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Open Access Article
1 - The Concept of Pādishāh-i-Islām in Ilkhānīd Era: A Study on Ghāzān-Nāmih by Nūrī Azhdarī
Seyed Abolfazl Razavi Ali ShahzadiGhāzān-Nāmih by Nur al-Din Mohammad Nuri Azhdari is a Shahnameh in the 8th AH composed by Shaykh Uways Jalayir's order. In this article, while examining the reflection of Iranian and Islamic thoughts and ideas in Ghāzān-Nāmih, it is especially explained how the concept MoreGhāzān-Nāmih by Nur al-Din Mohammad Nuri Azhdari is a Shahnameh in the 8th AH composed by Shaykh Uways Jalayir's order. In this article, while examining the reflection of Iranian and Islamic thoughts and ideas in Ghāzān-Nāmih, it is especially explained how the concept of the king of Islam is represented in this Shahnameh. In the form of an Epic, this Shahnamah of the Ilkhanids era preserves the themes of Iranshahri political thought. By highlighting the religious approach of Ghazan and the way Uways’ following him, it describes the efficiency and necessity of continuation of the unity between religion and state in the light of Kingship and Islam. This historical epic introduces Ghazan as a devotee and veteran (Qazi, Romanized Crusader). Therefore the idea of continuing the concept of Iran in Ghazan Nama is traceable. However, in Nuri's view, Ghazan and Uways are first the King of Islam and then the King of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - A study of management styles in Ferdowsi Shahnameh
Alireza Ghonchei Rahman Ghaffari Masoud AhmadiBackground: The emergence of management styles based on world literature, goals, performance and effectiveness of human resources has undergone many changes. Management is a very important factor in the management of organizational behavior in the organization due to th MoreBackground: The emergence of management styles based on world literature, goals, performance and effectiveness of human resources has undergone many changes. Management is a very important factor in the management of organizational behavior in the organization due to the role it plays in individual and group effectiveness. Objective: Types of management are specific ways of making decisions in matters under control. Different forms of management can change depending on factors such as community culture, the task expected of the job, differences in the workforce, and the personality and abilities of leaders. Methods: The research method is qualitative analysis method (content analysis) and descriptive-analytical research projects with applied nature have been collected based on library research. One of the innovations of this research was looking at the management aspect in Shahnameh. Findings: In the study process, it was shown that role-playing management style, successful management style, patriarchal or exploitative / authoritarian management style, supportive and participatory management style, contingent management and motivation styles and situational management style in Shahnameh are very It was more evident than other styles. Conclusion: Ferdowsi has used the concepts of control culture, organizational design, motivation, decision making according to time and place. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Comparative Linguistic Stylistics in Rostam’s Combat with Ashkbous in Shahnamaeh and Amroas’s Combat with Imam Ali in Ali Nameh
Farshad Eskandari Sharafi Hossein Sahragard hasan heidaryAli Nameh is the first religious epic in Persian literature traced back to fifth A.H. The composer of this versified story is a Shia poet alias to Rabi’e who has composed the descriptions of Imam Ali’s combats, especially his combats in Jamal and Sefein, ver MoreAli Nameh is the first religious epic in Persian literature traced back to fifth A.H. The composer of this versified story is a Shia poet alias to Rabi’e who has composed the descriptions of Imam Ali’s combats, especially his combats in Jamal and Sefein, versus Shahnameh. Applying a descriptive-analytical method and library references, the present paper aims to determine the influence level of this less known religious epic from the stylistic elements of Shahnameh linguistically. This is a comparative study; therefore, at first, we have chosen two stories from Shahnameh, “Rostam’s combat with Ashkbous” and “Amroas’s combat with Imam Ali” and Ali Nameh composed by Rabi’e. The stories were compared and contrasted phonologically, morphologically and syntactically in order to figure out their common and distinct features linguistically. The findings reveal that although Ali Nameh has been composed against Shahnameh 70 years after that, it is highly affected by Shahnameh in term of linguistic styles. In fact, Ali Nameh includes a majority of phonological, morphological and syntactic features of Shahnameh and its Khorasani style. The high level of influence from Shahnameh proves that Shahnameh has always been considered as an indicator and stylist work which has inspired other epic poets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - A comparative study of the literary and symbolic use of the element of color in the poems of Ferdowsi Toosi and Bashar Ben Bard
taher jafari gholamreza heydari lida namadar javad taheriOne of the most important elements in the emergence of artistic creativity is the use of color. In fact, color is one of the special elements that can reveal many secrets and achieve many hidden secrets through knowing its characteristics and effects. Poets, as aestheti MoreOne of the most important elements in the emergence of artistic creativity is the use of color. In fact, color is one of the special elements that can reveal many secrets and achieve many hidden secrets through knowing its characteristics and effects. Poets, as aestheticians of the universe, have used colors in their poetic images and sometimes used them to explain the inexpressible concepts and symbolic space of their poems.In this research, which has been carried out using a library method, while presenting poetic evidence from the poems of Ferdowsi Toosi and Bashar Ben Bard as the studied poets who have used colors in some way, analyzing the methods and how they use color in literature, symbolism and rhetoric (especially of black and white color) in inducing the message to the audience.The results of the research show that black and white colors in these poems of Ferdowsi and Basharban have a high frequency compared to other colors. Ferdowsi and Bashar Ben Bard have made good use of the huge capacity of colors to convey their thoughts, intentions and messages in various social, cultural, religious and political fields in a real, ironic, symbolic and mythological space to their audience. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Analysis of two stories of "Homay and Darab" and "Moses and Pharaoh" based on the narrative pattern of Grimas
Ehsan AvaniBy studying the Qur'an and Ferdowsi's "Shahnameh", it can find similarities between the characters and their narrations. One of the most famous schools of narratology used in the study of literary texts is structuralism. By simplifying Prop's story analysis model, Grima MoreBy studying the Qur'an and Ferdowsi's "Shahnameh", it can find similarities between the characters and their narrations. One of the most famous schools of narratology used in the study of literary texts is structuralism. By simplifying Prop's story analysis model, Grimas showed that all the elements of a story can be analyzed and have an effective role. He introduces the role of characters in the narrative by presenting an action model hypothesis that is applicable to all narratives. Accordingly, in this research, it is tried to study the narrative structure of the stories of "Homay and Darab" and "Moses and Pharaoh" as an example of the stories of "Shahnameh" and the Qur'an based on Grimas' theory. After analyzing the text, it was concluded that based on the Grimas model, both stories are complete narratives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ODYSSEY AND ROSTAM AND SOHRAB
Mohsen Zolfaghari Koorosh PavizThe two great epics of the world namely Iliad and Odyssey by Homer and Shahnameh by Ferdowsi have much similarities and differences. The present article studies the characters and character developments on these works of art. The first section reviews the MoreThe two great epics of the world namely Iliad and Odyssey by Homer and Shahnameh by Ferdowsi have much similarities and differences. The present article studies the characters and character developments on these works of art. The first section reviews the social behaviors of the heroes. The second part reviews the impact of God from Greek Myths on Iliad and Odyssey and the God in Shahname. The third part reviews the important and key role of women in the Greek epic and on the other side their passive role in Shahnameh. The fourth part of the article reviews thechildren’s characters and finally the last part studies the roles minsters play in the sequence of events. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Review and collation of Virjil’s epic,Aeneid’s characters with Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh
Sayyed Ebrahim Arman Khadije Bahrami RahnamaAbstract The main mission of the comparative literature is to describe the trajectory of relations among world nations and to emphasize and develop intellectual, literary and cultural exchanges. The potential and literary capacity of Shahnameh is comparable with any epi MoreAbstract The main mission of the comparative literature is to describe the trajectory of relations among world nations and to emphasize and develop intellectual, literary and cultural exchanges. The potential and literary capacity of Shahnameh is comparable with any epic work. Therefore, in Shahnameh, Ferdowsi's great work that is a national and natural epic is comparable with Virjil’s work, Enne Eed, that is the paramount example of the artifact classic. Thus, this article aims to the comparison and study of the aspects of differentiation and sharing between the pivotal and epic characters of these two valuable works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - “Death” from the perspective of Abu-at-Tayyeb Al-Mutanabbi and Hakīm Abu’l-Qāsim Ferdowsī
Seyyed mahmood Anvar Mohammad FatehiThis paper is a query about the death from the view of two celebrated Arabic and Persian belletrists Abu-at-Tayyeb Al-Mutanabbi and Hakīm Abu’l-Qāsim Ferdowsī. Each of these wise scholars has drawn an image of death up to the age’s requirement MoreThis paper is a query about the death from the view of two celebrated Arabic and Persian belletrists Abu-at-Tayyeb Al-Mutanabbi and Hakīm Abu’l-Qāsim Ferdowsī. Each of these wise scholars has drawn an image of death up to the age’s requirements and circumstances. Analyzing these two prominent and famous poets’ beliefs, we find many examples of common thoughts and convergence concerning death. In some places, however, their attitudes are unlike and heterogeneous. And this heterogeneity goes back to the social inequality based on environmental views and demands. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - A comparison between King Lear and the story of Fereydun
Masoomeh Khodadadi Mahabad Leyla Fatemi KaleshIn the present paper the story of Fereydun and King Lear have been studied considering the story elements of each story. Clear rationale that explains the comparison of these two stories is the joint decisions that both kings made for their lands. Followi MoreIn the present paper the story of Fereydun and King Lear have been studied considering the story elements of each story. Clear rationale that explains the comparison of these two stories is the joint decisions that both kings made for their lands. Following this decision, battles and events occurred that reveals the fate of each character in the story that is the notable and significant point of both stories. This review is independent of the epic, mythological, historical and literary aspects or the perspective of the influence and effect of nations’ literature on each other. Our approach is to compare the two stories based on plans, characters, events and their highlights. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Common features two epic of Iran and Germany
Mehdi Momtahen Kambiz SafieiPerhaps the oldest epic narrative genre and kind of not, but certainly the most dominant genre in the ancient and medieval periods, respectively.Epics and myths in all cultures and subcultures, either orally or in writing is seen.Epic myths in some cultures continue to MorePerhaps the oldest epic narrative genre and kind of not, but certainly the most dominant genre in the ancient and medieval periods, respectively.Epics and myths in all cultures and subcultures, either orally or in writing is seen.Epic myths in some cultures continue to feed them.World literature is full of mythological elements Hmasy-. This epic literature in Iran and Germany in the "Shahnameh" and "Anthem Nyblvngn" clearly visible.Both in terms of language and cultural domain, and the common elements of these Indo-Zhrmny are there.In this paper the authors try first and then in the form of a detailed history of both the study and comparison Qhrman- Super Hero (Rostam and Siegfried), outlooks, different perspectives and common characteristics of these two immortal epic of epic literature and Germany pay. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - The Tragedy of Rostam and Sohrab in Comparison with Aristotle Tragedy
Maryam MajidiDramatic literature beside the narrative literature and Epic literature are known as the main branches of literature which have been divided into two genres: comedy and tragedy. The tragedy of Rostam and Sohrab as symbol of epic Iranian stories owns Aristotelian theatri MoreDramatic literature beside the narrative literature and Epic literature are known as the main branches of literature which have been divided into two genres: comedy and tragedy. The tragedy of Rostam and Sohrab as symbol of epic Iranian stories owns Aristotelian theatric criterion. The mentioned tragedy is based on a theme which shows the will to find the father in a dramatic struggle. The present paper citing the Aristotelian theatric principles derived from Poetics studies and surveys dramatic factors in the tragedy of Rostam and Sohrab in order to clarify Aristotle’s viewpoint on dramatic literature. Thus the reader – of the paper – may obtain comprehensive understanding of this tragedy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - A Comparative Analysis of Worldviews in Mythical and Epic Works of Shahnameh and Nibelungenlied
Masoud Salami Kambiz SafiieMyth and Epic as a genre in popular culture appeared prior to literature and have been closely tied to the nation’s literature. Despite many differences between men and cultures, their myths and epics are of great similarities. World literature is full of epic and MoreMyth and Epic as a genre in popular culture appeared prior to literature and have been closely tied to the nation’s literature. Despite many differences between men and cultures, their myths and epics are of great similarities. World literature is full of epic and mythic components. In Iranian and German literature also this issue is easily perceivable in Shahnameh and in Nibelungenlied’s song. In terms of cultural and linguistic aspects both are subsets of Hindu-Zhrmny languages add one could see a lot of similar components in them. This paper concerns firstly with the basic concepts and historical context of both them and then with the analysis of the worldviews and differences and features of these two everlasting works in Iranian and German literatures extensively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Comparative Study of Beowulf and Shahnameh from the Ancient Travel Point of View
Darioush HayatiThe present article initially attempts to express a summary on the importance of the myth, its concept, and its relationship with epic and then studies two great epic works – Shahnameh & Beowulf which are the second and third famous epic ones in the world afte MoreThe present article initially attempts to express a summary on the importance of the myth, its concept, and its relationship with epic and then studies two great epic works – Shahnameh & Beowulf which are the second and third famous epic ones in the world after “The Iliad & Odyssey of Homer” from religious and woman point of view. Although the abovementioned novels are from two different nations, cultures and histories, the similarities are more obvious rather than the differences. Both stories are very similar and comparable in religious views, ancient traveling symbols and epic heroes and little similarities about women. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - A Study of Good and Evil in the Stories of Prophet Yusuf and Iraj in Shahnameh
Alireza Daneshvar Vaziri Seyyed Ahmad KazerooniA comparative study of Yusuf’s story in the Holy Quran and Iraj`s story in Ferdowsi`s Shahnameh shows a unique conception of good and evil in the themes and characters of these two stories. Some of these topics are polygamy, sibling’s jealously, and extreme MoreA comparative study of Yusuf’s story in the Holy Quran and Iraj`s story in Ferdowsi`s Shahnameh shows a unique conception of good and evil in the themes and characters of these two stories. Some of these topics are polygamy, sibling’s jealously, and extreme fatherly love to the youngest child. One can observe some differences between these two stories as the first story ends in happiness and the second ends in tragedy. The current work examines the concepts of good and evil in these two stories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The influence of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh in Germany
Ismael Azar Maryam BarzegarThe German people became familiar with the Persian literature since seventeenth century. The first political – economic group were dispatched to Iran from Germany (Holstein) in late sixteenth century. There was a translator in this group called Adam Olearius who d MoreThe German people became familiar with the Persian literature since seventeenth century. The first political – economic group were dispatched to Iran from Germany (Holstein) in late sixteenth century. There was a translator in this group called Adam Olearius who does not talk about Ferdowsi in his Itinerary. A school called “East Year” (Al Sena Al Sharqiya) in France in the same century. Four languages were taught in this school – Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish and Persian. The ones who were interested in learning Persian have learnt it in this school. Famous authors such as Countess von Hahn-Hahn , Christian Johann Heinrich Heine and … created new works under Shahnameh influence. German people became familiar with Iran and Shahnameh by these works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Comparative Study of one of the West Asian Epic Stories with "Bijan and Manijeh"
Nahid JafariHuman being has always looked after recognizing different tribes' thoughts and beliefs and that's why two old neighbor countries – Persian and Turkish – own two famous epics: Bamsi Beyrek and Book of Korkut from Turk land and Ferdowsi's Bijan and Manije MoreHuman being has always looked after recognizing different tribes' thoughts and beliefs and that's why two old neighbor countries – Persian and Turkish – own two famous epics: Bamsi Beyrek and Book of Korkut from Turk land and Ferdowsi's Bijan and Manijeh" were concerned by comparison approach. The researcher of the present article – in descriptive analytical method – attempts to express and study the connections and relations between two texts which create similarities such as: meeting other country's girls and falling in love with them, sending maids' by girls to send messages, forgiving anti-hero by a hero, jealousness of anti – heroes, returning the heroes to their motherlands, marriage with the girls after their freedom, merchants' departure to release the stories' heroes and so on. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Comparison of the characters, Ajax and Bahram in the tragedy of Sophocles and Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh
Ata’ollah KoopalAbstract People kill themselves when they feel that life isn’t worth continuing. When the motivation to death is stronger than the instinct of self preservation, man thinks that there is no way in the front him and that he’s surrounded by despair from all s MoreAbstract People kill themselves when they feel that life isn’t worth continuing. When the motivation to death is stronger than the instinct of self preservation, man thinks that there is no way in the front him and that he’s surrounded by despair from all sides. In this case, the values of all the things that were this man’s main values in his life, lose their spiritual and material costs. Today, depression and mental disorders, addiction, failure, or failure in love, work and personality disorders, is the main reasons of suicide. There are also people that suicide to protest the situation. But in Europe, especially in Greek and Roman literature, the number of suicides is very high which incentives are often completely different from today. In the collection of Persian literature, the number of people who have committed suicide is even less than the number of a hand’s fingers. This paper is a comparison between the death of two heroes, and two heroism deaths: Ajax, the Greek commander in a play of Sophocles, on the one hand, and on the other hand Bahram, Goor’e son in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh Manuscript profile -
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18 - A Critical Comparative Analysis of the Character and Statusof Two Ladies in Love;”Helen” in Iliad’s Odyssey and “Manijeh” in Firdaust’s Shahenameh
Muhammad Reza Nasr Esfahani Leila Mir MojarrabianThe great Greek and Iranian epics, “Iliad” and “Shahnameh”, could be studied and compared from different perspectives. One perspective here could be female characters namely Helen the beauty queen and ManijehBanou, Bijan’s lover. Helen is d MoreThe great Greek and Iranian epics, “Iliad” and “Shahnameh”, could be studied and compared from different perspectives. One perspective here could be female characters namely Helen the beauty queen and ManijehBanou, Bijan’s lover. Helen is described by Homer as the most beautiful woman of the world and the wife of Menlaswho falls in love with Paris the son of king Periam the king of Troy and escapes with Paris to Troy after robbing the royal treasury. This prepared the ground for exhausting war between Greece and Troy. Manijeh on the other hand is the daughter of the king of the land of Turan who is in love with Bijan the Iranian brave man and marries him. While Bijan is in trouble she accompanies him to cooperate with the Iranian champion Rostam. Both of these ladies are princesses but one leaves the husband and children for the lover while the other leaves the royal family to stay with the husband. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - A comparative look on Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey
Mehdi Momtahen Rouhollah MozaffariFerdowsi is one of the most famous epic poets of the world and is one of the luminaries of the Persian literature. The present article has a comparative look at this great poet’s eternal work and Homer’s epic who was a blind Greek poet. By a profou MoreFerdowsi is one of the most famous epic poets of the world and is one of the luminaries of the Persian literature. The present article has a comparative look at this great poet’s eternal work and Homer’s epic who was a blind Greek poet. By a profound look at both works similarities and differences can be noticed which is the main subject of the present article. It is also attempted to make these similarities and differences of these two epic works apparent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Comparative Study of Concept of Dragon in Shahnameh and World’s Literature
Mahsa SalimiWorld of epic is the medley of goods and evils. It’s a world that nobility force fights against devils. The heroes in epic contest the evils and badness in all their lives. Whenever Shahnameh puts up for discussion, the image of combat of heroes against dragon dep MoreWorld of epic is the medley of goods and evils. It’s a world that nobility force fights against devils. The heroes in epic contest the evils and badness in all their lives. Whenever Shahnameh puts up for discussion, the image of combat of heroes against dragon depicts in mind. Adventures of Zahhak’s life is the extremity of Iran’s mythical history; an adventure in which has been changed through times repeatedly and each time has had specific effect on Zoroastrian to Persian contexts. One of the important characteristics of each epic is the supernatural act (miracle) of the events in; namely readers face events, characters and creatures in epics which are wonderful and supernatural. They do not exist in nature or do not have real or objective appearance; or own characteristics which can’t be seen in real world. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Comparative Study of Text and Pictures of Walters's Shahnameh (W602)
Nahid Jafari Dehkordi Sara Faraji Ebrahim TorkzadehWalters's Shahnameh (W602) is one of the Safavid era's pictorial versions which contains scenes of battle and feast as well as romantic stories and heroes' advantures such as Bijan & Manijeh and Bijan's trouble by falling down to a borehole. The beauty and gracefuln MoreWalters's Shahnameh (W602) is one of the Safavid era's pictorial versions which contains scenes of battle and feast as well as romantic stories and heroes' advantures such as Bijan & Manijeh and Bijan's trouble by falling down to a borehole. The beauty and gracefulness of the pictures, made the author to analyze the depiction and coherence based on descriptive – analytical method and answer the following questions: a) How much was the effect of the context on artist's work? b) How much is the artist allowed to apply his personal taste? The authors assume that the artist of this version and othe authors do not rely on the context and present their art dependently (of the text). The surveys show that there are 10 commonalities and 14 differences out of 24 general characteristics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - The connection between wisdom and happiness inShahName by Ferdowsi and its comparison with the poetry of some Persian and Arab poets
Mansooreh MashayekhiThe present research tries to study the connection between wisdom and happiness in ShahName by Ferdowsi and compares the results with the poetry of some Persian and Arab poets to reach in a conclusion. Since the opening verse of this great national literary wo MoreThe present research tries to study the connection between wisdom and happiness in ShahName by Ferdowsi and compares the results with the poetry of some Persian and Arab poets to reach in a conclusion. Since the opening verse of this great national literary work has started with the name of God of life and wisdom, this beautiful opening shows the value and high status of wisdom. The capable and skillful scholar defines life in the scenes of struggle with a deep vision and thought and through showing ethical characteristics from one hand and warning human beings to avoid vices on the other hand, he looks for the achievement of happiness. And since wisdom is one of the most joyful ways of feeding the soul it creates self-confidence and paves the way of development and happiness in life. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - An Analytical Study on Common Mythical Symbols and Elements in Shahnameh and Odes by Shams
Asiyeh Ghavami Farhad BaratiThe subject of "Shams' Ods" – by Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhī – is the expression of mystical concept and divine love. Rumi has enjoyed mythical symbols to explain mystical concepts and other poetic themes throughout the mentioned odes. The pr MoreThe subject of "Shams' Ods" – by Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhī – is the expression of mystical concept and divine love. Rumi has enjoyed mythical symbols to explain mystical concepts and other poetic themes throughout the mentioned odes. The present article studies the elements of myth including the characters, creatures and symbols that have had a mystical manifestation appearance in "Shams' Odes". Studied elements, creatures and characters in this paper are Rostam, Zāl, Kay Qobád, Sohrab, Esfandiar, Zahak, Kay Kāvus, Mani, Kay Khosrow and mythical creatures such as Mount Qaf, Gypaetus and Phoenix which the most important source is "Shahnameh" by Ferdowsi. The result of this research is that Rumi has benefited the extravagant epic works including Ferdowsi's "Shahnameh" by citing the elements of myth and epic in order to better explain the mystical themes and concepts in "Shams's Odes" so that scholars of mystical literature have considered it as an obvious and valuable sample of mystical epic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - A Comparative Study of the Methods of Torture in the Shahnameh, Iliad and Ramayana
Maryam MohammadzadehThe present paper, considering that one of the best ways to explain any problem is to compare it with homogeneous examples, based on the American school in comparative literature studies and descriptive-analytical method has explored the tortures in the great epics of " MoreThe present paper, considering that one of the best ways to explain any problem is to compare it with homogeneous examples, based on the American school in comparative literature studies and descriptive-analytical method has explored the tortures in the great epics of "Shahnameh", "Iliad", and "Ramayana" to examine how the approach of world's three epic climates and answer the question What motives were used for torture essentially? The findings show that most of the torture took place in the absence of a coherent judicial system as a method of punishment, with the intention of revenge and with the motive of destroying the opposition. Some of the methods of torture in these three works were similar or close to each other; In some cases, however, torture was limited to a specific geography. "Shahnameh" has allocated the highest and "Ramayana" the lowest frequency of torture. The most horrible and cruel tortures, such as beheading, piercing the shoulder, tearing the abdomen, sewing on the raw, piercing the nose, skinning and burying alive, are reflected only in Ferdowsi's "Shahnameh". Manuscript profile -
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25 - Investigating the Motives of War in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey
Safar Abdolvand Qasem Sahraei Ali HeydariComparative literature is a knowledge that adapts some works with some other literary works or compares the literature of two or more countries and usually a type of literature that has emerged in two different languages to reveal their commonalities and cultural diff MoreComparative literature is a knowledge that adapts some works with some other literary works or compares the literature of two or more countries and usually a type of literature that has emerged in two different languages to reveal their commonalities and cultural differences. Comparative literature is a vision of the colorful horizons of art and literature that can explore the cultural contexts of the various nations of the world and show their direct or indirect relationship to each other. As all nations are willingly or unwillingly inspired by each other's literature, this literature is becoming more universal. Eastern literature and Western literature are constantly being influenced. This qualitative analysis method has a new view at the ancient epic texts of Iran and Greece, which showed some of the motives of war in the text of Ferdowsi's "Shahnameh" and Homer's "Iliad and Odyssey". It has highlighted the functions of common mythology in two systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Adapting the separation of religion and politics from the perspective of Hakim Abolghasem Ferdowsi and Saadi Shirazi
Nabiollah Arazi Jamkarani Mohammad Reza Sharifi Saeed Kheirkhah BarzakiAlthough some believe that Persian literature after the entry of Islam to Iran led to "two centuries of silence", the politics and thought of Iranshahri continued to pass its way. Those who gained the Persian Empire were unfamiliar with the structure of the new governme MoreAlthough some believe that Persian literature after the entry of Islam to Iran led to "two centuries of silence", the politics and thought of Iranshahri continued to pass its way. Those who gained the Persian Empire were unfamiliar with the structure of the new government, so they had to take advantage of the structure of political system of the empire to rule over the territories at their authority. Works that were written as a "Siyasatnameh" taught directly and indirectly the new rulers of governing. Ferdowsi's "Shahnameh" can be considered as an example of these policies. This analytical-descriptive study has examined the "separation or connection of religion with politics" from the perspective of Hakim Abolghasem Ferdowsi, as a challenging topic in the political arena of the country. Ferdowsi considers religion and politics as intertwined, which considers a kingdom without religiosity and a religion without the support of a kingdom impossible; From the point of view of "Shahnameh", religion is considered as the good and bad deeds of human ancestors, which has the meaning of myth, but it is not used directly in "Shahnameh" due to the semantic burden of myth. Manuscript profile -
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27 - Critique and Analysis of Deception in Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī and Shahnameh
Mansour Morrei Habib Jadidoleslami Behrouz RomianiThe deception and behavior of the deceivers is clearly evident in two Persian precious and artistic books "Shahnameh" and "Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī”. Trickery has been applied in the epic-mythological and historical sections of "Shahnameh", which seems to be most fre MoreThe deception and behavior of the deceivers is clearly evident in two Persian precious and artistic books "Shahnameh" and "Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī”. Trickery has been applied in the epic-mythological and historical sections of "Shahnameh", which seems to be most frequent in its epic section with personal, human and national motives and goals. In spite of negative connotation of deception and trickery, its positive aspects and concepts can be seen in "Shahnameh”. Is the deception due to the behavior of influential political figures such as Mahmoud, Massoud and Bu Sahl and etc.... who were powerful and governor in a specific era deceived and managed to prevent chaos? or Mahmoudians who developed anxiety and instability by deceiving and tricking Masoud fans and followers. Manuscript profile -
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28 - Fire and the Aryans; Its reflection in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh
Peyman Aghabeigipour Dariush KazemiFire is one of the four elements whose role in the construction of universe and the emergence of universe is very important to the ancients. For this reason, Ferdowsi has used this holy and ancient element in "Shahnameh" very much. When it is speaking about fire, we mus MoreFire is one of the four elements whose role in the construction of universe and the emergence of universe is very important to the ancients. For this reason, Ferdowsi has used this holy and ancient element in "Shahnameh" very much. When it is speaking about fire, we must also pay attention to ancient and mythological beliefs and ideologies. Although fire is not a very beautiful and valuable phenomenon for the inhabitants of the southern lands and hot lands like Saudi Arabia, and it may have been used as a torment and fear of some of these tribes, but for the northern tribes and peoples who lived once in the glaciers for a long time, it is a valuable blessing.All of this makes the fire sacred in the minds of the peoples living in the Northern Hemisphere. After that, it should be reflected in the historical period and even after Islam, in the works of poets such as Ferdowsi, as a sacred element and used in celebrations and joys. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - A Comparison on religious and National Epics' Stylistic Features Based on Shahnameh and Khavaran Nameh
Majid Reza Khazaei VafaHearing the term "epic" mostly evokes the works such as Shahnameh in minds and accepting Khavaran Nameh as a subcategory of literary – epic work is difficult for most of the people; since the main character of such works is real, historic and religious. Epic is on MoreHearing the term "epic" mostly evokes the works such as Shahnameh in minds and accepting Khavaran Nameh as a subcategory of literary – epic work is difficult for most of the people; since the main character of such works is real, historic and religious. Epic is one of the descriptive poetries which is based on description of heroes' glorious acts which can be individual or tribal. Religious epic traces a long path in our country since ancient era. Khavaran Nameh is one of the old religious ones for the Shiites in which the main subject is journey and Imam Ali's fights with Eastern countries accompanied with Malik Al Ashtar. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is the greatest and most valid epic verse. Comparison of national epic and religious one based on Shahnameh and Khavaran Nameh is the main aim of the present research. Manuscript profile -
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30 - Tradition of Guests Reception in Shahnameh by Ferdowsi and Odyssey by Homer
Esfandiar NarimaniFerdowsi's "Shahnameh" and Homer's "Odyssey" are two samples of the world's oldest and most famous epics and represent many of the ancient Iranian and Greek traditions. The guests’ reception is one of the rituals that has been very important am MoreFerdowsi's "Shahnameh" and Homer's "Odyssey" are two samples of the world's oldest and most famous epics and represent many of the ancient Iranian and Greek traditions. The guests’ reception is one of the rituals that has been very important among the people of two lands and its various stages such as welcoming, washing the hands, decorating (food) table, taking to the bathroom, preparing the bed, convoying and so on which were done with special care and delicacy. Various stages of entertaining and guests’ reception are held with a lot of optimism ceremonies widely in “Shahnameh”. In the mentioned book, depending on the host or guest, the king, the prince or the hero, this tradition is performed in a different way. According to the Greeks, this religion even had the aspect of Sepand and Minovi and was associated with their ancient myths and beliefs. This paper, reviewes examples from five stories in "Shahnameh" by Ferdowsi (Fereidoon, Manouchehr, Siavash, Rostam and Sohrab, Rostam and Esfandiar) and examples from "Odyssey to check the tradition of guests’ serving. Manuscript profile -
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31 - A comparative study of the status of litigation in Shahnameh and policy based on religious teachings
Mohammad Reza Ebrahimi Massoud Sarhadi Roghayeh Ebrahimi Zad JoymiIt is very important to know and introduce "Shahnameh" and "Siyasatnameh" in the field of litigation and guidance for comparative comparison of other literary works as well as clarifying the dimensions of epic poetic literature and comparing it with prose works; Because MoreIt is very important to know and introduce "Shahnameh" and "Siyasatnameh" in the field of litigation and guidance for comparative comparison of other literary works as well as clarifying the dimensions of epic poetic literature and comparing it with prose works; Because "Siyasatnameh" is not a purely historical book, but presents the author's ideals, especially in the form of a picture of justice. Also, "Shahnameh" is not only the story of Rustam's wars and victories, but also expresses the ideals and beliefs of a nation and, most of all, "litigation" and justice. In this regard, the present study has been compiled by descriptive-analytical method based on library information. Findings show: Ferdowsi and Nezam-al-Molk throughout the "Shahnameh" and "Siyasatnameh" invite the tyrants of the time for litigation and paid attention to the principle of justice, but in "Shahnameh", the issue of litigation has been studied in detail and comprehensively. However, the issue of litigation is briefly mentioned in the "Siyasatnameh". Manuscript profile -
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32 - Study and adaptation of the religion and the world and its effects from the perspective of Shahnameh and Kashf Al-Asrar
Seyed Khalil BagheriThe necessity of religion is felt in our age more than any other age, and sometimes they are far from the Hereafter due to paying too much attention to the world. Sometimes, they have ruined their world as a result of approach to the Hereafter. In this article, it has b MoreThe necessity of religion is felt in our age more than any other age, and sometimes they are far from the Hereafter due to paying too much attention to the world. Sometimes, they have ruined their world as a result of approach to the Hereafter. In this article, it has been tried to find out about religion and the world according to the texts that were available, and finally Shahnameh Ferdowsi and Kashf al-Asrar Meybodi and study these two effects by adapting them. The goal was only to accurately understand and discover the true face of the world in the view of these great people. Given the vastness of epic and mystical literature, it is difficult to do the right thing. Ferdowsi and Meybodi both believe that a world where everything is like a wind should not be relied on. Meybodi believes that wealth, life and long life are manifestations that prevent man from the hereafter, but Ferdowsi says that the world is the beginning of treasure and the end of suffering and it depicts a world that is full of lessons. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - An intertexuality look at the poetry of Shahnameh
Ahmadreza Yalameha Moslem RajabiIntertextuality is one of the new approaches in the literature criticism. The basis of this approach is that every text can not stand by itself. In fact a text is a quotation or reflection of previous text. The Divan of poets as well as the books of men of letters is no MoreIntertextuality is one of the new approaches in the literature criticism. The basis of this approach is that every text can not stand by itself. In fact a text is a quotation or reflection of previous text. The Divan of poets as well as the books of men of letters is not exception in this regard. One of the great and precious Divan in the Persian literature is Shahnameh that is written by Ferdousi. This Divan is a good source that can be analyzed from intertextulity perspective. A close look at this book reveals that there are many couplets based on Hadith of Excellencies of immaculate ones PBUT. intertextuality has been reflected throughout the book. Ferdousi has used Hadith lexicons and phrases. This research paper has tried to investigated and show intertextuality and study this technique in great book of Shahnameh. Manuscript profile -
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34 - Reflection of Haft Khan Rostam, Esfandiyar (Rostam-Esfandiyar’s Seven Labours) and Hercules’ Twelve Labours
Negahdar Shadkam Seyed Ahmad Hosseini KazerooniMyths are stories from the ancient times, and pre-historical adventures which still serve a deeper purpose to reflect some truth, and have been transferred from the past to the future generations. Due to culture exchanges, Iranian and Greek nations had similar and commo MoreMyths are stories from the ancient times, and pre-historical adventures which still serve a deeper purpose to reflect some truth, and have been transferred from the past to the future generations. Due to culture exchanges, Iranian and Greek nations had similar and common myths in past. That's why champions like Rostam and Esfandiyar in Iran and Hercules in Greece were sacred and have been treated respectfully. Some myths appear in numbers, for instance seven and twelve. In Ferdowsi's Shahnameh it has been referred to Rostam and Esfandiyar's seven labours and these narrations could be related to twelve labours of Hercules. Investigations into mythological labours will reveal cultural similarities of Iran and Greece. There mythological champions including Rostam, Esfandiyar and Hercules had supernatural capacities. These differences and commonalities will reveal the cultural development pattern of these nations to a high extent. The common characteristic of these three champions is the selection of the road not or less taken instead of the easy one. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Research in Kianian Mythological and Historical Foundations
Manizheh Fallahi Malek Mohammad Farokhzad Abbas Ali VafaeiIn the present age, which is the era of the rule of history and historicism, the question of identifying the mythical time and historical foundations is a concern for research.Particularly, in Iranian studies, pinpointing the border between myth and history of the MoreIn the present age, which is the era of the rule of history and historicism, the question of identifying the mythical time and historical foundations is a concern for research.Particularly, in Iranian studies, pinpointing the border between myth and history of the national epic is arduous.For the first time, Bertles stated about the three distinct parts of Shahnameh with mythical , historical and athletic titles. According to this view,the age of Pishdadian era is mythical, but scholars disagree on the era of Kianyan. The existence of mythical elements in the stories of Kianyan dynasty raises the question of whether the Kianyan kings have historical characters or belong to legends and myths. In response to this question, scholars such as Windschmall and Spiegel and Darmstadt and Lommel and wikander and Dozmil have a mythical view that Kianyan or some of the kings of this dynasty are mythical.The existence of marvelous elements in the story of Kikavus and Kikhosro is the basis of this thinking. Another group of historians such as Henning and Mary Boevis and Chrirstensen, consider Kianyan kings the kings of East Iran to have ruled in the historical period before Achaemenids appierance and attendance Zoroaster in the kingdom goshtasp is the basis of this thinking In the present research, the views, arguments and evidence of these two groups of researchers have been criticized.The results of this study show that historians' theory is more reliable and closer to reality. Manuscript profile -
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36 - Study and comparison of images of fire in epic and mystical literature with emphasis on Ferdowsi Shahnameh and Rumi's poems
afshin vaziri ali mohammad moazzeniFire is one of the fundamental elements in the creation of the universe and also the most important manifestation of life in nature for human beings. The element of fire has been of great sanctity and importance among all human beings and religions since the beginning o MoreFire is one of the fundamental elements in the creation of the universe and also the most important manifestation of life in nature for human beings. The element of fire has been of great sanctity and importance among all human beings and religions since the beginning of life. This element has always been of special importance in the thoughts and poems of two great poets of Persian language and literature, namely Ferdowsi and Rumi and has been manifested in various forms and species in their works. Ferdowsi described fire as the superior fire, and in her view fire is the source of other basic properties such as heat, cold, dryness and wetness. The mythological features of fire in Shahnameh, such as test fire and purification fire, are very vivid and symbolic. Fire is used in Rumi's poems in the form of allegory, allusion, permission, metaphor, symbol, etc. Fire is seen in Rumi's poems as examples of the fire of truth and his manifestations, the fire of the prophets, the fire of love, the fire of hell, the fire of the soul, etc. all of which have been used to explain knowledge, love and the manifestations of creation and evil. In this article, in a descriptive-analytical manner, the images of fire in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Rumi's poems have been studied.The functions of knowledge, love and fire purification are mainly influenced by myths and have many points in common with Ferdowsi's Shahnameh in terms of approach. But in the analysis of the mystical approach of Rumi's poetry and his images, we find that he has found his way into the most abstract realms of his existence and expresses the content of his conscience symbolic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - The investigation of the marriage Proposal of Women from Men in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh with the Psychological Approach of Carl Gustav Jung
maryam saeed Ali Eshghi Sardehi seyedaliakbar shariatifar saeed roozbahaniIn Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh,in heroic and mythical era, we face that girls propose boys or women propose men that is not compatible with today’s culture and customs, while this is the fact that formed from the period of heroic and beginning of the first governme MoreIn Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh,in heroic and mythical era, we face that girls propose boys or women propose men that is not compatible with today’s culture and customs, while this is the fact that formed from the period of heroic and beginning of the first government’s which formed on the cycle of farming and ranching and the needs of having developed lands. Heroes who had special power and strength in wars, could hold the honorable authority after kings or even better than kings; however, the daughter of outstanding people and princesses wishing to marry with heroes to have healthy and strong children who respect the family’s rank. The researchers of this study aimed to work on Anima and Animus that exists in women and men unconsciousness, and appeared as intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in consciousness by using psychological approach of Carl Gustav Jung, the well known western psychologist. It also aimed to investigate the performances and consequences of forming Anima and animus as both positive and negative.This investigation used a descriptive, analytical and comparative method. It demonstrated that the choosing of a spouse in Shahnameh in the heroic era, was placed in the unconsciousness of story’s characters, and women can be the symbol of postitive and negative anima which is exists in the human psych and was influential in the destiny of kings and heroes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - A Critical Analysis of the Record and Exegesis of Some couplets from Shahnameh
mahmoud rezaei dasht arzhaneh MohammadHosein Karami Shahla AmoozegarFerdowsi's Shahnameh (The Book of Kings) is the greatest and the most valuable Iranian national epic. Despite its simple-looking appearance, the epic has a great and complicated depth so that, far all the ongoing glosses and reports of the scholars of Shahnameh, there i MoreFerdowsi's Shahnameh (The Book of Kings) is the greatest and the most valuable Iranian national epic. Despite its simple-looking appearance, the epic has a great and complicated depth so that, far all the ongoing glosses and reports of the scholars of Shahnameh, there is no unanimous consent on many of its couplets. In this study subsequent to analyzing some of the couplets in the version edited by Jalal Khaleghi Motlagh and recounting the perspectives of the scholars of the epic, it was revealed that the record of some couplets is far from clear. This ambiguity emanates from either lack of attention to the context or from the wrong or unambiguous record of a word or phrase in the couplets. Thus in we explored critically how some couplets have been recorded and, based on numerous pieces of evidence, a more appropriate spelling was suggested. So after critically analyzing the reports of some couplets and representing the incongruities, we have sought to present a more proper interpretation by drawing on clues within and outside the text of the work. Manuscript profile -
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39 - Investigation of contrasts in five selected stories from the historical part of Shahnameh (Bahram Gour, Khosrow Anoshirvan, Yazdgerd III, Ardeshir Babakan, Bahman) based on the contrast approach of Louis Strauss
Zahra IranmaneshIn this article, we have examined the contrasts in five selected stories from the historical part of Shahnameh (Bahram Gour, the reign of Khosrow Anoshirvan, Yazdgerd III, Ardeshir Babkan, Bahman) based on the contrast approach of Louis Strauss. The research method is l MoreIn this article, we have examined the contrasts in five selected stories from the historical part of Shahnameh (Bahram Gour, the reign of Khosrow Anoshirvan, Yazdgerd III, Ardeshir Babkan, Bahman) based on the contrast approach of Louis Strauss. The research method is library and based on document research and its type is analytical-descriptive. The study of confrontation in the studied stories shows that the element of confrontation in these stories is very prominent and bold, and in fact the plot of each of these historical stories is based on confrontation. The type of confrontation in these stories, due to their historical nature, is mainly the type of confrontation of human characters. There are other confrontations besides the confrontation between human characters in these stories, among which we can see the confrontation of ideologies, justice and oppression, moral virtues and vices, the confrontation of human traits such as warfare and courage with weakness and incapacity, racial and ethnic confrontation and things like that were mentioned.In general, although the selected stories are historical stories, the components of Levi-Strauss's approach and theory can be seen in them, and the motivation of these characters for confrontation is only the motivations mentioned in the books. It is not historical, but ideals and goals, as well as their personality type and psychological characteristics, have a direct impact on these confrontations. Manuscript profile -
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40 - Comparative Analysis of the Two Mythical Creatures of Simorgh and Garuda in Two epics Shahnameh and Mahabharat
Sara Ajalli Ahmad Khatami Abulqasem Esmailpour MutlaqThe ancient epic of the Indians (Mahabharat) has affinities with the outstanding and universal epic of the Iranians (Shahnameh) which highlights the cultural similarities between the Indians and the Iranians. The present study tries to explore these two master epics and MoreThe ancient epic of the Indians (Mahabharat) has affinities with the outstanding and universal epic of the Iranians (Shahnameh) which highlights the cultural similarities between the Indians and the Iranians. The present study tries to explore these two master epics and to examine the two mythical creatures of these two works from mythological perspective and to investigating their similarities and differences. The results of this research which carried out in analytical-descriptive method, seek to answer the commonalities and differences in the aspects of the two mythical creatures of the aforementioned works and the common criteria between these two works to show that among the numerous characters of these two epic works, similarities between Simorgh and Garuda are noticeable. These similarities and differences could be studies from various perspectives such as their unique place among the mythical birds, their appearances, their full presence as required, and their life on the sacred mountain. Another result of this research is that there are significant differences between these two mythical creatures; For example, in terms of outstanding personality traits, there is a significant difference between these two mythical birds: Simorgh's character relies on his wisdom, while Garuda is admired by his overwhelming physical strength. Manuscript profile -
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41 - Analysis of Anima's archetype in the character of Piran Vise
Mehri TalkhabiFerdowsi's Shahnameh, as one of the masterpieces of Persian literature, is rooted in ancient ideas and beliefs. The Shahnameh, like any great literary work, is rooted in the collective unconscious. The purpose of this article is to show that the Shahnameh, from the pers MoreFerdowsi's Shahnameh, as one of the masterpieces of Persian literature, is rooted in ancient ideas and beliefs. The Shahnameh, like any great literary work, is rooted in the collective unconscious. The purpose of this article is to show that the Shahnameh, from the perspective of archetypal critique, is a vast collection of symbolic concepts and archetypes. This article seeks to identify and explain one of these archetypes. In this article, the character of Piran Vise in the Shahnameh is analyzed from the perspective of Anima's archetype. The main question of this article is how a great work such as Shahnameh, Anima's archetype, can be seen as one of the contents of the collective unconscious. According to Jung's theory, we all have a significant amount of other sex capacities. Therefore, we have masculine and feminine attributes. Often, various factors that affect the sociability of women and men prevent the occurrence Anima of in men. However, in Shahnameh, in some cases, Anima is manifested in men in the form of special moods and feminine behaviors, and this makes the character of men more balanced. This article concludes that attention to the inner aspects and voices, in men and women, flourishes and perfects the character. This article is an analytical-descriptive study based on library studies. Manuscript profile -
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42 - A Comparative Study of Supernatural Creatures and Animals in The Shahnameh and Gilgamesh
Ali Fakuri Joybari Reza Forsati Joybari Nahid AkbariSupernatural forces are special forces that exist potentially in humans, animals, and even objects, and under certain circumstances, give rise to incredible actions the root of which must be sought in ancient times . Must be searched. In ancient myths, these supernatura MoreSupernatural forces are special forces that exist potentially in humans, animals, and even objects, and under certain circumstances, give rise to incredible actions the root of which must be sought in ancient times . Must be searched. In ancient myths, these supernatural beings compensate for the inadequacies and shortcomings of kings and heroes in achieving the goal. Belief in these forces can be seen in ancient and remarkable masterpieces such as Gilgamesh, The Shahnameh, Ramayana, Iliad and Odyssey. Therefore, the present study examines supernatural beings in two valuable ancient epics: The Shahnameh and Gilgamesh. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and the authors seek to find out in which epic the influence of supernatural forces is more evident. The results show that supernatural beings and creatures in Shahnameh are superior to the epic of Gilgamesh in terms of diversity, role and function, so that some of these creatures and animals have played a fundamental and important role in the epic and national process of the work. Manuscript profile -
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43 - The investigation of Social Values Women in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh with regard to Emile Durkheim’s Sociological Approach
