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Open Access Article
1 - Investigating the drought index based on satellite images and its relationship with the reduction of the area under rice cultivation, a case study: (Ghamas province, Iraq)
Ali Nik ahd Wathq Ahmad almatlak ali ebrahimiIntroduction: Using indicators based on remote sensing, drought can be studied through its effects on crops and more accurate and effective results can be obtained. The severe drought conditions in the entire country of Iraq have caused the farming communities to witnes MoreIntroduction: Using indicators based on remote sensing, drought can be studied through its effects on crops and more accurate and effective results can be obtained. The severe drought conditions in the entire country of Iraq have caused the farming communities to witness a decrease in the harvest of rice, vegetables and fruits for the tenth year in a row. Therefore, farmers have to reduce the area under cultivation, which causes a decrease in their income and products. Ghamas province in Iraq is one of the regions that has rice cultivation lands and is suffering from drought. Therefore, this research has investigated the changes in the surface coverage under rice cultivation in this province and its relationship with the surface temperature in order to investigate drought Materials and Methods: In this research, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) related to the MODIS sensor was used to study the changes in vegetation cover. MODIS satellite data were prepared and collected for the study area during the years 2010 to 2022. Next, three remote sensing indices, NDVI, Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) were used to investigate the area under rice cultivation as well as land surface temperature and drought severity. Results and Discussion: According to the obtained results, the cultivated area of agricultural products has increased during this period in the studied area, so that in 2010 the area under cultivation according to VCI and NDVI indices is 11875 ha and 10337 ha ,respectively, while in 2022, it increased to 14775 ha and 13275 ha, respectively. The results showed that according to the NDVI, vegetation cover with a gentle slope had an increasing trend during this period, while according to the LST result, the land surface temperature decreased during this period. This shows that with the increase in vegetation, LST has decreased. Conclusion: The results showed that according to the NDVI index, the vegetation cover had an increasing trend during this period, while according to the LST index, the surface temperature of the earth decreased during this period. This shows that with the increase in vegetation, the surface temperature of the earth has decreased. However, according to the VCI index, the studied area is in a non-drought condition. Therefore, according to the obtained results, the increase in vegetation cover based on NDVI and the increase in VCI index and comparing it with the temperature of the target area, shows a decrease in the temperature of the earth's surface during these 10 years. As the temperature of the ground surface decreases, it indicates an increase in vegetation cover and the area under rice cultivation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Water cover change detection in Zayandeh-Rood watershed using remote sensing
Pantea Lotfi Mozhgan Ahmadi Nadoushan Aliasghar BesalatpourWater, as one of the most basic needs of life, currently includes our drinking, agriculture, industry, economic-social and security-political issues for survival and expansion. Due to the importance of this issue, the basic management and exploitation of water resources MoreWater, as one of the most basic needs of life, currently includes our drinking, agriculture, industry, economic-social and security-political issues for survival and expansion. Due to the importance of this issue, the basic management and exploitation of water resources has become one of the important global issues. Nowadays, remote sensing technique has many uses in agriculture, such as determining the area under cultivation and predicting crop yield. In this research, the evaluation of the detection method of zones, water levels and rivers with Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) using Landsat 9 satellite images in the period of 1984-2022 was used to separate the water cover. The obtained results showed that there is a noticeable trend in reducing the water level in the desired points, which can be directly related to water harvesting for agricultural purposes in different parts of the route. In other words, the amount of water that the NDWI index shows in each station has a significant difference with other stations, which indicates significant water extraction in all parts of the Zayandeh-Rood. Therefore, in the present study, it was found that the normalized differential water index was easily able to extract water from satellite images and is a suitable index for predicting the condition of the Zayandeh-Rood Watershed Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Detection of mercaptopurine drug by T4,4,4-graphyne and the effect of applied electric field: A density functional theory study
Roya Majidi -
Open Access Article
4 - Fabrication and characterization of PSi/nanometal hybrid structures by laser for CO gas sensor
Amer Badr Dheyab Safaa Idan Mohammed Marwa Kamal Mustafa Rasha Saad Fayadh Noor Luay Hussein -
Open Access Article
5 - Investigation of ZnO thin-film sensing properties for CO2 detection: effect of Mn doping
Boshra Ghanbari Shohany Leili Motevalizadeh Majid Ebrahimizadeh Abrishami -
Open Access Article
6 - A scaled descent modification of the Hestense-Stiefel conjugate gradient method with application to compressed sensing
Ali Ebrahimnejad Zohre Aminifard Saman Babaie-KafakiTo improve the classic Hestense-Stiefel conjugate gradient method, Shengwei et al. proposed an efficient conjugate gradient method which possesses the sufficient descent property when the line search fulfills the strong Wolfe conditions (by restricting the line search p MoreTo improve the classic Hestense-Stiefel conjugate gradient method, Shengwei et al. proposed an efficient conjugate gradient method which possesses the sufficient descent property when the line search fulfills the strong Wolfe conditions (by restricting the line search parameters). Inspired by the scaled extension of the Hestense-Stiefel method which is recently presented by Dong et al., a scaled modification of the conjugate gradient method of Shengwei et al. is proposed which satisfies the sufficient descent condition independent of the line search technique as well as the convexity assumption of the objective function. Furthermore, the global convergence of the suggested method is discussed based on standard suppositions. In addition, a smooth approximation for the compressed sensing optimization problem is put forward. Numerical experiments are done on a set of classical problems of the CUTEr library as well as in solving compressed sensing problem. Results of the comparisons illustrate the superiority of the proposed approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - The effect of market sensibility on company performance with mediating role of innovation capability and brand management system
Ali Akbar Khademi Ehsan Badri Hanieh FarazandehAccording to competitiveness of the market in today's world, for an active and continuous presence in the field of competition, companies need to pay more attention to their performance and the factors affecting it. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect MoreAccording to competitiveness of the market in today's world, for an active and continuous presence in the field of competition, companies need to pay more attention to their performance and the factors affecting it. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of market sensing capability on company performance with the mediating role of innovation capability and brand management system and the moderating role of market dynamics and intensity of competition among employees of Iran Khodro Automotive Company in Tehran. This study is practical in view of purpose and according to collection data method is descriptive-survey. The statistical population of this study is finite population and include the statistical population of this study is limited and includes the employees of Iran Khodro car dealerships in Tehran. The Sample size according to Cochran formula is obtained 384 with simple random sampling method. The validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by experts and its reliability has been confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. In order to analyze the data structural equation modeling and PLS software have been used. The results show that market sensitivity has a positive and significant effect on Innovation capability. Market sensitivity has positive significant effect on brand management system. Market sensitivity has a positive significant effect on company performance. Innovative capabilities have a positive significant effect on the brand management system. Innovation ability has a positive significant effect on company performance. Brand management system has a positive significant effect on firm performance. Innovative capability on the relationship between market sensitivity and market capability has a mediating role. Brand management system has a mediating role on the relationship between market sensitivity and performance. Market dynamics has a moderating role on the ability of innovation to affect company performance. Market dynamics affects the relationship of brand management system to the firm's performance. The intensity of competition on the relationship between the capability of innovation and the performance of the company has a moderating role. The intensity of competition on the relationship between the brand management system and the firm's performance is modest. This research is valuable because companies with superior sensor capabilities not only maintain product costs and develop new services, but can also accelerate the development process. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Investigation on land cover mapping using Sentinel-2A images in the Google Earth Engine Platform
Naser Ahmadi SaniLand cover map show the spatial distribution of different landscapes such as agricultue, natural resources, water and man-made area. It is a valuable tool to managing and reducing risk in challenging issues such as drought and its effects, food security, flood control, MoreLand cover map show the spatial distribution of different landscapes such as agricultue, natural resources, water and man-made area. It is a valuable tool to managing and reducing risk in challenging issues such as drought and its effects, food security, flood control, and urban planning. In order to overcome the limitations of field work in the mapping of land cover, the use of satellite images due to the wide, multispectral and update data seems to be suitable. In the study area, the spatially heterogeneous landscapes also makes it difficult to classify features. Therefore, the main purpose of the study is accurate and high resolution land cover mapping using Sentinel-2A images in the Google Earth Engine platform. In this regard, three classification algorithms including RF, SVM and CART were evaluated and compared. Various indices were prepared using ratioing and transformation methods. The accuracy of the classifications was evaluated in comparison with ground reference data. Individual bands evaluation showed that the best overall accuracy (49%) was obtained using the CVI index.The best overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of 86% and 0.82 were obtained by RF algorithm. Therefore, while pointing to the advantages of the GEE including easily accessible data and the ability to process and quickly compare of data, it can be claimed that Sentinel-2A images for land cover mapping in terms of cost, time and accuracy, have high efficiency and the map can be very useful for the management and decision making in different natural and man-made resources for the successful implementation of sustainable development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Evaluation of spatial distribution appropriateness of Tabriz Urban Parks in terms of influence area using Remote Sensing and GIS
Shabnam Akbari Omid RafieyanFrom the perspective of urban planning and management, the criteria for the distribution of parks, in terms of the scope of influence and the benefits of the surrounding areas, is of particular importance. The main purpose of this study; Determining and evaluating the i MoreFrom the perspective of urban planning and management, the criteria for the distribution of parks, in terms of the scope of influence and the benefits of the surrounding areas, is of particular importance. The main purpose of this study; Determining and evaluating the influence area of each type of urban parks in Tabriz. The map of urban parks was produced based on updating the land use map extracted from the detailed plan of Tabriz using satellite imagery and fieldworks in a combined method. Then the map of Tabriz city parks according to their area were prepared in 5 categories of parks; Mini, Neighborhood, Regional, Community and Mountain parks and the influence radius of each park was applied in GIS as a buffer based on internal research. The results showed that none of the ten districts of Tabriz Municipality are desirable in terms of covering the influence of "neighborhood" parks and the need to develop this type of parks in the whole city is serious. District 1, 2 and 8 are in a good position to cover the area of influence area of "Regional" parks. Most districts, except 9 and 5, are covered by "Community" parks. "Mountain" parks cover almost all the ten districts of Tabriz and district 1 is in the best condition in terms of being within the influence area of all types of parks. In terms of social and psychological functions of parks, although the existence of Metropolitan parks is necessary to attract large local populations and tourists, but the great impact of "Mini" and "Neighborhood" parks in addition to ecological functions, in family entertainment and ultimately increase social vitality should not be ignored. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Comparative evaluation of Landsat8 and Sentinel2 images to prepare a fire occurrence map in Arasbaran
Omid Rafieyan Khalil Valizadeh Kamran Mohammad Ebrahim Ramazani Sajjad MoshiriThe valuable Arasbaran forest is a complex and dynamic ecosystem that has always been subject to extensive fires. The purpose of the present research is to utilize the technology of remote sensing and geographic information system and the technical abilities of the Goog MoreThe valuable Arasbaran forest is a complex and dynamic ecosystem that has always been subject to extensive fires. The purpose of the present research is to utilize the technology of remote sensing and geographic information system and the technical abilities of the Google Earth Engine system in order to prepare a fire occurrence map in the rangelands and forests of Arasbaran. In order to choose the appropriate method and type of satellite between Sentinel2 and Landsat8, the separability index was used. Accordingly, the RdNBR differential index was selected among the different indicators of fire detection to prepare the final map of the last 9 years and the cumulative fire map. Based on the accuracy assessment of the resulting map quantitatively, 84% of the actual fire points recorded by the General Directorate of Natural Resources and Watershed of East Azarbayjan province were placed at a distance of 200 meters from fire polygons extracted from satellite images, which showed the high accuracy of the fire map. The field visit also showed a good match among the fire areas resulting from the processing of satellite images with the existing situation of the region. The current research showed the high potential of these two satellites as well as the extraordinary ability and facilities of the Google Earth Engine system in providing a huge amount of remotely sensed data and advanced processing on them to prepare fire occurrence maps. The advantages of Landsat8 compared to Sentinel2 are having thermal bands and more time series. The spatial and radiometric resolution of both are almost similar, and the low-temporal resolution of Landsat8 will be compensated by combining it with Landsat 9 images. Therefore, in line with the results of similar studies, Landsat8 is generally preferable to Sentinel2. For the correct and scaled spatial data from Arasbaran region, it is suggested to create an integrated and large-scale Geo-database due to the lack of accuracy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Investigating spatiotemporal changes in greenness of Zagros Oak forests in response to drought
Mohadeseh Ghanbari Motlagh Masoud Kiadaliri Mansour HalimiClimate changes in Iran, which have mainly manifested in the form of intensifying periods of drought and increasing temperature, can have profound effects on the forest ecosystems of Zagros in the west of Iran. In this study, the drought trend (with PDSI index) and its MoreClimate changes in Iran, which have mainly manifested in the form of intensifying periods of drought and increasing temperature, can have profound effects on the forest ecosystems of Zagros in the west of Iran. In this study, the drought trend (with PDSI index) and its effects on the spatial-temporal dynamics of EVI greenness index from MODIS sensor were investigated through correlational relationship in the statistical period from 2000 to 2020 in Zagros oak forests in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province. To determine the greenness index threshold value, sampling at 20 points in the forests of the province and EVI index values in these areas were used. The results showed that the greenness threshold value of EVI in these forests was at the maximum level in June. The greenness index value and the area of the oak forests of the province have decreased during the study period. The peak greenness of the oak forests of the province had a significant sensitivity to changes in rainfall and drought at the end of the cold period of the year and in the spring season. The negative phases of the drought indices have been completely consistent with the periods of greenness loss. The EVI, as an index of forest greenness, has shown a high sensitivity to the PDSI drought index. The PDSI index has also been able to explain 0.74 of the spatial changes of EVI in the three months of April, May, and June. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Provide a method for targets detection in satellite imagery using deep learning with remote sensing and GIS approach
nader biranvand Mehdi Keykhaee rooin mamaniAutomatic detection of features in different areas according to various objectives, including urban management, military objectives, etc., are one of the most up-to-date and important applications of machine learning today. Combining the Global Geographic System (GIS) w MoreAutomatic detection of features in different areas according to various objectives, including urban management, military objectives, etc., are one of the most up-to-date and important applications of machine learning today. Combining the Global Geographic System (GIS) with images taken from satellite sensors and finally using deep learning methods, which is one of the main branches of machine learning, is a great help to the visible subject. Made the effects in the images using remote sensing science.. At the beginning of this research, the various layers in the proposed algorithm have been comprehensively presented and introduced, and then a new method has been presented in the simultaneous combination of CNN and pooling layers in the algorithm used, which finally It led to a significant reduction in network training time using comprehensive training data with high accuracy and at the same time high volume, which in the end, after entering the fully connected layer to extract and identify the desired goals with acceptable accuracy along with cost-effectiveness. Save time. In this research, using network training through training data, ships in satellite images are detected by creating a fully convoluted FCN network. In order to evaluate the performance and accuracy of the algorithm used in finding and detecting ships in satellite images, by applying this detection algorithm on several other satellite images, Precision, Recall and F1-Score evaluation criteria were used. The values were equal to 100%, 97.61% and 98.83%, respectively, which indicates the accuracy and reliability of the algorithm. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Survey of Flood water Spreading on quantitative changes of Vegetation Cover and Groundwater Recharge by Remote Sensing and GIS in Tasouj Aquifer in East Azarbayjan
Hossein Saadati Maghsoud KhayyamOne of the methods for water supplying and control of drying and flood is theapplication of water flooding. The work reported here was conducted at theexperimental station located in Tassuj plain, 110 km north-west of Tabriz in thenorthern of Oroumiye lake, situated bet MoreOne of the methods for water supplying and control of drying and flood is theapplication of water flooding. The work reported here was conducted at theexperimental station located in Tassuj plain, 110 km north-west of Tabriz in thenorthern of Oroumiye lake, situated between 45°18 to 45° 33E and 38° 15 to 38° 24 N,with an average annual precipitation of 362.3 mm, and average annual evaporation of989.5 mm. The study basin has an area of 5590 km2 with 3000 km2 on which floodspreading is possible. The aims of this research are investigation of efficacy of FloodSpreading Project (FSP) on vegetation cover and recharge of groudwater in Tassujstation. Remote sensing and GIS systems are effective and efficient techniques inwatershed management and investigation flood distribution in plains. After preparingmentioned parameters in GIS environment (using Arc GIS software), digital maps andtwo satellite images TM (1992) and ETM (2002, 2006) of the study area from floodspreading of Tassuj was used. Images were interpretated by Hybrid or optic method oncomputer monitor. The results were indicated that vegetation cover increased afterFlood Spreading Project equal 18% to 34% in 1378 to 1384 year. Bare soil decreasesin 9 years at last too. Deposit of drying, groundwater level does not decrease but alsodischarge of wells was increased. Study of unit hydrograph of Tassuj plain wasdeterminated that groundwater level decreases equal 10 meters in 1373 to 1380 butafter flood spreading in the1380 year it increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - The Determination of Andimeshk Urban Physical Development With the Application of R.S and G.I.S
اصغر Nazarian سیمین Tolaei مریم KhosraviMost of the cities have been exposed by physical growth. This could be explained byhigh population groyth as well as rural – urban migration. This in turn, resulted the inthe development of cities upon unsuitable lands.This study deals with the determination of An MoreMost of the cities have been exposed by physical growth. This could be explained byhigh population groyth as well as rural – urban migration. This in turn, resulted the inthe development of cities upon unsuitable lands.This study deals with the determination of Andimeshk urban physicaldevelopment using T. M (1987), (ETM (2002), and LISS PAN (2003) projectionsystems.The Methodology of this study is as follows:At first urban land use maps were drawn. The urban physical development rates werecomputed based on comparsion between the maps. In the next step, taking intoconsidration the relevant factors responsible for urban physical development potential,distance layers pertaining to distance of the city from C.BD, from main routes, fromwest ravine were determined and scaled. This is followed by calssification of land into10 brackets. The final aereage devoted to future development were computed by 1408.it is suggested that urban physical development of Andimeshk were confined to justvertical development due to preservation of agricultural lands of the city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - A Comparative Study on Urban Green Space Landscape Developments an Geomorphological Perspective in Shiraz City, Iran, from 1976 to 2014 using GIS/RS
Meysam Jamali E. Moghimi Z. JafarpourGreen spaces represent an indispensible role and specific significance in today’s urban life. The importance of green spaces is to such an extent that experts regard such spaces as the “lungs” of cities. Nowadays, remote assessment applications, such a MoreGreen spaces represent an indispensible role and specific significance in today’s urban life. The importance of green spaces is to such an extent that experts regard such spaces as the “lungs” of cities. Nowadays, remote assessment applications, such as satellite imagery, have become especially important. Of course, analyzing the changes via such applications demands frequently updated images. In the present study, GIS/RS technology was used to investigate geomorphological patterns of change in urban spaces in Shiraz city, Iran, within a 38-year statistical period (1976-2014). To conduct the research, a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of Landsat satellite images (1, 8) and ETM+ and MSS sensors were processed in ENVI4.8. The maps of green space changes and the geomorphological perspective within the said period were prepared in GIS. Results revealed that the green space in Shiraz, within the period under study, was reduced more than 61.17%. The average of green space in the city was 57.11 m2 in 1976 which was reduced to 10 m2 in 2014. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Thermal classification of Ahvaz city using ETM Thermal Images
فریده AZIMIThe thermal remote sensing is a branch of remote sensing which discusses about processes and interpretation of data in thermal infrared (TIR) of electromagnetic spectrum. The main of the research is to present a method measuring the surface temperature of Ahvaz city usi MoreThe thermal remote sensing is a branch of remote sensing which discusses about processes and interpretation of data in thermal infrared (TIR) of electromagnetic spectrum. The main of the research is to present a method measuring the surface temperature of Ahvaz city using thermal images. To achieve the aim, after pre-process operations on images and geometric correction, the supervise classification method was used to determine the land use types. The sixth band of ETM+ was used to determine the surface temperature. After exerting the relevant relationships and corrections to the kind of land use, the thermal map was produced dividing into five qualitative temperature levels. The results of the research showed that the 8th municipality area in Ahvaz by 39 o C was distinguished with the highest surface temperature because of the existence of magnificent steel factories of khoozestan. Accordingly, the 5th area where are known with most green space among the total municipality areas, by 32.7 o C was considered with the lowest temperature. Applying land use temperature, it is distinguished that the water and green land classes with 24.3 o C and 30.1 o C have the lowest and the industrial and unutilized land classes with 39.6 o C and 38.1 o C have the highest surface temperature, respectively. This research indicated a direct relationship between land use and surface temperature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Importance Fremote Sensing in Geographic Studies and Educa
N. EQBALI H. LotfiDifferent explanations have been provided for remote sensing, but as a summary,one can define it as the science and art of information acquisition about objects,terrains or different phenomena by gathering information from them without anycontact.In a remote sensing sys MoreDifferent explanations have been provided for remote sensing, but as a summary,one can define it as the science and art of information acquisition about objects,terrains or different phenomena by gathering information from them without anycontact.In a remote sensing system, receiving and recording of information are done bysensors contrived in platforms. These platforms may have a variety such as aircraft,helicopter, satellite and spacecraft, but form both quantitative and qualitative points ofview, satellites play one of the most major roles in remote sensing. One of the mostadvantages of remote sensing is to collect information from hardly accessible areas ordangerous locations. Moreover, sensors aboard satellites and aircrafts can be used inresearches about polar territories, upper atmosphere, forest fires, volcanic activities,faraway oceanic parts and deserts which are difficult to be accessed by humans.Actually, remote sensing is the science and art of acquisition of information remotely,that is, obtaining information about objects and phenomena without any physicalcontact with them.In this article, after a review over the remote sensing technology and geographicinformation system, it is tried to use roles, applications and evaluation of the effects ofthese two subjects, in the geographical studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Investigation of effective factors on geomorphologic Characteristics and Development of erosion features, using GIS and RS (Case Study:mirdeh cheraghvis Basin, Kurdistan province)
محسن Ranjbar فاضل IranmaneshGeomorphologic Characteristics are base of study of natural resources in watershed basin. Because, these Characteristics are influenced by many factors such as climate, soil, hydrology, ecology, geology and so on. Doubtless, erosion features will develop with Geomorphol MoreGeomorphologic Characteristics are base of study of natural resources in watershed basin. Because, these Characteristics are influenced by many factors such as climate, soil, hydrology, ecology, geology and so on. Doubtless, erosion features will develop with Geomorphologic Characteristics. In this research, effective factors on geomorphologic Characteristics and development of erosion features have analyzed using remote sensing data and GIS and with an integration method. In this way, boundary of basin was clipped using topography map in 1:50000 scales. Then, all layers such as geology, slope, and land use and land capability were digitized. An image of Land sat ETM+ taken in 2002 was also used to discretion of geomorphologic unit, Type and interpretation of erosion features. The results showed that, Geomorphologic features in the basin separated to mountains, hills and alluvial deposit base on height, slope and morph metric Characteristics. Totally, eight Geomorphologic fancies are recognized. Stone mass with deposited cover from mountain unit with regular slope (1_1_1) have 74 ha (45% from whole area). Also, a lot of surface erosion has developed like white scattered spots and without vegetable or few vegetable. To add natural factors, human factors such as livelihood and sheep keeper can effect on developed erosion features. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Estimation of Water Consumption in Agricultural Sector of Soudlaneh Vill Using Estimation Algorithm of Evapotranspiration
hossein karimi torghabeh parviz kardavani masoud mahdaviThe main consumer of water resource in the country is agriculture sector – AS a result, the largest amount of water losses is related to this sector one of the most important processes of agricultural water losses related to real evapotranspiration because during MoreThe main consumer of water resource in the country is agriculture sector – AS a result, the largest amount of water losses is related to this sector one of the most important processes of agricultural water losses related to real evapotranspiration because during the evapotranspiration process (ET) , a large volume of water of surface soil transferred transpiration ally and also sub soil water is transferred through the vegetation and real transpiration to the atmosphere. In this research using the algorithm SEBAL and MODIS indicator the real evapotranspiration rate was evaluated in Sodlaneh village of Quchan in 2011.Monthly results indicate the highest evapotranspiration was related to the months of April, June, May that with average of 17, 21, 26 mm was topped up respectively. High levels of evapotranspiration in spring due to land use map of the area which dominates annual evaporation and transpiration of the Sodlaneh village is calculation this year as 260mm that its Maximum equal with 644 mm is related to eastern part of the village (such as villages Dadanloo, Dizadiz) and and at least equivalent to 102mm is related to the central and western parts of the village (such as village of davoodli and dollo). The results of this study with the land data of Sodlaneh village shows that there is a significant correlation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Land use changes by using RS and Markov chain technique in the south-west of Tehran
Faezeh RajabzadehLand use changes investigation requires the use of rapid methods and new techniques, respectively. The use of remote sensing and GIS and integrating them with accurate information and field data prepared multipurpose decision. In this study, used images of Landsat 2, se MoreLand use changes investigation requires the use of rapid methods and new techniques, respectively. The use of remote sensing and GIS and integrating them with accurate information and field data prepared multipurpose decision. In this study, used images of Landsat 2, sensor MSS June 1975, Landsat 7, ETM + 2002, and Landsat 8 sensor OLI June 2013, from USGS site for developing maps and survey land use changes over the period of 38 years in ENVI and ERDAS software. The Landsat 5, TM sensor image, June 1991, used to prepare land use maps and compared with 2002 and 2013, to predict land use change in 2024. Results related to land use changes in the past 38 years show a reduction of 12% (9/7060 hectare) orchard area and an increase of 7% and 5% of residential areas and agricultural lands, respectively. Also the predicted land use changes in 2024 represents a decrease of 2% compared to the current state of the orchard, while the almost constant level of agricultural land, and residential area will increase 2 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Application of satellite imagery and remote sensing technology to estimate rice yield
حدیث یاقوتی ابراهیم پذیرا پذیرا Ebrahim Amiri محمدحسن مسیح آبادیRice is the main product of northern provinces of IRAN. Rice, as a strategic product that plays an important role in agricultural planning, needs to monitor annual production and crop area. Today, management practices can be improved using remote sensing technology and MoreRice is the main product of northern provinces of IRAN. Rice, as a strategic product that plays an important role in agricultural planning, needs to monitor annual production and crop area. Today, management practices can be improved using remote sensing technology and vegetation indices. The present study was conducted in order to determine the regression correlation between local and high-yielding varieties of rice in 2012, with NDVI, SAVI, DVI and RVI indices extracted from landsat7 ETM+ images, and to identify the most appropriate index in paddies Shaft. The highest coefficient of determination between yield and indices belonged to the flowering period, among these indices, NDVI is the most suitable indices for estimating the yield of local and high yielding rice varieties in the region. The statistical criteria show a good ability to simulate the model. Modeling efficiency (EF) were for local and high yielding varieties in crop year 2013 to the equivalent of 0.60 and 0.41 respectively, which represents a high efficient model in predicting product yield is acceptable percent. Modeling results indicate that the simulated yield level is well fitted with observed values. The results of the statistical test show that there is no significant difference between the observed and simulated values (P>0.05). The correlation coefficient of determination 0.70 and 0.66 between the observed and estimated yields in the evaluation of the models might be related to the changes in planting conditions and agricultural management, plant pests and diseases, climatic condition of the area and multiple local variables. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Atmospheric dust detection using WRF-Chem model and remote sensing data (Case study: West and southwest of Iran)
Morteza Miri Razieh Pilehvaran Mehran Zand Ali akbar NorooziAerosols play an important role in balancing Earth and atmosphere energy. In the last two decades, aerosols have been recognized as one of the key factors in the global climate change assessment. The purpose of this study, Determine the nature of atmospheric aerosols an MoreAerosols play an important role in balancing Earth and atmosphere energy. In the last two decades, aerosols have been recognized as one of the key factors in the global climate change assessment. The purpose of this study, Determine the nature of atmospheric aerosols and simulation of the concentration of these particles in order to detect the sources of their emissions to the west and southwest regions of Iran. In order to, two types of information, including horizontal visibility of data from meteorological stations and the optical depth (AOD) MODIS were used Two dust events July 5, 2009 and July 1, 2008.In order to determine the nature of atmospheric aerosols, in the software of the 〖ENVI〗^(@ ) 5.3 , the atmospheric aerosol particle size was calculated using the Deep Blue Aerosol Angstrom Exponent Land algorithm and mapped to the Arc GIS and Then they were analyzed. In order to detect the particle emission sources and Simulation of their concentration was performed using the WRF-Chem coupled numerical model, using the advanced MADE-SORGAM scheme. The results of the remote sensing method showed that the aerosol particles in the western and southwestern regions of Iran have a dusty nature. According to the output of the WRF-Chem numerical model in the both of the dust events, the northwestern regions of Iraq and its center were identified as the main sources of dust emissions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Application of New Agricultural Drought Index Based on Soil Moisture and Modified Vegetation Index Using Remote Sensing Data of SMAP and TERRA
Aliakbar Karamvand Seyed Abbas Hosseini Ahmad SharafatiBackground and Aim: There are always challenges of spatial and temporal resolution in-situ measurement methods of factors affecting drought phenomena, and the presence of human operators is required. However, due to remote sensing's ability to measure data on the entire MoreBackground and Aim: There are always challenges of spatial and temporal resolution in-situ measurement methods of factors affecting drought phenomena, and the presence of human operators is required. However, due to remote sensing's ability to measure data on the entire surface of the planet with an acceptable spatial and temporal resolution, its use in controlling and observing drought has grown more than ever, and it has become a powerful tool in the hands of experts. In this study, based on two components of surface soil moisture and modified vegetation index (EVI) by applying remote sensing data, a new agricultural drought index named (SMADIN) is proposed.Method: To achieve the goal of proposing a drought index based on soil moisture, surface soil moisture data from the SMAP satellite of 5 cm depth was used. These data were validated before use against daily field measurements provided by the Iranian Meteorological Organization over a 250-day period. Validation step error was evaluated using the root mean square error method between satellite data and field measurements. Furthermore, the EVI index was calculated using data from the TERRA satellite and the MODIS sensor. Eventually, an analytical method is used to propose a drought index based on soil moisture. In order to compare the performance of this index in different weather conditions, two regions were chosen, one representing a dry climate and the other a wet climate. Then, the correlation matrix was plotted by the Pearson method for SMADIN agricultural drought index versus vegetation health index (VHI) and the results were discussed.Results: Validation showed that field data measured in land use similar to remote sensing had an average root mean square error of 0.05 .The results indicate that the new agricultural drought index correlates up to 96% with VHI in the humid climate and 98% in arid regions. In addition, a 5-year comparison of the new SMADI and VHI time series in the study area demonstrates synchrony in peaks, minimums, increases, and decreases.Conclusion: An agricultural drought index based on soil moisture is proposed in this study. We believe that, in recent years, when the lifetime of the SMAP satellite data exceeds 7 years, it is possible to use this index in future studies. Considering the possible error of SMAP and TERRA data in providing drought index, it is suggested to use this index in future studies in dry regions such as the central and southern regions of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Evaluation of the Hydrological Response of Kiwi Chai Catchment Area to Land Use Changes Using SWAT Model
Shirin Mahdavian Batool Zeynali Bromand SalahiIntroduction: Land use change has a direct impact on hydrological components and water resources and plays an important role in aggravating possible risks such as drought and floods. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effects of land use on water components s MoreIntroduction: Land use change has a direct impact on hydrological components and water resources and plays an important role in aggravating possible risks such as drought and floods. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effects of land use on water components such as runoff. Thus, in this study, the runoff condition of the Kiwi Chai Basin, one of the most important basins in Ardabil province, from an environmental point of view in terms of land use change is investigated using the SWAT model.Methods: ArcGIS 10.1, Envi 5.1, and Ecognition software are used for data processing, classification, and analysis. Also, the method based on radiative transfer models, such as FLAASH, is used as the best method for atmospheric correction. Multiresolution algorithm is applied for segmentation and the nearest neighbor algorithm is used for classification. Then, educational samples are collected from the area using field visits and Google Earth satellite images and used to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the classification. At the end, the Thematic change dynamic detection method is applied in Envi5 to identify the changes that have happened over the years. The SWAT hydrological model is additionally used to investigate the effect of land use changes on the basin's runoff. After extracting the effective parameters in the basin’s outlet, the model is calibrated and validated with SWAT-CUP software and SUFI-2 algorithm. Nash-Sutcliffe indices and coefficient of determination are used to evaluate the results of this stage.Results: In this research, after applying object-oriented land classification, land use map in seven classes of Rainfed agriculture, irrigated agriculture, garden, forest, residential, pasture and water are provided. In the land use map of the basin, pasture cover is the dominant land use class; however, a significant decrease from 1224.18 square kilometers to 1046.59 square kilometers has been observed between 1987 and 2019. The values obtained for R-Factor, P-Factor, R2, NS indicators in the calibration period are, respectively, for Abgarm station (0.53, 0.47,0.71,0.69) and for Firozabad station (0.32,0.3,0.67,0.64) and in the validation period, for Abgram station (0.09,0,0.62,0.56) and for Firozabad station (0.13,0,0.53,0.51), respectively. Based on this, the results obtained in the calibration and validation stage are evaluated as acceptable. The evaluation of the SWAT model's response to land use also shows that, on an annual scale, the amount of flow in Firozabad station has decreases from 3.08 to 2.81 cubic meters per second -8,77percent) and in Abgarm station from 1.11 to 0.96 cubic meters per second (-13.51), which can be attributed to changes in land use, especially the change in the use of pastures and its conversion to rainfed agriculture, gardens, and forests.Conclusion: The trend of land use changes in the basin between 1987 and 2019 has been accompanied by a decreasing trend in rainfed, pasture and water uses and an increasing trend in irrigated agriculture, garden, forest, and residential uses. The high value of the fit of the indicators used in the evaluation of the model indicates that the model has a good capability in simulating the runoff of the basin. Moreover, the model implemented for different land uses illustrates that the flow of the basin in both hydrometric stations in most of the months increase in the short term and decrease in the long term average with the land use change. Continuous land use change is becoming a serious threat to watersheds. Land use change should be controlled in catchment areas, and measures should be taken to stabilize land use change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Spatio-Temporal Dynamic of Urban Green Space Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (Case Study: Ardabil City)
Ata Ghaffari Gilandeh soghra poornosrat ali azizi Bahram ImaniBackground and Objective: Rapid urbanization and constructions are considered as the main cause of many environmental problems on the earth, especially in urban areas. Todays, functional and structural roles of green spaces have been emphasized further in improvement of MoreBackground and Objective: Rapid urbanization and constructions are considered as the main cause of many environmental problems on the earth, especially in urban areas. Todays, functional and structural roles of green spaces have been emphasized further in improvement of urban ecosystem. As green space is one of the most important classes of land use in urban ecosystem, studying its changes is an important step in order to improve human-dominant ecosystems.Method: In this study, remote sensing and geographical information system were used in order to investigate spatio-temporal changes of urban green space in Ardabil city. To achieve the mentioned purpose, Landsat satellite images including TM-1987, ETM+-2000 and OLI- 2014 were used.Findings: Results indicate that green spaces in Ardabil city have intensely decreased during the investigated time and in the during past 27 years about 1507 hectares of the green spaces of this region have been constructed and only 8 per cent of the city is covered by green space.Discussion and Conclusion: Results show intensive changes in spatio-temporal green space pattern in Ardabil city. In order to prevent further destruction and elimination of urban green spaces, along with improving it in Ardabil City, the existent policies should be revised. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - The Use of Remote Sensing and Detecting Changes in the Evaluation of Vegetation (Case Study: Maleh Galle (Mleh Galle) Protected Area)
Gholam Reza Sabzghabaei Mohammad Javad Ehsandoost Seyedeh Soolmaz Dashti Atefeh Mir Fariba HedayatzadehBackground and Objective: Remote sensing techniques due to their specific features in providing rapid and inexpensive basic information is very important. Remote sensing is used these days in the important issues like making maps of the regions and the right decision ma MoreBackground and Objective: Remote sensing techniques due to their specific features in providing rapid and inexpensive basic information is very important. Remote sensing is used these days in the important issues like making maps of the regions and the right decision making. The aim of this study was to changes detection in vegetation of Maleh Galle protected area. Material and Methodology: In this study, satellite images of Landsat 7 ETM+, 2000 and 2010 were used and the vegetation changes using TerrSet software were considered regardless of the gardens and agricultural lands of the of, Maleh Galle protected area. In this study, after the preparation of Landsat ETM+ images for years 2000 and 2010 and necessary geometric corrections on them, for extract the parameters of vegetation cover, the original map was derived from processing images. Then, taking into account the classified land use map and map of NDVI index and keeping in mind the maximum likelihood parameter, ground truth map was prepared for the two years 2000 and 2010. Finally with two images difference method, the rate and the changes relation to each other investigated. Findings: The quantity changes between the years of 2000 and 2010 were examined and it was found that within 10 years, the level of protective vegetation cover has been increased from 5278/5 hectares to 2521/25 hectares. With the Difference method between final maps, it was found that the density of vegetation area has been reduced to 181/17 hectares. 3417/48 hectares of Vegetation area remained unchanged and 21739/59 hectares of vegetation area has been grown. Discussion and Conclusion: Results showed that satellite images equipped with Landsat ETM+ has sufficient capabilities to extract vegetation cover, particularly vegetation of forest areas. In this nearly ten-year period, when the area was included in the list of protected areas in Iran, by 2010, the protected vegetation of region has been increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Estimation and survey of parks and green spaces per capita in Khomein city using remote sensing and satellite imagery
Mahshad Baghery Amir Ansari Azadeh Kazemi Mahmoud Bayat Sahar Heidari Masteali Fatemeh AhmadlooBackground and Objective: Urban green space has a very important role in the sustainability of the city. Green space per capita is one of the main factors to planning and management of a city. In this study, green space per capita estimation of Khomein city was investig MoreBackground and Objective: Urban green space has a very important role in the sustainability of the city. Green space per capita is one of the main factors to planning and management of a city. In this study, green space per capita estimation of Khomein city was investigated. Material and Methodology: Satellite imagery was used to measure green space and parks per capita. For this purpose, using Sentinel-2 imagery, land use map was developed in four classes including: Bare lands, habitat, urban parks and farmlands. The urban park layer was extracted and combined to the four district of Khomein city layer. Then, the green space per capita of each area was calculated. Findings: Green space per capita survey using remote sensing approach shows a severe shortage of urban green space in this city, especially zone 3 in the southeast of the city with 1.66 m2 per capita, meanwhile, this zone had the lowest value among all zones. In this city, green space has an inappropriate distribution and the highest green space per capita value was 3.43 in zone 1. Zones 2 and 4 had an average of 3.22 and 3.27 m2, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: the results show that the green space per capita of the city is very low compared to the standards and requires special attention of decision makers to increase and expand the green space in the city. So in the near future, a comprehensive analysis of the green space and the reasons for this shortage should be addressed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Preparation of Land Use Map Using ETM+ Landsat (A Case Study in Hendodar Watershed)
