in the field of tourism to bring about sustainable income for the city and its economy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - The Effects of Diversification of Industrial Exports on the Instability of Foreign Exchange Earnings in Iran's Industrial
hooman nasiri masoud nonezhad Ali Haghighat Mehrzad EbrahimiThe main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the export diversification in the top industrial sub-sectors and its impact on the volatility of foreign exchange earnings in Iran's industrial sector. Accordingly, quarterly data from 2002-2 to 2 MoreThe main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the export diversification in the top industrial sub-sectors and its impact on the volatility of foreign exchange earnings in Iran's industrial sector. Accordingly, quarterly data from 2002-2 to 2018-3 were collected in the top three industrial sub-sectors of the country and the autoregression method with distributed intervals was used for estimation. The findings indicate the positive effects of inflation and global income on short-term and long-term foreign exchange earnings instability and the effect of concentration index of base metals sub-sector on industrial foreign exchange earnings instability was positive and in non-metallic mineral products and workshop textiles has been negative and significant. Therefore, moving towards diversification in the metals sub-sector and focusing on the non-metallic mineral and textile sub-sectors will reduce the volatility of industrial foreign exchange earnings. Based on the results, it is suggested that the government reduce the instability of industrial foreign exchange earnings by granting facilities, setting export and import customs tariffs in industrial sub-sectors, while directing production in terms of diversification or decentralization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - An Empirical Test of the Financial Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Iran
Mahboobeh Farahati Leyla SalimiThe Kuznets curve hypothesis of a nonlinear relationship between economic growth and income inequality has been widely tested for different countries. However, the factors influencing such a relationship that determine the position of the Kuznets curve have been neglect MoreThe Kuznets curve hypothesis of a nonlinear relationship between economic growth and income inequality has been widely tested for different countries. However, the factors influencing such a relationship that determine the position of the Kuznets curve have been neglected. One of these factors is financial development, which according to the financial Kuznets curve hypothesis, is inversely associated to the level of economic growth at which income inequality peaks (ie, the turning point of the Kuznets curve). This study empirically tests the financial Kuznets curve hypothesis in the Iranian economy using data for the period 1361-1397. To this end, real GDP per capita and Gini coefficient have been used as indices of economic growth and income inequality, respectively. In addition, several indices of financial development have been aggregated into an overall (combined) index, using the principal component analysis method. The empirical results indicate that in the long-run, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and income inequality, thus confirming the Kuznets curve hypothesis. In addition, the turning point of the Kuznets curve will be at lower level of economic growth when the level of financial development is higher. These findings provide evidence to support the long-run financial Kuznets hypothesis for Iran. Accordingly, it is suggested that economic planners and policymakers, in parallel with growth policies, improve the level of financial development, aimed at a more equitable distribution of income. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - The effect of bank credit composition on income distribution in developing countries
Ali Nasiri Aghdam mitra babapour The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of different types of bank loans on income inequality in the economies of 24 selected developing countries using the econometric method of panel data during the period 2000-2019. The results showed that credit More The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of different types of bank loans on income inequality in the economies of 24 selected developing countries using the econometric method of panel data during the period 2000-2019. The results showed that credits to the non-financial sector as well as consumption reduce inequality and credits to the financial and housing sectors increase inequality. Lending to the non-financial sector has also been declining, and lending to the consumer, financial and mortgage sectors has been on the rise. The findings also showed that the employment rate and housing prices, respectively, affect the effect of loans granted to the non-financial and housing sectors on income inequality. It is recommended to allocate a significant portion of the credit to non-financial activates and to avoid lending for speculative housing activities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - The Effect of Political Variable on the Relationship between Seignorage and Income Inequality: the Case Study of Selected OECD and D8 Countries
Vahid Taghinezhadomran Zahra Mila Elmi Mobin RamezanpourThe most important instrument of the government to finance public expenditures and to improve the distribution of tax revenues is tax. High reliance of government on seignorage can reduce the role of taxes in correcting the inequalities. Improving the political variable MoreThe most important instrument of the government to finance public expenditures and to improve the distribution of tax revenues is tax. High reliance of government on seignorage can reduce the role of taxes in correcting the inequalities. Improving the political variable of the voice and accountability by less reliance on seignorage and more reliance on taxes can improve income distribution.The main purpose of this study is to investigate and test this hypothesis with the help of data from selected OECD and D8countriesperiod 2018-2008 using the fully modified least squares method (FMOLS). The results of model estimation showed that the political variables of accountability can improve the distribution of income in the studied countries by reducing the government's reliance on seignorage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Modeling the Effects of Indirect Taxes on the Welfare of Income Deciles in Iran with the Computable General Equilibrium Application
Akbar Khodabakhshi Saeideh RoustaeiAfter oil revenues, taxes are the second and most important source of government expenditure in Iran's economy. On the other hand, considering the importance of social justice as one of the main goals of the government, the effects of imposing taxes on households are al MoreAfter oil revenues, taxes are the second and most important source of government expenditure in Iran's economy. On the other hand, considering the importance of social justice as one of the main goals of the government, the effects of imposing taxes on households are also very important. Therefore, this research, using a calculable general equilibrium model, seeks to investigate the welfare effects of imposing indirect taxes on different income deciles in Iran. For this purpose, two scenarios have been applied and the reactions of households with different income deciles to these scenarios have been investigated. In the first scenario, a uniform tax was imposed on all goods and services at a rate of five percent and in the second scenario, a tax on food at a zero rate, a tax on some luxury goods at a rate of 14 pecent and a tax on other goods at the same rate of 5 percent. EV index was also used to measure welfare. The results of the model show that the imposition of indirect taxes in the first scenario worsens the welfare of low-income households, while the second scenario improves the welfare of poor households and worsens the welfare of rich households. However, in the first scenario, the GDP was higher than in the second scenario. Therefore, it is recommended to choose a tax policy using an integrated tax system, we will see efficiency and economic justice. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Examining the Profile of Consumption and Income of Iranian Households During Life Cycles
Farzaneh Anvari Sajjad Barkhordari Mohsen MehraraThis study, using the dynamic planning approach and using the statistics and information obtained from the cost and income of Iranian households in the theoretical framework of the life cycle theory of Modigliani and Brumberg (1954), examines the consumption and income MoreThis study, using the dynamic planning approach and using the statistics and information obtained from the cost and income of Iranian households in the theoretical framework of the life cycle theory of Modigliani and Brumberg (1954), examines the consumption and income profile of the life cycles of Iranian households in the form of two versions. "Certainty Equivalent " and " Buffer stock " (which is equivalent to consumption under uncertainty) from Friedman's theory of permanent income and separate different educational groups and occupations. The results of this study show that in all of these profiles, consumption and income profiles follow entirely each other before the age of 45; In this way, it can be claimed that the CEQ theory is valid until the age of 45 and can explain the consumption and income profile of Iranian households well. The changes in the consumption behavior of Iranian households after the age of 45 show the change in preferences and the uncertainty of future incomes, so the profile of consumption and income after the age of 45 can only be explained with models that also consider uncertainty . Other results of this study show that Iranian households save up to the age of 45 with a "precautionary" motive; After the age of 45, the precautionary motivation to save is weakened, and with the change of preferences and the type of uncertainty, the motivation to "finance retirement expenses" is strengthened, and after the age of 65, they save with the motivation of inheritance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - The Structure of Production and Income Distribution in Iran
Esmaeil Abounoori mahboobeh farahatiAbstract The main goal of this research is to estimate the effect of production structure on income distribution in Iran. So, the researchers have used Gini coefficient, value added of five sectors concerning Agriculture, Industry and Mining, Building, Service, and Oil MoreAbstract The main goal of this research is to estimate the effect of production structure on income distribution in Iran. So, the researchers have used Gini coefficient, value added of five sectors concerning Agriculture, Industry and Mining, Building, Service, and Oil sectors shares of GDP during 1978-2012. The results indicate that the transition from Agriculture to Industry and Mining, Services and/or Oil increases the income inequality, while the transition from Oil to each of the other sectors reduces income inequality. Transferring the value added share of Industry and Mining to Oil or Services increases inequality. The transition from Services to Industry and Mining has equality effects on income distribution. Transferring the value added shares from Building sector to each of the Industry and Mining and Agriculture has no significant effects on inequality. Concerning the results, value added share transferring from Industry and Mining, Services and/or Oil to Agriculture reduces the inequality consistent with Kuznets Hypothesis representing that the inequality in Agriculture sector is less than other sectors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - Income Distribution Modeling in Iran: Comparison of Dagum Model and Other Models Selected
sadegh bakhtiari sajad mahmoodoghliIn this paper, Weibull two-parameter and beta three-parameter models, Lognormal, gamma and Dagum are estimated by Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) annually and using the data of Iranian Household income and expense during 1982-2011 via VGAM in R software package subp MoreIn this paper, Weibull two-parameter and beta three-parameter models, Lognormal, gamma and Dagum are estimated by Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) annually and using the data of Iranian Household income and expense during 1982-2011 via VGAM in R software package subprogram calculator. The comparison of these models will be done by Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). According to AIC and the charts of the probability density functions, it is clear that Degum distribution function has a good fit. Estimated parameters of beta and delta are increasing and alpha parameter is declining during these years. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - The Effect of Prices Changes on Income and Welfare Distribution in Urban Areas
teymoor mohammadi Abbas Shakeri Mahnoosh Abdollah milani Ali ShahabiAbstract The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of price changes on the distribution of income and social welfare in Iranian urban areas during 1991-2011. To get the end, a linear expenditure system is estimated by the use of budget data in urban households t MoreAbstract The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of price changes on the distribution of income and social welfare in Iranian urban areas during 1991-2011. To get the end, a linear expenditure system is estimated by the use of budget data in urban households to obtain the Engel coefficients for 12 good groups estimating seemingly unrelated regressions. Equivalent Income Index is calculated for 10 cost deciles based on what Atkinson’s inequality measure and social welfare index is calculated. The results represent that income inequality of urban households has been increased during the periods of high inflation, while social welfare has experienced a decreased growth. Meanwhile, it is clear that a remarkable part of social welfare changes is aroused by the changes of household's private welfare. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - The Effects of Development Iran’s Economy Sectors on Income increase in Urban and Rural Groups
mohamad Kiani deh kiani seyed habib allah mousavi Sadegh khalilianThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of development Iran’s economy sectors on increasing the income of low, middle and high income urban and rural groups. To achieve this goal, the effects of development eight main sectors of Iran’ economy MoreThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of development Iran’s economy sectors on increasing the income of low, middle and high income urban and rural groups. To achieve this goal, the effects of development eight main sectors of Iran’ economy on income increase of urban and rural groups were studied by using social accounting matrix (2011) and structural analysis method. The results show that the effects of agricultural development and expansion on earnings income increment per unit increase in the final demand of this sector for all urban and rural income groups are higher than other sectors and the crude oil and natural gas sector has the least effect. Also, urban group income increase is higher than rural. Based on this, it is suggested that the agricultural sector be considered seriously in the process of development and decision-making programs for investment in the economic sectors as well as the need to pay attention to income groups. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - Non-Interest Income, Profitability and Risk in Banking Industry
Amir Ali Farhang Abolghasem Esna Ashari Asghar Abolhasani Mohammad Reza Ranjbar Fallah Jahangir BiabaniThe aim of this study is evaluating the effect of non-interest income on the risk and profitability of the banking industry by using systematic GMM during 1384 to 1393. The findings show that the increase of non-interest income results in the increase of profitability a MoreThe aim of this study is evaluating the effect of non-interest income on the risk and profitability of the banking industry by using systematic GMM during 1384 to 1393. The findings show that the increase of non-interest income results in the increase of profitability and the decrease of risk in Iran's banking system and there is a significant positive relationship between the concentration index and bank risk in such a way that the increase of concentration index results in increase of banks' risks. On the base of the research results and current problems of Iran's banking system, paying attention to banks' money making ability through non-interest income can be considered as a major solution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - Economic Theory of Optimal Marriage
vahid mehrbaniEconomic approach to the marriage represent that optimal conditions in family formation are realized whenever the man loves equally himself and his wife and so the household resources will be equally distributed. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to consider the MoreEconomic approach to the marriage represent that optimal conditions in family formation are realized whenever the man loves equally himself and his wife and so the household resources will be equally distributed. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to consider the credibility of this idea and to find empirical evidence. By using a sample including of 415 married men residing in Tehran, empirical evidence suggest that higher income of women tends to convey marriage to optimality but the age and education of women go in opposite direction. In addition, the number of children and the degree of resemblance of couples' tastes will have positive impact on reaching to optimal marriage. At last, marriage will be close to optimality, if the men’s education is higher than the women’s occurred in lower ages and the number of children and the degree of understanding between the couples is more. The most important implication of this paper is that the similar characteristics of men and women are not necessarily a favorite situation in marriage but some discrepancies seem to be better. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Studying the Effect of Price Changes on the Welfare of Urban Households Disaggregated By Income Deciles and Commodity Groups
mohammadreza Arman mehr Asieh FarahmandmaneshThis study has assessed the welfare effects based on increasing in the price of eight commodity groups. This research has been accomplished among Iranian urban households of different income deciles in terms of linear expenditure system via using Compensating Variations MoreThis study has assessed the welfare effects based on increasing in the price of eight commodity groups. This research has been accomplished among Iranian urban households of different income deciles in terms of linear expenditure system via using Compensating Variations in the period 1372-1392 by time series data. The results indicate that the increasing in prices leads to decreasing the welfare of lower income deciles rather than the higher income deciles, but with rising price a group commodity(and stability of prices of other commodity groups) in terms of reduced welfare, the most vulnerable income deciles is different. Based on the results, it is suggested that the amount and type of subsidy to the income deciles must be different, and special attention must be paid to low-income groups in the liberation of prices due to inflation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Investigating the Rule-of-Thumb in Consumption by GMM Approach in Iran
reza roshan mosaieb pahlevani mohamadnabi shahiki tashThis paper reveals how many percent of Iranian households consume 100 percent of their current income or apply rule-of-thumb in consumption. To get the goal, Epstein-Zin utility function thereby will separate the elasticity of inter-temporal substitution and relative ri MoreThis paper reveals how many percent of Iranian households consume 100 percent of their current income or apply rule-of-thumb in consumption. To get the goal, Epstein-Zin utility function thereby will separate the elasticity of inter-temporal substitution and relative risk aversion. Then, the coefficient of rule-of-thumb in consumption will be estimated during 1980-2012 by using Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). Results indicate that about 26.5 percent of the Iranian households represent rule-of-thumb behavior, but the restact based on PIH and have inter-temporal consumption plan. Also, the coefficient of risk aversion for the consumption of Iranian households is about 8-22 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Nonlinear Relationship between Per Capita Income and Insurance Penetration
esmaeil safarzadeh hoda jafariIn this paper, nonlinear relationship between insurance penetration and per-capita income will be studied. For this purpose, the researchers specified S-shaped Curve as two-factor logistic growth functions and estimated its parameters by MLE method using panel data of 7 MoreIn this paper, nonlinear relationship between insurance penetration and per-capita income will be studied. For this purpose, the researchers specified S-shaped Curve as two-factor logistic growth functions and estimated its parameters by MLE method using panel data of 70 countries during 2000-2011. The results of estimation indicate that there is a level of per-capita income approximately 18697 for life, 7492 for non-life insurance and 10392 for total industry in which the income elasticity of the demand for insurance reaches to the maximum, 1.63, 1.38 and 1.42 respectively. Also, the maximum and minimum of life, non-life and total industry penetrations will be 4.54, 2.9 and 7.44, and 0.75, 1.02 and 1.83 respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Surveying the Monetary Shocks Impact on the Income-Expenditure Relationship in the Iran's Government with the Approach of TVPFAVAR