Maryam Saeed Ali Eshghi Sardehi Seyed Ali Akbar Shariatifar Saeed Roozbahani Becoming familiar with women’s manner and behavior is a collective matter so it needs to understand sociology. Durkheim presents symbolic interaction theory by the appearance of collective conscience and claims that human society is passing the stages of de More Becoming familiar with women’s manner and behavior is a collective matter so it needs to understand sociology. Durkheim presents symbolic interaction theory by the appearance of collective conscience and claims that human society is passing the stages of development toward progression and pluralism by physical and ethical density. Identity conflict is individual state but it is reflection of collective life of social and structural values and reflection of collective issues. The aim of conducting this study is the investigation of social values which are reflected in the manner and behavior of women in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh according to the sociological approach of Emile Durkheim that was written with regard to women’s identity, marriage, and hijab. The research method is descriptive-analytical-and comparative in this study. The finding of this research demonstrated that women play different roles in their lives based on their feminine identity in different sections of life in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. Some of the Ferdowsi’s views that are reflected in his poems are in harmony with Durkheim’s view as both of them consider women and men equally. According to social interactionism theory it can be said that social factors such as education, social classes, the amount of using mass media are aligned with Shahnameh ;however, rationalism with early marriage or baseless marriage such as marrying with near relatives has the opposite relationship. Also factors like traditional family, distrust of parental family and gender inequality has direct relationship with early and baseless relationship. Manuscript profile -
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44 - The "I" is rich and epic (Case Study of Divan Hafez and Shahnameh Ferdowsi
Fersshteh Ahekhteh Ahmad GoliThe linguistic characteristics of the literature of nations in various diverse and literary forms reflect the special infrastructure, the main constituents of their culture and literature. Meanwhile, giant species and epic species flourish along with other types, the cy MoreThe linguistic characteristics of the literature of nations in various diverse and literary forms reflect the special infrastructure, the main constituents of their culture and literature. Meanwhile, giant species and epic species flourish along with other types, the cycle and the centrality of their literary language, and maintains a special place for reflection of the author's thoughts and thoughts and behaviors. Since the phenomena of the authors of this type of text and the sensitivity of the attendance of their authors in the text can not be denied, the examination of the position of the author and the influence of the angle of the meeting in the text can reveal the vague points of the writings. "I am rich" or expressing the emotional and emotional character of the author in the rich and romantic texts, represents a representation of unconscious secrets from the author's intrinsic view to the various subjects around him. Since the phenomena of the authors of this type of text and the sensitivity of the attendance of their authors in the text can not be denied, the examination of the position of the author and the influence of the angle of the meeting in the text can reveal the vague points of the writings. The infrastructure of "my individual and my love", "my social", "my moral", and even the mystical and mythological forms, each of which expresses the exact pattern of the author's mind to the reader, and in an involuntary and unconscious way, the author's mentality to persuade the reader Guides. In the epic texts, the author and the presence of "my individual" and "his poetic self", though apparently not positioned, but in the underlying structures of the narrative and reporting of the pseudonymous and historic text of the text, the writer's burrow into his inner feelings and norms Willfulness can be seen in various forms. The supreme advocate of the "myths" of the heroes and heroes and their defenses and their frontiers in confronting the pole of malice and misdeeds, the sacrifice of national and patriotic honors, and even ethnicity against the aliens, ... Values and Values National and nationalist thoughts portray a saga in connection with his emotions and emotions, although the narrative tale of the story has a background and background beyond the mind and the language of the author. Since Ferdowsi's "Shahnam", as well as "Divan Hafiz" of Shirazi, are considered to be perfect examples of two types of epic and richness, the investigator of the measure of the presence of the "hero of the Liric", or the "poetic myth", is represented by the representation "I have voluntarily" an epic manifestation in an adaptive manner in these two epic and Persian epics. Manuscript profile -
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45 - Investigating and Analyzing the Role of the Dealer in the Story of Zal and Roodabeh from Ferdowsi's Shahnameh with an Approach to Social Work
Farrokhroo Shahaby Reza Ashrafzadeh Batool FakhreslamIn rich and epic texts, there is a broker or mediator who guides the main characters in the face of difficulties and promotes their growth in physical and psychological dimensions. In today's world, this role is intended for helpers in their daily lives. The key to rese MoreIn rich and epic texts, there is a broker or mediator who guides the main characters in the face of difficulties and promotes their growth in physical and psychological dimensions. In today's world, this role is intended for helpers in their daily lives. The key to resembling brokers and helpers is helping people in need. This study, which uses library resources and a descriptive-analytic approach, explores the role of Zale and Roodabeh in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, with an approach to Sindhokht's personality and the theoretical foundations of individual assistance. The results of the research show that the main mission of Sindhokht in the story is to ensure the connection between Zal and Roodabeh and to provide the necessary background for the birth of Rustam and the direction of the epic path. He has also prevented the formation of a bloody battle between the Iranians and the Kabulis, with a detailed personality and the pathology of the problem and crisis. In this story, the reinterpretation of the Siddiqui relatives illustrates the significant presence of women in transgender and social currents. Sindhokht represents a dynamic and influential woman in organizing interpersonal and social relationships. In addition to Sindhokht, another woman at the beginning of the story brings Zal and Rudaba together and ties them together. Manuscript profile -
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46 - Social Movements of Citizens in the Shahnameh (A Case Study of Kaveh the Blacksmith’s Riot and Disobedience of Bandoy and Gostaham)
Rasool Rostami Mohammad Reza Rashed Mohassel Majid Reza Khazaei VafaCitizen and citizenship are relatively new terms in the field of sociological and political studies. The citizen is always defined in a reciprocal relationship; He is a person who, on the one hand, has political and civil rights and, on the other hand, has duties under MoreCitizen and citizenship are relatively new terms in the field of sociological and political studies. The citizen is always defined in a reciprocal relationship; He is a person who, on the one hand, has political and civil rights and, on the other hand, has duties under the law in question. Social movements are defined as a collective effort in which individuals achieve predetermined ideals. Social movements are organized for specific purposes and by informal institutions. Of course, in Shahnameh, the word citizen is not mentioned. Ferdowsi in some cases uses the word urban versus soldier to distinguish civilians from military. However, based on the evidence presented in the current study as well as the definition of citizen in sociological and political science culture, the word Iranian refers to Iranian citizens in the Shahnameh. The two selected movements (one from the epic part of the Shahnameh and the other from the historical part) testify to the robust presence and full participation of Iranian citizens in social movements for the realization of justice and law. This research has been done analytically and descriptively using library and electronic resources. Manuscript profile -
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47 - Explanation and Analysis of Social Features in Tabrizi's Shahanshah Nameh and its Comparison with Ferdowsi's Shahnameh
Hamideh Moghadas Hasanali Abbaspoor Esfeden Vahid RoyaniSocial features are the elements or constituents of a community, without which it is not possible to analyze that community. Shahnameh is important as a work arising from cultural, historical, and social heritage. The richness of this work and its importance are so much MoreSocial features are the elements or constituents of a community, without which it is not possible to analyze that community. Shahnameh is important as a work arising from cultural, historical, and social heritage. The richness of this work and its importance are so much that many historical and epic epopees have been written by imitating it, and Tabrizi’s Shahanshah Nameh is an example of them. Making an investigation into the social components in these two works not only leads to the clarification of the ritual of life from Ferdowsi's lifetime to the end of the Mongol rule, but also clarifies the similarities and differences of the social components in these two works. No research has been conducted on this topic so far and the existing cases have only investigated some social components in the Shahnameh. The author seeks to prove the hypothesis that king is the main person of the country in these two works. The results of the research show that the people in the Shahnameh are aware and involved in the politics of their country, but they submit to coercion and bullying in Shahanshah Nameh and do not have any roles in determining their fate. This indicates the suffocating atmosphere of the Mongols' rule during the writing of Shahanshah Nameh. In addition, Shahanshah Nameh is similar to Shahnameh in components such as customs, celebration and mourning customs, and some war customs, but the ones such as the ruling style of kings, social justice, and public awareness are different in these two books. Manuscript profile -
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48 - Analysis of Mother-headed Family Issues in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh
Pashang Delavari Mehdi Kargar Khosro Jalili Kohne Shahri Bahram KhoshnudiIn Firdausi’s Shahnameh there are numerous families with their siblings where in the absence of father, the mother takes the responsibility. The presence of these families regardless of their mythological, heroic, or historical backgrounds has paved the way for in MoreIn Firdausi’s Shahnameh there are numerous families with their siblings where in the absence of father, the mother takes the responsibility. The presence of these families regardless of their mythological, heroic, or historical backgrounds has paved the way for interdisciplinary researches to recognize and unearth their issues and predicaments.Considering the significance of this issue, the present research is an attempt to introduce "mother-headed" families in Shahnameh, and answer the question of what issues and problems these "mother-headed" families have encountered in Shahnameh which has led to their failures relying on qualitative data analysis and frequency of historical data.The results of this study shows that the number of" mother-headed" families in Shahnameh with a frequency of %11.76 is significantly close to the report provided by the Statistics Center of Iran in 2011 of the number of "mother-headed" families (12%). It was also found that families who were rejected or abandoned by their fathers were more affected than those who lost their fathers. Other causes of failure in the mother-headed families were identified as "the mother remarrying and having children with her second spouse,"as well as "the mother's absence from the child and her lack of support for the child." Manuscript profile -
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49 - Analytical Study of Recording and Reporting Some Controversial Verses of Shahnameh (from the Story of Bahman to King Yazdgerd)
Hosein Mansoornezhad Mahmoud Rezaei dasht ArzhanehFerdowsi's Shahnameh is the greatest national epic of Iran which is a difficult and elusive text despite its simple and definable surface structure. Therefore, in spite of various comments and independent articles in determining some of its ambiguities, the record of ma MoreFerdowsi's Shahnameh is the greatest national epic of Iran which is a difficult and elusive text despite its simple and definable surface structure. Therefore, in spite of various comments and independent articles in determining some of its ambiguities, the record of many couplets is still doubtful and commentators report on some of the couplets doesn’t seem acceptable. In this study, the authors, by analyzing some verses of the Shahnameh edited by Jalal Khaleghi Motlagh, found that inadequacies and ambiguities are seen in the interpretations of some couplets which are either due to insufficient attention to the texture or due to incorrect record of the couplet. Therefore, in this study an attempt has been made to suggest a more appropriate comment either by critically analyzing the record of a few couplets or criticizing the reports presented on some couplets to provide a more appropriate interpretation by using more authentic and reliable sources. Manuscript profile -
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50 - A Symbolic Investigation of the Story of Keykhosrow’s Great Battle Characters with the Psychological Approach of Carl Gustav Jung
Toktam Niyazmand Hamid Reza Soleimanian Ali SajediA character is a collection of psychological characteristics and psychological characteristics are expressing the psychological differences and similarities of people with each other. The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi is a work, that the great attention to the character h MoreA character is a collection of psychological characteristics and psychological characteristics are expressing the psychological differences and similarities of people with each other. The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi is a work, that the great attention to the character has been paid to. What distinguishes Ferdowsi from other authors is the attention to the psychological and acting characters who are appropriate to the subject of the epic. consciously utilization of symbols indicates an action which is so important and it is related to the psychology. In addition, human also created unconscious and conscious symbols and in order to figure out the function of human’s mind well, we require to achieve those symbols inevitably. This study is conducted by using (descriptive-analytical-comparative) methods and employing library data. This study attempts to investigate symbolic characters who are in the story of Keykhosrow’s Great battle with psychological approach of Carl Gustav Jung. Since Shahnameh of Ferdowsi is a national epic of Iranian, it has roots in their ethnic and national unconsciousness and this property provides the ability to investigate it based on Jung’s view. The most important result of this present study is: shadow, evil side is incompatible and vile of the human’s psyche and caught in the darkness of inside is realizing the shadows. In order to liberate from shadow, we require to know the dark sides of our character by having a reflection on our inner self. In the process of individualism (self-regulation) with the awareness of true self, the darkness of shadows moves away and individual reaches the true self. Manuscript profile -
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51 - Women’s portrait in Myth and History According to Shahnameh and Beyhaghi’s history
hadi Khdivar rahele Ensafi soroor -
Open Access Article
52 - Indirect Discourse in ShahnameFerdowsi Based on Catherine Kerbrat’sSemantic Theory
Akram RahmaniCatherine Kerbrat, a famous French linguist, in one of her valuable works entitled “Indirect Discourse”, introduced an issue regarding verbal communication, which began later studies on semantics, linguistics and, especially, science of communication. In her MoreCatherine Kerbrat, a famous French linguist, in one of her valuable works entitled “Indirect Discourse”, introduced an issue regarding verbal communication, which began later studies on semantics, linguistics and, especially, science of communication. In her opinion, the possibility of a direct discourse is very little and most of our verbal communication is not direct in our daily life, and,basically, we usually express our ulterior motives and inner intentions indirectly. Therefore, always in prepositions, the untold prevail over the told, and, their size and scope is more extensive than the told or direct speech. Expressing these prepositions forces the addressee to think about their quality and quantity and to decipher them. The purpose of the present study was to analyze indirect discourse in ShahnamehFerdowsi based on the semantic theory of Kerbrat. The results indicated that the indirect speech was frequently used in Shahnameh beautifully and eloquently, and, Ferdowsi was successful in using the language and metalanguage factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Judgment and happiness and its role in injuriesinShahnameh
Hamideh sharifi sayedmahmood Sayedsadeghin this research research, it has been linked and happily investigated and related to the damage in the stories of Shahnameh, and it is concluded that in the world of existence the first joy of divine religion is unique and man is the chosen and representative of the per Moren this research research, it has been linked and happily investigated and related to the damage in the stories of Shahnameh, and it is concluded that in the world of existence the first joy of divine religion is unique and man is the chosen and representative of the perfection of creatures, They must have Jewish characteristics, including adjudication. In the place of the development of divine justice, it is related to the soul and within, and in this view, man must create the first in himself, because all its creation is organized in a regular manner and in a manner that protects the body from harm. , Turns and brings happiness to man; otherwise, all the rules and order of the world will come together, and the rule of sorrow falls upon joy and various kinds of damage will be decomposed. ealized in a society where the lives of people are interdependent and have shared profits and losses, the only way to ensure a calm, progressive, successful and ideal life and prevent any harm to individuals is because of any degree of community justice. Less and more arrogance, the devilish and cruel, invading and harmful effects, and whatever threatens the joy and lightness of the Ahoorias, is more and less a result of the joy and destruction, and the rule of sadness Evil and harmful, wins the state of joy and human prosperity is endangered, such as Zehak society. Manuscript profile -
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54 - A Comparative Study of Fereydoun’s Adventure as Narrated in Shahnameh and the Tales of Holy Quran
Farahnaz Hosseini ahmad zakeri -
Open Access Article
55 - Review of different types of Ferdowsi tones in Shahnameh
arefe dehghani manuchehr akbariIn this paper, we examine the tone and tools of creating tone in the Shahnameh. These are distinct in various times, situations and places and in the face of different audiences and in different positions. In this review, we got into a variety of tone, usually two-tone, MoreIn this paper, we examine the tone and tools of creating tone in the Shahnameh. These are distinct in various times, situations and places and in the face of different audiences and in different positions. In this review, we got into a variety of tone, usually two-tone, at the same time used together, and sometimes we are more than two tone in a speech. Sometimes a character, although it was long, was accompanied with only one or two tune. Sometimes the speech was short, but the tone changed, for example, the beginning of speech was aggressive, but in the continuation, he spoke, and the countless variations of the tone and its various types in the Shahnameh, caused that the long-being of this great feat would not be, and with the art of Ferdowsi, even sometimes the audience This is so influenced by the speech tone, which unconsciously changes the face mode and the type of reading, and with that character is also a essence. Manuscript profile -
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56 - An Analytical Comparative Study of the Myth of “Zal and Rudaba” in Comparison to Other Iranian and Egyptian Myths
maryam mahmoodi ahmad khademiThere is a symbolic interpretation of the myth of “Zal and Roudabeh” in its covert layers as it is in other Iranian and Egyptian myths. Zal and Simorgh are equal to the Sun, and are the symbols of godlike heroes. Rudaba is also the symbol of the gods associa MoreThere is a symbolic interpretation of the myth of “Zal and Roudabeh” in its covert layers as it is in other Iranian and Egyptian myths. Zal and Simorgh are equal to the Sun, and are the symbols of godlike heroes. Rudaba is also the symbol of the gods associated with water and the moon, and an icon of unconsciousness. These three characters are all eternal as their prototypes. The myth of Zal and Rudaba is abundant with dualities that are inclined to unite and exalt, i.e. Zal is to undergo metamorphosis in order to escape from that duality and transform into a godlike authority living close to Simorgh; and Rudaba – a female heroin – desires to be in union with Zal – a male hero. This paper has studied the myth of Zal and Rudaba and has compared it to ancient myths of Iran and Egypth regarding their structures and concepts. Finding the similarity between these myths the paper has given an archetypal and symbolic analysis of them Manuscript profile -
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57 - Research on allusions of Shahname in Historical part
Hadi Khadivar Moluk Shafiee Aghdamkhj -
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58 - Study of Diction in Ferdowsi`s Shahnameh
Tooraj AghdaieThis article studies “diction” in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. Diction has different meanings and is so frequently used that amounts to the signification of “speech” as one of the bases of “thinking good thoughts, saying good words, and doin MoreThis article studies “diction” in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. Diction has different meanings and is so frequently used that amounts to the signification of “speech” as one of the bases of “thinking good thoughts, saying good words, and doing good deeds” in Shahnameh. Ferdowsi based his versification of Shahnameh on this so-called triangle to depict a clear picture of man’s life as he deserves it, i.e. a worthy life founded on this triangle. In his Shahnameh, Ferdowsi has used the term “diction” more than two thousand times, either as a single, derivative or compound word, in its literal and metaphorical senses. Then the researcher has tried to scan and study the term in all its form as used by Ferdowsi in order to discover his viewpoint of this signifier – as the sole distinction of human and animals – and its relation to the signified. Although parallel researches can reveal the significance and function of every single word in the structure of this masterpiece of Ferdowsi, the word “diction” undoubtedly matters more, for it is his only means both to narrate his Shahnameh and to express his knowledge and wisdom and his understanding and judgment. Moreover, studying “diction” in Shahnameh brings out Ferdowsi’s adroit use of the term and lets us know not only how he thought about the world but how the characters of his narratives uncover their true selves through speaking. Manuscript profile -
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59 - Characterization in the Story of Foroud
Mahsa Komaraj Meysam Mohajer -
Open Access Article
60 - Existential and Demonical Twilight of Esfandiar The Story Analysis of Rostam and Esfandiar in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh
M.R. Keyvanfar Parvaneh A’del Zadeh kamran pashaei fakhriScholars have ever considered the war between existential and demonical (Ahuraian and Ahrimani) traits and the duality of good and evil of heroes in different stories of Shahnameh. Prominently, this duality is more manifested in the records, words, and deeds of a hero, MoreScholars have ever considered the war between existential and demonical (Ahuraian and Ahrimani) traits and the duality of good and evil of heroes in different stories of Shahnameh. Prominently, this duality is more manifested in the records, words, and deeds of a hero, so he can neither be called an absolute existential (Ahuraian) nor can be considered as a demon, an infernal, and an absolute outcast. Rather, there is a kind of internal conflict in definitions, words, and deeds of a character named Esfandiar. In the current longitudinal research, the researcher has made great efforts using descriptive, analytical, interpretive and library methods to explore whether he is a true Symbols? or is he a demonic symbol? In none of these positions, it cannot be decisively advised. This story, of a prehistoric historical event, was written in a realistic style, where the heroes are unknowingly caught in the misconception of the religion of their time, indicating the father was a prophet. As a result, Rustam's multi-layered demands do not succeed, except for an unintended war. This position continues until the end of the story. Indeed, the existential characteristics of Esfandiar in black-outing his actions and boasting indicate that those deeds are confirmed by Pashtun, Simorgh, Rostam, and Zal throughout the story. Manuscript profile -
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61 - Siavash,s in dividualism process
toraj AghdaieIndividualism process is one of the yungs terms.and its meaning is passing the stages and the degreesofthe ontogeny(derelornent)in order to "seif"realization. &nbs MoreIndividualism process is one of the yungs terms.and its meaning is passing the stages and the degreesofthe ontogeny(derelornent)in order to "seif"realization. Siavash is one of those who has found his real way.he doesn’t with hold for giving his life to his intent ions until realizing his "self"and also for societyand human redemption of degeneration.He over comes his emistential contradiction in a universal opposition frame work. The present article is a description of siavashs individue lism process and the representation of his acmeism from hisbirth till his death. The it goes beyond the history and be come a meta history:cal item so it changes to an eternal myth till all huma being follow him out of any time and place. Siavash is as beautiful as yousef in Holy Quran. He is beautiful not only in appearance but also in conscience.His body is Pure as his sprit,there fore He spreads his lifetime to a supernatural life. He does travel to know the dark univers of unconsciousness and dorninate it. He meets his:anima"in this traveling and reveals the emotional aspect of his being.the climax of Siavash,s self-construction and self know ledge process ismartyrdom,be couse of being honourable and remaining immortal. Data collection in this research is library type. They are des cribbed analy tically.the siavash story text has been choosen from Dabirsiaghi,s seris. And the numbers in the paren theses refere to the mentioned text. Manuscript profile -
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62 - Effective communication, fateful skill in Shahnameh
mina nabaie reza fahimiCharacters and their connection to the stories of Shahnameh are of particular importance Therefore, today's research on the effective communication skills of the ten life skills in the definition of the World Health Organization, all human connections have been ex MoreCharacters and their connection to the stories of Shahnameh are of particular importance Therefore, today's research on the effective communication skills of the ten life skills in the definition of the World Health Organization, all human connections have been extracted and categorized from the stories of Shahnameh. Then exemplary examples of this communication have been analyzed in this psychological work by identifying the causes and obstacles that make communication unhelpful and the painful communication and impasse. What determines which communication is effective? What factors can lead to correlation or conflict? The role of reason is intriguing, and the ideals of Iran, although it is based on wisdom, is sometimes the case of good and evil people, as well as some of the main characters, sometimes Changing the direction of the flow of communication is a central theme of this text، and, surprisingly, Ferdowsi, the professor of the power of creating a diverse relationship, finds that, one thousand years before today, the knowledge of the last part of this science has become apparent to the European, and, through this communicative skill, in the light of the prevailing doctrines, sometimes deliberately and elegantly, Effective, different. This methodology, analyzing its qualitative content and its statistical society, all of the variegated archeology of the ancient Naqvar. Manuscript profile -
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63 - Az and Niyaz in Shahnameh and Mazdayasna religion
Sara Ajali Iraj Mehraki -
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64 - Morphology of the Story of “Zahhak” in Shahnameh and the Story of “Ravana” in Ramayana (The Fight between the Good and the Evil)
Elyas Nooraei Soghra Bavandpour -
Open Access Article
65 - Research on the Geographical Sovereignty of Kayānian Kings and Shahnameh
Malek Mohammad Farrokhzad Manizhe FallahiZamyad Yašt, aka Kayān Yašt, as the nineteenth Yašt of Avesta is considered the most important document in the ethnographic researches of the geographical foundation of the history of Iran. According to this Yašt, the kingdom of the Kayānian MoreZamyad Yašt, aka Kayān Yašt, as the nineteenth Yašt of Avesta is considered the most important document in the ethnographic researches of the geographical foundation of the history of Iran. According to this Yašt, the kingdom of the Kayānian kings (Kay Ghobad, Kay Kavus, Kay Kosrow, Kay Lohrasb, and Kay Goštāsp) and their successful sovereignty is bound to the river banks leading to Hirmand River and running to Kiansiyeh (Hamoon) in Sistan. Other evidences – such as Zoroaster’s living during Kay Goštāsp’s sovereignty in eastern Persia (or Balkh) and certain congruity between the Gash and the northeasterners’ language, as well as the establishment of Kayānian kings (Kay Kavus, Kiani Kings and Kay Lohrasb) in Balkh according to Islamic period historians and stories of Shahnameh, traditions and monuments like the Gang Dezh in Turan built by Siavash, and the fireplace building at Sistan by Kay Kosrow – attest that the geographical borders wherein the word Kay – relating to the territory for the kingdom of Kayānian – was used stretches from the farthest parts of the northeast to the southeast of Sistan. Manuscript profile -
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66 - Ethics of a married life in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and investigating its roots in ancient texts
Mohammad Navid Bazargan Maryam Khadem AzghadiThe present research, focusing on the ethics of a married life in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and the other works preceding it, tries to reveal, through excerpts and facts taken from Avesta, medieval texts, Shahnameh, and also famous quotes of experts, to what extent the MoreThe present research, focusing on the ethics of a married life in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and the other works preceding it, tries to reveal, through excerpts and facts taken from Avesta, medieval texts, Shahnameh, and also famous quotes of experts, to what extent the marriage etiquette, such as compromise, frankness, love, good behavior, faithfulness, commitment, mutual respect, virtue, frankness, etc. are emphasized in them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Comparing of Poetry Music in Daghighis and Ferdosis Goshtasbnameh
Morteza JafariIn this article, to understand the musical elegances of two great epic poet, Ferdowsi and Daghighi, we compare some parts of Goshtasbnameh which has been created by both of them. Our intention of music in this article is an extensive meaning namely form and construction MoreIn this article, to understand the musical elegances of two great epic poet, Ferdowsi and Daghighi, we compare some parts of Goshtasbnameh which has been created by both of them. Our intention of music in this article is an extensive meaning namely form and construction. For a more detailed study of the subject, both of them from four direction has been investigated: 1- External music or prosody, 2. Side music or Rhyme and row 3. Internal Music or figures of speech, rhetoric and linguistic structures 4. Contemplative music or structures of fiction and description. With statistical presentations and analysis of them, distinguished that Ferdowsi's verses in four directions had more integrity, variety, expansion and high literary value. Verses, rhyme and rows of Ferdowsi are more various, musical and artistic than Daghighis verses. In figures of speech Daghighi has been more attentions to apparent of speech and rhetoric and Ferdowsi to depth of speech and intellectual relationships. In saying stories Daghighis verses compare to Ferdosis verses are more strictly speaking, more direct and more ambiguous and older but Ferdowsis narrations are mor realistic, multi-dimensional, more detailed, with more subtlety, and creating more attractive. Manuscript profile -
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68 - The Study of the Concept of Revolution in the Story of Zahhak Based on Lucien Goldmann’s Theory
Saba Pezhmanfar Majid SarmadiIran is an ancient civilized country. A search in its epic literature with venerable motifs and myths can lead us to trace back the track of many social phenomena of old-time societies in Iran, and so to claim this country to have been a community, especially one the me MoreIran is an ancient civilized country. A search in its epic literature with venerable motifs and myths can lead us to trace back the track of many social phenomena of old-time societies in Iran, and so to claim this country to have been a community, especially one the members of which had had identity and their nationalism had always supported it. The literature produced in a community will fully reflect the ideas and introspections rooted in its social conditions. Revolution, as a social phenomenon and in its modern concept rather than uprising or rebellion, has been manifested in the story of Zahhak. This story of Zahhak and Kava is a mythical narration, and while the myths are so old that no social data could be found for them, then considering the social phenomena in Persian literary texts it can be concluded that revolution is as old as the ancient Iranian community. The present paper studies Kava’s fighting against Zahhak based on Lucien Goldmann’s theory of “Genetic Structuralism” in order to conclude that the social phenomenon of revolution had been chronicled in Iran before any other community Manuscript profile -
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69 - Bahram Chobin’s rebellion in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh
Iraj Mehraki Ashraf Abdol-AhadiIn this article, it has been tried to present an account of Bahram Chobin’s rebellion as narrated in Shahnameh as well as Ferdowsi’s point of view about the causes of the rebellion. In addition to Shahnameh, we have had a look at other sources, and a compara MoreIn this article, it has been tried to present an account of Bahram Chobin’s rebellion as narrated in Shahnameh as well as Ferdowsi’s point of view about the causes of the rebellion. In addition to Shahnameh, we have had a look at other sources, and a comparative study has been carried out. In this comparative study, Ferdowsi’s unique view about Bahram Chobin’s rebellion has been discussed, for this story has been given a new epic feature by Ferdowsi, and his description of Bahram Chobin reminds us of other epic heroes, and Rostam in specific. Then it is for this reason that Ferdowsi’s account and viewpoints about Bahram Chobin are different from those of others. Manuscript profile -
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70 - Analysis of linguistic roles in the Zal myth based on Jakobson's theory of communication
zahra abavisani Batool FakhreslamFerdowsi, in his work, has spoken in the corpus of narrated stories of myths. In many cases, cipher and allegory are included in the mythological concept. The story of Zal is one of the most perverse of them, which has a different expression for the narrative of cultura MoreFerdowsi, in his work, has spoken in the corpus of narrated stories of myths. In many cases, cipher and allegory are included in the mythological concept. The story of Zal is one of the most perverse of them, which has a different expression for the narrative of cultural adventures and messages. This research, while analyzing the linguistic and communicative elements of language, message, audience and sender, is based on the verbal communication pattern of Kaboson, to re-examine the codes and symbols. Accordingly, the focus is on the role of phrasalism. The extent of the effect of linguistic roles on readers and the frequency of each of them, identification, ciphers and parables included in the Zal story, the understanding and reception of implicit abstract concepts, which are implicitly expressed, are the objectives of the research. The results of the study show that language roles are an effective tool for understanding secondaray meanings and interpreting the symbolic language of myth and is also a criterion for classifying allegorical and symbolic works in the epic context. Also, a good way to find out the extent to which cryptographic, inclusive messages are addressed to readers. In the end, it must be acknowledged that the aesthetics of epic and mythical stories are more and more evident in the light of this theory. Manuscript profile -
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71 - The Attitude of the Son from the Father (Rustam and Zal in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh) from the Viewpoint of the Ancient Criticism of the Pattern
Bahareh yazdanian amiri mahmoud tavoosi Amir Hoseyn MahoziIn the ancient critique, a model based on what the Swiss psychologist Carl Gusta Yong. For example, the old wisdom, itself, Anima and Animus, a shadow that introduces several examples for its variants. In my mythological culture, Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the most significa MoreIn the ancient critique, a model based on what the Swiss psychologist Carl Gusta Yong. For example, the old wisdom, itself, Anima and Animus, a shadow that introduces several examples for its variants. In my mythological culture, Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the most significant written work for the introduction of mythology, and as a result of inquiring into various aspects of it, is based on the opinions of the scholars in all sciences. This article focuses on the extent and the reasons for the effect of Zal on Rostam, as well as on the influence of Rostam on his father, in view of his mythological origin in the mythological history of Persian literature based on Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, from the viewpoint of the ancient critique of the pattern. The old patterns of wisdom, shadows, and self are more effective than other examples in father and son. There is no particular maximum in this regard, although significant research has been done on mythology, ancient patterns, and shahnameh. Research methodology is library based on content analysis. Manuscript profile -
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72 - Reachery in Shahnameh )By the glance to two stories, Rostam and Shaghad, Siyavash and Sodabeh(
Ensieh Me’marian -
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73 - “The critique of diversity of characters in poetic collections of “winter”, “End of Shahnameh”, and “From this Avesta” by Akhavan Sales”
Shirzad Tayefi The artists express their paradigms and ideals within the framework of their artistic works. Diversity of characters and their quality and reason may play important role in conveying artist’s message to the audience since juxtaposition of different an More The artists express their paradigms and ideals within the framework of their artistic works. Diversity of characters and their quality and reason may play important role in conveying artist’s message to the audience since juxtaposition of different and sometimes opposite personality and individual traits can cause them to become more prominent with more influence. We have criticized diversity of characters in poetic collections of ‘Winter’, ‘The end of Shahnameh’, and ‘From this Avesta’ written by Mehdi Akhavan Sales in two content and structural fields using inductive- analytical method. The research achievement denotes that in representation of characters, especially the main characters Akhavan Sales puts them versus completely different characters and also sometimes he shows a character in various dimensions. Using such diversity, the poet looks for conveying direct and symbolic messages, interpreting poetic and social mission, expressing micro and macro ideals, and finally restating quality and reason for classification of paradigms. In addition to opening new windows toward audience of artistic work, study on such fields may familiarize him/her with viewpoints of poet’s doctrines and it can be an entry for recognition of some of elements of culture and art and doctrine of community. Manuscript profile -
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74 - The narrative of satire critical of brotherhood of Alexander and Darius
masumeh zandiyeh Timur MalmirDue to his destructive role Alexander is remembered as an evil and ominous figure in older Persian sources. But, due to the influence of the Greek mythology and culture, recent sources have provided his figure with an aura of greatness and virtue. Scholars well know tha MoreDue to his destructive role Alexander is remembered as an evil and ominous figure in older Persian sources. But, due to the influence of the Greek mythology and culture, recent sources have provided his figure with an aura of greatness and virtue. Scholars well know that Alexander is not given a positive picture in Shahnameh, although they mention two evidences from the text which do not go with this total picture, namely his description as a brother to Darius III, and his being the subject of a long episode in Shahnameh, the latter being regarded as the sign of the high value put on him by Ferdowsi. In this article, we will use the structuralism approach to prove that the claimed brotherhood of Alexander and Darius III is not to compensate the defeat and restore national pride, but to serve as a satire against the rulers whose ineptitude and treason pave the ground for the coming of the invaders. The lengthy treatment of Alexander's character is also due to the fact that he is the founder of the long-lasting Seleucia Dynasty, regardless of how destructive his invasion was. Denunciations of his action and devaluation of his ancestry prove this argument. Here, research data have collected by analytical By library approach and have processed by analytical and descriptive methods. Manuscript profile -
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75 - Cases of Keeping Silent of Female Characters in Persian Literature: A Survey
Ataollah Koupal -
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76 - Unity and duality in Shahnameh and Mazdayasna religion
Iraj Mehraki Sara Ajali -
Open Access Article
77 - Common or different themes between Shahname and several famous epics of the world
fateme mehmohseni gerd kohi vida shirkavandThe epic is the description of athletic behaviors valiance and individual or ethnic honors of nations. From so long ago till now, there were cultural relations between different nations. By studying various epics of nations, we can observe many common backgrounds among MoreThe epic is the description of athletic behaviors valiance and individual or ethnic honors of nations. From so long ago till now, there were cultural relations between different nations. By studying various epics of nations, we can observe many common backgrounds among these epics. At first glance, many of these national epics are the same and even more closer. And the differences emerge in minor cases in cultural and religious fields. Actually, the differences among epics are the reflection of people’s beliefs in every race. The present article does comparison, analysis of “Shahnameh Ferdosi” the greatest epic effect of Persian language with a few famous epics of other nations like Iliad and capital letter odyssey, Ramayana, Indreh and Krishna. The writer tried to analyze the similarities and differences of other epics with Shahnameh by confronting and comparison of the overall structure of stories. And by drawing the comparative tables display epics infrastructure and their epic heroical character. Manuscript profile -
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78 - Rostam is protagonist of pragmatists or antagonist of idealists? (a case study from pragmatism viewpoint)
Seyedeh Maryam Mirhoseini Fatemeh Heydaripragmatism is one of the recent philosophies in the world that concentrates on the components of human utopia and proposes consequentialist activism, or practical expediency. This philosophy has a different look at the topics as justice, law and morality. Ferdowsi's Sha Morepragmatism is one of the recent philosophies in the world that concentrates on the components of human utopia and proposes consequentialist activism, or practical expediency. This philosophy has a different look at the topics as justice, law and morality. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is a heroic book and an exalted manifestation of the culture and behavior of a nation. Thus it can be of great interest to pragmatist theorists. The relations between utopia of Ferdowsi and pragmatism can be achieved by looking at mythologic community of Shahnameh and analyzing personality of Rostam and other heroes of Shahnameh in terms of these criteria. The authors of this article, in the first place introduce pragmatism and its theorists, then they compare the ideal society of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh with pragmatic utopia. The methodology of this article is a descriptive-analytic one and the material concerning pragmatism collected from translated texts. Meanwhile, looking at Rostam personality as a myth and representative of Iranians in Shahnameh reveals that the activities of Rostam and other heroes in Shahnameh were pragmatic and influential along their aims and their society. Manuscript profile -
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79 - Examining hyper-textuality in the stories of Noushzād and Esfandiār (with emphasis on death and death scene)
Hosnie Nakhaei Mahmoud Hasanabadi Mohammadali MahmoudiBased on the perspective of hyper-textuality, it is possible to search for minor and hidden effects of another work in any work, and each text can be compared with similar texts. For this reason, pre-textuality finds a special place in the field of comparative analysis MoreBased on the perspective of hyper-textuality, it is possible to search for minor and hidden effects of another work in any work, and each text can be compared with similar texts. For this reason, pre-textuality finds a special place in the field of comparative analysis of texts. Some stories of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh have also a special capacity for the study of hyper-textuality, of which is the story of Noushzad, the son of Khosrow Noushin-Ravan, which is very similar to the story of Esfandiar, the famous warrior of the Shahnameh. So, this research is an attempt to explain the aspects of Ferdowsi's influence in writing Noushzad's story from Esfandiar's story using the descriptive-analytical method. Although in this research Esfandiar's story as a pretext longer than Noushzad's story as a post-text, this issue is accepted from the point of view of Genette's theory of hyper-textuality. According to the results of the research, the most important aspects of the impact of the post-text on the pre-text, which indicate the similarities between the stories studied in the current research, are: the common characteristics of the two stories characters, the same story elements (imprison, religiousity, authoritarianism, etc.), death and the images related to death, similar to Esfandiar and Noushzad. Manuscript profile -
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80 - The Tragedy of Siavash and the historical Edification
Mohammad Navid Bazargan Seyyed Ebrahim ArmanLiterature audience has permanently searched for profound human moral values, values which require years of experience to be gained and appreciated. Concerning tragedy the fact is that although it arouses man's pity and grief, it leads to catharsis as well. The audience MoreLiterature audience has permanently searched for profound human moral values, values which require years of experience to be gained and appreciated. Concerning tragedy the fact is that although it arouses man's pity and grief, it leads to catharsis as well. The audience who has experienced throughout drama, leaves the theatre gladly. After the discussion of tragedy in dramatic literature, this paper will examine the epic tragedy of Siavash composed by the great Iranian poet Ferdowsi. This paper will also elaborate on the didactic quality of Ferdowsi as well. Manuscript profile -
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81 - Gaoshouroon: A Study of allegorical and mythological views of cows in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh
S. A. H. Kazerooni N. Motevaseli M. NadafiAnimals have always played important roles in the lives of men, to the extent that, they have sometimes received considerable attentions, and have been considered sacred and mythological creature. Cow has been considered as one of the most useful animals that from begin MoreAnimals have always played important roles in the lives of men, to the extent that, they have sometimes received considerable attentions, and have been considered sacred and mythological creature. Cow has been considered as one of the most useful animals that from beginnings of civilization, throughout the world, has been important to men, and has been included in the ancient deities. Shahnameh has been the manifestation of Iranian generations, culture, and literature, paying special attention to myths and beliefs in Iran. In this article, an attempt is made to study allegorical and mythological aspects of cow, as depicted in Shahnameh. In processing the epics and stories of Shahnameh, Ferdowsi has used the myths of this animal by pointing at the allegoricalfeatures attributed to this animal Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Investigating the linguistic roles of Ardeshir`s story and Haftdad Shahnameh (With an allegorical approach based on Jacobson`s verbal communiocation theory)
Zahra AbaviSani Batool FakhrEslam ParvinDokht Mashhoor mahdi novroozLanguage is a set of signs, causes, and effects that make a particular cohesion, the foundation of literary creation, and the provider of new thoughts. Ferdowsi speaks of myth and mystery in some of Shahnameh`s stories, such as Ardeshir`s story and Karam Haftdad, which MoreLanguage is a set of signs, causes, and effects that make a particular cohesion, the foundation of literary creation, and the provider of new thoughts. Ferdowsi speaks of myth and mystery in some of Shahnameh`s stories, such as Ardeshir`s story and Karam Haftdad, which is presented in allegorical and different way. In addition to analyzing linguistic roles and communication model, this study examines the hidden codes and symbols in the story.Because of the coded allegories in the story, the main role of meta- language is that the main purpose of this study to understand and receive abstract messages and identify important secondary historical, social, and political meanings that have been codified. Understanding the new category of allegorical and symbolic works at the height of the epic and the kind of teaching that is also reported in historical stories.Finally, we find that Jacobson`s linguistic roles are appropriate for understanding the effect of coding, persuasion, and referral messages. Manuscript profile -
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83 - Allegoical Manifestation of Tragic Love in Shahnameh
K. Hayati A. ZakeriEpic romantic stories usually lack dependence due to their reliance on the historical and epical context. Thus, the elements of failure and disappointment in them create a sense of sympathy and fear what we call the mythical definition of tragedy.Ferdousy's great book-& MoreEpic romantic stories usually lack dependence due to their reliance on the historical and epical context. Thus, the elements of failure and disappointment in them create a sense of sympathy and fear what we call the mythical definition of tragedy.Ferdousy's great book- Shahname- as the most significant epic demonstration of Iranian national mythical history ends tragicly in all of its romantic stories.The present paper intends to investigate the tragic love demonstrations of 'Shahname's stories called 'collective me'.This paper has been fulfilled via library sourses and descriptive analytic research method and also the application of the 'Noortroup Fray' theory.The findings of this paper display the fact that most of the heroes in 'Shahname's' love stories do not follow the aim of uniting with their beloved, yet most of them have a nasty aim which is in contradiction with the epic soul of the storyFor this reason, they usually fail to obtain their tragic love which arouses the sense of sympathy and fear in them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - The presence of animals in Shahnameh with a view to the allegorical and symbolic role
Batol Fakhreslam Roghayeh Mehmandoost katlar Mahbobeh zea khodadadiyan Parvin dokht MashourOne of the reasons for the charm of the epic tales is the presence of animals in Shahnameh with a symbolic and allegorical effect. Ferdowsi has been able to enjoy animals to increase the content of the Shahnameh with perfect art. Of course, it should be noted that the s MoreOne of the reasons for the charm of the epic tales is the presence of animals in Shahnameh with a symbolic and allegorical effect. Ferdowsi has been able to enjoy animals to increase the content of the Shahnameh with perfect art. Of course, it should be noted that the scope of parables in literature has a long history and playing roleby the animalshas been emphasized in Iranian literary culture. In such a culture, the story and allegory were current in human life, and for this reason it always considered a social, political, and even historic role for animals that was divided into different types such as mystical allegory, epic parable, political parable, … and animals have various kinds and in this regard, the characters who have an intermediate aspect are either gray or neutral, and sometimes multi-faceted. Ferdowsi has been able to illustrate the bond between human beings and animals by creating the animal's personality as well as passion in the stories of the Shahnameh with the art of allegory, and for its ethical teachings, which have epic and mythical colors and use well. The animals of Shahnameh stand alone as an example of an allegorical example of adventures and attractive events. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Investigation and analysis of Simorgh actions in relation to Zal and Rostam with an allegorical approach
Mohammad Reza Fatemi Moghaddam Saghi farshad mirzayi motlagh Masoud SepahvandiSimorgh is one of these inhuman characters in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh whose actions can be taken allegorically. In Shahnameh, two Ahuraian and demonic Simorghs are mentioned. The aim of the present study is to investigate the actions of the Ahuraian Simorgh in relation to MoreSimorgh is one of these inhuman characters in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh whose actions can be taken allegorically. In Shahnameh, two Ahuraian and demonic Simorghs are mentioned. The aim of the present study is to investigate the actions of the Ahuraian Simorgh in relation to Zal and Rostam. Regarding the necessity of research, it should be said that a look at the allegorical contexts of Shahnameh has a favorable effect on reaching the depth of Ferdowsi's intellectual layers. The main question of the research is what are the allegorical examples of Simorgh in Shahnameh? The results of the research show that this bird is an allegory of the wise and prudent in the story of Rostam's battle with Esfandiar and saves the slanderer from defeat and death. Also, in the story of Rostam's birth, Simorgh is an allegory of a doctor and with his actions, provides the grounds for the birth of Pour Zal. In addition, in the story of Zal being born and being rejected by his father, Simorgh should be considered an allegory of his mother and protector. He raises the baby and, in a way, perpetuates the mainstream of the Iranian epic (the emergence of Rostam). The present study has been compiled based on descriptive-analytical method and citing library resources. Also, so far, no independent study has mentioned the allegorical dimensions of Simorgh's character in Shahnameh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Evolution of Allegory Expression in Hakim Ferdowsi’s Rostam and Esfandiar