Rezvan davodpour Hamid ToranjzarBackground and Objective: High population growth rate has led to excessive use of capacity and double pressure on natural resources, resulting in rapid land use changes. Therefore, quick and accurate identification of types of land cover can play an effective role in pl MoreBackground and Objective: High population growth rate has led to excessive use of capacity and double pressure on natural resources, resulting in rapid land use changes. Therefore, quick and accurate identification of types of land cover can play an effective role in planning and management. Satellite data because of vast and integrated sight covering with different electromagnetic spectrums and updated images are very suitable for making applicable Land use maps. The aim of this study is preparation of land use map using ETM+ landsat (a Case Study in Hendodar Watershed) Method: The Landsat 7 satellite images were used to determine the land use changes of Hendodar watershed in Markazi province. The GPS was used to determine the position of land use and land cover types on the basis of taking test and ground control points on field investigation. Obtained samples were used for supervised classification with four different algorithms including maximum Likelihood, minimum distance, Minimum Mahalanobis Distance and Box Classification. Findings: The optimum index factor (OIF) for the main bands and PCA (principal coordinate analysis) were used to select the optimum combination of three bands in a satellite image to create a color composite, sample set and other operation and classification. Among the algorithms, the maximum likelihood classification algorithm had better results from the types of coverage and lands use on the images. Discussion and Conclusion: The maximum likelihood classification algorithm with combination of b7, b4, b1 bands with 81.25% accuracy is the best algorithms of land use determination and classification comparing with real ground map of the area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Analyzing of Urban Green Space Changes in Gorgan City Using Landscape Metrics
Bibi Sara Daz Ata Ghaffari Gilandeh Ali AziziBackground and Objective: Rapid urbanization and vast changes in land cover have disrupted the urban green patches environmental structure and functions. Identifying and understanding these changes is necessary to improve the urban green patches situation in any place. MoreBackground and Objective: Rapid urbanization and vast changes in land cover have disrupted the urban green patches environmental structure and functions. Identifying and understanding these changes is necessary to improve the urban green patches situation in any place. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to evaluate the changes of green patches of Gorgan City using landscape metrics, remote sensing and geographical information system techniques. Method: In this research, Landsat satellite images for 1987, 2001, and 2014 have been used to provide land use/cover maps of Gorgan City. After conducting the preprocessing, classification of the images was done using the supervised method and the maximum likelihood algorithm. Then the maps were reclassified in three classes namely built-up areas, green patches and other land uses. Afterwards, in order to investigate the changes in urban green patches, landscape metrics including Class Area, Number of Patch, Mean Patch Size, Mean Size Index and Edge Density was used. Findings: Findings show that from 1987 to 2014, green patches, especially agricultural and forest lands, has been decreased and built-up areas has been increased. During these 27 years, built-up areas have increased approximately 15/86 km2 and green patches have decreased approximately 6/53 Km2. Also, the analysis of landscape metrics shows a decrease in the number and size of green patches due to fragmentation and disintegration. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of 27 years’ green patches dynamic in Gorgan City show that the green patch of the city has been significantly reduced and fragmented. Therefore, studying urban green patch changes using new ecological approaches and methods, is necessary in any urban planning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Investigating the transmission potential of land use and land cover using Similarity Weighted Instance based Learning, Logistic regression and Geomod methods (Case study: Bastam basin, Selseleh city)
soheila naseri rad Hamed Naghavi Javad Soosani seyed ahmadreza nouredini sasan vafaeiBackground and Objective: Assessing and estimating the high-accuracy transmission potential is an important step in the process of land use and land cover changes modeling and predicting. The aim of this study is to investigate the transmission potential of land use and MoreBackground and Objective: Assessing and estimating the high-accuracy transmission potential is an important step in the process of land use and land cover changes modeling and predicting. The aim of this study is to investigate the transmission potential of land use and land cover changes using Similarity Weighted Instance based Learning, Logistic regression and Geomod methods. Method: The land use and land cover maps for a 30-year period (1985-2015) were prepared using Landsat 5 and 8 satellite imagery. Land use and land cover transmission potential modeling was done using Similarity Weighted Instance based Learning, Logistic regression and Geomod methods and effective variables in the process of change. The accuracy of the results obtained from the models was determined by comparing with ground reality map for mentioned year. Findings: The Kappa coefficient of Similarity Weighted Instance based Learning, Logistic regression and Geomod were 0.84, 0.76 and 0.67, respectively. The investigating predicted maps for 2030 prepared by Similarity Weighted Instance based Learning and Markov chain showed that the area of residential areas, gardens and agricultural lands is increasing and the area of bare land, forests, pastures and water resources will have a decrease trend. Discussion and Conclusion: Finally, the results indicate a relatively high accuracy of three methods in estimating the transmission potential for land use and land cover changes, but according to the kappa coefficients, the accuracy of Similarity Weighted Instance based Learning method more than the other two methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Synoptic-Remote Sensing Analysis of Dust Storm Hormozgan Province (November 2016)
Vahid Salamati Hormozi Mojtaba Hamzehnejad Kamal Omidvar Mahdi Hosein pourBackground and Purpose: The phenomenon of dust is one of the unfavorable climatic changes and environmental consequences that have come out of our natural course in the last few years and we are witnessing the multiplicity of its occurrence in the Middle East region. Th MoreBackground and Purpose: The phenomenon of dust is one of the unfavorable climatic changes and environmental consequences that have come out of our natural course in the last few years and we are witnessing the multiplicity of its occurrence in the Middle East region. The purpose of this study is synoptic investigation and remote sensing of Hormozgan dust phenomenon. Materials and Methods: With the combined method of synoptic - remote sensing investigations, the conditions affecting the dust storm in Hormozgan province in November 2016 have been studied. Results: After investigating the horizontal visibility and wind direction and speed at ground level stations, the atmospheric surface re-analysis data were obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and they were used to investigate synoptic conditions and draw surface and upper levels weather maps in the Grads software. The dust was then detected using Modis satellite images (Aqua). Discussion and Conclusions: Under conditions where the Siberian high pressure is inclined to the west, the penetration and expansion of its tabs to the south of Iran causes a thermal contrast of about 35 degrees Celsius and increases the pressure gradient between the northeastern and southern regions of Iran. The winds caused by the Siberian high pressure due to passing over the dust sources (east and center of Iran and the deserts around Hormozgan province) cause the dust to rise from the mentioned areas and enter Hormozgan province. Remote sensing images confirm the direction of dust movement according to the airflow in the region and show that even this phenomenon has extended to the Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Zoning of Drought by Integrating Satellite Imagery and Ground–Based Climate Data (Case study: Malayer Plain)
Ahmad Asadi Meyabadi Davoud Akhzari Hamid NouriBackground and Objective: One of the most important consequences of drought is reducing the amount of vegetation. Reducing vegetation and environmental conditions lead various problems such as soil erosion, increased runoff levels and flood risk. Accordingly, evaluation MoreBackground and Objective: One of the most important consequences of drought is reducing the amount of vegetation. Reducing vegetation and environmental conditions lead various problems such as soil erosion, increased runoff levels and flood risk. Accordingly, evaluation of the effects of drought on vegetation has a great importance. The purpose of this study is to use the Drought Effect Index (IDI), remotely sensed data and terrestrial data in the study area.Method: The IDI index indicates the long-term effects of climate conditions in the study area on the vegetation cover in area. In this study, the IDI index combines data of the meteorological stations of Malayer Plain to prepare rainfall and temperature maps (information from 5 synoptic stations inside and outside of study area with a 19-years scale) and a series of Landsat TM satellites and ETM + were calculated for the NDVI vegetation mapping (including 6 images in May and 2000, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2013 and 2015). The zonation map was prepared based on this information. This investigation has been done in May 2019.Findings: The results showed that there is a meaningful correlation between aggregate data (IDI) and SPI index, indicates the efficiency of combined data. Results of Pearson correlation showed that there is a significant correlation between the mean SPI and IDI of 0.963 at a significant level of P<0.01.Discussion and Conclusions: So far, land and satellite data have been widely used for the study of droughts, but the index derived from the integration of these data has received little attention from researchers, so the aim and innovation of this research is to make it possible to use drought impact index (IDI). Combine terrestrial and satellite data in the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Monitoring of Land Cover Changes Using Remote Sensing Technique and GIS (Case study: Khojin watershed, Khalkhal)
Mahsa Safaripour Dariush NaseriBackground and Objective: Study of resources changes and destruction in previous can be useful in the planning and optimal use of resources to control inappropriate changes. Because of land use changes occur on large-scale, remote sensing techniques is a useful and valu MoreBackground and Objective: Study of resources changes and destruction in previous can be useful in the planning and optimal use of resources to control inappropriate changes. Because of land use changes occur on large-scale, remote sensing techniques is a useful and valuable tool for monitoring the changes. The aim of this research is to monitoring of land cover changes in Khojin watershed located in the south of Ardabil province using remote sensing technique. Method: First TM, ETM+ and OLI images for the year 1986, 2001 and 2016 were collected respectively and after geometric and elevation corrections, images were classified using maximum likelihood classification method. To increase classification accuracy, NDVI, elevation and slope percent layers were used. Kappa and overall accuracy indexes were used to calculate classified images accuracy. Findings: Based on results, in the first period (1986-2001) 22.36%, in the second period (2001-2016) 20.73% and in the third period (1986-2016) 28.08% of area has changed and in all 3 periods, changing from rangeland to dry farming reached the most change.­ Discoution and Conclusion: Results showed despite high capability of Landsat images in mapping land use, using additional layers like NDVI, elevation and slope percent can improve classification accuracy of classified images. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Review on 2D and 3D Building Change Detection Methods Based on Remotely Sensed Data
Sharareh Hosseini Fatemeh Tabib MahmoudiBackground and Objective: Land is rapidly changing at the local, regional, national, and global scales, with a significant impact on the environment. Some changes occur due to natural causes, while other changes due to human projects such as urban growth. Material and MoreBackground and Objective: Land is rapidly changing at the local, regional, national, and global scales, with a significant impact on the environment. Some changes occur due to natural causes, while other changes due to human projects such as urban growth. Material and Methodology: This article provides an overview on the categorization of different methods used in detecting urban changes with emphasis on building complexities. Advances in facilitating the acquisition of three-dimensional data have led to three-dimensional change detection methods with two concepts of geometric comparison (including height difference calculation, Euclidean distance and transition-based methods) and geometric-spectral analysis (including correction). The purpose of this review is to answer the question of whether advances in change detecion methods and converting them from two-dimensional methods to three-dimensional ones have been able to meet the challenges in this context. What is future research to improve the results of 3D change detection methods? Findings: According to the results of research on different types of change detection methods, although two-dimensional change detection methods have considerable variation, they lack altitude information and estimation of changes in the third dimension and in the face of high spatial and spectral resolution and three-dimensional effects such as buildings face challenges. Therefore, just by relying on the results of these methods, it is not possible to get a proper assessment of damages during accidents or construction estimations and so on. Discussion and Conclusion: In this article, while discussing the concepts presented in the three-dimensional methods of detecting changes, the strengths and weaknesses and challenges of the existing research are compared with the two-dimensional methods. It is concluded that in most cases, three-dimensional change detection methods rely heavily on two basic issues: 1) the use of advanced image-matching algorithms to produce three-dimensional data; 2) high-level machine learning techniques based on geometric and spectral data. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Mapping of Land Use with an Object Base Classification Using WorldView-2 High Resolution Satellite Imagery
yousef taghi mollaei abdolali karamshahi Seyyed Yousef Erfanifard Mehdi HeydariBackground and Objective: Land cover maps are important data for environmental assessment. In this study, the accuracy of preparing the land use map of Haft Boram area of Shiraz with the base object algorithm on the World View 2 satellite images of 2015 has been investi MoreBackground and Objective: Land cover maps are important data for environmental assessment. In this study, the accuracy of preparing the land use map of Haft Boram area of Shiraz with the base object algorithm on the World View 2 satellite images of 2015 has been investigated.Method: In this study, World View 2 images have been used in the forests around Shiraz, which can provide detailed vegetation maps. The method of map preparation analysis is the method of the base object with the decision tree. The work process includes: segmentation, selection and extraction of the desired features including 9 classes with spectral indices, hierarchical classification of the base object and creation of a decision tree to classify the image, and finally classification and evaluating of its accuracy.Findings: The results showed that the classification classes were successful and the overall accuracy was 87.45%. The most accurate classification was obtained in the procedure accuracy for water, forest, crop, and building classes. The highest accuracy is related to water (100%).Discussion and Conclusion: Planting trees and natural forests were recognized by the base object method. Additional coastal bands provide the ability to detect Bayer lands from other vegetation. Distance to tree and shadow play an important role in the identification of buildings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Monitoring of Thirty Years of Land Cover Changes using Remote Sensing and GIS (Case study: Qaresu watershed, Ardabil)
Fereshteh Namdar Shahla Mahmoudi Abazar Esmali Ouri Ebrahim PaziraBackground and Objective: Studying the extent of change and destruction in resources in previous can contribute to efficient planning and utilization of these resources and limiting similar adverse changes in the future. Since changes in resources occur over large expan MoreBackground and Objective: Studying the extent of change and destruction in resources in previous can contribute to efficient planning and utilization of these resources and limiting similar adverse changes in the future. Since changes in resources occur over large expanses of land, remote sensing technology can serve as a essential and valuable tool for monitoring these changes. The purpose of this study was to monitor the land cover changes in Qaresu watershed in Ardabil province using the remote sensing technique. Methods: In this study land cover changes was consulted in 30 years from 1985 to 2015. Landsat images of the study area pertaining to July 1985, 2000 and 2015 were acquired. After geometric and elevation corrections, the images were classified by the supervised approach using the maximum likelihood method. The NDVI index, DEM, and slope layers were used to enhance the image classification accuracy. Classification accuracy was assessed with Kappa index and overall accuracy indexes. Findings: The results showed 20.43% change in the watershed’s land uses over the period from 1985 to 2000, 41.426% over the period from 2000 to 2015, and 27.99% over the period from 1985 to 2015. In all three periods, the greatest changes were in dry farming. Discussion and Conclusion: Results showed despite high capability of Landsat images in mapping land use, using additional layers like NDVI, elevation and slope percent can improve separation accuracy of land using. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Analysis of morphodynamic changes of landforms in riverbed kalshour in the shirAhmad protected area in Sabzevar With an environmental perspective
ebrahim taghavi moghadam elahe akbari Ali akbar EhsanzadehBackground and Objective: Knowledge of the characteristics of morphodynamic river systems, Landform and its evolution as one of the most vital components of the Earth's surface that In many studies and projects, including the flood control, watershed studies, and enviro MoreBackground and Objective: Knowledge of the characteristics of morphodynamic river systems, Landform and its evolution as one of the most vital components of the Earth's surface that In many studies and projects, including the flood control, watershed studies, and environmental hydrology of the basic requirements for environmental planners. This study aimed to evaluate the changes of landforms and the KalShour riverbed in protected area ShirAhmad is Sabzevar emphasis on environmental considerations. Method: in the Research using topographic map and satellite images of Landsat, years 1988, 2000 and 2015. For this purpose, was determined changes kaleshor of riverbed and morphodinamic landform changes occurred in the study period of 27 years and Using maximum likelihood map landforms and account for the years of research and changes in any areas identified and analyzed and assessed. Findings: Calculations show that the rivers in the region of 8.1 km2 kalshour shorter and less meandering, and become more the radius of the circle is tangent to any show that has become curved meander pattern to direct arterial. The map Landforms has changed was produced with maximum likelihood and overall accuracy0.78 and kappa coefficient 0.84. Discussion and Conclusion: The results show a large changes of sand dunes and vegetation especially .Based on the results, because of having high groundwater levels and also enter wastewater Sabzevar and.31.5 km2 of sand dunes volume reduction and conversion to fields Tamarix hispida and forest Tamarix. This issue is for the benefit of the natural landscape and on the other hand depletes water resources and soil and adverse impact on animal life protected area's Shirahmd that require special strategic programs in order to preserve natural heritage and sustainable development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - The comparison of Artificial Neural Network to and maximum likelihood algorithms for forest changes detection
parvin bagherifar Reza Basiri Shahram Yosefi Khaneghah Hamidreza PourkhabbazBackground and Objective: Remote Sensing Technology is considered one of the most important sources of spatial and thematic data in the developed world of today. The objective of this work is a comparison of two different methods of change detection in forests using Lan MoreBackground and Objective: Remote Sensing Technology is considered one of the most important sources of spatial and thematic data in the developed world of today. The objective of this work is a comparison of two different methods of change detection in forests using Landsat images. Therefore, sensor Landsat TM images of 1990 and 2011 (ETM+) satellite images have been used. Material and Methodology: In the classification of images, the maximum likelihood algorithm, and artificial neural network to multilayer perceptron method were used. Findings: Evaluated results showed that the algorithm approach, the maximum likelihood overall accuracy, and kappa coefficient maps classified in TM image, respectively, are 96.72 and 0.96 percent and image ETM+ 98.02 and 0.97 percent, and the method of artificial neural networks, overall accuracy and kappa coefficient map classified, TM image was 98.22 and 0.97% and ETM+ image was 98.34and 0.97 percent respectively. Following TM and ETM+ classification maps to detect the changes were marked and the map changes obtained. Discussion and conclusion: The results of this study showed that using Landsat data along with data from have inventory capabilities of forest change mapping Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Estimation of Suspended Sediments Using Remote Sensing Technique Sensor in North-West Coasts of Persian Gulf
Heeva Elmizadeh Khosro FazelpourAbstract Background and Objective: This paper aims to estimate suspended sediment using Remote Sensing Technique in the North-west coasts of the Persian Gulf, the two indices which have been used are SS and TSS. Data used in this study are collected from MODIS sensor d MoreAbstract Background and Objective: This paper aims to estimate suspended sediment using Remote Sensing Technique in the North-west coasts of the Persian Gulf, the two indices which have been used are SS and TSS. Data used in this study are collected from MODIS sensor data through Aqua satellite. Method: Several different algorithms are used for creating these images and they are used to detect and determine Suspended Sediments. In this regard, by introducing the variables required to extract data, Radiometric and atmospheric correction coding is based on MATLAB programming, Finally, entering the matrix file and apply filters ArcGIS software is proportional to its level in the final maps and points of view have been achieved. Findings: In general, RMSE results illustrate that using combinational regression method and employing satellite imagery with 500-meter bands and reaching a higher coefficient of determination (=0.82) and also the lowest RMSE (RMSE=0.88 mg/L) and 250 and 500-meter bands is more suitable for designing SS maps in Persian Gulf. Discussion and Conclusion: These results indicate a very high linear relationship between dependent variable (TSS and SS field data) and data from 1 to 7 bands and sensor angle (depending on the used algorithm and model) are considered as independent variables and it was observed that there is a significant relationship between field data and extracted data from satellite imagery. All these results indicate the potential of remote sensing technique for sensing and considering marine parameters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Investigation on the Qualitative Changes of Tehran green space, between 1990 and 2006(Case study: District 5 of Tehran municipality)
Mona Soroudi Seid Ali JoziBackground and Objective: Regarding the vegetation's crucial role in urban environment, investigation on the change detection seems to be necessary. Therefore, the usage of remote sensing was noticed to be important to study the changes. Method: In this study, to estim MoreBackground and Objective: Regarding the vegetation's crucial role in urban environment, investigation on the change detection seems to be necessary. Therefore, the usage of remote sensing was noticed to be important to study the changes. Method: In this study, to estimate the qualitative changes of vegetation cover, the NDVI was applied and Tm and IRS images of 1990 and 2006 were used and vegetation maps of District 5 of Tehran municipality by underlining the different greenness levels were generated. Findings: Statistics revealed that the area of good and moderate greenness level vegetated lands decreased and the area of poor greenness level vegetated lands increased by 23.22, 684.27 and 299.43 ha respectively. It is important to mention that to find out the procedure of qualitative changes of the study area's vegetation cover post-classification change detection technique applied and results indicated that non-vegetated areas converted to poor and moderate greenness level vegetated lands by 0.9 and 186.48 ha respectively. Also the conversion of 419.58 ha of poor and 175.86 ha of moderate greenness level vegetated lands to non-vegetated lands was noticed. Conclusion: The maximum amount of increased non-vegetated area and destroyed moderate and good greenness level vegetated lands were studied in region number 2. So, region number 2, in comparison with other six regions has been changed the most during 1990 to 2006. The equal amount of increased non-vegetated area and decreased vegetated area by 408.06 ha showed that land use changes have been accrued in study area, therefore conservation and increase the urban vegetated areas are important to develop urban master plans. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Investigation of the process of land use change in Mahidasht plain watershed using Remote Sensing images
Samireh Saymohammadi Mohsen Tavakoli Kiumars Zarafshani Hossein Mehdizadeh Farzad AmiriIn this study, to the investigation of land use change trend in Mahidasht plain watershed, first, land uses of land in the region were provided by satellite imagery and user map of past years, and then was calculated the percentage of changes in the level of each applic MoreIn this study, to the investigation of land use change trend in Mahidasht plain watershed, first, land uses of land in the region were provided by satellite imagery and user map of past years, and then was calculated the percentage of changes in the level of each application. Satellite images taken from Landsat 8,7 and 5 satellites and for three time periods (1987, 2000, 2016), which were provided by international references. All map corrections were performed in ENVI 5.3 and ARC GIS 10.2 software. The results of this study showed that in the first period of the study (1987), the largest area of land use was for Rain fed land with an area of 1558.63 Km2 and the smallest area was the Residential area with an area of 15.77 Km2. Also in the second period (1987-2000), the largest area of land use was for Rain fed land with an area of 1465.74 Km2 and the smallest area belonged to residential land with an area of 19.44 Km2.Whereas in the third period (2000-2016), the largest area of land use was Irrigated lands with an area of 1054.60 Km2, and then the uncoated lands with an area of 1050.62 km2 and the smallest area related to Residential land with area 22.51 Km2. During the period from 2000 to 2016, the largest change was observed in Rain fed lands to Irrigated lands, and the area of uncoated lands and Residential lands also increased significantly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - A scalable physical model based on remote sensing in paddy yield estimation
Ehsan Asmar Mohammad H. Vahidnia Mojtaba Rezaei Ebrahim AmiriBackground and Objective: Rice is one of the most strategic plants in Iran. On the other hand, agriculture makes a wide variety of environmental amenities and problems. Thus researches that help the production and sustainable development in this area are significant. Th MoreBackground and Objective: Rice is one of the most strategic plants in Iran. On the other hand, agriculture makes a wide variety of environmental amenities and problems. Thus researches that help the production and sustainable development in this area are significant. The main purpose of this research is the design and development of a scalable remote sensing-based paddy yield model.Material and Methodology: In this study, we used several different images available in Google Earth Engine (GEE) to estimate paddy yield at various temporal (growing seasons) and spatial scales (from 30 m resolution to regional scales). Then, a remote sensing-based light use efficiency (LUE) model integrated with inanimate environmental stressors, was implemented. This operational model was assessed against actual field-level yield data in 2016, 2017, and 2019 growing seasons across more than 691 paddy fields in Gilan province.The efficiency of the current model was evaluated through different statistical measures. The results showed a positive correlation and a signed agreement between the estimated and measured values so that in the studied growing seasons, the average correlation coefficient (R) and agreement index (d) was equal to 0.55. The average RMSE equal to 500 kg/ha, the average MAE equal to 440 kg/ha, and the average NRMSE equal to 0.12, all indicate that the accuracy of the model in estimating crop yield in these locations and years is satisfactory. Also, the submitted model showed the appropriate variability of yield values at the farm scale.Discussion and conclusion: In general, this new approach has confirmed that the use of remote sensing in the GEE is appropriate for estimating crop yield at various temporal and spatial scales, as the current model can be utilized in a wide range of applications such as agricultural management and insurance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Change detection of land use in Ardabil city by means of GIS and RS Technology
Mirmasood Kheirkhah Zarkesh Farhad Hoseinzadeh azadSince agricultural plain lands of Ardabil have been important in providing food stuffs, and due to the necessities of land usage management in this section, determination of process and change-rating of land cover I important for developers. In this regard, dynamic temp MoreSince agricultural plain lands of Ardabil have been important in providing food stuffs, and due to the necessities of land usage management in this section, determination of process and change-rating of land cover I important for developers. In this regard, dynamic temporal data of remote sensing can play an important role in searching and analyzing of land usage change which is done by means of numerical change detection techniques in which the descriptive process of changes in covering variety and situation of land use is based on the temporal series image data. Basic hypothesis in using remote sensing data is on the base of these criteria that claims the ascending or descending nature of changes between two or more periods is recognizable, and by comparing the related data from different years, we can detect mutual relationships between natural, social and economic parameters. In this study, maximum likelihood supervised classification and change detection techniques were applied to Land sat images acquired in 1990 and 2007, respectively, to map land cover changes in the Ardebil city. A supervised classification was carried out on reflective bands for the four images individually with the aid of ground truth data. Ground truth information collected were used to assess the accuracy of the classification results. Using ancillary data, and expert knowledge of the area through GIS further refined the classification results. Change detection technique was used to produce change image through cross-tabulation Changes among different land cover classes were assessed. During the study period, a very severe land cover change has taken place as a result of agricultural and urban development projects. These changes in land cover led to vegetation degradation and cropland in part of the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Classification and Assessment of the land use changes using Landsat satellite imagery (Case Study: Rey Plain)
pegah mohammadpour reza Arjmandi Amir Hesam Hasani Jamal GhoddousiBackground and Purpose :Land use change due to human activities is one of the important issues in regional and development planning. Lack of attention to land use changes in recent decades has created many environmental problems such as pollution of water resources, soi MoreBackground and Purpose :Land use change due to human activities is one of the important issues in regional and development planning. Lack of attention to land use changes in recent decades has created many environmental problems such as pollution of water resources, soil, etc. Therefore, the study and analysis of land use at different scales with the aim of sustainable development in the proper management of the environment and natural resources is essential. Remote sensing and GIS provide the necessary and sufficient facilities for extracting and updating land use maps and determining its amount. This study aims to investigate changes in land use conversion using remote sensing technology and satellite images for four periods It has been done for 3 years, from 2008 to 2020 in Rey plain. Material and Methodology: TM and OLI satellite images of Landsat 5 and 8 satellites were used to prepare land use maps for the studied years. Then the satellite images were monitored by classification method and were classified using the maximum neighborhood probability algorithm with an overall accuracy of 87.39 to 95.78% and a kappa coefficient of 85 to 93% in four user classes.. In the next step, land use maps were compared. Results: Based on the analysis, it was found that in the period under study, 26.07 square kilometers of Barren lands in this area has changed to agricultural, industrial and residential lands. As a result, the area of Barren lands has decreased and other uses have increased during the studied years. , So that the area of land with agricultural, industrial and residential use has increased by 14.66 square kilometers, 9.77 square kilometers, 1.64 square kilometers, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of the research show that the most important factor in land use change in the region is human activities that have caused many changes in land use. Analysis of the area of these uses showed that the level of agricultural land has increased significantly, mainly this increase. The result is the conversion of agricultural land use. Finally, the results of this study indicate that the combination of remote sensing techniques and GIS in the implementation of models for assessing spatial-temporal changes in land use, in order to know the type and percentage of land use and the extent of their changes, is very effective. The title of a management parameter can help planners of different executive departments in monitoring and managing the environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Producing Islamshahr Land-Use Maps in 2015 Using Maximum Likelihood and Fuzzy Classification Methods
Sanaz shafiee Marzieh Alikhah-Asl Mohammad RezavaniRelated data to land cover and land use has a great importance for land use planning and land management. Nowadays, satellite imagery and remote sensing techniques are the best ways to extract land cover and land use maps as a fundamental map in territory planning. Comp MoreRelated data to land cover and land use has a great importance for land use planning and land management. Nowadays, satellite imagery and remote sensing techniques are the best ways to extract land cover and land use maps as a fundamental map in territory planning. Comparison between maximum likelihood and fuzzy methods to extract land cover maps and satellite images of Islamshahr using OLI Landsat for 2015 is the main objective of this study. To achieve this goal, by applying indispensable pre-processing, implementation and operation of processing images using maximum likelihood and fuzzy thematic map covers and land use algorithm in five classes, including man-made, bare land, agricultural land, orchard, landscape and road have been prepared. The overall accuracy was evaluated and determined by accuracy of the two methods. Based on the results, in both methods, man-made land use accounted for most of the area and the road showed the lowest and results of evaluation have shown that the classification using maximum likelihood algorithm with overall accuracy of 88.10% and kappa coefficient 0.84 compared to fuzzy method with 87.83 accuracy and kappa coefficient 0.83 are much more accurate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Investigation and Quantification of Variations of Landscape Measures using Remote Sensing and Biodiversity Indices (Case Study: Dez Protected Area)
Atousa Soleimani Majid HojatiNowadays the continuous irrational use of land has led to increase transformation, variation of land use and vegetation. Examining and quantifying these variations can be necessary for planning and sustainable management of land. Thus, in the present study, landscape me MoreNowadays the continuous irrational use of land has led to increase transformation, variation of land use and vegetation. Examining and quantifying these variations can be necessary for planning and sustainable management of land. Thus, in the present study, landscape measures were used as quantifying tools for investigation of land condition and variation. Here, patch spatial distribution and composition measures were used. The case study was Dez protected area, which is located in the Iranian Khuzestan Province. In order to prepare land cover and variation analysis maps, the satellite images of Landsat 7 from the TM sensor and Landsat 8 related to ETM+ sensor images were used respectively. Number of Patches (NP), Patch Density (PD), largest patch index, landscape shape, and total edge (TE) metrics, and diversity indices of Shannon and Simpsons were used. The class-level landscape patterns were analyzed using Fragstats 4.2 and Envi. The results show that the extent of vegetated land of the region has decreased, whereas the scope of land with no vegetation is on the rise. The decrease of vegetation and increase of bare soil indicate the destruction of the region's natural cover during the studied years. The decrease of NP and PD measures and increase of edge density shows the increasing destruction of natural land cover of the region, and its increasing common border with other peripheral areas that have different land use. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Compressive Sensing-based Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review
Gholamreza Imanian Mohammad ali Pourmina AHMAD SALAHIIn this review article, we aim to describe recent advances in compressive sensing-based data aggregation techniques in wireless sensor networks, including current research efforts, challenges, and research trends. Sparse and compressible signals are present in many appl MoreIn this review article, we aim to describe recent advances in compressive sensing-based data aggregation techniques in wireless sensor networks, including current research efforts, challenges, and research trends. Sparse and compressible signals are present in many applications of sensor networks, such as environmental monitoring and vehicle surveillance. Compressive sensing has many properties such as simplicity of sensing and compression operations, universality, and an acceptable decrease in the quality of signal reconstruction, which makes it attractive for use in sensor networks. Packet drops do not damage the network as much as other protocols, and only for each measurement that does not reach the sink will cause a slight decrease in the quality of signal reconstruction. We begin the discussion with a brief introduction to compressive sensing theory and then describe the use of this technique in wireless sensor networks. Finally, the research issues and challenges ahead are discussed to provide a perspective for future research Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Bi-Threshold Cooperative Spectrum Sensing With the Ability of Simultaneous Improving Throughput and Reducing Energy Consumption in Cognitive Radio Network
Masoud Moradkhani Farzad SoltanianBy performing cooperative spectrum sensing in a cognitive radio network, although the network throughput increases with the increase in the number of secondary users, but at the same time, it also causes an increase in energy consumption. This makes it necessary to prov MoreBy performing cooperative spectrum sensing in a cognitive radio network, although the network throughput increases with the increase in the number of secondary users, but at the same time, it also causes an increase in energy consumption. This makes it necessary to provide a system that is able to create a tradeoff between throughput and energy consumption. In contrast to the conventional method of spectrum sensing based on one detection threshold, spectrum sensing with double thresholds avoids reporting unreliable data to the fusion center, thus potentially leading to greater energy saving. In this paper, a double threshold spectrum sensing cognitive radio network with a non-ideal reporting channel is optimized. The values of the threshold and the sensing time are jointly optimized to maximize the throughput of the network, provided that the network energy consumption and the amount of interference with the primary users are limited. The optimization problem is formulated and a numerical method is presented to solve it. The simulation results show a flexible system that can simultaneously provide higher throughput and lower energy consumption than the conventional sensing method. These results, while confirming the higher tolerance against the error of the reporting channel, show a significant energy saving of up to 70% by guaranteeing the throughput efficiency greater than 1. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - The Comparison of Classification Algorithms for Remote Sensing Images
najmeh Cheraghi Shirazi Roozbeh Hamzehyan Ashkan MasoomiAlthough a large number of remote sensing image classification algorithm is proposed, but rarely performance of them are compared with each other. In this research, we classify satellite remote sensing images using two unsupervised classification algorithm and eight sup MoreAlthough a large number of remote sensing image classification algorithm is proposed, but rarely performance of them are compared with each other. In this research, we classify satellite remote sensing images using two unsupervised classification algorithm and eight supervised classification algorithm which includes a number of common algorithms twenty years, tested and compared. Our analysis focused on satellite images of the 12 spectral bands. In comparison of these algorithms, the number of training samples is equated. These algorithms are compared with each other in terms of complexity, accuracy and reliability. The results show that accuracy of classification directly proportion to the number of training samples. The user can also choose efficient algorithms, depending on the complexity, accuracy and reliability of each parameter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - A method for segmenting remote sensing images using the Watershed algorithm and Fuzzy C-Means clustering
Mohsen Hamed Fatemeh HajianiIn the division of remote sensing image pixels using Watershed segmentation, the boundaries of the image are not well defined. In this paper, an image clustering algorithm based on Watershed segmentation and Fuzzy C-Means clustering is presented. The method is that firs MoreIn the division of remote sensing image pixels using Watershed segmentation, the boundaries of the image are not well defined. In this paper, an image clustering algorithm based on Watershed segmentation and Fuzzy C-Means clustering is presented. The method is that first the Watershed algorithm is used to segment the image obtained from the sum of the image derivative with the original image. Image derivation makes the borders of the image well defined and does not overlap between the borders. After segmentation, Fuzzy C-Means clustering is used to combine similar regions. Finally, in order to improve the clustering results, a new segmentation matrix is calculated for each area of the image, according to the characteristics of its neighboring areas. Due to the fact that remote sensing images contain a high level of noise, the proposed algorithm is more capable of dealing with noise compared to the conventional Watershed algorithm, and the edges of the image appear better. The test results of the proposed method on a sample of remote sensing image show the practicality and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - A method for segmenting remote sensing images using the Watershed algorithm and Fuzzy C-Means clustering
Ebrahim Alibabaee Rouhollah AghajaniIn the division of remote sensing image pixels using Watershed segmentation, the image boundaries are not well defined. In this paper, an image clustering algorithm based on Watershed segmentation and Fuzzy C-Means clustering is presented. The method is that first the W MoreIn the division of remote sensing image pixels using Watershed segmentation, the image boundaries are not well defined. In this paper, an image clustering algorithm based on Watershed segmentation and Fuzzy C-Means clustering is presented. The method is that first the Watershed algorithm is used to segment the image obtained from the sum of the image derivative with the original image. Image derivation makes the borders of the image well-defined and does not overlap between borders. After segmentation, Fuzzy C-Means clustering is used to combine similar regions. Finally, in order to improve the clustering results, a new segmentation matrix is calculated for each area of the image, according to the characteristics of its neighboring areas. Due to the fact that remote sensing images contain a high level of noise, the proposed algorithm is more capable of dealing with noise compared to the conventional Watershed algorithm, and the edges of the image appear better. The test results of the proposed method on a sample of remote sensing image show the practicality and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Investigation of inhibitory properties of triphenyl-LasR enzyme involved in the quorum sensing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by molecular modeling
Mahshad Shahriari Faezeh Nourmandipour Samira Norouzi Samad Nejad Ebrahimi -
Open Access Article
53 - Comparison of Reconstruction Algorithms for Sparse Signal Recovery from Noisy Measurement
Murat Emre Erkoc , Gokcen Ozdemir Nurhan Karaboga -
Open Access Article
54 - An Efficient Collaborative Spectrum Sensing Method in Cognitive Radio Networks: Software-Defined Data Fusion Approach
Abbas Ali Sharifi Hamed Alizadeh Ghazijahani -
Open Access Article
55 - Design and Simulation of a Dual-Mode Resonant Temperature sensor Based on MEMS Technology
Elham Farzanegan Farshad Babazadeh -
Open Access Article
56 - Calculating the physical properties of snow, using differential radar interferometry and TerraSAR-X and MODIS images
Seyed Ali Alhossaini Almodaresi Javad Hatami Ali SarkargarThe process of saving snow in mountainous areas of water resources is important. According to studies conducted by about 60 percent surface water and 57% groundwater flow in snowy areas. In recent years, the importance and applications of synthetic aperture radar data ( MoreThe process of saving snow in mountainous areas of water resources is important. According to studies conducted by about 60 percent surface water and 57% groundwater flow in snowy areas. In recent years, the importance and applications of synthetic aperture radar data (SAR), according to a major advantage compared to other remote sensing systems are growing. In this study, using manufacturing satellites and MODIS algorithm Snow map snow cover and then with twelve radar image sensor TerraSAR-X and DInSAR in such a way that initially an image as the base image the rest of the images of the first image interferometry was performed between areas where snow cover the amount of displacement rather than results indicative of changes in depth of snow and then map snow depth maps of snow between October 2012 to May 2013. Mining was the next step, using Linear regression between the snow depth map of the DInSAR technique produced snow water equivalent depth data from ground stations were harvested SWE depth map of the results suggest overall accuracy of 91.3% and kappa coefficient consuming 84.45 Snow level map and map the depth of the snow by a factor of extension of 85% and RMSe of 2.78 to calculate the depth of snow water equivalent using the correlation between the data of snow depth derived from DInSAR and the ground water depth of snow a linear correlation coefficient of generalization 0.77 and RMSe of 2.97 was the result that was statistically at 99%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Comparison between land surface temperature estimation in single and multi-channel method using LandSat images 8
Parvaneh Asgarzadeh Ali Darvishi Boloorani Hossain Ali Bahrami Saeid HamzehLand surface temperature (LST) is a key parameter in environmental studies particularly for drought monitoring. Due to the ground limitations to measure the LST on a large scale, thermal remote sensing is a unique method for estimating LST. The aim of this article is co MoreLand surface temperature (LST) is a key parameter in environmental studies particularly for drought monitoring. Due to the ground limitations to measure the LST on a large scale, thermal remote sensing is a unique method for estimating LST. The aim of this article is comparing between LST estimation in single and multi-channel method using Landsat 8 thermal and reflective bands. Necessary ground data from meteorological stations Farabi (Khuzestan) and Karaj (Alborz) were taken to coincide with the dates and times of Landsat 8 overpasses. In this article Land surface emissivity and atmospheric water vapor content are major inputs for single and multi-channel LST estimation. After correction, processing and calculation of interest, LST were estimated. For result evaluation, statistical indices such as Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and coefficient of determination (R2) were used. Results show the high value of R2 in all LST estimation method in comparison with ground measurement. In single channel using band 10 highest accuracy with MAE about 1.04 and 0.98 degrees in Karaj and Farabi station was seen respectively. The lowest and highest value of RMSE is in the single channel method (band 10) and multi-channel method (band 10 and 11) respectively. Study area conditions in terms of temperature; land cover and water vapor content affect the results and appropriate thermal band selection. Take-in consideration, especially using multi-band LST estimation method is suggested. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration using ground data and Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 Satellite images processing (Case study: Tiab Estuary)