jaber akbari sadegh bakhtiari morteza sameti homayoun ranjbarThe aim of this survey is surveying of monetary shocks on government income-expenditure in Iran by using variable parameters during time by considering seasonal data over the period 1988 to 2014. The results show that occurrence of any shock in liquidity, increase gover MoreThe aim of this survey is surveying of monetary shocks on government income-expenditure in Iran by using variable parameters during time by considering seasonal data over the period 1988 to 2014. The results show that occurrence of any shock in liquidity, increase government income and expenditures and occurrence of any shock in inflation and interest rates, reduce this relationship, but the shocks of inflation and interest rates, has weakened this relationship. Based on the results, it is suggested, to balancing the relationship of income - expenditure in the long term, the government should not focus on the tools of monetary policy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Impact of Wealth on the Consumption of Private Sector in Iran
Sara Emamgholipour LotfAli AgheliIn this paper, the effect of financial wealth on private sector consumption is tested. The estimation of Auto-Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model by using quarterly data during 1996Q1-2010Q4 represents that the marginal propensity to consume out of disposable incom MoreIn this paper, the effect of financial wealth on private sector consumption is tested. The estimation of Auto-Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model by using quarterly data during 1996Q1-2010Q4 represents that the marginal propensity to consume out of disposable income is 0.361 and 0.686 in the short and long-term respectively, and it will be 0.261 and 0.497 respectively when consuming financial wealth. In addition, Error Correction Model (ECM) explains moderate adjustment of short-term imbalances with a factor of -0.525. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - The Impact of Tax Ratio on the Tourism Receipts in MENA Countries (Dynamic Panel Data Approach)
majid feshari Ali Akbar Taghipour mojtaba valibeigi nayer ghamariThe impact of tax ratio on the investment, in economic activity such as tourism sector, is important in tourism literature. So, the main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of tax ratio on the tourism receipts in MENA countries during 1995-2009.The mode MoreThe impact of tax ratio on the investment, in economic activity such as tourism sector, is important in tourism literature. So, the main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of tax ratio on the tourism receipts in MENA countries during 1995-2009.The model of study has been estimated by applying dynamic panel data approach and GMM estimator. The empirical results of study reveal that tax ratio has negative effect on the tourism receipts and GDP per capita and its growth have positive and significant effect on the tourism receipts in such countries. Hence, the main policy implication of this study is that the policy makers, in these countries, should adopt these policies to improve the tax revenue. Because, any increase of tax revenues can decrease the dependency to the tourism receipts. Moreover, the increase of GDP and GDP per capita can improve the tourism receipts in MENA countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - The Impact of Provincial Budget Gap on Regional Income Disparity of Iran’s Provinces by Using PVAR Model
Hadi Rahmani Fazli Abbas Arab MazarThis paper attempts to investigate the relationship among provincial construction and total budget gap with per capita income disparity as a regional inequality index among the nation provinces during 2006 - 2011 periods by using panel vector autoregressive approach. Ba MoreThis paper attempts to investigate the relationship among provincial construction and total budget gap with per capita income disparity as a regional inequality index among the nation provinces during 2006 - 2011 periods by using panel vector autoregressive approach. Based on the panel co-integration test there is a long run significant relationship among provincial income per capita disparity with provincial construction and total budget gap. Estimation results of PVAR model and analysis of impulse responses functions show that the budget gap shock has a positive impact on income per capita disparity and justifying the shock effect on income per capita lasts about six periods. The variance decomposition results of the shocks showed that the total and construction budget gap explain a considerable part of provincial income per capita disparity variation. The results emphasis on necessary to reduction gap in budget allocation to the nation provinces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Fiscal Policies and Income Distribution in Iran: FAVAR Approach
seyed kamal sadeghi mohammad bagher beheshti Reza ranjpour saeed ebrahimiThe aim of this paper is to examine the impact of government fiscal policies on income distribution. For this purpose FAVAR method and quarterly data for the time period of 1393:q4-1369:q1 for 99 macroeconomic variables have been used. Impulse response functions show th MoreThe aim of this paper is to examine the impact of government fiscal policies on income distribution. For this purpose FAVAR method and quarterly data for the time period of 1393:q4-1369:q1 for 99 macroeconomic variables have been used. Impulse response functions show that a positive shock as size one standard deviation in government current expenditure, increases Gini coefficient and as result worsens income distribution. While, government development expenditure as well as direct and indirect taxes shocks reduce Gini coefficient and improve income distribution. According to the Findings, the government can reduce income inequality by reducing unproductive costs, increasing targeted development spending and improving tax system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Exchange Rate Pass-Through into Import Price in Iran Economy with Emphasis on Volatility of Oil Revenues (Nonlinear Approach)
Mana Mesbahi Hosein Asgharpour Jafar Haghighat Seyed Alireza Kazerooni firooz fallahiAbstract The main objective of this paper is to investigate the impacts of fundamental variables and volatility of oil revenue (as one of the most important of environment prevailing components in Iran economy) on degree of exchange rate pass through (ERPT) into import MoreAbstract The main objective of this paper is to investigate the impacts of fundamental variables and volatility of oil revenue (as one of the most important of environment prevailing components in Iran economy) on degree of exchange rate pass through (ERPT) into import price. For this, Markov-Switching and EGARCH methods were used on the base of data for 1990:3 to 2014:1. The findings indicate that there are two ERPT into import price regimes in Iran economy. The ERPT is more than unitary in both regimes. Also, volatility of oil revenues has asymmetric impacts on ERPTs of regimes in terms of size and sign but it increases ERPT into import price in both regimes. Therefore, managing of volatility of oil revenues and exchange rate changes are suggested. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - The Relationship between Per Capita Health Expenditure and Per Capita GDP (A Case Study of Low and Middle Income Countries)
davood behboodi faranak bastan majid feshariThe main objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between per capita health expenditure and per capita GDP for lower and middle income countries during 2003-2007. For this purpose, we used the Hsiao's-Granger and Toda & Yamamoto(TY) causality tests MoreThe main objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between per capita health expenditure and per capita GDP for lower and middle income countries during 2003-2007. For this purpose, we used the Hsiao's-Granger and Toda & Yamamoto(TY) causality tests for investigating short-run relation between two variables. The results of the model estimation reveal that there is a unilateral causality from the GDP per capita to per capita health expenditure. Due to the results of this paper, the main implication policy of this study is that the policymakers and economic planners should adopt the suitable policies to improve economic growth and GDP per capita. Because, the increase of GDP per capita can be enhance the consumption expenditures and especially, health expenditures per capita. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - The Effect of Stadiums and Professional Sport Teams on Job Earnings in Iran
parviz mohammadzadeh farhad aziziAbstract During two past decades, the building of stadiums and sport projects has been greatly increased in American and European and even Asian countries. Today, as an effective and important factor, it plays a vital role directly and indirectly in the economic develo MoreAbstract During two past decades, the building of stadiums and sport projects has been greatly increased in American and European and even Asian countries. Today, as an effective and important factor, it plays a vital role directly and indirectly in the economic development of cities and countries when producing and consuming sports goods and services. This paper explores the impact of professional sports teams and stadiums on earning in private sector. To get the goal, such jobs as sporting goods stores, grocery stores, restaurants, inn, hotel, transportation and amusements are considered by a closer interaction with stadiums. This study tries to pay attention to such related sports as football and futsal during 2005-2007. The results indicate that there is no positive and significant relationship between the existence of professional teams and stadiums and the earnings of people in related jobs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Shadow Economy and Income Inequality in Iran
A. Asadzadeh Z. JaliliAbstract This paper studies the relationship between income inequality and shadow economy in Iranian economy during 1971-2010. After examining the structural break of the data by using Bai- Peron endogenous structural break test, and Lee- Strazicich unit root test, the MoreAbstract This paper studies the relationship between income inequality and shadow economy in Iranian economy during 1971-2010. After examining the structural break of the data by using Bai- Peron endogenous structural break test, and Lee- Strazicich unit root test, the study will be done by using Ordinary Least Squares. Based on the results obtained, the effect of shadow economy on income inequality is positive and by the increase of shadow economy, income inequality will be increased. Also, the results indicate that the increase of government size leads to the increase of the income inequality. In addition, the simultaneous effect of the shadow economy, economic growth and government size represent that a rise of shadow economy will increase income inequality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - The Effect of Capital Income Share Variation on Economic Growth and Total Factor Productivity: A Growth Accounting Approach
mehdi fathabadiThe factors ‘shares are constant in Solow growth accounting approach. The purposes of this paper are evaluating the effect of capital income share change on economic growth, implementing the growth accounting approach to calculate total factor productivity (TFP) c MoreThe factors ‘shares are constant in Solow growth accounting approach. The purposes of this paper are evaluating the effect of capital income share change on economic growth, implementing the growth accounting approach to calculate total factor productivity (TFP) considering that capital income share to be changed; and finally, estimating the effect of capital income share and it’s variation on TFP growth. For this reason, the data of value added, capital stock, and labor compensation with constant values at 2011 as well as labor forces data of manufacturing industries in 31 Iran’s provinces during 2000-2014 have been collected. Findings show that the capital income share variation had positive effect on income per capita in provinces ‘manufacturing industries with value 11.5 thousand Rials. The growth accounting results indicate that classic factors contribution (labor and capital stock) of economic growth was 11.4 and 200 percent, respectively. Moreover, capital income share variation and Zuleta TFP contribution of manufacturing industries economic growth are 30 and -141 percent, respectively. Finally, outcomes of panel least squares (PLS) estimation show that capital income share variation has significant and positive effect on TFP growth, but income share level doesn’t significant effect during the considered period. In fact, a one percent increase in capital income share will increase the TFP growth by approximately 2.6 percent; which these are due to variation of factor abundant ratio and biased technological change in provinces ‘manufacturing industries of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Relation between Exports Incomes of Companies Accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange and their Stock Return
erfan memarian seyed ali nabavi chashmi soheila ghrbani mojtaba matanThis research tried to study the relation between the exports incomes of companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange and their share outputs in of petro-chemical industry. For this purpose, the information related to the above variables was collected during 1999-2008. B MoreThis research tried to study the relation between the exports incomes of companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange and their share outputs in of petro-chemical industry. For this purpose, the information related to the above variables was collected during 1999-2008. By using econometric approaches, specially, Johnson Collective Test and Vector Error Correction Model, the reciprocal relation of the variables was examined. The findings of Johnson Collected Test represented a long run mutual relation between the variables of the model mentioned. The results of Vector Error Correction Model Test explained that there is unilateral and direct relation between income gained by share outputs and the output of petro-chemical industry Stock has relatively less elasticity than the exports of this industry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Analyzing the Effects of Fiscal Decentralization and its Environmental Consequences in Iran Provinces
Azad Khanzadi maryam heidarian Sara MoradiAbstract This study analyzes fiscal decentralization policies and its environmental consequences, during the period 2005-2015. The results of GMM estimation show that revenue decentralization has negative and significant relationship with pollution. Also other variables MoreAbstract This study analyzes fiscal decentralization policies and its environmental consequences, during the period 2005-2015. The results of GMM estimation show that revenue decentralization has negative and significant relationship with pollution. Also other variables results indicate positive relationship between industrialization and energy productivity with pollution. By increasing the relative density of population, pollution is reduced. The results of Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis also indicate rejection of this hypothesis. In addition, presence of multiplication of the neighboring matrix in dependent variable causes an increase in pollution in the provincial level and this indicates the spatial environmental effects in the country's provinces. It is suggested that local governments determine their own financial resources, in this case it can be targeted and based on new revenue resources such as green economy, it can define businesses that which they reduce pollution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - Analysis of Individual Features and Behavior Motivations in Charitable Giving; Economic Approach
Seyed hamed Hosseini Mostafa Salimifar seyed saeed malekosadatiThe key objective of this article is the test of the effect of individual characteristics in charity giving. The methodology based on descriptive researches and main tool for gathering data is questionnaire and to analyze the data R software is used. Sample include MoreThe key objective of this article is the test of the effect of individual characteristics in charity giving. The methodology based on descriptive researches and main tool for gathering data is questionnaire and to analyze the data R software is used. Sample include of 389 people, by proportional allocation in Regions in Mashhad.The results show that the women more than men, tend to do charitable behavior. Owners are more than tenants have charity behavior. There is significant relationship between the education background and doing charity activity. Among the income, age and employment with charitable activities is not a significant relationship. Finally, the results of mixed logit model indicate that individual motivations of charity behaviors namely altruism, warm-glow and Conspicuous Increases probability of giving, And the mean of coefficients of these variables are significant and positive. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Investigation of Convergence of Income Distribution in Iran`s Provinces
Sara Masoomzadeh mehdi shirafkan lamssu Mojtaba MohamadnejadiAbstract The present study is done to consider convergence in income distribution in Iranian provinces from 1996 to 2014 using convergence methods of Nahar and Inder and checking convergence of each province compared to the country's average Gini coefficient. The result MoreAbstract The present study is done to consider convergence in income distribution in Iranian provinces from 1996 to 2014 using convergence methods of Nahar and Inder and checking convergence of each province compared to the country's average Gini coefficient. The results show that convergence or divergence for Gini coefficient vary from province to province and in more than half of provinces there is no Gini coefficient convergence towards the average. Among the provinces that converge to average, Bushehr has the highest rate of convergence and Golestan province also has the lowest rate of convergence to the average Gini coefficient. In order to achieve the convergence of income distribution among the provinces of the country, politicians are recommended to put in place price adjustment and efficient use of capital on the agenda for divergent provinces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - The effect of reducing corporate tax rates on corporate tax revenue based on Ibn Khaldun's tax theory
Khadijeh Khodabakhshi Parijan reza koohiGovernment tax expenditures and revenues are among the tools of fiscal policy in which economic activities are limited and expanded by making changes in them. Changes in taxes change disposable income. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of reducing c MoreGovernment tax expenditures and revenues are among the tools of fiscal policy in which economic activities are limited and expanded by making changes in them. Changes in taxes change disposable income. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of reducing corporate tax rates on corporate tax revenue based on Khaldun tax theory (corporate tax rate and income: application of Khaldun tax theory). The present research is applied in terms of purpose and is methodological in terms of causal (post-event) research. The statistical population of the research is the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange and using the method of systematic elimination of 127 companies as a research sample in the period between 2012 to 2020 was selected. The results showed that the reduction of corporate tax rates has a significant effect on corporate tax revenue based on Khaldun tax theory.Keywords: tax rate reduction, tax theory, tax revenue, Ibn Haldun Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Financial Income of the Digital Game Developers and Providers creators from the Perspective of the Islamic Jurisprudence
Mehdi EkhlasiNowadays, virtual space has become the basis for the emergence of a new generation of computer games called "digitalNowadays, virtual space has become the basis for the emergence of a new generation of computer games called "digital games", which are very popular among MoreNowadays, virtual space has become the basis for the emergence of a new generation of computer games called "digitalNowadays, virtual space has become the basis for the emergence of a new generation of computer games called "digital games", which are very popular among the young generation owing to their being attractive and web-based. Purchase and selling of these games are accompanied with some ambiguities due to the mode of their execution and the nature of the characters inside the game in such a way that some have considered it illegitimate. Therefore, what is worthy of research is the examination and application of the Islamic rules on the financial income of the developers and providers of such digital games. For this purpose, the present article analyzes the financial incomes from digital games in the light of various perspectives such as game sales, streaming, being a tester and betting. The results of the present article, obtained by descriptive-analytical method, show that the purchase and sale of digital games, if free from obstacles and issues such as disbelief strengthening, sacrilege, and gambling usage, are permissible. Therefore, financial circulations resulting from the streaming as well as cooperation in their development and providing will also be allowed and that only the incomes from winnings and losings as well as pawning are illegal Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Evaluation of Factors Affecting Improvement of Tourism Industry with Emphasis on Sustainable Income Development in Ramsar Case study(two designs of Ramsar Hot Springs and Traps)
alireza nejadbaba shahrajiThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors affecting the improvement of tourism industry with emphasis on sustainable income development in Ramsar in relation to the two Ramsar hot springs and telecommunications plans in a descriptive-analytical manner. For t MoreThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors affecting the improvement of tourism industry with emphasis on sustainable income development in Ramsar in relation to the two Ramsar hot springs and telecommunications plans in a descriptive-analytical manner. For this purpose, the necessary data were collected through library resources as well as questionnaires and interviews with experts and experts in the field of urban management in Ramsar city. Statistical community view was analyzed in Expert Chase software. The results showed that "management and planning" index of 0.289 was the most important in evaluating the main indicators and the indexes of "economic", "security", "amenities" and "cultural and social" They are ranked second to fifth with weights of 0.284, 0.240, 0.100 and 0.087, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the role and importance of planning in the tourism industry is such that, despite the provision of all indicators in the absence of a plan that does not clearly illustrate the prospects for the tourism industry, the availability of financial and welfare assistance to The tourism industry in the city will not and the security of the tourists will not be provided. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Investigating the effect of number of tourist arrivals and income on physical health and promotion of social welfare of local people in the historical town of Masouleh