mohammadreza kayvanfar Parvaneh Adel Zadeh kamran pashaeiThe longitudinal and iterative study on Rostam and Sohrab's story, and importance of this story from venerable Ferdowsi Hakim’s Shahnameh which is taught to associate and bachelor’s degree students in the first semesters of language and literature program ha MoreThe longitudinal and iterative study on Rostam and Sohrab's story, and importance of this story from venerable Ferdowsi Hakim’s Shahnameh which is taught to associate and bachelor’s degree students in the first semesters of language and literature program have encouraged us to conduct this research. The research could investigate, explore, identify, and interpret various allegories embedded in this story. We strongly hope this research is useful and helpful for students and those interested in epic literature, along with the efforts and works of other researchers who have worked on this valuable book. After a longitudinal study from technical and verbal perspectives, the research has found that the story of Rostam and Sohrab, which consists of long dialogues between heroes, is such a novel painting presenting the meaning, expression, rhetoric, and aesthetic devices, especially, in terms of allegory in various forms in the platform of metaphorical applications of animism and foregone, and also, in terms of metaphor, simile, irony, permissibility, allusion, sensibility, vulgarity, epanodos (Laf-o-Nashr), and proverb. Indeed, using all novel expression and rhetoric devices throughout the Shahnameh's literary work is evident in this specific story. What is more appear in this story is various exaggerations and propagandas, which were used in other stories of the Shahnameh. The presence of these expressions and rhetoric devices is one of the main features of the epic stories of Shahnameh. Besides, the descriptive and compound analogies derived from sensory observations were extensively used, which is not common in other stories of the Shahnameh. This research aimed to understand the allegories used in the story of Rostam and Esfandiar, also using the novel expression expressive devices to understand the content of this Epic-letter (Razm-nameh) of Shahnameh. This research has been conducted employing library and descriptive-analytical methods on the verses of Ferdowsi Hakim’s Shahnameh in the story of Rostam and Esfandiar. The variety of these plentiful applications is a sign of its nurtured content. Deeping to this content is achieved through iterated revisions that Ferdowsi has incorporated for more than thirty years, from 369 to 402 Hijri. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - the pause in the story and the symbolic and symbolic characters of shahnameh
Jafar Havasishahnameh is not the only birth certificate of persian language that is the mirror of religion, thought, and ideals of iran and persia. the name of namur, more than one millennium, is the secret of our culture. shahnameh is the creator and god of the letter. in the form Moreshahnameh is not the only birth certificate of persian language that is the mirror of religion, thought, and ideals of iran and persia. the name of namur, more than one millennium, is the secret of our culture. shahnameh is the creator and god of the letter. in the form of anecdotes, in the form of stories, as well as in the characters, as well as in the characters of zahhak, as well as the afrasiab, the divan, and the eternal. the author in this article tries to visualize some symbols and symbolism of this great book in front of the reader. to achieve these goals, the library method has been used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - The allegory of fire and its commonalities in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Rumi's poems
afshin vaziri Ali Mohammad Moazzeni mohammad reza shad manaman Azam RezaeiThe use of allegory as one of the most important and basic industries of rhetoric is common among poets of Persian language and literature. Most of the allegories used in the works of poets are rooted in myth and religion. Ferdowsi and Rumi, who have elevated the positi MoreThe use of allegory as one of the most important and basic industries of rhetoric is common among poets of Persian language and literature. Most of the allegories used in the works of poets are rooted in myth and religion. Ferdowsi and Rumi, who have elevated the position of Persian poetry in epic and mysticism to the highest possible point, have made the most use of allegory in order to instill their mental abstractions in the mind and thought of the audience. The use of allegory of fire is one of the most significant and most allegories used in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Rumi's poems. Despite the essential and structural differences in the epic and mystical literature, the thematic similarities of the allegory of fire can be seen in the poems of both poets, which, despite the similarity in subject matter, are different in content. In this article, by descriptive-analytical method, thematic commonalities and attitudinal differences of two famous poets are discussed to determine the degree of influence of two poets from myth and religion and also determine the course of images of fire from myth to mysticism. Manuscript profile -
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89 - Evolution of Allegory Expression in Hakim Ferdowsi’s Rostam and Esfandiar
mohammadreza kayvanfar Parvaneh Adel Zadeh kamran pashaeiAt first glance, the story of Rostam and Esfandiar and considering the confrontation between them, it is expected throughout the story is of war, the clatter of swords, and the commotion of confrontation. The question is whether Ferdowsi's expression was technical, arti MoreAt first glance, the story of Rostam and Esfandiar and considering the confrontation between them, it is expected throughout the story is of war, the clatter of swords, and the commotion of confrontation. The question is whether Ferdowsi's expression was technical, artistic, and mixed with allegorical, verbal or expressive images, or not? After a longitudinal study of the work from technical and verbal perspectives, the researcher has come to the conclusion that the story of Rostam and Esfandiar, which consists of long dialogues between two heroes, is a picture of novel expressive and aesthetic literature devices, especially in term of allegory in various forms, in a context of metaphorical applications of animism and foregrand, as well as, Simile, irony, permissibility, sensuality, vulgarity, epanodos (Laf-o-Nashr), and proverbs. It is more like a practice in expressing literary aesthetics than an epic content that can be simple and straightforward due to its very large content. The necessity of this research is to better understand the allegories used in the story of Rostam and Esfandiar for the students for using novel and expressive devices, in order to better understand the content of the Epic-letter )Razm-nameh(. The research has been conducted using library, descriptive and analytical methods on the Ferdowsi Hakim Shahnameh verses. And this is a sign of nurtured content, and deepening it through iterated revisions that Ferdowsi has incorporated for more than thirty years, from 369 to 402 Hijriijri. Manuscript profile -
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90 - The reflection of the allegorical role of supernatural beings in myth and Shahnameh
Negahdar Shadkam Seyed Ahmad Hosseini Kazerooni“Myth” doesn’t have any minute, comprehensive and complete definitions. The scholars have provided different definitions for that. Because in the past, writing wasn’t common and the myths and stories have quoted by fathers for their children. Myt More“Myth” doesn’t have any minute, comprehensive and complete definitions. The scholars have provided different definitions for that. Because in the past, writing wasn’t common and the myths and stories have quoted by fathers for their children. Myth refers to historical stories and adventures of ancient and pre-historical times. From old times till now, myth had a particular place in people’s mind and language and people have believed that owning myths will be an approval for their power and supremacy over their neighbors and competitors. In Shahnameh and myths the symbolic and allegorical role of many creatures possesses sense and exposed will. These creatures are the same as human beings regarding their creation; but what makes them different is their appearance. In myths, specially Shahnameh, Rakhsh Simurgh, dragons, and soon have personality appearance; it means the braves. Can speak to them. They sometimes, show the way to the braves and sometimes prevent them from going along. Fersowsi has created the most beautiful imagery in Shahnameh by using personification and allegory. Manuscript profile -
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91 - The allegorical role of animals in Shahnameh stories
Fazel Abbaszadeh Mehdi JabbariAnimals with their symbolic and allegorical roles make stories wealth and attractive. Furthermore, poets and writers by using animals' allegorical trend and roles achieve moral and learning goals. Ferdowsi the wise man could use the personification of animals, in additi MoreAnimals with their symbolic and allegorical roles make stories wealth and attractive. Furthermore, poets and writers by using animals' allegorical trend and roles achieve moral and learning goals. Ferdowsi the wise man could use the personification of animals, in addition to attaching passionate to Shahnameh stories, shows the solidarity between early human and animals with allegorical art in line with his ethical teaching epic and mythical pretending. In this paper animals playing role in Shahnameh are divided into three groups: Divinity, devilish and divinity-devilish. Their allegorical roles have been exemplified. Manuscript profile -
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92 - An alysis of the allegorical characters of Shahnameh from the perspective of Ferdowsi anthropological discourse
Rudabeh Musavi Thorolah norouzi davoodkhani Alimohammad Moazeni Nasrollah Zirak GoushlavandaniFerdowsi's Shahnameh is a hypertext that depicts the identity of Iranian-Islamic man from pre-Islamic to the fifth century in an allegorical way. In processing the characters of Shahnameh stories, Ferdowsi consciously introduces two types of characters, good and evil, b MoreFerdowsi's Shahnameh is a hypertext that depicts the identity of Iranian-Islamic man from pre-Islamic to the fifth century in an allegorical way. In processing the characters of Shahnameh stories, Ferdowsi consciously introduces two types of characters, good and evil, based on the discourses of the period. Each of the characters can be allegorically represented as a Scheme of negative and positive figures that have emerged due to class worldviews and power relations. Rostam and Afrasiab, as representatives of two groups of characters, due to the change in the literary type of the text and Ferdowsi's discourse with these characters, show an allegory of good and bad human components. Using allegory, Ferdowsi gives an allegorical form to some of the characters of Shahnameh and considers each of them as an allegory of one or more concepts, such as Rostam, Zahak, etc., each of which is an allegory of different concepts such as good and evil. Love, wisdom, religion, wisdom, etc. are other concepts that Ferdowsi, with an allegorical look, depicts his content and thoughts in order to manifest his anthropological thought Manuscript profile -
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93 - Ferdowsi, Epic and Lesson Teacher* (A Reflection on the Educational Role of Shahnameh Stories)
Maryam Rezabeigi ali salimiFerdowsi’s Shahnameh is even though throughout the war and canvas cover, but there are lots of educational remarks, regarding taking lessons from the world. This great masterpiece, in describing the life of kings and heroes, has expressed the most beautiful and in MoreFerdowsi’s Shahnameh is even though throughout the war and canvas cover, but there are lots of educational remarks, regarding taking lessons from the world. This great masterpiece, in describing the life of kings and heroes, has expressed the most beautiful and instructive about the life and death. This book, all over, is Hakim warm breath that with the entire artist, join Iranian reason rather with Islamic beliefs and has balanced combination of human thoughts about education. In place of this immortal work, prosperity, and then ending King's life have been seen with the lesson's approach, Tous Hakim, amidst the history of their, has been linked happiness’s to the failures. Because his attitude is inspired by deep religious insight, Death of his views is as a ladder for the transfer of house to mortal remains. Moreover, he looked to the world as meaningful rewards is distinguishing feature of the prevailing thoughts of the Shahnameh. Although this idea has been proposed in the Islamic beliefs, But Ferdowsi, Inspired by the wisdom of ancient Persia, it highlights this aspect of the criminal act, so that most of his champions in the world to reach their great deeds. Manuscript profile -
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94 - The Time Managementin Ferdowsi’s Shahname
Hadi Khadivar Nahid LotfianFor having a better life with a safe social relationship, progress, and transformation we need some patterns and methods to move toward success and perfection. Persian literature classic texts impressingby Islamic-Iranian culturehave presented manypatternsand waysin its MoreFor having a better life with a safe social relationship, progress, and transformation we need some patterns and methods to move toward success and perfection. Persian literature classic texts impressingby Islamic-Iranian culturehave presented manypatternsand waysin its fine and exemplary stories and speeches. Theycan be considered and commented by the youth of the presentrace. Among these textsFerdowsi’s work tries to sketches an utopia by considering cultural and social values and preparing human being for progress and change.In this article, we have found many patterns and methods in Shahnameh that sociologists andpsychologists have considered for managing the time. Manuscript profile -
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95 - Origins of "Shahnameh" and Art and Literary Impressions on Ferdousi
Abdoljabar Rahmanove Mostafa Babakhani,Abstract "Shahnameh" is a Literary, historical and national masterwork; so, it impacts on our culture and literature is undeniable. Undoubtedly, "Shahnameh" is one of the most important works that during thousands of years of Iranian ups and downs history affects on pr MoreAbstract "Shahnameh" is a Literary, historical and national masterwork; so, it impacts on our culture and literature is undeniable. Undoubtedly, "Shahnameh" is one of the most important works that during thousands of years of Iranian ups and downs history affects on protection of honorable legacy of the ancestors and recognition and promotion of national, culture and language identities. Mystery of its impression and insolubility is that Ferdousi relied on national old stories and anecdotes, and provide them in the most beautiful art and literary matter. Thus, study of Shahnameh is in the context of national studies. In the present article, it is tried to find connection of art and literary aspects of "Shahnameh" by determination of available resources for Ferdousi in composing "Shahnameh"; then, we will investigate honesty and loyalty of Ferdousi to the resources and his art and literary innovation. Manuscript profile -
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96 - Studying the Presence of the Mongol Rulers in Alexander's Delegation in Ilkhani's Great Shahnameh
Seyed Mahmood Hosseini Dehmiri Abolfazh Davoodi Roknabadi Seyed Rahman Mortazavi Shapoor BehyanThe first attack of the Mongols on Iran in around 616-619 AH caused a lot of destruction in the Trans-Nahr and Khorasan regions, and these bloody and brutal attacks caused the destruction and destruction of many cities and regions of Iran. The attacked areas' social, ec MoreThe first attack of the Mongols on Iran in around 616-619 AH caused a lot of destruction in the Trans-Nahr and Khorasan regions, and these bloody and brutal attacks caused the destruction and destruction of many cities and regions of Iran. The attacked areas' social, economic, and political structure was destroyed and caused widespread disturbances. After the establishment of Halaku and the establishment of patriarchal rule in Iran, a period was opened in Iranian art in which the influences of Far Eastern art can be clearly seen. The Great Ilkhani Shahnameh is one of the artistic achievements of the period of the Mughal patriarchs during the time of Abu Saeed Bahadur Khan Mughal. In this Shahnameh, the distinct artistic features of the Mughal period flourished and came to fruition, and it recounts the special features of this period well. In this Shahnameh, factors such as political and social influences are well seen, and the expression of these influences in the paintings of this Shahnameh, by showing political and social scenes, expressed the position of the Ilkhans during their reign. In the meantime, dealing with the story of Alexander is often seen in this edition, and twelve pictures deal with the subject of Alexander in different situations. The main question of this research is: What is the goal of the Mongols in portraying Alexander in the Shahnameh and what is the reason for the presence of the Mongol rulers in Alexander's delegation? Based on the research on the subjects of these paintings, we come to the conclusion that by placing themselves in Alexander's delegation, the Mongols intended to create identity in the minds of Iranians. So that the faces of kings like Alexander and the kings of ancient Iran help their acceptance and popularity. This descriptive-analytical research has been done by the library method Manuscript profile -
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97 - Mystical Feature of Champions in some Narratives of Shahnameh
Leila Ahmadinasr Ali Eshghi Sardehi Saiid RouzbahaniWe believe that Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is one of the major masterpieces of the world literature, which not only Iranians but also fairly scholars in the field of world literature value its magnificence, and in this great work, we deal with ghostly figures So that Shahname MoreWe believe that Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is one of the major masterpieces of the world literature, which not only Iranians but also fairly scholars in the field of world literature value its magnificence, and in this great work, we deal with ghostly figures So that Shahnameh is the hallmark of the whole view of the ideal-mystical human in three social, individual and mystical domains.Accordingly, in this study, with the acknowledgment that Ferdowsi has in no way referred to the term full of human or ideal and ideal in Shahnameh, based on some of the narratives of Shahnameh and their idolical characters, they introduce mystical pretexts Iranian and Indo-Iranian pilots. The results of this study indicate that Ferdowsi referred to many issues as the mystical dimensions of the champions and the features of the mystical man in this work in three areas: human relationship with God (mystical ethics), human relationship with self (individual morality) and relationship Man is manifested by creation (social ethics). Manuscript profile -
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98 - Mystical Manifestation of Vedic Gods in Avesta and Shahnameh
Zohreh SarmadThe attainment of knowledge is the most important goal of the philosophical, artistic and mystical efforts of the world of today and yesterday. The power of revelation is sometimes exercised with imagination and imagination; But many similarities and commonalities can b MoreThe attainment of knowledge is the most important goal of the philosophical, artistic and mystical efforts of the world of today and yesterday. The power of revelation is sometimes exercised with imagination and imagination; But many similarities and commonalities can be found between them. In this study, the aim is to examine mystical ideas in two works that seem to contradict mysticism, but research on them has shown that, despite the apparent contradictions, there are many similarities and commonalities in achieving knowledge. Shahnameh is not a mystical work. However, the origin of mysticism is the God-seeking nature of man and no heart can be found in which there is no sign of mystical tendencies and thoughts. Some of the mythological and epic characters of Shahnameh are the gods of Rig Veda religious songs; After the advent of Ashuzardasht and the spread of monotheism, they appeared in the form of gods and kings in the first epic work, Avesta, and after Islam, they became the great kings and heroes of Shahnameh; in the history of these men and in some other The stories of Shahnameh come to discussions in which Ferdowsi's poetry becomes more like a mystical allegorical system. In this research, while introducing these characters to the mythical background and their evolution from the Vedas to Avesta and Shahnameh and analysis Mystical mention of each. Manuscript profile -
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99 - A Comparative study of Brevity and Periphrasis in the History of Tabari and Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, Based on the Narration of Shapur Zolaktaf
mahmoud ramezani manizheh fallahi reza fahimiSassanid kings ruled in Iran for a long time and various historical books have been written about them . One of the famous kings of this period is Shapur Zolaktaf who ruled more than the other kings of this dynasty . His foreign policy in settling the border situation a MoreSassanid kings ruled in Iran for a long time and various historical books have been written about them . One of the famous kings of this period is Shapur Zolaktaf who ruled more than the other kings of this dynasty . His foreign policy in settling the border situation and expelling the invading Arabs and Romans is of great importance . The history of Tabari and Ferdowsi's Shahnameh are both among the books that have written about the reign of this king. In this research , while introducing the historiography method of these two authors, the method of narrating the story of Shapur Zolaktaf is also expressed. The history of Tabari describes this long period with brevity and does not elaborate on any of the events . However , Ferdowsi composed important parts of this story in a narrative way and used elements of description , dialogue and scene . Manuscript profile -
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100 - The place of imaginary images in describing the human elements of Shahnameh
hossein azizpour moallem Hosein Ali Pasha Pasandi Suzan JahanianDescribing and illustrating is one of the most important abilities of a poet in creating a poetic work; Because he does this by using his mental and scientific resources and using linguistic and expressive possibilities. Ferdowsi Shahnameh is one of the poems that has a MoreDescribing and illustrating is one of the most important abilities of a poet in creating a poetic work; Because he does this by using his mental and scientific resources and using linguistic and expressive possibilities. Ferdowsi Shahnameh is one of the poems that has a high status from this perspective. Hakim Toos has finally described the artist using novel images and arrays of situations, people, conversations, scenes and events, and has created original, attractive and lasting images. In this article, an attempt is made to examine the position of imaginary images in describing the human elements of Shahnameh, which include body parts, physical and moral characteristics of human beings. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and the information has been collected based on library studies. A study of the imaginary descriptions of the human elements of the Shahnameh indicates that Ferdowsi described the characters in the best way by using metaphors, metaphors, allusions and metaphors, especially similes, artistically and creatively. Manuscript profile -
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101 - Aesthetics of artistic images in the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi
hossein azizpour moallem HOSINALI PASHAPASANDI sozan jahanianFerdowsi's Shahnameh is a mirror of the whole of Iranian history, culture and art, in which situations, people, conversations, scenes and events are described with an artistic expression, and novel, attractive and beautiful images are presented to the reader. But how an MoreFerdowsi's Shahnameh is a mirror of the whole of Iranian history, culture and art, in which situations, people, conversations, scenes and events are described with an artistic expression, and novel, attractive and beautiful images are presented to the reader. But how and by what tricks Ferdowsi created such a beautiful image has been the main subject of this research and an attempt has been made to examine the secret of beauty and charm of the great Ferdowsi's artistic illustrations in Shahnameh, especially from an expressive and novel perspective. This research is a descriptive-analytical method based on library studies and the results show that Ferdowsi with his unique mastery - which indicates the poet's mastery of the spirit of the Persian language - using the element of tone and its masterful combination with content and the use of imaginary forms such as similes, metaphors, allusions and metaphors, phonological and lexical compositions and combining it with original arrays such as repetition and phonemes, good reasoning, exaggeration, observance, etc., could show the peak of artistic images. It is unique in its kind. Manuscript profile -
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102 - Investigating the rhetorical aspects of Shahnameh letters with the approach of news and essay sentences
zinat jahani Kimia Tajnia Ismail Eslamiprivileged place in speech rhetoric, and rhetorical sciences and techniques play an important role in the formation of language. According to the rules and principles of semantics, the role and importance of sentence types in conveying concepts can be examined. This sci Moreprivileged place in speech rhetoric, and rhetorical sciences and techniques play an important role in the formation of language. According to the rules and principles of semantics, the role and importance of sentence types in conveying concepts can be examined. This science divides sentence types into news and composition and studies them in terms of secondary meanings. In this research, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner and using library sources, the author intends to study the rhetorical aspects of Shahnameh letters with the approach of the position of news and compositional sentences and has reached the conclusion that in fiction and There are many Persian epics, roles and letters that are not comparable to the letters of Ferdowsi Shahnameh and the number of 250 letters used in Shahnameh is proof of this claim. These letters are mostly used in two parts: heroism and history, and Ferdowsi's goal is not only to convey the thoughts and wishes of their sender; Rather, each is an opportunity for the sage to use innovation and diversity; Sometimes quotes parts of the story from the language of the letter writer; Sometimes, by expressing one's feelings in one's own language, Shuri speaks in order to find an opportunity to pay homage to the characters of the epic heroes, and without his presence casting a shadow over the events, he conveys his analyzes and even messages to the audience and in a word The letters are the full mirror of the Shahnameh. Manuscript profile -
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103 - A Comparative Study of Image Creation with the War of Tools in the Heroic Section of Ferdowsi Shahnameh and Masnavi Descriptions of MirzaMohammad Taher Vahid Qazvini
mohammad hosain Tashkari Bafghi Fatemeh Ghafouri Mehdiabad Pouran Yousefipour KermaniAmong the literary works of the poets of the world, we come across poems which are called literary masterpieces of the world. Ferdowsi Shahnameh is one of them. One of these topics, in which the important parts of this great book have a significant presence due to its e MoreAmong the literary works of the poets of the world, we come across poems which are called literary masterpieces of the world. Ferdowsi Shahnameh is one of them. One of these topics, in which the important parts of this great book have a significant presence due to its epic nature, is the mirrors, techniques and tools of warfare, about which no research has been done so far. Combat tools play an important role in the creation of artistic images, as they have been used throughout the Shahnameh, both in describing battle and battle scenes and in describing feast scenes. Masnavi "Tools of War", the work of Vahid Qazvini, is one of the poets of the 11th and 12th centuries AH, which has eight hundred verses and is written to describe the tools of war. This research seeks to compare the Shahnameh and Masnavi of Mirza Mohammad Taher Vahid Qazvini's war instruments in a descriptive-comparative manner. The results indicate that there is a significant difference between the creation of imagery and tool warfare in the heroic part of Ferdowsi Shahnameh and Masnavi descriptions of Mirza Taher Qazvini's war tools. Since no research has been done on this Masnavi so far, the author intends to introduce this poet and study this work and compare it with Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and identify their similarities and differences and the extent and how this poet is influenced in describing the war of tools from Shahnameh. Express Ferdowsi. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - The position of five formalist preparations in cultivating the narrative form of the mythological part of Shahnameh
mitra bighami maryam jafari Gholam Abbas zakeriThe seldom formal study of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh reveals new dimensions about the mechanism of formation of this great work. Formalists were not the discoverers of literary devices and crafts, but showed their original, pivotal and constructive influences in great works. MoreThe seldom formal study of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh reveals new dimensions about the mechanism of formation of this great work. Formalists were not the discoverers of literary devices and crafts, but showed their original, pivotal and constructive influences in great works. Shahnameh is a good arena for tracing these industries and is basically relying on formalistic arrangements that make it unmatched by its competitors in the epic genre. In the first part or the myths of Shahnameh, the use of many formalist industries can be seen as in other parts, but due to the importance of the origin, narrative and basis of this part, some formalist arrangements have been used by Ferdowsi in constructing its narrative. Have been. The present article has analyzed and identified five formalistic indicators used in the narration of this part of Shahnameh by descriptive-analytical method. The result indicates that the emphatic use of the capacity of symbols, the use of current constraints to create single propositions with high literature, the use of de-familiarization and accentuation in proportion to the strangeness of the mythical space, the high frequency of metaphor and The irony and finally the characterization of the narrative, which indicates the independence of relations in the mythical atmosphere, are among the most important factors that consolidate the narrative of the first part of the Shahnameh and create the necessary charm to make the audience loyal to follow the story. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Ritual Symbols of Existential Intelligence in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh
Zohreh Haghighi Mobarhan Mohammad ali Davoodabadi mohamadreza asadOne of the best indicators of intelligent behavior in human is the ability to utilize symbols (Gardner, 1999:24). Symbol is interrelated with the human’s conscious and subconscious mind and creates the language of myth and epic. The language of mythical and epic w MoreOne of the best indicators of intelligent behavior in human is the ability to utilize symbols (Gardner, 1999:24). Symbol is interrelated with the human’s conscious and subconscious mind and creates the language of myth and epic. The language of mythical and epic works is symbolic and mysterious. The major religions of our world have created ritual symbols to be able to set forth arguments in existential themes with their members. This study primarily sought to find out answers for the role of symbols in recreation of existential intelligence in body of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. Using an analytical-descriptive method and benefiting from library resources, this study made attempts to identify and extract ritual symbols in the Shahnameh; Finally, it was observed that existential intelligence is well represented in the light of symbols such as barsam and baj, hunting, marriage, burial, and celebration and wine by the Great Sage of Tus (Ferdowsi). No study has investigated the interrelationship among the symbols and the range of human’s intelligences rather the symbols used in Shahnameh have been studied most frequently. Therefore, this study is the pioneer in examining this untouched aspect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Analysis of Abdolsamad's allegorical paintings in Shahnameh
Effat Mohammadi Nayyer TahoriAllegory is one of the most prominent rhetorical styles in Persian literature of Iran and it can be said that allegory is also considered a method of storytelling and narration that includes a non-fiction theme with a cover of narrative elements and gives it a narrative MoreAllegory is one of the most prominent rhetorical styles in Persian literature of Iran and it can be said that allegory is also considered a method of storytelling and narration that includes a non-fiction theme with a cover of narrative elements and gives it a narrative form. Abdolsamad's paintings, which in the beginning were directly used and taken from the traditions of Iranian painting and the Tabriz school, have gradually tended towards a kind of realism, and his recent works indicate a powerful realistic approach. The purpose of this study is to analyze the allegorical drawings of Abdolsamad in Shahnameh. The method of this descriptive-analytical research and a number of drawings in the style of Iran and India have been studied. The results showed that despite the presence of artists such as Abdolsamad, the Gurkhani school was invented and reached maturity and prosperity. The use of allegory has played a role and has taken into account the specific rules and traditions of painting. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Examining religious-Islamic allusions of Shams al-Din Kashani in the system of Shahnameh of chanizi
seyed mohsen gamalizadeh Seyed Mohsen Jamalizadeh Majid Hajizadeh AskariAbstract Allusion is one of the literary arts that poets have been using for a long time in order to make their work attractive and authentic. Allusion means referring to stories, verses, traditions, etc . in poetry, if the reader can understand These hints should reach MoreAbstract Allusion is one of the literary arts that poets have been using for a long time in order to make their work attractive and authentic. Allusion means referring to stories, verses, traditions, etc . in poetry, if the reader can understand These hints should reach the knowledge of these stories, verses, narrations, etc . Otherwise, the poem will appear meaningless and meaningless in the eyes of the reader . One of these poets is Shams-al-Din-Kashani poet of the Mughal era, who, due to the religious conditions of that era, used Islamic allusions in his work, the Changizi Shahnameh . Shams-al-Din-Kashani . The research method is a library and analytical-descriptive method . The results of the research showed that Shams-al-Din-Kashani used religious - Islamic allusions, i.e. verses, narratives and stories, cleverly and expertly . This art is profitable in its own work, which indicates the religious-Islamic beliefs of the poet . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Investigation of syntactic deviation in romantic dialogues in the story of Zal and Rudabe
Kimia Tajnia Kimia Tajnia Nemat Esfahani OmranConversations have been prevalent in the famous works of Persian poets and writers from the past until now in different ways. In the Shahnameh, the conversation is generally done in two ways, the face-to-face conversation and the distant conversation, and each of these MoreConversations have been prevalent in the famous works of Persian poets and writers from the past until now in different ways. In the Shahnameh, the conversation is generally done in two ways, the face-to-face conversation and the distant conversation, and each of these conversations is done with different people and with specific goals and perspectives. The dialogues of each story express the characters of that story and it is through the dialogues that one can reach the hidden angles of the characters of the stories. The story of Zal's love for Rudaba is one of the most important love stories of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. Because the result of this love is the birth of Rostam, the great hero of Shahnameh. In this research, the author is trying to investigate the syntactic norm avoidance with a descriptive-analytical approach and a library tool in romantic dialogues in the story of Zal and Rudaba. Also, investigate innovation and norm avoidance at its syntactic level. The results of the research show that Ferdowsi, in the story of Zal and Rudabeh, has distinguished his language from the standard language by using syntactic avoidance and has somehow made his poem stand out. In this type of norm avoidance, Ferdowsi messed up the structure governing the language and used the grammatical features of the language to highlight, and tried to create in this field. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Rivers in Shahnameh
maryam ja'fary reza ashraf zadeh Rivers in Shahnameh are remarkable and outstanding places that could be scrutinised because, as with heroes, they have characters, and beyond their typical properties, they also carry with them personal traits. Mythified, rivers have become enigmatic, ensuing myt More Rivers in Shahnameh are remarkable and outstanding places that could be scrutinised because, as with heroes, they have characters, and beyond their typical properties, they also carry with them personal traits. Mythified, rivers have become enigmatic, ensuing mythical events. With their magical water, rivers have expanded upon the bounds of myths. And all these are the portrayal of an abstract, miniature river whose feature is to always flow and to sporadically flood. In this article, amongst the rivers mentioned in Shahnameh, we only focus on the rivers where an event takes place, such as Arvand Rud, Kaseh Rud, the Euphrates, Oxus, Sanbar, Helmand, etc, so that we could bespeak Ferdowsi’s fidelity and the illustration of Shahnameh’s geographical and mythical significance. Manuscript profile -
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110 - A Study of the Similarities and the Differences of the Jamshid Character in Shahnameh and Avesta
zhreh sarmadJamshid is one of the ancient Indian-Iranian gods, whose name has appeared in the Vedas, Shahnameh, and Avesta. This ancient mythical character has gradually changed to an epic character; he has descended from the rank of gods to the form of a great king in Shahnameh an MoreJamshid is one of the ancient Indian-Iranian gods, whose name has appeared in the Vedas, Shahnameh, and Avesta. This ancient mythical character has gradually changed to an epic character; he has descended from the rank of gods to the form of a great king in Shahnameh and Avesta. The story of Jamshid in Avesta is closer to its original myth. In Shahnameh, the character is more epic due to the influence of Muslim narrators, the poet’s religious beliefs, and coordination with the social beliefs and ideas. Studying the different aspects of this character can help understand the development process and find out the similarities and differences in the mentioned works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - The Reflection of Keeping a Promise in Shahnameh and in Avestan and Pahlavi Texts
hoseyn jalaliShahnameh is a full-scale reflection of culture, philosophy and thoughts of Iranians and the manifestation of their beliefs, rituals, and social customs that can be analyzed with different approaches. This masterpiece is the most important source of versed culture of pa MoreShahnameh is a full-scale reflection of culture, philosophy and thoughts of Iranians and the manifestation of their beliefs, rituals, and social customs that can be analyzed with different approaches. This masterpiece is the most important source of versed culture of past Iranians. The source and basis of Shahnameh’s poetical sense is Khwaday-Namags (Samanid era history texts), memoirs, religious narrations, Avesta, Pahlavi texts and even paintings. Because of this, this famous Iranian book of poetry was influenced by beliefs and customs of these sources and these traditions are mentioned in the masterpiece of Ferdowsi either by telling the whole story or by mentioning it. This research studies one of ancient Iranians’ customs, promising and keeping one’s promise, which is commonly included in Shahnameh, Avesta and Pahlavi texts. There has also been an emphasis on the fact that Shahnameh is the strongest document of the cultural identity of ancient Iranians and the anthology of Iranians’ past culture. Proof of this claim can be seen in the texts before Ferdowsi and contemporaneous works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Determination of the Environmental Design Factors Contributing to Children’s Creativity Based on the Concepts of Shahnameh
Hassan Rezaei Ali Kazemi Sude Farrokhfar Sare Farrokhfar -
Open Access Article
113 - Explaining The Position 0f Women in the Marriage Narrations of Shahnameh Tahmaspi, Based on the Intertextual Analysis of Text and Image
Shohreh Doosti Farzaneh Farrokhfar Arman YaghubpourThe aim of this study was to explain the position of women in the marriage narrations of Shahnameh Tahmaspi based on the intertextual analysis of text and images in Iran. The present study statistical universe included all the drawings of Tahmaspi Shahnameh. The sample MoreThe aim of this study was to explain the position of women in the marriage narrations of Shahnameh Tahmaspi based on the intertextual analysis of text and images in Iran. The present study statistical universe included all the drawings of Tahmaspi Shahnameh. The sample subsumed 29 images in all of which women have an important and key role. The research design was descriptive-analytical. The data collecting method was through library documentary, observation and reviewing the intertextual drawings and analyzing the visual elements in the selected works. Data were analyzed using interdisciplinary studies and content analysis methods. The results showed that the position of women in Shahnameh marriage narrations were rooted in the mythological beliefs of Iranians and in this regard, had a special validity. Due to the mythological structure of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, fidelity and adherence to the principles of the original texts was quite clear. However, in the depiction of the paintings of Tahmaspi Shahnameh, there were obvious differences with the text, the source of which was the culture of the Safavid society and the beliefs of the patriarchal society of that period. Manuscript profile -
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114 - The Epic Character of Homay Chehrzad in Shahnameh
Fatemeh HajirahimiThe purpose of this research was to review the epic character of Homay Chehrzad; daughter of Bahman in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. The studied population was the women in “Shahnameh” such as Arnawaz, Sharnaz and Homay; the daughter of Garshasb. Homay Chehrzad was MoreThe purpose of this research was to review the epic character of Homay Chehrzad; daughter of Bahman in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. The studied population was the women in “Shahnameh” such as Arnawaz, Sharnaz and Homay; the daughter of Garshasb. Homay Chehrzad was selected as the sample of the research. The research was set to be descriptive analytic which finally studied the myths via putting the forgotten parts of “Ardi sur Anahita” the “Mother” myth together by reviewing the later myths. To collect data, the library method and index cards note taking was implemented. The results revealed that in every nation, there existed a mother myth that remained constant as a sign of nation cultural conscience and it could not be vanished. These myths were the origin and the pattern of the later myths. In the most cases, the mother's own myth or some of its constituent elements had been faded for some reasons and over time; but such myths were not completely vanished, while throughout the history they were recreated and reconstructed from the collective subconscious memory along with other narratives. The research finally concluded that the mythical personality of water and fertility goddess, Ardi sur Anahita in the epic era, was probably due to two major factors in the evolution of myths; "demythologize" and "factor fraction" distributed and dispersed her traits and affinities in several smaller characters and ultimately the transcendental and divine attributes were superseded and in one of its manifestations, it was become Homay Chehrzad. Manuscript profile -
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115 - Mourning Rituals In Epics, Emphatically By Women (Based On Shahnameh)
Saba BiyokzadeThe study of Shahnameh epic rituals mourning indicated that narrative fiction, reality and historical epic about the grief is overwhelming similarities and traditional customs still have remained in some parts of Iran country. This article introduced the mourning ritual MoreThe study of Shahnameh epic rituals mourning indicated that narrative fiction, reality and historical epic about the grief is overwhelming similarities and traditional customs still have remained in some parts of Iran country. This article introduced the mourning rituals in epics and has demonstrated the extent to which these customs were practiced by women. The study was preceded based on the Shahnameh as the main source .To review the rituals, Siavash's death was independently taken into concern. Since most of the mourning rituals were adopted and implemented as principles in all mourning events, following the Siavash's death. And even nowadays have been practiced so far. In this respect, before explaining the rules and principles of mourning, the Siavash's death ceremony was discussed, and then each and every ritual has been explained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - The Character and Role of Woman in Shahnameh Stories
حسین Ali NaghiThe Role and share of Woman in Ferdowsi Shahnameh stories has been as a controversial issue among the experts. Some claimed misogynistic stands for the Shahnameh while others denied such an attitude. The current research purposed to review the character, role and the co MoreThe Role and share of Woman in Ferdowsi Shahnameh stories has been as a controversial issue among the experts. Some claimed misogynistic stands for the Shahnameh while others denied such an attitude. The current research purposed to review the character, role and the contribution of women in Shahnameh Stories. The character of any Shahnameh woman is peerless and unique; such as their roles that are not similar in all stories and have different weights and frequency in each part of the Shahnameh: the mythology part, the heroic-epic part and the historic part. This article, at first, discussed the general atmosphere about women in Shahnameh stories and then reviewed the various roles of women in the tales and finally, analyzed each character and function of each woman in the trend of each story and tale. Manuscript profile -
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117 - The Two Women (Comparative Study of Soodabeh of The Shahnameh with Su-Daji Stories and Feng Shen Yan Yi)
Sareh Tarbiat Sayed Ahmad Hosany kazerooni Maryam Parhizkar Davood YahyaeiThe goal of this article was to study the story of Soodabeh from Shahnnameh, and the Su-Daji from the book of Feng Shen Yan Yi comparatively. It was found that the general structure of both stories had a lot in common; furthermore, there were a lot of similarities betwe MoreThe goal of this article was to study the story of Soodabeh from Shahnnameh, and the Su-Daji from the book of Feng Shen Yan Yi comparatively. It was found that the general structure of both stories had a lot in common; furthermore, there were a lot of similarities between the characters of these two works (Soodabeh and Su-Daji, Siavash and Yin Yaiao, Kavoos and Zhou Yang), their living environment and upbringing, physical appearance , personality traits, and their final fates. For clarification of common points and sometimes identical points in both stories beyond the effects of cultural passion between Iranians and Chinese, we should relay on aggregative subconscious of the human, because the main texture of these two stories are based on the old pattern of forbidden love with the stepsons and whole events are shaped on this pivot. Manuscript profile -
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118 - Marriage analysis in Shahnameh
Sayedeh Saeedeh SanjariThe purpose of the current research was to investigate the role and position of women as effective elements in marriage and having a family in the Shahnameh. The social approach of the stories in Shahnameh showed that having a family was out of patriarchal principles. I MoreThe purpose of the current research was to investigate the role and position of women as effective elements in marriage and having a family in the Shahnameh. The social approach of the stories in Shahnameh showed that having a family was out of patriarchal principles. In the other words, women were the social organizers of the family and men did not have any role in organizing of the family, while in the mythological approach there were patriarchy to the extent that there could be found bravery and courage of men, as the battlefields `s victorious everywhere in Shahnameh. Cultural view of the Shahnameh to the marriage implied that most marriages were based on choosing wife from strange people and tribes suggesting the high characters of women in the society and it was insisted on the important role of women in managing their children affairs, especially their marriage. The other thing was that Ferdowsi have always showed the tendency toward choosing wife from strange tribes at the beginning of his epics stories that was accompanied with a kind of love stories to magnify these heroic characters. The results were inferred by reviewing verses and stories from Shahnameh as evidences. Manuscript profile -
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119 - Analysis Of Jirieh and Katayun Dreams In Shahnameh Based on Jung Theory
معصومه RamezaniThe myth is a scared narrative and dream is an unconscious natural phenomenon that appears in conscious. Myth and dream connected to each other ; both benefiting from a symbolic language and needed explanations. The aim of this paper was to review Jrireh and Katayun dre MoreThe myth is a scared narrative and dream is an unconscious natural phenomenon that appears in conscious. Myth and dream connected to each other ; both benefiting from a symbolic language and needed explanations. The aim of this paper was to review Jrireh and Katayun dreams in the Ferdowsi Shahnameh based on Jung theory. It was concluded that dreams were considered the inclusion of archetypal image of collective unconscious and had significance role in the development of Shahnameh stories. Jrireh dream was a huge dream regarding its own collective mythological essence consequented by death for the inhabitants of Kalat desert. But big dream of Katayun promised celebration and festival that would occur with the union (marriage) of Katayoun and Goshtasp. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Interpersonal conflict management in Shahnameh
nazila yakhdansaz parvaneh adelzadeh kamran pashayi fakhriA fundamental and important aspect of organizational behavior is conflict between people that arise because of differences in feelings, goals, , and values among individuals. Conflict management, as a major approach in organizational behavior, attempts to control these MoreA fundamental and important aspect of organizational behavior is conflict between people that arise because of differences in feelings, goals, , and values among individuals. Conflict management, as a major approach in organizational behavior, attempts to control these conflicts by proposing several solutions. If Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh, as a unique epic work, is to be summarized into a few characteristics, certainly, the most important characteristic would be its conflicts and struggles together with their positive and negative impacts that seems to have overshadowed the entire work. in the current study, the interpersonal conflicts in Shahanameh have been extracted. Then, these cases of conflict have been decoded and adapted to the evidence at hand. Later, the styles of managing conflict presented in Shahnameh have been explained and the research question has been elaborated accordingly. In the current study, Ferdowsi’s managerial viewpoints have been discussed and it has been found that with the skills of a modern manager, Ferdowsi is familiar with principles and dimensions of this science and is attempting to make the most appropriate decisions in various situations, by having a through command of the condition at hand, he wants to stimulate people according to their needs and make diverse decisions in situations that are just superficially similar. The purpose of the current study is to show Ferdowsi’s major viewpoints and present his solutions and methods based on controlling and solving interpersonal conflicts and struggles that arise in various situations. This could be considered as a significant model for modern managers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - The link between the sacred space of mythology of Iran and the epic place of Shahnameh Ferdowsi
Haamed Bashiri zirmaanloo Alireza Mozaffari Abdoalnaaser NazariyaaniThe mythological location is one of the most influential features of myth on the epic. Based on Middle Persian texts, Xoniras known as the holy center. As a special creation of Urmazd. This is the place to start creation. This sacred center of Zoroastrian religion based MoreThe mythological location is one of the most influential features of myth on the epic. Based on Middle Persian texts, Xoniras known as the holy center. As a special creation of Urmazd. This is the place to start creation. This sacred center of Zoroastrian religion based on the transition of mythological elements to the epic, has entered to the text of Shahnameh and it has introduced some of its special features such as: holiness, sustainability, envy and Zoroastrian care, into the text of the epic. In order to demonstrate scientific proof that Xoniras is the concept of Iran in Shahnameh, It was necessary to introduce a set of links of these two mythological and epic places. Therefore, some links such as: Heroes and heroic ethics, enemies of Iran, magic, rationalism of Iranians, and Farah and Farahmandi have been investigated and recognized. The approach of the present article to the discussion of mythology has been based on the phenomenology school of Mircea Eliade, and based on the theoretical principles of this school, the spatial relationship between myth and epic has been explained. Manuscript profile -
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122 - Reviews and analysis of personality disorder narcissism Jamshid in the Shahnameh
zeinab Bagheri Mohamad Ali Davood abadyPsychology study of literature make it possible for the reader to analyze the literary text in a new perspective. Shahnameh is the most important and valid document mythic, epic history of Iran. This article tries to describe one of the characters psychologically by usi MorePsychology study of literature make it possible for the reader to analyze the literary text in a new perspective. Shahnameh is the most important and valid document mythic, epic history of Iran. This article tries to describe one of the characters psychologically by using descriptive analytical method from psychological perspective. We read in this article that jamshid was a king and a chaplain. He thought about the need of contemporary people. He was very clever. His intelligence understand the position and the circumference. He adapted the life and the environment .he made positive changes, and caused a geat transformation in the life of people and social welfare .but respect of people, made him proud. He thought that he was unrivaled and unparalleled. He felt he was valuable and worthy. It was a false sense of confidence. Finally Jamshid got narcissist. He was boaster and proud of himself. In the end because of ingratitude to GOD, He died the worest in Shahnameh. Manuscript profile -
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123 - A Study on the effects of the fund amentals of Anahita religion on Bijan O Manije Story
Masoud PakdelThis essay investigates the foundations of Anahita's religion in the story of Bijan and Manijeh. Foundations of Anahita's religion, including life and nascence, holiness and benediction, domination and power, etc., are observed in the story of Bijan and Manijeh which ha MoreThis essay investigates the foundations of Anahita's religion in the story of Bijan and Manijeh. Foundations of Anahita's religion, including life and nascence, holiness and benediction, domination and power, etc., are observed in the story of Bijan and Manijeh which has the thin and invisible thread of plant myth and story. Anahita, the goddess of water, is the purity and cleanliness angel throughout ancient Iran. She has played a role in creation myth of Zarathustra and the promised child of Zarathustra. She is the symbol of female chastity and purity. She has power and is dominant, is doer and actor. The results from this research show that in the story of Bijan and Manijeh, Manijeh represents Anahita's performances. She has fallen in love and is lovesick. Her feminine spirit flows in the story. She is Bijan's savior and provides him with food and water and librates him. His fall in well leads to consummation of her marriage because Bijan has to go through tough times to be qualified to consummate the marriage of Manijeh who manifests the traits of Anahita goddess. Manuscript profile -
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124 - Comparative comparison of Ferdowsi Shahnameh with the policy of Khajeh Nizam al-Mulk in the field of litigation
Mohammad Reza Ebrahimi Masoud Sarhadi Roghighd Ebrahimi ZaThe main benefit of analysis in comparative literature between two works is the existence of an idea with different and common angles despite the temporal, spatial and cultural differences. It is very important to analyze the Zarwani and Islamic thought of the famous Ha MoreThe main benefit of analysis in comparative literature between two works is the existence of an idea with different and common angles despite the temporal, spatial and cultural differences. It is very important to analyze the Zarwani and Islamic thought of the famous Hakim of Tous as a comprehensive epic writer and to compare his point of view with the Muslim scientist and politician, Khajeh Nizam-ol-Molk Tusi in the field of litigation and clarifying the angles and ideas of these two greats. Considering that Shahnameh is expresses the idealism and belief of a nation in the field of litigation and justice, in comparing this work with the Syasatnameh of Khajeh Nizam-ol-Molk, it can be said that the approach and strategy of these two famous person of Persian literature in the mentioned works was to invite the tyrants and oppressors of the time to sue; The issue of litigation in Shahnameh is one of the most central issues and in the Syasatnameh more briefly and concisely is stated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - The political Structure of the shahnameh in the political thought of the Frankfurt school