Mostafa Mahdavifard Khalil Valizadeh Kamran Ehsan AtazadehThe estuaries are one of the most important coastal natural resources. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) monitoring, which is the pigment of oceanic and coastal phytoplankton, can be measured and evaluated using new remote sensing technology. The presence of blue, green and red wav MoreThe estuaries are one of the most important coastal natural resources. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) monitoring, which is the pigment of oceanic and coastal phytoplankton, can be measured and evaluated using new remote sensing technology. The presence of blue, green and red wavelengths in oceanic observation satellites has always paved the way for monitoring the color of the oceans. The aim of this study is used OC2 and OC3 bio-optical algorithms and Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat-8 OLI satellite data in April 2019 to estimate chlorophyll-a concentration in the estuary Tiap area. Ground sampling data were carried out to correlate and evaluate the results. The results showed that the OC2 algorithm in Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 satellites had the highest R Squared coefficient (R2) 0.91 and 0.64, respectively, and the Root mean square error (RMSe) of the satellite images were 0.13 and 0.33, respectively. These results indicate the high accuracy of the OC2 algorithm in the satellite images used and were selected as the most suitable algorithm for mapping chlorophyll-a concentration in the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - A comparison of continuous and discrete indices in measuring Gorgan forest landscape fragmentation
Ehsan Rahimi Abdol-Rasoul Salman Mahini Sattar SoltanianLandscape ecology is mainly based on the patch-corridor-matrix model. Although this model is efficient and has been successfully used in landscape ecology studies, but it is believed that this model cannot consider the continuous heterogeneity. This fact has encouraged MoreLandscape ecology is mainly based on the patch-corridor-matrix model. Although this model is efficient and has been successfully used in landscape ecology studies, but it is believed that this model cannot consider the continuous heterogeneity. This fact has encouraged researchers in the field to find new indicators for landscape analysis in a continuous framework. The aim of this study is a comparison of continuous and discrete indices in measuring Gorgan forest landscape fragmentation based on the moving window technique. This technique was performed on a classified map derived from SPOT satellite image in year 2010 using a maximum likelihood algorithm and on NDVI vegetation index from a Landsat satellite image of the year 2010. Window sizes were considered in 60, 90, 150 and 300 meters and six landscape class-level metrics were selected for the comparison including LPI, LSI, SPLIT, MESH, AI and PLAND. To assess the correlation between the output images of each of these metrics, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used. The results of the statistical comparisons of different window sizes showed that the values of the correlation coefficient were increased with increasing window size, as the high correlation values were seen when the window size was 300m belonging to PLAND and SPLIT metrics. All of the metrics had minimum correlation values in the window size 60m and the LSI metric had the lowest correlation (0.33). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Change detection in the forest cover of Siyahmezgi watershed of Guilan using LandSat images
seyed Armin Hashemi Seyed Raza Fatemi Talab Hamide Kavousi Kalashmi Mortaza Madanipour KermanshahiIn recent decades Caspian forest has been attacked by human intervention. Easy access, abundance and diversity of valuable forest products led to an increase in population density, development of new residential areas and activities of deforestation. Change detection is MoreIn recent decades Caspian forest has been attacked by human intervention. Easy access, abundance and diversity of valuable forest products led to an increase in population density, development of new residential areas and activities of deforestation. Change detection is essential in the assessment and management of natural resources. The aim of this study, was to monitor changes in forests of Siyahmezgi watershed in two time periods (2000 and 2015), using LandSat ETM+ (2000) and OLI (2015) images. Images were geometric corrected using 20 ground control points that are randomly taken from all over the watershed area, and topographic maps. After selection of the best indicators of using Bhattacharyya distance, image classification using an artificial neural network algorithm was performed. The results of classification of neural network method of Siyahmezgi watershed in two time periods (2000 and 2015) showed that overall accuracy is equal to 95.75% and 95.96%, respectively. The area of forest lands during 2000 and 2015 has been reduced in size 213.55 ha. In addition, in this area dense rangelands have declined, but during this period the extent of dry farming and semi-dense rangelands have 169.95 and 9.6 hectares were added, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Detection of land use changes in Hoor Al Azim wetland using remote sensing and geographic information system techniques
Soroor Makrouni Gholam Reza Sabzghabaei Shahram Yousefi Khanghah Sattar SoltanianIn order to protect the reasonable and sagely of wetlands and also recognize the changes in their characteristics which can be caused by natural factors or human activities used remote sensing techniques and satellite image analysis. This study aimed to evaluate l MoreIn order to protect the reasonable and sagely of wetlands and also recognize the changes in their characteristics which can be caused by natural factors or human activities used remote sensing techniques and satellite image analysis. This study aimed to evaluate land use changes of Hoor Al Azim Wetland using LandSat ETM+ (2003) and OLI (2014) satellite images. After geometric and atmospheric correction, maximum likelihood and post-classification techniques were used to detect land use/cover changes. The overall classification accuracy and the Kappa coefficient for the produced maps to 2003 and 2014 were 0.91 and 0.89, respectively. Map classification of 2014 showed that the area of Hoor Al Azim wetlands has been decreased from 84300 to 45500 hectares. The results of change detection showed during the study residential, and rangeland area had increased, but agricultural and wetland had reduced. The findings of this study denoted that remote sensing data can provide appropriate information for specifying land use changes due to their repeatability, and broad vision. This approach will support adaptive management of wetlands such as Hoor Al Azim wetland. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Reconstruction of cloud-free time series satellite observations of land surface temperature (LST) using harmonic analysis of time series algorithm (HANTS)
Hamid Reza Ghafarian Malamiri Hadi Zare KhormizieLand surface temperature (LST) is an essential parameter in the energy exchange between the earth surface and atmosphere. It is widely used in various scientific fields, such as climatology, hydrology, agriculture, ecology, public health and environmental science where MoreLand surface temperature (LST) is an essential parameter in the energy exchange between the earth surface and atmosphere. It is widely used in various scientific fields, such as climatology, hydrology, agriculture, ecology, public health and environmental science where the time series analysis of LST is vital. One of the methods to estimate LST is to use thermal remote sensing technique and infra-red satellite imageries. But, the time series satellite data are commonly prone to miss data, outliers (spatially and temporally) due to clouds, aerosols, cloud masking algorithm malfunctioning and sensor errors. In this study, to solve the problem of missing data (gaps) and outliers Harmonic ANalysis of Time Series algorithm (HANTS) was used. The day and night MODIS LST products (MOD11A1) were used in 2015, with 1 kilometers and daily spatial and temporal resolution, respectively. The study area covers most part of Iran, Turkmenistan and the Caspian Sea, which belongs to an image frame that in the sinusoidal MODIS frame system has the horizontal and vertical number of 22 and 5 (h22v05), respectively. The quality evaluation of original data showed that on average 36.8 and 35.6 percentage of data was covered by a cloud by day and night time. The results of the HANTS algorithm illustrated that the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between the original and reconstructed data were 3.87 and 2.68 Kelvin during the day and night time. The results of this study indicate that HANTS algorithm can effectively solve the problem of gaps and outliers and improve the quality of data used in time series LST of MODIS. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Study indexes and mapping of soil salinity using remote sensing data (Case study: Aji Chay river delta)
Majid Pishnamaz Ahmadi Mohammad Hossein Rezaei Moghadam Bakhtiar FeizizadehSoil is a non-renewable and dynamic resource that the improper land use and management, is susceptible to degradation. Soil salinity one of the important land degradation factors in arid and semi-arid region. Identification and mapping of saline soils often due to tempo MoreSoil is a non-renewable and dynamic resource that the improper land use and management, is susceptible to degradation. Soil salinity one of the important land degradation factors in arid and semi-arid region. Identification and mapping of saline soils often due to temporal and spatial variability, and the need for sampling and laboratory work is difficult. In recent years remote sensing technology, due to the ability to identify phenomena has always been of interest to specialists. Information that obtained from satellite images contributed greatly to the study of various phenomena and can be very helpful in detecting phenomena changes. Case study, Aji Chay river delta was selected that is located in the west of Tabriz city and east of Urmia lake, because this region's importance in terms of agricultural and ecological. In this study used ground data and OLI sensor images from Landsat satellite during 2015, and field sampling was taken at the 5 and 6 August 2015. This data used for study and evaluation, soil salinity indexes. With a significance level analysis and measure study between ground data and output of models, best salinity index selected and extraction soil salinity map. In this index, SIT index has the highest correlation (97%) and presented as best index for salinity study in this region that salinity maps extraction from this index. SI2 index with 52% correlation has lowest correlate between salinity index and ground data. In the study region most areas included very saline class with 42% of the total area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Assessment soil salinity in east Isfahan based on OLI sensor data and topographic feature analysis
khalil Habashi Hamidreza Karimzadeh Saeid PourmanafiThe present study aims to improve the assessment, soil salinity accuracy, using of OLI Landsat satellite image dated to 26 May 2015 and topographic parameters in the eastern region of Isfahan. Ground data were collected in date second half May by using the random sampli MoreThe present study aims to improve the assessment, soil salinity accuracy, using of OLI Landsat satellite image dated to 26 May 2015 and topographic parameters in the eastern region of Isfahan. Ground data were collected in date second half May by using the random sampling method from 29 sampling sites from the depth of 0-30cm. Spectrum indexes include OLI sensor bands, salinity indexes SI1, SI2 and SI3, soil indexes SBI and SCI, and vegetation indexes NDVI and RVI were obtained from processing referenced ground images. Also, topographic feature including slope percent, orientation of slope and elevation from sea level were extracted from Digital Elevation Model (DEM), then to estimate the salinity linear regression the stepwise method model was used. From analysis, regression indicated that on 99% statistical level, there is a meaningful correlation between EC of topsoil samples, elevation from sea level and band 4 (R2=0.68). The salinity map acquired from the regression model indicates the salinity is very high in the region so that more than 70% of the area has a salt concentration of more than 60 ds/m. Finally, the reliability of the model was evaluated using 20 percent of the samples. Results indicated that the model can estimate soil salinity by an RMSE=6.54 ds/m. According to the research results, Conclusion They are using elevation from sea level parameter with satellite data is Beneficial in the soil salinity research and causes improve the accuracy of the assessment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Comparing the accuracy of time series classification of Landsat images in monitoring land use change
Ahmad Azimi Najarkolaei Ali Akbar Jamali Zeynolabedin HosseiniIn this research, artificial neural network, maximum likelihood and minimum distance classification methods for analysis of land use changes, during 1989 to 2015, were evaluated and compared images from three Landsat satellite sensors in Sari. After geometric and atmosp MoreIn this research, artificial neural network, maximum likelihood and minimum distance classification methods for analysis of land use changes, during 1989 to 2015, were evaluated and compared images from three Landsat satellite sensors in Sari. After geometric and atmospheric corrections, images of 1989, 2002, and 2015 were categorized under three artificial neural network algorithms, maximum likelihood and minimum distance in five land use classes. After assessing the accuracy of the methods, the Kappa coefficients were calculated for maximum likelihood, artificial neural network and minimum distance of 1989 were 92%, 87% and 65% in 2002, were 89%, 87% and 60%, and in 2015 were 91% %, 90% and 73%, respectively. These coefficients indicate the superiority of the maximum likelihood method in comparison with the other two methods in 1989. Also, the results of land use change over the whole period of the survey (from 1989 to 2015), showed that the areas of residential and irrigated lands were increased by 3615 and 575 hectares, but bare lands, gardens and forests were decreased to 1791, 1127 and 1272 hectares, respectively. According to the results, the two methods of maximum likelihood and neural network were more suitable for land use classification. The maximum likelihood method was better than the neural network method with a difference of 5% in 1989 and 2% in 2002 and 1% in 2015 in the Kappa coefficient. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Estimate of potential evapotranspiration in Freiman using the priestiley-taylor method and remote sensing technique
Mosayeb Moqbeli Dameneh Seyed Hossein SanaeinejadEvapotranspiration is one of the important components of water balance which is measured and estimated by several methods. Since these methods mainly involve point-by-point measuring and requiring a large amount of grounded data, so they have limitations. In this study, MoreEvapotranspiration is one of the important components of water balance which is measured and estimated by several methods. Since these methods mainly involve point-by-point measuring and requiring a large amount of grounded data, so they have limitations. In this study, potential evapotranspiration for 8 days in 2014, 2015 and 2016 was estimated using the Priestley-Taylor method and remote sensing technique in Fariman area in Khorasan Razavi province using Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI). To determine the accuracy of the estimates, the results of this study were compared with the FAO Penman-Monteith method (the reference method for estimating potential evapotranspiration). Comparison of the obtained results by the Priestley-Taylor method with the FAO Penman-Monteith method showed that the R2 and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) are 0.91 and 0.78 mm/d, respectively. This result indicates that the high accuracy of this method in estimating potential evapotranspiration in a semi-arid climate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Identification and differentiating of geomorphology facies of Sabzevar region using Remote sensing and GIS
Esmaeil Silakhori Majid OwneghGeomorphological landscapes are the foundations of natural resources investigations of the watersheds. Because these landscapes are affected by many factors such as climate, soil, hydrology, ecology, geology and so on. In this survey, Sabzevar region with diverse geomor MoreGeomorphological landscapes are the foundations of natural resources investigations of the watersheds. Because these landscapes are affected by many factors such as climate, soil, hydrology, ecology, geology and so on. In this survey, Sabzevar region with diverse geomorphological processes from mountain to play is selected in order to be identified and classified using RS and GIS. For this purpose, a combination of both overlaying and photomorphic units visual interpretation methods was used. In the overlaying method, slope, elevation and geological maps were prepared and classified. In visual interpretation, the TM 5 sensor satellite images were used. After preprocessing of images, the PCA, OIF index, FCC, HS, NDVI index techniques was used to separate photomorphic units with the aid of the Google Earth. Finally, 4 units, 10 types, and 96 facies (in 261 replications) were separated. Statistical analysis using Chi-square test showed that there was a significant difference at the 99% level among the area of desertification units, types, and facies the confirming suitable spatial separation of the area. Pediment unit (50.97%), lower pediment type (25.97%) and alluvial fan facies with tunnel erosion (375.43ha) had the highest spatial distribution in Sabzevar region. Finally, it can be concluded that the overlaying method is not suitable for deserts and using a combination of visual interpretation method can fix this defect and increase the accuracy of the output map. The mentioned map can be used for development and implementation of land capability, natural resources and combating desertification projects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Evaluation of vegetation health based on the resilience in arid lands
Mohamad Daniali Bayramali Mohamadnezhad Nehmat KarimiIn recent years, dust storms have been one of the most important air pollution crises in Khuzestan province. According to various studies, the countries of Iraq and Syria is reported as the main sources of dust over Khuzestan, it is necessary to monitor the spatial patt MoreIn recent years, dust storms have been one of the most important air pollution crises in Khuzestan province. According to various studies, the countries of Iraq and Syria is reported as the main sources of dust over Khuzestan, it is necessary to monitor the spatial patterns of dust sources in the western region of Iran in different years. In this study, using Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) from the MODIS, annual trend of dust in Khuzestan province was determined from March 2000 through the end of 2016. Three years 2005, 2009, and 2015 as representative of the main changes in the Khuzestan dust index, the spatial variation of dust in the neighbouring western region of Iran were investigated. According to the results, the dust indexes of the western region of Iran in 2005 were similar to 2015. Nevertheless, in 2015, the activities of dust source points in the eastern and northern part of Iraq (north of the Tharthar Lake) were reduced, and the activity of dust source points in the south of Kuwait and northeastern Arabia increased. The activity of dust source points in areas in the northwest of Iraq and eastern Syria in 2009 has temporarily increased significantly, which has led to an increase in dust index of Khuzestan province that year. Along with these changes, the increase of dust activity in southeast Ahwaz in 2015 compared with the years 2005 and 2009, due to the proximity to the city of Ahwaz, could play a significant role in the dust waves of the recent years. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Assessing the impact of urban expansion and land cover changes on land surface temperature in Shahrekord city
Ataollah Ebrahimi Elham Kiani SalmiUrban expansion and land use changes have a significant impact on land surface temperature (LST). According to the fact that the development of urban is currently one of the most important phenomena in global warming, it is possible to study and measure the temperature MoreUrban expansion and land use changes have a significant impact on land surface temperature (LST). According to the fact that the development of urban is currently one of the most important phenomena in global warming, it is possible to study and measure the temperature of the Earth's surface in urban areas in the shortest possible time with the rapid development of satellite technology. The purpose of this study was to investigate urban expansion and urban heat island (UHI) using remotely sensed data in Shahrekord city. In this study, Ratio vegetation index (RVI) and Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and LST were calculated using multi-spectral and thermal bands of Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images. Land use map was extracted using the maximum-likelihood algorithm in TerrSet software. The overall kappa index was estimated at 0.82 and 0.93 for 2003 and 2016, respectively. By comparing two vegetation indexes (RVI and NDVI) and surface temperature during the 13 years (2003 to 2016), it was determined that with urban development, the surface temperature has increased to 2.210C (from 40.69 to 42.90 0C). The results showed that the correlation of NDVI index with the surface temperature map was negative but with positive RVI index. Moreover, these two vegetation indexes, RVI and NDVI, show a more significant relationship with LST in green areas than urban and bare lands. Due to, a significant effect of green areas on regulating LST we recommend that green areas should be expanded in accordance with the urban area expansion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Monitoring of spatio-temporal indices on desertification in arid regions of south of Khorasan Razavi province
Soroor Davari Alireza Rashki Morteza Akbari Aliasghar TalebanfardDesertification is one of the most complex environmental threats with negative effects on the socioeconomic that play an increasing role in the severity of land degradation over the times. This study was carried out to monitoring the spatiotemporal variability of the cr MoreDesertification is one of the most complex environmental threats with negative effects on the socioeconomic that play an increasing role in the severity of land degradation over the times. This study was carried out to monitoring the spatiotemporal variability of the criteria and indices effective on desertification in an arid region in the south of Khorasan Razavi province. Primary data, such as climatic parameters, vegetation, geology, soil, groundwater and surface water, agriculture and socioeconomic data were collected and introduced into the GIS environment, and a geobiofacies unit map was prepared. Then, desertification intensity was calculated by using the Iranian Model for Desertification Potential Assessment (IMDPA). Evaluations of indices were done based on available data and maps, expert opinions and satellite imagery in a GIS environment. The results showed the desertification severity being in two classes of medium and severe with 77% and 22%, respectively. Periodic monitoring of the effective indices on desertification also showed that low precipitation over the past 25 years 1984-2009 has caused increasing drylands and droughts. Assessment of land use changes during 10 years 2001-2011 indicated decreasing 6% in rangelands and an increase in agriculture, which was mainly due to 1.5% population growth rate during the years 1986 to 2011. The excessive removal of groundwater aquifers also caused a 10% drop in the wells water levels, resulting in increased land salinity as well as an increase in wind erosion in more than 93% of the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Identification of the new and active buried salt dome evidences in the Zagros region using interferometry method of SENTINEL-1 and ASAR radar images
Ali MehrabiSalt domes are one of the most beautiful natural phenomena. Despite the outcrops of many salt domes in the Zagros region, but many of them are still buried and hidden. Due to active Zagros tectonics, the movement and ascending trend of salt domes do not stop. In this re MoreSalt domes are one of the most beautiful natural phenomena. Despite the outcrops of many salt domes in the Zagros region, but many of them are still buried and hidden. Due to active Zagros tectonics, the movement and ascending trend of salt domes do not stop. In this research, with the aim of the changes monitoring in the Earth's crust in the Zagros area, one of the new, hidden and ascending probabilistic salt domes, was identified using a radar interferometry method. For this purpose, ASAR radar images for the years 2007 and 2012 and SENTINEL-1 for the years 2014 and 2017 were used. In order to determine the amount of changes in the earth's crust, during the process of unwrapping on the images, the interference of each of the images was extracted. According to the results of the analysis of ASAR images, the growth rate of the salt dome was 1.6 centimeters per year between 2007 and 2012. While according to the interferometry images that obtained from SENTINEL-1 the rising speed of this salt dome increased between 2014 and 2017, reaching 2.9 centimeters per year. The result of this study shows that the probabilistic salt dome is active. Consequently, due to the importance of salt domes in various fields of natural resources, especially in the formation of oil reservoirs in the Zagros region, as well as more accurate identification of the subject, it is necessary to carry out special geophysical studies in this area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Quantifying the effect of surface parameters and climatic conditions on land surface temperature using reflective and thermal remote sensing data
Naeim Mijani Saeid Hamzeh Mohammad Karimi FirozjaeiThe land surface temperature (LST) plays a vital role in a wide range of scientific researches including climatology, hydrology, natural resources and etc. There are some determining factors which affect the land surface temperature, such as the kind of surface elements MoreThe land surface temperature (LST) plays a vital role in a wide range of scientific researches including climatology, hydrology, natural resources and etc. There are some determining factors which affect the land surface temperature, such as the kind of surface elements, topography and environmental conditions and also the amount of incoming radiation to the surface. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of topographic parameters, climatic conditions and downward radiation on land surface temperature using remote sensing data. For this purpose, the Landsat 8 satellite image, ASTER digital elevation model, MODIS water vapor product (MOD07) on 24 July 2018, topography and climate map of Kerman province were used. To calculate the LST and downward shortwave and longwave radiation to surface the single channel and SEBAL energy balance algorithms were used, respectively. Finally, using statistical analysis the relationship between LST and independent variables, including elevation, slope, aspect, vegetation cover index and downward radiation to the surface were studied. The results of the study shown that the correlation coefficient between the LST and each of the independent parameters is more than 0.7. Also, the relationship between LST and topographic, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and downward radiation parameters at the 95% level was significant. The results of the mean of LST values in climatic conditions, including extra-dry, dry, semi-dry, Mediterranean, semi-wet and wet indicate that climates classes with higher LST relative to climates classes with lower LST have means of elevation, NDVI lower and mean longwave downward radiation to surface higher. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - The effect of Meighan wetland environmental changes on land surface temperature of surrounding areas by using Landsat satellite data
Saeed Mahmoodi Behrouz Sari Saraf Majed Rezaei Banafsheh Hashem RostamzadeWetlands are one of the most important aquatic zones that affect the climate of the surrounding areas and are also one of the most fragile natural phenomena. Therefore, it is very important to detect changes in the environment around the wetlands. The purpose of this st MoreWetlands are one of the most important aquatic zones that affect the climate of the surrounding areas and are also one of the most fragile natural phenomena. Therefore, it is very important to detect changes in the environment around the wetlands. The purpose of this study, the land use change detection, the normalized vegetation index, land surface temperature patterns in the surrounding of the Meighan wetland, were analyzed using Landsat TM multi-time sensor data for 30 May 2002, and 5 June 2010. Supervised classification algorithms with maximum likelihood were used to extract land use changes. The results of classification accuracy, using the Kappa coefficient for 2002 and 2010 were 99.13% and 98.93% with 98 and 97 kappa coefficients, respectively. The results of land use changes showed that the barren lands increased by 100 km2 and, in contrast, vegetation areas were reduced by 84 km2. The average of the normalized vegetation index was not significantly changed and the maximum and minimum values in 2002 were 0 and -0.52, and in 2010, -0.05 and -0.58, respectively. The warmer temperature classes in the regional temperature pattern in 2010 were more extensive than in 2002. The minimum, average and maximum temperature in 10 km of surrounding of Meighan wetland in 2002 were 16.72, 27.35 and 36.4°C with a standard deviation of 3.2, and in 2010, 15.5, 29.8 and 37°C with a standard deviation of 3.5. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Evaluation of supervised classification capability of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2A Satellite images in determining type and area of Pistachio Cultivars
Hadi Zare khormizi Hamid Reza Ghafarian Malamiri Morad MortazRemote sensing technique is one of the most effective tools for monitoring, studying and determining the cultivation area of agricultural and horticultural crops, especially on a large scale. Planners, managers, and farmers, with knowledge of the type and extent of crop MoreRemote sensing technique is one of the most effective tools for monitoring, studying and determining the cultivation area of agricultural and horticultural crops, especially on a large scale. Planners, managers, and farmers, with knowledge of the type and extent of crop cultivation, can adopt appropriate management and enforcement policies. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the supervised classification ability to classify Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2A multi-band satellite imagery in determining the cultivated area and type of four varieties of Pistachio namely such as; Akbari, Kalle Ghuchi, Ahmad Aghaei and Fandooki in an orchard in the Yazd province. In the present study, the accuracy of four classification algorithms, namely: Parallelepiped classification, Minimum distance, Mahalanobis distance and Maximum likelihood, as well as the optimum time in the separation of pistachio cultivars, were investigated. According to the classification results of a Landsat-8 image, on June 12, 2018, the Maximum likelihood algorithm with a final accuracy and Kappa coefficient of 76.8% and 0.67% and Parallelepiped classification algorithm with the final and Kappa coefficients of 64.7 and 0.47, were of highest and lowest accuracy among others, respectively. Also, according to the results, the best time for the separation of Pistachio cultivars was in late June. The Kappa coefficient of maximum likelihood classification algorithm on June 22, July 23, August 24 and September 25 of 2018 were 0.67, 0.64, 0.63 and 0.63, respectively. The final accuracy and Kappa coefficient of maximum likelihood classification algorithm on the Sentinel-2A Satellite images on 12 June 2018, were 80% and 0.71, respectively. By applying the median filter with a 3×3 dimensional kernel window size on the classified image, the final accuracy and Kappa coefficient was increased to 82.6% and 0.75, respectively. The final accuracy and Kappa coefficient of classification and separation of Pistachio cultivars in Sentinel-2A images were higher than in Landsat-8 images. Overall, based on our results, the remote sensing classification techniques, as well as multi-spectral satellite imagery, are suitable for agricultural and horticultural mapping. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Deforestation modeling using artificial neural network and GIS (Case study: forests of Khorramabad environs)
Hassan Mahmoudzadeh Majid AzizmoradiIn this research, occurred changes in the forests around Khorramabad between 1986 and 2018 using TM and OLI Landsat images were investigated. For this purpose, after making the necessary atmospheric and geometric corrections, the images were classified by the maximum li MoreIn this research, occurred changes in the forests around Khorramabad between 1986 and 2018 using TM and OLI Landsat images were investigated. For this purpose, after making the necessary atmospheric and geometric corrections, the images were classified by the maximum likelihood algorithm in five classes with a total accuracy of 95% and a kappa coefficient of 0.94. By overlaying the images, the amount of lost forest (34 km2) was determined and as a dependent variable was imported into the multilayer perceptron (MLP) model. In the GIS environment, were prepared the effective factors in the process of deforestation (independent variables); then by using MLP, the deforestation process in the years under review was determined. It was also land use changes was extracted that the results show the highest changes belonged to the forest to barren land changes and finally the deforestation forecast for 10, 20 and 30 years displays a decrease of 4.6% for the year 1407, 7.5% for the year 1417 and 9.3 for 1427. The results of the network training involving all variables with mean squared error (RMS) of 0.13 indicate that the MLP-based modeling is accurate and also, using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) index, the real amount of deforestation was compared to the result of the MLP model; which showed the high accuracy of the MLP model with 0.88 of the ROC. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Utility of METRIC model for estimating actual monthly evapotranspiration of Vanak Basin using MODIS sensor images
Maryam Rezaei Hoda Ghasemieh Khodayar AbdollahiBackground and ObjectiveNowadays, in order to logical use of water for agricultural products, an accurate understanding of the evapotranspiration process is needed. Evapotranspiration is one of the most significant components of water balance hence it is a key variable MoreBackground and ObjectiveNowadays, in order to logical use of water for agricultural products, an accurate understanding of the evapotranspiration process is needed. Evapotranspiration is one of the most significant components of water balance hence it is a key variable for the optimal management of water resources. In this paper, we aim to the analysis of the spatial and temporal and distribution of actual evapotranspiration (AET) at monthly time scale using the METRIC approach, driven by MODIS satellite observations over the Vanak Basin and check the accuracy of the METRIC results with (SEBAL, Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land). Materials and Methods There are many methods for correct estimation of point evapotranspiration, such as weighing lysimeters, the Bowen ratio, and the eddy correlation methods. The weakness of the mentioned methods is that these techniques only provide evapotranspiration for a specific site and they can't estimate regional evaporation. The METRIC model was developed by Allen et al., (2007) based on the well-known SEBAL model (Bastiaanssen, 1998). METRIC model is a remote sensing-based method that estimates actual evapotranspiration as a residual of the surface energy balance. Herein, the spatial and temporal distribution of actual evapotranspiration of the Vanak Basin from April to November 2013–2014 was estimated using the METRIC model and using MODIS satellite data, the feasibility of using METRIC was investigated. Vanak Basin is located in the southeastern part of the Northern Karoon Basin. It is geographically placed between Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari and Isfahan provinces. 60 MODIS products of Leaf Area Index (MOD15A2), land surface temperature LST (MOD11A2) and surface reflectance (MOD09A1) in 8-day time step were extracted. The mentioned images were downloaded from the USGS website and the images were re-projected from the Sinusoidal projection to UTM projection. The scale factor for LAI, LST and Surface Reflectance were 0.1,0,02 and 0.0001, respectively. Estimation of ET with the METRIC model begins with energy balance. Data sets such as MODIS observations and weather data from the stations in and near the Vanak Basin are used to calculate instantaneous surface energy fluxes including net radiation flux (Rn), soil heat flux (G) and sensible heat flux (H) in the processing technique. ET at the instant of the satellite image is computed for each pixel by dividing LE values by latent heat of vaporization and density of water. Results and Discussion Throughout this research, the upper limit of the variation of AET showed a gradual increase from April to July in both 2013 and 2014. According to the results, the maximum amount of actual evapotranspiration in 2013 and 2014 for the July month was obtained 244 and 263 mm per month respectively. In general, the results of this paper will help us better understand the variations of regional AET. Comparison of the spatial distributions of AET, LAI and LST in the study area showed that the spatial distribution of AET was affected by two factors, LAI and LST, that Pearson correlation test was used to assess the relationship between two variables LAI and LST with actual evapotranspiration. Based on the results, the regions which had dense vegetation and low land surface temperatures had high AET rates, while in the regions with sparse vegetation and high land surface temperatures, the AET rate was low. The results showed that the trend of changes in the mean monthly temperature is in line with the monthly actual evapotranspiration; the same trend was observed in the case of albedo and net radiation flux. It should be noted that the absence of ground measurements for comparing them to the modelled AET amounts was a potential limitation of the current study. However, our approach of evaluating AET estimates derived from the METRIC model with the AET estimates derived from SEBAL model is a widely used (as standard approach) approach to tackle such limitations. In the second step of the analysis, this paper compares the estimated monthly AET using the equations of the METRIC versus the SEBAL, for the Vanak Basin in 2014. The outcome of the SEBAL model was used as a reference to compare the results obtained from the METRIC model. The statistical analysis was performed to determine the differences between monthly AET derived from METRIC vs. monthly AET derived from SEBAL. The Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE), Coefficient of Determination (R2) and Mean absolute error (MAE) are used, that the results showed high R2 values and NS coefficients and low MAE values indicate that METRIC is closely related to SEBAL Model in the most of the months. The monthly AET values estimated by the METRIC model versus the monthly AET values estimated from the SEBAL model were evaluated and compared for the Vanak Basin from April to November 2014. Based on the overall results the scatter of estimations is in an acceptable range. In 2014, there was good agreement between METRIC and SEBAL models (R2=0.96–0.99, NSE = 0.93–0.99 and MAE = 1.3–7.53 mm month−1). In 2014, other results indicated that in both models, the upper limit of the variation of AET showed a gradual increase from April to July. Conclusion According to the results, the regions with high leaf area index (LAI) and low land surface temperature have more evapotranspiration than other regions with low leaf area index and high land surface temperature. The trend of the time series of LAI index and evapotranspiration in this study was consistent with the trend of changes in the parameters mentioned in the study, which was described by Reyes-González et al (2019) that use of the METRIC model in Dacota. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Investigation of phenological components changes of Iranian vegetation in response to climate change using NDVI products of AVHRR sensor from 1982 to 2018
Hadi Zare Khormizi Hamid Reza Ghafarian MalamiriBackground and ObjectiveClimate change has had a negative impact on agricultural products and environmental systems in different countries. Plant phenology describes the periodical plant life events in relation to living and non-living factors. Phenology is one of the m MoreBackground and ObjectiveClimate change has had a negative impact on agricultural products and environmental systems in different countries. Plant phenology describes the periodical plant life events in relation to living and non-living factors. Phenology is one of the most sensitive biological indicators for studying the effect of global warming on terrestrial ecosystems, as it represents the exchange of energy, carbon, and water vapor between low levels of the atmosphere and the biosphere. Plants phenological changes can have a wide range of effects on environmental processes, agriculture, forestry, food supply, human health and the global economy. There are two common approaches to monitoring vegetation phenology. The first approach used in many previous phenology studies is based on field studies and recording annual changes in phenological events in response to environmental variables. So far, the phenological components changes of Iran's vegetation coverages in response to climate change and global warming have not been studied. The purpose of this study is to determine the changes of each component of Iranian vegetation phenology This approach is suitable for small scales with a limited number of sampling sites and is not only inefficient and inaccurate for large-scale studies but also costly and impossible in some areas. The second approach, developed in recent years, is the use of satellite imagery and remote sensing technology. using NDVI time series of AVHRR sensor. The results of this study can be used in determining the date of cultivation season, environment, rangelands and water resources management, and finally useful and practical recommendations to farmers. Materials and Methods In this study, daily NDVI product of AVHRR sensor, called AVH13C1, was used with a spatial resolution of 0.05 by 0.05 degrees. To investigate the changes in phenological components of Iranian vegetation, four one-year time series related to 1982 to 1985 years (namely as past time) and 2015- 2018 years (namely as present time) were used. Extraction of phenological components from the time series of vegetation indices initially requires continuous gap-free data. The HANTS algorithm was used to reconstruct the gaps and outliers from the time series. Then, in order to extract different phenological components, Timsat software was used. The beginning of the season, end of the season, length of the season, base value, time of mid of the season, maximum value, the seasonal amplitude, value for the start of the season, rate of increase at the beginning of the season and rate of decrease at the end of the season were extracted using Timsat software in each one-year time series, were extracted using Timsat software in each one-year time series, and then the four-year average of the values of these parameters in the past time series was compared to the present time series. Results and Discussion Comparison of the four-year average of phenological components of the time for the start of the season, the time for the end of the season, the Length of the season and the time for the mid of the season in Iran showed that these indicators decreased by 12, 19, 7 and 13 days, respectively. The rate of changes of these components in lowland areas with an altitude of less than 1500 meters are completely different from highland areas which include Alborz and Zagros chains. So that, from an altitude of 1500 meters and above, the time for the start of the season, the length of the season and the time for the mid of the season in the Alborz and Zagros chains have decreased to an average of 38, 46 and 19 days, respectively. In the lowlands area near to the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea, the phenological components of the time for the end of the season and the length of the season have increased by approximately 40 and 44 days, respectively. The prolongation of the growing season has been attributed to various climatic factors, especially global warming due to increased greenhouse gases or water availability. In Iran, in most areas, the beginning of the growing season, especially in the Alborz and Zagros highlands, where the temperature is a limiting factor, has decreased. But unlike some studies conducted outside of Iran, the time for the end of the season, the length of the season and the time for the mid of the season have also decreased. This indicates that in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, in the middle and final stages of plant growth, moisture and rainfall are limiting factors for growth. In areas such as the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea, where low humidity has not been a limiting factor, the end of the growing season and the length of the growing season have also increased. Based on the results, the phenological components such as seasonal amplitude, maximum value, base value, value for the start of the season, rate of increase at the beginning of the season and rate of decrease at the end of the season have increased in Alborz and Zagros heights. This component is generally reduced to areas with altitudes below 1500. It seems that in arid and semi-arid regions, the high temperature can also increase the evapotranspiration of the plant, which causes a lack of moisture in the soil. Therefore, at the area with high altitudes that temperature is a controlling factor at the beginning of the growing season, the increasing temperature in present time series has led to increased plant growth and ecosystem production capacity, and phenological parameters such as growing season range, maximum growth rate, base value and the value at the starting point of growth have increased. However, in lowland areas, as well as at the end of the plant growth period in high altitudes, the increasing temperature has led to increased evapotranspiration and reduced the seasonal amplitude, maximum value, basal value and value for the start of the season. Conclusion Changes in phenological parameters such as the beginning of the season, the time for the end of the season and the length of the season can have a negative impact on the agricultural products and environmental systems. The recent earlier beginning of the growing season compared to the last 35 years can be a significant threat to the agricultural and horticultural products, because cold and frost are the most important climatic parameters in the field of agricultural climate. As a result, it reduces the possibility of producing many agricultural and horticultural products in vulnerable areas. In general, the results of the present study show a series of interconnected events caused by climate change and increase in temperature in various components of phenology in the Alborz and Zagros highlands, as well as in lowland and plain areas, especially in the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Investigation of spatial and temporal changes in atmospheric aerosol using aerosol optical depth in Southeastern Iran
Maryam Mirakbari Zohre Ebrahimi KhusfiBackground and ObjectiveThe Aerosol Optical Depth index is one of the most commonly used indicators for assessing air pollution in various regions, especially arid and semi-arid areas. The arid and semi-arid regions are the main sources of dust particles. Due to locatin MoreBackground and ObjectiveThe Aerosol Optical Depth index is one of the most commonly used indicators for assessing air pollution in various regions, especially arid and semi-arid areas. The arid and semi-arid regions are the main sources of dust particles. Due to locating in the arid and semi-arid region, Iran faces dust storms several times over the year, which have caused irreparable environmental and socio-economic damages to different parts of the country. The southeastern of Iran is one of these regions that is affected by dust storms in the first half of the year (early spring to late summer) due to 120-day winds, and large amounts of sand and dust particles enter the atmosphere each year. Therefore, it is important to study the temporal and spatial changes of suspended particles in the atmosphere, of which dust is a major part of aerosols in these regions. In fact, knowing the temporal and spatial changes of suspended particles can be helpful in providing appropriate solutions to reduce the damages caused by these particles. In this study, due to lack of ground-based aerosol gauge station, aerosol optical depth feature was considered based on the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) product of MODIS sensor to monitor and analyze spatial and temporal changes of aerosol concentrations in Iran during a period of 18 years. Annual, monthly and seasonal temporal changes of AOD were investigated using pre-whitening Mann-Kendall trend test. Materials and MethodsThe daily MODIS level-4 AOD data have been used in this study. The AOD data were obtained from the earth explorer website USGS in 6570 frames for 2001- 2018 and these data were extracted in NetCDF format with programming in Matlab software as annual, seasonal and monthly time series for 13 synoptic stations in the study area. PM10 concentration data were used to validate the AOD product of MODIS. In order to investigate the temporal and spatial changes of aerosol concentrations. The AOD zoning maps were prepared using inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation method based on the mean values of AOD. Based on the IDW method, each point/ station has a local effect that decreases with increasing distance, places close to the measuring point will have more weight. Finally, the temporal trend changes of AOD data were determined using the Mann- Kendall trend test in the different time scales. Results and Discussion The results obtained from the validation of AOD data indicated that there was a strong and acceptable relationship between aerosol optical depth and PM10 concentration data at 95% significant level. Therefore, it can be concluded that the AOD data have a good accuracy to investigate and analyze the changes in suspended particles in the atmosphere in the study area. The spatial distribution of AOD in the study area showed that the western and central regions (Kerman, Baft, Sirjan, Rafsanjan) had the lowest concentration of aerosol during the period of 2001- 2018. While, the northeastern, eastern and southern regions (Sistan and Baluchestan province) have been affected by higher concentrations of aerosol. The amounts of AOD have varied from 0.14 to 0.53 in the study period that occurred in the years of 2016 and 2003, respectively. The findings of temporal changes of annual AOD series indicated that the atmosphere suspended particles had the highest amount in the years of 2001, 2003, 2008, 2009 and 2012 at the Zabol, Zahak, Zahedan, Khash and Iranshahr regions, respectively. The seasonal mean AOD had the most concentration in the summer and spring seasons while the autumn and winter had the lowest aerosol concentration. The monthly AOD series showed that the increasing variations of atmosphere suspended particles starts in April and then increases in June and has decreasing changes in July. The results of Mann- Kendall trend test indicated that changes trend of annual aerosol optical depth was decreasing in the most regions except in the Rafsanjan station so that the AOD changes had significant downward trend a 5% level in the Zahedan, Zahak, Zabol, Saravan and Bam stations. The Mann- Kendall statistic of monthly AOD series showed the most frequency of significant trend occurred in May, June, July and October, respectively in the study region. The monthly trend of AOD indicated decreasing changes of aerosol during the study period. As in May, June, July, August, November and February, the concentration of aerosols had a downward trend in the most study stations. The seasonal changes of AOD showed a decreasing trend in aerosols in the summer and spring, while there was an increasing trend in the autumn season. Conclusion One of the available sources to access the aerosol optical depth data is the MODIS sensor. Based on our findings, there was an acceptable relationship between AOD product of MODIS and PM10 data obtained from ground-based aerosol gauge stations in the study region. The results of this study showed that the annual mean AOD varied from 0.14 to 0.53 which highest and lowest values occurred in the years of 2003 and 2016, respectively. Annual trend of AOD showed the concentration of aerosols was decreasing in most regions. The decreasing trend can be due to the decline of dust events resulted from an increase in vegetation cover in the study area. The monthly and seasonal mean AOD showed the concentration of aerosols had the lowest value during the autumn and winter in November, December, January and February, while in the summer and spring, the aerosols had the highest concentration in May, June and July. However, the temporal changes of monthly and seasonal AOD were decreasing in the most study regions. Generally, our findings showed the western part of the study area, located in Kerman province, had been faced the lower concentration of aerosols than the eastern part, located in Sistan province, during the study period. In general, the declining of aerosol concentrations in some of the study areas could indicate an improvement in air quality in these regions. It seems that the implementation of appropriate executive and management methods in this region, which has been considered by many managers and decision-makers in recent years, have had a significant effect on the reduction of air pollution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Analysis of land use/ cover changes in Ardabil province using landscape metrics