mehdi nourellahi salamat seyed hamid khodadad hosseiniTourism as a service industry plays an important role in the development of many countries and has expanded significantly in recent years. This industry is very important in Iran, which has a land of four seasons and various and unique historical, religious, cultural, n MoreTourism as a service industry plays an important role in the development of many countries and has expanded significantly in recent years. This industry is very important in Iran, which has a land of four seasons and various and unique historical, religious, cultural, natural and other attractions. For this purpose, in this study, the effect of the number of tourist arrivals and income on the physical health of local people and the promotion of their social welfare in the historic town of Masouleh in Gilan was investigated. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature, survey-descriptive and finally in terms of data collection method and information is field type. The statistical population of this study consists of residents of Masouleh town. From this population, a sample of 363 people was selected by random sampling. A questionnaire containing 18 questions was designed to collect research data. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed and confirmed by the professors and experts and the reliability of this study was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient which was higher than 0.7. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. Findings showed that at the 95% confidence level, the number of incoming tourists has a positive and significant effect on residents' health and income. Residents' health has a positive and significant effect on social welfare. Finally, the number of incoming tourists has a positive and significant effect on the health of residents due to the income of residents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - Iran's Paradox of Oil and Development
Mohammad SharifiIn the th century, the era of modern colonialism, the industrial colonial countries' policy for earning the national wealth and resources of developing countries was based on changing their economy into a monocultural one by the use of political, economical and military MoreIn the th century, the era of modern colonialism, the industrial colonial countries' policy for earning the national wealth and resources of developing countries was based on changing their economy into a monocultural one by the use of political, economical and military techniques and, if needed, controlling these countries through economic forces and wresting their resources in order to have unceasing access to raw material and appropriate fuel for their country. In Iran, oil has had such a role in the economy for years. The historical evidences of Iran's economy is an indicator of Iranian policy makers will for making a change in the field of oil in order to make socio-economic developments in the past and the present. That Iran's economy suffers from the Dutch disease is the direct result of earning and spending oil incomes . Changing the stance towards oil, from income–based to capital–based can be the initiation of turning losses to profits in anoil economy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - توزیع فضایی فقر با استفاده از هزینه و درآمد بر توسعه پایدارخانوارهای روستایی: مطالعه موردی مناطق روستایی استان آذربایجان غربی
گلناز شاهسواری بیژن رحمانی عبدالرضا رحمانی فضلی -
Open Access Article
153 - تبیین اهمیت منابع درآمدی برای موفقیت تمرکززدایی؛ پیشنهاداتی برای موفقیت نهادهای محلی در ایران
حسن کریمی فرد -
Open Access Article
154 - تحلیل روشهای تامین منابع مالی شهرداری تبریز با تاکید بر درآمدهای پایدار
اکبر مددی پرویز نوروزی کریم حسین زاده دلیر -
Open Access Article
155 - تحلیلی بر وضعیت امکانات و تسهیلات گردشگری و نقش متقابل آنها بر توسعه گردشگری (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان آستارا)
ماریا نهاوندپور محسن رنجبر حسین مجتبی زاده خانقاهی -
Open Access Article
156 - تحلیل اثر نابرابری درآمد بر کیفیت محیط زیست در ایران (با ارائه یک مدل کاربردی در برنامهریزی محیطی)
محمد خیری وحید دهباشی هادی اسماعیل پورمقدم -
Open Access Article
157 - نقش گردشگری در درآمدزایی مناطق روستایی با ارائه یک مدل راهبردی در توسعه گردشگری روستاها (مطالعه موردی شهرستان فیروزکوه)
رضا سیر محمد علی احمدیان حمید جعفری کتایون علیزاده -
Open Access Article
158 - بررسی و ارزیابی سیاستهای مسکن گروههای کمدرآمد شهری (نمونه موردی: تبریز)
محمد ملکوتی نیا علیرضا سلطانی بختیار عزت پناه -
Open Access Article
159 - عوامل اثرگذار در پیادهسازی الگوی مشارکت عمومی- خصوصی در توسعه شهری تهران
کامران زارعیان رحیم سرور عباس ارغان -
Open Access Article
160 - ارزیابی مؤلفههای تأثیرگذار بر پایداری ساختار درآمدی شهرداریها(مطالعه موردی: کلانشهر اصفهان)
نعمتاله شریفنژاد حمید صابری احمد خادمالحسینی کرامتاله زیاری مهری اذانی -
Open Access Article
161 - پیشبینی تأثیر گروهبندی مجدد، تعداد دام و نحوه اختصاص کنستانتره در هر گروه بر سودمندی گاوهای شیرده
ا. درزی لمراسکی س.ه. ابراهیمیسودمندی روش گروه­بندی در یک گله گاوشیری با 153 رأس گاو دوشا که براساس میزان شیر روزانه به 3 گروه زیاد (79)، متوسط (40) و کم (34 رأس گاو) تولید تقسیم شده بودند شبیه­سازی شد. حیوانات براساس معیارهای شیر تصحیح شده 4 درصد چربی (FCM)، روزهای شیردهی (DIM)، شایستگی شیر Moreسودمندی روش گروه­بندی در یک گله گاوشیری با 153 رأس گاو دوشا که براساس میزان شیر روزانه به 3 گروه زیاد (79)، متوسط (40) و کم (34 رأس گاو) تولید تقسیم شده بودند شبیه­سازی شد. حیوانات براساس معیارهای شیر تصحیح شده 4 درصد چربی (FCM)، روزهای شیردهی (DIM)، شایستگی شیرواری (FCM/BW0.75)، و با استفاده از ابزار پشتیبانی، مجدداً به گروه­های جدید تقسیم شدند. چهار جیره کاملاً مخلوط (TMR) با دو نوع کنسانتره برای تغذیه سه گروه شبیه­سازی شده، درنظر گرفته شد به نحوی که گروه دو (حیوانات متوسط تولید) می­توانستند کنسانتره گروه یک یا کنسانتره گروه سه را مصرف کنند، هرچند گروه­های یک و سه همیشه کنسانتره خاص خودشان را داشتند. تعداد دامی که در گروه­های کم، متوسط و پرتولید قرار گرفته بودند متعاقب گروه­بندی تغییر یافت به نحوی که بیشترین گاو شیرده یا در گروه جدید متوسط تولید (معیارهای شیر تصحیح شده 4 درصد چربی و شایستگی شیرواری) قرار داشتند و یا در گروه کم تولید (روش روزهای شیردهی و خوشه­ای) قرار گرفته بودند. معیارهای گروه­بندی خوشه­ای و شایستگی شیرواری منجر به درآمد فراتر از هزینه خوراک بیشتر و حداکثر سودآوری در مقایسه با معیار شیر ثبت شده روزانه و دیگر معیارهای شبیه­سازی شده داشتند. در تمام معیارهای گروه­بندی، هنگامی که گروه دوم کنسانتره اختصاصی کم­تولیدها را مصرف کردند، میزان درآمد فراتر از هزینه خوراک نسبت به شرایطی که این گروه از کنسانتره پرتولیدها استفاده کردند بیشتر بود. به طور کلی، سودآوری و بهره­وری اقتصادی گله هنگامی که روش گروه­بندی بهتری استفاده شد افزایش یافت. علاوه بر این، روش گروه­بندی خوشه­ای شبیه­سازی شده، در انتخاب نوع کنسانتره برای گروه متوسط تولید (با تأثیر ناچیز بر درآمد فراتر از هزینه خوراک) آزادی عمل بیشتری ایجاد کرد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - خصوصیات سیستم های پرورش گوسفند شهری و حومه و میزان مشارکت اقتصادی آنها در مناطق کوهستانی اتیوپی
و. تسگا ب. تمیر ج. آبب ک. زارالیساین مطالعه به منظور توصیف سیستم­های پرورش گوسفند شهری و حومه و اهمیت اقتصادی آنها در شهرهایDebre Berhan و Dessie و حومه آنها در اتیوپی آغاز شد. این مطالعه بر پایه مذاکرات گروهی، طراحی پرسشنامه و مشاهدات شخصی انجام گرفت. در هر دو منطقه اکثریت پرورش­دهندگان گوسف Moreاین مطالعه به منظور توصیف سیستم­های پرورش گوسفند شهری و حومه و اهمیت اقتصادی آنها در شهرهایDebre Berhan و Dessie و حومه آنها در اتیوپی آغاز شد. این مطالعه بر پایه مذاکرات گروهی، طراحی پرسشنامه و مشاهدات شخصی انجام گرفت. در هر دو منطقه اکثریت پرورش­دهندگان گوسفند، مردان سرپرستان خانوار هستند که غالباً این افراد در نواحی شهری، تجار و در حومه شهرها، کشاورز می­باشند. متوسط اندازه خانواده در نواحی حومه Debre Berhan (4/5) بیشتر از حومه Dessie (8/4) بود. در نواحی حومه Debre Berhan، 3/39 درصد دارای اندازه زمین تملیکی بین 1 تا 2 هکتار بودند و در نواحی حومه Dessie 4/48 درصد از پاسخ­ دهندگان دارای اندازه زمین تملیکی کمتر از 5/0 هکتار بودند. تعداد جمعیت گوسفند و سایر حیوانات مزرعه­ای در نواحی حومه Debre Berhan بیشتر از حومه Dessie بود. به استثنای دانه­های خشک شده صنایع تخمیری تمامی انواع دیگر خوراک مورد استفاده برای پرورش گوسفند مشابه بودند ولی قابلیت دسترسی در میان نواحی مورد مطالعه متفاوت بود. در هر دو منطقه شهری و حومه شهرها عمدهی انواع خوراک در دسترس شامل مراتع طبیعی جهت چرا، علوفه خشک، بقایای گیاهان زراعی، سبوس گندم و کیک دانه­های روغنی، فرآورده­های جانبی حاصل از صنایع تخمیری محلی و فرآوری دانه­های بقولات بودند. پرورش گوسفند اولین منبع درآمد در منطقه Dessie و دومین منبع درآمد در منطقه Debre Berhan می­باشد. پرورش گوسفند در مناطق شهری و حومه شهرها به دلیل محسوب شدن به عنوان منبع درآمد و غذا برای افراد خانه­دار دارای مزایای اقتصادی است. هزینه بالای خوراک، عدم وجود نژادهای اصلاح شده و سرمایه و کمبود نیروی کار به عنوان محدودیت­های عمده به حساب می­آیند. شرایط مساعد آب و هوایی، قیمت مناسب بازار و قابلیت دسترسی به خوراک­های مکمل در مناطق شهری به عنوان عوامل سودمند در زمینه پرورش گوسفند محسوب می­شوند. اگرچه محدودیت­هایی برای پرورش گوسفند وجود دارند، ولی باید از فرصت­های موجود در زمینه پرورش گوسفند استفاده شود. انجام بسته­بندی مناسب و علمی مواد خوراکی از منابع خوراک محلی و در دسترس ضروری به نظر می­رسد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - The Effect of Creation and Development of Completed Industries on Improving Economic Indicators in Rural Villages (Study in Gorgan)
nasrin mokhayeri shohreh taj Alireza Estelaji seyed hasan Motie LangrodiThe strategy of the creation and development of conversion industries Due to the continuous relationship between the agricultural sector, the main activities of the villagers on the one hand, and the existing facilities in the village, on the other hand, plays an import MoreThe strategy of the creation and development of conversion industries Due to the continuous relationship between the agricultural sector, the main activities of the villagers on the one hand, and the existing facilities in the village, on the other hand, plays an important role in rural development.By using agricultural raw materials and creating employment, they increase income in rural areas.In this regard, the present study is aimed at investigating the role of conversion and complementary industries on the economic indicators of the marginal villages of industrial towns in Gorgan.Accordingly, 100 household caregivers from 20 villages were selected as sample size and randomly selected.The instrument of measurement in this research was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was based on the experts' opinions and its reliability was calculated by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient.The findings of the research showed that the conversion and complementary industries have been affected by a moderate increase in the economic index of the marginalized villages in industrial towns.The results also indicated that the creation and expansion of conversion industries by increasing investment, creating new employment opportunities, providing job diversification, increasing rural incomes, increasing agricultural productivity, exporting agricultural products, increasing savings and rising prices Real estate land and real estate stock market growth has had a positive and significant relationship in the level of 99% confidence (P <0.01). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - Analysis of Municipalitys Revenue Sources, with an Emphasis on Sustaianable Revenues (Case Study: Qom City)
Mehran Hajilou Mohammad Mirehei Mehdi PilevarLack of a comprehensive approach to municipalities’ revenue sources in the form of macro-economic system, changes and interventions, self-reliance and self-sufficiency policy enforcements for municipalities have put financial sector of municipalities in unsustaina MoreLack of a comprehensive approach to municipalities’ revenue sources in the form of macro-economic system, changes and interventions, self-reliance and self-sufficiency policy enforcements for municipalities have put financial sector of municipalities in unsustainable situation. Continuation of this situation will have undesirable consequences and social costs for cities and urban management. Review of metropolitan revenues can be used as a pattern for reform and of municipalities’ financial structure. This applied study has a descriptive- analytical method. Data collection was carried out by documentary and field survey and the data was collected by studying written sources, statistic and incomes and costs of Qom municipality during 2007-2013 as well as interview with Head of Income Studies of Qom municipality. The results show that revenues of Qom municipality during last years have been highly unsustainable and dependent on revenues from sale of properties. These revenue sources that is considered as a part of national sources and citizens’ wealth can be turn sustainable sources for the municipality by tenure or implementation of investment plans. Given the role of religious tourism in Qom, it is recommended that Qom municipality implements commercial and recreational projects in partnership with private sector it is recommended that Qom municipality in partnership with the private sector implement income-generating projects such as commercial and recreational projects. On the other hand, medical tourism despite low cost services delivered to patients, long-term accommodation in city in order to completion their course of treatment can be have significant income for urban economy and the municipality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - Analysis of key factors affecting the housing of low-income urban groups Case study: Rasht city
samad samie Mehrdad ramzanipour Leila Ebrahimi amane haghzadHousing is durable, immovable, multidimensional, heterogeneous, and costly goods. Housing plays a very significant role in the social organization of space. Therefore, some policies must be taken in housing planning to facilitate the access terms to housing for each soc MoreHousing is durable, immovable, multidimensional, heterogeneous, and costly goods. Housing plays a very significant role in the social organization of space. Therefore, some policies must be taken in housing planning to facilitate the access terms to housing for each social group,in particular, low-income groups. One of the modern methods to achieve this goal in planning is the futurology-based methods. In this regard, the current study aims to identify the influential factors in the urban housing of the low-income class. This study is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-descriptive in terms of nature. Library and survey studies were used to collect the information. The statistical population of the research is the experts in housing and low-income groups. 35 experts were selected using a purposive sampling method due to the unknown number of the population. The applied indicators consist of 43 variables in 5 different aspects. Environmental scanning technique, Delphi method, and Mic Mac software were used to analyze data. According to the findings obtained from the Delphi method and environmental scanning, 43 factors affecting the housing planning of the low-income class of Rasht City were identified. After analyzing by Mic Mac software, 15 factors including housing price, unemployment, inappropriate poverty alleviation policies, population growth rate, housing rent, construction materials, public and private investments, land price, construction credits, construction costs, lack of proper urban governance, unfair distribution of power sources, income, inflation, tolls and taxes, were recognized as the main factors affecting the housing development of low-income groups of the city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - Compilation Method for Choosing Housing Development Strategies in Low-income Groups (Case Study: Mehr Shahreza Housing)
Rahim Jafri Mirnajaf Mousavi Ali MosayyebzadehIntroductionEfforts have been made to address the problem of adequate housing shortages in Iran, including the Mehr Housing Policy, which is designed to help provide housing for low-income groups. Goal: The purpose of this study, which is descriptive in terms of its app MoreIntroductionEfforts have been made to address the problem of adequate housing shortages in Iran, including the Mehr Housing Policy, which is designed to help provide housing for low-income groups. Goal: The purpose of this study, which is descriptive in terms of its applied and descriptive purpose, is to investigate and prioritize the internal and external factors affecting the development of housing in low-income urban groups, which has been carried out in the housing of the city of Shahreza. MethodologyThe statistical population of this research included all experts in urban planning and university professors who have specialized studies in the field of urban development, urban housing, regional planning, and in particular Mehr housing. Using the randomly available sampling 25 experts were selected and questioned. A data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that included a list of opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses (73 items). Validity of the questionnaire (formal validity) was verified by the university professors and experts and the reliability of the tool was determined by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient equal to 0.831, which is indicative of the coherence and reliability of the data. In this study, a combination of SWOT and network analysis (ANP) was used and SPSS, EXCEL and Super Decision software were used to analyze the information. Geographical area of researchThe present study, which is in the field of Mehr housing, was conducted in Shahreza, Isfahan province.Results and discussionThe results showed that the most suitable strategies for the development of housing (Mehr housing) of low-income people in Shahreza were strategies WT (0.34), ST (0.301), WO (0.18) and SO (0.177).ConclusionDefensive strategies (WT) were selected as the best strategy for housing development (Mehr housing) for low-income people in Shahreza. These strategies aim to provide the executive solutions, while minimizing the weaknesses of the housing development of low-income groups in Shahreza, to avoid the threats it faces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - spacial distribution of urban services (case study:Kermanshah city)
moslem rostami jafar shaeliWith regard to social justice, the distribution of facilities and services and their features are connected with social welfare inseparably so that one can not separate them from marginal issues such as inequality of citizens and personal freedom. We should remember tha MoreWith regard to social justice, the distribution of facilities and services and their features are connected with social welfare inseparably so that one can not separate them from marginal issues such as inequality of citizens and personal freedom. We should remember that even the most attractive places or the best ones regarding accessability position and life can’t provide the residents with joy and welfare, if they are exposed to the lack or weakness of accessibility to resources and facilities. The distribution of the ideal and proper services and the enjoyment of social welfare is not a new issue but it has been influenced by our past performance as the welfare of the future will be affected by our present performance This research has investigated the space distribution of public urban services within the Kermanshah city.For this, 21 compilations have been used and the distribution of public urban services has been investigated within the 5 districts of Kermanshsh city.For determining the degree of development within the five districts of Kermanshah city the taxonomy technique was used .The result indicated that the central district of Kermanshah is the most developed urban district within this city.. In addition, GIS technique has been employed for identifying the performance radius of the public urban services; Also, the enjoying and unenjoying districts have been identified. The findings of the research indicate that the space distribution of public services within this city has been accomplished much inequitably and it requires further public services. Moreover, this investigation indicated that in relation with dwelling indicator, there is a significant relationship between the average price of lands and per capital income and rental payments . It means that , the more the income and the rental payments within the concerned urban districts , the higher the price of lands. This factor has led to the formation of the enjoying and unenjoying districts . Finally among the successful plannings we should resort to participatory planning and apply new programming techniques for overcoming such difficulties including GIS. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - Economical effects of draughts on rural regions of Shandiz district in decad (1375 – 85 )
hadi ghanbarzadeh abolfazl behniafarThis paper shows the economical effects of draught by surveying hydrological and agricultural draughts. Shandiz district with area 337.5 km2 is placed in alluvial fan Binalud (northwest Mashhad) and center of agricultcure and gardener in suburban of Mashhad. Decreasing MoreThis paper shows the economical effects of draught by surveying hydrological and agricultural draughts. Shandiz district with area 337.5 km2 is placed in alluvial fan Binalud (northwest Mashhad) and center of agricultcure and gardener in suburban of Mashhad. Decreasing of water supplies and the surface of plantation activities are the results of draught Shandiz district was faced with drought during 1375-85 and due to that event more than 50 percent of the springs in this area were dried, 64.9 percent of the surface of the gardens were reduced and three villages were abandoned. The main goals of this paper are: Surveying the draught in Shandiz district during 1375-85. Studying economical effects of draughts on rural regions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - .
ابوطالب عزیزی سارا سیدیان هاشمی -
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170 - .
ghaffar zarei abdolamir jorfi -
Open Access Article
171 - ارزیابی توزیع درآمد در استان زنجان (مطالعه موردی خانوارهای روستایی شهرستان ابهر)
Mostafa Teimoori Nina Rajaee Mohammad hadi Hajian هدف پژوه حاضر ارزیابی توزیع درآمد در خانوارهای روستایی شهرستان ابهر استان زنجان می باشد، بدین منظور از آمار هزینه - درآمد خانوارهای مناطق روستایی شهرستان ابهر موجود در مرکز آمار ایران استفاده شد، این اطلاعات با استفاده از تکنیک هایی نظیر ضریب جینی، مقایسه ی More هدف پژوه حاضر ارزیابی توزیع درآمد در خانوارهای روستایی شهرستان ابهر استان زنجان می باشد، بدین منظور از آمار هزینه - درآمد خانوارهای مناطق روستایی شهرستان ابهر موجود در مرکز آمار ایران استفاده شد، این اطلاعات با استفاده از تکنیک هایی نظیر ضریب جینی، مقایسه ی دهک ها، مقایسه ی پنجک ها ومحاسبه ی نسبت های درآمدی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند، نتایج آمار توصیفی تحقیق نشان داد که میانگین سن افراد مورد مطالعه 8/49 سال بوده، بیشترین فراوانی مربوط به گروه سنی 31 تا 40 سال و کمترین فراوانی مربوط یه گروه سنی 51-60 سال بوده است، 2/87 درصد سرپرستان خانوارها مرد و 10 نفر آن ها زن بوده اند ، 8/80 درصد سرپرستان خانوار، دارای همسر و مابقی فاقد همسر بوده­اند، نتایج تحلیلی تحقیق نشان می­دهد 20 درصد غنی­ترین خانوارهای جامعه روستایی شهرستان ابهر بیش از نیمی از درآمدها را دارا بوده­اند، 4 دهک فقیر، کمتر از 10 درصد درآمد را صاحب شده­اند. غنی­ترین دهک کشاورز حدود 28 برابر ضعیف­ترین دهک و غنی­ترین دهک غیرکشاورز بیش از 74 برابر ضعیف­ترین دهک صاحب درآمد بوده­اند. همجنین نتایج نشان داد که توزیع درآمد در بین خانوارهای کشاورز نسبت به خانوارهای غیرکشاورز شرایط مناسب­تری داشته به طوری که ضریب جینی در بین خانوارهای کشاورز 55/0 و در بین خانوارهای غیرکشاورز 56/0 بوده است، نتایج تحلیل همبستگی نشان می­دهد که بین سن سرپرست خانوارهای مورد مطالعه و هزینه ناخالص سالانه آنها رابطه آماری معنی­داری منفی در سطح 5 درصد خطا وجود داشته ولی بین سطح تحصیلات سرپرست خانوارهای مورد مطالعه با هزینه ناخالص سالانه آنها ارتباط معنی­دار مثبت در سطح 1 درصد خطا وجود داشته است، نتایج آزمون­های مقایسه میانگین نشان می­دهد بین هزینه سالانه خانوارهای با سرپرست زن و مرد و خانوارهای با وضعیت زناشویی مختلف، تفاوت معنی­داری وجود داشته است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - آثار اقتصادی و اجتماعی سیاست توسعه سرمایهگذاری در بخش کشاورزی
پرنیان زند حمیدرضا میرزایی خلیل آبادی حسین مهرابی بشرآبادی صدیقه نبی ییانسرمایهگذاری در بخش کشاورزی از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. زیرا این بخش نقش بهسزایی در زمینه تولید مواد غذایی، استقلال و امنیت غذایی، اشتغال و حفاظت از محیط­زیست ایفا میکند. لذا در این مطالعه آثار اقتصادی و اجتماعی (آثار مستقیم و غیرمستقیم) سیاست توسعه سرمایهگذاری Moreسرمایهگذاری در بخش کشاورزی از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. زیرا این بخش نقش بهسزایی در زمینه تولید مواد غذایی، استقلال و امنیت غذایی، اشتغال و حفاظت از محیط­زیست ایفا میکند. لذا در این مطالعه آثار اقتصادی و اجتماعی (آثار مستقیم و غیرمستقیم) سیاست توسعه سرمایهگذاری در بخش کشاورزی و زیربخشهای آن در ایران با استفاده از ماتریس حسابداری اجتماعی سال 1390 بررسی شده است. نتایج ناشی از سه سناریو شامل افزایش 15 درصد سرمایهگذاری در بخش کشاورزی، افزایش 10 درصد سرمایهگذاری در زیربخش زراعت و باغبانی، افزایش 15 درصد سرمایهگذاری در زیربخش زراعت و باغبانی و 10 درصد سرمایهگذاری در سایر زیربخشها نشان میدهد که درآمد کل اقتصاد در اثر اعمال سناریوهای فوق افزایش یافته است. همچنین سناریو اول دارای تاثیر بیشتری بر کل اقتصاد (12/13 درصد) در مقایسه با سایر سناریوها بوده است. بهعلاوه میتوان گفت که بخش کشاورزی (98/2 درصد) و صنعت (36/0 درصد) در اثر اجرای سناریو اول و زیربخش زراعت و باغبانی و همچنین صنایع در اثر اعمال سناریوهای دوم و سوم بیشترین تاثیر را پذیرفته­اند. لذا براساس نتایج این مطالعه گسترش بیمه محصولات کشاورزی و سرمایهگذاری مطمئن در برابر ریسکهای موجود در بخش کشاورزی پیشنهاد میشود. بهعلاوه دولت قادر است نقش موثری در زمینه کنترل تورم و محافظت در مقابل نوسانات قیمت و افزایش انگیزه برای سرمایهگذاران جهت افزایش سرمایهگذاری ایفا نماید. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - منابع درآمدی متنوع، محدودیتها و روشها: شواهدی از ناحیة آگارفا در جنوب شرق اتیوپی
Mideksa Fufa Jilito Eric Ndemo Okoyo Dereje Kifle Mogesکشاورزی موتور محرکة کاهش فقر و عدمامنیت غذایی به شمار میرود. بااینحال، بخش کشاورزی ناتوان از پاسخ به نیاز روزافزون جمعیت روستایی به غذا بوده و تحت تاثیر ریسکهای مختلف قرار گرفته است. با اینکه راهبردهای متنوعسازی درآمد مکمل تولید مزرعهای زراعان است، اما گسترة منابع Moreکشاورزی موتور محرکة کاهش فقر و عدمامنیت غذایی به شمار میرود. بااینحال، بخش کشاورزی ناتوان از پاسخ به نیاز روزافزون جمعیت روستایی به غذا بوده و تحت تاثیر ریسکهای مختلف قرار گرفته است. با اینکه راهبردهای متنوعسازی درآمد مکمل تولید مزرعهای زراعان است، اما گسترة منابع تنوع درآمدی خانوارها و عوامل مربوطه در ناحیة آگارفا هنوز به صورت تجربی شناسایی نشدهاند. درنتیجه، در این مطالعه به دنبال ارزیابی راهبردهای تنوع درآمد و شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر انتخاب این راهبردها در میان خانوارهای روستایی این ناحیه بودیم. برای این منظور، 150 خانوار را با استفاده از تکنیک نمونهبرداری تصادفی طبقهای از سه بخش این ناحیه انتخاب کردیم. برای جمعآوری دادههای کمّی از روش مصاحبه و برای جمعآوری دادههای کیفی از روش بحث گروه متمرکز و مصاحبه با افراد مطلع استفاده کردیم. از آمار توصیفی و استنباطی نیز برای توصیف راهبردهای تنوع درآمدی بهره گرفتهایم. نتایج نشان میدهد که کشاورزی سهم اصلی را در درآمد کل خانوادهها دارد (89/88 درصد) و فعالیتهای غیرمزرعهای (12/10 درصد) و خارج از مزرعه (99/0 درصد) نیز در ردههای بعدی قرار دارند. علاوه بر این، مشخص شد که میانگین شاخصهای تنوع در خانوارهای درگیر در فعالیتهای خانگی (67/36 ) کمتر از خانوارهای درگیر در تولید محصول (00/38320) است. بنابراین، نتیجه میگیریم که بخش کشاورزی به تنهایی قادر به افزایش درآمد خانوارها، تضمین امنیت غذایی و کاهش ففر در منطقة موردمطالعه نیست. بنابراین، در خط مشیها و راهبردهای توسعه روستایی باید به موضوع ترویج فعالیتهای درآمدزا در کنار فعالیتهای کشاورزی در مناطق روستایی توجه بشود تا بتوان رفاه کلی جوامع روستایی را ارتقاء داد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - اعتبارات بانکی و رشد سرمایهگذاری در بخش کشاورزی ایران
Mehdi Shabanzadeh Reza Esfanjari Kenari Parinaz Jansouz Mohammad Kavoosi Kalashamiدر پژوهش حاضر ارتباط میان اعتبارات بانکی و رشد سرمایه‏گذاری در بخش کشاورزی ایران طی دوره زمانی 2011-1982 با استفاده از الگوی خود توزیع برداری (ARDL) مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. جهت دستیابی به این هدف، رشد سرمایه‏گذاری در بخش کشاورزی ایران تابعی از درآمدهای Moreدر پژوهش حاضر ارتباط میان اعتبارات بانکی و رشد سرمایه‏گذاری در بخش کشاورزی ایران طی دوره زمانی 2011-1982 با استفاده از الگوی خود توزیع برداری (ARDL) مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. جهت دستیابی به این هدف، رشد سرمایه‏گذاری در بخش کشاورزی ایران تابعی از درآمدهای نفتی، اعتبارات بانکی، ارزش افزوده بخش کشاورزی و موجودی سرمایه در این بخش در نظر گرفته شده است. نتایج حاصل از پژوهش حاضر نشان می‏دهد که میان متغیرهای لحاظ شده در الگوی سرمایه‏گذاری بخش کشاورزی، ارتباط بلندمدت وجود دارد. از میان متغیرهای فوق اعتبارات بانکی بیشترین اثر را بر رشد سرمایه‏گذاری در بخش کشاورزی ایران دارد به طوری که افزایش دسترسی به اعتبارات نقش اساسی را در تشویق سرمایه‏‏گذاری در بخش کشاورزی ایران ایفا می‏نماید. هم­چنین کشش اعتبارات بانکی، درآمد نفتی، موجودی سرمایه و ارزش افزوده بخش کشاورزی نسبت به سرمایه‏گذاری در مطالعه حاضر به ترتیب 103/0، 015/0، 049/0 و 058/0- محاسبه شده است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - عوامل مؤثر بر بیثباتی درآمدهای صادراتی پسته و تأثیر آن بر صادرات کشاورزی
محمدرضا زارع مهرجردی آسیه عزیزی زهرا کرونیصادرات بخش کشاورزی سهم قابل توجهی از صادرات غیرنفتی را به خود اختصاص داده و از جایگاه ارزآوری مهمی برخوردار است. در بین محصولات کشاورزی، پسته از محصولات عمدهی صادراتی میباشد که سهم چشمگیری از تولید، سطح زیرکشت، مقدار و ارزش صادرات را به خود اختصاص داده است. در این مط Moreصادرات بخش کشاورزی سهم قابل توجهی از صادرات غیرنفتی را به خود اختصاص داده و از جایگاه ارزآوری مهمی برخوردار است. در بین محصولات کشاورزی، پسته از محصولات عمدهی صادراتی میباشد که سهم چشمگیری از تولید، سطح زیرکشت، مقدار و ارزش صادرات را به خود اختصاص داده است. در این مطالعه ابتدا، با استفاده از شاخص "میانگین قدرمطلق تفاوت بین درآمدهای صادراتی از روند آن" بیثباتی درآمدهای صادراتی در کل دوره زمانی 1389- 1352 محاسبه شد. از این جهت، شاخص بیثباتی درآمدهای صادراتی پسته طی چهار دورهی تقسیم شده، نشان میدهد که دوره جنگ، از بیثباتی بیشتری برخوردار بوده ولی در کل دوره مطالعاتی، بی­ثباتی اندک بوده است. در گام دوم، به بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر بیثباتی درآمدهای صادراتی پسته و تأثیر آن بر صادرات کشاورزی، طی دورهی زمانی مورد مطالعه پرداخته شده است. بدین منظور، از شاخص بیثباتی لاو (1985) و الگوی تصحیح خطای برداری (VECM) استفاده گردیده است. نتایج حاصل از برآورد مدل بیثباتی درآمدهای صادراتی پسته نشان میدهد که شاخص تمرکز رابطه عکس و شاخص بیثباتی تولید و شکاف نرخ ارز رابطه مستقیم با بیثباتی درآمدهای صادراتی پسته دارد. همچنین نتایج حاصل از برآورد تابع صادرات کشاورزی حاکی از آن است که بیثباتی درآمد صادراتی پسته تأثیر منفی و معنیدار بر صادرات بخش کشاورزی داشته است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - The calculation and evaluation of the human development index of the provinces of Iran in the years 2005, 2010, and 2015
hossein askari pour lahiji Reza OTofat shamsiImproving the human development index is the best mechanism for empowering people to achieve the goal of raising their living standards through human capabilities. Promoting the quality of the life of a community is a fundamental change in the economic, educational, and MoreImproving the human development index is the best mechanism for empowering people to achieve the goal of raising their living standards through human capabilities. Promoting the quality of the life of a community is a fundamental change in the economic, educational, and health variables. The present study seeks to examine the status of the provinces of the country in terms of the human development index for the years 2005, 2010, and 2015? The method of this research is descriptive-analytic and is an applied research type. The average human development index for provinces for 2005, 2010, and 2015 is 0.660, 0.650, and 0.627 respectively. Provinces that have a favorable status in the human development index are often located in the center of the country. Overall, the human development index decreases as the center of the country reaches the border regions. It should be noted that the provincial education index is the strong point of the human development index of the provinces. In sum, there is a strong inequality between the provinces of the country and this inequality in the index of economic well being is more than two indicators of education and health. The findings of this research show that provinces with low human development index are consistent with the border provinces of the country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - An Overview of Housing Media for City Commission Groups With the influence of Brazil, the use of national resources and the possibility of housing
Keramatullah Ziari Maryam Falahat PishehToday, housing is one of the most basic human needs. In the past, access to a suitable shelter and housing was one of the most important issues that human beings have always struggled with and tried to build a suitable shelter for themselves to protect themselves from n MoreToday, housing is one of the most basic human needs. In the past, access to a suitable shelter and housing was one of the most important issues that human beings have always struggled with and tried to build a suitable shelter for themselves to protect themselves from natural hazards. Housing is examined from various dimensions. Its most important function is economic function, which accounts for more than %05 of the monthly household income. In addition to the economic dimension, housing is alsosocially and physically important. Due to job creation and connection with many other economic sectors, the housing sector acts as a suitable tool for the implementation of economic and development policies. Therefore, governments with various economic, social and political characteristics have taken action to solve housing-related problems and in this regard, have implemented various policies and programs to provide housing for vulnerable urban groups. In the meantime, the vulnerable groups of the city, as the incapable group in providing housing for themselves, should be given more attention in targeting housing policy. Recognition and study of housing status depends on identifying and analyzing the factors affecting housing. This article also identifies the effective factors in housing policy of vulnerable urban groups in order to study housing policies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - The effect of exchange rate fluctuations and oil prices on the stock index of companies during the corona conflict
mozhgan khodaverdi amirreza keyghobadihe spread of the virus (Quid 19) since January 2017 in Wuhan, China has caused many diseases and deaths in the world. The consequences of this virus have caused recession and other global problems so that even developed countries claim to have social health systems. Adv Morehe spread of the virus (Quid 19) since January 2017 in Wuhan, China has caused many diseases and deaths in the world. The consequences of this virus have caused recession and other global problems so that even developed countries claim to have social health systems. Advanced were in trouble. Questions or hypotheses including: a) The main questions of the research: Does the financial crisis of Corona have a significant impact on the stock index of selected listed companies? Model sub-questions: Do currency crises have a significant effect on the stock index of selected stock exchange companies? Do oil crises have a significant effect on the stock index of selected stock exchange companies? Sub-hypotheses of the research: Currency crises have a significant effect on the stock index of selected listed companies. Oil crises have a significant impact on the stock index of selected listed companies. The statistical population is all companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange Organization that the research return time period is seven years between 1392 and 1399. The method used in the present study is descriptive-analytical, which in order to adapt economic theories to the realities of society, the relationships between variables are examined using statistics and after matching the theories, using From the inferential statistics and econometric method of the panel in Iveys software, the rejection or proof of the presented hypotheses is tested. All three models were accepted. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - The relationship between the shadow economy and income inequality in Iran, a self-explanatory vector approach with wide intervals
Fariba Rashnoo Gholam Ali HajiOne of the most important goals of governments in any economy is to control the income inequality situation, so that in every country, governments are trying to improve the conditions of income distribution according to the factors they have. One of the very important f MoreOne of the most important goals of governments in any economy is to control the income inequality situation, so that in every country, governments are trying to improve the conditions of income distribution according to the factors they have. One of the very important factors that affect income distribution is the shadow economy. As a factor that affects macroeconomic variables, the shadow economy also affects income distribution.Therefore, in this article, the impact of the size of the shadow economy on income inequality in the short and long term periods has been investigated using the panel data econometric method and in the period from 1366 to 1400 in Iran. The results show that the shadow economy has a positive effect (improvement of income distribution) on income distribution in the short term, but this effect is negative in the long term, in other words, the shadow economy has a negative effect on income distribution in the long term. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - The Impact of Negative Income Taxes on Poverty and Inequality in Iran
Farhad Khodadadkashi Yeghaneh Mousavi Jahromi Hasan Aama BandoghraeeIn this article, we try to examine how to eliminate poverty and inequality throughthe negative income tax system. In this study, the rate of poverty and inequality iscalculated through Kakwani poverty indicators and Gini coefficient inequality index,respectively. Negati MoreIn this article, we try to examine how to eliminate poverty and inequality throughthe negative income tax system. In this study, the rate of poverty and inequality iscalculated through Kakwani poverty indicators and Gini coefficient inequality index,respectively. Negative income tax rate (0.5) for the income distance to the povertyline, is considered and the statistical sample of the study includes the cost andincome of 12961 urban households in Iran in 2018. The results of this study showthat the plan to impose a negative income tax (0.5) will reduce the povertycalculated based on the Kakovani index from 0.54 to 0.24 which shows a decreaseof about 0.55%. The Gini coefficient decreases from 0.38 before the policy to 0.17,which means a 55% reduction in inequality. On the other hand, to completelyeradicate poverty in Iran, according to the data of 2018, there must impose anincreased tax rate of 60% on the income surplus of non-poor people up to thepoverty line. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - Investigating the Impact of Social Capital and Entrepreneurial Marketing on Revenue Generation of Sports Venues and Spaces in Corona (Case Study: Sports Places and Spaces in Tehran Province)
Mhboubeh Naghavi Amir reza khademPurpose of the research; Investigating the effect of social capital and entrepreneurial marketing on revenue generation of sports venues and spaces in Tehran province was in corona. The research is applied according to the research objectives and descriptive-analytical MorePurpose of the research; Investigating the effect of social capital and entrepreneurial marketing on revenue generation of sports venues and spaces in Tehran province was in corona. The research is applied according to the research objectives and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of the study is the managers of health clubs, bodybuilding, amateur sports clubs, swimming pools and sports places and spaces in Tehran province. Which have been selected by available sampling method. Data collection tool, in the social capital dimension of the invisible standard questionnaire and Gashl (1998), In the dimension of entrepreneurial marketing and standard questionnaires of Becherer et al. (2012), And in the income generation dimension, a researcher-made questionnaire is made. The validity of the researcher-made questionnaire in terms of revenue generation based on the views of a group of economists and sports marketing experts has been confirmed and the reliability of the questionnaire has been reported based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α0 = 0.853). In order to analyze the data and describe the information, Spss22 software and Smart PLS software were used. The results showed; The value of t obtained in all studied structures is higher than 1.96. Therefore, the components of social capital and entrepreneurial marketing are of great importance on the revenue generation of sports venues and spaces. According to the research results; In times of corona crisis, the use of new technologies can play an important role in more accurately identifying customer needs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - Oil revenues and economic growth in Iran: evidence from the space-state model
Seyed Ahmad Hashemi Miri hamid kakaei Gholamreza Abbasi Hooshang Momeni VesalهanOne of the most important concerns of policymakers is achieving high economic growth. Accordingly, in the present study, the effect of oil revenues, human capital, liquidity and investment on economic growth in the period of 1991-2021has been investigated in the form of MoreOne of the most important concerns of policymakers is achieving high economic growth. Accordingly, in the present study, the effect of oil revenues, human capital, liquidity and investment on economic growth in the period of 1991-2021has been investigated in the form of space-state model. The results of the research showed that the impact of oil revenues, investment and human capital on economic growth was positive and decreased over time. Also, liquidity has a uniform negative effect on economic growth. Therefore, improving the performance of the National Development Fund can provide the basis for a greater positive impact of oil revenues on economic growth. Also, if macroeconomic stability is not established, the increase in liquidity will lead to the transfer of money to non-productive activities and subsequently to the reduction of economic growth. On the other hand, in the conditions of macroeconomic instability, it will not be possible to increase the formation of fixed capital, and in this way, the improvement of economic growth will be limited. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
183 - The Impact of Financial Sector Activities on Direct Tax Revenue