mandana alimi SARA javid mozafariAccording to Habermas's theoretical framework, from the "relation of political thought to the course of the history of Western political thought", thought and politics in the classical period and in the Aristotelian tradition are intertwined around the concept of "happi MoreAccording to Habermas's theoretical framework, from the "relation of political thought to the course of the history of Western political thought", thought and politics in the classical period and in the Aristotelian tradition are intertwined around the concept of "happiness" because thought defines and Politics realizes the concept of happiness. Whereas in modern thought, in the Hobbesian tradition, ethics and politics are separated. In fact, the objective of the political structure of the Shahnameh is to make citizens happy as well as to create a foundation for security and the realization of welfare; By this description, in the framework of Habermas's theory ،this article argues that in the minds of Frankfurt school thinkers, thought and politics, like the classical tradition, can provide the concept of religious and scientific welfare, prosperity, justice, security, and assistance to the needy, which is the "virtue ethic".Machiavelli's "political ideas" and Moore's "social order" are not explained by the "virtuous" life of citizens. The question of these modern thinkers, unlike classical thinkers, is not the question of the moral condition of "the good life", but the question of the real conditions of survival. That's Moore's point. With this explanation, one can examine the gap between communicative rationality versus instrumental rationality according to Frankfurt in the political structure of the Shahnameh. This school leads us to "social consensus" and considers achieving liberation from worldly possessions as objective reason. Manuscript profile -
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126 - Analysis of the characterization aspects of Fereydoun's sons according to Adler's theories
Masoumeh Mohamadnejad Yadollah taleshiLiterature, Because of its broad nature, has thematic analogy with other humanities subject like psychology and it has ability of performing interdisciplinary research. Shahnameh is one of the most important works of Persian literature which its creator, Ferdowsi, descr MoreLiterature, Because of its broad nature, has thematic analogy with other humanities subject like psychology and it has ability of performing interdisciplinary research. Shahnameh is one of the most important works of Persian literature which its creator, Ferdowsi, describes its key characters in such a way that one can obtain their Hidden psychological and personality aspects with psychological analysis. This implies poet’s careful look at human psyche and nature. Among these characters one can mention Fereydoon’s sons which Ferdowsi describes their behavior and motivation. By considering this descriptions and signs and comparison of them, one can conclude that Tur and Salm’s Neurosis leads to the death of Iraj. Between characters of Fereydoon tale, Tur and salm are anti-heroes which in this paper their psychological motives of their behavior are supposed to be because of humiliation Obsession. Based on Ferdowsi’s report, neurosis of Tur and Salm is because of: dissatisfaction of their share, being upset by the father, exile from the place of birth and fame of Iraj between guards. In addition, some of the Behavioral characteristics of Tur and Salm which lead to Fratricide are: greed or avarice, anger, hatred, envy and jealousy, arrogance, and fear. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - Theology and Its Systematic Uses in Mythical and Heroic Periods of Shahnameh- e- Ferdowsi
Ahmad Amini Kamran Pashaei Fakhri Khalil hadidiIn this article, through studying different concepts of ‘‘God’’ and its synonyms, in spite of its ambiguity, in Shahnameh, I have tried to find out the real thought of this dignified sage about Godliness; in other words, how has he seen or descri MoreIn this article, through studying different concepts of ‘‘God’’ and its synonyms, in spite of its ambiguity, in Shahnameh, I have tried to find out the real thought of this dignified sage about Godliness; in other words, how has he seen or described it? So, after considering the mythical and heroic poems of this great work, I discovered that he has been an enamoured worshipper of God. He believes that Godliness is the source of prosperity and safety and Godlessness causes adversity and pain. Divine magnificence and wisdom brings about honour and pride; and selfishness and ingratitude cause humiliation and affliction. He believes that human being has a God-seeking nature, so, ancient Iranians were never atheist. Thus, Ferdowsi was in search for a utopian society based on monotheism which he called spiritual being of man and he ignored otherwise. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - The Symbolic Application of Ritual-Mythical Names and Beliefs in Siavash kasraeis poetry
Hossein Heydari Fatemeh FarzaneAlthough Persian literature’s progressed based on social revolutions and its prominent content is social and political events, a number of our contemporary poets, although have come up with community phenomena, but have valuable heritage of the predecessors so tha MoreAlthough Persian literature’s progressed based on social revolutions and its prominent content is social and political events, a number of our contemporary poets, although have come up with community phenomena, but have valuable heritage of the predecessors so that they interest it in their poetries. Siyavash Kasraie, one of the contemporary poet, paid attention a lot to traditional literature, especially Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh, and this eternal work was so respectful and worthy that he felt belonging to it. Kasraie has used the mythical and heroic personalities within its poetries intentionally. On the other hand, according to history of events, he often represented it as symbolic as it possible. He recreated old myths during a number of his works where “Red Piece” verse is the most important one. At his study, we study the symbolic reflection of mythical personalities within collection of poetries of Siyavash Kasraie and we want to answer the following question: what was the purpose of Kasraie concerning to recreation of myths?, which mythical personality has he represented during its poem and who are they?. Results show that Kasraie recreated the national myths in order to state his beliefs and ideas. He, also, paid attention a lot to “Siyavash” and “Sohrab” among mythical personalities as well as considered it for combative and militant youths. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - The translation of Shahnameh and its effect on the work of Hugo, Lamartine and Coppee
Maasumeh zandiShahnameh is one of the greatest epic works in Iran and the world. This wonderful work has influenced greatly the other nations’ poets and authors, particularly, French literary figures and intellectuals. This analytic – descriptive paper first talks about t MoreShahnameh is one of the greatest epic works in Iran and the world. This wonderful work has influenced greatly the other nations’ poets and authors, particularly, French literary figures and intellectuals. This analytic – descriptive paper first talks about translating of Shahnameh, then studies its effect on the works of Hugo, Lamartine and Coppée. Among the numerous Persian literature’s masterpieces, Shahnameh more than other works, has been the focus of attention and interest of the French. This interest was so great that it made the French orientalists translate this work. Louis Langlès, the French orientalist, was the first literary figure who translated some parts of Shahnameh into French. After Langlès, Jacques de Wallenbourg, another orientalist from Austria, translated Shahnameh. But his death in 1806 left the translation unfinished. Jules Mohl was the only translator who could translate the whole Shahnameh into French, after forty years of effort. The translation of Shahnameh brought about a great change in the works of French poets and authors, especially in Romantic and Parnass school poets. Hugo composed Legend of Centuries, also he entered a large number of Shahnameh’s couplets in his Orientals. Lamartine created Life of Great Men and Coppée composed «The Two Tombs», one of the most famous poems of his Complete works. Carrying out this research and the researchs like this, help us to contemplate our past generations works with a new viewpoint, to recognize the important exploitable elements of our literature, and also to see the great writers of our country in the mirror of the other nations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Lyrical Comparison of Bijan and Manijeh in Firdausi’s Shahnameh with Alamas Khan Kandoleei’s Shahnameh
Mostafa RadmardFirdausi’s Shahnameh which is in epical field of universal division point of view, is not bare of lyrical aspects. With no doubt, paying attention to Firdausi’s Shahnameh and at the result, composing epic of kings among different Iranian clans is so importan MoreFirdausi’s Shahnameh which is in epical field of universal division point of view, is not bare of lyrical aspects. With no doubt, paying attention to Firdausi’s Shahnameh and at the result, composing epic of kings among different Iranian clans is so important that they are thinking of recomposing stories of Shahnameh in their own language. Among Kurdish clan, because of their close cultural and lingual attributes to Persian language, the motivation contains a special manifestation. The paper tries to explore Bijan and Manijeh story of Almas Khan Kandoleei’s Kurdish Shahnameh which is an epical sample and an imitation of Firdausi’s Shahnameh. The paper explores it in lyrical view and in two amorous and emotional (apology, vinous, demand and request, plaint, satire and mocking, praise and worship, lament, glory and lampoon) couplet fields. Then, considering cultural parameters of two Persian and Kurdish languages, in addition to frequency of lyrical objects, their common and different aspects will be determined. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Lyrical comparison of Bijan and Manijeh in Firdausi’s Shahnameh with Alamas Khan Kandoleei’s Shahnameh
Mostafa Radmard Mir Jalalodin Kazzazi Mohammad Ali Daoodabadi FarahaniFirdausi’s Shahnameh which is in epical field of universal division point of view, is not bare of lyrical aspects. With no doubt, paying attention to Firdausi’s Shahnameh and at the result, composing epic of kings among different Iranian clans is so importan MoreFirdausi’s Shahnameh which is in epical field of universal division point of view, is not bare of lyrical aspects. With no doubt, paying attention to Firdausi’s Shahnameh and at the result, composing epic of kings among different Iranian clans is so important that they are thinking of recomposing stories of Shahnameh in their own language. Among Kurdish clan, because of their close cultural and lingual attributes to Persian language, the motivation contains a special manifestation. The paper tries to explore Bijan and Manijeh story of Almas Khan Kandoleei’s Kurdish Shahnameh which is an epical sample and an imitation of Firdausi’s Shahnameh. The paper explores it in lyrical view and in two amorous and emotional (apology, vinous, demand and request, plaint, satire and mocking, praise and worship, lament, glory and lampoon) couplet fields. Then, considering cultural parameters of two Persian and Kurdish languages, in addition to frequency of lyrical objects, their common and different aspects will be determined. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Studying the Role of National Epics in Naming the geographical phenomena inGhorveh
Teymoor Malmir Khaled SoltaniThe wide variety of ethnic groups and cultures in Iran has been a great advantage for this country, providing a rich substantial culture and a lively society. However, this variety and multiplicity has sometimes been used by the country's enemies as means for engenderin MoreThe wide variety of ethnic groups and cultures in Iran has been a great advantage for this country, providing a rich substantial culture and a lively society. However, this variety and multiplicity has sometimes been used by the country's enemies as means for engendering schism a diversion in the country. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, due to its richness and profundity, can play its traditional role of providing national identity and unity. In order to demonstrate the significant role of Shahnameh in providing Iranian groups with a single national identity, we considered the effect of Shahnameh on naming geographical phenomenon in Ghorveh with four towns and twelve rural areas. This research, registering geographical names and being impressed of Shahnameh, prevents this national unity from obliteration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Analysis of common moral virtues and characteristics in Shahnameh and Avesta
Rahmatullah Dabir Hamid Tabasi Abolghasem Radfar Moral and social themes are one of the main topics in Persian literature and from the past until now it has been the manifestation of the purest and purest meanings and moral and educational themes, so that in each period, a large part of Persian poetry is d More Moral and social themes are one of the main topics in Persian literature and from the past until now it has been the manifestation of the purest and purest meanings and moral and educational themes, so that in each period, a large part of Persian poetry is devoted to wisdom and sermon and literature It is a teaching of one of the most common and ancient literary genres in the world, which provides rational and moral teachings to the audience in order to achieve happiness and prosperity by applying them in life. In Shahnameh, which is an epic work, there is talk of ideal human beings who are adorned with good human qualities and adherence to morality is the most prominent feature of their lives. Ferdowsi, who has a pure and well-groomed speech, is committed to moral virtues, and in the stories of Shahnameh, he expresses these values in human life. The Avesta, which is an educational and moral work, is also full of goodness and humanitarian thoughts; In which moral themes are expressed in different ways. This article tries to examine the common moral characteristics of these two works by using content analysis method and descriptive-comparative method and by library tools; The result was that Shahnameh, while being influenced and absorbing the cultural components of the religion of Islam, has also taken many influences from the culture of pre-Islamic Iran, and has preserved and recorded many of its cultural components. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Comparative study of the transcendental concept of "demon" in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Hadith Sanai
Reza Moradian Dr. Khorshid Norouzi Dr. Khadijeh Bahrami RahnamaShahnameh and Hadiqah, as two important literary works in two different epic and mystical subjects, have many similarities. One of the similarities between the two is the transcendental concepts of demon, which are used in both works, and cause these two works to have a MoreShahnameh and Hadiqah, as two important literary works in two different epic and mystical subjects, have many similarities. One of the similarities between the two is the transcendental concepts of demon, which are used in both works, and cause these two works to have a special affinity in terms of aspect. Transcendental principles and themes and surreal ideas can be traced back to the mythological beliefs, religious beliefs and intellectual traditions of the time and even mystical ideas. The objective manifestations of the demon are based on mythological beliefs that have sometimes been used to symbolize Ferdowsi. The word demon was common in Iranian culture before Islam and changed after the advent of Islam and gave way to jinn. In this research, which is descriptive-analytical and with a library method; The supernatural concept of demon has been criticized in Shahnameh as the most important epic work and Hadiqah al-Haqiqah as the foremost official mystical work by mentioning evidences and comparing their frequency. This research shows that in Shahnameh, the demon has lost its previous position and the authority of the court and the influence they have had in existence has been drastically reduced and they have approached a lower position. While Sanai emphasizes its mystical aspects; Sometimes he uses it in the sense of jinn and sometimes in the sense of inner devil; In some cases, he thinks the same as the meaning of the devil, and sometimes, by using it metaphorically, he opens the door to interpretation and interpretation to this concept. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - A Comparative Study of Shahnameh Narration from "Bahman Kingdom to the Beginning of the Parthians" with Independent Historical Books
Dr effat najar nobari Ferdowsi is the greatest pillar of the Persian language and literature of Iran and his famous Shahnameh, one of the greatest epic and literary books of Iran and the world. The Shahnameh, which has a general perspective in three parts of mythology, epic and history More Ferdowsi is the greatest pillar of the Persian language and literature of Iran and his famous Shahnameh, one of the greatest epic and literary books of Iran and the world. The Shahnameh, which has a general perspective in three parts of mythology, epic and history, and in the historical period shows itself from the kingdom of the Persian kings. One of the sections that has been neglected by Ferdowsi scholars is the historical section of Shahnameh, the main reason for which is Ferdowsi's lack of attention and reluctance to continue the narrations. This written method, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, shows that Ferdowsi, in writing this section, also pays more attention to oral narratives than to the originality of independent subjects and histories. He differs from others on the basis of his poetic feelings and may not be superfluous to the excesses and excesses in it. In this study, the narration of Shahnameh has been compared with some independent historical books such as the complete history of Ibn Athir, Mas'udi, Tha'alabi, Yaqoubi and the cultures of Shahnameh, Dehkhoda, Moin, etc. The location of the events is the number of kings and the length of their reign, which is more in line with Tha'alabi's narration. In most of the similarities between the historical books, it is consistent with the totality of the events and stories of these books. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - A comparative comparison of Ahuraian men in Shahnameh and Avesta based on the royal family
zinat jahani Kimia Tajnia Ismail EslamiFerdowsi tried to keep the names of the heroes and princes in front of them with the language of epic. Ferdowsi, out of national attachment, turned mythical themes into epics and entered the Shahnameh. Shahnameh Summary of culture, religion, customs and aspirations of a MoreFerdowsi tried to keep the names of the heroes and princes in front of them with the language of epic. Ferdowsi, out of national attachment, turned mythical themes into epics and entered the Shahnameh. Shahnameh Summary of culture, religion, customs and aspirations of a nation over the centuries and millennia and the profound impact of religious beliefs, historical events and cultural customs in all its historical and social periods is obvious. Loves and hatreds, victories and defeats, sorrows and joys, wars, and reconciliations have all been deposited in the collective memory of a nation and the basis of creation is based on the confrontation of Ahura and the devil, ugliness and beauty, darkness and light and strife. The good and the bad are in the realm of existence and epic. In Shahnameh and Avesta, we encounter two types of Ahuraian and demonic men. Of course, some of the men in these two works have different faces and are Ahuraian in one and demonic in the other, or it is difficult to determine whether they are Ahuraian or demonic. In this study, which is organized by descriptive-analytical method and library method, the author has made a comparative comparison of Ahuraian men in Shahnameh and Avesta based on the royal family. In this study, it was found that the kings mentioned in Shahnameh and Avesta except Goshtasp They are the same and Ferdowsi's general view of him in the Shahnameh is different from that of the Avesta. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - A comparison of common themes between Gordafarid story and Bannery and Delhi conquer epic
mahmoud sadeghzadeh Maryam Davari A comparative study of literature, always reveals the secrets and codes, and this enables recognition of similarities and differences, especially the thoughts of many known works together. There has been researches conducted about Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and epics o More A comparative study of literature, always reveals the secrets and codes, and this enables recognition of similarities and differences, especially the thoughts of many known works together. There has been researches conducted about Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and epics of Baluchi ethnic group, but on common themes of Gordafarid of Shahnameh and Baluchi Bannery epic story and the conquest of Delhi, there has not been any independent comparative study. In this paper, with descriptive , analytical documentation and comparative method, we tried to analyze , the main theme and explore and examine common themes between the two stories with a comparative approach. First, we covered the status of Baluchi epics and a short summary of Gordafarid and Bannery, then, the common themes of the two atories such as: the active participation of women, revenge, fate, peaceful existence, horses, weapons, contempt and sarcasm and rhetoric are analyzed. Large parts of the existing structure in two stories are similar to each other in an amazingway. Courage for women, revenge, use humor, irony and influence the fate are of the main similarities and ways to brag, resistance and struggle and finally peacefulness and continue the battle to win in the story Gordafarid are of the most important differences between the two stories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Adaptation and analysis of the story "Rostam and Sohrab" and "Prince Oedipus" in the novel "Red Haired Woman"by Orhan Pamuk
Samira Jamali Ghotolou ,Nasser Alizadeh Arash MoshfaghiOrhan Pamuk is the author of the novel "Red Haired Woman". In the narration of the novel, he has mentioned the story of "Rostam and Sohrab" and "Prince Oedipus" in a frequent and wide-ranging manner. This contemporary Turkish novelist has analyzed the themes, moti MoreOrhan Pamuk is the author of the novel "Red Haired Woman". In the narration of the novel, he has mentioned the story of "Rostam and Sohrab" and "Prince Oedipus" in a frequent and wide-ranging manner. This contemporary Turkish novelist has analyzed the themes, motivations and details of the story "Rostam and Sohrab" and "Prince Oedipus" in addition to narrating the stories and recreating them. This causes a question in the mind: what is his purpose by using the themes of these two stories? In this research, the quality and purpose of recreating two myths belonging to two ancient civilizations with the theme of father-son relationships has been analyzed. The results showed that in this novel, the author has compared the archetype of "father killing" and 'son killing" from the mythological stories of Western and Eastern civilizations. Pamuk tried and was able to show that Turkey's culture is a bridge between East and West, as well as its location, and there are cultural signs from both civilizations in it. Even thoug the stories have been forgotten In the current society of Turkey for different reasons; But their cultural expression are alive yet. In fact, Pamuk's initiative is that he has purposefully created a postmodern novel by benefiting from ancient literary works, and in this way he was able to present a symbolic interpretation of the national culture and psychology of his society. In the current research, data collection has been done in a library manner. Its method is descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Reading the poetic narrative of Iraj, composed by Ferdowsi with a sign-semantics approach
Marzieh zareh PH.D.Majid Sarmadi Soheila Sadeghi Language products are a function of a complex process, in which many sign-semantic factors are involved. One of the dimensions of the sign-semantics is the tension process. In the tension process, between sign-semantic elements, there is a relationship that fluc More Language products are a function of a complex process, in which many sign-semantic factors are involved. One of the dimensions of the sign-semantics is the tension process. In the tension process, between sign-semantic elements, there is a relationship that fluctuates from the bolder.This process drives discourse into a kind of value system and confronts us with the generated meaning. The question of research is how are the sign-semantics factors creating the process of the formation of meaning in the narrative of Iraj's verse? And is it possible to find an open and fluid reading through the tension squared effect? The purpose of this study was to investigate the general structure of Iraj's verse narrative and to explain the discursive factors, semantic and tension squares, effective verbs in the narrative process, and the place and meaning of meaning in the above effect. The present article reviews the narrative narratives of Iraj in order to explain the discursive factors, semantic and tensile squares, effective verbs in the narrative process, and the place and meaning of meaning in the above work. In this narrative, meaning has been formed both through action and passiveness. The process of moving actor here has led to the production of mythical, ideal and moral values. Iraj is an idealist who is going to visit his brothers in the way of protecting his brotherhood, without any belonging to power, and without any armies and war tools and sacrificed for his cause. In other words, young prince reduces the scope of his material life so that the breadth of his spiritual life is vast and overwhelming. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Analysis of the speech of male and female characters in the story of the kingdom of Goshtasp based on the speech theory of John Searle
mah manzar Mollai Kimia Tajnia Nemat Esfahani Omran Dialogue is one of the most important tricks in the field of fiction and the author in the present research in a descriptive-analytical and library method, with the aim of explaining the speech of male and female characters in the story of Goshtasp's kingdom in Sh More Dialogue is one of the most important tricks in the field of fiction and the author in the present research in a descriptive-analytical and library method, with the aim of explaining the speech of male and female characters in the story of Goshtasp's kingdom in Shahnameh based on the theory of speech action Philosophy of language and mind seeks to clarify the fact that the male and female characters of the story of the kingdom of Goshtasp, when speaking in terms of their position and the audience, what speech action and for what purpose? In John Searle's theory of speech action, speech is divided into five declarative, persuasive, emotional, obligatory and declarative actions, which according to the aspect of the verb used in speech and how to use alternatives, indicators, as well as direct and indirect application of action. The speaker's ability to influence the audience can be measured. According to this theory, news sentences are not only the main and meaningful sentences of the language and the value of truth and falsity of all sentences is not possible; Because Ferdowsi's purpose in expressing action sentences is to describe his action, not to describe a situation. The results of this study indicate that women in the story of Goshtasp, due to lack of power, use more persuasive speech actions and the expressive and emotional actions used are more in line with persuasion of the audience than In this way, they indirectly persuade others (especially men and husbands) to achieve their desires. Also, declarative and commitment actions that require the direct action of the individual are less used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Criticize of the relationship between architecture and social security in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh
Abdoulah shahriar ramin sadeginajhad Maryam mohammadzadehWelfare and social security, as one of the characteristics of civilized and advanced societies, is a component that has a valuable place in the macro-policies of the world today; an approach that has been less prevalent in previous regimes. According to historians and r MoreWelfare and social security, as one of the characteristics of civilized and advanced societies, is a component that has a valuable place in the macro-policies of the world today; an approach that has been less prevalent in previous regimes. According to historians and researchers, and considering the text of the Shahnameh as one of the most original texts that informs us about the situation in pre-Islamic Iran, the issue of welfare and social security was given attention at the forefront of the macro policies of pre-Islamic Iranian kings from the Kianian to the Sassanids period. One of the most important tools for providing social welfare is to improve the industrial conditions of the country, which leads to the prosperity and development of the country and improvement in people's livelihood. Despite being costly, this has been taken care of because of the kings' attention to the well-being of the people and the generalization of wealth and social security. Therefore, relying on Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh as a historical-literary text, this research has studied the examples of industry and the application of its types and species in order to achieve welfare and social security. The result shows that dealing with industry, which is one of the heaviest and most expensive programs in the country, has always been considered by kings in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh to provide social services as pillars of welfare and social security. The method used in this research is a descriptive-analytical based on interdisciplinary research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Exclusion and elimination of Siavahs from cultural semiotic in Shahnameh of Ferdowsi
leila khezel Dr.farhad tahmasbi Dr.sara Zirak The concept of cultural semiotics are existed by semioticians as the first concept that needed more consideration in cultural elements gathering respect. This knowledge provides deep understanding of ones and others culture by use of cultural elements. Shahname o More The concept of cultural semiotics are existed by semioticians as the first concept that needed more consideration in cultural elements gathering respect. This knowledge provides deep understanding of ones and others culture by use of cultural elements. Shahname of Ferdosi is one of good examples between multi-cultural texts by dealing with different ethnic groups. So we try to consider the story rejection and expulsion of Siavash in cultural semiotic respect and his position from his and others point of views by descriptive and analytical methods in this study. This study wants to specify why Siavash is known among his family and also others as a stranger. We want to expand the scope of cultural semiotic studies and also use the analytical tools in related text. The results show that Siavash is known as a stranger not only between Tooranian (as others), but also in his home land. From the point of view of one of his relatives (his father), he is a problematic person and should stay away from government. In this respect he is known as others. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - The influence of Shahnameh on the literature of the people of Kazakhstan
seied mohamad kamaladdini seied shahab kamaladdini Ferdowsi literature on other countries, including Kazakh literature has influenced; Kazakh epic wish to have to pay. Kazakh poets and writers of the Shahnameh is considered in two parts; Some of them were given some epic themes, stories, and they mimic the shape More Ferdowsi literature on other countries, including Kazakh literature has influenced; Kazakh epic wish to have to pay. Kazakh poets and writers of the Shahnameh is considered in two parts; Some of them were given some epic themes, stories, and they mimic the shape and added new stuff and writing of prose epic, and have Rostmnamh; The courage of the heroes of the epic resembles the epic and poetic traditions of Kazakh people is so epic written narrative and anecdotes high reputation among the Cossacks. Comparison of the Kazakh epic tales of heroic and epic can be concluded that many of the events and personalities as well as their epic Kazakh literature. Cossack hero, Lpamys, like Rustam fought to preserve their land to rise. The epic Shahnameh and Lpamys writing literary masterpieces, spur national pride of the country to keep the enemies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Investigation and Analysis of Components of Geographical-Cultural Identity in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh With an approach to Rustam's personality
mohammadreza fatemi moghaddam saghi Dr. farshad mirzayi motlagh Dr.masood sepahvandi Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is of particular importance because of the reproduction of national identity. Ferdowsi, based on identity and identity concepts, has played a pivotal role in connecting Iranians with their rich cultural background. Rustam's character is one o More Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is of particular importance because of the reproduction of national identity. Ferdowsi, based on identity and identity concepts, has played a pivotal role in connecting Iranians with their rich cultural background. Rustam's character is one of the most prominent elements that Ferdowsi has reflected and explained through his physical and spiritual qualities. In this research, using descriptive-analytical method and reference to library resources, the components of the geographical and cultural national identity which Ferdowsi has transmitted to his audience through the use of Rustam's character in Shahnameh. The results of the research show that Rustam has been effective as the most important character of Shahnameh in advancing Ferdowsi's nationalistic goals and creating a kind of Iranian identity. Ferdowsi, geographic identity identifiers such as: Drawing the geographical scope of the Iranian nation; Positive attitude towards water and soil; Attitude towards the status of Iran's land world in the world; Reference to it; Preparation for the defense of water and soil at a time of danger; Invasion of it; interest in the integrity of the land in the future; and, the cultural identity of the child as well as respect for the legacy of the past by creating Rustam and taking advantage of the capacities of the events experienced by this person, reflected in the Shahnameh and with the audience Has shared it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - The Analytic Study of Patricide Mythology in Shahnameh and the World’s Myths
nosratolah ahmadifard Dr.ali heydari Dr.masood sepahvandi Myth has been one of the constituting elements of culture as well as ethnic and national identity of societies. Some mythologists consider it as the religion of the early civilizations and the era before the expansion of the monotheistic religions. Myths of diffe More Myth has been one of the constituting elements of culture as well as ethnic and national identity of societies. Some mythologists consider it as the religion of the early civilizations and the era before the expansion of the monotheistic religions. Myths of different nations have similarities and uniformities. The confrontation between myths against each other and their hard-fought battle together with each other have been transmitted to us today in the stories that are subject to various interpretations. In Shahnameh, the mythical characters inherit special credit and in the Avesta and Pahlavi books are of the supernatural aspect. By touching upon the first patricide myth in Shahnameh, in the current study it has been tried to show that events leading to patricide in the myths of Shahnameh and the world have overt and covert angles; however, the mythological patricide is one of their supernatural aspects. By examining the reasons for patricide and studying the similar and different aspects of mythological, epic, and historical characters of Iran and the world, it seems that gaining power and reign have the highest frequency; the gods have obvious interferences in the western world's patricide, while in the eastern world, it seldom happens due to the father’s sanctity. Other reasons include magic, love, maternal, intentional, and unintentional parenting provocations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - A comparative view of the mystery of wealth and happiness in Shahnameh and Haft Peykar
leyla ساعی naser naseri shahriyar hasanzadehn a comparative and analytical study of the happiness of the wealthy princes in Shahnameh and Haft Peykar, we find out how they use national mirrors and beliefs and archetypes and religious orders such as benevolence and charity day by day. They prospered and perpetuate Moren a comparative and analytical study of the happiness of the wealthy princes in Shahnameh and Haft Peykar, we find out how they use national mirrors and beliefs and archetypes and religious orders such as benevolence and charity day by day. They prospered and perpetuated their rule and increased their happiness and enjoyment of divine blessings by giving, giving, forgiving, and spreading the word to the general public, and by holding popular, national, and religious celebrations. The kings, who had a stable government and a prosperous life, praised their Lord in the mornings and evenings, and honored the wise, the clergy, and the astronomers, and consulted with them in carrying out and ending serious matters. The results of the research show that elements such as having a divine spirit and good looks of the rulers, having physical ability and bravery, greed, prayer, benevolence, using music, have been the factors of wealth and happiness of the Iranian princes. In some cases, Ferdowsi and in some issues, Nezami have taken a deeper look at them, and in the pages of this article, several examples have been studied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - The role of religious and political institutions in the stability of governments in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and it's comparison with Weber's thories governors
Alireza MajidiIn this article,the influence of religious and political institutions on the stability of governments is examined as one of the most important components of political life and also one of the main factors of the authority and stability of governments. In this study,we c MoreIn this article,the influence of religious and political institutions on the stability of governments is examined as one of the most important components of political life and also one of the main factors of the authority and stability of governments. In this study,we compare the religious and political institutions mentioned in the Shahnameh and the history of old Iranshahri,as well as the political institutions effective in the stability of governments from the point of view of Weber,one of the most important western thinkers. It has been submitted and will be paid. In this article, the method of text analysis has been used and the theory of Leo Strauss regarding the study of ancient texts has been taken into consideration .The theoretical conclusion of this article is that religious and political institutions have a decisive role in the survival of governments,but depending on the macro policies of the government,its effect on the stability of the governments varies,that is, political institutions play a role in relation to the macro policies of the governments. In an ideological government, political institutions are at the disposal of the rulers, and through those political institutions, they apply the ideology of the continuation of domination and in other words the stability of the government.In this type of government,expertise is generally sacrificed for commitment to ideology,while in democratic governments Political institutions, based on a pre-defined and organized system, work to improve the methods of good governance of the country,circulation of elites and improvement of citizens' lives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Analysis of Love in Lyrical and Epic Literature based on Ferdowsi Shahnameh and Rostavoli Knight in the Panther Skin
Ayda Hayatimehr Fereydoun TahmasbiThe manifestation of love in epic works has caused an inseparable and pleasant connection between epic and Lyric. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Rustavi's Leopard Cloth are among the works in which epic and richness are intertwined. "Love" has a high place in these two works. MoreThe manifestation of love in epic works has caused an inseparable and pleasant connection between epic and Lyric. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Rustavi's Leopard Cloth are among the works in which epic and richness are intertwined. "Love" has a high place in these two works. In the Knight In The Panther Skin , love and romance topics have a high frequency and the story revolves around love and epic. In such a way that sometimes the story begins with love, or continues with love, or ends with love. In Shahnameh, there is a story of love, a love that can be seen in the service of epic. This article examines the characteristics of love and epic in these two larger works of literature of the two great nations of Iran and Georgia by describing and using library resources. The purpose of this study is to show that a literary work is a good platform for raising various issues that lead to a variety of topics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - A Review of the Need Love in the Personalities of Tahmineh and Soudabeh based on Abraham Maslow's Theory
Fakhri Zarei Seyedkazem Mosavi Ali Mohammadi AsiabadiDue to the presence of human, literary works can be studied and criticized from the psychological aspect. In fact, these works are the good subject for these researches. Some works show an image of a self-actualized man. Some works show an image of a human being who has MoreDue to the presence of human, literary works can be studied and criticized from the psychological aspect. In fact, these works are the good subject for these researches. Some works show an image of a self-actualized man. Some works show an image of a human being who has achieved self-actualization. Humanitarianism is one of the influential streams of thought in psychology in which man and his achievement of self-actualization are important topics. Maslow, as one of the pioneers of Humanitarianism, presents a model in which basic human needs are classified into five levels. This model can be studied in some works such as Shahnameh which has a human-oriented nature. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and its main purpose is, the study of love in the personalities of Tahmineh and Soudabeh based on Abraham Maslow's theory, which can be a good example in the study of other characters, to identify self-actualized man. Hence, these two characters are studied according to the Maslow's hierarchy of needs. By studying these two characters, we can say, Tahmineh is a woman who has achieved self- actualization and Soudabeh has failed in this case. In addition this study show the reasons of Tahmineh's success and the reasons of Soudabeh's defeat. The results of this study show that how much epic-national characters have achieved human intellectual growth and how much they correspond to the developed human characters in psychology. Among the characters of Shahnameh, Tahmineh is one of the lovers of epic-lyrical stories and one can see the characteristics of self-actualized person in her behavior. Love, which is the common theme of this lyrical story and Maslow's theory, causes tahmineh achieve self-actualization. The opposite point of Tahmineh is Soodabeh. Studying Soudabeh personality shows her failure to meet her needs and not to go beyond its lowest levels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - The Dynamics of Combining Two Formalist Elements of Defamiliarization and Highlighting in Two Lyrical Stories of Shahnameh (Zal and Rudabeh, Bijan and Manijeh)
Mitra Bighami Maryam Jafari Gholamabbas ZakeriAlthough the formalists' theoretical emphasis on literature and literary arrangements used in the text does not negate the importance of the content, it indicates the central points through which the literary text is separated from other works. The present article tries MoreAlthough the formalists' theoretical emphasis on literature and literary arrangements used in the text does not negate the importance of the content, it indicates the central points through which the literary text is separated from other works. The present article tries to examine the applications of the two main formalist arrays in the two stories of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. The attribution of the Shahnameh to the "epic" genre has never been questioned, but this does not mean that a text of such magnitude, which has a variety of content features, is devoid of lyrical themes. Among these stories, the focus of this article is on "Zal and Rudabeh" and "Bijan and Manijeh". The goal is to discover and then combine the two important formalist elements of "de-familiarization" and "highlighting". The goal of formalists is, first, to bring about a fundamental change in the automatic and conventional process of language, and, second, to create a shocking interruption. Although the use of formalist arrays, both in the traditional novel form and in the form of arrangements that were later considered by theorists, can be seen throughout the Shahnameh, the frequency of their use in these lyrical stories is higher. The results of the discussion show that the use of such arrangements greatly enhances the attractiveness and literature of the text in terms of the attractiveness of the lyrical aspects. Combining both tricks in the mentioned narrations shows that Ferdowsi was aware of this issue and its capacities. The use of unfamiliar words, the use of indicating /ɑ/ at the end of the shutters, the exaggeration, the de-familiarization of the concept and the lexicon, and the emphasis on narrative are the most important formalistic examples used in these two systems. Also, although the lyrical burden of these two stories has been dominant, but due to their presence in the context of an epic work, some epic words and crafts have been mixed with its narration, which, through strengthening familiarity, de-familiarization and highlighting in them, differentiates them from Creates other Shahnameh stories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - Love and Autonomy in the Epic World Based on Comparing the Characters of Rostam in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Achilles in Homer's Iliad
Mari EftekharzadeIn this article, we will anatomize the places of love and autonomy, as two fundamental psychological and, at the same time, moral drivers of human existence, in the epic world. In the world of epic, we will argue that, compared to love, autonomy is at the core of the ep MoreIn this article, we will anatomize the places of love and autonomy, as two fundamental psychological and, at the same time, moral drivers of human existence, in the epic world. In the world of epic, we will argue that, compared to love, autonomy is at the core of the epic hero's existence. In other words, in the world of epic, the main axis of hero’s existence is the hero of the desire for autonomy, and love, although passionate and burning, is merely subject to it. In fact, in the epic world, love is merely an excuse to maintain the hero's autonomy, and it's no more valid. To this end, based on the views of Immanuel Kant in the philosophy of ethics, we will first give a brief definition of the principle of “autonomy” as opposed to the principle of “Hetronomy”. Then, by comparing the two main heroes of the two great epics of human history, namely Rostam in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Achilles in Homer's Iliad, we will explain how the axis in the epic world is autonomous and love is subordinate to it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - A comparative study of military reforms of Khosrow Anushirvan in Shahnameh and Islamic historiographical sources
parisa bahadorpour ahmad Kamranifar farinaz hooshyarShahnameh is beyond a literary and mythical masterpiece and it is an effective monument of historiography especially Sassanian history that has expressed in verse the menthioned dynasty by stating the details of its events and keeping trustworthiness, loyalty and commit MoreShahnameh is beyond a literary and mythical masterpiece and it is an effective monument of historiography especially Sassanian history that has expressed in verse the menthioned dynasty by stating the details of its events and keeping trustworthiness, loyalty and commitment. Mentioning the military reforms of Khosrow Anushirvan (531 – 579 AD) in this study is very important and Islamic historiographical sources having an important stand due to their access to some texts and noble sources of this period have also addressed it. Most data of those texts concerning Anushirvan reforms exist in Shahnameh and some data have been reported only by Ferdowsi. This study aims to analyze military reforms of Anushirvani and investigate the value of Shahnameh historical details and data and its comparitive assessment with the other Islamic historiographical sources and also express their similarities and differences by insisting on Ferdowsi approach that the subject is analyzed by using library analytical – descriptive method. The results of this study can make Shahnameh stand clearer and more reliable in historical texts for persons studyhng Sassanian and are effective and valuable for the other researches concerning this issue and can be used by addressees in scientific and research communities and the history and literature group. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - An investigation of major thoughts in Divan of Molla Zolfali Bakhtiari
Hamzeh Mohammadi Dehcheshme Farzad MohammadiDuring the Mashroteh era and thereafter, many poets in the land of Bakhtiari have participated in the field of poetry and literature, many of them have mastered Persian language and literature and they have written works in the Persian dialect and they have also present MoreDuring the Mashroteh era and thereafter, many poets in the land of Bakhtiari have participated in the field of poetry and literature, many of them have mastered Persian language and literature and they have written works in the Persian dialect and they have also presented the works in the Bakhtiari dialect. Meanwhile, a number of Bakhtiari poets have particularly devoted their poems to the Bakhtiari dialect. One of the most prominent forerunners of Bakhtiari poetry in this era is Molla Zolfali Bakhtiari, whose work marks the beginning of a major revolution in contemporary Bakhtiari dialectic poetry. Molla Zolfali Bakhtiari is one of the pioneers of Bakhtiari dialect poetry before DarabAfsar. His poems in the original words of Bakhtiari indicate he was proficient in the Bakhtiari dialect. Molla Zolfali has two important works and some scattered poems - "Mearajnameh" and "Hadith of Kasa" which show the poet's authority and ability in the Bakhtiari dialect. He has written "Mearajnameh" in ascension of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and in favor of Bakhtiari’s Lore people and "Hadith of Kasa" in praise and greatness of the Prophet's family and Imams. Considering Molla's important role in writing poetry (Bakhtiari) and showing his position in this field, this article introduces the poet and it deals with the poet's opinions and his major thoughts on poetry. This research is descriptive-analytical and it is based on library resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - The comparison of some of mourning traditions of Kermanshah people with shahnameh mourning
ghollamreza salemian khalil kahriziThe Iranian had special ways and traditions to do different actions some of which have been forgotten at present. The signs of these forgotten traditions may be found at the cities and villages on which they live of the ancient forgotten traditions. The main question of MoreThe Iranian had special ways and traditions to do different actions some of which have been forgotten at present. The signs of these forgotten traditions may be found at the cities and villages on which they live of the ancient forgotten traditions. The main question of this paper is there any similarity between these traditions and Shahnameh tradition in the Kermanshah province of Iran? In this investigation, three traditions of the villages in the Kermanshah province with the samples of the local poems in the Kermanshah Kurdish Language have been studied. These traditions and poems have been compared with three Shahnameh traditions named the Moghany roaring, fastening bloody Zonnar and Cutting hair. The results of the study showed the close surprising similarity between the Shahnameh and the Kermanshahi mourning traditions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - Hyperbole in translation: A case study of the English translations of the tragedy of Rustam and Sohrab
Amir Gharib Akbar Afghari Helen Ouliaei Nia -
Open Access Article
156 - A new analysis in the classification of characters in the story of Goshtasp Based on "Indicator – Status" Model of Rahim Khani Samani
Shokooh Forjanizadeh Mahboobeh Khorasani Morteza RashidiCharacters are the most important components of a story. And proper knowledge of characters is a way of improving the effect of a story on the audience. Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh, Book of Kings, is the greatest Persian epic poem, giving detailed accounts of events and MoreCharacters are the most important components of a story. And proper knowledge of characters is a way of improving the effect of a story on the audience. Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh, Book of Kings, is the greatest Persian epic poem, giving detailed accounts of events and characters with unlimited time and space settings, and the different characters have various human interactions and different individual characteristics. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the characters of Goshtasp story by using the “Setting-Factor” model, regardless of the narrative techniques and storytelling structure of Ferdowsi. The results revealed the effectiveness of the the “Setting- Factor” model on the one hand, and introduced a new approach to the study of the characters of Shahnameh given the factors such as name, environment, sex, class, belief, temperament, and fate, and different settings on the other hand. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - Siavash is a self-fulfilling personality (based on Abraham Maslow's theory)
mohammad namdari mahdi rezaeiIn the 20th century, many psychological schools emerged that dealt with various aspects of the human psyche and achieved surprising results. One of these psychological schools, which, unlike other psychological schools, focuses on the positive and bright aspects of huma MoreIn the 20th century, many psychological schools emerged that dealt with various aspects of the human psyche and achieved surprising results. One of these psychological schools, which, unlike other psychological schools, focuses on the positive and bright aspects of human life, is the American humanistic psychology of Abraham Maslowe. He conducted his research on the healthiest people in society and came to the conclusion that there are a small percentage of people in society who will achieve self-fulfillment and perfection if all their physical and mental needs are met. There are many great characters and sublime people in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, who are considered as clear examples of perfect and developed people of Abraham Maslow's plan and model. One of these characters is Siavash, the son of Kay Kavos, who is one of the most beloved heroes of the Shahnameh.In this article, using the descriptive-analytical method and with the help of library sources, we first discussed the components of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, then we reached this conclusion by briefly examining Siavash's character in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh based on the components provided by Maslow about self-fulfilling people. that Siavash, according to his ethics, behavior and decisions he has made in facing the events of his life, such as: acceptance of himself and others, having independence and privacy, a correct understanding of reality, appreciation for the surrounding phenomena, strong interpersonal relationships, a sense of sympathy , experiences, resistance to acculturation, can be considered among the clear examples of self-fulfilling people who want Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - The Historical Escape of Shahnameh and Haft Peykar with Ethical and Educational Approaches in the Story of Bahram V
Mansoureh ShahriyariMost of the literary heroes, including those of poetic, epic, dramatic, and didactic nature, are products of historical figures. One of these characters is Bahram Gur, whose reign has been adorned with mythical embellishments in literary sources. He is counted among the MoreMost of the literary heroes, including those of poetic, epic, dramatic, and didactic nature, are products of historical figures. One of these characters is Bahram Gur, whose reign has been adorned with mythical embellishments in literary sources. He is counted among the Sassanian kings and has garnered attention and popularity from historians, writers, artists, and more. This research takes a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing library sources, to examine the portrayal of this character in both historical and literary domains. The stories related to Bahram Gur in historical and literary sources have been expressed with notable distinctions, yet they all share a common goal, which is the education of society. The aim of this research is to answer the question of how storytelling has been utilized as a tool for education. To elucidate this matter, we first delve into the perspectives of historians regarding this character and then analyze Bahram's portrayal in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Nezami's Haft Peykar. The findings indicate that, despite focusing on a single character in this research, different perspectives and analyses have been presented. When we approach historical texts from a literary standpoint, employing elements of emotion and imagination, the sole purpose is no longer mere description of facts. As Ferdowsi and Nezami have demonstrated in their depictions of Bahram's character, they have created didactic narratives with historical escapades. Manuscript profile -
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159 - Analysis of the moral and educational actions of Ketayun and Homa in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, based on Maslow's theory of self-actualization.