Azad Kakehmami Mehdi Moameri Ardavan Ghorbani Sahar GhafariBackground and ObjectiveAssessing the process of land use and land cover (LULC) changes leads to a clear understanding of how humans and the environment interact. Landscape metrics can be used as a basis for comparing different scenarios of landscape or recognizing chan MoreBackground and ObjectiveAssessing the process of land use and land cover (LULC) changes leads to a clear understanding of how humans and the environment interact. Landscape metrics can be used as a basis for comparing different scenarios of landscape or recognizing changes and developments in landscape over time. The use of landscape metrics, while saving time, makes it possible to assess the environmental impact of human activities in the shortest time. Population growth in recent decades, the region's high potential for farming, rising expectations and higher demand for income, low employment rates, tourism in the region, the development of communication routes, as well as inappropriate decisions in recent years have led to many changes in Ardabil province. Given the ecological importance of the study area, it seems that the analysis of the relationship between landscape metrics and LULC changes of Ardabil province in the period 1987 to 2015 is a way to quantify the impact of these changes on the landscape. Materials and MethodsIn this study, the data of Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor (1987) and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensor (2015) were used in a 28-year period to evaluate the trend of LULC changes in Ardabil province. In order to accuracy assessment and geometric correction of LULC maps, 1:25000 topographic maps of the National Cartographic Center of Iran were used. After preparing LULC change maps, LULC metrics were extracted using the FRAGSTATS software. In order to avoid the production of additional information, based on the literature review and expert knowledge, and according to the appropriateness of the criteria with the aim of studying and paying attention to the correlation between there, a set of landscape metrics related to LULC change was extracted. Then, the index of class area (CA), percentage of landscape (PL), number of patches (NP), mean patch size (MPS), edge density (ED), largest patch index (LPI), total edge(TE) and patch density (PD) were calculated and their relationship to LU/LC changes was analyzed by comparative analysis method. Results and Discussion The biggest change in the mean patch size of LULC in the period of 1987 to 2015 (75186 and 1164.354 hectares, respectively) is related to rangelands with a decreasing trend. Population growth in recent years and the resulting to decrease distances between urban and rural areas, low-density construction, transportation network development, and strip or linear growth have led to an increase in the number of man-made patches over time. Moreover, in order to access the living needs, Due to the climatic potential there is an increase in farmlands by changing rangelands throughout the region, especially in the north (Parsabad and Bilesvar counties) and south (Khalkhal county) of Ardabil province, which reduces the percentage of rangelands (From 58.17 to 53.89%). In fact, the process of rangelands change is fragmented, which reduces the mean patch size and, in other words, reduces the stability of the rangelands. On the other hand, man-made land use types have spread in a very heterogeneous and inappropriate way in Ardabil province, which has increased the common border with natural patch and as a result has increased the influence on natural patch (forests and rangelands) and further destroyed them. The increase in class area, largest patch index, total edge, patch density and number of patches of water bodies in the period 1987 to 2015 are due to the increased construction of dams in this period. The increase in requirement and the desire to produce more, and on the other hand the availability of water resources in this period, has changed the rangelands to farmlands (irrigated farming) and as a result, the development of agricultural levels in the region. On the other hand, with the increase of water resources in the province, in the largest patch index of the patches occurred during the study period in dry farming lands. Evaluation of the number of patches showed that the biggest change during the period 1987 to 2015 was related to dry farming class with an increasing trend (2651 patches), which due to human population growth in recent decades, high potential of the region for agriculture and increasing expectations and demand to earn money, this increase indicates the fragmentation and disruption of the landscape, which has resulted in a decrease in forest and rangelands and an increase in farmland land uses. The highest changes in edge density in the period 1987 to 2015 are related to rangelands with an increasing trend (11.78 m/ha) and the lowest change in edge density is related to the forest with an increasing trend (0.66 m/ha). Comparison of edge density showed that the expansion of man-made lands and the increase in agricultural land use (dry and irrigated farming) have increased the edge density of rangeland patches and have been fragmented more than other. The increase in the agriculture level due to the joining of the patches to each other has caused the decrease in the number of patches and the increase in the mean patch size due to the reduction of fragmentation. From the increase in the number of patches in the study period (from 20065 to 23802 patches), it can be concluded that due to human intervention and occupation, the tendency of land appearance in Ardabil province is towards fine-grained structure and the number of man-made artificial and semi-natural patches which has reduced forest and rangelands. The results showed that residential and farmlands (dry and irrigated farming) during the study period had a perfectly aligned change trend, while the reverse trend with forest and rangelands, which can be due to the direct effect and intensity of human presence in determining the distribution pattern for all kinds of LULC. Conclusion Due to the uncontrolled growth of residential and farmlands (dry and irrigated farming) in recent years, to prevent further destruction and also to preserve forests and rangelands, it is recommended to perform land use planning based on structural elements and concepts of landscape. The change in the landscape structure has taken in land use types with different degrees, and quantifying these changes using landscape metrics is one of the issues which can help analyze the pattern of spatial changes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Extraction of soil moisture index (TVDI) using a scatter diagram temperature/vegetation and MODIS images
Salah Shahmoradi Hamid Reza Ghafarian Malamiri Mohammad AminiBackground and Objective Soil moisture is an important parameter in controlling many processes of the climate system, one of the basic parameters of the environment and its direct impact on the plant, animal and microorganisms, its importance in the global cycle of MoreBackground and Objective Soil moisture is an important parameter in controlling many processes of the climate system, one of the basic parameters of the environment and its direct impact on the plant, animal and microorganisms, its importance in the global cycle of water, energy and carbon, the energy exchange between air and soil is known for its natural water cycle (especially in the distribution of rain between surface runoff and infiltration) and the management of water and soil resources. Soil moisture plays an important role in the interactive processes between the atmosphere and the earth and global climate change. Triangular and trapezoidal methods combining thermal and visible data are the most commonly used methods for determining the amount of soil surface moisture. The aim of this study is to estimate the surface moisture of the soil (TVDI), by the triangular method in the south of West Azerbaijan province using land temperature index (LST) and vegetation index (NDVI), during 2010, 2014 and 2018. Materials and Methods The present study using MODIS timing series images, NDVI index and LST index, to estimate the surface moisture index (Temperature–Vegetation Dryness Index, TVDI), in three time periods including; the first time period from 1 January 2010 to 30 December 2010 and the second period is from 1 January 2014 to 30 December 2014 and the third period is from 1 January 2018 to 30 December 2018. During each period, 12 images were used on the 15th day of each month. Also, surface moisture was estimated by two methods, one was to establish a high regression relationship and remove the minimum temperature, and the second method was to establish a high and low regression relationship of the pixels. To evaluate the accuracy of these two methods, a regression correlation between the results of these methods with the soil surface moisture content of the Agricultural Jihad (30 points) at a depth of 5 to 15 cm was used. The reason for choosing these three years is due to the difference in high rainfall in some months of the studied years. This study was conducted in the south of the province of West Azerbaijan, which is part of the western region of Iran. Results and Discussion The evaporative triangle diagram consisting of the vegetation index and the surface temperature of the earth in 2010 from January to December month has seen many temperature changes. These same changes in the Earth's surface temperature have caused that the graphs have many changes. During the 2010 year, according to the chart, the maximum temperature was August and the minimum was January, and the maximum vegetation was May and the minimum was December. In 2014, the maximum temperature in August and the minimum in January and the maximum vegetation in May and the minimum in January and also this year were relatively warmer and drier than in 2010. The evaporative triangle chart in 2018 is rainier than the other two years studied, and the amount of vegetation and according to the graphs in this year, the maximum temperature in July and the minimum is January and the maximum vegetation is May and the minimum in January. The surface moisture level of the soil in 2010 for the western region of Iran, which is the maximum moisture level in May and the minimum in August. In most of the 2010 moisture index maps, the maximum humidity in the west and the lowest in the South of this region. The results of the moisture index maps in 2014 this year have been relatively drier than in other years studied. In 2014 has little rainfall and vegetation. Humidity changes this year are lower than in 2010. The maximum and minimum humidity in 2014 was between 0 and 0.6. The maximum humidity is June and the minimum is August. The TVDI moisture index maps for 2018 have had more moisture indicators this year than in the other two years. In 2018, heavy rains caused the vegetation to increase and the ground temperature to decrease, and this has led to an increase in the moisture index compared to 2010 and 2014. In 2018, the vegetation reached 0.89. But in other years it has been studied up to 0.7. This year, the high humidity is in May and the lowest in August. The maximum humidity during this year is in the west and the lower is in the south. The results of the TVDI index for 2010, 2014 and 2018, using the second method, the general results of this method are similar to the first method. Based on the results obtained from the accuracy of both methods, we conclude that the accuracy of the first method is better and generally simpler than the second method. In 2018, in May, according to the first method, the amount of R2 = 0.67, and also according to the second method, the amount of R2 = 0.41. Conclusion Estimation of surface soil moisture is essential for optimal management of water and soil resources. Surface soil moisture is an important variable in the water cycle of nature, which plays an important role in the global balance of water and energy through its impact on hydrological, ecological and meteorological processes. Examination of the two methods used indicates that the first method, which was also used in this research in general, has higher accuracy than the terrestrial fields due to the results of image accuracy. In 2010, the months of May and August, according to the first method are R2 = 0.61 and 0.57. In 2010, the amount of R2 according to terrestrial data and the use of the second method in May and August are R2 = 0.43 and 0.47. Also, in 2018, the value of R2 using the first method in May is 0.66. In 2018, the value of R2 using the second method in May is 0.41. The results of the soil surface moisture index, in this study, showed that this model is able to estimate the amount of soil moisture in large geographical areas with acceptable accuracy. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.26767082.1400.12.1.3.4 Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Classification of the most important spectral factors extracted from Landsat-8 images in explaining the topsoil organic carbon in semi-steppe rangelands using exploratory factor analysis (EFA)
Saeedeh Nateghi Rostam Khalifehzadeh Mahshid Souri Morteza KhodagholiBackground and ObjectiveSoil organic carbon in rangeland ecosystems has a variety of functions such as increasing soil fertility, controlling erosion, increasing soil water permeability and, reducing the effects of greenhouse gases. Therefore, it is a key indicator in d MoreBackground and ObjectiveSoil organic carbon in rangeland ecosystems has a variety of functions such as increasing soil fertility, controlling erosion, increasing soil water permeability and, reducing the effects of greenhouse gases. Therefore, it is a key indicator in determining soil health that affects all physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil. The large area of the country's rangelands causes a serious challenge to the use of traditional methods in estimating soil organic carbon. In such situations, the use of remote sensing capabilities can be considered as a suitable option for monitoring the organic carbon of the country's rangeland soils. The aim of this study was to determine the most important spectral factors affecting topsoil organic carbon in two summer rangelands. Materials and Methods This research was carried out in two summer rangelands of Lazour and Asaran. The first rangeland (Lazour) with an area of 8150 hectares and an average height of 2875 meters is located in the range of eastern longitudes 52.514 to 52.694 degrees and northern latitudes 35.855 to 35.934 degrees in Tehran province. The second Rangeland (Asaran) with an area of 5642 hectares and an average height of 2465 meters is located in the range of eastern longitudes 53.265 to 53.392 degrees and northern latitudes 35.804 to 35.882 degrees in Semnan province. In this research, the data of the OLI sensor of the Landsat 8 satellite were used. After pre-processing satellite imagery of the studied areas, Top of Atmosphere (TOA) reflectance layers of bands 2 to 7 along with the variables of surface albedo, Clay index, Carbonate index, Grain Size index, NDVI, brightness, greenness, and wetness index of Tasseled cap transformation were calculated. In each of the target areas, using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) maps, the slope, aspect, and hypsometric maps were prepared and by combining the last three layers with each other, a map of homogeneous sampling units was obtained. Soil sampling was performed using the stratified-random sampling pattern. In this way, in each of the homogeneous units, according to its area, several soil samples were randomly taken from a depth of zero to 20 cm and the amount of organic carbon of the samples was measured using the Walkley-Black method. Results and Discussion The results of this study showed that the spectral variables of Top of Atmosphere (TOA) reflectance layers of bands 2 to 7 along with the variables of surface albedo, Clay index, NDVI, brightness, greenness, and wetness index of Tasseled cap transformation have a significant correlation with topsoil organic carbon (p < 0.01). Also, the results of factor analysis by principal component analysis (PCA) with eigenvalues greater than one showed that the total cumulative variance explained by the 12 variables is 91.74%, which was explained by two factors. The first factor (soil color) explained 76.6% of the variance and the second factor (vegetation and soil texture) explained 15.14% of the variance. Conclusion The results of this study confirm the existence of a significant relationship between topsoil organic carbon and spectral factors extracted from Landsat 8 OLI sensor data in semi-steppe rangelands. Because of the large area of rangelands in Iran, the use of traditional methods in estimating soil organic carbon is not possible due to the need to spend a lot of time and money. And in such situations, the use of Remote sensing (RS) capabilities can be considered as a suitable option for monitoring the topsoil organic carbon in the rangelands. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Evaluating the implications of urban growth on carbon fixation ecosystem services (Case study: Karaj Subcatchments)
Sareh Alsadat Sajjadi Ghaemmaghami Romina Sayahnia Naghmeh Mobarghei Dinan Majid Makhdoum FarkhondehBackground and Objective In recent decades, natural ecosystems have undergone fundamental changes due to increasing population growth and increasing demand in order to provide the necessary facilities for human welfare. Since these changes are generally associated with MoreBackground and Objective In recent decades, natural ecosystems have undergone fundamental changes due to increasing population growth and increasing demand in order to provide the necessary facilities for human welfare. Since these changes are generally associated with environmental degradation, one should always be concerned about the damage to the ecosystem that supports human life. Therefore, the maintenance and protection of ecosystems are critical to achieving balance, equilibrium and coordination between human society and the ecosystem and their functional services. Ecosystem services have the potential to be considered as a key tool for policy-making and decision-making at the global, national, regional and local levels. Using ecosystem services, several applications including sustainable management of natural resources, land use optimization, environmental protection, nature conservation and restoration, landscaping, basic nature solutions, water conservation and weather, disaster risk reduction, environmental education and environmental research can be pursued. However, the relationship between ecosystem processes and functions and human well-being is complex and a multifaceted and preventive approach must be taken to evaluate these relationships and value the benefits. The purpose of this study was to investigate the trend of changes in ecosystem services in urban growth and development, evaluation of ecosystem services and the consequences of urban growth on carbon storage ecosystem service in the study area of Karaj catchment area in the period (before and after the development of irrationality). Materials and Methods Ecosystem services mapping is an effective tool to improve land planning and land use. Valuation of these services can be an effective factor and a promising way to explain the relationship between services, society and the economy and can play an effective role in the cost-benefit system of policies to rehabilitate and manage the environment. In this study, carbon storage service was investigated in three catchments of Alborz, Karaj, Hashtgerd and Eshtehard provinces. Since the study area covers almost two-thirds of the province, so in the study of the characteristics of the study area, the same characteristics of the Alborz province have been mentioned. In line with this research, In the first step, land use maps of the study area using trust software and GIS and Landsat satellite imagery (Landsat 5TM sensor images 1988, Landsat 8 satellite ETM+ sensor 2018), and the Supervised classification have been applied for the two periods of 1988 and 2018 in four classes of vegetation, man-made space, the aquatic environment and non-man-made space. After preparing the land use map, the accuracy of the maps was checked using Google Earth software and field visits. Then, using the land use map, the carbon storage ecosystem service map was extracted using Invest software and finally evaluated using soil carbon, ground carbon, basement and dead tissue information. Results and Discussion The results showed that the most changes in land use maps belong to non-constructed space and man-made space, which shows a decrease of 16% and an increase of 11%, respectively. Regarding carbon storage service, according to the plans obtained in two years, in the central part of the region, which has witnessed the growth of agricultural lands, the amount of carbon storage has also increased. The maximum carbon reserve, with a share of 78377470 tons per hectare in 1988 and 72618450 tons per hectare in 2018, belongs to the Tehran-Karaj basin, and the lowest with a share of 36078497 tons per hectare in 1988 and 34606913 tons per hectare per year. 2018, belongs to Eshtehard. In total, the value has increased from about 14163 billion rials per ton per hectare since 1988 to about 13163 billion rials in 2018, which has gone in a negative direction. Although the amount of carbon storage varied and changed in different places, the maximum amount of carbon storage remained unchanged during this period; because there is still unbuilt space. Conclusion In general, it can be stated that the use of ecosystem services valuation does not necessarily mean a reduction in the value of services in the development process, but it means that using this approach can be used to improve development planning to maintain and used to improve the quality of the ecosystem. In fact, it can be said that this approach can be used as an interface to link the anthropological and ecological sections under a single programmatic and managerial framework. and in order to; used instead of "to", especially after try, come, go More (Definitions, Synonyms, Translation).http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.26767082.1400.12.1.2.3 Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Evaluation of quantitative changes in surface water resources, affected by the earthquake of Sarpol-e-Zahab, using satellite data
Amjad Maleki Ali Khazai Ali AbdolmalekiBackground and Objective Earthquake In addition to the destructive effects of man-made structures, earthquakes also have different effects on surface water resources. Earthquakes always increase or decrease the water flow depending on its intensity, time, direction, and MoreBackground and Objective Earthquake In addition to the destructive effects of man-made structures, earthquakes also have different effects on surface water resources. Earthquakes always increase or decrease the water flow depending on its intensity, time, direction, and profundity. It may even cause the springtime fountain to flow that has dried up over the years. The use of remote evaluation technology in various earth sciences is very common compared to geocentric methods due to the wide coverage of satellite images, the timeliness of images, and its little cost. Also, one of the important and unique capabilities of digital satellite data is its temporal, spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution. These important features of satellite imagery allow for important studies such as the evaluation and monitoring of dynamic phenomena such as quantitative changes in water resources in temporal and spatial dimensions. Because in some cases the information obtained from a sensor alone does not meet the desired needs. Although optical multispectral data provide rich spectral information of various effects, it is significantly affected by environmental factors such as smoke, fog, clouds, and the amount of sunlight. Unlike optical sensors, radar data with virtual aperture (SAR) is independent of different weather and radiation conditions, as well as the sensitivity of its signal, scatter to target parameters such as structure (shape, orientation, size), roughness, and moisture content of the features can provide more information about the study area, but on the other hand, radar images cannot clearly identify the details and edges of objects. Therefore, combining different properties of optics images and radar data using image integration techniques can provide a more complete view of the target and provide higher accuracy and reliability for the results obtained from this method. In the present perusal, in order to achieve the above purpose, using satellite data and the image combination method, the data have been standardized in such a way that they can be used together in the form of a dataset for processing. Materials and Methods Using the method of combining satellite images of quantitative changes of surface water resources, affected by the SARPOL-E-ZAHAB earthquake in the course of 7 days, 11/11/2017 to 17/11/2017, using radar data (S_1A-IW-SLC), With 100 m spatial baseline and Landsat 8 (OLI) optical data, and obtained by applying remote evaluation techniques and indicators to detect changes in water resources, including Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), Modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) in ENVI software environment and then analysis in ArcGIS software environment.Results and Discussion : Examination of the results of quantitative changes in surface water resources shows that in the time period of 7 days after the earthquake in the study area, the highest amount of small changes (in a decreasing manner) occurred in dams (HAMMAM Strait and GILANGH-GHARB Dam). As the Strait of HAMMAM dam decreased by 0.13 square meters and the Gilan GHARB dam decreased by 0.07 square meters. Also, small changes occurred in the surface (SARPOL-E-ZAHAB SARAB-GARM) (drinking water source of the region), SIRVAN river and canals), and there were a total of 7523421 square meters of changes in the surface water resources of the study area after the earthquake.Conclusion The earthquake caused the outflow of groundwater and decreased the volume of dams in the region and fed the surface rivers of the region, including (the Sirvan river) and finally caused water loss and in some places caused the drying of springs and Damage to normal living conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Investigation of firing effect in rangelands on soil organic carbon changes using remotely sensed based indices
Somayeh Saati Zarei Behnaz AttaeianBackground and ObjectiveRangelands are one of the natural ecosystems that have an important part of soil carbon reservoirs and also, as very diverse genetic reservoirs guarantee the dynamics of the ecosystem. Fire is a natural factor in rangelands burning most of the ex MoreBackground and ObjectiveRangelands are one of the natural ecosystems that have an important part of soil carbon reservoirs and also, as very diverse genetic reservoirs guarantee the dynamics of the ecosystem. Fire is a natural factor in rangelands burning most of the existing natural cover. Rangeland fires directly alter soil microbial activity by burning soil microorganisms and indirectly by reducing organic matter, altering soil organic matter quality and other soil properties. Investigating the positive and negative effects of fire on ecosystems, especially on soil properties, has led researchers to look for alternative methods, instead of direct methods, which are generally very costly and time-consuming. One of the new methods and technologies that are very useful in the field of natural resources is satellite remote sensing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effect of fire on organic carbon, acidity, and electrical conductivity of rangeland soils in the Gonbad region of Hamadan, and to investigate the capability of remotely sensed data in the indirect estimation of soil surface carbon in semi-arid rangelands after the fire. Materials and Methods In this study, 20 soil samples were taken from each site from a depth of 0-10 cm (40 samples in total) and the coordinates of each sampling point were recorded with a GPS device. Sampling was performed 15 to 20 days after the fire in early October. After transferring to the laboratory, the samples were used to measure the amount of soil organic carbon. Then, the statistical relationship between non-burned areas and burned areas was examined and analyzed by an independent t-test. Indirect estimation of soil surface organic carbon at non-burned and burned sites was also investigated and their changes were evaluated using remote sensing satellite imagery. For this purpose, after performing the pre and post-processing on satellite data, the corresponding values of spectral reflectance of each pixel with sampling points at different wavelengths and spectral indices were extracted, and the correlation and regression equation of indices with the Carbon reservoirs were analyzed. Results and Discussion The results of the Pearson correlation test showed that among all spectral indices, only the HI index was correlated with soil organic carbon in the short time and in the non-burned site. Besides, among all indices, BI, NDBI, NDVI, SAVI, VCI, and VHI indices were correlated with the EC value in the non-burned site. At the non-burned site, there was a significant correlation between most spectral indices and soil EC, which was eliminated after the fire at the burned site. Regarding the correlation between pH and spectral indices, it was observed that there is a correlation between some spectral indices and pH. As a matter of fact, it can be concluded that the fire has caused a large change in the rate of reflection and propagation of waves from the soil surface so that in the non-burned site, the indices were correlated with EC, but in the burned site, the correlation between indices and EC was completely eliminated, and instead, a correlation has been established between the indices and the pH. Furthermore, none of the spectral indices in April 2017 at the non-burned site had a significant positive or negative correlation with soil organic carbon, and the results showed that after six months of the fire, the soil carbon changes were not such that the spectral indices could be examined its process. Comparing the results of October 2016 with the results of April 2017 on the non-burned site, it was found that after six months, the NBR index has found a significant correlation with the EC rate, but the BI and VHI indices have lost their correlation. According to the NBR index and the SWIR2 band, it seems that after six months from the occurrence of the fire, changes have occurred in the control site, which has led to a correlation between this index and soil EC. Since the amount of reflected energy from the earth's surface depends on several factors such as soil moisture, changes in soil organic matter content, and surface cover, so the effect of these factors on the soil reflectance should be considered in the growing season. Failure to change these results after six months can prove that the positive and negative effects of the fire have not disappeared in a short period of six months and a longer time is needed for the situation to return to normal. Conclusion According to the results, it was found that soil organic carbon reservoirs in burned rangelands in comparison with non-burned rangelands is not significantly different. Deformation and stabilization of soil organic matter due to fire have been studied by many researchers, but the transformation of soil organic matter by fire has often led to heterogeneous and different results. At a depth of 10-20 cm, the fire was found to have no effect on soil organic carbon content, but other researchers found that 6 months after the fire, the amount of carbon in the burned soils increased compared to the non-burned soils. It was also found that the percentage of soil organic carbon decreased significantly three months after the fire. Moreover, in another study on the effect of fire on soil organic carbon, it was found that in the area affected by the fire compared to the control area in one year and two years after the fire, the amount of soil organic carbon has decreased significantly. Since the effect of fire on the physical and chemical properties of soil is strongly influenced by fire intensity, soil moisture, climate, and vegetation, so all these factors have led to different results in investigating the effect of fire on soil organic carbon. Due to environmental conditions, climate, the slope of the area, soil texture and structure, and factors related to fire such as its intensity and duration, the amount of soil carbon has changed. For example, in the event of a medium-sized fire, the conditions for vegetation regrowth are faster, but in the event of a severe fire, the entire organic layer of the soil surface is generally removed and carbon is reduced over time. Also, in examining the correlation between spectral indices and soil organic carbon, it was found that only the HI index with soil organic carbon was significant at the non-burned site, but no correlation was observed at the burned site. This can be examined by examining the spectrum of visible blue and green wavelengths in the mathematical relationship of this index because only in this index the green and blue wavelength spectrum have been used. According to the results of other researchers, it seems that estimating soil organic carbon using remote sensing has certain complexities. Since soil organic carbon has the greatest impact on soil color, it is difficult to estimate it using remotely sensed data if its amount is low. The occurrence of fire in the region has a major impact on the spectral reflectance of surface soil so that after the fire in a short time the correlation of HI index with soil organic carbon is lost. According to the results of the present research, it seems that the main point about the impact of fire on soil organic carbon is the time and the opportunity for soil to change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Vegetation classification based on wetland index using object based classification of satellite images (Case study: Anzali wetland)
Maryam Haghighi Khomami Mohammad Javad Tajaddod Mokaram Ravanbakhsh Fariborz Jamalzad FallahBackground and ObjectiveRecently, a lot of studies have been done in Anzali wetland as one of the most important wetlands of Ramsar Convention, which has a high cost due to the nature and geographical location of the wetland. Advances in technology have made it possible MoreBackground and ObjectiveRecently, a lot of studies have been done in Anzali wetland as one of the most important wetlands of Ramsar Convention, which has a high cost due to the nature and geographical location of the wetland. Advances in technology have made it possible to evaluate natural environments more accurately, fast, and low cost with remote sensing data due to their easy accessibility, high accuracy, extensive and reproducible coverage in terms of time and space, and information extraction in a relatively short time. Because one of the most important problems in studying vegetation changes is the lack of accurate spatial information over time. Satellite imagery and remote sensing technology make it possible to achieve a better program for environmental management by relying on the information produced by it. In this study, the vegetation classification of Anzali wetland was done by using the technique of Object base classifications of Landsat image incorporation with fieldwork based on the wetland index of plants as well as the vegetation index (NDVI) of the study area were analyzed. Wetland vegetation classification maps can be used to identify the amount and type of cover and planning to maintain and rehabilitate the wetland. Materials and Methods In this study, a vegetation map based on the wetland index is considered as one of the required criteria for ecological demarcation of wetlands. First, the general vegetation areas of the wetland on the coast and around it were identified. Then, vegetation data of wetland aquatic species were collected from different wetland areas in 0.25 m2 plots. In the land margin area, the wetland species of the wetland margin were collected with a 1 m2 plot. A total of 42 plots were collected during the spring and summer of 2019. After preparing the required images, their preprocessing including geometric, atmospheric, radiometric corrections and image enhancement were performed using ENVI. Landsat 8 Image on July 29, 1998, with a spatial resolution of 30 meters was used to classify vegetation and prepare a map of vegetation index (NDVI) and image of Sentinel-2 satellite (July 98) due to 10 m of the ground resolution was used to combine with Landsat 8 data as auxiliary data in image classification. The combining of these two images improves the spatial resolution also preserves the spectral values of the multispectral image. The object-based classification was performed on the integrated Landsat 8 image using training data from field work. The classification accuracy was evaluated for each class using experimental samples as ground control points and the classification error matrix was extracted. Results and Discussion First, the dominant plants and representatives of their wetland index were identified by field work. Then, the relative percentage of dominant plant cover at the sampling site was calculated according to the standard list of identified plant species, and Plants were divided into two groups of wetland and non-wetland based on the wetland index. From the classification of plot species in 42 plots, 180 plant species were identified in 124 genera and 48 families. Also, four groups of wetland plants were: obligate wetland plants (OBL), facultative and obligate wetland plants (OBL & FACW), facultative upland, and facultative wetland plants (FACU & FACW), and facultative wetland plants (FACW). A vegetation map was prepared from a combination of terrestrial samples and object base classification of the 2019 Landsat satellite OLI image sensor. The accuracy of the classified maps was evaluated based on the kappa coefficient and overall accuracy. The overall accuracy is 88.62% and the kappa coefficient is 84%. The Plant distribution was determined based on satellite image classification: OBL plants were observed in the water zone (west and Sorkhankol wetland margin), FACW plants were observed mostly in the dry margin and mainly in the southwest of the wetland (Siahkeshim wetland) and Choukam Wildlife Sanctuary in the eastern part of the wetland, OBL & FACW group with less uniform distribution was observed in the whole area and FACU & FACW group was observed in a small part in Choukam, north, and northwest of the wetland. The percentage of vegetation density map retrieved from the NDVI index shows the distribution of dense vegetation cover in different parts of the wetland and the limitation of the water level of the wetland bed. Conclusion The results of the satellite imagery study and their classification according to terrestrial samples showed that the spread and dispersal of obligate wetland species (OBL) were limited to water parts of the wetlands so that the highest distribution of these plants were in the west of the Anzali wetland and Sorkhankol. The spread of facultative wetland species (FACW) was in the arid areas of the wetland, which indicates the upland areas of the wetland in Siahkeshim (southwest) and Choukam (east). The result of image classification showed the percentage of plant group in each class: the agricultural class (with a present level of 23.9%) and the group of facultative species (FACW) (with a present level of 23.6% and mostly Phragmites, Alnus, and Salix species) have the top percentage of image classification classes of Anzali Wetland. This indicates more presence of facultative species compared to obligate species of wetland (OBL) (with a present level of 10.1%) and the level of agricultural land occupation, showed the wetland drying. The percentage of vegetation at the wetland level was assessed with the vegetation index (NDVI), most of which belongs to dense vegetation. Due to the fact that the satellite image is related to the summer season, this map shows the distribution of vegetation in different parts and the water level of the wetland bed, which has reduced the amount of water levels in the wetland. Periodic review of vegetation and its ecological changes provides useful information on changes in the water and ecological resources of the wetland to plan for its maintenance as an important ecosystem in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Estimation of actual evapotranspiration in pistachio orchards using SEBAL algorithm in three irrigation system
Soheil RadiomBackground and ObjectiveOver the past 100 years, the country has lost about 90 percent of its per capita renewable water. About 90% of the country's renewable water resources are allocated to the agricultural sector. With the increase in the area of pistachio orchards a MoreBackground and ObjectiveOver the past 100 years, the country has lost about 90 percent of its per capita renewable water. About 90% of the country's renewable water resources are allocated to the agricultural sector. With the increase in the area of pistachio orchards and the increase in demand for water on the one hand and the limited water resources in the region, on the other hand, the imbalance between supply and demand for water is sharply increasing. In this regard, the most important step to prevent water loss is the uniform distribution of water on the field, optimal at each stage of growth. About 99% of the water absorbed by the plant is used for evapotranspiration. Therefore, studying this phenomenon can play an important role in determining the water needs of plants. It is difficult to measure the actual evapotranspiration outside the laboratory. Many experimental methods have been developed to estimate actual and potential evapotranspiration using meteorological and climatic data. But most of these methods are only able to estimate potential evapotranspiration and do not estimate the actual amount of it. In contrast, remote sensing methods have been developed that are a good solution for estimating the actual evapotranspiration. Satellite imagery with global coverage and repetitive Acquisition has made it possible to monitor evapotranspiration at the field level and during plant growth. Various studies have been conducted to estimate the actual evapotranspiration of agricultural areas using satellite images, which indicate the acceptable accuracy of these methods. However, most of this research is related to agricultural fields and no significant research has been done to estimate evapotranspiration at the orchards. Vegetation at the farms is uniform and homogeneous compared to orchards, so the estimation of vegetation index, which is one of the inputs of the SEBAL model in orchards is more difficult than agricultural fields, which can affect the final accuracy. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to estimate the amount of evapotranspiration in the pistachio orchard using the SEBAL algorithm and evaluate the accuracy of estimation. Also, this research has beenMaterials and Methods The present research has been carried out in pistachio orchards in Zarandieh city of Markazi province. The gardens had three different irrigation systems including flood irrigation systems, surface, and subsurface drip irrigation systems. Actual evapotranspiration is estimated using water balance and SEBAL algorithm. Meteorological data from Imam Airport Synoptic Station and Landsat8 satellite imagery has been used to estimate evapotranspiration using the SEBAL algorithm. Actual evapotranspiration is estimated at satellite overpass times during the growing season. To select hot and cold pixels in the SEBAL algorithm, the semi-automatic method proposed by Oldmo is used, which minimizes user participation in the selection of hot and cold pixels. To evaluate the accuracy of evapotranspiration estimation, the information of soil moisture sensors in the orchard has been used. 28 sensors measure soil moisture in different parts of the orchard. Using the soil moisture values, the actual evapotranspiration was estimated using the water balance method and used as a reference value.Results and Discussion A comparison of the results of the SEBAL algorithm and water balance method showed that the SEBAl algorithm was able to estimate the actual evapotranspiration in different parts of the orchard with an RMS error of 0.57. In addition, the correlation between the values estimated by the two methods was equal to 0.82, which indicates the appropriate capability of the SEBAL algorithm in estimating evapotranspiration values. The correlation between the actual evapotranspiration estimated from the SEBAL model and the reference evapotranspiration is 0.76. In addition, in the research, changes in the evapotranspiration in different parts of the garden and also gardens with different irrigation systems including flood, surface, and subsurface drips have been investigated. The results show that the orchard with subsurface irrigation had the lowest average of evapotranspiration on different dates. Considering that evapotranspiration is equal to the sum of evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration from the plant, this decrease can be attributed to the decrease in evaporation from the soil surface. In addition, evapotranspiration heterogeneity can be observed in all parts of orchards with the same irrigation system on all dates. For example, in the orchard with a flood irrigation system, parts of the garden show low evapotranspiration, which can be due to the lack of smoothing of the surface and lack of proper moisture in these areas. Obviously, the same amount of moisture accumulates in other parts of the garden and is inaccessible through deep percolation. This uneven distribution is also observed in the garden with a surface drip irrigation system. For example, the middle part of the garden with surface drip irrigation always shows a higher amount of evapotranspiration, which can indicate the loss of water in this part, due to the miss-operation of the dripper. To evaluate the difference in evapotranspiration in different irrigation systems, the average, minimum, maximum, and standard deviation values of evapotranspiration in orchards related to three different irrigation systems have been calculated. The results showed that in all dates, the ranges and standard deviation of evapotranspiration in the flood irrigation system were higher than in other systems, which indicates the lack of uniform irrigation in the orchard. Also, on all dates, the average amount of evapotranspiration in the orchard with a surface drip irrigation system has been more than flood irrigation system. Vegetation in orchards with drip irrigation systems (surface and subsurface) was denser compared to the flood irrigation systems.Conclusion In this study, the actual evapotranspiration of pistachio orchards has been estimated using satellite imagery and the SEBAL algorithm. The results of the study indicate the appropriate accuracy of the SEBAL algorithm in estimating the actual evapotranspiration of the orchards. Compared with the water balance method, the correlation coefficient was 0.82 and the root means the square error was 0.57. In addition, comparing the moisture situation in different parts of the orchard and in orchards with different irrigation systems has shown that by estimating the actual evapotranspiration using satellite imagery, appropriate information can be obtained on how to distribute moisture in the garden. This information provides valuable information on the optimal management of water resources and increases irrigation efficiency. Other results of this research include the significant difference between surface and subsurface drip irrigation methods. The results show that using subsurface irrigation methods can effectively reduce irrigation water loss due to evaporation from the soil surface. The results show that in areas where there is no access to information from soil moisture sensors or direct measurements of evapotranspiration, the use of the SEBAL algorithm and remote sensing methods can provide appropriate information for optimal water management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Identification and validation of potential flood hazard areas using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and Sentinel 1 radar data processing technique