Niloofar Nateghian Fatemeh ZandiDue to its allocative and distributive effects, tax has always been considered as one of themost important governmental policies. Basically, tax is the most efficient and economicalway of covering governmental costs. In fact, tax is the most important means of change in MoreDue to its allocative and distributive effects, tax has always been considered as one of themost important governmental policies. Basically, tax is the most efficient and economicalway of covering governmental costs. In fact, tax is the most important means of change innational revenue. Because of its ability to control, this revenue source is preferred to otherdomestic economical sources. In addition, the role and importance of the financial systemin the process of economic development of countries, the effectiveness and efficiency of thefinancial system can be used to seek the distinction between developed and underdevelopedeconomies. Therefore, understanding the impact of the financial sector on tax revenue is ofspecific importance. By financial sector, the present researcher means the money market, andthe capital market which are the most important parts of the financial sector of Iran economy.Financial sector will be analyzed by three operational indexes related to banking system andone operational index related to activities of capital market. As mentioned above, this paperexamines the relationship between banking and non-banking activities in financial sector ofIran and direct tax revenue over the period 1379: Q1 to 1393: Q3. The model has been estimatedby Autoregressive Distributed Lag pattern (ARDL). The result indicated that direct tax revenuetoward facilities granted by commercial bank had been more elastic compared to other researchvariables in short run and long run. The coefficient of error correction shows that in each period36 percent of the imbalances of the direct taxes has been adjusted and almost reached near toits long-term trend Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - Evaluating the effects of fiscal policy (changes in the Tax Income) on the employment in Iran
Mahdieh RezagholizadehDue to the impact of Government’s fiscal policy on macroeconomic variables, awareness of short-run and long-run impacts of these policies need to be applied in order to anticipate their consequences and appropriate policies. We will investigate the effects of fisc MoreDue to the impact of Government’s fiscal policy on macroeconomic variables, awareness of short-run and long-run impacts of these policies need to be applied in order to anticipate their consequences and appropriate policies. We will investigate the effects of fiscal policy (changes in the Tax Income) on the employment in Iran by using Vector Auto Regressive, Impulse Response Function and Variance Decomposition and also the short-run and long-run relationships between variables will be evaluated. For this purpose, the time series data for the years 1350 to 1391 were used to estimate the model. According to the long- run equations and coefficients that are significant, we can say that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between increasing in taxes and employment and during the period of study, rising taxes had a negative impact on employment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
185 - Successful Marriage: A Study of Marital Satisfaction in Student
Zohreh SayadpourThis study examined the factors affecting marital satisfaction. The main objective was defining factors which promote and ensure marital satisfaction and the stability of marital life. 300 married students of Islamic Azad University South Branch took part in this study. MoreThis study examined the factors affecting marital satisfaction. The main objective was defining factors which promote and ensure marital satisfaction and the stability of marital life. 300 married students of Islamic Azad University South Branch took part in this study. All the subjects were asked to complete Marital Satisfaction and Biographical Information Questionnaires. Research variables of gender, duration of marriage, age of spouse, age difference, family income and mode of acquaintance were surveyed. The results obtained from one way variance analysis indicated that gender, duration of marriage, age of spouse and age difference effect marital satisfaction. Whereas, family income and the mode of acquaintance have no effect on marital satisfaction. These findings confirmed the necessity of psychological interventions before and throughout the marital life. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - Presenting a model to improve tax compliance based on foundation data
mahdi khadri Habib Piri Reza sotudehIn terms of the basic practical purpose, in terms of nature, survey research and in terms of paradigm, combined-exploratory research, sampling in the qualitative part of the research was done in a purposeful way and in the quantitative part in a stratified random manner MoreIn terms of the basic practical purpose, in terms of nature, survey research and in terms of paradigm, combined-exploratory research, sampling in the qualitative part of the research was done in a purposeful way and in the quantitative part in a stratified random manner. . In the qualitative phase, the interviews with 15 people, academic and tax experts who have at least a master's degree or have been working in the tax field for 15 years, continued until theoretical saturation was reached, and the samples of the quantitative part were based on Cochran's formula was chosen. The research tool in the qualitative part was a semi-structured exploratory interview, and in the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to evaluate the improvement of tax compliance, which was designed based on the codes obtained in the qualitative stage. In the qualitative part, the interviews were analyzed using the foundation's data analysis method. The validity and reliability of the components were examined and the Cronbach's alpha of all the above components was 0.7 and during that; The most important components of improving tax compliance were measured. In the quantitative part, the accuracy of the research model was confirmed through the method of structural equations using Amos software, and it was found that the selection of concepts, dimensions and indicators was of high accuracy and could provide a suitable framework for the preparation of the document. provide the prospect of improving tax compliance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - بررسی اثر شوک مالیاتهای مستقیم بر تولید ناخالص داخلی و تورم در ایران در چارچوب یک مدل تعادل عمومی پویای تصادفی
سید نظام الدین مکیان حسین توکلیان سید محمد صالح نجفی فرا شاه -
Open Access Article
188 - تحلیل اثرگذاری مخارج دولت بر نابرابری درآمدی در استانهای کشور (روش GMM) An Analysis of Government Expenditures Influences on Income Inequality in Provinces of Iran (Using the Generalized Method of Moments(
خسرو نور محمدی عباس عرب مازار نادر مهرگان بامداد پرتویی -
Open Access Article
189 - نقش صندوق توسعه ملی در کاهش نوسانات اقتصادی ایران رویکرد (DSGE)
سید مجتبی حسین زاده یوسفآباد محسن مهرآرا حسین توکلیان -
Open Access Article
190 - The Effect of Uncertainty of Oil Revenue on Exchange Rate In Iran
Mahmod Khataee Roya SayfipourOil revenue is the major source of foreign exchange revenues in Iran economy. Since the oil sector managed by the government, the exchange rate in Iran is highly affected by the government decision. Also oil revenue is a function of oil price and its world demand. So th MoreOil revenue is the major source of foreign exchange revenues in Iran economy. Since the oil sector managed by the government, the exchange rate in Iran is highly affected by the government decision. Also oil revenue is a function of oil price and its world demand. So the Iranian economy was fluctuated by uncertainty in the amount of oil revenue. Consequently uncertainty should have the major role in determining exchange rate. The main aim of this article is to analyses main factors of determining exchange rate including uncertainty in the market. For this purpose , future equilibrium exchange rate is estimated based on the assumptions of two scenarios including uncertainty factors. Comparing the equilibrium and controlled exchange rate shows that there is a high deviation between current rate and equilibrium exchange rate which will create a sharp increase of exchange rate in the future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
191 - بررسی و سنجش کارایی نظام مالیاتی ایران در برنامه های توسعه (رویکرد منطق فازی)
وحید جلالوند محمد نبی شهیکی -
Open Access Article
192 - بررسی تأثیر درآمد مالیاتی دولت بر بورس اوراق بهادار در ایران
رویا آل عمران سید علی آل عمران -
Open Access Article
193 - برآورد کششهای قیمتی و درآمدی گروههای مصرفی خانوارهای شهری با استفاده از سیستم تقاضای تقریباً ایدهآل مبتنی بر دادههای تابلویی
جمشید پژویان سید محمد مهدی احمدی -
Open Access Article
194 - The Effect of Financial Development on Income Distribution in Developing Countries and Developed Countries: GMM Method
علی اکبر احمدی محمد اسماعیل رستمی نیا علیرضا غیبیConsidering that the main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of financial development on income distribution (Gini index) in selected developing countries and developed countries in the selected time period (2000-2010) is empirical modelin MoreConsidering that the main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of financial development on income distribution (Gini index) in selected developing countries and developed countries in the selected time period (2000-2010) is empirical modeling study using dynamic panel generalized moments (GMM) and use the variables GDP per capita, trade openness indicator, the indicator of financial development, inflation, consumer price index and the Gini coefficient was estimated. The results of the estimation of the model in both developed and developing countries distinguishing short and long term effects is discussed. These results indicate that the coefficient of financial development in developing countries (0/02) have opposite signs developed countries (-0/04) is. As income inequality and financial development theories, different estimates of the relationship between these two variables stated, Financial development in developing countries, the increase in income inequality and the increase in average household income and access many brokers and financial services, reduces income inequality. While in developed countries a negative linear relationship between financial development and income inequality that Byangrkahsh income inequality is due to the development of markets and financial intermediaries. Coefficient of per capita income, inflation and the value of the Gini coefficient by delays in developing countries and developed signs consistent with the model assumptions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
195 - Food Security in order to improve reception of capita animal protein to achieve forth development plane
Mohammad Bakhshoodeh Fatemeh FathiThis study researched changing consumer price and expenditure to get animal protein and calorie in order to achieve goal of forth development plane for urban Iranian households. Quadratic almost ideal demand system (QAIDS) during of 19982-2007 was used. Also own, cross MoreThis study researched changing consumer price and expenditure to get animal protein and calorie in order to achieve goal of forth development plane for urban Iranian households. Quadratic almost ideal demand system (QAIDS) during of 19982-2007 was used. Also own, cross price and expenditure elasticity was estimated. According of this result price and expenditure protein and calorie elasticity was estimated. The result showed that changing of poultry meat price had maximum impact. Calorie elasticity of poultry meat was larger than protein group. A Expenditure elasticity of protein and calorie were positive and equal .86 and .87 in protein groups so this group was a normal good. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
196 - برآورد ضریب فزاینده مالی در ایران با تاکید بر نحوه خرج کرد درآمدهای نفتی
مریم مهدی زاده یگانه موسوی جهرمی الهام غلامی احمد سرلک -
Open Access Article
197 - بررسی تاثیر مالیات محلی برتوزیع درآمد درکشورهای منتخب OECD و ارائه راهکارها ی جهت پیاده سازی مالیاتهای محلی دراقتصاد ایران The Effect of Local Tax on Income Distribution and Strategies to Implementation of Local Taxes in Iran
مژگان رفعت میلانی جمشید پژویان سید شمس الدین حسینی فرهاد غفاری -
Open Access Article
198 - فرار مالیاتی در پایه مالیات بر درآمد اشخاص حقوقی در ایران ) برآوردهای سالانه 1392-1352(
رضا امیدی پور جمشید پژویان -
Open Access Article
199 - پوشش ریسک درآمدهای نفتی ایران: رویکرد پوشش ریسک تجمیع یافته
علی طیب نیا محسن مهر آرا آزاده اختری -
Open Access Article
200 - تأثیر نامتقارن تکانههای نرخ ارز بر توزیع درآمد در ایران: رویکرد Asymmetric Effect of Exchange Rate Shocks on Income Distribution in Iran: NARDL ApproachNARDL
حمید لعل خضری احمد جعفری صمیمی -
Open Access Article
201 - The Influence of Financial Development on Income Distribution in Some Selected Countries
منیره دیزجی محدثه آهنگری گرگری Abstract Since the development of institutions, agencies and financial markets of each country can have significant effects on income distribution of that country. The aim of this study is to examine the relation between the financial development and inequality More Abstract Since the development of institutions, agencies and financial markets of each country can have significant effects on income distribution of that country. The aim of this study is to examine the relation between the financial development and inequality in developed and developing countries by using generalized least square method(GLS) and generalized method of moments(GMM) and related theories, studied by entering variables like unemployment rate, the average years of schooling indices of human development, government size and per capita during the period 2000 to 2013. Thus, according to the ranking report of the United Nations Human Development(UNDP) in 2014, 35 countries with very high human development index and 32 countries with high and medium human development index have been selected as developed and developing countries, respectively, which these regions have had full data. The estimation results have been obtained using Stata14 and Eviews9. Empirical results obtained for developed countries, showed that the square of financial development is part of the descending inverted U curve. For developing countries, the estimation result of GLS approved the inverted U curve for the variables financial development and per capita income, while the GMM results income with income inequality, respectively. Finally, according to the above discussion, it can be concluded that for the developed and developing countries, the increase of financial institutions will reduce the income inequality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - تحلیلی بر چگونگی تحولات توزیع درآمد در ایران مبتنی بر شاخص های منتخب ، ( 1393-1380)
سید شمس الدین حسینی نسرین قبادی -
Open Access Article
203 - Analyzing the Impact of Financial Policy (Total Income Tax) on Income Distribution in Selected OECD Countries
حسن ملااسمعیلی دهشیری جمشید پژویان فرهاد غفاری سید شمس الدین حسینیAbstract Economic justice and equitable distribution of income, along with important issues such as economic growth and development, the reduction of inflation and unemployment, have always been of concern to economists. Fair distribution of income and reduction of inc MoreAbstract Economic justice and equitable distribution of income, along with important issues such as economic growth and development, the reduction of inflation and unemployment, have always been of concern to economists. Fair distribution of income and reduction of income inequality in society, and the identification of factors affecting income inequality to make the right policy are necessary and obvious. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of financial policy (total income tax) on income distribution (GINI CO) in OECD countries. In this regard, panel data approach has been used to investigate the impact of total income tax on gini CO for 6 selected OECD countries from 2000 to 2015. The results show that an increase in inflation index and unemployment index leads to a increase in income inequality and that an increase in income tax revenues leads to a reduction in income inequality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
204 - The effect of foreign aid on per capita income growth in some selected Developing countries from Asia and Africa
کریم امامی نجمه آزاد وارAbstract Capital formation is one of the important factors in economic development. Developing countries are usually known with poor economies or ventures descend. In these countries not only current reserves of capital is low but also the concentration of capital. Due MoreAbstract Capital formation is one of the important factors in economic development. Developing countries are usually known with poor economies or ventures descend. In these countries not only current reserves of capital is low but also the concentration of capital. Due to the lack of internal funds for financing in developing countries, is one of proposed solutions on an international scale is import of capital such as loans, credits and grants from developed countries. Therefore, the effect of foreign aid as a foreign financial flow to developing countries to promote economic development is essential and knowledge of these effects will lead to the right decisions for the optimal use of these contributions. This study investigates the impact of foreign aid on growth in per capita income. We employ panel data over the years 1987 to 2010 in selected developing countries from Asia and Africa deals. The result show the effectiveness of foreign aid on per capita income growth is negative but small. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
205 - بررسی عوامل موثر بر درآمدهای غیرمشاع بانکی در ایران (در چارچوب یک الگوی پانل پویای سیستمی)
مهدی قائمی اصل سید علی حسینی ابراهیم آباد حسن حیدری -
Open Access Article
206 - بررسی آثار سیاست اعتباری خرد بر شاخص توزیعی درآمد به تفکیک استانهای کشور
رویا سیفی پور نارسیس امین رشتی کامران نوابی زند -
Open Access Article
207 - بررسی کارایی سیستم مالیاتی در ایران با توجه به وقفه های مالیاتی
نارسیس امین رشتی فاطمه ارشد -
Open Access Article
208 - بررسی تأثیر نرخ ارز واقعی بر صادرات غیر نفتی ایران
سعید دایی کریم زاده قدرت اله امام وردی افسانه شایسته -
Open Access Article
209 - The Impact of Health Costs on Income Inequality in Selected Members Countries of Islamic Cooperation Organization
Mohammad Ameli Abolfazl Ghiasvand Manijeh HadinejadAbstract Today, one of the challenges facing health systems is the ever-increasing increase in its costs. This study investigates the relationship between health costs and income inequality. Income inequality has been investigated using four Gini coefficients and, in a MoreAbstract Today, one of the challenges facing health systems is the ever-increasing increase in its costs. This study investigates the relationship between health costs and income inequality. Income inequality has been investigated using four Gini coefficients and, in a quantile, approach using annual panel data from 2000 to 2022 in selected middle-income member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the empirical results show that the effect of health costs on inequality The income in the countries that are part of the top 10 percent of the income level in this group is much higher than the countries that are in the lowest income level. The effect of life expectancy, death rate and population on income inequality is also opposite; That is, the countries that are in the highest category in terms of income level, the effect of these variables on income inequality is much greater than the countries that are in the lower income categories. Also, due to the effect of population structure on income inequality, it is necessary to seriously consider it in the design and formulation of policies in the field of health, hygiene and population structure. Health, treatment and quality of life improvement policies to increase life expectancy and decrease mortality rate, policies to increase investment (reduction of consumption, promotion of security, economic development of exports, etc.) should be pursued to reduce income inequality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
210 - Asymmetric oil price shocks, tax revenues, resource curses, stock markets and trading cycles in oil-exporting economies