Afsaneh Rakhshani Hamid Tabasi حبیب الله جدید الاسلامیIn Maslow's moral theory of self-actualization, some good and desirable traits are presented as superior moral models for the formation of an ideal and ideal life that potentially exists in all people. It is one of the notable literary topics that has been discusse MoreIn Maslow's moral theory of self-actualization, some good and desirable traits are presented as superior moral models for the formation of an ideal and ideal life that potentially exists in all people. It is one of the notable literary topics that has been discussed in several researches and according to Maslow's theory of self-actualization, the superior moral and educational models of two women from the family in the poems of the Shahnameh, which is the document and cultural and historical achievement of the Iranian nation. In the moral pyramid of this theory, it is identified and analyzed. This research, rShahnameh, the instructive actions of some women in the events are among the unique and influential factors, which is one of the main needs in the strength of the family foundation, and with Today's theories, especially Maslow's theory, are consistent; For example, as we can see in the character of Ketaion, the daughter of the Roman emperor, she has a creative and constructive role in various events and is a clear example of forgiveness, sacrifice and love, who is loyal to her husband, not tied to gold and silver. belonging to the world; Also, the moral presence of a woman in the execution of the great cause of justice and generosity can The mentioned characteristics are the main elements of Maslow's pyramid of moral self-actualization, which has caused the emergence of moral and educational meaning-making flows in the field of Persian literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Educational points in epic verses, prop to the Masnavi of "soleymani's Shah-an-shah-nameh" (Aref's shahnameh).
Maryam sadat Khabushani Ahmadreza YalamehaEducational literature is one of Persian [Farsi] literature which involves moral doctrines and train it. This kind of literary which is considered former as some thing remained of ancient Persia and Sasanid era, by masters of literature, had begun by the advice letters MoreEducational literature is one of Persian [Farsi] literature which involves moral doctrines and train it. This kind of literary which is considered former as some thing remained of ancient Persia and Sasanid era, by masters of literature, had begun by the advice letters and had continued by the works of poets such as: Ferdowsi, Sanaee, Sa'di and … . In the different types of literature also, epics has these educations, followed by some other works such as the Masnavi of "Soleymani's Shah-an-shah-Nameh" which is epic and involved moral doctrines. There are some cases in this work which is written by fat-hollah-Aref (poets of Hijri 10th century), persude the writers [of this article]to study about educational literature of this work.Some question are: What is the classification of educational literature in Farsi literature? What are distinctives of educational literature in the Masnavi of "Soleymani's Shah- an-shah-Nameh"? After studing , some cases were analyzed, such as wise and wisdom, praise of God, Listen of elder's advise respect to parents, entire- Compliance to kings, blame world figurative, blame vicious, justice and benefaction of kings, Remember to die, being impressed by verses and anecdotes. Manuscript profile -
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161 - Actions and Behavior of Mythical Kings; a Didactic Model in Shahnameh and Historical Texts
Mohammadreza Haji aqa babaeiPaying attention to the actions and moral characteristics of mythical kings is one of the important issues raised in Shahnameh and historical texts. The authors of these texts have tried to introduce the kings as superior models of behavior so that they could reduce the MorePaying attention to the actions and moral characteristics of mythical kings is one of the important issues raised in Shahnameh and historical texts. The authors of these texts have tried to introduce the kings as superior models of behavior so that they could reduce the severity of the behavior of the rulers of their time and teach them in an indirect way; otherwise by expressing the similarity between their behavior and mythological kings, they create a high position for the rulers of their time and benefit even much better. By examining historical texts, we see that historians have considered the past as a favorable era and away from any ugliness and impropriety. Therefore, they sought to provide an exemplary and imitable model of the morals and behavior of mythical kings; a model that if other rulers follow it, an ideal society will be formed. In this research, the mythological part of the Shahnameh and some historical texts that deal with the lives of mythological kings are investigated with a descriptive-analytical method. Most of the things that have been expressed in these works about the mythical kings and their behavior are related to their kind treatment with their subordinates and special emphasis on spreading justice and preventing oppression of the people. Paying attention to the religiosity of the kings and their role in guiding the people towards an ideal society is also very important in these texts. In fact, a society in which there is no oppression and people live in peace and comfort. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Reflection of Modesty and Politeness in Shahnameh and Pahlavi Texts
Ata Mohammad Radmanesh hossein JalaliShahnameh is the perfect mirror of Iranian culture, wisdom, and thought. It is also the epitome of beliefs and social norms and customs which can be explored by different approaches. This eminent work is the most important document coming from the poetry of ancient Pers MoreShahnameh is the perfect mirror of Iranian culture, wisdom, and thought. It is also the epitome of beliefs and social norms and customs which can be explored by different approaches. This eminent work is the most important document coming from the poetry of ancient Persia.Modesty and politeness are one of such beliefs. According to Ferdoosi, modesty is an admirable character in men and women. He also praises politeness and regards it as an attribute of women, while on many instances; men are appreciated for having this character. Without any doubt, Toos Master has been influenced by some works in his treatment of ancient Persian culture. Ferdoosi has been drawing on Pahlavi texts in his rendering of this cultural aspect. Among these works, one can refer to Dinkard, Minoyeh Kherad, Ardavirafnameh, Bozorgmehr’s Book of Advice, the Advice of AzarPadMarsfandan, etc.In this paper, we try to look at the eminent position of modesty and politeness in ancient Persia culture from the perspective of Shahnameh and Pahlavi texts. We attempt to highlight the point that Ferdoosi, along with his cultural beliefs and interests, has been influenced by Pahlavi texts Manuscript profile -
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163 - Studying the Reflection of Didactic Literature in Ancient Myths by Focusing on the Story of Zaal and Simorq, and the Adventures of Telemachus)
Ahmad Ranjbar Behnaz SHakouriMyths and their role in training human traits are as old as ancient history. In the guise of the adventurous lessons, myths pave the way for a righteous and wise life. Didactic literature is derived from stories and myths. Heroic and mythohogical literary works are amon MoreMyths and their role in training human traits are as old as ancient history. In the guise of the adventurous lessons, myths pave the way for a righteous and wise life. Didactic literature is derived from stories and myths. Heroic and mythohogical literary works are among the most significant specimen of didactic literature. The purpose of this paper is to compare the story of Zaal and Simorq in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh with the Adventures of Telemachus by Francois Fénelon. Mantor, in the Adventures of Telemachus, and Simorq, in the story of Zaal, are both legendary supernatural mentors who possess the supreme wisdom. Mantor trains Telemachus who will rein Ithaca after his father, Ulysses, and Simorq instructs Zaal who will be the ruler of Sistan after his father Saam. Both epic works take place in the context of didactic literature. Taking the role of myths into account in both of these epic masterpieces, it is perceived that mythical gods, in the light of their supreme wisdom, aim at instructing the moral traits in all human beings as their supposed mission. The mehod used in this comparative study is the narrative-analytical. By using this approach, the researchers intend to illustrate the reflection of didactic literature in ancient myths, by focusing on Zaal's and Telemachus' training, the ruler and the king of their stories. It is concluded that though the concern of the story in these two heroic works is different (i.e., Zaal and Simorq emphasizes the heroic aspects, while the focus of attention in the Adventures of Telemachus is on the governing rules.); teaching the lessons of wisdom to gain inner growth is the main common characteristics of both heroic works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - .Secrecy in romantic stories of Shahnameh: An important characteristic of educational literature
Hossein Aqa Hosseini nahid nasrazadaniRespect for human moral boundaries is one of the most prominent features of the great poets of Persian literature. Creating valuable works such as Shahnameh, alongside its literary values at the highest degree of aesthetics, had the greatest impact on stimulating the hu MoreRespect for human moral boundaries is one of the most prominent features of the great poets of Persian literature. Creating valuable works such as Shahnameh, alongside its literary values at the highest degree of aesthetics, had the greatest impact on stimulating the human characteristics of his audience because of ethics. One of the most important virtues is secrecy and being faithful to a secret which is seen in the two types as praised and condemned secrecy in most romantic stories of Shahnameh. Romantic stories of Hakim Ferdowsi's Shahnameh have narrated the love story of two lovers amongst all the ethnic, racial, political, social, cultural, and military in the semi-historical and semi-legendary communities of stories, while maintaining a commitment to teach the doctrine of ethics of secrecy. This doctrine is sometimes in the form of advice and sometimes in the action and reaction of characters, along with numerous points, rising and falling. Examining the doctrine of secrecy in romantic stories of Shahnameh is important with regards to vital characteristics and elements such as epic, love, athletics, secrecy, oath ritual, and alike. Studying these stories is essential to prove significant factors in the spread of teaching secrecy and knowing the role of the main elements of romance in praised or condemned secrecy, and the efficacy of epic and love themes in stability or weakness of the doctrine of secrecy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - Common Didactic Wisdoms in Ferdosi'sShahnameh and Nahjolbalaghe
abdolali OveysiKahkhaFerdosi'sShahnameh is a graceful collection of human worthwhile teachings. The scope of these teachings is so broad that the book goes beyond the borders of a pure heroic work and has turned it into an encyclopedia of morality, science, education, justice and etc. The i MoreFerdosi'sShahnameh is a graceful collection of human worthwhile teachings. The scope of these teachings is so broad that the book goes beyond the borders of a pure heroic work and has turned it into an encyclopedia of morality, science, education, justice and etc. The influence of religious teachings in Shahnameh is detected with the least effort but what is more explicit, in this regard, is the intimate link between Shahnameh and basics of Islam and its benefits from the imams’ speeches. The lectures, letters and aphorisms in Nahjolbalaghe are also like a reservoir of Knowledge, wisdom, education and human worthwhile teachings. This study intends to investigate the shared didactic points in Shahnameh and Nahjolbalaghe. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - A comparison of didactic doctrines in Ferdwsi’s Shahnameh Ferdwsi’s Shahnameh
نجمه نظری آذر اسدی Didactic literature includes a large part of Persian literature. Although Shahanameh considered to be an epic work, Ferdousi used every opportunity to express didactic doctrines in his work, especially in dramatic scenes and the final parts of stories Ferdou More Didactic literature includes a large part of Persian literature. Although Shahanameh considered to be an epic work, Ferdousi used every opportunity to express didactic doctrines in his work, especially in dramatic scenes and the final parts of stories Ferdousi’s presence and his moral doctrines is noticeable. Ferdousi’s recommendation to wisdom , fame, avoiding greediness, respecting moderation etc….in domain of individual and social life are demonstrative of Ferdousi’s attention to the didactic literature. Saadi, as a social peacemaker, two century later, wrote Boustan within the domain of mystical and didactic literature. Saadi with respect to the requirement of Iranian society ;especially, his time states, Saadi in Bostan deals with issues like goodness, modest, justice, fame, taking opportunities, avidness of greediness etc….a comparison of Ferdowsi’s didactic doctrines Saadi shows similarities and differences. Differences arise from time conditions and Jran situation at that time, including to effect of foreign domination, circulation of mysticism, poetic thinking, and disappearing of enthusiastic spirituality at Saadi’s time. In the present paper a comparison is made between didactic doctrines in Ferdwsi’s Shahnameh ans Saadi’s Boustan so that similarities and differences have been revrealed. Ferdwsi’s Shahnameh Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - Strategies Available for Translating Persian Epic Poetry: A Case of Shahnameh
Rasoul Firouzi Salar Manafi Anari -
Open Access Article
168 - Psychological Analysis of the Story of Siyāvash Based on Freudian Pattern of "Structure of Mind"
Mohammadreza Rozbeh Kayānoosh DāniyāriFreud's psychoanalytic theory has deeply influenced the literary works and works of art, and gave rise to psychological criticism. Personal unconscious and structure of mind theories are the most eminent results of Freudian outlook. According to these theories, the stru MoreFreud's psychoanalytic theory has deeply influenced the literary works and works of art, and gave rise to psychological criticism. Personal unconscious and structure of mind theories are the most eminent results of Freudian outlook. According to these theories, the structure of mind has a tripartite structure: ego, id and super ego. Each one reflects a dimension of the human mind. In the story of Siyāvash, as narrated in Shahnameh, the prominent characters are the representative of the tripartite; Sudabeh as the symbol of id, Siyāvash as the super ego and Kavus as the ego. Action and reaction each one of them explains the structure of human mind. In the same way, and from another perspective, Afrasiab, king of Turan, can be seen as symbol of ego, Garsivaz, the brother of Afrasiab, as the symbol of id and Siyāvash as the symbol of super ego. Based on such an analysis, the present article reconsiders the story of Siyāvash. Manuscript profile -
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169 - Reason in Shahnameh and Pre-Islamic Iranian Texts Based on Text Linguistics
Mahdi Rezaee seyed hashem khatamiIn Shahnameh, one of the basic concepts and motifs is rationality. Undoubtedly, Shahnameh is influenced by Zoroastrian and Avestan ideas through pre-Islamic resources, Abu-Mansuri's Shahnameh, Khodāy-Nāme-hā (Books of Kings) and Mobads’ (Zoroastrian clerics) oral MoreIn Shahnameh, one of the basic concepts and motifs is rationality. Undoubtedly, Shahnameh is influenced by Zoroastrian and Avestan ideas through pre-Islamic resources, Abu-Mansuri's Shahnameh, Khodāy-Nāme-hā (Books of Kings) and Mobads’ (Zoroastrian clerics) oral reports. Also, one should not forget the role of contemporary social and intellectual trends in Ferdowsi’s time. In the present article, by using text linguistics, we try to compare Shahnameh and pre-Islamic Iranian texts based on the relationship of parts of a speech with one another in syntagmatic chains. The results show that the main parts of rationality discussed in Shahnameh are influenced by pre-Islamic Iranian texts but some parts are results of Ferdowsi’s genius. Also, there are some aspects of rationality that have not been expressed in Shahnameh but are in the center of attention of pre-Islamic Iranian texts.This case somehow shows the specialty of Ferdowsi's rationalism anddetermines that it isn’t imitated from a source or reference. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - Totem of Bear in Ancient Iran
Gholamreza Salemiyan khalil kahriziTotemism, belief to sacredness of an animal or plant, is one of the beliefs of primitive peoples that can also be found among Iranians. Shahnameh, as one of the old and valid Iranian resources, can give much information about culture, religion, rites and beliefs of Iran MoreTotemism, belief to sacredness of an animal or plant, is one of the beliefs of primitive peoples that can also be found among Iranians. Shahnameh, as one of the old and valid Iranian resources, can give much information about culture, religion, rites and beliefs of Iranians and other ethnic groups. For gaining access to this information, we need to search the book very profoundly. In the present article, we study the name of Arash, a famous Iranian archer, from etymological point of view, and suggest that Arash means “bear”. After examining the race of people who have the name of Arash, we think that this name is originally a Parthian word, and there is a connection between it and the second part of the name of Siyavash, both ending with sound of "-ash". Also, based on nominal theories, bear can be a Parthian totem, for in Bundahishn bear is introduced as one of twenty five types of human species. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Investigating the role of Iranian and Non Iranian queens in the ruling structure based on Ferdowsi's Shahnameh
esmail Khirabadi sepide sepehri Seyedeh Mandana Hashemi Isfahan The most important central element in the entire Shahnameh is the character of the king, which is derived from the two origins of history and mythology. The elements that were effective in the formation of the kings' rule in the Shahnameh are: Divine Farr, Royal F More The most important central element in the entire Shahnameh is the character of the king, which is derived from the two origins of history and mythology. The elements that were effective in the formation of the kings' rule in the Shahnameh are: Divine Farr, Royal Farr (inheritance), wealth and politics, power and having support and social base. Among the fifty-four kings in the Shahnameh, three were women and the rest were men. Shahnameh’s women play a key role in the government because they carry the blood of the kingdom through heredity and play a significant role in the affairs of the country (governance) and army. Sometimes they appear as the king's mother and wife, and sometimes as queens and empresses. This essay has analyzed the rule and foundations of Iranian and Non Iranian queens with analytical-descriptive method and compared the worldliness of male kings with queens. The findings of the research show that three Iranian queens (Homai Chehrazad, Puran Dokht and Azram Dokht) came to power through Royal Farr and the legitimacy of their government was based on fear and terror, except for Homa who was based on vigilance and negative power and two Non Iranian queens (Qidafa and Mother Talchand and Gov) were women with tact and wisdom who sat on the throne with royal and epic Iranian characteristics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Shahnameh Amin is a contemporary of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh
zahra GanbarAli Bageni Shahin ojaqh AlizadShahnameh has long been welcomed as an epic masterpiece by many poets and writers, and the most unique, selected, and translated works of this work are remembered. In contemporary times, Professor Seyyed Hassan Amin, by recreating the Shahnameh in seven volumes that has MoreShahnameh has long been welcomed as an epic masterpiece by many poets and writers, and the most unique, selected, and translated works of this work are remembered. In contemporary times, Professor Seyyed Hassan Amin, by recreating the Shahnameh in seven volumes that has lasted for thirty years, has depicted one of the lasting examples of contemporary history. The purpose of this article is to study the features of imitation in Amin’s Shahnameh based on Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. Because this analogy, in addition to the similarities with Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the author has written articles to complete the historical sections of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. This research has introduced and how to tell an analogy in three historical, heroic and religious foundations with an analytical-descriptive method. Findings show that Amin’s Shahnameh is an adaptation of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh to the modern version that both authors have spent thirty years for that time. With the difference that in Amin;s Shahnameh has continued the history after Islam until the history of the contemporary period in the style of Ferdowsi. Also, Professor Amin in this Shahnameh believes that Ferdowsi did not deal with the documentary history of ancient Iran in the Shahnameh. According to the studies, what Ferdowsi did from the point of view of the story was the same date. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - The myth of the mountain and the first woman climber Shahnameh
Ahmad Khatibi Delaram BaghdadiThis study, the myth of the mountain and spiritual connection to the world of the supernatural nature of this effect is magnificent.Sara and myth DPI ground, this will be reflected in his poems are beautiful. What the authors are trying to achieve it, according to the m MoreThis study, the myth of the mountain and spiritual connection to the world of the supernatural nature of this effect is magnificent.Sara and myth DPI ground, this will be reflected in his poems are beautiful. What the authors are trying to achieve it, according to the mythology of women in Shahnameh. Shahnameh epic poetry in addition to being one of the world's oldest and largest source Birding, hikers and mountain mythology identify who is in Iran, and indeed that is a library of climbing, in the course of the story of King FereydounThe researchmethod in this study, library and talk to analytical method is presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - Izad Bahram from Religious Narrative to National Epic ( The Case study of the Avesta and the Shahnameh )
Ziba EsmailiAbstract zad Bahram, a great and powerful Izad in Mazd Yasna is the ancient and most loved Izad among the Arians who is manifested in ten bodies in the Avesta. Although it has profound presence in religious narratives an MoreAbstract zad Bahram, a great and powerful Izad in Mazd Yasna is the ancient and most loved Izad among the Arians who is manifested in ten bodies in the Avesta. Although it has profound presence in religious narratives and public acceptance among people, it doesn't have sensible appearance in national epics. It has been tried, in this article – in a descriptive-analytic method, to deal with the matter how Izad Bahram appears in religious narratives ( based on the Avesta ) and national narratives ( based on the Ferdowsi epics ) . The results of the survey show that Izad Bahram manifests itself in the body of an ewe and the bird of varghan. Because of the mixture of varghan and the Simorgh myth in the Shahnameh, the latter replaces the former in that book. The specific characteristics of the varghan feather in which Izad Bahram has reincarnated, is its blessedness and wonderful power in healing the wounds, prognostigation of being aware of the secrets of creation in relation to Izadi stance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - The Literary Analysis of Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Disorders in Fereydoun
Zeinab Baghery Mohammad Ali Davoodabady Ali Sarvar Ya'ghoobi Abstract Fereydoun's grief at the death of his son, Iraj, was more than the grief of an ordinary grief-stricken man. Depression caused by the death of his son was harder than he could tolerate it with awareness. Fereydoun suddenly lost his sight and became blin More Abstract Fereydoun's grief at the death of his son, Iraj, was more than the grief of an ordinary grief-stricken man. Depression caused by the death of his son was harder than he could tolerate it with awareness. Fereydoun suddenly lost his sight and became blind. This article aims at the analytical method based on scientific theories of psychiatry to explain and justify psychosomatic disorder of Fereydoun in the Shahnameh. Psychiatrists believe that after stressful experience it is possible to appear disruptions in the body system that occurs quite suddenly. And on the bases of medical science cannot be justified. Psychosomatic disorders are often seen after bitter experience without physical apparent reason which appears in the form of physical symptoms. Identifying an organic cause is difficult to express one's illness or sometimes impossible cause to be affected by a part of the body. Sometimes unpleasant condition makes that part of the body affected is no longer able to perform its normal activities and those parts of the body react with dysfunction and becomes the same thing that happened to Fereydoun in the death of Iraj. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - Studying the Banquet Instruments and Ceremonies in the Shahnameh
Fatemeh Sharafi Syed Ali Akbar Shari'ati Far Ali Eshghi SardehiAbstract Present research is to investigate the banquet instruments and ceremonies in the Shahnameh. From this viewpoint – having extended the thematical space of the subject – will deal with the banquet instruments and MoreAbstract Present research is to investigate the banquet instruments and ceremonies in the Shahnameh. From this viewpoint – having extended the thematical space of the subject – will deal with the banquet instruments and ceremonies. In accord with the present documentary of this research, its method is descriptive – analytical and is based on the literary studies. The findings of this research show that in the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi which has been narrated about the wars and struggles of the heroes that the readers encounter with the frequency of rites and warfares; secondly, Ferdowsi has created his epical stories by using his art of fights and rites in the best way which are unique among the contemporary poets. The last point is that the music in the banquet is of low frequency comparing with war musical instruments; Anyhow one can see both in every event of the Shahnameh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - Studying the Identity of Women in the Shahnameh of Ferdosi with Feministic Approach of Simone De Beauvoir
Maryam Saeed Ali Eshghi Sardehi Eshghi Sardehi Seyyed Ali Akbar Shariati Far Saeed RoozbehaniThe Shahnameh, the valuable masterpiece of Ferdosi, is the reflection of cultural values and national identity of Iran, in which women play different roles in different sections of life based on their feministic identity. Simone de Beauvoir, the French feminist writer i MoreThe Shahnameh, the valuable masterpiece of Ferdosi, is the reflection of cultural values and national identity of Iran, in which women play different roles in different sections of life based on their feministic identity. Simone de Beauvoir, the French feminist writer in the 70th decade, in her book, “The Second Gender” considers the women in the same rank of men in thinking and learning capabilities which should not be judged merely based on their feministic power. The aim of this research is to study Ferdosi’s view on the women in the Shahnameh and its analysis with Simone de Beauvoir’s point of view.It is done in descriptive analytic and comparative method and shows that she considers the women society as the second gender who must put aside the role of being wife and mother to be able to compete with men. The sensible examples of these are the humiliation of women against men which makes them unreliable: the nature which De Beauvoir thoroughly rejects and criticizes it, but they are seen in Ferdosi’s poetry. Some of Ferdosi’s verses consider women as without sagacity and second gender so that they shouldn’t be consulted with. Ferdosi’s poetry indicates patriarchal and cultural system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - Studying the Characteristics of Rostam Farrokhzad's Tragic Story in The Gadesiyyeh battle Based on Ferdowsi's Shahnameh
Narges Asghari Govar Ali RamazaniAbstract We've tried, in this article, to study the Gadesiyyeh battle in the Shahnameh which is different from what is narrated in the " Tarikhe Tabari " and the " Tarikhe Ya'goobi ". Ferdowsi narrates the event in a patriotic MoreAbstract We've tried, in this article, to study the Gadesiyyeh battle in the Shahnameh which is different from what is narrated in the " Tarikhe Tabari " and the " Tarikhe Ya'goobi ". Ferdowsi narrates the event in a patriotic and epic way. So, the tragic events like the forecasting, the role of fate, the element of character, conflict and ultimately the tragedy are observable in the story. By descriptive-analytic method, we can conclude that Ferdowsi has endowed a tragic aspect to the theme of Gadesiyyeh battle and it is the last tragedy composed in the Shahnameh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - The Artistic Quality of Rhetorical Structures in the Newly Found Work from Fathollah Aref
Mohammad Reza Amir Khani Dehbalaee Ahmad Reza YalamehaAbstract The subject of this research is to study and evaluate the application of crafts of rhetorics and their criticism in the newly found work from Fathollah Aref, the poet of the 10th century and the composer of The Shahna MoreAbstract The subject of this research is to study and evaluate the application of crafts of rhetorics and their criticism in the newly found work from Fathollah Aref, the poet of the 10th century and the composer of The Shahnameh in the court of Soleiman Ghanuni. One of the specifications that distinguishes one literary work from the other is the kind of its utility from its rhetoric structure which are illustrated by the writer in different ways. Regarding the epic genre of this poetry, Aref tries to create his poetry in higher or the same rank of the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi. In the discussion of rhetorics, he sometimes succeeds and the other times fails. Aref's most significant craft in this work is the sensitive expression in the description of the scenes and the choice of similarity in a different atmosphere in a distich. Aref, by posing ironic expressions and in an unexpected manner , unveils his praised one (criticizes him) . Expression together with authority, and questioning in the excellency of the abstract of the book are of his outstanding and successful crafts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - Feridun's Kingdom Realm Division in the Shahnameh Emotive and Passional or Logical and intellectual
Khodaverdi AbbaszadehAbstract The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi is not empty of well-known and competent when; a time when they had colorful impact on the political and social vicissitudes of their country. Of the influential and eloquent women in t MoreAbstract The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi is not empty of well-known and competent when; a time when they had colorful impact on the political and social vicissitudes of their country. Of the influential and eloquent women in the Shahnameh is Arnawaz, Iraj's mother and Feridun's wife who has rarely been mentioned in the books and essays on her effective abilities. Although Feridun recounts the reasons for Iran's division and its allocation to Iraj, there remains an exquisite and untold point in the problem and that is the influential reasoning of Arnawaz on Feridun. The writer of this article tries to deal with her eloquence in the division of Feridun's kingdom in an analytical way. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - The Comparison of Two Mystical Characters in The Shahnameh and The Mahabaharata.
Safiyeh Mousavi Fatemeh ModarresiAbstract In the religious books of The Avesta and The Mahabaharata which are the tenet books of the Iranians and The Indians, there are numerous common narratives and names which indicate the common beliefs of the two nations MoreAbstract In the religious books of The Avesta and The Mahabaharata which are the tenet books of the Iranians and The Indians, there are numerous common narratives and names which indicate the common beliefs of the two nations thousands of years ago. The two well-known aforementioned books have similarities in cultural, national and religious differences in these well-bred nations. We can see lots of national, mystical, and religious characters in these two books. One of them is Kaykhosrow in the Shahnameh whose fate and ethical and mystical features are comparable with Sakdeev in the Mahabaharata. The few differences in these two stories are related to their mothers' characters and the way they were born. The other difference is that Kaykhosrow travels together with his friends while Sakdeev does it alone. In the Persian story all the friends and people ask him not to go to this travel but in Sakdeev only his father bewares him . At the same time their mothers have a little different characteristics. We will study the common and different points of these two mystics in detail in this paper. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - The Phenomenon of Fire in The Shahnameh and People's Beliefs
Mahin MasarratAbstract Mazdeyasna creed says : Whatever Ahuramazda has created is pure and sacred. Fire, also was considered revered and valuable by the ancient Iranians. To understand its sanctity background, it's better to study the old P MoreAbstract Mazdeyasna creed says : Whatever Ahuramazda has created is pure and sacred. Fire, also was considered revered and valuable by the ancient Iranians. To understand its sanctity background, it's better to study the old Persian texts, including The Avesta. This is because some of the Iranian rites and beliefs are reflected in the Shahnameh and Ferdowsi utilized the old sources, not only directly but also through the Khodainamak translation and the others. We have tried to show the origin of the Shahnameh's stories by focusing on the developments in the course of time and studying and adapting them and their relations with the fire in both the Shahnameh and the Avesta. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
183 - Comparison of Rostam's face in "Rostamnameh" and "Shahnameh" based on Genet's theory of transtextuality
Rahman MakwandiGérard Genet puts the links between literary texts under the general term of transtextuality. One of these links is hypertext link. In the hypertext link, the second text is derived from the first text, so that if the first text is not there, the second text will not be MoreGérard Genet puts the links between literary texts under the general term of transtextuality. One of these links is hypertext link. In the hypertext link, the second text is derived from the first text, so that if the first text is not there, the second text will not be formed. The current research is based on the hypothesis that the link between "Rostamnameh" and Shahnameh is a more textual link. However, according to Genet's writing, even when the connection of two works is more textual, the creator of the second work attempts to expand, generalize and transform the first work. The results of the current research, which is a descriptive-analytical research, show that Bahar has made this transformation in "Rostamnameh" and has avoided pure imitation. As a result, Rostamnameh Bahar is an original work in which the political and cultural concerns of the poet's time are reflected. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - Adaptation of allegorical and symbolic concepts of cow in epic, lyrical and mystical works
hamid ayaz Reza KeshtgarThe target of research has been written by library method and analytical-comparative method and its aim is to study the symbolic And allegorical concepts of cow in epic, lyrical and mystical works (based on Ferdowsi'sShahnameh, Nezami’s Khamseh (The Quintuplet) and Rumi MoreThe target of research has been written by library method and analytical-comparative method and its aim is to study the symbolic And allegorical concepts of cow in epic, lyrical and mystical works (based on Ferdowsi'sShahnameh, Nezami’s Khamseh (The Quintuplet) and Rumi's Masnavi) and wants to answer these questions: What is the attitude towards cows in Avesta and Pahlavi texts? In what symbolic and allegorical terms is cow used in each of the studied works? Is there a correspondence between the symbolic and allegorical concept of cow in the studied works? Which concept has an epic theme, which one has a lyrical theme and which one has a mystical theme Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
185 - checking Character of Sudabeh with Marvin Zuckerman's Excitement Theory
vajihe torkamani barandooziThe study of Sudabeh’s character according to Marvin Zuckerman’s theory of sensation seeking *Vajihe Torkamani Barandoozi Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch, Iran Date of reception: 97/1/2 Date of acceptance: 97/12/15 A MoreThe study of Sudabeh’s character according to Marvin Zuckerman’s theory of sensation seeking *Vajihe Torkamani Barandoozi Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch, Iran Date of reception: 97/1/2 Date of acceptance: 97/12/15 Abstract One of the unique characteristics of shahnameh is that it reflects and portrays masterfully moral and psychological characteristic of man in every period. Considering the enormous potentials it offers for investigation employing different contemporary scientific views and theories, it is the purpose of this article to apply Zuckermna’s theory to Sudabeh’s character. Due to the structure and dynamic theme Sudabeh’s tale has, it lends itself to the psychological analysis the results of which could be served to control the reactions arising from the sensation seeking desires of man today. Sensation seeking is a theory proposed by Marvin Zuckerman, the contemporary psychologist. This theory consists of several fundamental characteristics which determines man’s essence. Looking at Sudabeh’s character through the lens of this theory indicate that every four parameters Zuchkerman proposes are present in her indecent actions and behaviors. She is adventurous, self-centered, challenging in seeking a partner in Hamavaran; she is in pursuit of new sensational experience, avoids monotony, and indulges in reckless behavior prohibited in the court of Iran’s king. * . torkamani.vajihe@gmail.com Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - The study of mythological similes in describing nature manifestation in Khorasani and Eraqi style
mohammad Khoshkab Ali Eshghi Abolgasem Amir ahmadiThe study of mythological similes in describing nature manifestation in Khorasani and Eraqi style *Mohammad Khoshkab PhD student, Persian Literature, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar Branch, Iran **Ali Eshghi Sardehi Associate Professor, Persian Literature, MoreThe study of mythological similes in describing nature manifestation in Khorasani and Eraqi style *Mohammad Khoshkab PhD student, Persian Literature, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar Branch, Iran **Ali Eshghi Sardehi Associate Professor, Persian Literature, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar Branch, Iran ***Abolghasem Amir Ahmadi Associate Professor, Persian Literature, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar Branch, Iran Date of reception: 97/2/28 Date of acceptance: 97/7/2 Abstract There are few literary works which had not benefited from the treasury of Shahnameh. Among the many reasons why Shahnameh is being consulted for subjects such as praise, defining philosophical and educational issues, mysticism, lyrical themes, making allegories and rhetorical compounds and the like, its function in describing the manifestations of nature stands out the most. Meanwhile in literary domain poets had benefited from the epic and mythological similes for making nature orientated imageries. One of the methods of describing nature is to equate each of the epic and mythological references to the vehicle when confronting nature components. Elements of color, troops, aristocrats, geometrical shape are considered the best common factor between nature manifestations and epic heroes. Following the example of champions’ heroic actions and deeds, direct reference to the main tale, use of binary oppositions, and creating a setting are among the features of these descriptions. The images of mother in mythological similes in Khorasani style are simple, creative, and authentic and is the outcome of direct natural feelings of the poet incited by nature, however in Iraqi style these kind of similes appear with more sentimental feelings, and blend with ambiguity, complexity, verbosity, imitation, and repetition. The purpose of this article is to study the mythological similes in describing each of the nature components in the poetry of certain poets of Khorasani and Iraqi style. * . Mohammad.Khoshkab@iaus.ac.ir ** . eshghi@iaus.ac.ir *** . amirahmadi@iaus.ac.ir Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - Social rereading of Kayumars’s myth with respect to Iran’s cultural medium
ali ziaaddini dashtekhaki Mahdokht Porkhaleghi ChatrudiSocial rereading of Kayumars’s myth with respect to Iran’s cultural medium *Ali Zia oddini Dasht Khaki PhD Student, Persian Literature, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran **Mahdokht Pour Khaleghi Chatroudi Lecturer, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, MoreSocial rereading of Kayumars’s myth with respect to Iran’s cultural medium *Ali Zia oddini Dasht Khaki PhD Student, Persian Literature, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran **Mahdokht Pour Khaleghi Chatroudi Lecturer, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran Date of reception: 96/8/14 Date of acceptance: 96/11/15 Abstract Myths are closely related to social issues. Social rereading of this relation necessitates a theoretical background in order to explain the relationship between the text and its medium. The relation between Literature and society is defined according to the sociological parameters of the cultural medium since this medium is the arena where all cultural creations particularly literary ones through different forces cause a cultural action to take place. Using content analysis and documentary search method, this research seeks to study Kayumars’s myth according to Persian cultural medium. The results found are as follows: Since mythological tales in Shahnameh are narrated within a historical time span, dealing with myths is considered as a kind of deliberate return to the myths whose most dominant aspect is the social one. The existence of numerous narratives of Kayumars’s tale within the cultural medium and Ferdowsi’s particular choice of these narratives is indicative of certain social consciousness which is connected to the social Persian medium of Ferdowsi’s time. In textual structures of kayumars’s myth in Shahnameh there are instances which refer to the religious aspect, social norms of the society of the time and also refer how Ferdowsi had been under the influence of social movements and central powers of his time. * . aliziairan@yahoo.com ** . mahdokhtpourkhaleghi@gmail.com Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - Interaction and opposition with the other in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh from the perspective of cultural semiotics (from Kayumars to Feraydon)
farhad tahmasbiInteraction and opposition with the other in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh from the perspective of cultural semiotics (from Kayumars to Feraydon) *Farhad Tahmasbi Associate Professor, Islamic Azad University, Science and research Branch, Tehran, Iran Date MoreInteraction and opposition with the other in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh from the perspective of cultural semiotics (from Kayumars to Feraydon) *Farhad Tahmasbi Associate Professor, Islamic Azad University, Science and research Branch, Tehran, Iran Date of reception: 97/11/2 Date of acceptance: 98/4/30 Abstract This article investigates cultural interaction and opposition in mythological section of Shahnameh from the perspective of cultural semiotics. At first concepts such as self and the other, attraction and repulsion, order and chaos, and cultural sphere which are considered as fundamental features of cultural semiotics are explained briefly, then relying on the text the aforementioned concepts are exemplified and analyzed. This research is based on the descriptive analytical method employing cultural semiotics theories. Results obtained show that according to Shahnameh text, Iranian culture due to various reasons is a receiving one and under different circumstances not only showed opposition but also interacted with the other. The important feature of this culture is its considerable power of attraction and assimilation, however it has always welcomed stability and cyclic repetition based on the cultural sphere deeply imprinted on it all the more reason for being reluctant to fundamental change. Keywords Self and the other, interaction, opposition, center, margin, attraction, repulsion, shahnameh Ferdowsi. * . mahdokhtpourkhaleghi@gmail.com Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
189 - Presenting ideal parameters for rewriting and story selection drawing from epic works especially Shahnameh in child and Young adult Literature
Pariya Ansari عبدالحسین فرزادThe present article is the outcome of a library research made in order to promote the quality of the rewritten texts drawn from epic works with emphasis on the cognitive, emotional, and social development parameters for the child and adolescent. The first step tow MoreThe present article is the outcome of a library research made in order to promote the quality of the rewritten texts drawn from epic works with emphasis on the cognitive, emotional, and social development parameters for the child and adolescent. The first step towards achieving this aim is to present the theoretical basis of rewriting the epic works in child and adolescent literature and then the brief history of the rewritten works as far as national interests is concerned with particular emphasis on Shahnameh is investigated. Next the characteristics of the child’s development in different ages are classified and based on that information the general and specialized regulations for rewriting the ancient epic works are evaluated. Based on this analysis, the ideal parameters for choosing a story and rewriting epic works compatible with mental capacities and different cognitive abilities addressed at child and young adult in different ages are suggested and summed up. Finally, to show the matter in practice examples of these ideal parameters in comparison with their inefficient adaptations of Shahnameh stories are provided. The present research is a scientific method for presenting ideal parameters for story selection in other literary genres too. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
190 - The study of marriage ritual in two world epics, Shahnameh and Ramayana
Neda Rajabi Hamidreza SHayganfar Mehr Angiz owhadiMarriage in epic works has a happy and sometimes sad ending that causes rebellion, war and bloodshed, the destruction of kings. Marriage is the cornerstone of any society, which is rooted in human nature and provides psychological, emotional, social and moral needs of m MoreMarriage in epic works has a happy and sometimes sad ending that causes rebellion, war and bloodshed, the destruction of kings. Marriage is the cornerstone of any society, which is rooted in human nature and provides psychological, emotional, social and moral needs of man, and at the same time, it is a cultural phenomenon that has a special color for every nation. The present research has investigated the themes and rituals of marriage in Shahnameh and Ramayana with a descriptive-analytical approach and a comparative reading in the American way. Considering the importance of the results of myths and epics in today's world and the transmission of customs and culture of any society, the necessity of this research was felt. And the freedom of a girl in marriage and abroad is a wife's. In the Shahnameh, the frequency of overseas wives is more evident than in the Ramayana, which has caused the warriors to travel and search. In fact, the marriage ritual in Iran includes various rituals, depending on whether it is temporary or permanent. And in the culture of Indian people, it is mostly associated with religious practices. In general, the foundations and the basic basis of marriage in Shahnameh and Ramayana have common and different aspects, among which the boundary of marriage and the test of marriage have many commonalities in these two cultures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
191 - A Novel Method in Evaluating the Resemblance and Differences of manuscripts
Ali Noorsobhi Mohammad Jafar YahaghiCorrection is one of the most fundamental and important research operations in the field of textology. in the correction process, it is critically important to evaluate the manuscripts of the text and to determine their resemblance. To determine the value of manuscripts MoreCorrection is one of the most fundamental and important research operations in the field of textology. in the correction process, it is critically important to evaluate the manuscripts of the text and to determine their resemblance. To determine the value of manuscripts over the other ones and to evaluate their resemblances, correctors assess and compare all or parts of the manuscripts From lingual,syntactic and literacy features. Evaluating and investigating the handwritings of some manuscripts such as Shahnameh, Golestan or Diwan-e Hafiz is obviously harder than other Persian manuscripts due to the abundancy of their handwritten manuscripts and the total size of manuscripts like Shahnameh. This article attempts to introduce a statistical application in Excel in order to present a novel method for precise evaluation of the manuscripts’ resemblance based on hemistich unit. Moreover, this application makes it possible to present a glossary of differences among different text records. In this article in order to a better introduce the new method of evaluating the relation and transformation of manuscripts, we have tested some parts of Shahnameh (the first verses of Shahnameh and story of Rostam and Sohrab) from various manuscripts and publications to show that how it can work properly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - Analysis of the intertextual relation between local historiography and Shahnameh
فرشته محمدزاده Mohamad gafar yahaghi Bahman Namvar motlagh Javad AbbasiAbstract Intertextual relationship is the most important principle in shaping new texts, nevertheless texts coming from different disciplines have always influenced one another and there exists an intertextual connection between them. Based on this notion the purpose o MoreAbstract Intertextual relationship is the most important principle in shaping new texts, nevertheless texts coming from different disciplines have always influenced one another and there exists an intertextual connection between them. Based on this notion the purpose of this research is to explore and determine the extent to which the local historical writings were influenced by Shahnameh as a pretext and an ideal literary model. Gerard Genette’s transtextuality theory which is the most complete theory in the study and recognition of the relation between texts is used in this article to find an answer to the question. This research makes use of descriptive analytic and library method. The study and the analysis of the textual data reveals that the local historians with significant frequency have employed four kinds of intertextual elements such as indirect speech, allusion, reference, and plagiarism in historical texts, hence Shahnameh as a pretext served as an ideal model to meet their expectations, motivations and purposes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - Mythological criticism of the symbol fairy and wind in Shahnameh and in the novel of Paribad written by Mohammad Ali Olomi
azar daneshgar masoume zarekohanSince mythological criticism is related to many disciplines such as Anthropology, History of civilization Studies, Theology, Jungian Psychology and Archetypal Studies, it is counted as an interdisciplinary approach. A critic in this genre of criticism studies and MoreSince mythological criticism is related to many disciplines such as Anthropology, History of civilization Studies, Theology, Jungian Psychology and Archetypal Studies, it is counted as an interdisciplinary approach. A critic in this genre of criticism studies and analyzes all the archetypal signs present in the text which had influenced the creation of literary works whether consciously or unconsciously. Paying attention to the application of this approach in recognizing the unconscious values of the text and analysis of its symbolic levels it seems that texts containing mythological references are more prone to this genre of criticism. The novel Paribad written by Mohammad Ali Olomi is one such example. This novel is filled with mythological themes whose author consciously or unconsciously was concerned about. The purpose of this article is to study the important myths of this novel such as fairy, and wind and compare them with their counterparts in Shahnameh using analytic approach. The studies made indicates that these concepts were mentioned in Shahnameh regarded as pre-text and the author of the novel tries to reintroduce these myths in his work. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - The myth of father and son in the novel the dead father and the tale of Rostam and Sohrab from Freud’s psychological approach
Ahmad Reza Sarmady Amir Ali NojoumianThe purpose of this article is to study the myth of father and son from Freud’s point of view in the novel of the dead father written by Donald Barthelme and its comparison with the tale of Rostam and Sohrab in Shahnameh. To reach this end, Freud’s app MoreThe purpose of this article is to study the myth of father and son from Freud’s point of view in the novel of the dead father written by Donald Barthelme and its comparison with the tale of Rostam and Sohrab in Shahnameh. To reach this end, Freud’s approach regarding Oedipus Complex in analysis of the relationship between father and son in two stories been used. This relationship is formed in the heart of family overtly portrayed in Barthelme’s novel. First Donald Barthelme is introduced, then Oedipus Complex from Freud’s point of view is discussed in order to provide the theoretical basis for the research. Next, this concept in the novel of the dead father, and the tale of Rostam and Sohrab is presented and finally both works from Freud’s psychological approach are studied. The aim is to focus on the myth of father and the son applying Freud’s psychological approach to portray the nature of this myth based on the text of the novel and Shahnameh. The method of research is a descriptive analytic one and the method of study makes use of library approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
195 - The narrative of national identity and its components in the epic poetries of Qajar period
hamed mehrad Mohammad Jafar YahaghiAbstractBeing under the shadow of Shahnameh, epics composed after this masterpiece had seldom been received by scholars. This negligence regarding the literature of Qajar period is quite evident. Drastic political, social, and cultural changes occurred in th MoreAbstractBeing under the shadow of Shahnameh, epics composed after this masterpiece had seldom been received by scholars. This negligence regarding the literature of Qajar period is quite evident. Drastic political, social, and cultural changes occurred in this period that were very influential in formation of the future incidents namely the creation of a new style and specific manner in composing epics. Towards the end of this era, as far as traditional stylistics is concerned coincides with the advent of school of literary return and regarding social changes it is contemporary with the constitution movement we are faced with the appearance of a genre of historical poetry which are composed following the example of Shahnameh, yet they are not mere imitation since in form and content made innovations to the point that the concept of identity the composers had in mind differ in perspective with that in Shahnameh. This research looks into selective works in view of the above factors. It seems that the narrative identity in epics of this period is an ideological concept submissive to the ruling powers and its meaning changes according to the changes made in the constitutions held by the patrons of these works. These poetries are on one hand a place where intellectual ideas encounter religious beliefs and on the other hand are the meeting place of nationalistic dialogues with patriotic inclinations. By selecting and merging parts of history realistic or mythological in favor of their patrons these epics transform historiography into literary narrative. This research has been conducted by library and analytic method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
196 - The impact of the functions of the Goddess Ashi on women in Shahnameh
zahra jamshidiAbstractAshi is one of the most significant mythological goddesses in Iran. In texts such as Avesta, Yasht, and Yasnas she is associated with different attributes namely, granting fortunes to Iranians ( association with wealth and blessing), helping friends, bring MoreAbstractAshi is one of the most significant mythological goddesses in Iran. In texts such as Avesta, Yasht, and Yasnas she is associated with different attributes namely, granting fortunes to Iranians ( association with wealth and blessing), helping friends, bringing horse and blessings from foreign lands to Iranians, connection with women and their influence over them. Since Shahnameh has a mythological substructure one can witness the reflection of functions and the characteristics of the mythological figures in certain characters of Shahnameh tales. A fine example is the impact of Ashi’s functions on the performance of influential and outstanding women in Shahnameh. Using the descriptive analytic method this study is an attempt to compare the deeds of women such as Faranak, Farangis, Jarireh, Homay Chehrazad, Rumi Kanizak, and Pourandokht with the outstanding characteristic features of the goddess Ashi. The results obtained show that their deeds are the repetition of Ashi’s actions and missions. In fact these women are the repetition of the mythological image of Ashi in the Shahnameh text. Reflection upon the characteristics of the above mentioned women reveal that among the different deeds of Ashi, confering fortune and blessing are the main attributes reaching these women, and more often these rewards are in conncection with kingdom or coming into power of a king or a warrior. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
197 - The Study on the “Fire Ordeal of Siavosh’s Paintings” Based on the Genette’s Trannstextuality
فاطمه ماه وانAbstract According to Genette’s theory Shahnameh is a hypotext and its pictures and drawings are considered as hypertext. Now this question arises that under what circumstances hypertexts of drawings are in accordance with hypotext of Shahnameh and in what MoreAbstract According to Genette’s theory Shahnameh is a hypotext and its pictures and drawings are considered as hypertext. Now this question arises that under what circumstances hypertexts of drawings are in accordance with hypotext of Shahnameh and in what circumstances they undergo transformation and change. To answer these questions comparative and semiotic approach are applied to both Shahnameh and its drawings. The tale of fire trial of Siavash which is the most popular and frequent scenes portrayed in the tradition of Persian paintings is chosen. The present article deals with the role of intertextual relationship between Shahnameh and its pictures in production of its paintings and the study seeks to examine and express how the narrative text had been transformed into a pictorial version. The study deals with the following questions: From the standpoint of intertextual relationship to what extent the painting of Siavash’s fire trial shows direct reference to the text? To what extent the narrative in terms of images undergo changes or rather stay intact? The research method is as follows: First the narrative is studied in terms of interpreting the symbolism of the main elements, then comparative approach is applied to the image version of the narrative. Finally employing Genette’s transtextuality theory, the paintings are analyzed from two perspectives to verify whether or not modifications had taken place in the process of transition of the theme from the text to the image. The purpose of the article is to provide a practical example to express how the theory of transtextuality lends itself to the body of Persian art studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
198 - Pathological Study of articles on Ferdowsi and Shahnameh from 1380 to 1385.