Ali Mehrabi mohsen pourkhosravani fariba pourzarei jalal-abadiToday, due to climate change and the occurrence of torrential rains, flood hazard is one of the major problems in arid areas. Zarand city in Kerman province is one of these areas that has suffered a lot of damage in infrastructure and agriculture due to this phenomenon. MoreToday, due to climate change and the occurrence of torrential rains, flood hazard is one of the major problems in arid areas. Zarand city in Kerman province is one of these areas that has suffered a lot of damage in infrastructure and agriculture due to this phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to identify and determine potential flood hazard areas using remote sensing and GIS techniques. In this regard, eight criteria were used to prepare the flood hazard index, these parameters include the criteria of flow accumulation, draining capability, elevation, distance to drinage, land cover, runoff coefficient, slope and geology. The mentioned layers were weighed and combined in GIS environment after forming a pairwise comparison matrix based on Fuzzy-AHP method. Finally, according to the flood hazard index (FHI), a flood hazard map related to the study area was prepared. The results show that about 5% of the study area is very high hazard (18800 hectares), 23% high hazard (94100 hectares), 44% medium hazard (179700 hectares), 22% low hazard (88200 hectares) and 6% very low (23,100 hectares). High and very high hazard areas are mostly located in the plains and agricultural areas. In order to validate the created flood hazard map, the map of flooded areas obtained by applying the threshold method on the Sentinel 1 image was used. A comparison of the two shows that about 32 and 49% of the total area of flooded areas are in high-hazard and very high-hazard classes, respectively. The results showed that the use of GIS-based multi-criteria analysis method can be effective in flood hazard analysis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Evaluation of indices based on remote sensing in drought monitoring of Neyriz city
Mohammad ShabaniBackground and Objective Knowing the extent and severity of drought in a region and planning to reduce its effects is one of the most important principles of management in regional planning to combat drought. Drought monitoring and management in an area using remote sen MoreBackground and Objective Knowing the extent and severity of drought in a region and planning to reduce its effects is one of the most important principles of management in regional planning to combat drought. Drought monitoring and management in an area using remote sensing data and satellite imagery as a suitable tool in temporal and spatial monitoring of agricultural drought has always been the focus of regional managers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency of remote sensing data and satellite images in the zoning of agricultural drought in the years 2000 to 2021 in Neyriz city. For this purpose, three vegetation condition index (VCI), temperature condition index (TCI), and vegetation health index (VHI) were extracted from MODIS satellite images for the desired time period. The results of these indices were compared with the values of the standard precipitation index (SPI) in time series of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 48 months.Materials and Methods The study area in this study is Neyriz city located in the southeast of Fars province with an area of 10787 Km2 and is part of one of the watersheds of Bakhtegan Lake. The average altitude of the region is 1798 meters, the maximum altitude of the region is 3235 meters and the minimum altitude is 1476 meters above sea level. The average annual rainfall, temperature, and evapotranspiration of the basin are 204.8 mm, 19 °C, and 1058.3 mm, respectively. In this study, the rainfall data of Neyriz synoptic station during the statistical period of 22 years (2000-2021) were used to calculate the SPI index in time series of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 48 months. Then, 3 indices based on satellite imagery including vegetation condition (VCI), temperature condition index (TCI), and plant health index (VHI) were extracted from Modis measured data for May month from 2008 to 2021 and with standard precipitation index (SPI) were compared in time series of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 48 months based on the correlation coefficient. Finally, the most appropriate drought index based on satellite images was selected from the indices and the percentage of drought classes was determined based on the selected index in the study area.Results and Discussion The results of calculating the values of the SPI index using DIP software in time series of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 48 months in the statistical period of 2000-2021 showed that the trend of curves in some years is decreasing, in some years it has been increasing and in most years it has been almost normal. On average, the incidence of droughts and wetlands according to the SPI index in different time series during the statistical period is 68% in normal conditions, 18% in wet conditions, and 16% in drought conditions. The results of calculating the SPI index in different ground series were analyzed based on data from synoptic stations and remote sensing data. For this purpose, the values obtained from all indices based on satellite images including VCI, TCI, and VHI are extracted and compared and their correlation coefficient with the ground SPI index in time series 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 48 became. VCI index values in 2000 have the lowest value (32.1%) and in 2020 have the highest value (41.3%) during May. Therefore, based on the value of the VCI index during the statistical period in 2008, severe drought conditions prevailed in the region, and in 2020, more favorable vegetation and wetting conditions prevailed in the region. The results obtained from the SPI index in different time series also confirm the fact that the most severe drought and wet season during the statistical period studied in the two years 2000 and 2020, respectively, in the region. In addition, the VCI index is most correlated with the SPI index in different series and the SPI relationship is significant with the all-time series. TCI index has no significant correlation with any of the time series and has a weak correlation with the SPI index in different time series. In addition, the VHI index has a significant correlation with time series of one, three, six, and twelve months only at the level of 5% and its correlation with the SPI index in different time series is much less than the VCI index. Spatial distribution of drought intensity based on the values of the studied indices in May 2008 showed that the eastern parts of the region, which is also located at low altitudes, have been more affected by drought. The study of the area affected by drought classes based on the TCI index in 2008 showed that there is no very severe drought in the study area, 11% of the area suffers from moderate drought, 22% of the area suffers from mild drought and 67% has no drought. According to the VCI index, the level of severe drought on the date is 0.14%, severe at 0.33%, moderate at 17%, mild at 77%, and no drought at 6%. Also, according to the VHI index, there is no severe or severe drought in the study area only 9% of the area suffers from moderate drought and 91% does not have a drought. Spatial distribution of drought severity based on the values of the studied indices in May 2020 shows that in the study area according to the TCI index there is no very severe drought on the target date and 5% of the area has moderate drought, 22% drought Mild and 73% lack drought. According to the VCI index on the target date, the percentage of drought is very severe 0.5%, severe 0.8%, moderate 5%, mild 31%, and no drought 62%. Also, according to the VHI index in May 1999, 0.2% of the area has a moderate drought, 30% has a mild drought and 69% has no drought. According to this index, there is no very severe drought in the region.Conclusion Drought is one of the most important natural disasters that affect millions of people and large parts of the world every year. This phenomenon, which starts slowly and has a creeping nature, can cause a lot of damage to agriculture, natural resources, and the environment. Knowing how to occur and preparing drought severity maps based on new methods has a very positive and serious impact on drought management in an area. One of the new and widely used methods in temporal and spatial monitoring of drought is the use of drought indices based on satellite images, which has recently been used in drought-related topics. The results of the SPI index analysis showed that in most time series, the most severe drought and wet season during the study period occurred in 2000 and 2020, respectively. The results also showed that the temperature condition index (TCI) has no significant correlation with any of the time series and has a weak correlation with the SPI index in different time series. The plant health index (VHI) with time series of one, three, six, and twelve months has a significant correlation at the level of 5% and its correlation with the SPI index in different time series is less than the vegetation condition index (VCI). The value of the VCI index in 2008 had the lowest value (32.1%) and in 2020 had the highest value (41.3%) during May, which is consistent with the results obtained from the SPI index in the region. A comparison of the results of this study with the results of other researchers shows the excellent accuracy of remote sensing indices in drought monitoring. Therefore, the use of remote sensing technology in drought monitoring in areas that do not have meteorological stations or have meteorological stations with low density or scattered is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Identification of karst areas using Remote sensing and GIS method and its expansion in Zalem-Rud sub-basin of Sari in Mazandaran, Iran
Mohammad Ali Gholi Nataj Malekshah Davood Jahani Seyed Ramzan Mousavi Nader Kohansal Ghadimvand Seyed Hamid VaziriBackground and Objective Karst is a composite image of all the roughness, shapes, pores, and phenomena caused by water corrosion, above and below the surface, in various soluble geological formations, which cover about 15% of the world's exposed rocks. Despite the impor MoreBackground and Objective Karst is a composite image of all the roughness, shapes, pores, and phenomena caused by water corrosion, above and below the surface, in various soluble geological formations, which cover about 15% of the world's exposed rocks. Despite the importance of karst areas in the past, today, the study, identification, spatial analysis and management of these areas are of very interest to geologists, hydrologists, hydrogeologists, eco-tourists, geotourists and environmentalists at various scales. Karst phenomenon also has a special place in various dimensions from the point of view of geology and geomorphology, because the causes and methods of dissolution processes and forms and their extension in rocks and minerals are of great importance to East Mazandaran, especially in the study area, is geologically one of the areas with karst process potential and has been less studied due to environmental conditions, especially vegetation and access roads. This study is focused on identifying karst areas and their extent using RS and GIS method in the Zalem-Rud Sari basin in Mazandaran province in northern Iran. In order to identify karst areas and physicochemical characteristics of existing aquifers, it was first necessary to identify karst areas and then assess their physicochemical status. In the first step, using Landsat, ASTER and SRTM satellite data, geological maps, weather information and field visits, factors affecting karstification such as rock types, Fracture lineaments, vegetation, climate, condition of the drainages and the slope of the topography are extracted. It should be noted that in this step, to obtain a better result, fuzzy logic and Hierarchical Analysis Process have been used. In the second step, in order to investigate the physicochemical condition of the aquifer, the chemical parameters of some springs are analyzed and the dissolution parameters, saturation indices, the origin of water-soluble components and the general flow system in the existing aquifers are determined.Materials and Methods In this study, the composition and distribution of rock, based on field visits and georeferenced geological maps of one hundred thousandths of Behshahr and Sari, have been done. Three methods of manual, automatic and semi-automatic have been used to extract the lineaments due to fractures. In the manual method, the lineaments are highlighted and extracted by applying High Pass filters, PCA and the color combination of Landsat 8 satellite data. In the automatic method, the Segment Tracing Algorithm (STA) in PCI software is used. In the STA algorithm, linear pixels are identified based on the degree of gray difference and then converted to vectors based on RADI, GTHR, LTHR, FTHR, ATHR and DTHR parameters. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to detect and extract vegetation status on OLI sensor data from the Landsat 8 satellite. To generate DEM, photogrammetric techniques were performed on a pair of stereo images of ASTER sensor in Idrisi software based on parametric variables of external and external orientations and ground control points (GCPs). The topographic slope of the area has been calculated by DEM and based on the degree in GIS and its map has been prepared. Based on the weather data of the General Meteorological Department of Mazandaran Province, the weather condition is determined by the isothermal, isohyetal and isoevaporation curves and the type of weather is determined by the De Marton method.Results and Discussion The result of the above activities has been the production of lithological maps, density and distance from fracture lineaments, density and distance from drainages, topographic slope, rainfall and vegetation. Due to the different criteria used in the generated maps and the need for a single, comparable and proportionate criteria for combining information layers, fuzzy logic has been used. In this case, all layers, except lithology, which has a definite boundary and is a function of Boolean logic, are fuzzy and then extracted as fuzzy layers in GIS. On the other hand, because the weight and effectiveness of the eight factors affecting the occurrence of the karst phenomenon are not the same, the Hierarchical Analysis (AHP) method has been used to determine the preference and prioritization of these factors. And the participation rate, in other words, the weight of each criterion with an incompatibility coefficient of less than one percent has been calculated in Expert Choice 12 software. Finally, by the weighted linear combination (WLC) method, fuzzy raster layers based on their effective weight are combined with Compromise Operator or Gamma and the karst distribution map is extracted with different probability coefficients in the study area. In the next step, in order to investigate the physicochemical status of the aquifers and evaluate the karst phenomenon, 18 springs with equal flow and more than three litres per second were selected and evaluated using SPPS, RockWorks2016 and PHREEQC2.6 software. In addition to extracting hydrogeochemical tables and graphs, the saturation index of various minerals has also been calculated.Conclusion The results of this study show that the karst phenomenon has the most spread in the central part and the lineaments resulting from fractures have played the most role in the formation of this phenomenon. The water type of these springs is calcium-magnesium bicarbonate and according to the Gibbs diagram, the role of aquifer rocks in determining the chemical composition of water is very clear. Also, the saturation indices of minerals and the type of flow in groundwater reservoirs are diffuse and diffuse-duct flows. To this research, the use of new remote sensing technology and GIS increases accuracy and speed and reduces costs in karst studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Comparison of soil organic carbon estimation using remote sensing and Near Infrared spectrum in forest and agricultural land uses in Gyan area, Hamadan province
Soheilasadat Hashemi Parinaz AbdoliIn this study, the relationship between spectral reflections using Landsat 8 satellite sensors and near infrared spectrum with 48 soil samples were investigated in agricultural and forestry uses in Gyan Nahavand, Hamadan province . Soil samples were collected from 0-30 MoreIn this study, the relationship between spectral reflections using Landsat 8 satellite sensors and near infrared spectrum with 48 soil samples were investigated in agricultural and forestry uses in Gyan Nahavand, Hamadan province . Soil samples were collected from 0-30 cm depth, randomly. The analysis of the correlation between main bands, artificial bands and soil surface organic carbon, as well as vegetation indices, composition of indicators and soil surface organic carbon were performed. Spectral analysis of soils using field spectrometer with wavelength range of 350-2500 nm was conducted. After recording the spectra, a variety of pre-processing methods were evaluated. The results showed that in the remote sensing method, only the 11 band shows a significant correlation at the level of 5% with organic carbon in agricultural. Also, band composition (band7/ band8) had a significant correlation at the level of 1% with organic carbon content. Three vegetation indices, NDVI, DVI and RAI with organic carbon showed a significant correlation at the level of 5%. The correlation between the calculated organic carbon in the laboratory and the image in agricultural land use was achieved R2 = 0.36. While the correlation of calculated organic carbon in the laboratory and the image was calculated (R2=0.32) at all points. In the spectroscopy method, the highest correlations were observed at wavelengths of 1404, 1907, and 2216, respectively. Among the fitted models given by the multiple regression, stepwise model is proposed for the estimation of organic carbon, a suitable model. Consequently if the number of samples is very low, the laboratory method may be appropriate, but if the number of samples is too high, the spectroscopy method is appropriate to save time, and in order to save costs. Due to the high cost of spectroscopy in Iran, the method of remote sensing is propose as appropriate method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Modeling of Aboveground Carbon stock using Sentinel -1, 2 satellite Imagery and Parametric and Nonparametric Relationships (Case Study: District 3 of Sangdeh Forests)
Seyed Mahdi Rezaei Sangdehi Asghar Fallah Homan Latifi Nastaran NazarianiIn this study, the goal is; Find suitable statistical and experimental models for estimating ground carbon storage by combining spectral and radar data from Sentinel 1, 2. There are 150 random circular samples with an area of 10 acres and a total of 150 samples. With gl MoreIn this study, the goal is; Find suitable statistical and experimental models for estimating ground carbon storage by combining spectral and radar data from Sentinel 1, 2. There are 150 random circular samples with an area of 10 acres and a total of 150 samples. With global coverage, all height classes were selected. Species of species type, the total height of trees, and diameter equal to the chest of trees with more than 7.5 cm were recorded in each sample plot. After that, the amount of biomass at the surface of the sample parts was calculated based on the FAO global model and the amount of carbon storage on the ground by applying a coefficient. Radar and spectral images were subjected to various preprocessing operations and necessary processing. Then, the numerical values corresponding to the ground sample plots were extracted from the spectral bands and considered as independent variables. Modeling was performed by non-parametric methods of RF, SVM, kNN, and parametric methods of multiple linear regressions. The results showed that the average ground biomass was 469.07 tons per hectare and carbon storage was 234.53 tons per hectare. Also, the highest correlation was obtained between the main and artificial bands with the two characteristics related to the near-infrared band. The results of modeling validation showed the combination of optical and radar data of Sentinel 1, 2 satellites with biomass and surface carbon storage; Random forest method with the RMSE%, and percentage of bias. The studied characteristics (32.79, -2.24) and (30.79 and 0.01), respectively, have had a better performance in modeling. In general, the results obtained from the validation showed that in estimating the two characteristics the RF method showed better results if the Sentinel 1, 2 data were combined, and in contrast to the SVM. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Agricultural drought monitoring based on remote sensing-based Evapotranspitation Condition Index in the Jarahi Zohreh basin
Maedeh Behifar Ata Abdollahi Majid Kiavarz Ghasem AziziDrought is one of the most important natural hazards in Iran that has many destructive environmental and economic effects. Drought is affected by various factors, and different indices have been developed to monitor it. Drought studies have been performed using temperat MoreDrought is one of the most important natural hazards in Iran that has many destructive environmental and economic effects. Drought is affected by various factors, and different indices have been developed to monitor it. Drought studies have been performed using temperature and vegetation data, but few studies have used satellite evapotranspiration data. In this research, vegetation condition index, temperature condition index, and evapotranspiration condition index have been used to study drought in Jarahi and Zohreh catchments. For this purpose, drought indices have been calculated on a monthly basis using MODIS satellite products from the 2000 to 2017 period. The six-month Standardized Precipitation Index was used to evaluate the remote sensing-based drought indices. The results showed that the evapotranspiration condition Index had the highest correlation with the six-month SPI index and was considered the most appropriate index to study the drought. The correlation of ETCI with SPI was equal to -0.57 and the RMSE was 0.47. A drought severity map was prepared using remote sensing indices to depict six classes of drought severity including severe drought, moderate drought, mild drought, near normal, and without drought for 2008, 2009, and 2016, when the study area was suffering from drought. The results of the spatial assessment showed that the central part of the basin which contains ecologically important protected areas was the most vulnerable part during dry years, and during the study period, it has experienced over 10 months of severe drought. In this period, the coastal part had the lowest drought intensities. However, during different years, the wetland area of the basin, which is one of the protected water ecosystems, has decreased. The results showed that compared to other indices, the satellite-based evapotranspiration data can provide a good tool for monitoring drought in hot areas with sparse vegetation such as Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Vegetation Vulnerability Probability Index: A Method for Determining Desertification Risk
Esmail Heydari Alamdarloo Pouyan Dehghan Rahimabadi Hassan Khosravi Javad Rafie Sharifabad Hassan BarabadiDetermining desertification risk can be a good way to prioritize an area for management and control of the desertification process. One determinant of desertification risk is the use of the Probability of Vegetation Vulnerability Index (PVVI). For this purpose, in this MoreDetermining desertification risk can be a good way to prioritize an area for management and control of the desertification process. One determinant of desertification risk is the use of the Probability of Vegetation Vulnerability Index (PVVI). For this purpose, in this study, LST and EVI of MOD11A2 and MOD13A2 products, respectively, from MODIS sensors were used to calculate TCI and VCI to estimate VHI in Yazd province from 2001 to 2019. VHI, which indicates the severity of drought, was classified into five classes. Then, the probability of occurrence for each class was calculated and multiplied by the weight of each class, which was between zero and 4 based on the severity of the drought. Finally, by adding the values obtained for each class, PVVI was calculated. The results showed that in the western, eastern, and southern parts of Yazd province, the risk of vegetation degradation and consequent desertification is generally higher than in other areas. The highest probability of Non-drought class occurs in Abarkooh (VHI = 68.34) and the lowest is in Ardakan (VHI = 53.59). Abarkooh with 14.03% and Ardakan with 46.02% have the lowest and the highest areas in the high class of PVVI. Also desert areas and uncovered lands, such as Abarkuh, were at low risk of desertification, which could be due to the ecological inability of this area to regenerate the vegetation cover. In general, the evaluation of the results obtained in this study showed that PVVI can distinguish real deserts from the areas that are at risk of desertification. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Efficiency assessment of micro-climate change in land cover distinguishing compared to some supervised classification techniques for an arid urban environment
NAJMAE SATARI Malihe Erfani Fatemeh JahanishakibThe distinction between barren and build-up areas is one of the most important issues in land use/land cover mapping ‎in arid and semi-arid climates. In this regard, many researchers have tried to increase the accuracy of classification ‎using different methods MoreThe distinction between barren and build-up areas is one of the most important issues in land use/land cover mapping ‎in arid and semi-arid climates. In this regard, many researchers have tried to increase the accuracy of classification ‎using different methods that, some of which are complex and time-consuming. Therefore, the present study conducted ‎aimed to apply micro-climate change through the implementation of Local Climate Zoning (LCZ) algorithm in land ‎use identification with emphasis on the separation of build-up areas in one of the arid cities of Iran, and the efficiency ‎of the method by investigation the classification accuracy was compared with various supervised methods including ‎maximum likelihood, minimum distance, Fisher, KNN, fuzzy, artificial neural network and support vector machine. ‎The study area is Zahedan city, which has a very significant growth of build-up areas in recent decades. For this ‎purpose, four periods of Landsat satellite images year 2020 were used. Training samples were extracted from Google ‎Earth and the validation of the classification results was performed using 218 random points. The accuracy results ‎showed that the use of LCZ algorithm with overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of 96.33% and 0.95, respectively is ‎the highest and then the support vector machine and Fisher methods with overall accuracy of 86.61 and 83.03 and ‎kappa coefficient of 0.82 and 0.75, respectively. Therefore, for land use / land cover studies, the LCZ method that ‎considers the micro-climate, is proposed.‎ Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Investigate of Precipitable Water in dusty conditions using satellite images (Case study: Southwest of Iran)
Tahereh Ensafimoghaddam Taher SafarradWhile the Greenhouse gases impacts of Powerhouse، cars، and other man-made particulate matter on air quality and public health، well known، their impact on climate is not fully understood. Scientists have shown that aerosols can lower surface temperatures either directl MoreWhile the Greenhouse gases impacts of Powerhouse، cars، and other man-made particulate matter on air quality and public health، well known، their impact on climate is not fully understood. Scientists have shown that aerosols can lower surface temperatures either directly، by reflecting sunlight skyward، or indirectly، by increasing the reflectivity of clouds، but until now have not figured out the role airborne particles play in shaping the distribution of rain and snowfall around the world. Suspended dust particles, especially in urban and industrial areas, act as a reducing agent for rainfall. Large fine dust (larger than 1 micron) can increase rainfall. But very fine dust particles in the upper atmosphere can suppress heavy rainfall. The current study aimed at investigating atmospheric precipitable water capacity and its relationship with periods of dust occurrences data in South west of Iran during (1986 –2016). In this paper، MODIS surface classification data was used to consider this influence. In this paper، the effect of dust occurances on rainfall studied by using classified data of MODIS/Terra Calibrated Radiances (MOD06). The results of this study by examining remote sensing data such as the amount of atmospheric precipitable water content and the occurrences of dust in some selected cases، showed that over time when dust rises، the amount of atmospheric precipitable water content which indicates the potential for rainfall، significantly reduced.The results of this study showed that one of the effects of dust events in southwestern Iran، there was a decrease in rainfall during a period of thirty years(1986-2016) and dust can significantly to act as reducing agent or rain suppressor in study region. On the other hand، in this study، in proof of dust reducing effect on atmospheric precipitable water content، the high performance of the MOD06 product appeared in the southwestern region of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Land use change detection using post classification comparison LandSat satellite images (Case study: land of Tehran)
Peyman Heydarian Kazem Rangzan Saeid Maleki Ayoub TaghizadehKnowing the ratio of landuse and how this ratio change over the time is a significant factor in landuse planning and management. By knowing how landuses change over time, we can predict future changes and do preventive and appropriate actions. The aim of this study is d MoreKnowing the ratio of landuse and how this ratio change over the time is a significant factor in landuse planning and management. By knowing how landuses change over time, we can predict future changes and do preventive and appropriate actions. The aim of this study is detecting the landuse changes in the Tehran city in period of (1995-2005). Landuse maps for the mentioned years were derived from LandSat imagery and improved using AutoCAD data produced by the National Cartographic Center (NCC) and available maps. For verification produced maps, using the error matrix approach, a Kappa coefficient of 88% was achieved and after classification, change detection was carried out using comparison approach. The results of change detection with a Kappa coefficient of 91% and Cramer’s V of 88% show that the greatest increases were in built up area (4603.68 ha), parks (650.7 ha) and water level (22.32 ha) and in contrast, the greatest decreases were in open land (4561.47 ha) and vegetation cover (715.23 ha). In addition, according to the results the most changes of built up area has been occurring in the west part of Tehran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Comparing artificial neural network, support vector machine and object-based methods in preparation land use/cover mapsusing landSat-8 images
Farnoush Aslami Ardavan Ghorbani Behrouz Sobhani Mohsen PanahandehPreparing the maps of land use/cover for spatial planning and management is essential. Nowadays, satellite images and remote sensing techniques have widespread applications according to their capabilities to produce the updated data and analyze the images in all discipl MorePreparing the maps of land use/cover for spatial planning and management is essential. Nowadays, satellite images and remote sensing techniques have widespread applications according to their capabilities to produce the updated data and analyze the images in all disciplines such as agriculture and natural resources. In the present study, Artificial Neural Network, Support Vector Machines and Object-Based techniques wereutilized for drawing the land use and vegetation maps in Ardabil, Namin, and Nir counties. The images of LandSat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) (2013) were usedafter geometric correction and topographic normalization and classified into 9 land use/cover classes including water bodies, irrigated farming, rainfed farming, meadows, outcrops, forests, rangelands, residential and airport areas. After the accuracy assessment, overall accuracy for the produced maps of ANN, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Object-based (OB) techniques was estimated as 89.91, 85.68 and 94.37%, respectively and Kappa's coefficients were 0.88, 0.82 and 0.93, respectivelyindicating that the object-based method in comparison with two other methods has more advantages;on the other hand, all three methods could provide the desirable accuracy for the land use/covermaps. Overally, three advanced classification methods were examined in the heterogeneous area with elevation changes up to 3600m using the images of new lunched Landsat 8 and the most appropriate land use/cover mapping method was introduced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Detecting of land use change with remote sensing technique (Case study: Shahriar province)
Zohre Davoudi Monazam Ali Hajinejad Mohsen Abbasnia Sima PourhashemiThe loss of spatial balance and inharmonious physics development across regions, especially in the metropolitans has made monitoring changes in land use and its direction in harmony with reducing the harmful effects in the long and short run became the main issues of po MoreThe loss of spatial balance and inharmonious physics development across regions, especially in the metropolitans has made monitoring changes in land use and its direction in harmony with reducing the harmful effects in the long and short run became the main issues of policymakers and policy planners’ concerns. The aim of the study was to detect changing in Shahriar's land use via three methods of support vector machine (SVM), neural network classifier (NNC) and maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) during (1987-2009) using LandSat digital images. The results showed that during a 22 years period, the urban development increased and agricultural land declined. The decline in agricultural land has been 37, 26 and 25 percent based on SVM, NNC and MLC methods, respectively. Furthermore, the result indicated that urban land has been increased 57 and 41 percent via SVM and NNC, while agriculture land has been decreased four percent based on MLC, which demonstrates the weaknesses in accounting estimates of this method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Evaluation of the geographical factors effect on land surface temperature using satellite imagery in Taftan volcanic cone
Shahram Bahrami Elahe Akbari Atefeh DoranLand surface temperature estimation in the vast area using remote sensing can be eliminated depletion of its monitoring in limited numbers of weather stations. The surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) used for estimating the temperature in most parts of the MoreLand surface temperature estimation in the vast area using remote sensing can be eliminated depletion of its monitoring in limited numbers of weather stations. The surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) used for estimating the temperature in most parts of the world. The aim of this research is gaining the land surface temperature and studying its relation to geographical factors like height, geographic direction, lithology and morphometric of some landforms in Taftan volcanic cone. Therefore, by using SEBAL method on ETM+ imagery in 2001 year, heat map of this area is produced. As for performing this method, the corrected thermal radiance, surface emissivity in thermal band, spectral radiance, reflectivity in each bands and surface albedo was calculated. Ridges and thalweg map is produced by studying the regional contours using topographic maps and Google Earth. On the other hand, river maps, digital elevation model, geographic direction and geology are digitized and created. Then by overlapping the mentioned maps with land surface temperature (LST) map and using zonal statistical analysis, the LST is taken in every elevation class, geographic directions, formation and special land forms. Overall, results showed that at higher levels, LST decrease and geographic directions have an important role in temperature rate of cone. The minimum average of temperature and the maximum average of temperature are seen in west direction and east direction, respectively. Furthermore, formations and land forms that have minimum and maximum temperature are located in these directions. So, by regarding temperature conditions in geographic directions and different formations, could plan for implanting compatible agricultural crops and appropriate environmental conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Tempo-spatial patterns of landscape changes and urban development (Case study: Gorgan)
Hamid Reza Kamyab Abdol-Rasoul Salman MahiniLandscape includes a mosaic of landscape elements in a context of a major land use/cover. Much emphasis has been placed on developing methods to quantify landscape patterns in recent years. Landscape elements include various types, including urban areas and patches, whi MoreLandscape includes a mosaic of landscape elements in a context of a major land use/cover. Much emphasis has been placed on developing methods to quantify landscape patterns in recent years. Landscape elements include various types, including urban areas and patches, which were used for change's identification in the current study. Any urban area has been considered a landscape patch and their patterns for the Gorgan city between the years 1987 and 2001 have been compared in this study. Number, shape and neighborhood metrics was the major groups of metrics calculated. To do so, urban areas were fed to Fargstats Software as patches. Comparison showed that development pattern in Gorgan city has led to the creation of larger and simpler patches with and less fractal dimension during the 14-years period of our study. In fact, urban growth was shown to be adhering to the previous urban patches. This is also visible to the spatial investigation of the largest patches (a complex of continues areas), such that, for example, two large patches in 1987 had been joined because of infill. Despite the tendency of urban growth around previous urban patches and in their vicinity, patches did not show a uniform distribution in the area, rather, they were irregular. This result is confirmed by the fact that the urban area has increased 2.1 times during the study period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Estimation of the instantaneous short wavelength solar radiation using satellite images of MODIS (Case study: Central regions of Iran)
Esmaeil Tazik Abdol Ali Rezaei Ali Abkar Seyed Kazem Alavipanah Zahra Jahantab Alireza RahmatiUsing renewable energy, particularly solar radiation is considered today as one of the most important energy sources. Therefore the study of solar energy is very important. Although the sun is a great source of energy, but the energy output at ground level does not act MoreUsing renewable energy, particularly solar radiation is considered today as one of the most important energy sources. Therefore the study of solar energy is very important. Although the sun is a great source of energy, but the energy output at ground level does not act alike, so that the amount of solar radiation in different parts of the world is changing and it is high in low latitudes. Thus, identifying appropriate locations for implementation of solar energy is necessary. The best and most accurate way to measure this parameter is using devices that measure radiation in stations, but because of natural, economic conditions and other conditions we cannot use them On the other hand, these devices have a limited radius of point measurements. So, in recent years using satellite images these problems have been resolved partially. Therefore, in this study using satellite images of MODIS sensor and narrow band to broadband albedo conversion method, the instantaneous short-wave solar radiation in the central Iranian province of Qom, Isfahan, Tehran and Semnan was estimated. To analyze the results of the coefficient of determination (R2) root mean square error (RMSe) and the mean average error (MAE) was used. Consequently the rate of RMSE was about 42 watts per square meter and MAE rate was about 40.75 watts per square meter indicating the high accuracy of the method used to estimate radiation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Evaluating non-parametric supervised classification algorithms in land cover map using LandSat-8 Images
Vahid Mirzaei Zadeh Maryam Niknejad Jafar Oladi QadikolaeiThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of three support vector machine algorithms, fuzzy decision trees and neural networks for mapping land vegetation map of Arakvaz watershed using OLI sensor of Landsat images (2014). Geometric correction and image pre-p MoreThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of three support vector machine algorithms, fuzzy decision trees and neural networks for mapping land vegetation map of Arakvaz watershed using OLI sensor of Landsat images (2014). Geometric correction and image pre-processing were utilized to determine the training samples of land vegetation classes for the classification operations. Sample resolution in the vegetation classes has been evaluated using a statistical divergence index. On the next stage, to evaluate the accuracy of algorithms' classification results, ground truth map with the dimensions of 550 m was designed using systematic approach and land vegetation types in the sampling plots were determined. Finally, the efficiency of each classification methodwas investigated bysuch criteria as overall accuracy, kappa coefficient, producer accuracy and user accuracy.Comparing the accuracy and kappa coefficient obtained for three categories with a proper band set in comparison with the ground truth map indicates that the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier with overall accuracy of 91.26% and kappa coefficient of 0.8731 has had more appropriate results than other algorithms. The results showed that the separation and classification of forest landswith high accuracy have beenperformedas compared to the other land use classes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Analysis relation of vegetation cover on the number of dust event in Khorasan Razavi using geographic information system and remote sensing
Sima Pourhashemi Mehdi Boroghani Mohammad Ali Zangane Asadi Abolghasem Amir AhmadiDust phenomenon is one of the climatic hazards in arid and semi-arid regions of the world that usually brings damages to human life and properties. In recent decades due to long droughts in Iran, the number of dust event increased and affected many cities and villages. MoreDust phenomenon is one of the climatic hazards in arid and semi-arid regions of the world that usually brings damages to human life and properties. In recent decades due to long droughts in Iran, the number of dust event increased and affected many cities and villages. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vegetation and relationship with dust events in Khorasan Razavi province during 2004-2013 using Geographic information system (GIS) and Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The data of dusty days in the region synoptic stations were provided from Meteorological Organization and the frequency of dusty days in different seasons were determined. Using the method of Normal Kriging in GIS, dusty days were zoned in the province. Vegetation map area, were provided using MODIS image in ENVI®4.8 software. The results showed closed relations between the number of dust event and vegetation distribution. In addition, decreasing of vegetations caused the increasing of the number of dust event. Results showed the number of dust event increased during the recent years and in 2008 and 2005 were recorded as the most and the least number of dust event respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - Comparison of surface albedo estimated from LandSat and MODIS image
Mir Masood Kheirkhah Zarkesh Adel Mahboubian Homayoun HesadiAlbedo is determined in new and old method based on SEBAL algorithm. In the new method that has been used since 2004, the extracting albedo was based on the experimental models. To determine the albedo of the object to the surface in large-scale and with consideration o MoreAlbedo is determined in new and old method based on SEBAL algorithm. In the new method that has been used since 2004, the extracting albedo was based on the experimental models. To determine the albedo of the object to the surface in large-scale and with consideration of the varied topography at the surface, the measurement of object's albedo was impossible, thus they should use remote sensing methods. In this research, the surface albedo was determined by use of ETM+ and MODIS images and tries to compare the obtained results from these two devices in various land uses. To determine the abode, we used the following programs, ERDAS® 9.1 and ArcGIS® 10.1. The result of study shows the average albedo in agricultural land extracted from ETM+ and MODIS images are 0.186 and 0.344, respectively, that the lowest, between all land use categories the highest albedo belonged to watercourse land use with the 0.242. Furthermore, the minimum albedo in follow agriculture in the ETM+ and MODIS image was 0.088, 0.274 and 0.374, 0.464 relatively. By determining albedo in different land use, we can determine the difference between net received energy and use it as one of the factors in determining the evapotranspiration with using the METRIC or SEBAL remote sensing algorithm. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Study of heavy metals concentration Copper, Zinc and Arsenic soil using RS and GIS techniques (Case study: Kaboudarahang, Razan and Khonjin- Talkhab catchment in Hamedan province)
Loghman Khodakarami Alireza Soffianian Elahe Mohamadi Towfigh Noorollah MirghafariIn this study, we investigated the effect of agricultural land concentrations of heavy metals including Copper, Arsenic and Zinc and mapping of soil contamination potential the elements in the areas studied using the collected data, GIS, Geo-statistics and remote sensin MoreIn this study, we investigated the effect of agricultural land concentrations of heavy metals including Copper, Arsenic and Zinc and mapping of soil contamination potential the elements in the areas studied using the collected data, GIS, Geo-statistics and remote sensing were conducted. First, using 135 surface soils (0-20cm) classified random systematic sampling in the region area 7262 square kilometers were collected and total element concentrations, soil characteristics, including the pH and organic matters were measured. Interpolation for heavy metals concentrations were done by geo-statistics methods, and assisting location correlation analysis, interpolation suitable method was chosen using MAE and MBE function. For heavy metals concentration maps, Copper and Zinc, we used Ordinary Kriging and exponential model and for Arsenic Ordinary Kriging and Spherical models. For analyzing the metal's concentration distribution maps of pollution time series satellite images were used. For this purpose, five time series of satellite images of IRSP6 sensor Awifs (6 March, 3 April, 27 April, 9 June, 18 July and 16 August) were prepared. Using conventional classification methods and advanced satellite imagery maps of Land Use in 2009 was prepared. Finally fuzzy classification method map due to having the higher kappa coefficient as a final land use map was selected. Site analysis of studied heavy metal interpolation maps assisted by GIS and remote sensing assistive showed that Copper and Zinc have geological and agricultural origins. And Arsenic has originated from bedrock, but agricultural activities according to excessive consumption of chemical fertilizers can increase most of these elements in soil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Using remote sensing data and GIS tools for preparation seismic zones map of Isfahan, Iran
Mojtaba Rahimi Shahid Fariba Kargaran Nima RahimiIsfahan is one of the major cities in Iran in terms of population, economic and industrial growth, history, and tourism. Thus, seismicity and active fault identity are essential in this region. The current study examined the seismotectonics framework and earthquake haza MoreIsfahan is one of the major cities in Iran in terms of population, economic and industrial growth, history, and tourism. Thus, seismicity and active fault identity are essential in this region. The current study examined the seismotectonics framework and earthquake hazard in 1:250000 scale map of Isfahan.The study area included the Northeast to the Southwest region, the Central Iran zone, the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone and the high Zagros zone. Using satellite images, historical and instrumental earthquake data, geological and tectonic maps and aeromagnetic map, the fundamental faults of the area and active seismic area were evaluated. Based on the available information, the seismotectonics map of the area was prepared and four seismic zones were distinguished. The results showed a significant intensification of seismicity from the Northeast to the Southwest direction. Seismic risk analysis in the study area using the Gutenberg-Richter law predicted the probability for an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.5 up to 6 on the Richter scale in the area during the next 100 years, 100 percent. The risk analysis of earthquakes with a magnitude of 6.5 on the Richter scale was 84 percent and the risk analysis of earthquakes with a magnitude of 7 on the Richter scale was 46 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Evaluation of rainfall on a daily, monthly and annual basis using satellite imagery (Case study: west boundary basin of Iran)
Ghazaleh Madadi Saeid Hamzeh Ali Akbar NorooziPrecipitation variable is the key parameter of agricultural and hydrometeorology studies. Therefore, measurement and estimation of rainfall at the regional level help to understand the manner of water and energy cycles. In spite of the high variability of te MorePrecipitation variable is the key parameter of agricultural and hydrometeorology studies. Therefore, measurement and estimation of rainfall at the regional level help to understand the manner of water and energy cycles. In spite of the high variability of temporal and spatial precipitation quantity, precipitation monitoring using ground stations at regional scales is considerably difficult. The use of satellite images with high spatial resolution is therefore recommended. However, it is first necessary to evaluate temporal and spatial accuracy of data. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite data for estimating daily, monthly, and annual rainfall on a regular spatial scale (0.25° ×0.25°) during 2000-2012, and to compare these estimated data with precipitation data at 30 stations (synoptic and climatological) in the west boundary basin of Iran. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated daily, monthly, and annually for the mentioned rainfall period changes. The results indicated a significant correlation (p<0.05) among the monthly and annual collected data of terrestrial and satellite precipitation. The relationship between monthly precipitation data from satellite images and observed data from stations were also determined using a linear and nonlinear regression for each year. The model reliability was also subsequently determined using statistical validation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Estimating of evapotranspiration using remote sensing, artificial neural network and comparison with the experimental method (Penman-Monteith-FAO)