Hamidreza Modiri Marjan DamankeshideAbstract The present study uses the PVAR model to investigate the impact of asymmetric oil price shock, tax revenues, resource curse, stock market and business cycles in oil exporting economies during the period 2000-2019. According to the estimation results; the respo MoreAbstract The present study uses the PVAR model to investigate the impact of asymmetric oil price shock, tax revenues, resource curse, stock market and business cycles in oil exporting economies during the period 2000-2019. According to the estimation results; the response of the output gap to the shock of oil prices and exchange rates is a downward trend for up to 3 periods, after which it rises and in the long run this shock is gradually adjusted, but the problem that exists and the response of the output gap to liquidity also show this. is. Revenues from oil sales and foreign exchange earnings are not well managed in oil-rich countries, and the amount of liquidity injected into the market is spent on imports, which are generally done to combat inflation. In this case, many production sectors will be seriously damaged and will be taken out of the production cycle, and therefore part of the investments made in the economy will be unused and the amount of production will decrease, and on the other hand, when foreign exchange earnings decrease, the amount of imports. It has been reduced that part of the decrease in imports will be directed to capital goods and production machinery, leading to a decrease in investment and an increase in the production gap. Sectors that were taken out of production as a result of massive imports of consumer goods during the period of increasing oil revenues will not be revived in this period, which requires more attention of the country's officials to macroeconomic indicators. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
211 - The Effect of Economic Complexity on Income Inequality in Selected Developing Countries; Dynamic Panel Approach
علی حسنوند محمد شریف کریمی علی فلاحتی آزاد خانزادیAbstract Economic complexity is a concept that shows the ability of countries to produce complex goods and use knowledge in the production process by improving the productive structure. The economic complexity of the knowledge channel leads to the saving of resources a MoreAbstract Economic complexity is a concept that shows the ability of countries to produce complex goods and use knowledge in the production process by improving the productive structure. The economic complexity of the knowledge channel leads to the saving of resources and the improvement of the quality of productive institutions and the formation of productive production structures that diversify goods and save on production costs and earn more income and affect income distribution and welfare. Brings with it social. Given the importance of income distribution in the economy, this study uses the approach of economic complexity and dynamic Generalized Method of Moments, method to investigate the effect of economic complexity on income inequality in a selection of developing countries during the period 1995-2020. According to the results, with increasing economic complexity in developing countries, income distribution has become more unfair. The imbalance of income distribution in these countries is due to the concentration of assets, capital and production activities in the hands of a particular group, as well as the existence of cultural, social, gender, etc. inequalities and rents created as a result of this inequality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
212 - بررسی تأثیر عوامل اقتصادی بر حجم سپردههای بانکهای خصوصی منتخب در ایران
سعیده صفری مریم رافتی -
Open Access Article
213 - Optimal inflation rate measurement for minimizing economic inequality: The dynamic stochastic general equilibrium approach
Alireza Azizi Hashem Zare Abbas Aminifard Jalil Khodaparast ShiraziAbstractFair distribution of income in countries is one of the development indicators of each country. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt appropriate policies for its improvement in order to identify the effect of effective factors on it. In this study, the importance MoreAbstractFair distribution of income in countries is one of the development indicators of each country. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt appropriate policies for its improvement in order to identify the effect of effective factors on it. In this study, the importance of determining the optimal inflation rate with the aim of minimizing income inequality by using the randomized dynamic equilibrium method in Iran between 1997 and 2020 is discussed. The results of the research indicate that the inflation rate is optimized to be 3.74 percent, so that the increase or decrease of inflation of this amount will increase income inequality. Therefore, the government should target its inflation rate with the aim of attaining the minimum inequality, so that the probability of fluctuations (increase or decrease) in inequality will exist. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
214 - اکوتوریسم کویر در ایران ؛ پایداری درآمد , ثروت و توسعه بر اساس الگوی تحلیلی سوآت (مطالعه موردی : کویر لوت)
علیرضا استعلاجی معصومه پازکی -
Open Access Article
215 - Measuring and ranking the Ease of business Efficiency in Iran and Selected Countries
mostafa mardani najafabadi nasrin ohadi farshad razmavarExistence of appropriate business environment and need assessment of factors affecting it to improve national production process and creating new economic capacities is undeniable. The purpose of this study is measuring and ranking the easiness of efficiency of business MoreExistence of appropriate business environment and need assessment of factors affecting it to improve national production process and creating new economic capacities is undeniable. The purpose of this study is measuring and ranking the easiness of efficiency of business in upward middle-income countries over a four-year period (2017-2020). For this purpose, 63 middle-income countries were evaluated with fuzzy dynamic multi-objective data envelopment analysis techniques in 10 areas of starting a business, obtaining construction license, cost of energy(electricity), registered property, obtaining credit, protecting minority Investors, paying taxes, cross-border trade, enforcing contracts and bankruptcy. The results showed that there is great potential for increasing efficiency and productivity in all inputs, the success of doing business in different countries is largely influenced by factors such as starting a business, cross-border trading, receiving electricity and supporting minority investors. Guatemala has been ranked one as the best performance in ease of businesses in 2019 and 2020, according to research findings while Iceland's has the worst rankings in 2018 and 2019, and Iran ranked 51st, following an improving trend in 2020 with 29 steps down Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
216 - The effects of the type of personality in consumers purchasing power in inflationary condition of the cosmetics industry(pakshoo company case study)
shiva eslami Naser Shams ghareneh Asal AghazIn this study, a descriptive-survey method was used to collect some data and information and a questionnaire was used to assess the personality type of individuals. Research data were statistically analyzed by Spearman test (inferential analysis) and Yuman-Whitney two-f MoreIn this study, a descriptive-survey method was used to collect some data and information and a questionnaire was used to assess the personality type of individuals. Research data were statistically analyzed by Spearman test (inferential analysis) and Yuman-Whitney two-factor test in SPSS software. Research hypotheses indicate that the type of personality type of income deciles has a significant effect on their purchasing power and there is also a positive and significant relationship between income and purchasing power of income deciles. According to the analysis of data and statistical tests, during the years 1395 to 1399, among the 4 hypotheses of the relationship between consumer personality types and their purchase, the fourth hypothesis is confirmed and also a significant relationship between the income of income deciles and their purchase It was confirmed despite the increase in inflation in 1997 and 1998.It was found that there is a significant relationship between the amount of purchase and the type of judgmental-perceptual personality type in consumers of health and cosmetics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - Providing a comprehensive model for taxable income expressed by companies from different perspectives
Aliasghar mottaghi Nabi Najafi ahmad mohammadyTax is the transfer of a part of the profit of economic activities that belongs to the government. According to the existing restrictions, governments are trying to collect the maximum tax by identifying high-risk taxpayers according to the laws and regulations. Thus, t MoreTax is the transfer of a part of the profit of economic activities that belongs to the government. According to the existing restrictions, governments are trying to collect the maximum tax by identifying high-risk taxpayers according to the laws and regulations. Thus, the purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive model for the taxable income of companies in the light of the theories of trust and information validity. The statistical population of the current study consists of auditors of the Tax Affairs Organization with at least 10 years of auditing experience, who have conducted 15 semi-structured interviews in 1400 and 1401 using the theme analysis method. To extract the components, the qualitative method of theme analysis was used, and to extract the model, as well as to determine the weight of the components, one of the methods of the multi-criteria decision model (Shannon's entropy) was used. This comprehensive model can be a tool to realistically evaluate the declared taxable income of companies in terms of the effectiveness of the desired factors, audit factors, technical and systemic factors, environmental factors, company specific factors and financial and accounting factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
218 - مقایسه عملکرد بانک های دولتی و خصوصی
زینب بزاز حسین خنیفر رضا تهرانی محمدجواد محقق نیا -
Open Access Article
219 - بررسی رابطه بین نسبت درآمدهای عملیاتی بانک ها با بازده و ریسک آنها طی سال های 1387 الی 1391
بهروز قاسمی مهتاب علامه -
Open Access Article
220 - بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر قیمتگذاری صنعت هتلداری در ایران
مسعود غلامی حسین وظیفه دوست -
Open Access Article
221 - بررسی عوامل موثر بر خشونت خانگی علیه زنان و علت تحمل خشونت توسط آنان (مطالعه موردی: شهر نورآباد ممسنی)
امیر مسعود امیر مظاهری زینب قدربند فرد شیرازی -
Open Access Article
222 - نگرش جوانان به تاثیر عوامل اقتصادی اجتماعی و فرهنگی موثر در بالا رفتن سن ازدواج (مورد مطالعه: ناحیه2و3 منطقه4 تهران سال 1391)
سید سعید آقایی رویا طاهری بنچناری -
Open Access Article
223 - The ability to assess and explain the models and optional Aqlamthdy revenue model Optional for detecting earnings management
فریدون Rahnemaei صادق Rezaei A.K SalehiPrior studies document that managers may manage earnings to effect on the market value of stock or opportunistic objectives through the discretionary accruals and revenuesmodels. The purpose of this study is to investigate the power of the discretionary accruals and rev MorePrior studies document that managers may manage earnings to effect on the market value of stock or opportunistic objectives through the discretionary accruals and revenuesmodels. The purpose of this study is to investigate the power of the discretionary accruals and revenuesmodel to forecast the earnings management in the listed companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). Also, we investigated the effect every one these models on market value of stock and their relationship with information asymmetry and Q Tobin measures in companies listed on the TSE. The methodology is a data-gathering method and correlation by using multiple regressions and a sample including 1000 years-firms during 2001-2010. The results show that the discretionary accruals-based earnings management models have more abilityin forecasting of earnings management in comparison todiscretionary revenues-based earnings management model. In addition, in contrast to discretionary accruals-based earnings management measure, the discretionary revenues-based earnings management model is an influential and relevance variable on the market value of firm` stock. None of earnings management models don’t confirm correlation between earnings management criteria with information asymmetry measure and alone calculated earnings management on the basis of Kasznik model has significant relationship with Q Tobin measure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
224 - ارتباط بین تغییرات اقلام ترازنامه، سود و زیان و حجم مبادلات با بازده سهام در شرکت های پذیرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران
زهرا لشگری نادر نوروزی -
Open Access Article
225 - بررسی عوامل اجتماعی اقتصادی موثر بر میزان گرایش به موسیقی در بین دانشجویان دانشگاه تربیت معلم سبزوا
hosien ghodrati samad abedini samad abedini touba shahjahani -
Open Access Article
226 - Income inequality,poverty and the liquidity of stock markets
annahita zandiAccording to development theories, achieving higher economic growth and creating economically viable opportunities for low income groups is the focus of development strategies; but over time, it has become clear that, despite high economic growth in some The low income MoreAccording to development theories, achieving higher economic growth and creating economically viable opportunities for low income groups is the focus of development strategies; but over time, it has become clear that, despite high economic growth in some The low income and poor groups have not benefited from its benefits; in other words, for proper distribution of income, in addition to continuous economic growth, other instruments and policies are also needed. The forthcoming study examines the effect of liquidity of the stock market on the amount of inequality of income during Period 1376-1396 Payments. The results obtained by maintaining certain factors, including the traditional financial development criteria, indicate that there is a negative correlation between stock market liquidity and Gini coefficient as a measure of income inequality. In addition, the findings indicate that there is a negative correlation between stock liquidity and the poverty rate. In the final set of quizzes, the division of wage increases into two parts (the increase due to stock liquidity and the vertical increase in liquidity) resulted in less evidence of reducing inequality and poverty due to the increase in wages due to liquidity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
227 - Investigating the Effectiveness of Future Earnings Prospects Stickiness of Conservatism and Managerial Max Ability Using Multivariate Linear Regression Model
Marjan Shahali Mohammadreza AbdoliThe prospects for future earnings, its stickiness, and the cash returns of a company's shares, due to their objectivity and tangibility, are of particular importance to stockholders and capital market players in corporate analysis. Since the behavior and attitudes of e MoreThe prospects for future earnings, its stickiness, and the cash returns of a company's shares, due to their objectivity and tangibility, are of particular importance to stockholders and capital market players in corporate analysis. Since the behavior and attitudes of executive managers are effective on the prospects of future earnings and its stickiness, in this research, the relationship between future income prospects stickiness and the two behavioral financial features include: conservatism and managerial max ability are investigated. The statistical population of this study includes 206 companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period of 2009-2017 which have been tested using multivariate linear regression using Eviews software. The results of the research indicate that there is a meaningful positive relationship between the two criteria and the stickiness of the future earning perspective. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
228 - The Relationship between the Added Value of Intellectual Capital, the Efficiency of Human Capital with an Emphasis on Growth and their Effect on the Growth of Per Capita Income of Employees in Companies Listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange
Alireza Aarabi Mehrdad Panahi Dorcheh Mehdi Arab salehiAbstract The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the added value of intellectual capital, the efficiency of human capital, with an emphasis on growth and their effect on the growth of export income per capita of employees in companie MoreAbstract The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the added value of intellectual capital, the efficiency of human capital, with an emphasis on growth and their effect on the growth of export income per capita of employees in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The export performance of companies is influenced by various internal and external factors. Some of the internal factors include knowledge of target markets and presence in international production networks, which are among the knowledge capital of companies. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of nature and method. In order to calculate the intellectual capital, the coefficient of added value of the intellectual capital has been used, and to calculate the export, the ratio of export sales to the total sales of the company has been used. Hypotheses have been tested using linear regression. The statistical population is all the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. A statistical sample of 178 companies was selected between 2016 and 2020. The results show that there is a positive relationship between intellectual capital, human capital efficiency and export income. Also, there is a positive relationship between the growth of human capital and the growth of export earnings. However, contrary to the initial expectation, no evidence was found that the growth of intellectual capital is effective on the growth of export income. Therefore, necessary measures should be taken through ways such as proper corporate governance, timely and proper policy making. It is suggested that the accounting standards give a special role and importance to intellectual capital (as a factor influencing the added value of the company). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
229 - The effect of natural resource rent, income inequality on infant mortality with an emphasis on two institutional quality indicators of democracy and corruption
mostafa rajabi Maryam Jafari Tadi Bahar HafeziReducing infant mortality is known as one of the goals of development and an as the indicator of health. One of the factors affecting health in countries with natural resources such as oil is economic dependence on natural resources. It is stated in this way that at fir MoreReducing infant mortality is known as one of the goals of development and an as the indicator of health. One of the factors affecting health in countries with natural resources such as oil is economic dependence on natural resources. It is stated in this way that at first the income from the sale of natural resources can have a positive effect on health, and with the increase in rent resulting from that, the state of institutional quality has weakened, leading to an increase in income inequality and a decrease in gross domestic product, and therefore has a negative effect on health. . Therefore, this study investigates the effect of oil rent on infant mortality using Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach with (ARDL) to investigate the effect of oil rent on infant mortality according to institutional quality and income inequality index during the period 1984 to 2021. The estimation results showed that the oil rent had a U-shaped effect on the infant mortality index in the long term. But this relationship has not been confirmed for the short term. The effect of democracy, GDP and urbanization on infant mortality has been negative in the long term, and the effect of the Gini coefficient on this indicator has been positive in the long and short term. The effect of the corruption control index on infant mortality has had a positive effect in the short term, which confirms the theory of economic wheel greasers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
230 - The effect of the government's revenue generation on economic growth