Zahra Saadatifar Aboalghasem Ghavam mohammadjafar yahaghiAbstractResearches conducted on Shahnameh in the 1380s in comparison with the earlier years had proliferated and numerous articles employing novel approaches had been published in the journals of this period. Recognizing the shortcomings of certain articles in ter MoreAbstractResearches conducted on Shahnameh in the 1380s in comparison with the earlier years had proliferated and numerous articles employing novel approaches had been published in the journals of this period. Recognizing the shortcomings of certain articles in terms of structure and content are quite important in view of the abundance of materials found in the domain of Shahnameh studies from 1380 to 1385, hence the criticism and pathology of such works is an essential task. The purpose of this article is to criticize and evaluate a number of such articles using the pathological approach. The research method is descriptive analytic one and the data collection method is library based. Defects such as incompatibility of title with the content, reference to inauthentic Shahnameh editions, inattention to main sources and prior researches, shallow interpretation and concentration on description, repetition of themes, unsystematic and unscientific manner of writing critical essays, employing inappropriate language, imposing meaning to the text, and structural flaws are examined in this study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
199 - Tracing the custom of parental interference and their role in the marriage of their children in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh
Pashing Delavari Mahdi Kargar Khosro Jalili Kohne Shahri Bahram KhoshnudiThe discussion regarding the custom of parental interference and their role in their children’s marriage in the light of the latest statistics of the civil Registration Organization in 1398 based on the fact that more than 30% of marriage end in divorce is one of MoreThe discussion regarding the custom of parental interference and their role in their children’s marriage in the light of the latest statistics of the civil Registration Organization in 1398 based on the fact that more than 30% of marriage end in divorce is one of the chief discussions in sociology of family, therefore any research in this field that could in any way help the officials or researchers in this domain to find the underlying causes and factors in order to prevent divorce or reduce its rate would be enlightening. Considering the importance of the subject the present article selected Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh, the oldest Persian source as a statistical community that incorporates different models of marriage. The role of parental interference in the marriage of the children was further investigated by using qualitative research method and data analysis to reveal the frequency in which this problem led to divorce in history. The results obtained showed that in all 21 marriages fathers played crucial role in the marriages of their children while mothers were only responsible for three cases. It was also determined that more than 60% of marriages were arranged and in all of them the father played the dominant role. 93% of arranged or imposed marriages belonged to daughters and more than 80% of the arranged marriages reported in Shahnameh were unsuccessful. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
200 - Pictures of death scenes of Yazdgerd, Rostam Farrokhzad, and Mahuy made through discourses
Mokhtar Ebrahimi abbas Ashiri LeivesiAbstractThe purpose of this research is to study the biased ideological elements found in the death of Yazdgerd, Rostam Farokhzad, and Mahuy in Shahnameh and to compare it with the historical sources of its time, prior and after it. In this way the role of the aut MoreAbstractThe purpose of this research is to study the biased ideological elements found in the death of Yazdgerd, Rostam Farokhzad, and Mahuy in Shahnameh and to compare it with the historical sources of its time, prior and after it. In this way the role of the author and statements in the power relations are determined in such a way that not only the author himself, or the poet but also the work itself as a social act are the outcome of the power relations, social and political antagonism of that period in order to establish a discourse and the meaning it entails. This subject leads to the polarization of the statements used by the author who does this polarization in a context of otherness, foregrounding, and marginalization. Although one should not be concerned with the truth and falsity of the narratives, instead they should be treated as ideological texts. By confronting these elements we perceive the different identity of narratives and ideological statements of the authors and their works in a logical and moral sense. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
201 - The investigation of name and title of Farayin/Shahrbaraz in Shahnameh and other historical sources
zagros zandThe investigation of name and title of Farayin/Shahrbaraz in Shahnameh and other historical sources *Zagros Zand Ancient Persian History, History Department, Faculty of humanities, Imam Khomeni International University, Qazvin, Iran Date of re MoreThe investigation of name and title of Farayin/Shahrbaraz in Shahnameh and other historical sources *Zagros Zand Ancient Persian History, History Department, Faculty of humanities, Imam Khomeni International University, Qazvin, Iran Date of reception: 97/10/11 Date of acceptance: 98/6/6 Abstract In Sassanid section of Shahnameh Ferdowsi names of many historical characters are mentioned, yet they are otherwise recorded and at times appear somewhat altered in other sources, or rather their epithets and formal titles sit in place of their names. Sometimes this difference is so large that could mislead a researcher in arriving at the true etymology, meaning of the name and genealogy of the character and hence lead to greater scientific fallacies. Certain names or epithets employed in Shahnameh are unique and are not seen in other sources. Farayin, name or epithet of Shahrbaraz is mentioned in none of the historical sources but Shahnameh. This research deals with the etymology and examination of this name or epithet in different ancient sources such as Pahlavi, Farsi, Arabic, Aramaic, Syriac and Greek ones. The reason why Ferdowsi had selected and recorded Farayin and whether or not this name is true, also Ferdowsi’s role, his source, his scribers and editors and their possible role in alteration of the name are further discussed. Goraz and Farayin, being one person exist in Shahnameh and Ferdowsi had used the two with slight modification. * . zagros.zand@gmail.com Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - Which SHahnameh has been used by KHaghani SHarvani?
kamran arzhangi Mohammad jafar YahaghiWhich SHahnameh has been used by KHaghani SHarvani? Khaghani Sharvani, the great eminent poet of the sixth century A.H. had borrowed to a large extent many narratives, epic, mythical, and heroic tales from Shahnameh in his poetry. However certain evidence show tha MoreWhich SHahnameh has been used by KHaghani SHarvani? Khaghani Sharvani, the great eminent poet of the sixth century A.H. had borrowed to a large extent many narratives, epic, mythical, and heroic tales from Shahnameh in his poetry. However certain evidence show that the stories drawn upon do not belong to Ferdowsi’s version of Shahnameh and distinctly not found in it. It is also possible that the tales are differently narrated. It is proposed in this article that Khaghani may have had access to another Shahnameh other than Ferdowsi’s epic. One also encounters such discrepancies in the poetry of other poets of the fifth and sixth century A.H. The attempt is made in this article to study the materials taken from Shahnameh in Khaghani’s poetry and to compare them with earlier epic sources and epic narratives available in ancient Persian history. The study verifies that Khaghani had access to other Shahnameh copies. Further examination of evidence strengthens this supposition that he had been mostly under the influence of Masoudi Marvazi’s Shahnameh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
203 - The study of adjective making suffixes in Ferdowsi’s epic masterpiece, Shahnameh
Azam Ghotbizade Maryam TavoossiAbstract Prefixes and suffixes are significant morphemes or words which aid linguists to make new words and parts of speech such as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs. By making thousands of scientific and technical terms, on one hand morphemes enrich Persian MoreAbstract Prefixes and suffixes are significant morphemes or words which aid linguists to make new words and parts of speech such as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs. By making thousands of scientific and technical terms, on one hand morphemes enrich Persian language, and on the other hand to a large extent create a barrier to keep intact the Persian language from the invasion of foreign expressions. The study of adjective making suffixes in Shahnameh which is a fine repository of dictions and is an embodiment of eloquence in the Persian language is of utmost importance in order to make correct adjectives and to determine the ancient ways of making adjectives. The research shows that Ferdowsi had masterly used about 26 suffixes to make adjectives and had drawn variety of meanings from them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
204 - History of mentality and Shahnameh Studies
Mostafa Arezomand Leialakol Saiied Ali GhasemzadehAbstract History of mentality is a novel method in Historiography which attempts to recognize the public mentality and discover the spirit of time to strive at what is known as “total history”. Linguistic, literary, and artistic sources are filled with MoreAbstract History of mentality is a novel method in Historiography which attempts to recognize the public mentality and discover the spirit of time to strive at what is known as “total history”. Linguistic, literary, and artistic sources are filled with information among which one can identify nations’ attitudes. Hence, literary masterpieces with their widespread influence over nations’ mentality gain particular interest here. The singular role of Shahnameh in the history of Persian mentality and formation of persistent national identity amid the Persian literary works and the related arts is worthy of attention. Inspection of historical and cultural sources is a subject mostly overlooked in the common literary and historical researches, therefore, this article pays attention to this aspect, and by using descriptive analytic method aims to explain and analyze the instances of impact of Shahnameh over Persian mentality. The outcome of research indicates that the theory of history of mentality can pave the way for recognition and presentation of Persian thought patterns. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
205 - A research on the manner Ferdowsi utilized sources based on the comparison between the tale of Homay and Dara in Shahnameh, Ghurar al- siyar, and Nihayat al-arab
hamed safiA research on the manner Ferdowsi utilized sources based on the comparison between the tale of Homay and Dara in Shahnameh, Ghurar al- siyar, and Nihayat al-arab *Hamed Safi PhD Graduate, Persian Literature, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran Date of MoreA research on the manner Ferdowsi utilized sources based on the comparison between the tale of Homay and Dara in Shahnameh, Ghurar al- siyar, and Nihayat al-arab *Hamed Safi PhD Graduate, Persian Literature, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran Date of reception: 97/1/20 Date of acceptance: 97/2/19 Abstract The final section of Bahman’s sovereignty in Shahnameh deals with Homay’s conception by his father Bahman. According to Ferdowsi’s narrative and in accordance with Pahlavi teachings Bahman unites with Homay makes her his successor and orders that the born child should be the future king. Sassan, Bahman’s son witnessing the event, leaves town and goes to Neyshabour, marries there and names his son Sassan too. Nihayat al-arab shares this narrative as well. According to Saalebi’s narrative also Bahman marries Homay who bears him a child. After Bahman’s death Homay assumes the throne. Comparing Ferdowsi’s narrative of this tale with the other two sources show that all three narratives have common source. On the other hand the difference in Shahnameh’s narrative with the other two texts goes back to the style of narration Ferdowsi adopts and the way he utilizes his sources. Based on this research Ferdowsi’s utilization of his source is a heterogeneous one. By combining two narratives, Ferdowsi narrates the tale in a way which is more dramatic and capturing. In fact Ferdowsi takes each event from a different source and in order to have a more coherent sequence of events he adds certain incidence to the tale. * . hamed 19s2003@yahoo.com Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
206 - The impact of Shahnameh Ferdowsi over structure and narrative in Robert Southey’s epic poem “Thalaba the Destroyer”
najimeh azadi deh abbasani amir esmail azar farhad tahmasbiAbstract Robert Southey 19th century English poet, historian, and orientalist had been under the influence of Persian and Islamic Literature in his works. This influence is more evident in his epic poem Thalaba the Destroyer which is regarded as an amalgam of Isla MoreAbstract Robert Southey 19th century English poet, historian, and orientalist had been under the influence of Persian and Islamic Literature in his works. This influence is more evident in his epic poem Thalaba the Destroyer which is regarded as an amalgam of Islamic and Zoroastrian instructions. Following the translation of this English epic, and using content analysis and comparison method it became clear that this work had many similarities with the Shahnameh, hence in terms of structure and narrative, plot and the main theme, the story was analyzed. The first part of the article deals with issues such as respecting the binary system derived from Zurvanism and Zoroastrianism. Twin brother doctrine is demonstrated as Ahuraei or divine like Simorgh and evil or Ahrimani like Zahhak, attention paid to issues such as time and space, battle, spell, magic, power devices, and aversion towards women. Similarities were then found with the Shahnameh counterparts. The conclusion drawn from the second part of the article indicates that the main theme and plot of the Thalaba tale was taken from the tale of Feraydun, his upbringings, and his revolt against Zahhak in Shahnameh Ferdowsi. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
207 - Power Discourse according to Shahnameh narrative in the tale of Bahram Chubineh and Khosrow Parviz
mehdi Rezaei leila akbariAbstractThe story of Bahram Chubineh’s revolt against two great Sasanid kings that is Hormoz, and his son Khosrow Parviz is only an example of many instances where Ferdowsi speaks about the insatiable nature of man to satisfy his instinct to acquire power and his MoreAbstractThe story of Bahram Chubineh’s revolt against two great Sasanid kings that is Hormoz, and his son Khosrow Parviz is only an example of many instances where Ferdowsi speaks about the insatiable nature of man to satisfy his instinct to acquire power and his continuous struggle to gain ultimate power. The relationship of Bahram with Sasanid kings is among the longest interactions between the king and warrior, an example being the heated discussions between Bahram and Khosrow which covers a good part in Shahnameh. Delving into this discussion is an eligible manner in order to analyze the power struggle in the political court in Iran. The necessity to be connected with the kings’, nobles’, and warriors’ lineage on the one hand, and the need for national fame and popularity to gain the legitimate sovereignty, on the other hand, made the discourse between the two unique in Shahnameh especially that history confirms its correspondence. Apart from benefitting from certain pragmatic language elements, this article is concerned with the close interconnection of two special kinds of language that is power and ideology. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
208 - Analysis of characterization in the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar Based on Heidegger’s Authentic life theory
Seyed Aria GhoreishiAbstractOne of the most important reasons for the impact of the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar is the way these two main characters confront each other. Despite most battles represented in Shahnameh, Rostam and Esfandyar before confrontation had always been on one s MoreAbstractOne of the most important reasons for the impact of the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar is the way these two main characters confront each other. Despite most battles represented in Shahnameh, Rostam and Esfandyar before confrontation had always been on one side. Therefore it seems that we are neither faced with good and evil in its literal sense nor with a sort of misunderstanding that happened in the tale of Rostam and Sohrab. Hence the characteristics that put these two characters opposite one another gain significant importance to such extent that the analysis of their fundamental differences is one way to discover the enormous impact of this tale. To reach this purpose it is essential to find a suitable criterion in order to classify the characteristic features of each protagonist. Attempt is made in this article to study the principal differences of the protagonists according to theories of “Authentic life” and “inauthentic life” put forward by Martin Heidegger paying attention to the role of the differences in the course of the tale that gradually brings about its tragic end. The results obtained show that looking at the tale from Heidegger’s perspective not only can help us to better understand the root of their discords but also it can justify certain conflicting behaviors of Esfandyar. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
209 - Transactional Behavior Analysis in the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar according to Eric Berne’s theory
Roza Vaezi Sareh ZirakAbstractTransactional Behavior analysis, TA is a much disputed theory in new Psychology which is concerned with regulating the behavior in human relations. The application of this theory in analysis of the stories could be an effective and scientific approach in o MoreAbstractTransactional Behavior analysis, TA is a much disputed theory in new Psychology which is concerned with regulating the behavior in human relations. The application of this theory in analysis of the stories could be an effective and scientific approach in order to benefit from outstanding literary works. Since themes and circumstances embedded in Shahnameh tales well reflect human relation, it is appropriate to look at them from the perspective of this theory. Hence, using descriptive analytic approach the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar is analyzed through the lens of TA. The conclusion drawn from this study showed that the reason for the failure of relationships and the ensuing unhappy end of the tale was the existence of pathological traces in Esfandyar’s psychological structure, and also constraints and motivations in his earlier life were all the more reason for the lack of independence and weakness in his decision making which eventually led to the story’s tragic end. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
210 - Banjidan Ancient and antiquated infinitive in Shahnameh
Sajjad AydenlooBanjidan, an archaic, obsolete infinitive in shahnameh *Sajjad Aydenloo Associate Professor, Payame Nour University, Urmia Branch, Iran Date of reception: 97/12/14 Date of acceptance: 98/6/6 Abstract In Bahram Gur and Lonbak, the wat MoreBanjidan, an archaic, obsolete infinitive in shahnameh *Sajjad Aydenloo Associate Professor, Payame Nour University, Urmia Branch, Iran Date of reception: 97/12/14 Date of acceptance: 98/6/6 Abstract In Bahram Gur and Lonbak, the water seller tale there is an episode where Lonbak stands to receive Bahram. Right after this scene there is a couplet. With respect to the records found in different manuscripts of Shahnameh and one or two such parallels, probably the right form of the verb in the second hemistich is Bebanjid. This verb is a derivative of the infinitive “Banjidan” which means to divide, and cut into pieces. The present mode stem used to make this false or secondary infinitive may be the second present mode stem of the infinitive “Bakhtan” in Pahlavi in which case banj is taken from the root baj which means to divide and to give so that the meaning of the couplet considering the deductive edition will be as follows: Bahram divided the food Lonbak offered him into two or three parts and put them of the table. * . aydenloo@gmail.com Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
211 - Recognition and misrecognition of kings’ vocation in Shahnameh
fatemeh Ghaeini Karimabadi Hassan BassakAbstractFerdowsi’s Shahnameh is one of the greatest masterpieces in the Persian literature which is in close connection with the society, sovereignty, and politics of its time. The kind of sovereignty in Shahnameh is monarchy whose foundation and principals MoreAbstractFerdowsi’s Shahnameh is one of the greatest masterpieces in the Persian literature which is in close connection with the society, sovereignty, and politics of its time. The kind of sovereignty in Shahnameh is monarchy whose foundation and principals are originated from the Iranshahri thinking. The pillar of sovereignty is the monarch whose incompetence brings destruction to the country and its realms. Ferdowsi’s ideal Iranshahr is the manifestation of a sovereignty with a just, wise king who has Farr or God given glory. Apart from having an ideal worldwide view, Ferdowsi explains how power drawbacks and the flaws committed by the kings such as not acting according to wisdom, justice and engaging in extravagance lead to the final breaking of the rule of Asha. This article made use of descriptive analytic approach in order to criticize and analyze Kings’ and sovereign’s vocation in Shahnameh with specific emphasis on the tale of Jamshid since he is the first example of a monarch who acted according to his vocation but later disregarded his calling. The following results were obtained first that the major source in recognizing one’s vocation lies in having a Farr, God given glory and a king with a Farr is a wise and just king. Kings’ vocation should come from the Lord of wisdom and creator of the world otherwise violation of the vocation not only harms the basis of monarchy, government, and nation, but also is regarded as a sign of disrespect to creation in general and it brings forth chaos and devastation to the country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
212 - Comparative study of narratives regarding Scythians’ interment rite in Shahnameh with actual burial service performed in Iran using funeral remains found in Khoram Abad cemetery in Meshkin shahr
Reza Rezalou Yahya Ayremlou قاسم مهرآور گیگلوComparative study of narratives regarding Scythians’ interment rite in Shahnameh with actual burial service performed in Iran using funeral remains found in Khoram Abad cemetery in Meshkin shahr *Ghasem Mehravar Gigloo PhD­ Student, Persian Literature, Mohaghe MoreComparative study of narratives regarding Scythians’ interment rite in Shahnameh with actual burial service performed in Iran using funeral remains found in Khoram Abad cemetery in Meshkin shahr *Ghasem Mehravar Gigloo PhD­ Student, Persian Literature, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran **Reza Rezaloo Associate Professor, Archeology Department, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Iran ***Yahya Ayramloo PhD Graduate, Archeology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Iran Date of reception: 95/11/16 Date of acceptance: 98/9/20 Abstract Shahnameh Ferdowsi is considered as one of the most invaluable sources regarding the customs, traditions, and rituals of different ancient societies living in our land. One of these rituals one comes across in Shahnameh is a ritual surrounding the death of kings and great heroes, and since some of these figures belonged to Scythian race it is the purpose of this article to compare their manner of burial with the actual interment rite performed in Iran using rare example of burial remains uncovered by archeologists in the recent excavation as evidence. According to the researches done it has been established that the burial ceremony carried out by Scythian people in Khoram Abad cemetery in Meshkin shahr to a large extent corresponds with Ferdowsi’s composition regarding burial rituals conducted for Scythian heroes. Ferdowsi’s description of how glorious tombs were erected for Scythian heroes could well represent what is found in imperial coffins in Khoram Abad cemetery in Ardabil. In both cases the existence of horse near the corpses were greatly emphasized. * . mehravar_g@yahoo.com ** . reza_rezaloo@yahoo.com *** . yahya_ayramloo@yahoo.com Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
213 - Persian epic in France
sina forouzesh maryam barzegarAbstract Shahnameh translated by William Jones, and excerpts of which translated into English verse and French prose are recognized to an extent in the west. From then on characters like Louis Langles, Ernest Renan, Jean-Jacques Ampere, Noldeke announced that the MoreAbstract Shahnameh translated by William Jones, and excerpts of which translated into English verse and French prose are recognized to an extent in the west. From then on characters like Louis Langles, Ernest Renan, Jean-Jacques Ampere, Noldeke announced that the Persian national epic outshines any other epic in the world. The purpose of this article is to determine how Shahnameh’s reputation diffused in France and to what extent the French were inspired by its tales. Since the 18th century and after the great French revolution, in French literature a movement took form which turned the attention of this nation towards literary works of other nations. With the spread of Orientalism in Europe the worldwide process of translation movement took speed. The first translations made from excerpts of Shahnameh were carried out by Louis Langles, De Wallenbourg, and Biyanki, however translation and critical edition of Shahnameh of Ferdowsi undertaken by Jules Mohl took forty years to complete and finally in 1877 it was published in seven volumes. Since then, French authors such as Alfred Delvau, Maurice Maeterlich, Noldeke conducted researches and produced criticism regarding Shahnameh that influenced French poets like Abel Bonnard, Victor Hugo, Francois Coppee, Paul Furt, and Andre Gide. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
214 - Comparative analysis of Sohrab in Shahnameh with Babhuvahana in Mahabharata
Sara Ajalli Ahmad khatami Abolghasem EsmaeelpourAbstractSohrab, one of the mythological characters in Persian national epic, Shahnameh is similar in many respects to Babhruvahana, the epic character in Indian epic, Mahabharata. Their similarities and differences lend themselves to examination in many respects.& MoreAbstractSohrab, one of the mythological characters in Persian national epic, Shahnameh is similar in many respects to Babhruvahana, the epic character in Indian epic, Mahabharata. Their similarities and differences lend themselves to examination in many respects. The common origin of their names, their lineage, identical destiny, the parents’ marriage story with the exact details, residence of both at their mothers side, and far from the father, the role of the spectacular horse in the progression of the tale, confrontation with the father in battle field after many years, the impact of supernatural forces in the tale, one of the opponents getting killed in the battle ground and the attempt made for acquiring the elixir are among the most remarkable common grounds between these two characters. Nevertheless accurate examination of their life histories make us understand also significant differences between the two characters that inevitably lead to entirely different fates and hence the course of the tales take diverse turns. Using comparative analysis approach, the purpose of this article is to study the significant similarities and differences between the two characters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
215 - The description and the study of Rostam’s array in Shahnameh, Paris manuscript 953HG
Nafiseh Zamani Farzane FarrokhfarAbstract Rostam, reputed as one who wears a talismanic tiger skin is a preeminent legendary hero in the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi. Ferdowsi dresses him with an armor called Babre Bayan, and a hat made from the skin of the white demon according to the epic narratives in the MoreAbstract Rostam, reputed as one who wears a talismanic tiger skin is a preeminent legendary hero in the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi. Ferdowsi dresses him with an armor called Babre Bayan, and a hat made from the skin of the white demon according to the epic narratives in the west. Therefore this array becomes Rostam’s pictorial identity seen in most illustrated editions of Shahnmeh. Among the illustrated copies, Paris manuscript 953 belonging to the second school in Tabriz and Gazvin in the Safavid period is regarded a suitable source for the purpose of this article since it displays clear pictures of Rostam’s garments. Since cultural symbols in myths are represented in the art works this research is a step taken to identify and find the origin of the symbols and in this way one can also determine to what extent historical pictures correspond with the mythic symbols. This article raises the question that to what extent the illustrator of the Paris edition used clothing to portray Rostam as a legendary epic figure? According to the studies conducted it was verified that the illustrator of the Paris 953 edition had been well informed of the Shahnameh text, and under the influence of narrative imagery in portraying Rostam in battle, had profited from the clothing in order to induce the mythic character of Rostam while remaining loyal to the customary example of this time that is the Safavid era. This point must be emphasized that the artist of the tenth century due to the existence of appropriate artistic and scientific opportunities and the ability to access the illustrated editions of preceding centuries was cultivated in a milieu where he could express his artistic talents by using clothing with utmost care in such a way to portray Rostam’s massive extraordinary strength in Shahnameh 953. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
216 - Bourdieuian Analysis of literary production field of Shahnameh and Ferdowsi’s habitus
saba pezhmanfar Ahmad Zakeri Hosein NabaviAbstract This research is an attempt to apply Bourdieu’s integrated structuralist theory in order to examine the extent of influence of literary production field in the 4th century taken as object, and also study the impact of Ferdowsi’s disposition regarded MoreAbstract This research is an attempt to apply Bourdieu’s integrated structuralist theory in order to examine the extent of influence of literary production field in the 4th century taken as object, and also study the impact of Ferdowsi’s disposition regarded as a subject in the composition of the most important Persian national epic. After examining the aforementioned field and studying the impact ofsocial, economic, cultural, and symbolic capitals on Ferdowsi’s habitus, this result is reached that there exists a dialectic relationship between the literary production field in the 4th century closely connected with the political field under the Samanids rule with the active habitus which did not lead him towards the vulgar teachings, instead had led him to use Persian national narratives in order to undertake the composition of Shahnameh. Employing descriptive analytic approach in this article it was found out that, Ferdowsi’s strategy was under the influence of collective habitus in his time which in turn emanated from the political structure of Samanids and his individual habitus was affected by the symbolic and cultural capital and also his Dehghan class. All these factors had persuaded him to incline towards preservation of the Persian language and Persian national identity. It was further proved that Abu Mansur Abd al-Razzaq and his companions had a great role in providing the milieu in which a project such as the writing of the Shahnameh could be realized. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - The interpretation of Siavash’s dream in Shahnameh from the perspective of traditional dream interpretation and Jung’spsychology
Seyedeh zahra Saberi nikoo Mir Jalaladin Kazazi Mousa ParnianAbstract One of common grounds between literature and psychology is the concept of dreaming and its interpretation. The most significant resemblance lies in their symbolic language. In numerous literary and historical works of nations one comes across accou MoreAbstract One of common grounds between literature and psychology is the concept of dreaming and its interpretation. The most significant resemblance lies in their symbolic language. In numerous literary and historical works of nations one comes across account of dreams that are realized and interpreted by dream interpreters. Shahnameh as a singular literary work is no exception in this regard to an extent that this recurring feature can be considered as a motif. Sometimes these dreams are fully realized, at times half come true and other times are totally symbolic. Jung’s individual and collective unconscious arguments and traditional dream interpretation approach are applied to Siavash’s dream in Shahnameh in order to arrive at an interpretation so that it can be compared with the interpretation provided in the narrative tale. The method of research in this article is analysis and comparison. In traditional dream interpretation, every single symbol in the dream is interpreted according to the Persian and Islamic dream interpretation books, but in the Psychological dream analysis section first in view of Siavash’s life, personality and his temperaments and also in view of Jung’s free association method, the symbols in his dream are analyzed, then in the final part the structural similarities of this dream are compared with a certain ancient myth. The result shows that irrespective of the approaches applied, the perfect juxtaposition of symbols in the dream are well in accordance with the natural trend of the tale in Shahnameh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
218 - The Eco feministic analysis of women’s weeping in Shahnameh
Hasti Ghaderi Sohi Ghaderi Sohi Mehyar Alavi Moghaddam Ebrahim Estaji Ali TasnimiAbstract Environmental crisis in the present era have led man to seek fundamental solutions to overcome these crisis and their consequences. Ecofeminism as an approach branching from feminism with Eco environmental beliefs attempts to change the beliefs that are merely MoreAbstract Environmental crisis in the present era have led man to seek fundamental solutions to overcome these crisis and their consequences. Ecofeminism as an approach branching from feminism with Eco environmental beliefs attempts to change the beliefs that are merely after managing the consequences of the environmental crisis. Eco feminists regard endless developing oriented beliefs of men as the main reason for the destruction of the environment and they are after finding ways to equalize the standpoint of women with men and prevent men to carry out their dominant intentions. The relationship of women with nature, the connection between dominance over woman and nature, and the role of women in solving the ecological problems are among the main tenets of Eco feminism. As an epic masterpiece, Shahnameh has exerted significant influence over the Persians thought and culture and its study with the Ecofeministic eye could prove beneficial. Relying on the library sources and employing descriptive analytic method this article aims to examine the mourning and weeping of women (Tahmineh, Farangis, and Katayun) in Shahnameh from the perspective of Ecofeminism. The outcome of the research is that this mourning in most cases is feminine device to stand against the dominance of men, and their hunger for development and expansion; expansion which is closely connected with the war and destruction of the environment and in this regard it goes hand in hand with eco feministic purposes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
219 - Analysis of the lack of female genocide in Fedowsi's Shahnameh Based on the position of women in Iranian Myths
zahra jamshidi seyedmohamad artaReflection on absence of female genocide inFedowsi's ShahnamehAbstractOne of the most and important wonderful epic themes is genocide theme in the mysteries of nations, in the other words, it is archetype of same blood relatives .There are so manyand so much examples of MoreReflection on absence of female genocide inFedowsi's ShahnamehAbstractOne of the most and important wonderful epic themes is genocide theme in the mysteries of nations, in the other words, it is archetype of same blood relatives .There are so manyand so much examples of parricide, matricide, fratricide, but there is no exampleand model of matricide, sister - cide, or girl - cide in Iranian and persion mysteries. Herewith, there are different reasons including; the power of Iranian godd esses, their religious penetration in the hearts of ancient, Iranian as well as the innocent position of women like the earthy goddesses, the matriarchal government in Ariaan tribes, the roles of women in agriculture, the purity of earth, the role of women in generation,…etc. The methodology is analytical, historical, scientific due to the evidences of Iranian mysteries, as well as Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh.Keywords: Myth, Epic, Shahnameh, Female Genocide, Female co-worker. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
220 - A narrative from Jamshid’s dynasty till the advent of Feraydun
Hamidreza kharazmiAbstractMyths are the narrators of the man’s first stories and in the later stage where man moves from the primordial thoughts towards a newer life is no longer faced with the primal questions instead answers his new needs with myth. In epic we encounter mor MoreAbstractMyths are the narrators of the man’s first stories and in the later stage where man moves from the primordial thoughts towards a newer life is no longer faced with the primal questions instead answers his new needs with myth. In epic we encounter more logical narratives of the stories. Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh as a written heritage of Persian myths in a newer epic genre is a retelling of the narratives which in the other epic and mythological books were orally communicated. After logical expression of the history of heroes such as Kyomarth, Hoshang, Tahmores, and Jamshid, there is a gap in the reign of Ahurian and Zahhak comes into power, and later with the coming of Feraydun, Zahhak is overthroned. In the thousand years of Zahhak’s demonic soveriengty, the fate of Jamshid’s and Feraydun’s dynasty and their relationship is not clear. On the basis of other epic and historical sources in particular Kushnameh, the purpose of this article is to retell this narrative. The outcome of this research is that after wondering in India and Zabolestan, Jamshid marries Khaqan’s daughter and the King of Zabol’s daughter. From one branch, Rostam’s clan is born and from the other Feraydun’s clan. The method of the research is descriptive analytic one. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
221 - New findings regarding the Tale of Siavash amid the Kurdish narrative by Almas khan Kanoule’ei
zahra jamshidi abas mohamadianAbstract The glory of the tales and their captivating features in Shahnameh have always been the focus of attention by the local poets. Kurdish poets are no exceptions to this rule and had many times embarked on translation or representation of Shahnameh tales.&n MoreAbstract The glory of the tales and their captivating features in Shahnameh have always been the focus of attention by the local poets. Kurdish poets are no exceptions to this rule and had many times embarked on translation or representation of Shahnameh tales. One example of such influence is the book of poetry, Siavashnameh the invaluable work composed by Almas Khan Kandulei in Kurdish Gurani dialect following the example of the Tale of Siavash. The Kurdish poet made an attempt to avoid mere translation and imitation and pay attention to literary creation. To achieve this end, he narrates the story with more details to recreate another collection of poetry for this reason one encounters more precise cause and effect relations, and plots are more solid than its counterpart in Shahnameh, hence it could be used as a key to solve certain ambiguities in the tale of Siavash in Shahnameh and serve to provide solutions for the questions as yet left unanswered. The writers of this article while making an effort to introduce Almas Khan and deal with his biography and works, also made an attempt to examine the two tales in terms of narrative, content, and events in the story and cite their points of difference employing comparative analytic method. Moreover for certain actions and events in the story appropriate mythological analysis are provided. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
222 - The study of Asadi Tusi’s anxiety of influence from the Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh based on Harold Bloom’s viewpoint
vaahid mobarakAbstract Among Shahnameh followers, Garshasbnameh composed by Asadi Tusi has an important standpoint. By going to Azarbayjan and staying in its favorable grounds Tusi aspired to complete the Shahnameh and like Nezami he embarked on composing parts of the national MoreAbstract Among Shahnameh followers, Garshasbnameh composed by Asadi Tusi has an important standpoint. By going to Azarbayjan and staying in its favorable grounds Tusi aspired to complete the Shahnameh and like Nezami he embarked on composing parts of the national narratives in Shahnameh not previously composed. Completing the work of predecessors are often accompanied by the anxiety of influence and imitation, and the poets attempt to relieve themselves from the shadow of their precursors. The purpose of this article is to determine the attempts made by Asadi Tusi to exit from the arena of influence posed by form, language and thoughts in Shahnameh as the model according to Harold Bloom’s argument. The results show that due to the anxiety of influence experienced by Tusi he wanted to overcome this anxiety by being different from Shahnameh, and escape from its circle of influence. By introducing Brahman in place of Mobad or priest and including ideological questions posed by Garshasb regarding the creation of life and man, and also by turning to verbosity, and beautiful solid descriptions, governing new perspective and philosophy different from the ancient Persian thought regarding the main issue of justice in government and justice of kings, also selecting theatrical functions such as egotism, prowess in battle, and placing scenes and numerous sea battle episodes, repetitive dragon killing spectacles, and most important of all, attributing abilities such as trial of the preeminent hero to Zahhak and setting the story in Zahhak’s era under the surveillance of a dragon who feeds on humans, and a father killer render this work different from Shahnameh. However various signs of dependence, manifested in the repetition of the hemistiches and verses attest to the influence of Shahnameh over Garshasbnameh. Asadi in dialectic of “dependence on swerving from the poetic language of his precursor had been dependent on Shahnameh and at the same time departed from it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
223 - Iranian prophet in historical and heroic texts
Reza GhafouriZoroaster the ancient prophet of the ancient Iran is one of the greatest and the most renowned heroes in history. In some parts of Avesta and in Middle Persian religious texts there are references to Zoroaster and his relationship with Goshtasp. MoreZoroaster the ancient prophet of the ancient Iran is one of the greatest and the most renowned heroes in history. In some parts of Avesta and in Middle Persian religious texts there are references to Zoroaster and his relationship with Goshtasp. Based on these genre of texts, after experiencing many adventures Zoroaster visits Goshtasp and invites him to his religion. The Persian king after seeing Zoroasters’ miracles and with the mediation of Zoroasterian angels adopted the new religion. The main consequence of this event is his battle with Arjasb. The aforementioned narratives with few alterations are included in Shahnameh and certain historical texts. It is worthy of attention that the Islamic historians have had two entirely different contradictory views toward Zoroaster. Some regard him as a divine prophet or a sage and mentioned his certain miracles and spoke about the value of his book while others regard him not only as the Iranian prophet but also counted him as a person from Bani Israeil who betrayed one of the prophets of the tribe, created his own fake religion and upon deceiving Goshtasp caused enormous bloodshed. This article first deals with the study of narratives concerning the adventures of Zoroaster with Goshtasp in the above sources and then it refers to the most important reasons for the negative approach the historians took towards the Iranian poet. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
224 - Yemen according to Shahnameh’s account of the revenge campaign led by Shapur, the second
Farzin GhafouriAbstractThe defeat of Narsi in the war with Rome and the early death of his successor, Hormoz the second was the reason behind the Arabs plundering invasion of western and southern part of Iran at a time when Shapour the second was only a child. The Invaders kidna MoreAbstractThe defeat of Narsi in the war with Rome and the early death of his successor, Hormoz the second was the reason behind the Arabs plundering invasion of western and southern part of Iran at a time when Shapour the second was only a child. The Invaders kidnapped a high stature Sassanid princess from a palace in the suburb of Ctesiphon. On one hand Yemen in parallel with Hamavaran is referred to in Shahnameh and in the Sassanid part of Shahnameh it is clearly named Hira and this matter in the reign of Yazdgerd the first is completely evident. On the other hand in the reign of Shapur the second Yemen is also referred to as Hira in Shahnameh while the early historians of the Islamic era such as Tabari and Bala’mi overlooked the circumstances in Hira before and in the midst of the revenge operations of Shapur. In fact according to Shahnameh’s account this operation was directed first towards Hira and then against the Arabs tribes who were behind the attacks. The examination of Namara epitaph and the study of the Roman political events concurrent with shapur’s revenge attack confirms the truthfulness of the Shahnameh’s account. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
225 - Achaemenids in Shahname And National Traditions
amin babadi Arezoo RasouliAbstractSince there is no trace of Achaemenids in Shahnameh and Khodaynameh in the Sasanid era and since the beginnings of the studies on Sasanid dynasty the discussion revolved around whether Sasanian had any knowledge of Achaemenids or not. Certain figures such MoreAbstractSince there is no trace of Achaemenids in Shahnameh and Khodaynameh in the Sasanid era and since the beginnings of the studies on Sasanid dynasty the discussion revolved around whether Sasanian had any knowledge of Achaemenids or not. Certain figures such as Noldeke, Memzan, and Yarshater denied this awareness and certain others such as Fry, Shahbazi, and Zarrinkoub persisted upon this knowledge. Some like Daryaei, taking a more moderate approach, believe that Sasanian had consciously ignored Achaemanids memorial so that they could trace their genealogy to Kianis who were an ancient dynasty in the east Iran. Certain evidence and documents show that the earliest Sasanians were definitely aware of the existence of Achaemenids and related themselves to them, however the later Sasanids by deliberate distortion of history and by transforming characters have changed the Achaemenid portraits due to their own taste to achieve their political and religious purposes. Nevertheless, Achaemeinds new image and identity remained in the Sasanid historiography and found their way to Islamic era. Deliberate distortions made in history of Iran by Sasanids are proved today, and upon studying the evidence one can discover the extent and the reason for this manipulation. The purpose of this article is to prove the existence of outstanding figures in Achaemenids dynasty namely, Cyrus and Darius in the new Sasanid-Islamic historiography, and also to detect records that approve Achaemenids’ existence within the Sasanid sources. This requires a thorough research into the thought processes of Sasanids during their reign upon adopting an apprehensive approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
226 - Advancing from epic to screenplay with emphasis on the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar
Anahita Motemani Hengameh Ashouri Bahram Parvin gonabadiAbstractStory is the common ground between literature and many arts. Arts such as theatre, cinema, painting, and music, yet in order for the story to be translated into screenplay it must have certain features which the most principal one is the pictorial quality MoreAbstractStory is the common ground between literature and many arts. Arts such as theatre, cinema, painting, and music, yet in order for the story to be translated into screenplay it must have certain features which the most principal one is the pictorial quality of the literary tale in question since the image and the picture emanated from the poet’s or the author’s description is the most animated element which leads the spectator to understand time and place orientation. Hence employing descriptive analytic method attempt is made in this article to concentrate on the elements of “image” and “story” which are the most significant structural factors in the formation of the screenplay. This research also deals with the competence and capabilities of the Shahnameh stories to be turned into screenplay forms. For this reason the discussion is begun by defining terms such as picture whether epic or cinematic, story, and screenplay. Then the screenplay’s narrative structure which is more based on the pictorial and narrative elements such as scene, character, plot, theme, and dialogue is classified and described, finally by bringing examples from the Rostam and Esfandyar tale and correspondence of its structure with the structure of the screenplay together with giving examples of illustration in the tale the research comes to its end. The result of the search shows that Shahnameh Ferdowsi in particular the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar due to Ferdowsi’s accounts composed according to epic features is capable to go hand in hand with cinema. Hence in order to change into a cinematic screenplay Shahnameh could be investigated in terms of image, scenery and characterization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
227 - Analysis of the tale of Rostam and Sohrab in Shahnameh and Kianoush Dalvand’s animation according to Richard Krevolin’s adaptation process
fariba shamsi mahbobeh khorasani shahrzad NiaziAbstract Due to having dramatic and story appeals, many dramas, operas, and screenplays were adapted from the tale of Rostam and Sohrab so far. This tale is one of the most prominent and controversial stories in Shahnameh in which destiny brings father and son in MoreAbstract Due to having dramatic and story appeals, many dramas, operas, and screenplays were adapted from the tale of Rostam and Sohrab so far. This tale is one of the most prominent and controversial stories in Shahnameh in which destiny brings father and son in two opposing sides. One such adaptation is the animation of Rostam and Sohrab produced by Kianoush Dalvand in 1392. Since production of animation in our country is quite new and needs substructures according to the writers of this article the most important of which is screenplay hence the purpose of this article is to compare and contrast the screenplay of this animation with the criteria proposed in Richard Krevolin’s book “How to adapt anything into a screenplay” which is the most important reference in writing screenplay adaptations. This comparison further provides aid to systematic writing and finds errors in the screenplay adaptations produced from the masterpieces of Persian land’s literature. From this perspective and with the comparison of the genuine story with its animation copy it was concluded that the Shahnameh text lends itself well with the structure and content proposed by Krevolin, yet the animated screenplay adaptation has certain discrepancies such as not dealing with the genre of adaptation, not considering the spirit of the tale, sudden change in the story’s end without providing the foregrounds, changing the tale’s theme, and not introducing the tale’s author. Furthermore, alterations made in the tale caused the work to get out of its main genre which is tragic epic, and thereby induced distortion in such popular tale. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
228 - Rereading and structural analysis of revolts in Shahnameh
ali asmand gunegani AbstractOne of the political and social phenomena in Ferdowsi’s epic is the different uprisings and revolts that occurred due to the injustice and cruelties of the kings. In between the stories of evil kings in ancient Iran Ferdowsi had recorded these More AbstractOne of the political and social phenomena in Ferdowsi’s epic is the different uprisings and revolts that occurred due to the injustice and cruelties of the kings. In between the stories of evil kings in ancient Iran Ferdowsi had recorded these revolts in his lofty masterpiece. The uprisings had occurred in Iran’s society for different motives. The purpose of this article is to analyze Shahnameh’s uprisings in terms of structure. Meanwhile the kings without a Divine Farr are recognized those against whom the revolts had occurred and in this way the reasons behind Ferdowsi’s dealing with the uprisings against kings in Shahnameh which is the book of kings are enumerated. Employing library and documentary sources and applying descriptive analytic method all the actions leading to uprisings against kings are studied and the strategies used in the revolts as one of the political and social phenomena are analyzed in view of Ferdowsi’s power of visualization and poetic talent. The results obtained show that different factors were involved in each revolt and the majority of them led to rulers’ downfall.. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
229 - Tax system and loan policies in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh
Somayeh ErshadiIn Shahnameh tax is regarded as one of the most important income sources and is an essential index to provide military budgets, army and other governmental expenses. Also it guarantees the viability and security of the economic and political system in the co MoreIn Shahnameh tax is regarded as one of the most important income sources and is an essential index to provide military budgets, army and other governmental expenses. Also it guarantees the viability and security of the economic and political system in the country. The best motivation for tax payments in Shahnameh is its concentration on receiving fair systematic taxes from the people, therefore significant part of preventive measures taken by the kings, as well as laws and policies were all related to tax structures and their attempt either to reduce or eliminate obstacles and challenges facing tax payment such as injustice done upon receiving tax. Nevertheless tax system framework in Shahnameh alongside loan policies which bring economic stability, financial and monetary turnover, and fair income distribution, gain utmost importance. Apart from taking a glance at tax policies and presenting loan examples in Shahnameh this article is also concerned with the study of juridical, legal, and criminal aspects in connection with tax payments to prove the importance of Shahnameh’s report concerning economics and tax laws in the Sassanid period and the time before it. The results obtained determine that apart from tax exemptions and reliefs assigned by Eskandar, Ardeshir, Bahram Gur, and Yazdgerd appointing judicial inspectors to inquire about the circumstances under which poverty stricken people lived and to exempt them from paying taxes as was the case under the reign of Ardeshir; giving out loans in Bahram Gur’s time were steps taken before the time of Qobad. Fundamental tax and economic reform done by Anoshirvan who followed the example of his father was not only the attempt to devise a tax system via calculating the area of the properties, determine regular time intervals for tax payments, provide exact indexes for tax rates, tax exemptions, pay taxes in installments, allow time for unpaid taxes, hire secret service agents, allow personal supervision, establish governmental offices, and formulate exact legal instructions, and also to consider stiff penalties for tax evaders, but also they were all measures taken to realize justice in terms of tax payments since clear tax laws enforced by the government would be beneficial to citizens, the king and the country alike. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