Aziz Azimi Kazem Rangzan Mostafa Kaboulizade Mohammad KhoramianEvaporation waste of water is one of the most important factors. Because evapotranspiration is a complex phenomenon that depends on many factors and data, accurate estimation of evaporation and transpiration, is very difficult and costly. Therefore, the purpose of this MoreEvaporation waste of water is one of the most important factors. Because evapotranspiration is a complex phenomenon that depends on many factors and data, accurate estimation of evaporation and transpiration, is very difficult and costly. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to estimate evapotranspiration using the surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) and also evaluate the performance of artificial neural networks. To estimates the Evapotranspiration rate the method of SEBAL Algorithmby using satellite images was applied. For this purpose, four images of Landsat 8 in this study were used that by comparing the results from the two methods, Remote Sensing and Penman-Monteith- FAO Equation presented MSE and MAE as respectively 1.54 and 1.04 per day. To solve the complexity of the evaporation process, Artificial Neural Networks was used for forecasting evaporation pan based on meteorological data. Perceptron with Back-propagation algorithm was applied for training it in this study. It used daily climate data that collected during 13 years from a Safi Abad station in Dezful city for network training. The results showed that the best network was the network with all inputs along with a hidden layer and 28 Neurons in the middle layer. The implementation results of this network presented that statistical Indicators were as MSE (0.0032), MAE (0.0445), R2 (0.9609). Comparing the results from Artificial Neural Networks and Penman-Monteith- FAO as reference method showed that MSE and MAE were 1.11 and 0.52 mm per day, respectively. These results presents that the performance of Artificial Neural Networks was better than the remote sensing method in the estimation of evapotranspiration rate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Land use change modeling using artificial neural network and markov chain (Case study: Middle Coastal of Bushehr Province)
Mehdi Gholamalifard Mohsen Mirzayi Sharif Joorabian ShooshtariCoastal lands of Bushehr Province has a high importance in terms of marine exporting and importing, oil and gas reserves, agriculture, nuclear plant, suitable condition for fishing and tourist attractions. Therefore new desirable methods for monitoring and modelin MoreCoastal lands of Bushehr Province has a high importance in terms of marine exporting and importing, oil and gas reserves, agriculture, nuclear plant, suitable condition for fishing and tourist attractions. Therefore new desirable methods for monitoring and modeling changes are required to be used in these areas. This study was performed with the aimed of monitoring and modeling land use changes using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Markov Chain in Land Change Modeler (LCM) in 23 years period (1990-2011). After model accuracy assessment using kappa coefficient, land cover map of the year 2016 was predicted by the 2006-2011 calibration period. The results indicated that two trends include changes from open lands to agricultural and then quitting these agricultural lands have been observed during the study period. Such that, the agricultural area has increased to 19715.76 hectares from 1990 to 2006,but between 2005 to 2011, only 14.48% of agricultural lands has remained unchanged and the large area of those were finally left. In this study, LCM was able to predict 0.76 of changes correctly. So that it was predicted 12000 hectares increasing of extent urban development in the coastal lands of Bushehr Province in 2016. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Detecting environmental change of Shadegan international wetland using remote sensing and WRASTIC index (Case study: Shadegan international wetland)
Leila Rahimi Blouchi Azadeh Zarkar Bahram MalekmohammadiThe goal of this paper is reviewing and comparing of Shadegan international wetland changes during last two decades. To achieve this goal, the trend of changes in Shadegan international wetland and the relative consequences were examined by supervised classification of MoreThe goal of this paper is reviewing and comparing of Shadegan international wetland changes during last two decades. To achieve this goal, the trend of changes in Shadegan international wetland and the relative consequences were examined by supervised classification of LandSat satellite images. For this purpose, maximum likelihood algorithm, in ENVI®4.8 software was utilized during 20 years period (1990-2011). WRASTIC index, one of the existing methods for evaluating risk and vulnerability of the surface water, was used for finding inflow water quality to the wetland. Results of this study show six percent decrease in area of Shadegan wetland during these years, about 1796.61 Km2 (25.71%) declination in water and soil areas, and by 1796.76 (9%) increase in the total area of vegetation cover. Growing vegetation cover denotes water pollution, eutrophication, and early devastation of this international wetland. A result of calculation WRASTIC index showed that wetland basin components have the great impact on pollution of inflow water to wetland. Continuing of this trend, make irreparable effects on this existence and integrity of this wetland. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Source routing of dust haze phenomenon in the west and southwest of Iran and its synoptic analysis by using remote sensing and GIS
Mohammad Fallah zazuli Alireza Vafaeinezhad Mir Masoud Kheirkhah zarkesh Fariborz Ahmadi dehkaThe dust haze phenomenon is one of the most environmental challenges in the West and South-West of Iran. To detect the phenomenon of dust haze the images with a repeat in day and night, wide coverage and high spectral bands is needed therefore the images related to MODI MoreThe dust haze phenomenon is one of the most environmental challenges in the West and South-West of Iran. To detect the phenomenon of dust haze the images with a repeat in day and night, wide coverage and high spectral bands is needed therefore the images related to MODIS sensor is suitable. The purpose of this study is identifying sources producing dust haze entering in this region in 2011 by using visible bands and thermal bands of MODIS sensor and with the use of Ackermann index and synoptic analysis to identify the movement of dust haze from the origin to Iran By using 500 hectopascal geopotential height synoptic data, sea level pressure and 500 and 1000 hectopascal wind direction maps. Finally, its movement from source to Iran was monitored by using GIS and Spatial Analysis Tools. The results showed that source of the phenomena of dust haze entering the West and South West of the country is from Syria, Iraq and part of Saudi Arabia, which the major origin of dust haze is north of Iraq and the border between Iraq and Syria. Combining the results of detection of dust haze and synoptic maps has optimized found the origin and mode of transmission of dust hazes and provides a more suitable prediction of the movement path of dust haze. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Comparison of different classification algorithms in satellite imagery to produce land use maps (Case study: Noor city)
Saleh Yousefi Mehdi Tazeh Somayeh Mirzaee Hamid Reza Moradi Shahla TavangarLand use mapping is one of the key factors in studies of environment and natural resources management. Mapping land use is often one of the most expensive parts of natural resources and environmental projects. Satellite data is one of the fastest and most cost-effective MoreLand use mapping is one of the key factors in studies of environment and natural resources management. Mapping land use is often one of the most expensive parts of natural resources and environmental projects. Satellite data is one of the fastest and most cost-effective methods for mapping land use that is available for researchers. In recent years, researchers from the different methods of land use maps have been produced using this data. There is the different method to classify the images. Each method has advantages and disadvantages. The aim of this research is to determine the best images nine supervised classification methods to extract land use map of the Noor city by ETM+ sensor. The results showed that the SVM classification by 0.9503 factor kappa coefficient and 90.94% overall accuracy is better than other methods. The accuracy of the order of priority 9 that is, SVM, Neural network, Mahalanobis distance, Maximum likelihood, Minimum distance from the mean, Spectral angle mapper, Spectral information divergence, parallel piped and binary code. All the research results of this study can be using the correct classification. Land use maps can be extracted with higher accuracy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Mapping of calcium carbonate equivalent and clay content of surface soil using geostatistical methods (Case study: Chitgar park, Tehran)
Ebrahim Mahmoudabadi Alireza Karimi KarouyehIn recent decades, remote sensing methods because of their economical aspects are frequently used in soil survey studies. The objective of this study was to compare the remote sensing and geostatistical methods for estimating and mapping the calcium carbonate equivalent MoreIn recent decades, remote sensing methods because of their economical aspects are frequently used in soil survey studies. The objective of this study was to compare the remote sensing and geostatistical methods for estimating and mapping the calcium carbonate equivalent and clay content of surface soil in the Chitgar Park with the area of 665 hectares. Therefore, 116 samples (0-20 cm) were taken by the intervals of 250 meters based on regular grid patterns. Two geostatistic methods of kriging and inverse distance weighting (IDW), and two remote sensing techniques of near-infrared analysis (NIRA) and Continuum removal (CR) were used for modeling the desired variations. The results of the cross validation showed that the accuracy of kriging was appropriate for modeling clayand calcium carbonate equivalent contents. The NIRA method due to the low correlation between TM bands and calcium carbonate equivalent was not validated for modeling the calcium carbonate equivalent; but this method was appropriate for estimating clay content (R2=0.52). CR method was not accurate for both variables of clay and calcium carbonate equivalent. Based on the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient of producing maps, it is concluded that the kriging method has higher accuracy than remote sensing methods. Although high accuracy of geostatistic methods is expected due to the use of real data, the acceptable accuracy of the NIRA technique for modeling the clay variable should be considered with respect to lower costs of remote sensing methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Effect of urban reforestation on carbon sequestration in arid soils using remote sensing technology
Behnoush Abbas Nejad Seyed Jamaloddin KhajedinIn this study, the effect of urban reforestation on carbon sequestration in arid soils was evaluated, using the Quick Bird satellite image. Soil samples were collected (0-15, 15-30 cm) from the field visits and soil organic carbon content of the samples was measured.&nb MoreIn this study, the effect of urban reforestation on carbon sequestration in arid soils was evaluated, using the Quick Bird satellite image. Soil samples were collected (0-15, 15-30 cm) from the field visits and soil organic carbon content of the samples was measured. Correlation coefficients between the satellite bands and vegetation indices with the results obtained from the analysis of geospatial data and data analysis using regression method, the best fit model for preparation the soil carbon sequestration maps were obtained. The results of verified analysis showed the accuracy of the produced maps and corresponded well with the ground sampling points. The survey maps prepared to show that the reforestation on barren land area in Isfahan is caused of increased carbon sequestration in the dry land soil. Furthermore, a higher rate of carbon sequestration in the surface soil layers and decreases with increasing depth. Depending on the species planted in soil, the rate of carbon sequestration is varying. Soil carbon sequestration in areas that have been cultivated conifers species is greater than the hardwoods species. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - Change detection in land use using remote sensing data and GIS (Case study: Ardabil county)
Marzieh Mosayebi Mohsen MalekiPopulation growth, urban development and the need of new residential regions and resources for human food, enhanced land use changes all over the world. The aim of this study was detection of land use changes in the last 25 years in the county of Ardabil. In this resear MorePopulation growth, urban development and the need of new residential regions and resources for human food, enhanced land use changes all over the world. The aim of this study was detection of land use changes in the last 25 years in the county of Ardabil. In this research, changes in land use were investigated based on LandSat imagery interpretation in three time periods between, 1987, 1998 and 2010 using GIS and remote sensing techniques and statistical methods. The map of study region was then georeferenced using DGN after geometric and atmospheric correction. Sample points in each land use class were taken in sufficient number and of suitable distribution among the study area. Using supervised classification (maximum likelihood algorithm), the best band combination and the land use maps for the years 1987, 1998, and 2010 were produced. The accuracy of the produced land use maps using overall accuracy and Kappa statistic was approved. The results indicated that some irrigated farming, gardens, residential and industrial areas and degraded lands have increased between 1987 and 2010; and the area of some land uses have decreased such as forests, rangelands and dry farming areas during this period. According to the findings from this research on the period of 1987-1998, rangelands and forests decreased 10.20% and 0.5% respectively, but dry farming lands, irrigated farming lands, and the barrier lanes have increased 5.62%, 1.8%, and 1.8% respectively. In the period of 1998-2010 rangelands, dry farming lands and forests have decreased 7.9%, 11.52% and 3.69% respectively, but irrigated farming lands have increased 1.2% and the barrier lands have also increased 17.7%. The kappa coefficient of land use maps was calculated 0.81, 0.87 and 0, 89 for the years 1987, 1998 and 2010 respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Comparison of three common methods in supervised classification of satellite data for vegetation studies
Amir Ahmadpour Karim Solaimani Maryam Shokri Jamshid GhorbaniUsage of modern technologies such as GIS and RS in plant ecosystems studies and especially land cover mapping is needed to recognition of these instruments efficiency and also identification of the best methods for applying them. This study aimed to compare the efficien MoreUsage of modern technologies such as GIS and RS in plant ecosystems studies and especially land cover mapping is needed to recognition of these instruments efficiency and also identification of the best methods for applying them. This study aimed to compare the efficiency of three common supervised classification methods of satellite data (Minimum to Distance, Parallelepiped and Maximum Likelihood) to identification of plant groups in Goloul-via-Sarani protected area, Northern Khorasan Province, Iran. In order to this, 143 training samples (>30m2) were collected from areas that shown a homogenous plant species composition. These data recorded by GPS device and so transported to a GIS database. Satellite data included Landsat ETM+, and IRS-P6 LISS III that were prepared and analyzed by ENVI 4.2 software. Amount of efficiency for each method was evaluated by measurement of overall accuracy (OA) and Kappa coefficient (KC) criteria. Results showed that ML method makes the highest accuracy for two data series (OA=90.35, 82.19 and KC=0.878, 0.772 for Landsat and IRS data respectively). In the face, PP method showed the worst results (OA=67.09, 58.76 and KC=0.593, 0.478). These results suggested that collection of sufficient training samples from natural classes and surveying probability of image pixel's dependency on these classes can be useful for classification of plant groups. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Investigation of land use classification algorithms using images fusion techniques (Case study: Beheshtabad Sub-basin)
Arash Fazeli Farsani Reza Ghazavi Mohammad Reza FarzanehIn recent decades, land use changes cause an important environmental, economical and social damage in the world. Land use classification images are essential tools for land management and policy decisions. Fusion of remote sensing data could increase quality and i MoreIn recent decades, land use changes cause an important environmental, economical and social damage in the world. Land use classification images are essential tools for land management and policy decisions. Fusion of remote sensing data could increase quality and intensify of data. The main aim of this study was investigated of land use classification algorithms (Support Vector Machine Background, Neural Net, and Maximum Likelihood) using a fusion of OLI remote sensing data using Geographic Information System (GIS). According to the results, Gram-Schmidt method had the best punctuality for taking of the firstly data and rebuilding of images. The results showed that Maximum likelihood method increased accuracy of PC_Sharpened and Gram-Schmidt algorithms. A significant accuracy in land use classification was observed via combination techniques. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - A review of biofilm and chorus sensing formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Rezvaneh behzadmehr Maryam Beigomi saeide saeidiPseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and causes 10 to 15% of nosocomial infections. The presence of unity genes is one of the most important invasive mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and this issue is of special medical importance.The expression of ma MorePseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and causes 10 to 15% of nosocomial infections. The presence of unity genes is one of the most important invasive mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and this issue is of special medical importance.The expression of many Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenic genes is controlled by a gene system called the Quorum Sensing System (QS). Chromosensing is a cell-to-cell communication system using small SMs molecules in single-celled organisms. The present review study was obtained with the help of articles indexed in Magiran and SID Persian scientific databases and Scopus, Google scholar, Ebscohost and Science Direct English databases.The QS system genes are highly abundant among human-derived Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. It is also known as an infectious bacterium with high antibiotic resistance.The results showed that medicinal plants in different dilutions inhibit chromosome sensing and biofilm in bacteria.The results showed that medicinal plants in different dilutions inhibit chromosome sensing and biofilm in bacteria. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - Investigation of alterations and lineaments in Rashid-Abad mineral area (N Zanjan, NW Iran), Using integration of Remote Sensing and Aeromagnetic data
Mahsa Seyyedi Mohammad Lotfi Arash Gourabjeripour Afshin Ashja Ardalan -
Open Access Article
120 - Surface runoff estimation of Wadi Ba Al-Arid watershed North East Libya, using SCS-CN ,GIS and RS data
Salah Hamad -
Open Access Article
121 - Extracting clay minerals with emphasis on Bentonite in Eastern Iran, using Landsat 8 and ASTER images
Saeed Saadat Maliheh Ghoorchi Rahim Dabiri -
Open Access Article
122 - Using remote sensing data and GIS to evaluate air pollution and their relationship with land cover and land use in Baghdad City
B. Mohammed Hashim M. Abdullah SultanThe research used the satellite image (Landsat 7 ETM ) within the thermal infrared sixth band (TIR6) and geographic information system (GIS) to determine the air pollution and its relationship with the land cover (LC) and land use (LU) of Baghdad city. Concentration of MoreThe research used the satellite image (Landsat 7 ETM ) within the thermal infrared sixth band (TIR6) and geographic information system (GIS) to determine the air pollution and its relationship with the land cover (LC) and land use (LU) of Baghdad city. Concentration of total suspended particles (TSP), lead (Pb), carbon oxides (CO, CO2), and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were obtained from 22 ground measuring stations, where the stations are classified into industrial, commercial and residential and are distributed within the city of Baghdad. The digital number (DN) corresponding to the sites of groundtruth stations for measuring air pollutants was converted to the values of the spectral radiation (Lr), brightness temperature sensor (T) and land surface temperature (LST) of the satellite image (Landsat 7 ETM +) within TIR6. The results indicated a significant correlation between air pollutants and satellite image data have also shown results of the spatial analyst air pollutants and the satellite image data by using GIS and supervised classification results. They show a relationship between the concentration of air pollutants and land surface temperature with the land cover and land use classification (LC, LU) for Baghdad city. The results of the research gives evidence of a link between air pollutants derived from the measurement stations of ground and satellite data within the range of Thermal IR. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones in Moalleman, Iran by Remote Sensing and Index Overlay Technique in GIS
Shayan Ghodratabadi Faranak FeiziWater plays a vital role in the development of activities in an area. The surface water resources are inadequate to fulfill the water demand. Productivity through groundwater is quite high as compared to surface water, but groundwater resources have not yet been properl MoreWater plays a vital role in the development of activities in an area. The surface water resources are inadequate to fulfill the water demand. Productivity through groundwater is quite high as compared to surface water, but groundwater resources have not yet been properly exploited. Keeping this view, the present study attempts to select and delineate various groundwater potential zones for the assessment of groundwater availability in Moalleman, using the remote sensing and GIS technique. Satellite images such as Landsat 8, Aster and SRTM DEM data have been used in the present study to prepare various thematic maps for the study area, such as geology, geomorphology, soil hydrological group, land use/land cover, and drainage maps. According to the relative contribution of each of these maps towards groundwater potential, the weight of each thematic map has been selected. Furthermore, within each thematic map ranking has been made for each of the features. All the thematic maps have been registered with one another through integrated step-by-step using the normalized aggregation method in GIS for computing groundwater potential index. Based on this final weight and ranking, the groundwater potential zones have been delineated. Thus from the present study it has been observed that an integrated approach involving remote sensing and GIS technique can be successfully used in identifying potential groundwater zones in the study area. Five categories of groundwater potential zones: excellent, very good, good, moderate and poor have been demarcated. Major portions of the study area have “good” or “moderate” prospects, while a few scattered areas have poor prospects. The excellent potential areas are mainly concentrated along the shore line. This groundwater potential information is useful to effectively identify suitable locations to extract water. Lastly, the final map has been overlaid with the map of springs and qanats for comparison and rolling as a checkpoint. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - Urban sprawl trend analysis using statistical and remote sensing approach Case Study: Mashhad City
susan shirvani moghadam sanaz saeidi mofrad -
Open Access Article
125 - تاثیر خشکسالی برکاهش مساحت تالاب ها مطالعه موردی (تالاب بامدژ در استان خوزستان)
سمانه عبدویس فاطمه ذاکری حسینیمناطق حفاظت شده، پارک های ملی و تالاب ها، اکوسیستم های دست نخورده با تنوع زیادی از گونه های گیاهی و جانوری است. حفاظت پایدار این مناطق در گرو درک و شناخت واقعی ارزش های نهفته در آن ها است. پنج تالاب استان خوزستان جزء مناطق حفاظت شده فوق محسوب می گردند. تالاب بامدژ از تا Moreمناطق حفاظت شده، پارک های ملی و تالاب ها، اکوسیستم های دست نخورده با تنوع زیادی از گونه های گیاهی و جانوری است. حفاظت پایدار این مناطق در گرو درک و شناخت واقعی ارزش های نهفته در آن ها است. پنج تالاب استان خوزستان جزء مناطق حفاظت شده فوق محسوب می گردند. تالاب بامدژ از تالاب های استان خوزستان و در منتهی الیه رودخانه شاوور با مساحتی در حدود 4 هزار هکتار می باشد. با توجه به کاهش مساحت این تالاب خصوصا در دهه های اخیر در این مطالعه به بررسی تاثیر خشکسالی های پنج ساله (91-85) در منطقه شاوور با تاکید بر تالاب پرداخته شد و با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره ای مربوط به سال های 1370، 1380 و 1386 و 1391 و تکنیک های سنجش از دور میزان تغییرات پهنه آبی و گیاهی نسبت به پهنه بدون پوشش این تالاب تعیین گردید، نتایج نشان داد که بارش، دبی و مساحت تالاب در دوره های فوق الذکر به ترتیب کاهش 40، 10 و 35 درصدی داشته اند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - تعیین شماره منحنی رواناب در دو اقلیم خشک و مرطوب ایران به کمک RS و GIS (مطالعه موردی: حوضههای آبریز منصورآباد و ناورود)
مصطفی یعقوب زاده بهروز اعتباری علی شهیدی علی محمد نوفرستیاستفاده از سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی و سنجش از دور به منظور تخمین رواناب حوضه آبریزدر سالهای اخیر افزایش یافته است. این پژوهش به منظور مشخص نمودن وضعیت هیدرولوژیکی و رواناب دو حوضه آبریز با دو اقلیم متفاوت (خشک و مرطوب) در کشور انجام شد. در این تحقیق، نقشه شماره منحنی رو Moreاستفاده از سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی و سنجش از دور به منظور تخمین رواناب حوضه آبریزدر سالهای اخیر افزایش یافته است. این پژوهش به منظور مشخص نمودن وضعیت هیدرولوژیکی و رواناب دو حوضه آبریز با دو اقلیم متفاوت (خشک و مرطوب) در کشور انجام شد. در این تحقیق، نقشه شماره منحنی رواناب با استفاده از سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی و تصاویر ماهواره لندست (ETM+) برای دو حوضه آبریز، منصورآباد خراسان جنوبی و ناورود گیلان و بر اساس فاکتورهایی مانند گروه هیدرولوژی خاک، کاربری اراضی و پوشش گیاهی تعیین شده است. نقشه وضعیت پوشش زمین برای دو حوضه آبریز با کمک شاخص NDVI، نقشه کاربری اراضی حوضهها با استفاده از دادههای ماهواره لندست و نقشه گروه هیدرولوژیکی خاک به کمک نقشههای خاک، شیب، کاربری اراضی، تشکیلات زمین شناسی و بازدیدهای صحرائی تهیه گردید. از تلفیق نقشههای تهیه شده در GIS و با استفاده از جدول SCS، نقشه شماره منحنی رواناب برای هر دو حوضه تعیین گردید. سپس برای ارزیابی صحت شماره منحنی به دست آمده، دبی حداکثر سیلاب در هر دو حوضه آبریز به کمک مدل HEC-HMS محاسبه و با مقدار مشاهده ای مقایسه گردید. عدم اختلاف معنی دار بین دبی محاسبه ای و مشاهده ای، نشان داد شماره منحنی هر دو حوضه آبریز با صحت زیاد محاسبه شده است. هم چنین نتایج نشان داد که متوسط وزنی شماره منحنی رواناب حوضه منصورآباد خیلی بیشتر از حوضه ناورود می باشد که این امر می تواند سبب بروز سیلابهای مخرب در هنگام وقوع رگبارهای فراوان شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - The Effect of the Rate of Sensing and Responding to the Technological Changes on Business Opportunity of Corporates
Saeid Mortazavi Alireza AminiPurpose: This paper intended to study the relationships between the effects of the rate of sensing and responding to the technological changes on business opportunity of a corporates. Methodology: A descriptive research was used to investigate the relationship bet MorePurpose: This paper intended to study the relationships between the effects of the rate of sensing and responding to the technological changes on business opportunity of a corporates. Methodology: A descriptive research was used to investigate the relationship between variables under study. To collect data, a questionnaire (α= 0.821) was distributed among some 160 venders of products of SAMSUNG brand in Mashhad city. The structural equation modeling using maximum likelihood estimation was applied to test the hypotheses. Findings: The results revealed that marketing strategies of corporate and responding to technological changes had directly positive effect on business position of SAMSUNG Co. while marketing strategies plays a mediatory role on the relation between sensing to technological changes and SAMSUNG business position. Result: Sensing to technological changes and appropriate responding to it provides corporate’s prosperity in their business. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - Delineation of groundwater potential using AHPFuzzy (A Case Study: Romeshgan plain)
Salman Soori Siamak Baharvand Vahab AmiriGroundwater is one of the most important of water sources for human life. Because of limitation of surface water sources of several regions of Iran, groundwater can be considered as the most appropriate sources for supplying these regions. Currently, Remote Sensing and MoreGroundwater is one of the most important of water sources for human life. Because of limitation of surface water sources of several regions of Iran, groundwater can be considered as the most appropriate sources for supplying these regions. Currently, Remote Sensing and GIS are considered as one of the most powerful and affordable tools for exploration of groundwater. Talents of this study are identification of high potential regions of the Romeshgan plain using by AHPFuzzy, Remote Sensing techniques and GIS. Based The lithological, thick alluvium, landuse, elevation, slope, drainage density, fault density, temperature and rainfall layers were prepared using Fuzzy method in GIS environment and based on geological, hydrological, structural, topographical data, satellite images ETM+ and field visit. These maps were weighted using pair comparison in AHP method. The maps of mentioned factors were prepared by applying weights to each criterion and according to their importance in delineation of groundwater potential. Finally, the final maps were provided using the AHP-Fuzzy overlapping approach. Results indicate that about 7.37, 10.12, 22.25, 20.46 and 39.79 percent of study area fall in the areas with very low, low, medium, high, very high for Delineation of groundwater potential. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - Landslide Hazard Zoning central part of the Semirom city
Mojtaba Rahimi Shahid Nima RahimiNatural hazards such as Landslide is as the nature disasters that have many financial and human losses every year. Today advances in science and technology, provided appropriate fields for the study and reduce these natural hazards. In this respect, the geographic infor MoreNatural hazards such as Landslide is as the nature disasters that have many financial and human losses every year. Today advances in science and technology, provided appropriate fields for the study and reduce these natural hazards. In this respect, the geographic information along with decision support tool used to assess the risk of landslides. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different factors in the creation and landslide hazard zonation of landslides in Central part of the Semirom city. For this purpose affecting factors were binary compared using analytical method by indicating the weight of each factor as indicator for their effects in occurrence of landslide. Accordingly, the landslide regionalization hazard map was prepared to the use of weighed information layer and weighted coefficient of each factor. Results of this study show that the analytical hierarchy method is precise method for evaluation of landslide potential due to the use of binary comparison affecting factors and considering numerous factors for landslide evaluation at the same time in comparison to the other prevalent method. The results indicates that the percentage of high and very high hazard class is 40.98 percent in AHP method. As well as material and slope were identified as the most important factors in landslide occurrence in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Studying the Alternations of Iron Ore by Remote Sensing of Kamoo Region (Mimeh, Isfahan)
jahangir esmaeili Ahmad Khakzad Mehrdad Behzadi Mansour Vothoughi AbediIt is one of the prone areas where following the explorations of metal indices such as iron in the northern east of Kamoo district (Maimeh, Isfahan) is located in the in longitude E51,16,58 and latitude N33,40,16. Dividing the structural ones, the studied area has been MoreIt is one of the prone areas where following the explorations of metal indices such as iron in the northern east of Kamoo district (Maimeh, Isfahan) is located in the in longitude E51,16,58 and latitude N33,40,16. Dividing the structural ones, the studied area has been located in the central Iran and in Makmaei Uromieh- Dokhtar zone. This range has been located in a scene ETM No. 164 - 37 and ASTER linear bad prediction satellite image No. AST_L1A:002:ASTL1A 0108220733380109011021. Such measured images in different band combinations will be used for extracting the geological structures and types of alterations (iron oxide, Argillite and Carbonate) and for detecting different stones and minerals of the ground, a spectrum range of 1.5 to 2.5 μ is very important. This range includes short to average IR range covering six linear band predictions (SWTR bands). According to results of XRD analysis, Albite, andradite, chlorite, gibbsite and Moscuit minerals and silica alterations were also dissociated. On the other side, to use spectral reflectance curves of such minerals in USGSENVI spectral library for spectral analysis, it is necessary to resample the curves to the spectral range of ASTER. Linear Band Prediction methods, LS-Fit, Matched Filtering and BandRATIO used of ASTER images for all minerals and iron alterations and for iron oxides there were also used visual interpretations and ETM images were used in band combination of RGB:531. The resalts identified in the remote sensing study in the aera (Kamoo) identide as follows : Alteration of iron (Gotit, Hematit and jarosit and limotit), alteration of argilic (maolinite, mottmoriolotit, ilite and halozite), carbonate (calcite and dolomite) Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Investigation of the range morph dynamic changing in Damavand Yakhar glacier using RS and GIS
سعیده Fakhari فتح االله Naderi پرویز Zeyaeyan FirozabadiNatural glaciers as one of the main surface water resources are of a significant importance in the recent time.Remote sensing technology is an important tool in locating and estimating the area of the regions covered withice and snow especially in the out- of- reach mou MoreNatural glaciers as one of the main surface water resources are of a significant importance in the recent time.Remote sensing technology is an important tool in locating and estimating the area of the regions covered withice and snow especially in the out- of- reach mountainous regions. Identifying the morphodynamic changes bymeans of remote sensing is an essential requirement of the management and assessment of natural resources; oneof its methods is to provide the map of changes according to remote sensing images and to use the Geomaticasoft ware. We chose Damavand Yakhar glacier due to its activity and morphodynamic changes during the recentyears. To discover the changes, we used calculation algorithm for changes intensity by subtracting parallel bandson satellite images and principle component analysis (PCA). Finally we located the hydrothermal areas in theglacier by extracting line mentums and combining different bands of TM and ETM scanners in geomatica software. The results of this research show that the area of Yakhar glacier is retreating and its present size is 1.8km2.The main causes of its retreat are the decline of glacier recharge and the heat of smoke emerging fromDamavand volcano. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Investigating Land Use Changes In Tajyar Dam Basin Using The Erdas Software
Mir Mehrdad Mirsanjari nafiseh rezapoorRevealing changes is one of the basic needs in managing and evaluating natural resources. Therefore, the map of user changes that is the result of the process of detecting changes can be made based on multivariate images of remote sensing. The purpose of this research i MoreRevealing changes is one of the basic needs in managing and evaluating natural resources. Therefore, the map of user changes that is the result of the process of detecting changes can be made based on multivariate images of remote sensing. The purpose of this research is to classify the images of the Tajyar Dam in three years to find out the extent of change in land cover and land covered with vegetation. Remote sensing techniques are the best means for extracting land use maps. In this study land use changes in the Tajyar dam basin have been studied using the supervised classifications in Erdas software. The Tajyar Dam Basin with an area of 10898 ha is located in East Azarbaijan province and Sarab city. In the study area, two landslide satellite images from1996 and 2006 and 2015 were categorized. The results indicate that 2007 hectares of lands covered with vegetation have been reduced and added to dry lands. This change has been caused due to severe agricultural activities, plowing and unplanned grooves. The effect of cold air currents in the northwest of the country has caused the region to have a semi-arid climate of cold. Due to the aforementioned limitation and the state of consumption of agricultural products and the lack of attention to the ability of agricultural land, farming in areas that have no potential for doing this activity has reduced the quality of vegetation. The supervised classification in this method was carried out with an overall accuracy of 87%, which is acceptable at the level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Investigation of farmland Use Change in the Area of Parishan Wetland and its Relationship with Groundwater Levels and Rainfall
Bahman Khodabandehlo Mohammadali Abasi Azita ZandLand use is one of the most important factors that Man influences the environment through it. Changes in land cover and land use have direct effects on climate change, and there is a reciprocal and complex relationship between climate change and land cover change. There MoreLand use is one of the most important factors that Man influences the environment through it. Changes in land cover and land use have direct effects on climate change, and there is a reciprocal and complex relationship between climate change and land cover change. Therefore, it is important to monitor land use changes for management and Presentation of management plans. Today, remote sensing and geographic information systems are widely used, especially in dealing with multiple geographic data and interpreting the vast area of the earth's surface. In this way, remote sensing data can be used as a suitable substitute for unregistered and past data, such as land use data and its changes over time periods, and serve as basic information for other studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate land use changes in the Perishan wetland area from 1990 to 2015 using a remote sensing technique and investigate the relationship between these changes with groundwater levels and precipitation. The results of this study showed that the farmland area increased by 1,371 hectares from 1990 to 2015, while the groundwater level decreased by 14.72 m. Also, the results of this study showed that the changes in land area of agriculture are inversely related to groundwater level and increasing the area of agricultural land leads to more groundwater discharge and lower groundwater level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Geochemical Modeling of Heavy Metals Pollution, Emphasizing on Cu-Pb by Using Remote Sensing in South of Kashan
Mehran Farahmandian Ali Ghasemi Sohrab Afshari Mahdi ShabankarehStructurally, south of Kashan is a part of Orumieh-dokhtar zone. Late stage fluids of the Oligo-Miocenegranodiorite have been influenced Eocene volcanic rocks, that caused argillic, sericitic, propyllitic, calc-silicate,iron oxides and silisification alteration zones. B MoreStructurally, south of Kashan is a part of Orumieh-dokhtar zone. Late stage fluids of the Oligo-Miocenegranodiorite have been influenced Eocene volcanic rocks, that caused argillic, sericitic, propyllitic, calc-silicate,iron oxides and silisification alteration zones. Based on the cluster analysis of samples, the elements can bedivided into two groups of Cu-Co-Cd and Pb-Zn-As. Distribution of the metals in the two groups has a goodadaptation with argillic and calc-silicate alteration zones respectively. According to ICP-MS analysis, minimumand maximum of Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, As and Co is (1.5-459), (1-623), (>2.97), (14-413), (0.5-21) and (1.5-17) ppmcorrespondingly. On the basis of the soil standard, there is some Cu & Pb contamination. Combinedmultiplicative calculation show good correlation with both argillic as well as clac-silicate alterations and Cu &Pb pollution. Kriging estimation has been documented maximum Cu & Pb anomalies occurred in the southernpart of area, on igneous rocks. Field relationship, remote sensing data and geostatic calculations stronglysupport; granodiorite body has been generated Cu & Pb pollution. Otherwise fluids caused hydrothermalalteration, which enriched those elements. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - Using Remote Sensing to determination of relationship between vegetation indices and vegetation percentage (case study: Darab plain in Fars province, Iran)
marzieh mokarram Alireza MahmudiVegetation Indices (VIs) obtained from remote sensing (RS) based canopies are quitesimple and effective algorithms for quantitative and qualitative evaluations ofvegetation cover, vigor, and growth dynamics, among other applications .In the studyfor modeling and estimat MoreVegetation Indices (VIs) obtained from remote sensing (RS) based canopies are quitesimple and effective algorithms for quantitative and qualitative evaluations ofvegetation cover, vigor, and growth dynamics, among other applications .In the studyfor modeling and estimated of density and percentage vegetation value of ArtemisiaHerba alba was used Green Difference Vegetation Index (GDVI), NormalizedDifference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index(OSAVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) by Landsat 8 ETM+ bandsvegetation in the Fathabad of Darab plain, Iran in 2015 years. By software ENVIpreprocessing, processing, geometric and atmospheric corrections were performed,and then vegetation index for the study area was calculated. Also ArcGIS 10.2software for mapping of area vegetation was applied. Then relationship betweenVegetation Indices and density and vegetation value of Artemisia herba alba wasdetermined. The results show that with increasing of percentage and density ofvegetation, the value of vegetation indices increase. Finally, in order to determinationof suitable elevation of growing of Artemisia herba alba was determined relationshipbetween elevation and percentage of vegetation. The results show that the bestelevation for growing of Artemisia herba alba was 1767 to 1782. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - Detecting Spatial-Temporal Changes in Land Use Using Satellite Data in Haraz Basin
Naser Ahmadi Sani karim Solaimani Lida RazaghniaIn recent decades, rapid and incorrect changes in land use have been associated withconsequences such as natural resources degradation and environmental pollution.Detecting land use changes is a suitable technique for natural resource management.The goal of this researc MoreIn recent decades, rapid and incorrect changes in land use have been associated withconsequences such as natural resources degradation and environmental pollution.Detecting land use changes is a suitable technique for natural resource management.The goal of this research is to study the land use change in Haraz Basin with an area of677000 hectares in 15 years (1996 & 2011) using Landsat data. After making thenecessary corrections and preparing the indices, the image classification into nineclasses was by supervised classification and Maximum Likelihood algorithm. Finally,the changes were extracted by Post classification comparison. The results showed thatduring the 15 years there was a 27.5% change in land use of the area. These changesare related to conversion of rangelands to bare lands and dry farming ones; and alsoconverting the dense forest to sparse forest, horticulture, farming lands, and residentialareas. These changes can be due to an increase in population and human activities,which result in increasing demands for natural sources and converting them intofarming lands, horticulture, residential and industrial areas. These land use changesalong with climate changes are an alarm for the Haraz Basin status in the future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Assessment of Remotely Sensed Indices to Estimate Soil Salinity
Naser Ahmadi Sani mohammad khanyaghmaSoil Salinization is one of the oldest environmental problems and one of the mainpaths to desertification. Access to information in the shortest time and at low cost isthe major factor influencing decision making. The satellite imagery providesinformation data on salini MoreSoil Salinization is one of the oldest environmental problems and one of the mainpaths to desertification. Access to information in the shortest time and at low cost isthe major factor influencing decision making. The satellite imagery providesinformation data on salinity and also offers large amount of data that can be analyzedand processed to understand several indices based on the type of the sensor used. Inthis research, the capability of different indices derived from IRS-P6 data wasevaluated to identify saline soils in Mahabad County. The quality of the satelliteimages was first evaluated and no noticeable radiometric and geometric distortion wasdetected. The Ortho-rectification of the image was performed using the satelliteephemeris data, digital elevation model, and ground control points. The RMS errorwas less than a pixel. In this study, the correlation between the bands and used indices,including Salinity1, Salinity2, Salinity3, PCA1 (B2, B3), PCA1 (B4, B5), PCA1 (B1,B2, B3, B4, B5), Fusion (Pan and B2), Fusion (Pan and B3) and Fusion (Pan and B4)with EC were investigated. The highest correlation was related to the Fusion (Pan andB2) with a coefficient 0.76 and the lowest correlation was related to B4 with acoefficient 0.2. The results showed that the indices have a high ability for modeling,mapping and estimating the soil salinity.Keywords: Indices, IRS-P6, Remote sensing, Soil Salinity Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Inventory of Single Oak Trees Using Object- Based Method on WorldView-2 Satellite Images and on Earth
yousef taghi mollaei Abdolali Karamshahi Seyyed Yousef ErfanifardRemote sensing provides data types and useful resources for forest mapping. Today,one of the most commonly used application in forestry is the identification of singletree and tree species compassion using object-based analysis and classification ofsatellite or aerial i MoreRemote sensing provides data types and useful resources for forest mapping. Today,one of the most commonly used application in forestry is the identification of singletree and tree species compassion using object-based analysis and classification ofsatellite or aerial images. Forest data, which is derived from remote sensing methods,mainly focuses on the mass i.e. parts of the forest that are largely homogeneous, inparticular, interconnected) and plot-level data. Haft-Barm Lake is the case study whichis located in Fars province, representing closed forest in which oak is the valuablespecies. High Resolution Satellite Imagery of WV-2 has been used in this study. Inthis study, A UAV equipped with a compact digital camera has been used calibratedand modified to record not only the visual but also the near infrared reflection (NIR) ofpossibly infested oaks. The present study evaluated the estimation of forest parametersby focusing on single tree extraction using Object-Based method of classification witha complex matrix evaluation and AUC method with the help of the 4th UAV phantombird image in two distinct regions. The object-based classification has the highest andbest accuracy in estimating single-tree parameters. Object-Based classification methodis a useful method to identify Oak tree Zagros Mountains forest. This study confirmsthat using WV-2 data one can extract the parameters of single trees in the forest. An overall Kappa Index of Agreement (KIA) of 0.97 and 0.96 for each study site has been achieved. It is also concluded that while UAV has the potential to provide flexible and feasible solutions for forest mapping, some issues related to image quality still need to be addressed in order to improve the classification performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Monitoring and Analysis of Land Use Changes Using Satellite Images and Remote Sensing (Case Study: Sabzevar City)
Amin Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh Razieh MirfazlullahRemote sensing is one of the effective tools to study the process of land use change on a large scale and in a short time. In this research, the aim is to monitor and analyze land use changes using satellite images and remote sensing from 2010 to 2020 in Sabzevar city w MoreRemote sensing is one of the effective tools to study the process of land use change on a large scale and in a short time. In this research, the aim is to monitor and analyze land use changes using satellite images and remote sensing from 2010 to 2020 in Sabzevar city with Landsat images. For research, preprocessing included atmospheric correction and radiometric and geometric correction. A total of 200 ground control points were collected to classify and evaluate the accuracy of the classification with the maximum probability classification algorithm in the ground visit. The classification results showed that the forest area in 2010 was equal to 68980.21 hectares, which with the change of use and its conversion to residential use, barren and rainfed agriculture in 2020 reached 66044.99 hectares, ie 2935.22 hectares, its area has decreased. Residential use with its growth in 2010 to 2020 has increased from 2855.89 to 4563.98, ie 1708.09 hectares. Land use changes in semi-dense rangeland have also decreased from 167164.89 to 153287.68 hectares, i.e. 13877.21. Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy in 2020 were 98.42 and 97.84, respectively, which was the highest value compared to previous years. In this study, it can be recommended that the government increase the vegetation of the land to protect pasture and forest uses against further changes, and to compensate for these changes, to plant fast-growing forests. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Inventory of Single Oak Trees Using Object-Based Method on WorldView-2 Satellite Images and Earth