maryam emamimibodi Hossein Ali Yasin Al AbidiHence, measuring the dependence of Iraq's budget on oil revenue and investigating the effect of the share of each source of income in financing the government on economic growth, considering the possibility of the resource curse phenomenon in Iraq, is the focus of this MoreHence, measuring the dependence of Iraq's budget on oil revenue and investigating the effect of the share of each source of income in financing the government on economic growth, considering the possibility of the resource curse phenomenon in Iraq, is the focus of this study. Therefore, the main purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of the share of oil income and tax income on the economic growth of Iraq and to compare the share of tax income with the share of oil income on the economic growth of Iraq. In this research, the autoregression model with a wide break has been used seasonally in the period from 2008 to 2020 to investigate the objectives and assumptions. Based on the results, the first, second and third hypotheses of the research were confirmed. To put it better, both oil income and tax income have had a positive and significant effect on Iraq's economic growth, and also in support of the third hypothesis, the effect of oil income has been greater than tax income, which shows that the financing of the Iraqi government is mostly through oil income and shows that the economy of this country is dependent on oil revenues. On the other hand, the increase in government tax revenue and its effect on economic growth in the long term can be considered for long-term planning in Iraq. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
231 - The impact of current and construction expenses of the government on the growth of national income and its distribution in Iraq
maryam emamimibodi Hossein Jassim Mohammad Al-SataniOne of the important economic goals of governments is to achieve the growth of national income and fair distribution of income. In meeting these goals, governments should use financial policy tools such as; Current and construction expenditures should be used for fair d MoreOne of the important economic goals of governments is to achieve the growth of national income and fair distribution of income. In meeting these goals, governments should use financial policy tools such as; Current and construction expenditures should be used for fair distribution of income and control of extreme fluctuations in per capita incomes and ultimately the growth of national income. In this research, the aim of this research is to investigate the impact of current expenditures and construction expenditures of the government on the growth of national income and the Gini coefficient in Iraq, and the VAR method has been used in the returns from 2006 to 2021. The results of the research indicated that; The impact of government current expenditures and government construction expenditures have had a positive and significant impact on the growth of Iraq's national income, but only government construction expenditures have had a positive and significant impact on the income distribution index (Gini coefficient). The results of the variance analysis of the research models show that the greatest impact on the growth of national income and the Gini coefficient is from the side, respectively; economic growth and oil income, and the lowest impact on the two variables of national income growth and the Gini coefficient is related to government construction costs. Therefore, the planners in the country should pay attention that, for the economic growth of this country, the redistribution policies of the oil income of this country should be chosen in principle and optimally. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
232 - Investigating the role of economic growth in the effect of oil revenue shock and exchange rate on the efficiency of Iran's banking network (Self-vector regression)
بهار حافظی Neda Asadollahzadeh Jafari sayed mohsen khalifeh soltsniIn the present study, the impact of positive and negative shocks of oil revenues, inflation and exchange rate in different economic growth states on the efficiency of the banking network using threshold structural vector autoregression model in the period of 1398:4-1387 MoreIn the present study, the impact of positive and negative shocks of oil revenues, inflation and exchange rate in different economic growth states on the efficiency of the banking network using threshold structural vector autoregression model in the period of 1398:4-1387:1 It was discussed seasonally, according to the results, the effect of a positive shock to oil revenues in economic recession and boom is similar to the efficiency of the banking network, and it had a positive effect in the short term and a negative effect in the medium term. But the effect of positive shock to inflation and exchange rate on banking efficiency depends on different regimes of economic growth. The positive shock of inflation in the recession has had a negative effect in the short term and a positive effect in the medium term on the efficiency of the banking network. In the conditions of prosperity, inflation has had a positive effect on the efficiency of the banking network in the short and medium term. The positive shock of the exchange rate in recessionary conditions has only a short-term negative effect on the efficiency of the banking network, but in the conditions of prosperity, the positive shock of the exchange rate has a positive effect on the efficiency of the banking network in the short term and a negative effect on the efficiency of the banking network in the medium term. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
233 - Analysis of the impact of monetary policy on the distribution of real income in Iran's economy
fojan tadayon H. Sharifi-RenaniOne of the main goals of government policies in any economic system is to improve income distribution.On the other hand, the type of policy and monetary policy tools used by the Islamic government should be in line with the direction of the society towards a balance in MoreOne of the main goals of government policies in any economic system is to improve income distribution.On the other hand, the type of policy and monetary policy tools used by the Islamic government should be in line with the direction of the society towards a balance in the level of living, income and wealth.In this research, in order to investigate the impact of monetary policy on the income distribution of Iran, the ARDL method and the latest available data during the period of 1401-1379 have been used.The results of the estimates showed that the improvement in the income distribution index in Iran's economy is a long-term process And expansionary monetary policies in Iran during the studied period led to inequality in the income distribution index.On the other hand, the results show that the expansionary monetary policy has less effect on the economy in the short term, but in the long term, this effect becomes larger and reduces income equality to a greater extent. Also, the increase in economic growth caused an increase in the distribution index, which was caused by high inflation in this period in Iran's economy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
234 - The impact of tax revenues on income distribution in selected countries
Niloofar Ghafarisomeh parvaneh salatin samaneh mohammadiOne of the important purposes of governments and policymakers are economic system in an attempt to fair distribution of income. In this regard ownerships are one of the most powerful tools for the fair income distribution and the main elements of the countries' economic MoreOne of the important purposes of governments and policymakers are economic system in an attempt to fair distribution of income. In this regard ownerships are one of the most powerful tools for the fair income distribution and the main elements of the countries' economic driver. Hence, the main purpose of this paper is review of the effectiveness of incomes tax as an indicator of Ginny coefficient shows income distribution. The results from estimating model by using the Method of Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) during2000-2013 in the group of the selected countries shows that tax incomes have meaningful and negative effect on Ginny index as an indicator shows the distribution of income in the country is selected. One of the important purposes of governments and policymakers are economic system in an attempt to fair distribution of income. In this regard ownerships are one of the most powerful tools for the fair income distribution and the main elements of the countries' economic driver. Hence, the main purpose of this paper is review of the effectiveness of incomes tax as an indicator of Ginny coefficient shows income distribution. The results from estimating model by using the Method of Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) during2000-2013 in the group of the selected countries shows that tax incomes have meaningful and negative effect on Ginny index as an indicator shows the distribution of income in the country is selected Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
235 - The Study of Factors Affecting Income Inequality in Rural Areas of Iran (The Ahluwalia Approach)
A. BagherzadehAccording to the Ahluwalia hypothesis (1995), the growth of total factor of productivity (TFP) in agricultural sectors along with the other government infrastructural investment in rural areas are the reason of income inequality decrease in these areas.The main objectiv MoreAccording to the Ahluwalia hypothesis (1995), the growth of total factor of productivity (TFP) in agricultural sectors along with the other government infrastructural investment in rural areas are the reason of income inequality decrease in these areas.The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of public investments such as agricultural, road and education(R&E) and Irrigation on income inequality in rural areas of Iran. This research also attempts to study the direction of causality between the income inequality and total factor productivity (TFP) in Iran. Using ARDL methods in the period at 1980 to 2008, empirical results showed that there is a negative relationship between income inequality and agricultural TFP in rural areas of Iran. Hence, additional investments in rural education and agricultural R&E have significant impacts on income inequality. Findings showed also that the Ahluwali hypothesis of the relationship between income inequality and agricultural TFP in Iran's rural areas is not ejected Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
236 - Analysis of the Economic factors Affecting Income of Football Clubs (Selected World Clubs)
Y. Naghdi S. Kaghazian A. AfsharpeyIndustries revenues are needed for their survival. Industry today has a great soccer turnover. Football clubs are the most important sector of the industry survival depends on the survival of football clubs and they are persistent. The main objectives of the Club Manage MoreIndustries revenues are needed for their survival. Industry today has a great soccer turnover. Football clubs are the most important sector of the industry survival depends on the survival of football clubs and they are persistent. The main objectives of the Club Managers earn lots of money supply and the beginning Competitions Club competitions are benefits. The main objective of this paper is the economic factors affecting earnings in selected clubs from season to season 4-2003 11-2010 studied and is estimated by Panel Data methods. The results show that the revenue of the media player, the greatest impact on the income of football clubs and the club is also ranked in the annual rankings of the International Federation of History and Statistics has no Impact on revenue club in the same year. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
237 - The Impact of Corporate Tax Revenue Instability on Economic Growth Rate in IRAN: 1993-2014
M. Rajabi S. zendehdelIncome tax, source of funding and fiscal policy tools to achieve the economic government targets.Fluctuations or instability revenue, causes that the government in planning, to rely on an unreliable source of income and thus, its long-term goals and plans, fail. So, the MoreIncome tax, source of funding and fiscal policy tools to achieve the economic government targets.Fluctuations or instability revenue, causes that the government in planning, to rely on an unreliable source of income and thus, its long-term goals and plans, fail. So, the aim of this study, is to analyze the impact of instability in corporate income tax (CIT) on economic growth in Iran. To reach the goal, the first in a regression model using generalized least squares method, the effect of different variables on corporate income tax and it was calculated error terms. Then the error terms as the instability of corporate income tax and the independent variable in growth model using Auto Regressive Distributed Lags, considered and estimated. To estimate the model, seasonal and variable data for the period: 1993-2014 extracted in the Central Bank of Iran site. The result shows that in the short term, corporate income tax behave differently on economic growth. And in the same time period drastically different effect, but in short run, have a negative effect in subsequent periods like the positive and negative effects of the business cycle due to the seasonality of the data. As a result of long-term negative impact on economic growth with high levels of statistical significance Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
238 - The Identification of Optimal Incomes Tax on Growth Goal, Optimal Control Method
M. Rajabi M. Ebne Ebrahim khajui J. Mir-Mohammad SadeghiGovernment incomes include tax incomes and non-tax incomes that tax incomes can be considered as a more stable source of in come for government. In each country, tax incomes is regarderd as the basic unit of covering government costs؛ and developed economies take advant MoreGovernment incomes include tax incomes and non-tax incomes that tax incomes can be considered as a more stable source of in come for government. In each country, tax incomes is regarderd as the basic unit of covering government costs؛ and developed economies take advantage of this tool to progress and achieve economic growth. In this study, optimal control theory was used to access the amount and the rout of optimal tax incomes to achieve economic growth during 1973-2007. For the analysis, a simultaneous system of general equilibrium of economics was designed and estemated by three stage least squares method (3SLS) using the information of Iran Central Bank time series and yearbook management and planning. Then the route of optimal tax incomes and finally its values were specified by optimal control theory and scenario planning that access to this values is crucial for economic growth. The results suggest a direct relationship between tax incomes and economic growth Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
239 - The impact on economic growth, development and financial uncertainty in Selected Asian Countries
K. Karabulut A. Shahinpour B. ShadizaliThe efficient and strong financial markets are assumed the main part of economic. Without having an efficient finance could not attain to financial development. In fact the turnover of optimal economic in every society is depended on to two part of real and financ MoreThe efficient and strong financial markets are assumed the main part of economic. Without having an efficient finance could not attain to financial development. In fact the turnover of optimal economic in every society is depended on to two part of real and finance is strong and efficient. The activity of both parts is accounted the necessity and sufficient condition for and economics system. With regard to financial liberalization and openness and the impact of financial development is the most topic important of economics policy. based on impact achieving economics growth and maintaining an economy without dependence to foreign countries this study is besides on examining the assumption that developing the trade and financial development cause economic growth and the impact of financial volatility is decreasing economic growth in selected Asian countries during 1980-2010. In order to finding the best solution in the way of economic policy to economic growth. Therefore the econometrics approach is based on Ranceier and loayza (2006) in panel data and generalized method of moments (GMM) approach. The empirical results show that financial development has growth impact while the shocks of financial depth(financial fragility) has negative impact on economic growth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
240 - Negative effects of privatization on poverty and income gaps in the Fifth Program of Development
sepehr sayed sajjadi M. Jafarinezhad M. ktabiPrivatization as an effective and efficient process of economic growth and increasing efficiency in the present era has been welcomed by many policy makers in different countries of the world, and this process has also brought economic growth in the economic spheres in MorePrivatization as an effective and efficient process of economic growth and increasing efficiency in the present era has been welcomed by many policy makers in different countries of the world, and this process has also brought economic growth in the economic spheres in some cases. The present study examines the Fifth Development Plan materials and clauses in terms of some policies that encourage or facilitate privatization using the secondary analysis method. We believe that undesirable effects, such as income gap and poverty, are affected by incomplete or ineffective implementation - of privatization. Accordingly, following the implementation of privatization policies during the previous programs and consequences of these programs as well as during the implementation of the Fifth Development Plan, the gap between 2011 and 2013 has been incremental and there are geographical disparities in the distribution of facilities. Poverty alleviation during this period has not been satisfactory. Evaluating the effects and stemming the negative effects of privatization, which is the main objective of the present research, can prevent the occurrence of complications in future plans for development Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
241 - Effects of Income Integration and Trade Flow Expansion on Economic Growth of Iran and Her Partners Including OECD Countries
K. Tayebi S. Daee Karim-Zadeh M. RamazaniIn this paper the interaction effects of income integration and the trade flow expansion in Iran and her partners including OECD countries in the period of 1996 to 2006 was analyzed.The purpose of this research was analyze the interaction effects of income integra MoreIn this paper the interaction effects of income integration and the trade flow expansion in Iran and her partners including OECD countries in the period of 1996 to 2006 was analyzed.The purpose of this research was analyze the interaction effects of income integration and trade flow and the factors affecting it. The analytical model was developed on the basis of the regression model was usedby Soderbon and teal. The employeddata was of a panel type. The results showed that income integration and trade flows had reversal positiveand statistically effect on each other. Therefore a complementary relationship revealed between income integration and trade flows. Also, trade flows, labor resource and physical capital had positive effects on economic growth whereas, income integration did not Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
242 - Effect of Oil Revenues on the Military Burden in Oil-Rich Countries of Middle East
Aboulghasem Gol khandanThe main objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of oil revenues on the military expenditures in nine oil-rich countries of Middle East during the years 1995-2018. For this purpose, a general model of military expenditures designed for these countries and t MoreThe main objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of oil revenues on the military expenditures in nine oil-rich countries of Middle East during the years 1995-2018. For this purpose, a general model of military expenditures designed for these countries and to estimate it the generalized method of moments (GMM) is used in the form of dynamic panel data. The results of the model estimation show that the oil revenues have a positive and significant effect on the military expenditures in the studied countries. So that with an increase of 1 percent in the share of oil revenues to GDP, the ratio of military spending to GDP (military time) increased in this country about 0.16 percent. On this basis, it can be said that the oil plays a significant role in providing military expenditure and security in the oil-rich countries of Middle East Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
243 - Nonlinear relationship of Dividend Policy on P/E Ratio in Tehran Stock Exchange Industries
Moslem peymany Mohammad Hassan Ebrahimi Sarvolia Mahsa GoodarziConsidering the importance of the stock valuation models, the comprehensive study of these models can lead investors to use them correctly and make the right decisions in capital market. Therefore, in this research, one of the most widely used models, the P/E ratio mode MoreConsidering the importance of the stock valuation models, the comprehensive study of these models can lead investors to use them correctly and make the right decisions in capital market. Therefore, in this research, one of the most widely used models, the P/E ratio model with nonlinear perspective, has been investigated and compared with linear model. For this purpose, by performing panel regression for the information of 182 companies in the form of 28 industries in Tehran stock exchange during the years 2009 to 2016, we find that the ratio of dividend payment has a nonlinear impact on P/E ratio and the relationship between price to earning ration and dividend payment ratio has convexity and its degree of convexity is conditional on the relationship of return on equity and shareholders required rate of return. Also, based on results of this study, the explanatory power of the nonlinear model is greater than the linear model. It is recommended that investors pay attention to the nonlinear model along with the linear model to achieve a better result. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