230 - Esfandiar; The controversy over the realization or non-realization of individuality in his personality
Mahmoud EskandariEsfandiar in Shahnameh is one of the important figures in the mythical and epic history of Iran. The complexity of his character has provided a good platform for interpreting and theorizing about this character, his actions and behavior. In this article, we try to use J MoreEsfandiar in Shahnameh is one of the important figures in the mythical and epic history of Iran. The complexity of his character has provided a good platform for interpreting and theorizing about this character, his actions and behavior. In this article, we try to use Jung's theories to examine Esfandiar's Haft-KHan and the controversy of "individuality" in his character, .We know that the use of new analytical theories in the study of epic texts can open new angles for researchers. One of the important points in Esfandiar's heroic life is the issue of "Haft- KHan", which has been followed by various analyzes. Research on this subject, based on Jung's theories, often has a single point of view in comparison with "Rostam Haft-KHan", and that is that Esfandiar, like the superhero of Iranian myths, was able to "individuality" by passing the Haft-KHan. Achieve "perfection". While the stage of the return of this hero from the Haft-KHan, and especially his important and influential actions in the last stages of his life, proves contrary to the results of recent research. In the present discourse, we will show by quoting the same Jungi's approach that previous studies are based on, that the process of individuality and perfection has not been achieved for him due to Esfandiar's unification with the archetype of "Persona" and the domination of "shadow" over his personality. And just passing the Haft-KHan does not confirm the claim of this research that Esfandiar has achieved "individuality". Manuscript profile -
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231 - The role of power and heredity in choosing an heir to throne in Shahnameh
esmail Khirabadi Sepideh Sepehri Mandana HashemiFrom Iranians’ perspective Shahnameh is a book of politics and the manner of ruling a country and via portraying the destiny of heroes and kings in fact gives a lesson to dictators and world worshippers informing them of punishments and consequences of their sins MoreFrom Iranians’ perspective Shahnameh is a book of politics and the manner of ruling a country and via portraying the destiny of heroes and kings in fact gives a lesson to dictators and world worshippers informing them of punishments and consequences of their sins and oppressions imposed. The purpose of this article is to study from different angles how states are formed. Aspects such as Divine Farr, Royal Farr (heredity , blood relationship in royal generation), power and having social status as important factors in forming sovereignties. For this purpose the conflict of power and heredity is studied in more than fifty kings. The main pillar of sovereignty in Shahmameh is power and varieties of its manifestations. In other words, Shahnameh is the struggle of powers that is the battle of justice against injustice. According to the beliefs of certain communities in Shahnameh women whether in a position of a reign or as a queen are transmitters of heredity and agents who transfer royal blood and power in the infrastructure of the sovereignty. Traces of the ancient tradition of matriarchy can be seen and in this regard women mostly appear in the role of a mother, a daughter or a sister as the agents who transmit heredity example being the marriage of Zahak with Jamshid’s sisters, the tale of Siavash, and the tale of King of Yemen, Sarv who refused to let his daughters marry Feraydun’s sons. The writers of this article employed a comparative analytic method to study and compare different reigns and to deal with the conflict of power and heredity as one of pillars of their sovereignty. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
232 - Comparison and analysis of women’s language in eight tales taken from Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and Moulana’s Masnavi
leila mirzaii Abdolhosein Farzad Amirhosein MahooziFerdowsi’s Shahnameh and Moulana’s Masnavi are among the most influential works in Persian literature. Having narrative structure they could well be compared with one another. Bakhtin, Russian theorist introduces the concept of multilingualism in the d MoreFerdowsi’s Shahnameh and Moulana’s Masnavi are among the most influential works in Persian literature. Having narrative structure they could well be compared with one another. Bakhtin, Russian theorist introduces the concept of multilingualism in the domain of narrative as a substructure of polyphony, however does not include epic and poetic meter in this category. The main question of this research is that if there were linguistic layers in these two versified narrative works, to what extent each employed polyphony and what had been the impact of this feature on the two works. The study of women’s language in the above tales seen from the perspective of polyphony show that although some of Bakhtin’s linguistic genres are found in women’s certain language, however women in Shahnameh share this characteristic far more than their Masnavi counterparts, and therefore Ferdowsi had surpassed Moulana in employing polyphony for characterization of women in the tales. Moreover, this study further differentiates between the outlook of these two great poets regarding women and the origin of the tales. In Shahnameh women are dialogue orientated whereas in Masnavi they mostly remain silent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
233 - The study of Shahnameh’s realistic tales’ potential for presenting to children
Fatemeh Farzin Mahmoud Tavoosi Maryam Jalali mehdi mahooziSince Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh include captivating tales, it has attracted the attention of writers of children and adolescent to a large extent. A child having the specific characteristics of his age group requires his own needs in order to acquire scientific k MoreSince Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh include captivating tales, it has attracted the attention of writers of children and adolescent to a large extent. A child having the specific characteristics of his age group requires his own needs in order to acquire scientific knowledge and sources in any form even narrative one therefore the present article written using descriptive analytic method and for gathering data made use of library studies is an attempt to study the potential of certain realistic tales in Shahnameh which include issues such as battle scenes, historical, social, romantic, mystical, and moral themes according to child’s age group so that by using strategies such as rewriting, revising, and so on render the ancient text of Shahnameh more appropriate for the age group in question. In this way these realistic captivating tales can attract the attention of the younger audience, so that they can relate to them in their everyday life. Moreover, those stories which deal with one or number of heroes because of their adventurous nature and content and their palpability to man’s life could set an example for children with their creative minds. Inducing the feelings of identification in the audience, the presence of actual child characters in realistic tales of Shahnameh also could serve as an important factor in increasing the potential of the tales to capture the attention of children.. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
234 - The study of narrative grammar in the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar based on the Greimas narrative theory
Mahboobe Zamani Boroujeni asghar rezaporianStructural analysis of literary works due to the study of intertextual elements and the discovery of their overall pattern leads to a better understanding of the literary works and with the help of the results obtained from such analysis one can unravel the mysteries un MoreStructural analysis of literary works due to the study of intertextual elements and the discovery of their overall pattern leads to a better understanding of the literary works and with the help of the results obtained from such analysis one can unravel the mysteries underlying the creation of different works and discover the appropriate patterns for their analysis. One of the methods to analyze the structure of literary works is the Greimas narrative model. The application of the processes and narratological, semiotic, and semantic patterns that Greimas propose in order to recognize the overall structure of a narrative and also the analysis of Persian texts whether in prose or verse seems an essential task. Casting a critical look over variety of texts in search of meaning either to prove or disprove the patterns could entail significant results. Many tales in Shahnameh were investigated according to Grimas theory. A number of these tales include manifestations of magic and sorcery and in this regard numerous studies had been conducted, yet till present a research regarding the grammar of magic narrative in Shahnameh had not been conducted The purpose of this article is to study the structure of the plot, to analyze the active patterns, to recognize the mechanisms and the elements involved for production of meaning in the magic and sorcery narrative in the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar, and to study the impact of magic on the structures of this narrative. The conclusion drawn from the research show that where ever in Shahnameh tales inhuman, magic actors are involved they play the major role in forming the tale and moving it forward leaving the human actors behind. In fact a particular grammar gets created for the works concerning magic. The discovery and identification of this kind of grammar and unique characteristics of the author’s style could help researchers verify the attributions given to the author of the literary work. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
235 - The study of two qualitative elements of conflict and scene in the tale of Eskandar in Shahnameh in terms of cinematic adaptation
Maryam Esmaeilipoor mohsen hashemi alireza pourshabananThe tale of Eskandar in Shahnameh is one of the most dramatic tales regarding the life of Eskandar. It is very significant in terms of two qualitative elements in drama namely conflicts and dramatic scenes which are quite exceptional in contrast with other element MoreThe tale of Eskandar in Shahnameh is one of the most dramatic tales regarding the life of Eskandar. It is very significant in terms of two qualitative elements in drama namely conflicts and dramatic scenes which are quite exceptional in contrast with other elements. The purpose of this article is to answer the main question that what potential and variety these two elements offer for adaptation using descriptive analytic method as well as referring to the classification in the book of recognizing elements of drama. The results obtained demonstrate that conflicts in the tale are highly varied that is based on the nature of opposing elements such as conflicts in an antisocial society, man versus man, man versus nature, man versus society, man versus his own self, and also based on the nature of conflict is of a kind associated with dynamism. The battle scenes with the Persians, marriage with Roshanak, the death of Dara, and his burial rites are regarded as dramatic scenes of this narrative which makes it an ideal case for adaptation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
236 - On Shahnameh’s Mazandaran once more The battle of Iran and Mazandaran (East and West) the main ground for Persian epics
kamran arzhangiThe predominant theme of Persian epics after Shahnameh is the description of the battles between Iran and Mazandaran. Apparantly in this regard Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh is an exception since it describes the most battles of the Iraninans with the Turanians.  MoreThe predominant theme of Persian epics after Shahnameh is the description of the battles between Iran and Mazandaran. Apparantly in this regard Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh is an exception since it describes the most battles of the Iraninans with the Turanians. There are numerous comments about the reason behind why the central battle in Shahnameh belongs to Iran and Turan, yet the main discussion in this research is concerned with the epics other than Shahnameh. Eventhough epic geography is totally distinct from the real geography and the fictional geograhy is a psychological symbolic geography which is except for the names has no connection with the real geography, however the study of the fictional geography tells us that Mazandaran in Shahnameh must be located roughly in the west. Relying on the evidence collected from different texts this research shows that in most Persian epic texts with the exception of Shahnameh, the main battle of Persians is with the people of Mazandaran and Turanians have no significant role. Mazandaran based on the above evidence is roughly located in the west which is a symbol of darkness according to the Persian epic literature and is set against brightness (Iran), therefore Mazandaran cannot be located in the territory of India (east).. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
237 - Introducing and analyzing the epic poem of the War of Khorasan; a historical epic poem following the the style of shahnameh in the Qajar period
hamed mehradAbstract Following the style of Shahnameh, the War of Khorasan poem is an historical epic belonging to the second half of the thirteenth century composed by an unknown poet whose pseudonym is Mohtaj. Using the Moteghareb mode, he versified the events r MoreAbstract Following the style of Shahnameh, the War of Khorasan poem is an historical epic belonging to the second half of the thirteenth century composed by an unknown poet whose pseudonym is Mohtaj. Using the Moteghareb mode, he versified the events related to Salar’s uprising which began in Khorasan in the reign of Naseredin Shah Qajar and involved the central estate. This article first introduces and studies this work, then by analyzing its textual and meta textual features show that in order to explain the concepts which form the Persian identity in the Qajar period and the eras leading to the contemporary era alongside the exaggerated ancient outlook which is solely due to the influence of the dominant discouse over the Qajar period is more familiar, one can pay attention to the new Persian identity through the examination of the epic poems belonging to the recent periods, a subject often neglected in contemporary cultural studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
238 - The structure of Iranian national epic based on George Dumézil’s theory
Saman Ghasemi FiroozabadiThere are two common approaches in the research of Shahnameh. The first group of studies scrutinize one unique story of Shahnameh, while the other one emphasizes on the coherence of all the stories. In this research the Iranian national epic is interpreted using structu MoreThere are two common approaches in the research of Shahnameh. The first group of studies scrutinize one unique story of Shahnameh, while the other one emphasizes on the coherence of all the stories. In this research the Iranian national epic is interpreted using structuralism. It suggests that Iranian national epic is not a set of scattered stories, but basically it has an Indio-European style. To that end, present study embeds on two theoretical foundations: first, according to George Dumézil’s theory, Indo-European universe has a class system. Secondly, according to Bahman Sarkarati, Iranian national epic is classified into three eras based on limited age of the universe and a confrontation between the celestial and the evil powers. In the first era, celestial order became a class system with the rise of Hooshang, Tahmoores, and Jamshid dynasties; respectively, which agrees with George Dumézil’s theory of three functional groups. In the second era, an evil period is manifested through the destruction of the class system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
239 - Introducing Derasat fi alShahnameh
arman koohestanianAlthough for centuries translators and foreign scholars had conducted studies on Shahnameh, yet it was in 1313 when the congress of the millennium of Ferdowsi took place that Shahnameh became the focal point for the world researchers. Derasat fi alShahnameh, the m MoreAlthough for centuries translators and foreign scholars had conducted studies on Shahnameh, yet it was in 1313 when the congress of the millennium of Ferdowsi took place that Shahnameh became the focal point for the world researchers. Derasat fi alShahnameh, the most comprehensive research in the Arab world regarding Shahnameh is one such attempt. Taha Neda wrote this prolific book in two sections and fifteen chapters nearly twenty years after the congress. Unfortunately this work is not fully recognized in Iran, therefore after reading the whole work attempt is made in this article to introduce this work briefly and to reveal its outstanding aspects and to refer to its drawbacks by using descriptive analytic method so that the readers become aware of the standpoint of this work. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
240 - Intercultural Shahnameh: A study of the illustrated version of the Great Ilkhanid Shahnameh
Fatemeh MahvanAbstractThe Great Ilkhanid Shahnameh is one of the masterpieces of the Mongol era in Tabriz school. This illustrated manuscript well expresses the visual narration of the Ilkhanid kings and artistic relations of that time. This study examines these illustrat MoreAbstractThe Great Ilkhanid Shahnameh is one of the masterpieces of the Mongol era in Tabriz school. This illustrated manuscript well expresses the visual narration of the Ilkhanid kings and artistic relations of that time. This study examines these illustrations from the perspective of visual features to show how Iraninan and Far Eastern art were intertwined in this work. This connection is quite evident in the display of chinese mongolian portraits and the manner of illustrating nature (tree, mountain, cloud). Moreover other illustrated features in this version such as the symbolic Farr of kings, picturing the battle scenes and mourning rituals are also examined. In some cases the paintings are compared with their counterparts in Jamee al Tavarikh both belong to the same era using the same style. The results show that the artistic style of many cultures are intermingled in the illustrations of the Great Ilkhanid Shahnameh. On one hand the influence of the Chinese painting in depicting portraits and scenary is evident and on the other hand Mongolian culture dominates the paintings. Moreover the theme of the illustrations is rooted in the paintings of the ancient Iran. One can even find traces of influence of the fartetched art such as Byzantine art in this work. Therefore this version of Shahnameh can be regarded as an intercultural Shahnameh which blends many cultural traditions such as Mongolian, Chinese, old Persian, and Byzantine into one unified copy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
241 - Critical review of some researches and statements on Saba’s Shahanshahnameh
Reza Zarrinkamar Reza SatariShahanshahnameh is an epic poem written by Fath-Ali Khan Saba who has made use of the history of Iran during the reign of Fath-Ali Shah of Qajar dynasty as the basis for creating a literary work. The historical narration of the work covers the fall of Isfahan to the end MoreShahanshahnameh is an epic poem written by Fath-Ali Khan Saba who has made use of the history of Iran during the reign of Fath-Ali Shah of Qajar dynasty as the basis for creating a literary work. The historical narration of the work covers the fall of Isfahan to the end of the first period of the Iran-Russia wars. Despite its significance, this epic poem has not yet been properly studied. Critiques written on Shahanshahnameh are not thorough works and it seems most of their authors did not read the entire text of the poem. These critiques are mostly written based on excerpts from the Poem and as a result, they have glaring flaws in terms of content and as far as history is concerned. This article seeks to analyze over twenty researches done on Shahanshahnameh in the last century and tries to criticize their approaches by examining the flaws and errors of their texts. The result of this research indicates that most of the critics, regardless of the whole work and the historical points related to it, have made mistakes and these errors have found their way through the critiques of each era to the next period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
242 - A comparative study of the characterization of women in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and the stories of the Holy Quran
Sayyed Amir Sayyed Jafari Sayyed Mohammad HoseiniThe characterization of Iranian women in stories, poems, and plays is only everlasting when it is taken from the Iranian-Islamic culture. In this regard, this research seeks to answer the question of what themes and elements have been used in the characterization of wom MoreThe characterization of Iranian women in stories, poems, and plays is only everlasting when it is taken from the Iranian-Islamic culture. In this regard, this research seeks to answer the question of what themes and elements have been used in the characterization of women in the stories of the Holy Quran and the stories of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. So, by applying the comparative approach and the descriptive-analytical method, it has been concluded that the personality of women is divided into two categories of benevolent and malevolent women. A benevolent woman is spiritual and insists on following customs and traditions, and she emphasizes on the importance of the family institution, especially the role of the husband and father in the family whereas, a malevolent woman is only concentrated on the materialistic aspects and thereby is not committed to the institution of family, rites and traditions. Finally, the characterization of women in the aforementioned texts are discussed based on the dual themes of materialism and spirituality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
243 - The contexts and signs of Simin Behbahani's familiarity with Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and how he was influenced by it
ghodrat allah zarouniSome classical texts are considered as supertexts and mother texts in Persian poetry, which more or less spread their shadow over other texts in all or most literary periods. Hakim Abulqasem Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is one of these hypertexts whose signs of its presence can MoreSome classical texts are considered as supertexts and mother texts in Persian poetry, which more or less spread their shadow over other texts in all or most literary periods. Hakim Abulqasem Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is one of these hypertexts whose signs of its presence can be traced in many subsequent texts, both epic and non-epic. In modern times, poets have been influenced by stories, characters, myths and other aspects of Shahnameh on various occasions.Simin Behbahani is one of the poets who, with a relatively good knowledge of the Shahnameh and its fictional world, has been able to create extensive intertextual interactions with the Shahnameh. In this research, with analytical-descriptive method, we have sought to analyze and examine the fields of familiarity and the amount of use of Simin and the quality and manner of these uses of the Shahnameh. The findings of this research show that Simin Behbahani, due to growing up in a scientific family and personal studies, had a relatively broad knowledge of the stories and influential characters of the Shahnameh, and was able to use the stories of the Shahnameh in various positions to arouse people's sense of love for Iran and also to remember the heroes. Taking refuge in the Shahnameh and its heroes in search of a savior, using lyrical dimensions and drawing the political-social atmosphere of the contemporary era are other factors that have led Simin to use the mythological stories of the Shahnameh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
244 - Investigation of Bahram Chubin's rebellion and Khosrow Parviz's flight to Rome in Shahnameh and other historical sources
hamide parvanThe story of Bahram Chobineh's rebellion and Khosroparviz's escape to Rome is described in detail in the Shahnameh and other historical sources. In Persian and Arabic sources, the route of Khosrow's flight to Rome and what happens there are briefly described, and histor MoreThe story of Bahram Chobineh's rebellion and Khosroparviz's escape to Rome is described in detail in the Shahnameh and other historical sources. In Persian and Arabic sources, the route of Khosrow's flight to Rome and what happens there are briefly described, and historians do not agree about this part of his kingdom. In addition to Persian and Arabic sources, this story is also mentioned in Byzantine, Armenian and Syriac sources. In this research, which was carried out by descriptive and analytical method by using library tools, this story was investigated in the Shahnameh and other historical sources and compared with each other. By examining various sources, it became clear that Ferdowsi's source, which reaches Khodaynameh through Shahnameh Abu Mansouri , was the most detailed version of Khodaynameh; Because Ferdowsi and after him the author of Nahayeh al-Arb, tell the most complete and accurate narration of this story. Ferdowsi's narrative in telling this story is so precise that it is possible to use the Shahnameh as a historical source in researches related to the Sassanids.In the Byzantine and Armenian sources, Theophylact's history and choronicle of seert have the closest narrative to the Shahnameh; Considering the similarity of these sources with each other and since some authors state their sources, by putting together these stories and other narrations like it, it may be possible to use them in reaching a new understanding of khodaynameh Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
245 - Karz, A Word from khorasan Dialect in Shahnameh? (A proposition)
Sajjad AydenlooThe following hemistich "dark night and heavy maces" was repeated twice on behalf of Rostam in Shahnameh. The next part of this hemistich in other Shahnameh editions is written as "Karzhay-e geran", yet almost all publishers and editors of this text read this as "gorzha MoreThe following hemistich "dark night and heavy maces" was repeated twice on behalf of Rostam in Shahnameh. The next part of this hemistich in other Shahnameh editions is written as "Karzhay-e geran", yet almost all publishers and editors of this text read this as "gorzhay-e geran" which is a more familiar compound and highly employed in Ferdowsi's speech. In one edition of Shahnameh one of its editors had corrected this compound as "korzehay-e geran" and assumed the meaning of "sown field" for "korz" on the basis of that in Haft Khane Rostam. The writer of this article with all due respect to the above interpretation suggest the form "karzhay-e geran" and hence leave the judgement to the authorities. "karz" is a dialectical word popular in Qayen in Khorasan Province which means great crevice in the mountain, and hence "karzhay-e geran" could refer to Rostam's passing these highly dangerous crevices in the mountains of Mazandaran in the story of Haft Khan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
246 - Rakhsh or Dakhsh? (The study of the record of a word in Shahnameh)
Sajjad AydenlooIn the past few decades one of the difficulties and questions in the field of philology of Shahnameh is the ambiguity concerning the record of either “Rakhsh” or “Dakhsh” used in the phrasal verb “to rakkhsh/Dakhsh with the meaning of &ldqu MoreIn the past few decades one of the difficulties and questions in the field of philology of Shahnameh is the ambiguity concerning the record of either “Rakhsh” or “Dakhsh” used in the phrasal verb “to rakkhsh/Dakhsh with the meaning of “ to darken “ in four couplets of Shahnameh. The majority of shahnameh manuscripts in this regard is “Rakhsh” and the choice of most editions and authentic emendations except for the text edited by Dr Khaleghi Motlagh and his colleagues is “Dakhsh”. The word “dakhsh” which means “dark” apparently was first recorded in Jahangiri Dictionary compiled (1017 H.G) with reference from Shahnameh and then was repeated in other Dictionaries. The author of this article based on certain documents assumes that the latter form if genuine is more accurate and is more superior to Rakhsh. Moreover it is likely that in Shahnameh manuscripts it would have been altered to a more familiar and simple form of Rakhsh. Rakhsh and “to Rakhsh” with the meaning of “to darken” is not seen in Farsi Dictionaries and texts and the etymology of this word is also completely opposite of this meaning, however the suggested etymologies for Dakhsh confirms the meaning of “blackness” for it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
247 - The tradition of story making and the standpoint of minstrels in the narration of heroic romance
Mohammad Reza Rashed MohasselThe existence of common names and similar narratives in Avesta and Indian epics is indicative of the antiquity of the Persian epic and mythological stories since at least the time of the companionship and symbiosis of Indo-Iranian people, that is more than two tho MoreThe existence of common names and similar narratives in Avesta and Indian epics is indicative of the antiquity of the Persian epic and mythological stories since at least the time of the companionship and symbiosis of Indo-Iranian people, that is more than two thousand years BC. Certain signs regarding fantastic animals, extraordinary birds and various narratives from Dumuzid myth and Inanna are representative of common grounds with Indo-European peoples and the inhabitants of Mesopotamia. References made by Herodotus, Ctesias, and Xenophon in books and the reports given by Chares of Mytilene, chamberlain of Alexander the Great bear witness to the fact that religious, heroic and lyrical stories had been kept in cultural centers and treasuries of Iranian kings. Other narratives such as the story of Rostam and Sohrab and the story of Kavus’s ascent to the heaven all point to the accounts minstrels created often in versified form and sang in different regions perhaps with little change. These narratives which are more often heroic, lyrical allegories have many instances in the story of Khosrow Parviz and Barbad in Shahnameh. Although minstrels had arisen from the heart of the populace and had mostly narrativized for their sake, they had enjoyed special treatment within the circles of nobles and rulers and had regular visits to their courts. In this article attempt is made to highlight the importance of these improvisators and clarify their place and position in the society of that time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
248 - A few epic mythical points and motifs in an old Turkish scroll
Sajjad AydenlooOne rather old and unknown narrative scroll is a book called the entire Shahnameh canon by the eminent philosopher Abolqasem Ferdowsi which was published in Tabriz in 1339. It is written in Turkish prose and its stories proceeds from the reign of Kayumars till the MoreOne rather old and unknown narrative scroll is a book called the entire Shahnameh canon by the eminent philosopher Abolqasem Ferdowsi which was published in Tabriz in 1339. It is written in Turkish prose and its stories proceeds from the reign of Kayumars till the reign of Sassanid, namely Babak, Sassan, and Ardeshir, and continues to the story of Haftvad worm. The Persian reference of at least two narratives of this scroll belongs to the Safavid period and the time of compilation and translation of yet another two of its stories is towards the end of Afsharid period and beginning of the Zand era. Therefore it should be regarded as one of the ancient narrative scrolls. Precisely due to the longevity of this scroll and comprehensiveness of narration that exists in this work, a few major epic mythical points are examined in this article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
249 - Analysis of a verse from Rostam and Sohrab based on the Minstrels’ narration and Kurdish Shahnameh
Jalil Ahangar nezhad Ali heidaryAbstract The story of Rostam and Sohrab is one of the most famous epic tales in the world. Despite its beauty and literary and artistic value, it is not exempt from some flaws in narrating the story. These flaws whether originated from Ferdowsi’s sourc MoreAbstract The story of Rostam and Sohrab is one of the most famous epic tales in the world. Despite its beauty and literary and artistic value, it is not exempt from some flaws in narrating the story. These flaws whether originated from Ferdowsi’s sources, Ferdowsi himself and Shahnameh editors are not very significant. This article deals mainly with the manner in which Sohrab addresses his mother Tahmineh about his origin. Spontaneously and furiously Sohrab questions his mother about his father’s name and ruthlessly threatens to kill her if she fails to provide an answer. In different editions of Shahnameh, there is not a justified and acceptable answer to this question, however in minstrels’ narration and also in Kurdish Shahnameh the main reason for raising the question with such rage is well accounted for. The extraordinary might of Sohrab among the boys of his age and the fact that Sohrab is the fruit of the union between Rostam and Tahmineh outside the customary wedlock prompts his comrades to question his lineage and regard him as illegitimate child. Sohrab’s fury of such insult explains why he questions his mother about the secret of his birth with such rage and menace. Keywords Rostam, Sohrab, Ferdowsi, Minstrels’ narration, Kurdish Shahnameh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
250 - The study and analysis of Iranian national epic romances in the light of intertextuality approach (with emphasis on Shahnameh, Samnameh, Borzunameh, Garshaspnameh, and Banu Goshaspnameh)
kamalodin Arekhi Mahmood Abbasi Abdolali Oveisi KahkhaAbstract Romances are regarded as the integral part of Iranian national epics. Considering the fact that epics produced after Shahnameh were all influenced by it, many lyrical characteristics of Shahnameh are found in them. The attempt is made in this MoreAbstract Romances are regarded as the integral part of Iranian national epics. Considering the fact that epics produced after Shahnameh were all influenced by it, many lyrical characteristics of Shahnameh are found in them. The attempt is made in this article to study these characteristics in the light of intertextuality approach. Intertextual relationships are divided into three categories in terms of diction, theme, and content. The epics were examined from the perspective of content intertextuality and the descriptive analytic library method was employed in this research. The results of the study indicate that subjects such as falling in love via hearing, the role of mediators in love, women as pioneers in declaring love, role of astronomers and priests or Mobadan, and etc are used intertextually in most romances. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
251 - Moon of Hamavaran or King of Hamavaran?
Sajjad AydenlooIn the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar, Katayun in order to stop Esfandyar from going to Sistan and confront Rostam reminds him of Rostam’s heroic deeds and his services to save Iran and thus states: “He who killed the moon of Hamavaran/person had the audacity MoreIn the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar, Katayun in order to stop Esfandyar from going to Sistan and confront Rostam reminds him of Rostam’s heroic deeds and his services to save Iran and thus states: “He who killed the moon of Hamavaran/person had the audacity to question him”.In this couplet the moon of Hamavaran means Sudabeh and although this couplet appear in only one copy (in London, Britain 675Hijra) in all authentic and semi authentic editions of Shahnameh had been chosen. However in most manuscripts it is the king of Hamavaran which exists and this is encountered in merely certain stone and less authentic Shahnameh editions. Since in the report about the battle of Hamavaran in Shahnameh, the king of hamavaran begged Rostam for mercy and thus is not killed by him, editors regarded the version of King of hamavaran as incorrect and ignore this possibility whereas the study of various Farsi and Arabic sources indicate that from the story of the battle of hamavaran several versions at least three different reports exist in some of them the king of Hamavaran stays alive and in some other gets killed by Rostam. The reference for the aforementioned couplet above belongs to the second group of narratives related to the final destingy of King of hamavaran and is documented and based on the authentic and genunine source even earlier than Shahnameh which is also reflected in another couplet in the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar. Based on this latter evidence the register of “King of Hamavaran” which apparently seems incorrect, from the story’s point of view is reliable and also as far as criteria for the correction of the text are concerned since most editions agree and rely on the latter authentic source and the fact that it is more complex than the register “Moon of Hamavaran”,King of Hamavaran should be included in the final text of Shahnameh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
252 - Mythological and epic foundations in the story of Beasts of Mazandaran in Shahnameh
Arash Akbari MafakherThis article seeks to identify the epic and mythological foundations of the story of the Beasts of Mazandaran in Shahnameh with particular attention to their records in Avestan, Pahlavi, Soghdi and other texts. The very first epic and mythological origin of this s MoreThis article seeks to identify the epic and mythological foundations of the story of the Beasts of Mazandaran in Shahnameh with particular attention to their records in Avestan, Pahlavi, Soghdi and other texts. The very first epic and mythological origin of this story is in the Avestan and Pahlavi texts. In these texts, the beasts appear in two divine and manlike structures and stand against Ahuramazda, deities and men. However, in the ninth book of Dinkard, an independent story makes the epic framework of the story of Beasts of Mazandaran. In this story, beasts are gigantic men who stand against Feraydun . This narration is conveyed to the first report in Koushnameh. These gigantic men in the report of Dinkard and Koushnameh having passed through the stories of Nariman and Maghreb Beasts, Sam and Nareh beasts of Mazandaran and Soghdi Rostamnameh acquire demonic nature and transform into demonic beasts with magic forces and superhuman deeds. In the end, the story of beasts of Mazandaran after being demythologized is conveyed to the second report of Koushnameh Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
253 - Reinspection of motifs and structure in the stories “the combat of Rostam with Akvan Div” and “the combat of Garshasp with Gandarva”
saeid shahrooiGarshasp is the greatest mythic Persian champion and Rostam is also the preeminent hero in Shahnameh. One of the most mysterious enemies of Garshasp is a demon called Gandarva who is defeated after much difficulties by the champion near the Farakhkart Sea. A MoreGarshasp is the greatest mythic Persian champion and Rostam is also the preeminent hero in Shahnameh. One of the most mysterious enemies of Garshasp is a demon called Gandarva who is defeated after much difficulties by the champion near the Farakhkart Sea. Akvan Div is also one of the most enigmatic enemies of Rostam who is killed by the hero Rostam after many struggles by the sea. This research looks at the two stories in terms of motifs and structure using the descriptive analytic approach. The results obtained show that the two stories as far as structure and function of two sided forces are concerned and also from the perspective of epic mythic deep structure have amazing resemblances. The structural trend in two stories, and the ideals or archetypal behavior of two champions encourage the assumption that as if the combat of Rostam with Akan Div is another version of the story of the combat of Garshasp with Gandarva or it is maybe that the two stories draw upon the same fountainhead. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
254 - Guardianship and adoption in Shahnameh Ferdowsi according to convention of children’s rights (1989)
somayeh ershadi Ahmad ZakeriAbstract The relationship between guardianship and adoption is a legal one. It has certain characteristics and necessitates special circumstances which according to its historical background and particular outlook in ancient Persia, various examples of it are seen MoreAbstract The relationship between guardianship and adoption is a legal one. It has certain characteristics and necessitates special circumstances which according to its historical background and particular outlook in ancient Persia, various examples of it are seen in Shahnameh. The purpose of this study is to examine different aspects of the rights of these adopted children in Shahnameh and to analyze the cases according to the articles of the convention of children’s rights. This document, Shahnameh is the first international agreement which supports the children’s rights and respects the same rights and privileges of a natural child for the adopted ones to the best interests of child. Different studies demonstrate that the guardianship and adoptions in Shahnameh had roots in social, political, and cultural factors and the economic coercion by no means had any role in the affair, the main concern being the cultivation and raising of children irrespective of winning the benefits gained in the process. The overall attention of the guardians towards the rights of these children are indeed praiseworthy. The emotional aspect in particular is an integral part of the guardian’s responsibility unlike the weak performances seen from some families in this regard. Keywords: Guardianship, adoption, the convention of children’s rights, child, Shahnameh Ferdowsi. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
255 - The impact of heroic chants in the formation of Persian epic stories
Farzad GhaemiThe basis of the epic stories among different human ethnic groups is known to be the chants and scattered oral narratives told by the minstrels and public entertainers. Often accompanied by music and dramatic, theatrical and ritual movements, these narratives were perfo MoreThe basis of the epic stories among different human ethnic groups is known to be the chants and scattered oral narratives told by the minstrels and public entertainers. Often accompanied by music and dramatic, theatrical and ritual movements, these narratives were performed for the aristocrats and for the people and sometimes sur place underwent fundamental transformations. In this article first the views of the scholars regarding the oral chants and their narrators among different nations and the role of these poems in the formation of grand epic works were dealt with. Then evidence regarding the oral history of these narrations in ancient Iran and the social and artistic role of Ashkani minstrels who had the major part in the realization of this oral tradition has been presented. Finally, the tradition of recording these oral narratives reaching its peaks in the Sassanid era has been investigated. This created a trend whose continuation in the Islamic era in terms of translation of these works into Farsi and Arabic and their poetic recreation by the Iranian poets has produced the movement of the composition of Shahnameh in the Eastern Iran, and later on led to the formation of the rich Persian literature treasury. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
256 - khovidoudah in historical records and its study in the historical section of Shahnameh Ferdowsi
Maryam Khadem Azghadi Mohammad Navid Bazargan Mahmoud TavoosiIncest is one of the controversial and popular issues undertaken by the researchers in the history of Persia prior to Islam and Zoroastrianism and there has been numerous studies in this regard. In this essay a collection of records which directly or indirec MoreIncest is one of the controversial and popular issues undertaken by the researchers in the history of Persia prior to Islam and Zoroastrianism and there has been numerous studies in this regard. In this essay a collection of records which directly or indirectly points to this issue has been compiled from different texts. This study first deals with an etymologic discussion about the word “ khovidoudah” followed respectively by the records of this sort of marriage among Gods, and myths in Transpotamia and the ancient Persia, Greek historians reference to incest in Iran in their works, records found in Middle Zoroastrian texts, and Islamic texts. Finally cases within Shahnameh which attest to this rite are introduced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
257 - Introducing The book of Tamor Nameh, an historical epic in imitation of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Nezami's Eskandar Nameh
Mohammad Mostafa Resalat Panahi Seyyed Mohammad RastgoofarAbstract Hatefi Jami, a nephew of Abdor-Rahman Jami is one of the qualified poets in the Timurid era master in all genres of poetry particularly in narrative Masnavi. In imitation of Nezami, he has produced many such Masnavis such as Laily and Majnun, MoreAbstract Hatefi Jami, a nephew of Abdor-Rahman Jami is one of the qualified poets in the Timurid era master in all genres of poetry particularly in narrative Masnavi. In imitation of Nezami, he has produced many such Masnavis such as Laily and Majnun, Shirin and Khosrow, Haft Manzar, and Tamor Nameh. Towards the end of his life he composed an epic in the name of Shahnameh on victories of Shah Esmaeil Safavi which remained unfinished. Apart from the aforementioned Masnavis Hatefi composed a book of poetry which exists today. Tamor Nameh, his best major work is an historical epic giving the account of Timour's life, combats, braveries, conquests, and the destruction and bloodshed he brought about. Modelled after Sharaf- al Din Ali Yasdi's Zafar Nameh, Hatefi composed Tamor Nameh and according to his own admission and as far as the comparison of the texts are concerned, he had remained quite true to Zafar Nameh and except for certain poetic devices indespensible to verse, he had not added anything to the text but at times eliminated few minor parts. Hatefi in composition of this epic work emulated Ferdowsi's Shahnameh on one hand and Nezami's Eskandar Nameh on the other hand. Eloquent techniques utilized in Tamor Nameh were mostly inspired by Shahnameh whereas the general structure of the work was inspired by Nezami. Besides its literary merit, Tamor Nameh is worthy of attention in terms of history since it is a reliable source for Timour's biography and conquests. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
258 - Ab and Afrasiab
Mohammad Navid BazarganTill present, a considerable amount of research has been undertaken regarding Afrasiab’s character, the renowned Tourani commander whose evil character is among the most striking in the epic works of this land. This research is an attempt to find the mythological MoreTill present, a considerable amount of research has been undertaken regarding Afrasiab’s character, the renowned Tourani commander whose evil character is among the most striking in the epic works of this land. This research is an attempt to find the mythological origin of this character by investigating ancient religious works, Middle Persian and Islamic texts according to their historical order of appearance. Moreover, in order to prove Benevenis’s claim that Afrasiab is most probably the consequence of Diva Famina (Epeousha), numerous evidence from the above texts are presented. In the course of this research attempt is also made to examine the origin of the myth of Arash , a character who is also associated with water and rain, to signify his role in persuading Afrasiab to withdraw . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
259 - A pattern in the geometry of tragedy with reference to theTragedy of Siavash in Shahnameh
M.N BazarganAristotle made exact generalizations regarding the art of poetry, its different kinds, and the expected objects of each. Despite the variety of views in this discipline, this subject is of permanent value as a mere intellectual achievement. One of the issues he ha MoreAristotle made exact generalizations regarding the art of poetry, its different kinds, and the expected objects of each. Despite the variety of views in this discipline, this subject is of permanent value as a mere intellectual achievement. One of the issues he has expouned on with great care and concentration is that of tragedy. In his view, tragedy occurs in an atmosphere filled with emotions of pity and fear leading to purgation of emotion or Catharsis. In this article, other features of tragedy with reference to the tragedy of Siavash in Shahnameh are discussed. Then the tripartite pattern repeated in many well known tragedies in the world is introduced, and finally the conclusion drawn from the common structure in the geometry of the tragedies is further discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
260 - Flight of a myth from epic to gnosis Comparison of the story of water of life by Khezr and Sekandar in two readings: Ferdowsi´s epic in Shahnameh and Attar´s mystic in ElahiNameh
Amir Hossein Mahoozi Mehri Amini SaniAbstract The wish for eternal and everlasting life has always existed ever since the creation of man on earth. The significance of this issue is to such extent that in the oldest epic text in the world, Gilgamesh words have been said about his desire. MoreAbstract The wish for eternal and everlasting life has always existed ever since the creation of man on earth. The significance of this issue is to such extent that in the oldest epic text in the world, Gilgamesh words have been said about his desire. The story of Sekandar and Khezr and their search for seeking the water of life has also this theme. However in different literary texts, depending on the genre of the work this tale has had different manifestations and readings. In this research, two readings namely epic in Shahnameh Ferdowsi and mystic in Attar´s Elahi Nameh is dealt with and their difference is enumerated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
261 - The role of conversational patterns and turn-taking organization in the combat between Rostam and Esfandyar
Ashraf SheibaniaghdamBased on the turn-taking processes which is one of the study fields in Applied Stylistics, the quality of starting the conversation, the quantity and number of turn takings of the participants, time and duration of turn for every speaker, leading the subject matter of c MoreBased on the turn-taking processes which is one of the study fields in Applied Stylistics, the quality of starting the conversation, the quantity and number of turn takings of the participants, time and duration of turn for every speaker, leading the subject matter of conversation by the participants and meanwhile the impact of all the aforementioned factors on the degree of command and the authority of the speakers to organize the subject of speech are dealt with in this study. The general aim of this research is to study the conversational acts on the basis of turn-taking and addressing system in the combat between Rostam and Esfandyar. The results obtained show that the alternating turns in this epic narrative coincides with the analytic literature of conversation. It seems that apart from the influence of narrator in moving the story forward, the strength and dominance of these two epic figures have significant role in assessing and predicting the outcome of the tale. In dialogues, the organization of turns taken by each speaker, type of addressing the other party on behalf of each participant, are influenced by the heroic and regal circumstances so that the narrator is often with respect to these aspects selects suitable discourse for Rostam and Esfandyar. Discourse indicative of physical strength for the former, and the one emphasizing the spiritual strength and Divine Farr for the latter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
262 - Linguistic Opposition Systems are most important meaning creator on the Formation of Zahak and Fereydoon Narrative in Shahnameh
Reza Refaee Ghadimi Mashhad Abolghasem GhavamLinguistic oppositions are considered as one of the most significant features of meaning production in any discourse system. This study acknowledges the linguistic features to be the most important cause of meaning production in the “Narrative of Fereydoon and Zah MoreLinguistic oppositions are considered as one of the most significant features of meaning production in any discourse system. This study acknowledges the linguistic features to be the most important cause of meaning production in the “Narrative of Fereydoon and Zahak” in Shahnameh. To fulfill such a goal, the above mentioned study, through a semiotic analysis, sets out to consider the formation of meaning based upon the oppositions within the narratives. In this study, the researchers have demonstrated the fact that the oppostions have been influential to the extents of levels and qualities in the formulation of semantic system of the story entitled as Zahak and Fereydoon. Considering the different dimensions of such oppositions in narrative, it will turn out that the linguistic oppositions employed by discourse are in fact codes that are contigent upon culture and history.Reader’s link with narratological structure of a text entails their awareness of the cultural and historical context of a narrative. Another finding of this very research is the portrayal of how the function of main characters’ opposition operates within the narrative in its formation. Oppositional function of the influential characters within the process of story has been appeared in two ways: in relation to the themselves and to the others. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
263 - The morphology of the seven trials of Rostam from Shahnameh Based on the Vladimir Propp’s theory
Hamid Reza Farzi Farnaz Fakhimi FaryabiThe morphology of folk tales began with Vladimir Propp, the Russian formalist in 1928. His work was based on the actions of the characters in the tales and in recent years has been used as one of the commonest methods in the structural analysis of the tales. In this art MoreThe morphology of folk tales began with Vladimir Propp, the Russian formalist in 1928. His work was based on the actions of the characters in the tales and in recent years has been used as one of the commonest methods in the structural analysis of the tales. In this article the seven trails of Rostam which is one of the most adventurous stories in Shahnameh and is about Rostam helping Daykavus to set himself free from the bonds of the white demon is analyzed. For this purpose, first an introduction is given regarding the definition of morphology, the background of the research, and the seven trials of Rostam, then the tale based on Propp’s pattern such as former situation, absence, getting news, and so on is analyzed and finally the story’s form in terms of plot, point of view, time and place is investigated. This research shows that the seven trials of Rostam to a large extent has the characteristics of the folk tales and therefore corresponds with the structural pattern suggested by the Propp’s pattern. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
264 - Naming in Characterization, Fetneh or Azadeh?