yousef taghi mollaei abdolali karamshahi Seyyed Yousef ErfanifardRemote sensing provides data types and useful resources for forest mapping. Today, one of the mostcommonly used application in forestry is the identification of single tree and tree species compassionusing object-based analysis and classification of satellite or aerial MoreRemote sensing provides data types and useful resources for forest mapping. Today, one of the mostcommonly used application in forestry is the identification of single tree and tree species compassionusing object-based analysis and classification of satellite or aerial images. Forest data, which is derivedfrom remote sensing methods, mainly focuses on the mass i.e. parts of the forest that are largelyhomogeneous, in particular, interconnected) and plot-level data. Haft-Barm Lake is the case study whichis located in Fars province, representing closed forest in which oak is the valuable species. HighResolution Satellite Imagery of WV-2 has been used in this study. In this study, A UAV equipped with acompact digital camera has been used calibrated and modified to record not only the visual but also thenear infrared reflection (NIR) of possibly infested oaks. The present study evaluated the estimation offorest parameters by focusing on single tree extraction using Object-Based method of classification with acomplex matrix evaluation and AUC method with the help of the 4th UAV phantom bird image in twodistinct regions. The object-based classification has the highest and best accuracy in estimating single-treeparameters. Object-Based classification method is a useful method to identify Oak tree Zagros Mountainsforest. This study confirms that using WV-2 data one can extract the parameters of single trees in theforest. An overall Kappa Index of Agreement (KIA) of 0.97 and 0.96 for each study site has beenachieved. It is also concluded that while UAV has the potential to provide flexible and feasible solutionsfor forest mapping, some issues related to image quality still need to be addressed in order to improve theclassification performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Optimum Route election for Oil and Ga Transmission Lines Using Remote Sensing and GIS Integration
Abbas Khani Amir Shahrokh AminiOne of the most important developmental procedures for the implementation of oil and gas transmission projects is through pipelines. Route selection is a crucial step in the planning of transmission lines. In this regard, to choose applicable and optimal route is likely MoreOne of the most important developmental procedures for the implementation of oil and gas transmission projects is through pipelines. Route selection is a crucial step in the planning of transmission lines. In this regard, to choose applicable and optimal route is likely to be complicated. Many factors need to be taken into consideration hence this is a very important stage in the transmission lines project. Using remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS), new valves for routing will be unlocked and the costs of inaccuracies and inappropriate plans will be significantly reduced. The first modeling stage for planning and routing is defining the factors that determine the route of transmission of oil pipelines. There are diverse effective factors in determining the route to the transmission pipeline projects. Also, the proportion of the impact of each of these factors must be identified. The weight of the factors, is determined by various methods. These factors include roads, rivers, landslides, faults, gradients of land, soil science, land use, geology, recreational areas and protected areas. Finally, the cost of transfer plan for each pixel is designed using the multi-criteria decision making model and the AHP method in the GIS environment. Using this map, a cumulative cost map for the origin and destination is designed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Detection, Recognition and Tracking Cars from UAV Based implementation of MobileNet- Single Shot Detection deep neural network on the embedded system By Using Remote Sensing Techniques
Mohammadjavad NateghiTracking targets from the ground is difficult due to natural and artificial barriers, and in some cases,such as car detection, is dangerous, therefore, identifying targets using remote sensing is obvious. Toachieve the purpose, the desired camera is installed on the unm MoreTracking targets from the ground is difficult due to natural and artificial barriers, and in some cases,such as car detection, is dangerous, therefore, identifying targets using remote sensing is obvious. Toachieve the purpose, the desired camera is installed on the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). withimages processing on captured images from the camera, the system has used can identify the vehicleusing aerial images and follow it if it is necessary. An important issue to this matter is the accuracy ofthe target detection. Therefore, efficient algorithms should be used in this field, and efforts have beenmade to use a deep neural network in this regard because it has the best performance rather than othermethods. But using this network itself will cause other problems that are especially noticeable in realtimeapplications of the identification system. Because this type of neural network needs a lot of timeto process information. Solving this problem will using strong hardware as much as possible, but thesesystems cannot be installed on the UAV due to their high weight and large power consumption. Forthis reason, in this paper, have tried to use pre-processing methods to identify possible moving targetsand illuminate other parts of images to reduce the volume of data to make processing easier, and thenthe system can identify and track the car with the Light MobileNet-SSD network. This method is 25times faster than other fast methods such as yolov3, and its loss rate is 0.02. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Comparison of MODIS, SEVIRI and INSAT-3D Land Surface Temperature (LST)
Mehdi Ghlamnia Salman Ahmadi Reza Khandan Seyed kazem Alavipanah Ali Darvishi Boloorani Saeid HamzeheThe accuracy of retrieved LST from satellites is of great importance. Among different LST validation methods, a cross-calibration procedure is highly cost-effective and applicable. The Indian National Satellite-3D series (INSAT-3D) and Meteosat Second Generati MoreThe accuracy of retrieved LST from satellites is of great importance. Among different LST validation methods, a cross-calibration procedure is highly cost-effective and applicable. The Indian National Satellite-3D series (INSAT-3D) and Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) are two geostationary satellites that which provide LST products with high temporal resolution. Considering MODIS as the reference (polar orbit that is onboard Aqua and Terra satellites), the comparison of the LST products of these geostationary satellites was evaluated from 4th March to 1st September 2015. For this purpose mean LST ratios were calculated for both MODIS-Imager (from INSAT-D) and MODIS-SEVIRI. Then the behavior of their mean LST ratio was analyzed for the exciting four major land covers and five elevation classes in the study area. The results showed that Imager data underestimated and overestimated the LST in comparison to MODIS data during the day and night time respectively. The SEVIRI LSTs underestimated the LST in both day and night time in comparison with MODIS products. In order to model the discrepancies between MODIS-Imager and MODIS-SEVIRI, for each land cover a multilinear regression model was fitted based on slope, aspect, azimuth, and View Zenith Angle (VZA). The results showed that barren, Shrub, grass, and cereal crops had low RMSEs in model fitting, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Investigation of subsidence in oil fields due to extraction of hydrocarbons by InSAR (Case study: Ilam province)
Shirin Imani Zahra AziziThe phenomenon of subsidence as one of the geomorphic dangers has sustained a critical stage in some districts of the country in recent years. The frequent and sudden subsidence of the earth's surface is a phenomenon that happens under the effects of natural and artific MoreThe phenomenon of subsidence as one of the geomorphic dangers has sustained a critical stage in some districts of the country in recent years. The frequent and sudden subsidence of the earth's surface is a phenomenon that happens under the effects of natural and artificial developments, gradual subsidence has a slow process and mainly takes place as the results of the extraction of liquids (water and oil) inside the earth. The continuation of subsidence in the long term can create irreparable damage to buildings, roads, bridges, pipelines and transmission lines. There are different methods, such as precise alignment, utilization of GPS (Global Positioning System) and remote sensing technology to monitor subsidence. The use of remote sensing technology in different earth sciences is very common because of the wide coverage of satellite images, the timeliness of the images and its low cost in comparison to terrestrial methods. One of the applications of radar interferometry is to display and control the displacements of the earth's crust due to factors such as earthquakes, landslides, and subsidence. The district studied in this research is an oil field located in the south of Ilam province. To meet the purpose of the study, the ALOS Palsar satellite image was used in the period from 2007 to 2010, as well as the DEM of the area that was prepared earlier, to monitor the subsidence phenomenon. SARSCAPE software was used in ENVI 4.8 platform to process the images, and by creating an interferogram and performing filtering operations, the average amount of subsidence was assigned as 3.4 cm per year. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - Evaluation of Local Climate Zone Model in Monitoring Land Use Changes with Emphasis on Physical Growth (Study Area: Tehran)
Seyed aghil Ebrahimi Seyed Ali Almodaresi Farhad HamzehLand use change and land cover are considered as one of the important and effective factors on global environmental change, so understanding and predicting the causes, processes and consequences of land use change has become a major challenge on the planet. Today, remot MoreLand use change and land cover are considered as one of the important and effective factors on global environmental change, so understanding and predicting the causes, processes and consequences of land use change has become a major challenge on the planet. Today, remote sensing technology and GIS are used effectively to identify and quantify land use change and its effects on the environment. The physical development of cities and the expansion of its dimensions is one of the important factors in urban land change that has many environmental, economic and social consequences. In the past few decades, the city of Tehran has faced numerous urban growth and development and surrounding towns, which has caused extensive changes in the urban lands of Tehran and surrounding areas. In this study, the trend of land use changes in Tehran in the past few decades has been studied. In the present study, using Landsat 8 satellite images, the change and transformation of lands in Tehran from 2013 to 2020 was monitored. Images were pre-processed and classified according to the LCZ model in 17 classes. Then, they were classified in SEGA GIS software and analyzed by image difference and post-classification methods. The results of image processing and classification show that urban lands are constantly growing and barren lands are increasing on a very small and slow scale. Also, land with dense vegetation has decreased from 2013 to 2020, which in itself can cause serious damage to urban planning for city managers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Application of Remote Sensing in the Hydrotectonic Analysis of Groundwaters, West of Yazd, Central Iran
Behrouz Dehghan Manshadi Abbas Charchi Manouchehr ChitsazanThe faults and fractures play crucial roles in conducting groundwater flow and providing high recharge zones for aquifers. The hard rock formations are exposed on the ground surface of the west of Yazd Province in Iran and build a reliable groundwater source for consump MoreThe faults and fractures play crucial roles in conducting groundwater flow and providing high recharge zones for aquifers. The hard rock formations are exposed on the ground surface of the west of Yazd Province in Iran and build a reliable groundwater source for consumption. This study aims to provide a hydro-tectonic conceptual model of the region using remote sensing techniques and GIS. The geological map, groundwater resource data, geophysical reports, hydrogeological reports, and Landsat ETM satellite images are collected and evaluated by field visits. The lineaments densities of the area have been extracted and projected on various maps. The results demonstrate that the likelihood of groundwater flow is correlated positively with the region's main geological structures and groundwater resource availability. Finally, to conclude, the hydrotectonics model of the area consists of several distinctive and non-distinctive aquifers because of the presence of hydrogeological and tectonic barriers, water-conducting passages, and even neutral fractures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - Selecting Remotely Sensed Images Radiometric Calibration Site (Case Study: Tehran Province)
Mohammad Javad Khodam Abbas Bashiri Hasan Hasani Moghaddam Seyyed Mohammad Afghahi Hasan TabarsiRadiometric errors are the most common errors of data acquired by remote sensing sensors. Correction of this type of error requires knowledge about the atmospheric conditions during imaging of the sensor. The aim of this study is to select an ideal location for the cons MoreRadiometric errors are the most common errors of data acquired by remote sensing sensors. Correction of this type of error requires knowledge about the atmospheric conditions during imaging of the sensor. The aim of this study is to select an ideal location for the construction of a radiometric calibration site. Tehran province was selected as a case study to conduct research in a pilot environment. Based on the studies performed on the CEOS standards in site selection as well as the criteria observed in Cal Val sites, 14 parameters were selected as important and necessary parameters for calibration site selection. The data used in this research include two categories of satellite data and GIS layers. After applying the preprocessing on the data and obtaining the weight of each layers, suitable places were obtained for the construction of the calibration site between 2012 to 2019 years. Due to the importance of the consistency of the selected place during different years, the places that were always suitable between the evaluated years, were selected. The results of the research show an ideal location in the western region of Tehran for site construction, which has been selected very well suitable in terms of all criteria. In addition to developing the appropriate location for the calibration site uses, instruments such as san-photometer and goniometer were also developed to be installed on the site to provide services to multispectral and hyperspectral sensors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Investigation of the percentage of vegetation changes using satellite images (A Khuzestan region study)
Sara Shirzad Babak Maghsoudi Damavandi Hamed PiriIn general, from ancient times to the present, there are various methods for collecting location-based data, including astronomical observations, photogrammetry, mapping and remote sensing. Remote sensing is one of the data collection methods in which it has the least a MoreIn general, from ancient times to the present, there are various methods for collecting location-based data, including astronomical observations, photogrammetry, mapping and remote sensing. Remote sensing is one of the data collection methods in which it has the least amount of direct contact with the objects and features being measured and unlike other methods in which human factors play a role in collecting and interpreting terrestrial data, in remote sensing method the task of collecting information will be the responsibility of the sensors. Due to the over-exploitation of natural resources, the landscape is constantly changing and monitoring these changes as well as updating maps is costly and time consuming, so many developed countries now have to prepare maps in Different levels use satellite data. The factors studied in this research include 1 preparation of land cover maps and land use of a part of Khuzestan lands. 2 Evaluation of bio-ecological potential in agricultural development of the study area by weighted overlap method. With regard to collecting information, studying the obtained maps and calculations, determining the criteria, final weights and classification of layers in determining the potential of the region for agricultural use, the amount of changes in agricultural areas between 2014 and 2016 was determined. According to calculations, it is about twelve percent, which according to the changes that have taken place are very significant and show the intensity of the changes in recent years. Loss of vegetation is a factor in increasing wind speed and destroying soil texture and structure. It is also a cause of dust, the result of which can be seen in recent years. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Study of Vegetation Status and Determination of Drought Intensity through Vegetation Indices Using Satellite Images
Ehsan FouladvandKnowledge of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of changes in environmental planning, land- use planning and sustainable development is of great importance and today, the use of vegetation maps is one of the key pillars in information production for macro MoreKnowledge of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of changes in environmental planning, land- use planning and sustainable development is of great importance and today, the use of vegetation maps is one of the key pillars in information production for macro and micro- planning, and vegetation considered as one of the most important components of any ecosystem. Determining the percentage of vegetation in order to understand the interactions between the Earth and the atmosphere, its effect on climate, soil erosion, drought surveying, and natural resource management is essential. Since most of the methods proposed to assess drought conditions so far estimate drought indices based on stationary data at one point, researchers were looking for a way to better achieve regional estimates in order to better manage the damage caused by this gradual phenomenon. Therefore, in this research, remote sensing and Landsat 8 satellite imagery techniques and Infrared Percentage Vegetation (IPVI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Weighted Difference Vegetation Index (WDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI) and Modified Soil Adjusted Index (MSAVI) were used to calculate the percentage of vegetation and the Modified Perpendicular Drought Index (MPDI) was used to estimate regional drought. After preparing the drought map, the areas which were in mild, moderate and severe drought in terms of severity, were well classified. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Optimum pattern to identify flooded areas using remote sensing techniques (Houiza)
seyede Razieh Keshavarz Seyed Aghil Ebrahimi Jalal Bayati Ali Hasan AbadiSeveral methods have been developed to represent flood-related hazards using ground-based measurements. Satellite remote sensing data have been used for flood assessment due to their spatial resolution and capacity to provide information for areas with poor access or la MoreSeveral methods have been developed to represent flood-related hazards using ground-based measurements. Satellite remote sensing data have been used for flood assessment due to their spatial resolution and capacity to provide information for areas with poor access or lack of ground measurements. Identifying flood prone areas is one of the basic strategies in planning to reduce the destructive effects of floods. Flood is considered as one of the events that causes damage to human societies. Therefore, the importance of estimating the damages caused by flood and determining its extent in planning to reduce these damages and determining high risk points is very important. For this purpose, the OLI sensor images of Landest 8 satellite, before and after the flood of April 2018 in Khuzestan, Hoyze region, were used. Then NDWI water index was used for identification and SVM (Support Vector Machine) method was used for classification and it was found that before the flood there were 36999.99 hectares of water areas in the region and after the flood this amount reached 274279.95 hectares. The results show that the south and south-west parts are in a very severe situation and the central and south-eastern parts are in a severe flood risk situation, which are among the most prone to flood areas in the province. Also, the monitoring of flood maps in Khuzestan province shows that there is a perfect match between the flood zone map and the recent flood. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - Single Pixel Imaging using Compressive Sensing and Spatial Light Modulator
Mohammad Roueinfar Mahdi Salmanian Ali Aghakasiri Abbas Bashiri Saeed BabanezhadConventional cameras based on an array of pixels (CCD or CMOS) are commonly used to capture a target image at a certain distance. In this type of camera, all pixels are used to create the image. For CCD-based cameras at other wavelengths, including infrared and terahert MoreConventional cameras based on an array of pixels (CCD or CMOS) are commonly used to capture a target image at a certain distance. In this type of camera, all pixels are used to create the image. For CCD-based cameras at other wavelengths, including infrared and terahertz, having all the pixels increases the cost of the camera. The aim of this study is to design and build an imaging setup using a single pixel method to reduce the cost of the camera and to reconstruct the target image using less data. We verify this method for visible band due to availability of visible light equipment that can be generalized this method to other wavelengths. We use a spatial light modulator (SLM) produces two-level optical masks with random distribution with 20 x 20 pixels and a size of 10 x 10 cm and illuminates the target at a repetition rate of 1 Hz. The reflection of each mask from the target captured by a CCD camera and then we average of all pixels of the CCD to equate it with a single-pixel detector. The target image is reconstructed using a compressive sensing algorithm. The process of reconstructing the target image is performed using a minimum number of masks. We use the two norms L1 and TV to retrieve the target image. The simulation results show norm TV is more successful in target image retrieval. Also, with increasing the number of masks, the success rate in retrieving the target image increases. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - Investigating and Monitoring Land Use Changes Using Geographic Information System, Remote Sensing Technique and Supervised Classification Methods (Case Study: Swadkoh City)
Razyeh Shaban Mirfazlolah Amin Mohamadi deh CheshmehInvestigation and analysis of land use changes was done using remote sensing and GIS techniques with supervised classification methods. The selected images from the years 2000 and 2022 were taken by the Landsat satellite. Necessary pre-processing of the images was done MoreInvestigation and analysis of land use changes was done using remote sensing and GIS techniques with supervised classification methods. The selected images from the years 2000 and 2022 were taken by the Landsat satellite. Necessary pre-processing of the images was done and then the best band combination was selected. The best band combinations of 2000 and 2022 were selected as 245 and 467, respectively, using the OIF index. The area changes from 2000 to 2022, in the support vector machine method, the uses of dense pasture, poor pasture, agriculture, residential, forest have had area changes of 9580.53, 34267.49, 237.2, 1603.41, 26527.57 hectares. Therefore, the use of dense pasture and forest has decreased by 5.87% and 16.25%, and other uses have increased. The area changes from 2000 to 2022, in the neural network method, the uses of dense pasture, poor pasture, agriculture, residential, forest have had area changes of 6021.05, 33869.57, 360.79, 1492.16, 29701.47 hectares. Therefore, the use of dense pasture and forest has decreased by 3.69% and 18.20%, and the use of poor pasture has increased by 20.75%, agriculture by 0.22%, and residential by 0.91%. In the assessment of classification accuracy, kappa coefficient and overall accuracy in the support vector machine method in 2000 were 0.84 and 0.87 and in 2022, 0.86 and 0.88 were obtained. Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy were obtained in 2000, 0.94 and 0.95 and in 2022, 0.96 and 0.97 in the neural network method. Therefore, the neural network method has higher accuracy Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - Land Subsidence analysis in the Adjacency of Gas Pipelines Based on Radar Interferometry (A Case Study in Centeral Iran)
Mohammad Tajobian Seyede Razieh KeshavarzThe land subsidence phenomenon as a geomorphic hazard has reached to a critical level in some parts of central Iran recently. The gradual and sudden land subsidence is influenced by natural and artificial parameters. The gradual land subsidence has a slow pace mainly du MoreThe land subsidence phenomenon as a geomorphic hazard has reached to a critical level in some parts of central Iran recently. The gradual and sudden land subsidence is influenced by natural and artificial parameters. The gradual land subsidence has a slow pace mainly due to the overextraction of underground water or oil resources. The continued land subsidence can, in the long period, deliver irreversible damages to buildings, roads, bridges and pipelines. The application of remote sensing technology in earth survey is very common due to the wide coverage of satellite imagery, the timeliness of images and its lower required budgets versus ground-based methods. One of the applications of remote sensing is to control the movement of the ground surface due to various factors such as earthquakes, landslides and land subsidences. In this research, two satellite images of SENTINEL1 from 2015 to 2017 and DEM of the mentioned region have been used. Special software was used for processing images by forming an interferogram and performing filtration, consequently the land subsidence was determined at this time interval. Investigations confirmed that the excessive use of underground water resources has led ro substantial amounts of land subsidence in Yazd province. Interferograms resulting from the processing of radar images showed the occurrence of land subsidence within the neighbourhood of gas distribution and transmission pipelines in specific at an average of 8 to 10 cm around several cities, in specific Ardakan and Meybod Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - The use of Aster satellite images and SVM technique in zoning and prioritizing worn-out urban fabric against earthquakes (Case example of Region 3 of Kerman city)
Maryam Nohesara Malihe Zakeriyan Seyed Ali Almodaresi Mostafa Khabazi Mohamad Hosin SaraiEarthquake is one of the basic natural calamities of today's era, which always happens in a very short period of time and sometimes has irreparable results. Today, the vulnerability of cities and especially old and worn-out structures to earthquakes is a global issue fa MoreEarthquake is one of the basic natural calamities of today's era, which always happens in a very short period of time and sometimes has irreparable results. Today, the vulnerability of cities and especially old and worn-out structures to earthquakes is a global issue facing experts in various fields. This situation has been manifested in a more serious way in countries with risky natural structures, including Iran, during the past decades. As a result, although it is not possible to prevent an earthquake, it is possible to reduce the damage caused by it. The experience of earthquakes in recent decades has shown that a major part of the damages caused by earthquakes can be due to the lack of proper knowledge of vulnerable points, in fact, for proper knowledge and evaluation, study and sufficient background of information is required. And reliable knowledge is required. Since the city of Kerman is located in the tectonic zone of central Iran and has large and deep faults and fractures from the geological point of view, as well as the existence of unsuitable materials for buildings and houses, dilapidated residential units, high age Buildings, inappropriate accesses and winding passages in the areas of worn-out fabric can be the source of huge crises, severe damages and casualties, therefore, due to the vulnerability of the city and especially the worn-out fabric against earthquakes, in this research First, by using the ASTER satellite images of 2007, the worn-out textures of Kerman city were identified Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - Spatial modelling of thermal islands according to the effect of environmental factors (Tehran city)
Ebad Noorifar Azita Rajabi Masoumeh HadavandIn recent decades, the city of Tehran has experienced vast changes in its various levels with the increase in population and various activities and infrastructures related to it, and these human activities and changes in land use on an urban scale lead to an increase in MoreIn recent decades, the city of Tehran has experienced vast changes in its various levels with the increase in population and various activities and infrastructures related to it, and these human activities and changes in land use on an urban scale lead to an increase in temperature and the formation of urban heat islands. has been This issue has become one of the serious challenges and has occupied the minds of the scientific community. Considering the importance of the topic, the purpose of this research was to model thermal islands according to the environmental factors of Tehran city. The research conducted is based on a quantitative, descriptive-analytical method. First, Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images were obtained to calculate the surface temperature of the earth using TM, OLI, TIRS sensors from the United States Earth Science Base, related to the summer season of 2010 and 2021, identification of high-risk and low-risk urban heat island clusters from the global Moran test (spatial Moran autocorrelation) and local Moran (hot spot and cold spot analysis) were performed. After ensuring that the spatial distribution pattern of urban heat island is clustered, high-risk and low-risk clusters of urban heat island were identified. According to the spatial distribution pattern of high-risk and low-risk clusters, the possible influencing factors such as height, slope, direction, solar radiation, traffic density, etc., were investigated and analyzed. In the ordinary least squares (OLS) model, the three independent variables of height, vegetation and construction density had the greatest influence in the model Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - Identification of Geothermal Regions by Examining Vegetation Changes Under Stress By Using of ETM + Sensor and ASTER Sensor (Case Study, Khoy Township)
Tajadin karami kamal rassouli Vahid isazade esmail isazadeThermal remote sensing, as a branch of remote sensing science plays an important role in environmental studies. Thermal sensing is one of the new and low cost methods against ground surveys in remote areas, which provides valuable information from the study area to rese MoreThermal remote sensing, as a branch of remote sensing science plays an important role in environmental studies. Thermal sensing is one of the new and low cost methods against ground surveys in remote areas, which provides valuable information from the study area to researchers in the shortest time. It is possible to prepare a surface temperature map to identify areas prone to geothermal and plant stress by using an infrared thermal band. Which provides the basis for further exploratory studies. In this research, we used the ETM + and ASTER sensors to map the vegetation anomalies using the NDVI index of Khoy city. And plant seasonal variations were examined. Two datasets, one in early summer 2002 and the other in late summer and fall 2002, were derived from Landsat 7 data. By calculating the LST for the ETM + sensor, in this study, changes beyond the normal seasonal changes were considered as thermal anomalies. Also, by calculating the surface temperature by ASTER data, the surface manifestations of these anomalies under dense vegetation were revealed. MODIS sensor images were used to validate LST calculated by ASTER sensor and NDVI and ALI were calculated using it. The results of the present study showed that the identification of geothermal regions has a good spatial correlation with plant stress in Khoy city. ETM + and ASTER sensors, due to their high resolution in the infrared thermal band, 60 meters and 90 meters, respectively, are suitable sensors for calculating the surface temperature and detecting thermal anomalies. Therefore, the image difference method in this study was not a suitable method and did not show good results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - Identification of hematite and magnetite minerals using spectral data of different detectors (three detectors) and their ability to detect minerals (case study: East Azarbaijan province)
maryam bayatikhatibi Mahmood Soorgali samaneh bagheriAccording to the geological position and diversity of various events in the northwest of Iran, East Azarbaijan province has a high potential in relation to iron mineralization. The aim of the present study is to identify hematite and magnetite miSnerals in the study are MoreAccording to the geological position and diversity of various events in the northwest of Iran, East Azarbaijan province has a high potential in relation to iron mineralization. The aim of the present study is to identify hematite and magnetite miSnerals in the study area, which includes a range between the cities of Tabriz, Shabestar, Haris and Warzghan. In this research, the multispectral data of OLI sensor of Landsat 8 satellite, ASTER sensor of TERRA satellite, Sentinel-2 satellite, as well as hyperspectral data of Hyperion sensor in order to monitor hematite and magnetite minerals and existing geological maps were used for validation. Is. In this study, in order to identify hematite and magnetite minerals, multi-spectral spectral data was used and to obtain data, data related to different time spectra of these sensors were used. For all obtained data, pre-processing operations, including Atmospheric and radiometric corrections have been done in the environment of ENVI5.3 software. The methods used in this research include index-based methods (band ratio operation) and spectrum-based methods (SID), MF, SFF, LSU). Considering the geological history of East Azarbaijan province, the results of these two methods represent The presence of two minerals, hematite and magnetite, was within the scope of the study, and the comparison of the results showed that the multi-spectral data of the ASTER sensor has a high ability to distinguish and identify the two studied minerals. Since the access to Hyperion hyperspectral data is limited and also covers a limited area compared to multi-spectral data, it can be concluded that ASTER data has more advantages and efficiency in mineralogical studies than other sources of spectral data Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - Monitoring of land use changes in Shahmirzad city using remote sensing data and spatial information system
amir kamalifardIn order to study urban development and land use changes in subsequent periods, we also obtained land use maps and land survey data from Landsat satellite imagery and land use studies in Shahmirzad city to achieve this. Important software is ENVI 5.3, ARC.GIS10.5 and Te MoreIn order to study urban development and land use changes in subsequent periods, we also obtained land use maps and land survey data from Landsat satellite imagery and land use studies in Shahmirzad city to achieve this. Important software is ENVI 5.3, ARC.GIS10.5 and Terrset. . The results show that over the years studied, the area of horticultural, waste land has declined, and residential and human-made land use has increased. It was 2855094 square meters in 2009 and 2429144 square meters in 2019, following a downward trend. Residential and man-made land in 1999 was 360623 square meters, in 2009 it was 1264976 square meters and in 2019 it was 2495357 square meters, indicating a significant increase. . The change detection revealed that most land use conversions in 1999-2009 were related to conversion of arable land to wastewater by about 20% and from 2009 to 2019 related to conversion of arable land into residential land. With about 16%. Survey results show that in the first 10 years, about 20% of the horticultural land has become waste land and in the second 10 years about 7% of the land has become residential and human-made. Validation of the model with a kappa coefficient of 0.76 indicates that the model may have weaknesses but has acceptable ability to predict changes in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - Evaluation Remote sensing of land use effects on land surface temperature gradient using Landsat images: Case study: Kharestan Watershed
Abbasali vali abolfazl ranjbar marzieh mokarram farideh taripanahSeveral factors affect the temperature gradient of the Land surface, one of the factors affecting human activities is land use changes that can lead to global temperature changes. Land surface temperature changes affect the natural climate of the region, so understandin MoreSeveral factors affect the temperature gradient of the Land surface, one of the factors affecting human activities is land use changes that can lead to global temperature changes. Land surface temperature changes affect the natural climate of the region, so understanding its changes and balancing it is essential to understand the indirect effects of human intervention on ecosystems and their management. The aim of this study is to investigate land use, land surface temperature characteristics in each land use as well as correlation between land surface temperature variations and normalized difference index (NDVI). In this study, land use, land temperature and NDVI analysis was used from Landsat 5TM in 1990, 2010, ETM7 2000, and 8OLI for 2017. Land use was studied using supervised classification method. The results showed that the amount of land surface temperature in each land use was different and the maximom amount was found in the bare soil and in the built areas and the lowest in the garden. The difference in land surface temperature between built areas with vegetation in the years 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2017 was 3.58, 2.27, 3.20 and 2.12 ° C, respectively. Also, the difference in temperature between bare soil with vegetation cover in these four periods was 3/3, 0.8, 0.81 and 2.38 ° C respectively. In this study, the relationship between NDVI and surface temperature showed a negative correlation, so that areas with low NDVI had higher temperatures than those with high NDVI. The relationship between vegetation changes and surface temperature changes showed a significant correlation between these two parameters (R = 0.63). Therefore, it can be stated that land uses with more vegetation have lower temperatures than land uses with less cover. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Investigation and Prediction of Spatial and Temporal Land Use Changes in New Hashtgerd City by Integrating Remote Sensing Data and Cellular Automata Markov model
Sara SoukhtezariLand use changes due to the physical expansion of the city in most cities in Iran are so rapid, that urban planners and managers are facing a dynamic and complex development as they integrate the planning process in these areas. The purpose of this study is to investiga MoreLand use changes due to the physical expansion of the city in most cities in Iran are so rapid, that urban planners and managers are facing a dynamic and complex development as they integrate the planning process in these areas. The purpose of this study is to investigate land use changes and physical development of Hashtgerd city during the past 19 years and to predict land use change trends for the future. In this study, Landsat multi-time images were used. Using the support vector classification machine algorithm and the algorithm for Cross-Tab change, land use change trends over the past 19 years was evaluated. Also, using the Cellular Automata Markov prediction model, the process of land use change and physical expansion of the city is predicted for the future. The results of this study indicate the unnecessary expansion of the city over the past 19 years. So that the built-up with 736.56% growth have caused excessive destruction of agricultural and bare lands on the outskirts of the city. Investigations show that with increasing distance from land use changes have significantly reduced the amount of land use. Investigation of changes in land uses showed that 564/166 hectares of waste land has become residential land use. Predicting land use changes for 2028 and 2038 showed that residential land use will continue to increase. This highlights the need for special attention of urban planners and managers to the issue of urban development and its consequences in the region. Finally, the evaluation of the accuracy of the automated cell model showed that the percentage of classes area difference was less than 8%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - Effects of dam construction on physical development and upstream and downstream dam change using remote sensing (Case Study: June 15th, Qom)
Ahmad RajabiSo far, many studies have been conducted to identify and detect land cover changes and land use changes. Optimizing land cover monitoring is an inevitable necessity in natural resource management. Given the evidence and effects of climate change in the region and the de MoreSo far, many studies have been conducted to identify and detect land cover changes and land use changes. Optimizing land cover monitoring is an inevitable necessity in natural resource management. Given the evidence and effects of climate change in the region and the declining and increasing trend of some coverages and land uses can be effective in prioritizing conservation and zoning strategies. Factors such as land resources, environment, population, economy and society must be taken into account for sustainable development. Any type of development, regardless of quantity or quality, has specific environmental effects (1). Over time, dam construction has made some changes in the land cover - use of dams, in this study we aim to detect these changes. Therefore, for detecting cover changes - upstream and downstream of the Khordad 15 Khordad Dam during the period 201–990 1990, first visualize the changes using Googel Earth, then use Landsat 5 (1990 image) before. Dam Construction and Landsat 8 (Picture 2019) After dam construction and flooding using ENVI software, visual and automated changes detection are performed and the results of automatic image changes and classification in two classes Modified and unchanged Accuracy was 86.38% and was unchanged and modified by classification into three classes ( Decreased) reached 85.51% accuracy.Key words: Sustainable development,RemoteSensing,Dams,Change Detection,Classification. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Determining the amount of total organic carbon using satellite imagery and artificial neural network model (Case study area: Mountain Mish, Gachsaran city)
kamran mojardThe amount of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) is one of the most important parameter in evaluating hydrocarbon source rocks. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate of source rock by a method. There are several methods for estimating the of source rocks. One of the earliest m MoreThe amount of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) is one of the most important parameter in evaluating hydrocarbon source rocks. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate of source rock by a method. There are several methods for estimating the of source rocks. One of the earliest methods is the traditional method, which is very expensive and time consuming, so researchers are looking for more efficient methods. Given the high potential of remote sensing and spectral VIR spectra, the VNIR makes it possible to estimate the characteristics of the origin rock at a lower cost basis. Different quantitative and qualitative methods are used to establish a relationship between the concentration of rock elements and the spectrum obtained from remote sensing data. In this study, we tried to estimate the total organic carbon content of the total origin rock using the OLI Landsat 8 image sensor and using the MLP artificial neural network model. For this purpose, the band of 5 spectral ranges (0.845-0.8585) with Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.62 was chosen for the neural network. An artificial neural network with neurons in the secret layer with R2 = 0.79 and RMSE = 0.0008 were selected to generate a total organic carbon map. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - Prediction of Urban Construction Changes Using Satellite Images Based on CA-MARKOV Models (case study: Sari)
Sahab Bidgoli Kashani Mehran Fadavi Valiollah AzizifarAlong with the ever-increasing urban population, the amount of construction in the city space has been developed. The development of construction in the horizontal space and regardless of the existing restrictions has led to environmental, economic and legal problems fo MoreAlong with the ever-increasing urban population, the amount of construction in the city space has been developed. The development of construction in the horizontal space and regardless of the existing restrictions has led to environmental, economic and legal problems for the citizens. Achieving the amount, intensity and direction of construction development from the past to the present and predicting the construction situation in the future is the first step towards the scientific and practical management of the physical development of urban construction, planning and providing suitable solutions in order to create a balance between allocation Spatial-spatial construction and all kinds of legal, economic and environmental considerations. Data and information extracted from satellite images, while showing the historical changes of urban construction, are used as the main, necessary and necessary input data for models to predict its future state. In this research, satellite images of TM, ETM+ and OLI sensors of Landsat satellite were used in the time periods of 1997-2007 and 2007-2017 related to the city of Sari. After performing geometrical corrections, city area maps were prepared. Then, by using the effective parameters in urban construction changes, using the Cellular Automata(CA) Markov Model, the accuracy of the simulations was checked. Finally, for validation, the simulated maps and the ground reality map were matched with each other. The simulation of the construction development process in 2027 using the CA-Markov model showed that if the existing management regulations continue, this area will decrease from 4617.90 hectares in 2017 to 4357.44 hectares in 2027. But the examination of change maps and stability maps showed that new areas will be under construction between 2017 and 2027, which were mainly used for agriculture and barren land. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - Examining the certainty of remote sensing data in models for estimating water resources derived from snowmelt runoff
Eslam Galehban Mehrneg Dosti Rezaei Farhad NasiriShahrchay Dam is one of the main sources for providing drinking water and irrigation to the city of Urmia. The snow reserves in this basin serve as a strategic water supply for the agricultural sector and are utilized as runoff in the lower part of the basin as temperat MoreShahrchay Dam is one of the main sources for providing drinking water and irrigation to the city of Urmia. The snow reserves in this basin serve as a strategic water supply for the agricultural sector and are utilized as runoff in the lower part of the basin as temperatures rise. Therefore, having information about snow reserves and the runoff derived from them throughout the year is of special importance in water resources management of the basin. There are various methods available for estimating runoff derived from snowmelt, typically using a combination of meteorological data and remote sensing. In this study, the snow cover data from the MODIS, the ERA-LAND reanalysis dataset, and the GPM precipitation database, all of which are products of remote sensing, were used as inputs for the snowmelt runoff model (SRM). The daily runoff resulting from snowmelt in the Shahrchay Dam Basin was estimated using satellite images and products in the water year of (September 2019 to August 2020). And The model outputs were validated based on the daily river discharge data measured by the Barde Sour station. The results indicate that the Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) performed well in the studied basin, with a coefficient of determination (R2) exceeding 0.8 and a (DV) -2.21. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - Environmental assessment of desertification in Shahr Isfahan watershed using Medalos model and remote sensing data.
mohammad ebrahim afifi khali alinejad Marziyeh MogholiDestruction of the land is a global process that ultimately leads to a decrease in soil fertility, and if we consider its concept as a kind of instability and imbalance in the relationship between man and the environment, it should be accepted that a large part of the w MoreDestruction of the land is a global process that ultimately leads to a decrease in soil fertility, and if we consider its concept as a kind of instability and imbalance in the relationship between man and the environment, it should be accepted that a large part of the world and the country of Iran are dealing with this environmental problem. is facing Dealing with the phenomenon of land destruction and desertification requires evaluating and monitoring the type and intensity of land destruction, determining the causes of the destruction, and taking necessary measures to face the problem, as well as checking the integrity of the projects mentioned. Remote sensing technology has a very valuable role in the evaluation and monitoring of land degradation and desertification in local, regional and global scales and has led to the creation of a new approach in studies related to the evaluation and monitoring of desertification. Considering the importance of the destruction issue, in this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the desertification of Isfahan watershed by using remote sensing data and Medalos model. In the first step, based on the situation of the region, six parameters of climate, soil, vegetation, underground water and management and policy were considered to evaluate the amount of destruction. The indices were quantified based on their effect on the destruction process and each of them was given a score between 0.5 and 1.5 according to the fuzzy method, and they were studied in the pixel scale. The obtained results indicate that 4% of the area is in the mild category, 10% of the area is in the moderate category, and 86% of the area is in the severe category of desertification. In terms of the range's sensitivity to destruction, 4% of the total area of the range is in the potential class, 22% in the fragile class A, 50% in the fragile class B, 20% in the fragile class C and 3% in the critical class. Therefore, about 92% of the area of the region is in the fragile layer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - The environmental, political and security consequences of the drying up of Urmia Lake using remote sensing on the barracks of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army in the Urmia Lake basin.