244 - Income Distribution Management using Logistics and Fermi-Dirac Distribution in iran
mohammad forozan Seyyed Mohmood Mousavi shiri mehdi salehiDistributions such as Bose-Einstein, Maxwell Boltzmann, Lag Normal, and exponential have been used to describe income of the low- and middle sections of society. The Pareto distribution also have been used to describe the income of the wealthy section of society. Due to MoreDistributions such as Bose-Einstein, Maxwell Boltzmann, Lag Normal, and exponential have been used to describe income of the low- and middle sections of society. The Pareto distribution also have been used to describe the income of the wealthy section of society. Due to the complexity of these models, it is difficult to estimate macroeconomic indicators. Also, one of other disadvantage of these models is non-uniformity for all income levels. In this study, the cumulative logistic and Fermi-Dirac distribution were used for two categories of rural and urban data sets in the Iranian economy between 2009 to 2019. The results show that the proposed model was perfectefor all income levels in rural and urban areas at different times very well and covers all parts of the income distribution. Interpretation of Dirac Fermi distribution parameters and the correlation and significant relationship of these parameters with macroeconomic indicators show the superiority of Dirac Fermi distribution compared to logistics distribution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
245 - Relying on the insured, strategies for financing health insurance in Iran
mohsen rasoulianthis study aimed to identify and rank the revenue strategy is to implement health insurance in Iran. The research was descriptive - survey study population included 30 experts insurance in the country, which made 15-question questionnaire, was distributed among the Morethis study aimed to identify and rank the revenue strategy is to implement health insurance in Iran. The research was descriptive - survey study population included 30 experts insurance in the country, which made 15-question questionnaire, was distributed among them and with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) were analyzed. The results showed that premium income strategy at No. 1 with a weight of 0.259, 0.229, weighing in at No. 2 important strategy of government revenue, tax revenue strategy with a weight of 0.191 ranks third in importance, miscellaneous income strategy with a weight of 0.171 at No. 4 the importance of strategy and corporate earnings are weighing 0.151 at No. 5 importance. It is surprising that this time also presented a plan for improving public health experts on a strategy that most people have focused-of-pocket financing! Can we still rely on public funds to promote health? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
246 - انـدازه بهینـه نابـرابـری درآمـدی در ایـران
خسرو پیرایی هادی رضاییچکیده : این مطالعه به جهت یافتن اندازهی بهینه نابرابری درآمدی متضمن رشد اقتصادی مطلوب برای اقتصاد ایران میباشد. این اندازه موسوم به حد آستانهای است. اندازه نابرابری درآمدی بیش از این حد، اثرات منفی بر رشد اقتصادی دارد. بدین منظور با استفاده از مدل رگرسیون آست Moreچکیده : این مطالعه به جهت یافتن اندازهی بهینه نابرابری درآمدی متضمن رشد اقتصادی مطلوب برای اقتصاد ایران میباشد. این اندازه موسوم به حد آستانهای است. اندازه نابرابری درآمدی بیش از این حد، اثرات منفی بر رشد اقتصادی دارد. بدین منظور با استفاده از مدل رگرسیون آستانه دو بخشی هانسن، رابطهای برای محاسبهی اثرات حد آستانهای نابرابری درآمدی بر رشد اقتصادی ایران حاصل گردید. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان میدهد نابرابری درآمدی در ایران از یک الگوی حد آستانهای دو بخشی پیروی میکند و مقدار این آستانه نیز 441/0 است. همچنین نتایج حکایت از وجود رابطهی غیر خطی میان نابرابری درآمدی و رشد اقتصادی دارد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
247 - Designing and explaining the stability of the income system in sports of the Martyr and Veterans Affairs Foundation
zahra nasehi Farshad Emami seyd emadThe Purpose study was conducted with the aim of identifying the factors affecting sustainable incomes in sports of the Martyr and Veterans Affairs Foundation. The research method was qualitative and performed using a systematic design of data-based theory. In-depth and MoreThe Purpose study was conducted with the aim of identifying the factors affecting sustainable incomes in sports of the Martyr and Veterans Affairs Foundation. The research method was qualitative and performed using a systematic design of data-based theory. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data and data analysis was performed by Strauss and Corbin method and paradigm model. The statistical population of the study included experts in this field. Fifteen people were selected for interviews and obtaining the necessary information related to the subject under investigation in a completely non-probabilistic manner using theoretical and targeted snowball techniques. The validity of the research findings (interviews) was confirmed by the interviewees. Two evaluators were used to calculate the reliability of the interview using the intra-subject agreement method (0/83) In order to analyze the data, open and axial and selective coding were used. 101 basic conceptual propositions with 17 categories and 85 concepts in the form of 6 dimensions of a paradigm model were obtained. The results indicate that the most important effective indicators include economic and managerial factors, education and development, technical management policies and competitive advantage, sports goals, economic and managerial function, economic, organizational and cultural factors and communication. Therefore, it is suggested that in order to stabilize the income system in sports, the Martyr and Veterans Affairs Foundation, according to the identified factors, management policies such as removing obstacles and designing effective financial resources to promote the stability of the income system should be determined and implemented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
248 - Designing a Success Model for the Karate Federation Based on the Sports Marketing Model
amirali keshmiri homa dorodiIn order to create a policy and achieve organizational goals, sports organizations need to create a model to use and strengthen the components that affect the success of the organization, which are published from internal and external factors of the organization. The pu MoreIn order to create a policy and achieve organizational goals, sports organizations need to create a model to use and strengthen the components that affect the success of the organization, which are published from internal and external factors of the organization. The purpose of this study is to design a success model for the Karate Federation based on the budget sports marketing model. Method: For data analysis and data collection of mixed type (qualitative and quantitative) budget and using the interview method, a questionnaire is created and coding is opened. In the qualitative part to design a researcher-made questionnaire by a sports scientist and the officials of the directing federation by snowball method with a statistical population of 12 people, the sample is also selected and in a small part by athletes, coaches and employees of the federation and karate boards with a community of 120 92 people were selected by Morgan test. After conducting the interview and identifying the key factors from the experts' point of view, the researcher-made questionnaire has been made. Use was distributed among athletes, coaches and employees of the Karate Federation. Results: Marketing components 67.4%, advertising and revenue factors 62.1%, information technology 46.7%, competition results in training courses and courses 55.9%, federation management factors 75.8% and 88.5% success in federation performance change the situation. Be. Also, the federation's investment in setting up sports venues and the profitability of renting or mortgaging this, however, has the highest rate (4.74) among the variables related to the budget. Conclusion: Success in sports federation with sports trade is getting closer to economic and marketing issues day by day, and the prerequisite for development and success in sports is to create marketing fields at the level of sports organizations, which is why marketing development is suggested according to the research results. In the long-term planning of the federation, the pursuit of television broadcasting rights, continuation of international competitions, promotion of karate sports tourism, investment in the construction of gyms and sports equipment and improvement of information in the federation are done to facilitate the future success of the federation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
249 - A review of the rural economy in the exploitation of forest products
Nazi Heidari Zahiri Hamid Amirnejad Seyyed Ali Hosseini YekaniRevenues from non-farm activities in rural areas include a large share of household's total income. Present study aimed to identify the subsistence of forest villagers of Hezarjarib area of Behshahr in 2013, including 160 households by use of random sampling. It is a pr MoreRevenues from non-farm activities in rural areas include a large share of household's total income. Present study aimed to identify the subsistence of forest villagers of Hezarjarib area of Behshahr in 2013, including 160 households by use of random sampling. It is a practical research with the field data; and theoretically it is descriptive and quantitative. The data gathered using the questionnaire, filling up by interviewing the sample. The results indicated that among the income sources of rich households, revenues from animal husbandry activities have the largest share (36.2 percent). Forest income is in the next rank including 24.4 percent of annual total income of rich households. Also forest income among poor households includes the largest share (43.4 percent) and revenue from animal husbandry activities is in second grade in total income of poor households (27.14 percent). Increasing in household income leads to an increase in job opportunities; thus it results in reducing the dependence on forest resources and the relative income from forest resources, as well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
250 - An Investigation of the Distribution of Rural Households’ Income in Abhar County and Factors Affecting
smira mahmoodi somayeh jangh chi majid yasori -
Open Access Article
251 - The Effect of Oil Income on the Food Security of Rural Households
basireh saeidi hamed ghaderzadeh nasibeh zareii -
Open Access Article
252 - An Investigation of the Impact of Rural Women’s Self-employment on Household Income: A Case Study of Rural Women’s Cooperatives
mohammad bakhshodeh -
Open Access Article
253 - The Evaluation of Rural Income Diversity in Zabol
Mashala Salarpoor Mehdi Khodad Hoseyni -
Open Access Article
254 - Study on economic effects of nomads accommodation of Ilshahr nomads in Bushehr province
Mohammad Faraji Somayeh Dehdari Mohammad Salehi Veisi Roohangiz Kazemi -
Open Access Article
255 - The impact of financial inclusion on economic growth: a cross-country analysis
Akram Ghoreyshvandiabrak Saleh Ghavidel Doostkoui Masoud Soufi MajidpourFinancial inclusion is a key driver of economic growth. This study evaluates its effect on economic growth in 59 high-income countries from 2004 to 2021, using panel data and quantile methods. Financial inclusion is measured through banking penetration, availability of MoreFinancial inclusion is a key driver of economic growth. This study evaluates its effect on economic growth in 59 high-income countries from 2004 to 2021, using panel data and quantile methods. Financial inclusion is measured through banking penetration, availability of banking services, and usage of financial services. The results reveal significant differences among countries, generally enjoying favorable macroeconomic conditions, and indicate slight convergence among them. Positive impacts on economic growth were observed from bank and facility penetration, while ATM penetration and financial deepening showed negative effects. Influential factors include capital, inflation rate, unemployment rate, economic openness, life expectancy, and population growth. The impact of financial inclusion is more pronounced in lower-income countries. Expanding financial inclusion through the Internet and mobile banking, especially in less privileged areas, and enhancing microfinance and user-friendly applications, are pivotal for economic growth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
256 - Investigating the impact of human resources entrepreneurial personality on the city brand with the aim of creating a sustainable income
bahram ebrahimi Mojtaba TabariThe purpose of this study is to investigate the role that the entrepreneurial personality of city managers can play in the city brand model through which the city benefits from attracting foreign and domestic tourists. The statistical population in this study included a MoreThe purpose of this study is to investigate the role that the entrepreneurial personality of city managers can play in the city brand model through which the city benefits from attracting foreign and domestic tourists. The statistical population in this study included all municipal managers at both senior and operational levels, members of the city council and officials of the heritage department related to the tourism sector in Mazandaran province. Purposeful (judgmental) sampling was performed in three cities of Amol, Babol and Mahmoudabad. The research tool included a library study and a researcher-made questionnaire, and in order to ensure its validity, in addition to the opinions of expert city managers, the mean of extracted variance was also used. Cronbach's alpha, combined coefficient and internal reliability were used to determine the reliability. In this study, two questionnaires were used. The first questionnaire was to examine the entrepreneurial personality of human resources, which was answered by senior municipal managers and members of the city council, and the second one which was designed to assess the status of the city brand, was answered by municipal operational managers and officials of the heritage department related to the tourism sector. To determine the degree of fit of the conceptual model, the structural equations method using the partial least squares method and Smart PLS 3 software were used. Fitting the conceptual model of the research with the success of the test and the findings showed that there were significant relationships between the variables of entrepreneurial personality of human resources, city brand and sustainable income. Therefore, the claimed model has a good fit. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
257 - Examining global policies in the field of providing affordable housing
kamran mortazavi amir hosein pour johari -
Open Access Article
258 - socioeconomic factors that influence social health of female headed households supported by Tehran welfare organization
Sara Avarzabani َAli MalekpourAbstract Among of Underprivileged strata of society in contemporary of our country, women are head of households. Female-headed households are women that should solely take the burdens of life of economic and welfare dimensions and in the same time also have particular MoreAbstract Among of Underprivileged strata of society in contemporary of our country, women are head of households. Female-headed households are women that should solely take the burdens of life of economic and welfare dimensions and in the same time also have particular attention to their children's social, educational, cultural and breeding issues. Current research performed with the aim of reviewing effective economic and social factors of social health of female-headed household under covering of the welfare organization of Tehran and also offers solutions in order to reduce and or solve them. Method of this research performed descriptive and correlation analysis by survey method.T he statistical society of this research was the entire female-headed households under cover of the welfare organization of Tehran over 5500 people. According to accomplished calculation gained in the Cochran formula, the sample size, number of 200 people. Sampling method in this research is by multi-stage cluster method and used two Questionnaires in order to collecting information. The statistical methods would be come to pass in this proposal proportional with used scales in measurement tool and proportional with considered hypotheses type. Some of them are Pearson Correlation Coefficient in order to measuring relation of variables, means comparison test for difference theory, Regression and analysis of direction path in order to determining direct and indirect relation of dependent and independent variables that all of the above methods will perform through spss software. Findings from the research is indicative of that factors such as age, type of ability and skills, satisfaction of received services from welfare organization with the possibility more than 99% with the social health of female-headed households are related. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
259 - Urban Economics and Sustainable Revenues
Kamran MortazavieAbstract The purpose of this study is to identify revenue sources of municipalities, to categorize earnings into sustainable and unsustainable earnings, as well as to identify new sources of income for municipalities and finally, with regard to existing revenues, how ma MoreAbstract The purpose of this study is to identify revenue sources of municipalities, to categorize earnings into sustainable and unsustainable earnings, as well as to identify new sources of income for municipalities and finally, with regard to existing revenues, how managers behave. Therefore, the study population in this research Municipality of Tehran. The research method is applied in terms of its purpose and according to the research components in terms of descriptive-analytical implementation Which in fact analyzes the content of each income source of the municipality of Tehran. The method and type of research implementation, with an interview by experts and financial staff of the municipalities, is a point of view. According to the presented document, the interview is analyzed and analyzed. Hence, the achievement of new methods of providing sustainable and safe incomes and without adverse economic, social and political consequences will have a very effective role in satisfying the urban community, accelerating the development and development of urban areas and, ultimately, the optimal management of cities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
260 - Effects of social security resources and expenditure on income inequality in Iran
Asghar Hasanpour Karim Emami Morteza EzzatIncome inequality poses a major social challenge, and expanding social security is a key strategy to combat it. This study examines how social security resources and expenditures affect income inequality in Iran from 1988 to 2020 using the structural vector autocorrelat MoreIncome inequality poses a major social challenge, and expanding social security is a key strategy to combat it. This study examines how social security resources and expenditures affect income inequality in Iran from 1988 to 2020 using the structural vector autocorrelation (SVAR) model. The results reveal a nuanced relationship between social security inputs and income inequality. An increase in general insurance resource initially decreases inequality but later returns it to its original state. On the other hand, an uptick in unemployment insurance resources causes a brief increase in inequality before it declines. Expenditures in both general insurance and unemployment insurance tend to reduce income inequality, with general insurance having a more substantial effect. These findings suggest that increasing unemployment insurance resources requires careful management to avoid worsening income inequality, while investing in general insurance resources shows a stronger potential to reduce it. Social security expenditure can be a powerful tool for reducing income inequality in Iran when applied thoughtfully. Manuscript profile
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