Samira BameshkiAbstract Ferdowsi and Nezami had both narrated the story of Bahram Gur and his maid in the hunting ground. This article is concerned withhow different process of naming a single character give rise to distinct narratives. The study of characterization MoreAbstract Ferdowsi and Nezami had both narrated the story of Bahram Gur and his maid in the hunting ground. This article is concerned withhow different process of naming a single character give rise to distinct narratives. The study of characterization with particular emphasis on the process of naming the characters is a major concern of this article. Bahram’s maid is called Azadeh in Ferdowsi’s tale and Fetneh in Nezami’s. The main question in this research is how characterization is intensified via symbolic names. To analyze this aspect the study of characterization and focalization is essential. According to the conclusion reached, the characters’ names are completely consistent with the genres of the narratives. In other words different perspectives and motivations of Ferdowsi and Nezami had led to creation of two different styles of narrating a single tale. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
265 - Rostam in Gorani epics
Arash Akbari MafakherAbstract Rostam is the preeminent national hero in Persian epics. There is no mention of Rostam’s name in Avesta and Dinkard, yet in few Pahlavi texts there are some brief references to his name all the more reason for later addition of it. Rostam&rsqu MoreAbstract Rostam is the preeminent national hero in Persian epics. There is no mention of Rostam’s name in Avesta and Dinkard, yet in few Pahlavi texts there are some brief references to his name all the more reason for later addition of it. Rostam’s tales are quite well known and popular in Parthian era and towards the end of Sassanid era in particular and had therefore an important role in transmitting and spreading the tales to the Islamic era in two branches, eastern one with Persian language as the focal point and western one with Gorani language as the main concern. The study of the role and standpoint of Rostam in western Iran is the subject matter of this article. In fourth and fifth lunar century, Piruzan Shahnameh in western branch include the mythological history of Iran from the reign of Kayumars till the reign of Bahman with numerous tales of Rostam. Shahnameh or Gordnameh composed by Larijani in Hamedan was produced following the example of Piruzan Shahnameh. In Gorani epics there is a reference to a Shahnameh in prose which seems to be that of Piruzan. Probably the fountain head of Gorani epics goes back to this Shahnameh and narratives of Gordnameh Larijani and their sources. Gorani epics encompass the full cycle of Rostam’s life from birth to his death. Apart from Rostam’s tales in Shahnameh Ferdowsi, there are extra narratives and epics added after the composition of Shahnameh, also narratives recited by the minstrels or naqqals such as Rostam and Zonoon, Rostam and Zardhang of which only their Gorani versions are available. Keywords Rostam, Shahnameh, Gorani language, Composition of Shahnameh, Rostam Nameh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
266 - Iranian epic and the Manichean Book of Giants
Prods Oktor Skjaervo Hamid Reza Ardestani RostamiThis research deals with the study of the relationship between the ancient Persian epic tradition and Mani’s Book of Giants. The epic mythological narrative and the well known stories of the past regarding the origin of the world and man’s origin to a MoreThis research deals with the study of the relationship between the ancient Persian epic tradition and Mani’s Book of Giants. The epic mythological narrative and the well known stories of the past regarding the origin of the world and man’s origin to a certain extent is incorporated in Mani’s myth and those myths propagated by Manichean missionaries were also intertwined with mythological traditions in connection with biblical accounts regarding Giants and flood. Mani had transformed Iranian mythologies in such a way to create harmony between the old mythological traditions and his own narrative version of origin of the world. All literary pieces come down to us from Mani encompass references to Persian epic tradition and for easy access they are presented in this paper. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
267 - Ferdowsi, his sources and his methodology utilized in the tale of Ardeshir Babakan
Hamed Safi Farzad Ghaemi Mahdokht Pour Khaleghi Chatroudi Samira BameshkiAbstract The enigma of sources and the methodology Ferdowsi employed to compose Shahnameh is one of the major challenges in Shahnameh scholarship. Based on the similarity of certain titles in the introduction remained by the Abu Mansouri Shahnameh, a group assume MoreAbstract The enigma of sources and the methodology Ferdowsi employed to compose Shahnameh is one of the major challenges in Shahnameh scholarship. Based on the similarity of certain titles in the introduction remained by the Abu Mansouri Shahnameh, a group assumed that this book was the sole source used by Ferdowsi. However some believed that Ferdowsi along side it had utilized other sources. The main reason for this group of researchers is that since the only common main source used by Ferdowsi and Tha'alibi is Abu Mansouri's shahnameh and that some parts of Shahnameh such as Bizhan and Manizheh, and The seven trials of Rostam which were not appeared in Tha'alibi's work, Ghorarosyr it can be concluded that those parts were certainly borrowed from another source. Nevertheless the fact that Tha'alibi's use of the Shahnameh of Abu Mansouri is provable according to his own claim, due to the destruction of the Shahnameh of Abu Mansouri, it is difficult to determine which stories in particular were borrowed from this Shahnameh by Tha'alibi. Analysis of four narratives of the tale of Ardeshir Babakan from four texts and their comparison with the version of the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi indicates that Ferdowsi while drawing upon a written source, had used many other sources intermittently to compile the tale of Ardeshir Babakan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
268 - The study of the importance of horse in the mythology of Iran and other nations and its reflection on Shahnameh
Nasrin Davoudnia Jalil Tajlil Naser Seraj Khorami Shahnameh the invaluable national epic of Iran especially in its mythic and heroic sections contain stories with in depth meanings. One of the useful areas of research is to analyze and criticize Shahnameh’s characters each of whom can each represent today&r More Shahnameh the invaluable national epic of Iran especially in its mythic and heroic sections contain stories with in depth meanings. One of the useful areas of research is to analyze and criticize Shahnameh’s characters each of whom can each represent today’s man. The analysis and criticism of their deeds and behaviors throughout the stories in a way portray the dilemmas and problems that today’s man is grappled with everyday. The present article aims to analyze and criticize border line personality disorder in Sudabeh, Syavashe’s stepmother and KayKavus’s wife. At first it is necessary to give and introduction regarding personality and its disorder and characteristics of border line personality, and then Sudabeh’s qualities and her deeds are checked against those with personality disorder. Of the criteria for diagnosis of border line personality disorder mentioned in DSM-IV book Sudabeh’s character corresponds with five characteristics such as reckless attempts to avoid abandonment real or imaginary, anxiety, actions aimed at threatening, repeated self-mutilation, intense and unstable relationships, and vengeance. Apart from these attributes, traits such as telling lies, wile and guile, insult, and wickedness are clearly seen in her behavior all in search of a change taken place in her self portrait. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
269 - Historiography Style in Shahnameh Ferdowsi
Zagros ZandSome do not recognize Shahnameh as a historical text since being an epic or due to its versified form and despite its mythic sections its historical value is underestimated. This research aims to find answers to the questions regarding the style and the manner o f histo MoreSome do not recognize Shahnameh as a historical text since being an epic or due to its versified form and despite its mythic sections its historical value is underestimated. This research aims to find answers to the questions regarding the style and the manner o f historiography of Shahnameh, recognize its historiographical characteristics and to show the value and standpoint of Shahnameh in the trend of historiography in Iran. Casting a look upon the ancient Persian historiography, and the first Islamic centuries those characteristics were analyzed to show that the style used in Shahnameh was the continuation of the ancient way in historiography. The method was to search for the historiographical elements and themes in the text, having in mind Ferdowsi’s reasons, purposes and motivation for recording history, bringing evidence from the Shahnameh text and classify them into six sections. The poetic, fictive and mythological aspects of the text and also the ethical and national purposes of Ferdowsi to enliven and immortalize the Persian national identity in no way undermined the historical aspect of the events. Based on these findings it could be understood that apart from sharing the historiographic characteristics of the ancient Iran and its rebirth, Shahnameh has taken this style to its utmost power and efficiency and hence has influenced greatly the histories succeeding it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
270 - The study of the influential scope of Shahnameh upon the English Orientalists’ scholarship (A comparative approach based on the principle of textual transcendence of Gerard Genette)
Mina BehnamAbstract This article is concerned with the study and analysis of the influential scope of Shahnameh as a patriotic national work on the scholarship conducted by the English Orientalists on the basis of the Gerard Genette’s textual transcendence theory. The MoreAbstract This article is concerned with the study and analysis of the influential scope of Shahnameh as a patriotic national work on the scholarship conducted by the English Orientalists on the basis of the Gerard Genette’s textual transcendence theory. The results show that out of 65 works under study written or translated under the influence of Shahnameh, 16 cases were created employing an imitative approach and 47 cases were compiled using modifying approach. The modifications include addition, omission, reduction, expansion, substitution, and compounding that for different reasons made the studied works far removed from the fidelity to the main text. Out of 65 works under study produced by the English Orientalists, 5% used addition, 38% reduction, 3% omission, 50% expansion, and 5% compounding in their compilations or compositions. In these modifications no substitution had taken place and based on this factor those cases can be classified. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
271 - Tus, the golden footed
Abdolla Vaceq Abbasi mohammadreza abdiThe commander in chief, Tus Nozar is one of those afflicted princes in the ancient book who had served prominent kianid kings such as Kay Kavus and Kay Khosrow for good many years. Tus is of the great clan of Nozar and is an eternal character in Zoroaster religion MoreThe commander in chief, Tus Nozar is one of those afflicted princes in the ancient book who had served prominent kianid kings such as Kay Kavus and Kay Khosrow for good many years. Tus is of the great clan of Nozar and is an eternal character in Zoroaster religion. On the day of resurrection, he comes to assist sushians and it is him who starts the apocalypse. Among the hundred and fifty champions and kings and various characters in the first half of Shahnameh, he had often been introduced as an arrogant, unwise and egotistic character therefore because of his unpleasant characteristics he had been less studied by researchers despite his central leading role in the Persian army as chieftain and a great warrior serving the royal court. Attempt is made in this article to briefly refer to the history of the golden footedness and to provide the meanings of this epithet according to Tus’s mythic ontology in Avesta and Pahlavi texts. His role in Persian national epic, discrepancies and contradictions between the mythic and epic character of Tus, the commander in chief in heroic era is further examined in order to shed more light on this character. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
272 - Ethics of war in Muslim Culture: A critical and comparative perspective
M.J. MahallatiThis article is a summary of the fifth chapter of a book with the above title written by Mohammad Jafar Mahallati. It is under print by HarvardUniversity. This article is a search in the Persian-Islamic culture in order to find the roots of Medieval thoughts on internat MoreThis article is a summary of the fifth chapter of a book with the above title written by Mohammad Jafar Mahallati. It is under print by HarvardUniversity. This article is a search in the Persian-Islamic culture in order to find the roots of Medieval thoughts on international humanitarian regulations in war. With reference to legal writings in the early centuries of Islam, then focusing on the Persian culture before Islam, and bringing facts from Avesta, Shahnameh, Mowlana's Masnavi, the author attempts to show that Persian culture in essence, has delicately considered the concept of ethics in war be it the cause of war, or the quality of war. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
273 - A new glance at some couplets from Shahnameh Ferdowsi
Mahmoud Aalipoor Hossain AghahosainiThe purpose of this research is to cast a new look upon a couplet in Shahnameh in the story of Kay Khosrow. A couplet being so controversial that various commentaries been produced and virtually all paid due attention to the horizontal axis of the story and neglected ot MoreThe purpose of this research is to cast a new look upon a couplet in Shahnameh in the story of Kay Khosrow. A couplet being so controversial that various commentaries been produced and virtually all paid due attention to the horizontal axis of the story and neglected other aspects. This paper attempts to study and criticize such commentaries to clarify the misunderstandings of the meaning of the couplet by referring to other couplets as evidence. Then the story in the vertical axis is assessed to derive at a novel meaning of the couplet in discussion according to the Moscow edition of Shahnameh: "The king granted all wishes of Giv Said to him O commander of the army Without your sword would not be bright crown Let be such sword and May no Brahman be without an idol" Unlike the views of certain commentators and Shahnameh scholars, Giv the warrior has praised Kay Khosrow like other warriors, and based on some presented evidence the commander of the army in the first couplet is Kay Khosrow. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
274 - The reflection of Shahnameh of Ferdowsi in sonnents of Hossein Monzavi
Mohammad Reza Salehi Mazandarani Ghodratollah ZarouniShahnameh the grand work of Abolghasem Ferdowsi has always been regarded as a document of identity and ethnicity of Iraninan People. Ever since the compostion of Shahnameh most poets and writers of Persian literature while acknowledging its uniqueness as the most MoreShahnameh the grand work of Abolghasem Ferdowsi has always been regarded as a document of identity and ethnicity of Iraninan People. Ever since the compostion of Shahnameh most poets and writers of Persian literature while acknowledging its uniqueness as the most important source of Persian epic and mythological stories, looked into shahnameh for epic themes and allusive overtones and in this respect have drawn amply from this great reference. Since Shahnameh is a national epic it is customary to expect that it influences the literature after it mostly in the same domain of epic, yet the interesting point is that the reflection and presence of this work in sonnet form is quite vast and astonishing. This research studies the sonnets of Hossein Monzavi, one of the most prominent contemporary sonnet composers only to find that because of deep connection with Persian culture and civilization, and also the power of its composer to create such a literary masterpiece Shahnameh even in its lyricism could exert a lasting impact on all fields of Persian poetry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
275 - The origin of Zarvani idea and philosophy in Shahnameh Ferdowsi
Masoumeh KarimianSince antiquity, man has been in search of his life’s fountainhead and the origin of creation and with reflection on this world has tried to unravel its mystery. After coming of Zoroaster in Iran and appearance of Mazdai rite, Ormazd and Ahriman have been re MoreSince antiquity, man has been in search of his life’s fountainhead and the origin of creation and with reflection on this world has tried to unravel its mystery. After coming of Zoroaster in Iran and appearance of Mazdai rite, Ormazd and Ahriman have been regarded as two poles of creation and creators of good and evil. However, there are evidences and documents demonstrating that before believing in dualism, the idea of monotheism based on the unity of time preoccupied the mind of Iranians. Belief in Zarvan, god of time, had numerous consequences more than anything else, belief in fate (destiny), and predestined lot seized the mind of Persians for centuries. This idea penetrated through the minds of Iranian poets, thinkers and philosophers. Among them, Ferdowsi, the great Iranian epic poet, like others was no exception. It is assumed that determinism in Shahnameh more than anything else has roots in Zarvanism. In this article, first the origins of the idea and philosophy of Zarvanism in Old Persia, before and after Zoroaster is sought, then with citing evidences from Shahnameh, the roots of Zarvani Philosophy is pointed out. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
276 - A discussion upon the introduction of the second small Shahnameh manuscript
Hojjat Tavasoli Mohammad Fesharaki Mohmmad navid BazarganThe pictorial Shahnameh manuscript, in the name of second small Shahnameh, is an incomplete and scattered copy of Shahnameh. Based on the remaining pictorial pages of this Shahnameh and three other similar manuscripts in the 8th century Hijira which were thought t MoreThe pictorial Shahnameh manuscript, in the name of second small Shahnameh, is an incomplete and scattered copy of Shahnameh. Based on the remaining pictorial pages of this Shahnameh and three other similar manuscripts in the 8th century Hijira which were thought to be written in Baghdad, this copy is regarded as the first pictorial Shahnameh manuscript till this day. Two hundred and eighty five pages of this manuscript are available in microfilms consisting of 51 pictorial pages and 234 non-pictorial pages. In accordance with the computer reconstruction which has been done on this manuscript, it seems that in principle, this manuscript was composed of two volumes in 602 pages equivalent to 301 or 302 pages and about 49700 couplets. About 280 pages are attributed to the first volume and 302 pages to the second volume. The computer reconstruction also suggests that this manuscript could be regarded as a complement to the Florence manuscript since the approximate rate of omission and surpluses of couplets is alike in both the second small Shahnameh and the incomplete manuscript of Shahnameh in the National Library of Florence (614 Hijira) . Since this scattered copy of Shahnameh is unknown to the scientific circles in Iran, the purpose of this article is to introduce this manuscript. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
277 - Another version of the battle between Bahman and Faramarz Based on that of Seyyed Noshad Abolvafaei
Rahman Moshtaghmehr ahmad goli Seyyed Arman Hosseini AbbarikiHakim Abolqasem Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and also other heroic compositions in the Persian land have constantly been considered by the Kurd composers. One of these heroic stories briefly dealt with in Shahnameh and later in Persian literature and also in Kurdish langu MoreHakim Abolqasem Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and also other heroic compositions in the Persian land have constantly been considered by the Kurd composers. One of these heroic stories briefly dealt with in Shahnameh and later in Persian literature and also in Kurdish language composed independently, is the adventure leading to the ascension of Bahman to the throne and his battle and conflict with Rostam’s family. Prominent Kurd Poet, Seyyed Noshad Abolvafaei has also versified this battle in Farsi (Moteghareb meter). This research first narrates coming to throne of Bahman and his attack on Sistan in Shahnameh, and then deals with Noshad’s Bahman and Faramarz in terms of narrative, content and events in the story. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
278 - The study of the importance of horse in the mythology of Iran and other nations and its reflection on Shahnameh
Seyyedeh Sedigheh Sajadirad Seyyed Karim SajadiradMyths are narratives regarding the beliefs of the ancient nations about themselves, God, the world and the supernatural world in a symbolic language in a form of a story. In fact myths have appeared to justify rites, traditions, and social, cultural, and moral regulatio MoreMyths are narratives regarding the beliefs of the ancient nations about themselves, God, the world and the supernatural world in a symbolic language in a form of a story. In fact myths have appeared to justify rites, traditions, and social, cultural, and moral regulations and the purpose of Mythology is to discover the hidden thoughts in myths which is regarded as the foundation of culture and the temperaments of every nation. The discovery of the minds and souls of a people whose wishes and desires, their fears and hopes are expressed symbolically in the mythic narratives. Myths teem with images of the animals that were once human. One of the important elements in mythology is the absence of distinct borderlines between humans and animals. The relationship between man and animals, man and gods in the ancient past, in myths and narratives is of utmost importance. Because of its special characteristics horse is the most distinguished among the animals in Mythology. This article deals with the standpoint of horse in the mythology of Iran and those of the other countries such as Egypt, China, Greece, and India in order to portray an in depth analysis through their comparison Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
279 - Devout Haoma in Shahnameh and its mythical root
Mohammad Navid Bazargan Maryam TorabParvarHoom or Haoma also known in Vedic culture as Saoma is a mysterious plant assuming its position alongside Gods and deities in the vast expanse of Indo-Iranian mythology. The footprints of this plant deity can be traced in the most ancient written texts such as Vedas and MoreHoom or Haoma also known in Vedic culture as Saoma is a mysterious plant assuming its position alongside Gods and deities in the vast expanse of Indo-Iranian mythology. The footprints of this plant deity can be traced in the most ancient written texts such as Vedas and also in Avesta well continued up to the literature of the middle period and then in Shahnameh. At present the standpoint of this plant and its essential oil in the Zoroastrians religious ceremonies and rituals is a relic of its glorious past. This research investigates the cultural roots of this plant since the antiquity till present and shows how a transposition from the realm of myth to the epic underwent remarkable transformations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
280 - The analysis of the quality of the awakening of the hero within in character of Seyavash and Kay Khosrow based on the theory of Pearson- K. Marr
Mohammad Javad Assarian Sayyed Ali Ghasemzadeh Mohammad Hossein SardaghiWithout a doubt Shahnameh is a universal text whose humane ethical system goes far beyond the race and geographic barriers. Hence it is not surprising to see the rare capacity of Shahnameh to accommodate so many characters and to attribute world symbols and human MoreWithout a doubt Shahnameh is a universal text whose humane ethical system goes far beyond the race and geographic barriers. Hence it is not surprising to see the rare capacity of Shahnameh to accommodate so many characters and to attribute world symbols and human character archetypes to them. This research is based on the psychological and archetypal approach used by Carol S. Pearson and Hugh K. Marr in the theory of “Awakening the hero within” and Joseph Campbell’s theory in “The hero’s journey”. Descriptive analytic method was used to prove the above theories in life stories of Seyavash and Kay khosrow in Shahnameh. The result of this analysis seems to suggest that their lives begin with the archetype “orphan” becomes intrinsic in them despite the changes brought about in their characters and in their life condition, this archetype almost evolves symbolically with death in Siayvash. The outward and objective expression of this evolutionary transformation and awakening is manifested in Kay Khosrow in the form of “sage” archetype which leads to his awakening. Therefore the process of Ferdowsi’s characterization from Seyavash to Kay Khosrow both from the aspect of cycle of life and death ( Plant god and martyre in Seyavash’s being to fertility goddess and life in Kay Khosrow’s being) and the quality of the here’s journey are complementary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
281 - Raciting Shahnameh, in Passing from myth to tale for children
Roghieh SheibanifarThis research deals with the investigation of how Shahnameh is used for today’s children based on the theory of “Shahnameh moving from myth to tale”. The essence of Shahnameh containing a period of Iran’s mythological history, is based upon the P MoreThis research deals with the investigation of how Shahnameh is used for today’s children based on the theory of “Shahnameh moving from myth to tale”. The essence of Shahnameh containing a period of Iran’s mythological history, is based upon the Persian myths which with passage of time have turned into allegories in Shahnameh and have left their positive and negative characteristics in the mysteries, secrets, symbols and messages of the stories some of which do not correspond with the children’ world. Therefore, for familiarizing children with the stories of Shahnameh it seems appropriate to put aside the negative characteristics of myths as far as child’s culture is concerned and concentrate on the positive aspects and in this way sections of the story in a format of a short story can artistically and literarily be presented to them in a simple language. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
282 - The coherent structure of commencement of sovereignty in Shahnameh Ferdowsi
Fatemeh EmamiDespite the numerous copies of Shahnameh and its vast sources it had been coherently and systematically composed in a wholesome manner which rendered this masterpiece universal. The reflection of this coherence and consistency is evident in fifty reigns throughout MoreDespite the numerous copies of Shahnameh and its vast sources it had been coherently and systematically composed in a wholesome manner which rendered this masterpiece universal. The reflection of this coherence and consistency is evident in fifty reigns throughout the work. In terms of structure the durations of reigns are treated equally, hence this article deals with the analytic and comparative study of the reigns. The outcome of the study shows that the structure of commencement of sovereignty in Shahnameh follows eight common patterns and Ferdowsi’s attempt throughout the work had been to adhere to those patterns in order to convey his main objective. The patterns are seen as: 1- The accession of the monarchs to the throne 2- setting out feasts 3- giving speeches 4- declaration of monarch’s sovereignty 5- exalting God, the lord of wisdom before everything else 6- having divine Farr (God-given glory) 7- nobles praising the kin g 8- duration of reign. Keywords Ferdowsi, Shahnameh, coherent structure, commencement of sovereignty. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
283 - Fourteen days passed Shawwal A contemplation upon a dated verse in Shahnameh
Akbar NahviIn the beginnings of the story of Ashkanian , Ferdowsi says: Mahmud has reduced the yearly tax in half and this news has reached Tous in 14th of Shawwal and people said prayers to Mahmud. What was the reason for this tax reduction and in what date did it tak MoreIn the beginnings of the story of Ashkanian , Ferdowsi says: Mahmud has reduced the yearly tax in half and this news has reached Tous in 14th of Shawwal and people said prayers to Mahmud. What was the reason for this tax reduction and in what date did it take place? Master Taghizadeh has regarded the issue of this order due to the famine of Khorasan in the year 401. However Dr Zaryab khoei believed that the motivation and the pretext for this tax reduction in the year 400 was due to the booties Mahmud acquired after the conquest of Behimnegar fortress in that year. Dr Omidsalar accepts the year 400 according to Dr Zaryab as for the date of the conquest of Behimnegar fortress, and not found a discrepancy between the two views, in Shahnameh notes has combined the two versions. Since this matter is related to the date of the final composition of Shahnameh, after discussion and investigation in this article it was concluded that the conquest of that fortress had been ended in the beginnings of Dhu al-Qidah 399 that is 24 months before the outbreak of famine in Khorasan in Shawwal 401. Therefore, it could not have been a motivation for the reduction of tax in that year. Tax reduction in the year 400 is also not acceptable for many reasons hence master Taghizadeh’s opinion is the only authentic one and a piece of evidence outside Shahnameh also supports this view. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
284 - Kingship charter and sermons of the ancient Persian kings (with contemplation on Shahnameh, Tarikhe Tabari, Gharar-ol-akhbar Muluk- ol-Faras )
Maryam Mohammad zadeh Ali Ramzani Rasool EbadiUpon studying sources in the Islamic period such as Tarkhe Tabari and Gharar- ol-sayr especially their correspondence with Shahnameh it is revealed that ancient Persian Kings made speeches and gave sermons during the act of coronation. The original Pahlavi documen MoreUpon studying sources in the Islamic period such as Tarkhe Tabari and Gharar- ol-sayr especially their correspondence with Shahnameh it is revealed that ancient Persian Kings made speeches and gave sermons during the act of coronation. The original Pahlavi document of these sermons are not available however due to the fact that a summary or parts of these sermons was narrated in the Farsi and Arabic sources relevant to Iran’s history, especially in Shahnameh, one can determine their components. Therefore, this study attempts to study the content and main themes of these sermons based on Shahnameh and its correspondence with Tarikhe Tabari and Gharar- ol-sayr. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
285 - The study of narrative discourse in Shahnameh Ferdowsi
Zolfaghar Allami Arezo HeidariShahnameh enjoys significant scientific capacities in the domain of narratology and the grammar of narration. This article is concerned with the study of a genre of narration namely narrative discourse in Shahnameh in which the narrator upon narrating, all of a su MoreShahnameh enjoys significant scientific capacities in the domain of narratology and the grammar of narration. This article is concerned with the study of a genre of narration namely narrative discourse in Shahnameh in which the narrator upon narrating, all of a sudden exits from the world of the story and addresses the reader in order to have a dialogue with him. Adopting this narrative genre usually at the end of every story is based on rhetorical and exact discourse purposes and is quite influential in inducing the sense of believability of the story and it accentuates the presence of the reader. In such depicted atmosphere one can observe the communicative and emotional function of narrative discourse especially with the time change from the past to present. Also, the narratological approach of this point of view, brings about transmission of emotions, ideology, and mental states which in turn evokes direct emotional involvement with the reader. Author’s mental states and his ideological perspectives has direct logical connection with the outcome of actions and events. In a way the author criticizes and judges the actions and behavior of the characters, reveals his own beliefs so that the reader unconsciously perceives the same notion understood by the author and hence accepts his judgment. The purpose of this article is not only to put emphasis on the significance of this genre of narration but also to fully explain the objectives of the narrator in direct dialogue with the audience. This has been done on the basis of narrative criticism and structuralist narratologists’ views such as Lintvel’s. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
286 - The study of symbolic imagery of Farr (In connection with the images in Shahnameh)
Fatemeh Mahvan Mohammad Jafar Yahaghi Farzad GhaemiMotifs used in Shahnameh’s imagery are on one hand in connection with the textual sign systems and on the other hand are of a nature belonging to the visual sign system. An example from this dual system of textual-visual kind is seen in the visual motifs of heaven MoreMotifs used in Shahnameh’s imagery are on one hand in connection with the textual sign systems and on the other hand are of a nature belonging to the visual sign system. An example from this dual system of textual-visual kind is seen in the visual motifs of heavenly concept of farr. In textual system, Kiani Farr refers to Shah’s legitimacy. Researches made in this regard generally describe the concept of Farr, and deal with its application in Shahnameh and ancient texts. The emphasis of these works is mostly on the semantic aspect of Farr. This essay however attempts to study the concept of Farr from another approach. Looking for its meaning among the images to find out how the visual artists depicted the concept of Farr. Thus the attempt is made in this article to seek and find symbolic imagery in between the images in Shahnameh, rock reliefs, and images depicted in banners. For this reason apart from the textual sources, one made use of visual sources as well. Studying the images illustrate that Farr is manifested in form of three motifs of light, bird and crown. These three motifs each has different manifestations dealt with in detail in this study. The purpose of this research is to find the symbols of Farr by inspection of visual sources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
287 - The study of the relationship between ugliness and destruction in Shahnameh Ferdowsi
Ali Heidary Saiid EmamiAbstract Shahnameh encompasses beliefs and thoughts of Iranian people and Persian identity can be well sought in this grand work. One of its key issues is the connection of ugliness with destruction. This belief is numerously mentioned in Shahnameh MoreAbstract Shahnameh encompasses beliefs and thoughts of Iranian people and Persian identity can be well sought in this grand work. One of its key issues is the connection of ugliness with destruction. This belief is numerously mentioned in Shahnameh and is worthy of consideration. This research is an attempt to seek the deep structure of this relationship and then study its reflection in Shahnameh. Ugliness and destruction come together and this is rooted in many religions and sects in the ancient Iran since when the dark odious Ahriman is introduced as the creator of malevolent deceitful creatures, it follows that whatever ugliness, evil deeds, flaw, impurity and viciousness exists they all return to him. Therefore because Ahriman is terminator, his creatures are also destroyers. Throughout Shahnameh unsightly people are recognized as evil and exterminators. This motif is so strong in Shahnameh that in many cases terminators are introduced as evil and hideous characters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
288 - Oral narratives regarding the story of Goshtasb in Shahnameh
Pegah KhadishThe story of Goshtasb’s journey to the Roman Empire and his marriage with Katayun, a Byzantine princess in Shahnameh is one of the stories that is strongly continued its literary life in the oral culture of Iranians. What has been Ferdowsi’s source to narrat MoreThe story of Goshtasb’s journey to the Roman Empire and his marriage with Katayun, a Byzantine princess in Shahnameh is one of the stories that is strongly continued its literary life in the oral culture of Iranians. What has been Ferdowsi’s source to narrate this story is not clearly known however in nearly all general history books written in Farsi after shahnameh this story is present. In this regard what exists today with variety of narrations among the Iranian ethnic groups is a story called Seapony and in the international tale-type index it is classified under type 314. Although there are minor differences with the Shahnameh narrative, this story has kept many of its structural and semantic characteristics. Since the most ancient international written narratives dates back to the twelfth century, Ferdowsi’s narrative takes precedence over them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
289 - The analysis of the manner in which dynastic historical accounts find expression in Shahnameh on the basis of intertextuality concept forwarded by Gerard Genette
Fereshteh Mohamad zadeh Mohammad ja’far Yahaghi Bahman Namvar Motlagh Javad AbbasiIntertextuality is based on the relationship of a text with other texts. These texts could come from two different branches but still be dependent on one culture as Shahnameh and dynastic historical documents are of this kind in a way that close connection between MoreIntertextuality is based on the relationship of a text with other texts. These texts could come from two different branches but still be dependent on one culture as Shahnameh and dynastic historical documents are of this kind in a way that close connection between Shahnameh’s pre- texts and the dynastic historical accounts was formed during subsequent eras. Therefore the main question and the objective in this research is the nature of the relationship that exists between Shahnameh and its historical counterpart from the sixth century till the middle of the eighth century AH. Gerard Genette’s theory of transtextuality which is a thorough theory in this regard is used in this research. The method of research is comparative and is based on the description and the analysis of the data. The results obtained demonstrates that dynastic historians according to their historical views, and their own historiographic style in order to fulfill their own expectations and those of their audience had willfully chosen Shahnameh. In this vein they had most benefitted from four kinds of intertextual figures, quotation, allusion, plagiarism, and referencing respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
290 - Kaabol’s Shahnameh of the Safavi era
Mahmoud TavoosiDespite the fact that hundreds of manuscripts of shahnameh have been investigated by the scholars, yet sometimes quite accidently mystery is unveiled from an abandoned and forsaken copy only to bewilder the eager artists and literary figures. Of such works, is a complet MoreDespite the fact that hundreds of manuscripts of shahnameh have been investigated by the scholars, yet sometimes quite accidently mystery is unveiled from an abandoned and forsaken copy only to bewilder the eager artists and literary figures. Of such works, is a complete Shahnameh, illustrated and gilded with beautiful calligraphy produced by the calligrapher Abdul Razzagh Ghazvini and with the artistic collaboration of other infamous painters in the year 1044 Hijra found in Ghazvin’s Darossaltaneh. This invaluable manuscript is currently kept in the national archive of Kabul, in Afghanistan and has not yet been introduced to the artistic and literary circles. The purpose of this article is to introduce this artistic work for the first time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
291 - The study of fatalism in Shahnameh and religious epics
Zahra farajnezhad Farhang Mohmmad Navid BazarganFatalism is one of the characteristics of the traditional eastern societies according to which, the destiny of man is predetermined and all affairs take place based on this destiny hence there is no room for man’s free will. The origin of fatalism in Iran is stud MoreFatalism is one of the characteristics of the traditional eastern societies according to which, the destiny of man is predetermined and all affairs take place based on this destiny hence there is no room for man’s free will. The origin of fatalism in Iran is studied in this article and its signs such as star worship, astrology, fortune, alms giving, belief in supernatural powers are discussed in Shahnameh and four other epic religious works including Alinameh,Haydari attack by Bazel Mashhadi and Raji Kermani and Tazian nameh, summary of Khavarannameh. It became clear that predictions made by the astronomers in Shahnameh are more frequent than in the epic religious works and on the contrary predictions made through divine and supernatural inspirations and revelations are more common in the religious works. Also, belief in fortune and chance is Shahnameh is more prominent than in the epic religious works. Among the religious epics under study, Khavaran nameh is closer to Shahnameh in terms of Mythology. Next comes, Haydari attack by Kermani and Bazel Mashhadi, and Ali nameh respectively Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
292 - Zahhak in Sareskand's forge A glance at the legend of Zahhak, the serpent king in Hashtrood region and its impact on the nomenclature of this area
Abdollah Valipour Seyyed Gholamreza GeybiEver since its creation, Shahnameh of Ferdowsi has been recognized as the most authentic document of identity and ethnic characteristics of Persians to uplift their spirits, and has exerted deep longlasting effect on our people in all walks of life producing many storie MoreEver since its creation, Shahnameh of Ferdowsi has been recognized as the most authentic document of identity and ethnic characteristics of Persians to uplift their spirits, and has exerted deep longlasting effect on our people in all walks of life producing many stories and beliefs. Ferdowsi's devotees from different ethnic groups retold orally variety of tales in different dialects throughout the centuries and rewarded him by creating their own legends around him to pay respect to this sublime work. The tale of Zahhak, the serpent king is one of the stories which has many different versions among the general public. The writers of this article attempt to examine and analyze a narrative of this story in Hashtrood county. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
293 - Statistical Analysis of social standpoint of women in Shahnameh
Somayeh Bakhshandeh ZahmatiThe purpose of this article is to recognize the social standpoint of women in Shahnameh by answering the following questions: -What was the social standpoint of women in the Sassanid era in Shahnameh? -Among the women, who has occupied the highest social position? -What MoreThe purpose of this article is to recognize the social standpoint of women in Shahnameh by answering the following questions: -What was the social standpoint of women in the Sassanid era in Shahnameh? -Among the women, who has occupied the highest social position? -What was Ferdousi’s standpoint towards women and her position as a man in a male-dominated society of the 4th and 5th century? The statistical society in this research includes all women in Shahnameh from renowned influential characters to less influential ones goddesses and witches. For more precision and also representation of new scientific data, among the statistical examples two groups Iranian women and non-Iranian ones have been chosen. Social standpoint, the only variant in this study with two features of social credit, and seeking consultation were analyzed. After collecting the data via library –documentary approach, using the method of “content analysis” the data was analyzed, interpreted and the final result was determined. Despite being in a patriarchal society at the time, both groups of women enjoyed high social position, the non-Iranian ones occupied slightly higher positions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
294 - Analysis of tragedies in Shahnameh based on the Aristotle’s Mythos
Peiman Reihani Nia Khalil BaygzadeAristotle divided tragedy into six formative elements and mythos or plot is the most important one. In shahnameh plot plays a pivotal role in tragedies and bears considerable resemblance to Aristotle’s mythos. The purpose of this research is to discuss MoreAristotle divided tragedy into six formative elements and mythos or plot is the most important one. In shahnameh plot plays a pivotal role in tragedies and bears considerable resemblance to Aristotle’s mythos. The purpose of this research is to discuss this issue according to Aristotle’s views employing descriptive analytic approach to indicate that most tragedies in Shahnameh correspond to Aristotelian mythos and its constituent elements such as recognition, transformation and catastrophic event or downfall. Plot refers to the sequence of events inside a tragedy which affect other events through the principle of cause and effect. The existence of recognition, transformation and catastrophic fate of the protagonist encourage the reader to reread times and times again tragedies of Shahnameh. Therefore the everlasting appeal and the secret of survival of Shahnameh owes itself to its strong plot greatly corresponding to mythos of Aristotle although as far as narrative structure is concerned in parts for instance forecasting in the beginning of tragedies and domination of destiny and final fate discrepancies exist. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
295 - From Vazheh to Govazheh
Hamidreza Ghorbani Fatemeh JamaliOne of the most important strategies in the battle of champions and warriors in Shahnameh is Rajazkhani or harangue considered as a kind of soft war. Champions in most of their one to one battles speak highly of their heroic deeds and in this way try to belittle t MoreOne of the most important strategies in the battle of champions and warriors in Shahnameh is Rajazkhani or harangue considered as a kind of soft war. Champions in most of their one to one battles speak highly of their heroic deeds and in this way try to belittle their rivals. This verbal battle accompanied with humiliation and ridicule is sometimes directed towards the rival himself and sometimes extends to his family and his race. What is important is that Ferdowsi with utmost skill and mastery and with numerous tactics organized words in the form of couplets and with a sardonic and sarcastic tone lets his champions utter the words. There are not many champions who do not use this tactic. Rostam holds the principal role in declamatory defiance of his rivals. His nobility and dignity would not allow the slightest insult from his enemies. Accordingly, this research is concerned with the study and analysis of different aspects of the structure and the content of harangues in the heroic section of Shahnameh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
296 - Mazandaran and Alborz in shahnameh
Behjat Najibi FiniFerdosi's shahnameh as a based document which represents Iranian patriotism, magnificence, ancientness has more to figJre out for Iranian let alone people all around the world. one of the matters discussed in shahnameh is geographic expansion which shahnameh's resea MoreFerdosi's shahnameh as a based document which represents Iranian patriotism, magnificence, ancientness has more to figJre out for Iranian let alone people all around the world. one of the matters discussed in shahnameh is geographic expansion which shahnameh's researchers have always saught the answer of the question that Mazandaran and Alborz included exactly which geographic region of Iran in Shahnameh as on eternity opus. And whether this d:trict was a part of the country or not. This essay tries to answer these questions by contributing ancient geographic and the works of contemporary scholars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
297 - Post structuralism in Shahnameh Ferdowsi (With emphasis on Bahram’s death)
Ro’ya SayyedoshohadaeiThe purpose of this article is to investigate the esthetic aspect of the death of one of the Ferdowsi’s epic characters, in order to reveal only a glimpse of the dynamic potentialities and the scope of interpretation of this grand masterpiece. The historic & MoreThe purpose of this article is to investigate the esthetic aspect of the death of one of the Ferdowsi’s epic characters, in order to reveal only a glimpse of the dynamic potentialities and the scope of interpretation of this grand masterpiece. The historic – mythic structure of the epic texts apparently does not lend itself to interpretation however the texture of stories in Shahnameh is such that renders the text quite interpretable. Ferdowsi’s epic has a paradoxical texture: On one hand there are signs that point realistically to concise, consistent, and systematic features, and on the other hand there are endless interpretations, and it is extremely decontextualized, produces multiple layers of meanings and it is filled with ambiguities. It constantly seeks to remain without an ultimate texture and to remain detached from history, to be non-spatial and hence be eternal. Selection of Bahram’s death and glorified esthetical death of this epic hero is an occasion to illustrate the post structuralist nature of Ferdowsi’s epic despite the fact that the characteristic feature of Shahnameh is inclined towards a consistent structure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
298 - Types of Characterization in Shahnameh Ferdowsi
Yousef Nikrouz Mohammad Hadi AhmadianiCharacter and plot are the most important elements of fiction. The fundamental corner stone of every literary work both in old and new fiction is character. In other words in a fiction without a character there would be no actions. In stories characters are dealt with i MoreCharacter and plot are the most important elements of fiction. The fundamental corner stone of every literary work both in old and new fiction is character. In other words in a fiction without a character there would be no actions. In stories characters are dealt with in two ways direct or indirect. Shahnameh can be regarded as a fictional work teemed with characters and its uniqueness owes itself largely to the fact that Ferdowsi paid his utmost attention to create characters. Through characterization, the characteristics, temperaments, ideologies and other features of a character is revealed to the reader. This research therefore is an attempt to analyze Ferdowsi’s point of view towards characters and study types of characterization employed by him. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
299 - Believe in Astovidatu or demon of death and examining its reflection in Shahnameh
Ardeshir SanchooliDemons and demonic creatures are indispensable part of mythology and are the integral part of ancient Persian beliefs. Indeed, our ancestors for every malice and evil deed and phenomena believed in a particular demon and revelation of any of these demonic and dest MoreDemons and demonic creatures are indispensable part of mythology and are the integral part of ancient Persian beliefs. Indeed, our ancestors for every malice and evil deed and phenomena believed in a particular demon and revelation of any of these demonic and destructive elements were related to a corresponding demon. A phenomenon named Astovidatu or demon of death is one such example. Although after coming of Islam this belief had lost its original vigor, yet its reflection could be clearly seen in certain works particularly in Shahnameh all the more reason for Ferdowsi’s use of imageries in connection with the concept of death. It is the purpose of this article to compare these imageries with information that exists regarding the demon of death, a belief already existed before Islam in Zoroastrian religion and to prove and demonstrate that the creation of those imageries consciously or unconsciously were under the influence of Astovidatu. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
300 - Semiotic Analysis of style in three illustrations of Shahnameh entitled “ Bahram kills a dragon”
Anahita Moghbeli Behnaz PayamaniAbstract Semiotics is concerned with the study of sign systems in social life. Semiotic theories are quite functional in the domain of analyzing artistic and pictorial works. In analysis of a visual text and style of works of art, semiotics MoreAbstract Semiotics is concerned with the study of sign systems in social life. Semiotic theories are quite functional in the domain of analyzing artistic and pictorial works. In analysis of a visual text and style of works of art, semiotics approach shades of meanings of a text. Artistic creation objectifies beauty and in Persian painter’s view the realm of beauty is synonymous with the ideal world. Space in Persian painting is a manifestation of the divine space and the artist in expressing it does not use a realistic language since his language is a language of sign and symbol. The purpose of this article is the comparative study of three paintings with the common title of “Bahram Gur kills a dragon” in three Shahnamehs, Sultan Abu Saeid (dated 730 HG), Shiraz School Shahnameh (dated 771 HG Kept at Top Kopi museum in Istanbul), and Mashhad-Qazvin School Shahnameh (dated 988 HG) respectively using semiotic and stylistic approach. First theideal world and its influence and reflection on the illustrations are discussed, then symbolic signs, figures and profiles in them are studied and in between, implicit meanings of dragon and theme of dragon killing are analyzed. Also Bahram’s character in myth and history are dealt with. The nature of this research is comparative, descriptive, and analytic. The outcome of the study shows that although the painter in portraying the original poetry is faithful, meanwhile he has not been a mere follower of the text but with choosing a selected part of the poem, he mingles it with imagination and artistic traditional values of his own era and in this way he presents his own creative portrayal of these themes Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
301 - Arnavaz and Shahrnaz A search for the origin of these names in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh
Pariya ZavarehianArnavaz and Shahrnaz’s character, the enviable Jamshid’s sisters in Shahnameh has mythological roots in Avesta, the great religious book in the Ancient Persia. Although out of twenty one sections of Avesta, only five has remained today giving little in MoreArnavaz and Shahrnaz’s character, the enviable Jamshid’s sisters in Shahnameh has mythological roots in Avesta, the great religious book in the Ancient Persia. Although out of twenty one sections of Avesta, only five has remained today giving little information about these two royalties, nevertheless by putting together the contents of Avesta and Arabic translations of the Middle Persian texts, and also small yet mysterious hints made by the great Ferdowsi regarding these two characters one can depict a clear picture of them and illustrate their influential role in giving rise to different generations. In this article attempt is made not only to highlight this picture, but also to draw attention to the key role played by women in Shahnameh. Manuscript profile
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