vahid isazade Jvad EshaghiIn this research, the aim of this research is to the environmental, political and security consequences of the drying up of Lake Urmia using remote sensing on the barracks of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army in Lake Urmia. In terms of the purpose, the present research MoreIn this research, the aim of this research is to the environmental, political and security consequences of the drying up of Lake Urmia using remote sensing on the barracks of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army in Lake Urmia. In terms of the purpose, the present research is in the category of applied research, and in terms of the nature and method of the research, it is a descriptive survey type of research. The statistical population of the current research is the army barracks of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the area of Lake Urmia. To monitor salt particles in Urmia Lake, Sentinel 5, Madis and Landsat 8 satellite images for 2000 to 2022 from the Google Earth Engine system were used. In this research, the spatial descriptions and analyses available in the geographic information system (GEE system and Gis Arc software) have been used. According to the results of Moran's spatial autocorrelation analysis of salt dust dispersion and their impact on army barracks in Lake Urmia basin during 2010, Moran's coefficient showed 0.816328%. This percentage has reached its highest level by 2022. The highest concentration of hot spots (dispersion of salt particles) can be seen in only one high cluster in the northeastern parts of the Urmia lake basin, which includes Tabriz's 2nd Shekhari Barracks and Tabriz's 121st Brigade. In addition, the results of the research show that the security consequences of the mini-guns in the two barracks of Mahabad and Saqzaz Nazar show the defence and security aspect in 2015, which include an increase in the amount of unauthorized traffic, the creation of security loopholes, disruption in the movement of patrolling personnel, a decrease Field of vision, especially in times of wind and visibility, disturbance in standby and support, and disturbance in telecommunication networks are the most important security consequences of crisis defence. In 2022, the spatial dispersion of salt dust was not specific to one barrack, and most of the army barracks in the region were affected by the harmful dust of the lake, in this year, the highest amount of salt dust was found in the barracks of Urmia, Shekhari, Tabriz, Ghoshchi, Saqez and Mahabad is scattered. The security consequences of micro-rounds in the whole region in terms of defence, security and political dimensions, including ethnic-religious differences between the Turks and Kurds, increasing public discontent, decreasing the social solidarity of citizens with the government, increasing street protests and urban riots in the region, ethnic incitement. and more dissatisfaction, security crimes have increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - Compressed sensing: a review
Razieh Keshavarzian -
Open Access Article
168 - Dimensions of Market-Sensing Capability Identifying SMEs Created: A Systematic Literature Review
Intan Permana Ratih Hurriyati Vanessa Gaffar Lili Wibowo -
Open Access Article
169 - Assessment and compare the spatial-temporal distribution of aerosol optical depth (AOD) in the Khuzestan province, using remote sensing (R.S)
Parvaneh Meshkizadeh Neda orak Jafar MorshediThe study of desert dust and its suspension, transportation and deposition in environment are important issues with regard to global environmental changes. So, the distribution of dust and the way they can change, especially for dusts with extreme temporal and spatial v MoreThe study of desert dust and its suspension, transportation and deposition in environment are important issues with regard to global environmental changes. So, the distribution of dust and the way they can change, especially for dusts with extreme temporal and spatial variability, are being regularly monitored. In this study various methods of detection and zoning of dust-storm particles in Khuzestan province were compared. In this study, MODIS satellite images were utilized, because, these images have specific characteristics in identifying the source of dust storms. Initially the satellite data or satellite images were obtained. These images were captured a few days before and after the dust storm phenomenon in this area in order to identifying the exact origin of dust in this area. Maps derived from satellite Aqua and Terra showed that spatial variations AOD do not follow a certain trend, moreover, suspended particle variation in the air of western cities of Khuzestan were much more than other areas. The results showed that the highest and the lowest AOD index, almost in all cities, were observed in summer and autumn, respectively. Furthermore, the aerosol optical depth (0. 780±0. 22) in Ahvaz during the abovementioned period was above the average. According to AOD distribution maps in all four seasons in 2013, there was an increase in the amount of AOD from northeast to the southwest cities in Khuzestan province. There also was a decrease in the amount of AOD towards central cities of Khuzestan province in all seasons Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - Change of the physical development of the city of Rasht and the surrounding land evaluation land use changes with satellite images
issar noraisefat sajad nazari Saeed karimiSpread unplanned urban areas of serious environmental problems such as water pollution, loss of green space, increased air pollution and created. The monitoring of changes in urban areas and assess changes in land use in the study of urban planning and sustainable devel MoreSpread unplanned urban areas of serious environmental problems such as water pollution, loss of green space, increased air pollution and created. The monitoring of changes in urban areas and assess changes in land use in the study of urban planning and sustainable development is important. This study aimed to evaluate the growth of Rasht and identification of land use changes for future decisions, using satellite images taken between 1986 and 2014. For this purpose, using Landsat images (1986-2000-2014) and classified using maximum likelihood techniques and detection of changes in method of comparison after classification, urban sprawl and land use changes in the review period. Using Marklasyk the urban sprawl and land use changes and the main directions of development of the city was calculated. The results of this study from 1986 to 2014 about 3188 hectares in size urban areas added to the expansion of 3153 hectares of orchards and agricultural land, and 35 hectares of rice fields were destroyed. Meanwhile, about 170 hectares of rice and 108 hectares of rice paddies, orchards and agricultural lands to orchards and agricultural land use change data. Check expansion of the city in different directions also indicate the highest growth in the North and North East and South and South West have taken place. Growth in the triangular tabs around town show the main roads in the city of Rasht. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Urban expansion and physical development simulation using fuzzy cellular automata (FCA).Case Study: Ahwaz City
Saaid zangane shahrAki Morteza omidi Pour yousef tazesh ateena moenmehrThis study is proposed a model of urban expansion based on cellular automata principles and fuzzy logic approach. The most effective indicators were first selected using the DEMATEL method. The weight of each indicator was then obtained with the help of the prepared str MoreThis study is proposed a model of urban expansion based on cellular automata principles and fuzzy logic approach. The most effective indicators were first selected using the DEMATEL method. The weight of each indicator was then obtained with the help of the prepared structure using the Analytic Network Process (ANP). Three satellite images of 2003, 2007, and 2013 were used to simulate urban growth of Ahvaz in the year 2020. The selected base year was 2003. After performing preprocessing operations, the images were classified using the maximum likelihood method. The combination of fuzzy logic and the classic cellular automata model was made operational by defining the transition rules using the degrees of fuzzy membership. The Kappa index was employed in two stages to study accuracy of the images. The images of the base year were first classified and their accuracy was examined, and the accuracy of the simulated images with respect to reality was also investigated for the year 2007 and then simulation of the images of the other years was performed. Since the degree of accuracy of the model was considered acceptable, the linear regression model and the matrix of transition probabilities were employed for simulation in 2020. Results indicated the model enjoyed acceptable accuracy. It also yielded more realistic results in urban simulations compared to the classic CA method. Moreover, and growth and development of Ahvaz in different periods did not take place in any specific direction but rather was completely irregular and occurred in all directions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Environmental Assessment of Land Use Due to Dust in the Last Three Decades Using Remote Sensing Technique and CA Markov Model Case Study of Ahvaz
Yaha Abdolkarim Nisi mohammadebrahim afifi Marzieh MogholiOne of the environmental problems is the air pollution index, the most important index of which is the volume of suspended particles in the atmosphere, and in the southern and western cities of the country in recent years has increased significantly. The aim of this stu MoreOne of the environmental problems is the air pollution index, the most important index of which is the volume of suspended particles in the atmosphere, and in the southern and western cities of the country in recent years has increased significantly. The aim of this study was to monitor land use changes due to fine dust in the last three decades using remote sensing and CA-Markov in Ahvaz. The research method was field-analytical. After conducting preliminary studies and preparing appropriate satellite images, they were analyzed and evaluated with different amounts of educational samples and according to ground surveys. The images used were Landsat 7, 5 and 8 satellite images of 2000, 2010 and 2020, respectively. The classification was performed by artificial neural network method and the accuracy of the classification was evaluated and the prediction map of the study area was prepared using the CA-Markov model. The classification results showed that the lands built in 2000 increased from 10637.34 to 10925.76 hectares in 2010 and its area increased to 288.42 hectares. From 2000 to 2010, the green space increased from 1275.41 hectares to 1279.99, ie 58.4 hectares, due to the planting of hand-planted trees during these years to deal with fine dust. These changes have been decreasing from 2010 to 2020 and its area changes have increased from 1279.99 hectares to 1120.49, ie 159.50 area has been reduced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - Evaluation of the relationship between land use, land vegetation, urban development with urban temperature classes using TM Landsat images and NDVI Index (Case study of Kermanshah (
mohammadebrahim afifiThe haphazard urban growth and the increase in population have caused problems for urban communities. Including the phenomenon of thermal islands, which is the result of an unusual increase in temperature of the city compared to its suburbs. In this paper, the condition MoreThe haphazard urban growth and the increase in population have caused problems for urban communities. Including the phenomenon of thermal islands, which is the result of an unusual increase in temperature of the city compared to its suburbs. In this paper, the condition of Kermanshah thermal island in terms of spatio-temporal changes was investigated. The purpose of choosing Kermanshah is its important location and the lack of study in the field of thermal island. The data used in this research include using Landsat 5 multitemporal images b4, b5 and Thermal InfraRed with resolution 30, 120 meters and Landsat 8 b10, b11 with resolution 30 and 100 meters (TM 1992, 1998, 2007, 2011 and OLI/TIRS 2016), NDVI Index, Planck law for the TM images and two-window algorithm for OLI/TIRS images. Then the surface temperature was normalized, its relationship with vegetation loss and land use changes was investigated. The city was classified into five temperature classes from very cool to very hot, the area of each class was calculated and their variations were analyzed. The results showed a direct relationship between the thermal islands of Kermanshah with the city’s construction and land use. In the period of the study (1992-2016), the area of the city has almost doubled with the conversion of 3,800 hectares of agricultural and barren lands into urban areas. It was found that barren land use is the main center of the thermal islands. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - Explaining the Relationship between Thermal Islands and a Number of Morphological Factors of the City Using Remote Sensing and GIS (Case Study: Ahvaz)
Elaheh Azimi Reza Akbari Mohsen ArminIn this research, land use map was prepared by maximum likelihood method in 8 areas of Ahvaz city and altitude and slope maps were prepared. To evaluate the classification accuracy of the land use map, the error of the classified image was compared with a reference imag MoreIn this research, land use map was prepared by maximum likelihood method in 8 areas of Ahvaz city and altitude and slope maps were prepared. To evaluate the classification accuracy of the land use map, the error of the classified image was compared with a reference image containing a number of ground control points. The map of urban thermal islands was prepared using a separate window algorithm on the Landsat 8 satellite data set in the ENVI software environment. The results showed that the prepared land use map has an kappa coefficient of 86% and good accuracy and credit. The relationship between land use and thermal islands, the results indicate that the eight cities of Ahvaz with an average temperature of 43.3 and the fourth region with an average temperature of 32.6 had the highest and lowest temperatures, respectively. By comparing the percentage of land use classes in the eight and four districts of Ahvaz, it can be said that industrial land use will increase the average temperature of urban areas and space land use will reduce the average temperature of urban areas. Areas with a slope of zero to 1.5 percent have an average temperature of 34 degrees and areas with a slope of 10 to 37 percent have an average temperature of 41 degrees Celsius. In urban areas with altitudes below sea level and urban areas with an altitude of 64 to 80 meters above sea level, the average temperature is 34 and 41 degrees Celsius, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - Land Use Changes Modeling and Future Predictions Using CA-ANN Simulation in the Watershed of 25 (Shenroud, Siahkal)
Roghayeh JahdiIn this study, we analyzed the spatial–temporal trends of land use dynamics from 2000 to 2021 using remote sensing data. The image classification was based on three main land use classes, i.e. forest, artificial areas (agriculture and built-up), and other natural MoreIn this study, we analyzed the spatial–temporal trends of land use dynamics from 2000 to 2021 using remote sensing data. The image classification was based on three main land use classes, i.e. forest, artificial areas (agriculture and built-up), and other natural areas (bare lands, grassland, plantation, shrubland, water bodies, and woodlands). Maps of land use changes in the area for 2000-2021 show that built-up areas have increased by 9.3%. In contrast, forest and other natural areas decreased by 7.1% and 2.2%, respectively. In addition, an integrated CA-ANN (Artificial Neural Networks- Cellular Automata) model was used to predict land use changes from 2021–2042. The percentage of correctness for the simulation was 91%, and the overall kappa value was 0.86. Similar to the classified maps in 2000-2021, the prediction maps from 2021–2042 illustrated increasing trends in built-up areas by 4.7% and decreasing trends in the forest by 4.26% and other natural areas by 0.4%. In this work, we implemented ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models to predict land cover changes in the study area as a function of explanatory variables [elevation, slope, and proximity variables - distance to the city center, roads, villages, and streams-]. The results of the OLS models showed a relatively good performance for predicting land use changes with an R-squared value greater than 0.5. These results provide important knowledge that can help develop future sustainable management and planning and help managers make informed decisions to improve environmental and ecological conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - On the Current Changes of Votes Between 1989 and 2019 Changes and Predicting the Changes Using Remote Sensing and CA-Markov and LCM Models
Behroz Sadayn Mohammad Ebrahim AfifiLand use change has acted as a pivotal factor in environmental change and has become a global threat. Reviewing these changes through satellite imagery and predicting and evaluating their potential through modeling can help environmental planners and natural resource ma MoreLand use change has acted as a pivotal factor in environmental change and has become a global threat. Reviewing these changes through satellite imagery and predicting and evaluating their potential through modeling can help environmental planners and natural resource managers to make informed decisions. The purpose of this study was to review, model, and predict land use changes in the 30-year period of 1993-2013 by the Markow-LCM chain model in Kangan and Assaluyeh. For this purpose, land use maps were prepared using ETM +, TM and OLI satellite imagery in three periods of 1993, 2003, and 2013. Then verifying the maps and detecting the changes. Using the classification of the neural network and applying the Land Change Modeler (LCM Markov model) and the Land Use Change Modeling Approach have been implemented. The results of detection of changes in the first period with a kappa coefficient of 97% and the second period of 1993-2003 with a kappa coefficient of 94% indicate that the largest changes in the area in the water area and the largest decrease in the area in the vegetation area occurred. In order to calibrate the Markov chain model, the 2013 map was predicted and the error mapping matrix of the 2013 map reference model and mapping utilization yielded a copper coefficient of 93%. The results of modeling the transfer force using the artificial neural network in most of the sub-models The high accuracy was 60-93%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - Forecasting Changes in the Morphology of Sefid Rood River Using Arc GIS
Aghil Madadi Tayebeh Babaei olam Alireza GhodratiConsidering the flood events, especially for the settlements around the rivers, the lack of correct information about the consecutive changes of the river bed and its movement in the coming years is one of the important scientific issues of watershed management, therefo MoreConsidering the flood events, especially for the settlements around the rivers, the lack of correct information about the consecutive changes of the river bed and its movement in the coming years is one of the important scientific issues of watershed management, therefore, due to insufficient information about the behavior of the rivers, the settlements along the rivers in the coastal areas are constantly damaged. The scope of this research is from the border of Konik Kohestan to Jalga. The purpose of this research is to predict the changes in river morphology (channel width and measurement of Pichanroudi and river curvature coefficient) in the coastal areas of the north of the country through the integrated methods of remote sensing with the model of Markov automatic weighing cells. Sefidroud, as the largest and most important river on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, plays an important role in the life, activities and human capital of the region. The morphological factors of the river and its surroundings and the prediction of future conditions can be effective and necessary in the planning and preparation of coastal plains. In this research, the Landsat 5, 7 and 8 satellite images of 2002, 1987 and 2018, along with the data of changes in the level of the Caspian Sea and Sefidroud Dubai, field surveys and Envi 5.3, ArcGIS 10.4.1 and Idrisi TerrSet software as The research tool was used. First, the probability values of land use conversion in 2018 were obtained based on the integrated model of the Markov chain and automatic cells. The results showed that the integrated model has high precision and accuracy to predict the future pattern. Then, according to the accuracy and accuracy of the model output, the prediction map of land use and river morphology for 2030 was prepared. By fitting the two maps of 2018 and the forecast of 2030, possible changes in the river environment were obtained and analyzed in four areas. Finally, using the data of changes in the level of the Caspian Sea and the annual discharge of the Sefidroud River, the trend of changes and prediction of the model was investigated. The most likely changes are due to man-made facilities. Erosion processes, change of Pichanroodi and flooding in the distance from Sangar Dam to Luman village as lateral displacement of the channel and intensification of Pichanroodi, Kisem village and the city of Astana Ashrafieh and Azadsara to Lichah as flooding of human facilities and in the area of Kiashahr, Bojag wetland and delta Sefidroud is changing the position of the estuary and moving to the west of the river channel, according to the results of the survey of the cross section of the river channel in the three periods of 1987, 2002 and 2018, there has been a decrease in the width of the channel. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - Design and investigation of TiO2 –SiO2 thin films on AISI 316L stainless steel for tribological properties and corrosion protection
Behrooz Shayegh -
Open Access Article
179 - Downscaling of satellite-based precipitation considering the spatially heterogeneous relationship between precipitation and environmental variables
Arman Abdollahipour Hassan Ahmadi Babak AminnejadThe satellite-based precipitation products are one of the sources of rainfall estimation. Nonetheless, for usage in the local regions and, or for parameterizing of meteorological and hydrological models at basin scales, their spatial resolution is often coarse. Therefor MoreThe satellite-based precipitation products are one of the sources of rainfall estimation. Nonetheless, for usage in the local regions and, or for parameterizing of meteorological and hydrological models at basin scales, their spatial resolution is often coarse. Therefore, in this study, a downscaling– calibration method was developed for global precipitation measurement (GPM) satellite estimates (at 0.1° spatial resolution), for one year from 01/04/2014 to 31/03/2015, by considering the spatial heterogeneity of the relationship between precipitation and the environmental variables using the mixed geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model for Golestan province. In obtaining improved precipitation data with 1 km spatial resolution at an annual scale, the results showed that (1) the proposed method not only improved the spatial resolution of precipitation but also increased accuracy; (2) the downscaled and calibrated precipitation data (CC = 0.74, bias = 0.23) performed better than the original data (CC = 0.58, bias = 0.35) against ground observations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - Evaluation and comparison of estimation of evapotranspiration of wheat crop using Sabal algorithm and Penman-Montith method in Chah-e-Nimeh region of Sistan and Baluchestan
Ahmad Raissi Gholam Ali Mozaffari Hamid Reza ghafarian malmiriEstimation of plant water consumption or evapotranspiration is necessary for management and planning of water and agricultural resources, hydrological balance as well as approximate estimation of crop yield. There are various methods for determining evapotranspiration o MoreEstimation of plant water consumption or evapotranspiration is necessary for management and planning of water and agricultural resources, hydrological balance as well as approximate estimation of crop yield. There are various methods for determining evapotranspiration on a small scale using field measurements such as lysimeters, which are highly accurate but are not widely used due to their high cost and difficulty. For this reason, methods based on telemetry and the use of satellite imagery have received more attention from researchers. Therefore, due to the importance of the subject in this study, the evapotranspiration in the Chah region of Sistan and Baluchestan was estimated using satellite images and Sabal algorithm. In this research, Landsat 8 satellite images for 1396 and 1398 have been used and to compare the results obtained from the remote sensing method (Sabal), from the data of the synoptic meteorological station of Zahak city to estimate evapotranspiration by FAO-Penman-Montith method has been used. Using statistical indicators such as relative error and explanatory coefficient, the ability and performance of remote sensing and Sabal algorithm were investigated. Thus, the values of statistical indices in 1396 and 1398 for the coefficient of determination are 0.82 and 0.95, respectively, for the root mean square error (RMSE) with values of 2.15 and 1.27, respectively, as well as the mean error Absolute (MAE) values are 1.49 and 1.11, respectively, and finally the mean oblique error (MBE) is 0.27 and 0.09, respectively.The results indicate the acceptable accuracy of the Sabal algorithm in estimating actual evapotranspiration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - Modeling of the movement of quicksands using Landsat satellite imagery and artificial neural network (Study area: Lut plain)
Alireza Rezaei marzieh mogholiTo provide digital elevation model, the method of digitalising the alignment lines in topographic maps and then their interpolation is used. First, topographic maps of 1: 50000 area were converted to TIN by GIS software, then TIN map was prepared and then DEM of the reg MoreTo provide digital elevation model, the method of digitalising the alignment lines in topographic maps and then their interpolation is used. First, topographic maps of 1: 50000 area were converted to TIN by GIS software, then TIN map was prepared and then DEM of the region was prepared. Corrections and processing were done on the images. For artificial neural network models, the Artificial Neural Network Toolkit has been used with spss16 software. The displacement of sand dunes was modeled using artificial neural networks and regression models. In a modeling process, either statistical or artificial neural networks, data are usually divided into two parts. One part for training or calibration or calibration of the model and another part for testing or verifying the model. The results showed that remote sensing, artificial neural networks and regression models have good ability to model the displacement of sand dunes. In this research, remote sensing technology was used in the study and monitoring of the morphology of active sand gravel and its source in the region. In order to provide Quaternary geomorphological maps, improve geological map, separation of sand types in the Lut plain and, finally, Harvesting and sedimentation have been used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - Evaluation and prediction of future vegetation status in Dasht-e Fahleh region of Fars province using Markov model
Mohammad Javad Behi Mohammad Hossein Mokhtari Gholamhossein Moradi Mohammad Ali Saremi NaeiniThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the temporal and spatial changes of vegetation in Mullah Fahleh of Firoozabad region of Fars province. The standard vegetation index data of Landsat 5, 7 and 8 satellites, the precipitation data and Palmer index, which are availa MoreThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the temporal and spatial changes of vegetation in Mullah Fahleh of Firoozabad region of Fars province. The standard vegetation index data of Landsat 5, 7 and 8 satellites, the precipitation data and Palmer index, which are available as a remote sensing product, were extracted for 1992 to 2020 from the Google Earth Engine. Markov chain method was used to predict future vegetation changes. Using data from 1992 and 2002, the model was first run for 2020 and based on its acceptable performance (the kappa index of 75%), prediction was extended to 2030. The results showed an improving trend in vegetation status, so that the dense cover will increase from 4% in the initial period to 19% in 2030. The results of this study can help rangeland managers in the region to better exploit the region's natural resources and prevent the destruction of this ecosystem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
183 - Zoning and prioritizing the context of the 6th area of Kerman city against earthquakes using remote sensing techniques
Maryam Nohe sara Malihe Zakerian S.Ali Almodaresi mostafa khabazi Mohamad Hossain SaraiToday, the vulnerability of cities and especially old and worn-out structures against earthquakes is an important issue for environmental risk experts. The city of Kerman, due to its location in the tectonic zone of central Iran and having large and deep faults and frac MoreToday, the vulnerability of cities and especially old and worn-out structures against earthquakes is an important issue for environmental risk experts. The city of Kerman, due to its location in the tectonic zone of central Iran and having large and deep faults and fractures from a geological point of view, can be the source of huge crises, severe losses and casualties; Therefore, in this research, first, by using ASTER satellite images of 2007, the worn-out tissues of Kerman city were identified using SVM. In this study, the kappa coefficient of 76% was determined for all classes, and the kappa coefficient of 59% of the worn-out tissue was determined. The city of Kerman was identified. The results showed that the support vector machine classification method has the ability to detect nearly 75% of the worn-out fabric of the area, and the SVM method has worked very well in identifying the six areas of worn-out urban fabric. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - Detection of lakes changes trends with using geography information system (GIS) and Remote sensing (Rs).case study: tectonically Zarivar Lake
Mousa Abedini Afshin SotoudehpourChanges Detection with using remote sensing data in recent years has been the attention of many researchers. The aim of this study was to physical changes Detection of lake ،over a period of 57 year using satellite images and topographical the causes of the change. Afte MoreChanges Detection with using remote sensing data in recent years has been the attention of many researchers. The aim of this study was to physical changes Detection of lake ،over a period of 57 year using satellite images and topographical the causes of the change. After processing the satellite image were analyzed changes.it was that from1335 to 1392 agriculture lands decline significant and forest lands increased indicant. Wetlands by increasing the extant cause are declining extent of the Lake. in the other words،the change detection in 3 time period: 1335 and (1381) 2002،(1392) 2013 are representative decrease lake from 1297 hectare in year 1335 to 882 hectare in year (1392) 2013 .the following was implicated to analysis important factors including influence decline rain fall using irregular in water sources، drilling legal and illegal wells، increase surface evaporation and to prevent further reduce the extent of like and water ways offer . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
185 - Application of remote sensing products to identification of critical regions resulted from monthly extreme temperatures
Mohammad Rezaei Elham Ghasemifar Yousef Ghavidel RahimiIn the past, during extreme temperature events in Iran, precise determination of very hot and cold regions has been difficult due to absence and not a proper distribution of synoptic stations. But, nowadays the satellite data with appropriate spatial resolution pro MoreIn the past, during extreme temperature events in Iran, precise determination of very hot and cold regions has been difficult due to absence and not a proper distribution of synoptic stations. But, nowadays the satellite data with appropriate spatial resolution provides an opportunity for improving the previous research. The main purpose of this paper is determination of these regions in above mentioned conditions. Standardized Monthly mean temperature of 81 synoptic stations in Iran showed that during 1986 to 2014, in January 2008 and July 2010 most stations have been an extreme temperatures anomaly. For this, we used land surface temperatures from MODIS data product (level2) onboared on Terra satellite. To classification of regions, we used cluster analysis. When we cutting the dendrogram in the first step, separated 13 regions for July 2010 and 6 region for January 2008. In July 2010, Lut desert determined as the hottest area and in January 2008 northwest of Iran was the coldest and costal sea in south east was the pleasant in term of temperatures. Therefore, due to the lack synoptic station in Lut desert and also not distinct of this region as a separate region in previous study, capability of remote sensing product was obvious.Also result showed that unlike of synoptic station data, the MODIS remote sensing product very well indicate role of mountain in variability of temperature. However, by existing of satellite data, temperature map must have ability to showing the role of roughness. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - Determination of Landuse Factor in EPM Model by Using Remote Sensing Indices, Tarik Dam Basin, Rudbar, Guilan Province
Ali MohammadiTorkashvand Reza Bayat Nasrollah MolaeeHashtjin Somayyeh JafariOne of the main problems in the management of watersheds in the country is the lack of information and data. Due to the lack of Sediment Measurement stations in most country's watersheds and insufficient data, empirical models can be important tools for the preparation MoreOne of the main problems in the management of watersheds in the country is the lack of information and data. Due to the lack of Sediment Measurement stations in most country's watersheds and insufficient data, empirical models can be important tools for the preparation of these layers. EPM model is used in experimental models, the use of these models to estimate erosion and sediment in basins without data has the costs and difficulties in providing map. In EPM model, the user factor is one of the factors that can be provided through remote sensing with good accuracy and at lower costs. Tarik dam Basin in the west of Rudbar, Guilan province, was considered as study basin. The area of basin was 6102.1 ha with average elevation of 11296 m. Digital elevation model (DEM) from satellite SRTM radar were provided and the required maps were provided from DEM and satellite images. Land use map was prepared based on visual interpretation of Google Earth images and field views. The user factorof EPM model based on the conventional method (field views and corresponding table) and mean opinions of three experienced expert was appointed for each landuse unit. A number of indicators associated with a landuse such as NDVI, PVI, SAVI and MSAV were extracted on ETM+ satellite image in 2011. The average indices for every land use were calculated by Software of remote sensing, and by using a linear regression model, the relationship between the user factor and remote sensing indicators were analyzed. At the next stage, other factors of model based on traditional methods was carried out in determining and estimating of erosion. The erosion of basin was again estimated by using all previous factors and by more appropriate index. The best relationship between vegetation index (VI) and user factor of model was obtained that correlation coefficient was 0.793. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - Detection and Transmission Process of Land Cover Time Series Using GIS and Remote Sensing Technology in Peripheral Areas (Case study: Kajor section)
Yousef darvishi Mohammad Einali Amineh AndjomshoaaThe ever-increasing population growth and subsequent horizontal expansion of villages has led to changes in land use, especially in protected areas, resulting in the destruction of natural areas. In order to make the best use of the land, it seems necessary to be aware MoreThe ever-increasing population growth and subsequent horizontal expansion of villages has led to changes in land use, especially in protected areas, resulting in the destruction of natural areas. In order to make the best use of the land, it seems necessary to be aware of the changes in land use and the nature of human use of the land, which can be done by revealing the changes in land use. Therefore, in order to protect this area, it is not only important to understand the human factors, but also the role of natural factors, including vegetation. In this research, Landsat satellite imagery was used in 7 time periods. EVI, DVI and NDVI indices were used to study and analyse the changes in vegetation in the study area. In the present study, based on the modelling objectives, the changes in forest cover in the study area were investigated using Landsat satellite images for the years 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2010, 2015 and 2017.The false colour images of the OLI sensor used were referenced to the panchromatic band using 20 ground control points and an appropriate RMSe (0.28) of the ground, then the images of the sensors MSS and TM were referenced using the image-to-image method with an RMSe of less than 0.5. In this context, the modelling of the transmission potential was performed using the learning algorithm based on the multilayer perceptron and the prediction of the changes for the best model was performed using the Markov chain. Subsequently, the accuracy of the modelling was evaluated using the statistics of hits, misses and false alarms. The results of the vegetation indicators study showed the improvement of the vegetation condition in the studied period. The results of the vegetation indicators study showed that the vegetation condition improved during the studied period. The study of land use also showed that with the current trend, the area without cover will decrease and the area with pasture and forest cover will increase. Therefore, the improvement in cover conditions can be attributed to the application of conservation measures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - The use of Aster satellite images and SVM technique in zoning and prioritizing the urban context against the earthquakes (case study of the 5 nd area of Kerman city)
Maryam Nohe sara Malihe Zakeriyan Seyad Ali Almodaresi Mostafa Khabazi Mohamad Hosin Sarai Iran is one of the ten earthquake-prone countries and the sixth earthquake-prone country in the world. The city of Kerman, as the center of the country's largest province, is no exception to this rule, with a lot of worn-out urban fabric. The city of Kerman is loc More Iran is one of the ten earthquake-prone countries and the sixth earthquake-prone country in the world. The city of Kerman, as the center of the country's largest province, is no exception to this rule, with a lot of worn-out urban fabric. The city of Kerman is located on the northern edge of the Kerman Plain as a thrust subduction (graben) along with numerous faults on the border between the mountains and the plain and the areas near the city, some of which can cause earthquakes even stronger than 7. Richter. The worn-out urban texture has also added to it. Today, the vulnerability of cities to earthquakes has become an important issue for environmental risk experts. In this research, using ASTER satellite images of 2007, the worn-out textures of Kerman city were identified using SVM. In this study, the kappa coefficient of 76% was determined for all classes and the kappa coefficient of 59% was identified in Kerman. The results showed that the support vector machine classification method has the ability to detect nearly 45% of the worn tissue of the area. This identification showed that the support vector machine method could not work very well in identifying the area of five worn-out urban fabrics. As a result, the heritage of the area was identified with the control points in the worn-out fabric by field investigation and matching Google images. Due to the existence of many barren lands in this area and the spectral similarity of the barren land with worn-out texture, the support vector machine method could not provide proper identification. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
189 - Predicting the growth and development of Bandar-e-Gaz Town Using Fuzzy Cellular Automata (FCA)
دنیائی Donyaiiautomated cell-based models (CAs) are defined based on two-value logic and in a non-flexible manner. Combining fuzzy logic with the classical cellular automata model makes it possible to model the uncertainty governing the urban development simulation process by definin Moreautomated cell-based models (CAs) are defined based on two-value logic and in a non-flexible manner. Combining fuzzy logic with the classical cellular automata model makes it possible to model the uncertainty governing the urban development simulation process by defining the transition rules using the degrees of fuzzy membership. This study presented the model of urban expansion based on the fuzzy cellular automata. The most effective indicators were first selected using the DEMATEL method. The weight of each indicator was then obtained using the Analytic Network Process (ANP). Three satellite images from 2012, 2014 and 2019 were used to simulate urban development in the study area (Bandar-e-Gaz Town) for the year 2100.After preprocessing; the images were classified for all three periods by the maximum likelihood method. The Kappa index was used to check the accuracy of the maps in two steps. The images of the base year were first classified and their accuracy was examined, and then the simulation of the images of the other years was performed and their accuracy again was examined. Since the degree of accuracy of the model was considered acceptable, the linear regression model and matrix of transition probabilities were used for simulation. The results of this study showed that the proposed model is acceptable so that it works better in urban simulation than the classical model of CA. Also, the growth and development of Bandar-e-Gaz town in different periods has been more in the eastern and western parts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
190 - Assessing the state of desertification in the Shahrbabak plain watershed using Medalus model and remote sensing data
mohammad ebrahim afifi vahid sohrabiResearch problem: Land destruction is a global process that ultimately leads to a decrease in soil fertility, and if we consider its concept as a kind of instability and imbalance in the relationship between humans and the environment, it should be accepted that a large MoreResearch problem: Land destruction is a global process that ultimately leads to a decrease in soil fertility, and if we consider its concept as a kind of instability and imbalance in the relationship between humans and the environment, it should be accepted that a large part of the world and the country of Iran are dealing with this problem. The environment is facing. Dealing with the phenomenon of land destruction and desertification requires evaluating and monitoring the type and severity of land destruction, determining the causes of the destruction and taking the necessary measures to face the problem, as well as checking the accuracy of the said projects. The aim of desertification evaluation is Babak Shahr Plain. Remote sensing technology plays a very valuable role in the evaluation and monitoring of land degradation and desertification at local, regional and global scales and has led to the creation of a new approach in studies related to the evaluation and monitoring of desertification. Considering the importance of the destruction issue, in this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the desertification of the Shahrbabak watershed using remote sensing data and Medalus model. In the first step, based on the situation of the region, six parameters of climate, soil, vegetation, underground water and management and policy were considered to evaluate the level of destruction. The indicators were quantified based on their effect on the destruction process and each of them was given a score between 0.5 and 1.5 according to the fuzzy method and were studied in pixel scale. The obtained results indicate that 4% of the area is in the mild category, 10% of the area is in the moderate category, and 86% of the area is in the severe category of desertification. In terms of the area's sensitivity to destruction, 4% of the total area of the area is in the potential class, 22% in the fragile class A, 50% in the fragile class B, 20% in the fragile class C and 3% in the critical class; Therefore, about 92% of the area of the region is in the fragile layer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
191 - Investigation of arid vegetation compatibility toward precipitation variation with NDVI index (a case study, Ardakan-Aghda plain)
منیرالسادات Tabatabaii Zadeh فاطمه Hadian S.Z Hosseini جلال Barkhordari حسن KhosraviDrought monitoring is a important management program, but have some limitation as economical, huge and arduous natural areas. Then nowadays have been used satellite images for drought monitoring and management of areas as fastest and low cost method. In this research ha MoreDrought monitoring is a important management program, but have some limitation as economical, huge and arduous natural areas. Then nowadays have been used satellite images for drought monitoring and management of areas as fastest and low cost method. In this research have been used NOAA satellite images and annual/seasonal precipitation data during 2005-1982 then studied effect of Precipitation on vegetation cover in a part of Yazd province (Ardakan- Aghda area). The 92 precipitation maps have been prepared For determination of precipitation value in every vegetation type by using climate data and classified by distance weighting interpolation method. The results show an alone vegetation index could not define vegetation cover of study area that necessary to used multi-regression methods with other climatic factors. Furthermore, this index is not useful for arid area because have very low correlation between INDVI index and precipitation then is necessary to use other indexes and satellite images with more quality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - Monitoring of vegetation changes in Golestan province And a collection of international wetlands (Alma Gol, Alagol and Aji Gol) And the reasons are based on a two-time analysis of NDVI
Azita Mehrani Borhan Riazi Seyed Ahmad Mirbagheri Nematollah KhorasaniUnderstanding the rangeland ecosystem is the first step in managing these resources and determining land management and sustainable development programs.The aim of this study is to investigate the qualitative changes in the percentage of vegetation in the area of intern MoreUnderstanding the rangeland ecosystem is the first step in managing these resources and determining land management and sustainable development programs.The aim of this study is to investigate the qualitative changes in the percentage of vegetation in the area of international wetlands of Golestan province. The study used Landstat satellite bands measuring TM and OLI during statistical years (1988-2018). In ENVI5.3 software, geometric correction and preliminary processing and FLASH algorithm were used for atmospheric corrections. To increase the accuracy of rangeland classification, NDVI map was prepared with TERSET software and And 4 classes of covered land (excellent, very good, good and poor) were obtained. The CROSSTAB technique also calculated changes during the years of study. Land area showed results The highest increase with very good vegetation is from 1540/93 to 2849.99 square kilometers And the largest reduction in area with well-covered lands was from 1369/46 to 68.94 square kilometers. During this time, the study area underwent changes The biggest reductions include the destruction of a well-covered class from 31.94 to 1.66 percent and its conversion to other users.Also, 13.46 square kilometers of good coverage has become poor coverage Which included the surrounding wetlands, rocky areas and rural areas.Good coverage that minimized area reduction There were pasture lands in use Class changes with good coverage indicated a reduction in area and vegetation And the temperature will rise The results showed that NDVI is a good measure for evaluating and monitoring vegetation changes and proper rangeland management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - The Application of Object- Based Image Analysis Approach for Land Use/Cover Change Modeling of Urban Growth within the City of Maragheh
Bakhtiar Fezizadeh Alireza TaheriLand-use can be considered as a combination of physical, social, cultural, economic, and informational concept of every country. In fact, the land-use maps include ways for using land for human’s different needs. Since warning land-use maps and their updates are a MoreLand-use can be considered as a combination of physical, social, cultural, economic, and informational concept of every country. In fact, the land-use maps include ways for using land for human’s different needs. Since warning land-use maps and their updates are as the most important goal in the management of lands, the use of remote sensing technology is the best way to extract the user's maps. The present study aims to employ HDR sensor with digital processing SPOT satellite images related to 2005 and satellite image obtained from the sensor of AVNIR, AlOS for 2011 to extract land use maps based on object-based image analysis approach. Accordingly, in the pre-processing step was spent on the image and in the processing phase after the detection of images, they were classified using object based advanced method. For the classification the function (the nearest neighborhood) and algorithms (hierarchical classification) were used. The method of image processing was object-based which was performed using spatial and spectral algorithms in knowledge-based manner at e-cognition software. In the next step, the validation step was performed and the accuracy of classification for 2005 was calculated to be 84 percent and for the year 2011 it was assessed to be about 81 percent. The results of this research are important for decision makers in this area for the task of regional planning and monitoring. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - Matching of Remote Sensing Images Using Improved SURF Detector and Direction-Invariant BRISK Descriptor in the Simulator Environment of Affine Transform Functions
Fatemeh Khalili Farbod Razzazi Abolfazl HosseiniRemote sensing images are often captured by a variety of sensors at different times and with various deviation angles. This makes the matching procedure of image pairs be a challenge. To solve this problem, some algorithms have been proposed to improve this matching. On MoreRemote sensing images are often captured by a variety of sensors at different times and with various deviation angles. This makes the matching procedure of image pairs be a challenge. To solve this problem, some algorithms have been proposed to improve this matching. One of the most popular methods is SURF (Speedup robust features) algorithm, which is somewhat resistant to scale changes, rotation of images, brightness variation, and noise. In addition, the algorithm is suitable for the image deviation angles up to 45 degrees. However, the overlap and proximity of the extracted key points in this algorithm are high and it does not provide a suitable spatial distribution for the key points. This study is looking for a method that is resistant to the changes of affine transformation parameters. We use an IMAS (Image matching by affine simulation) simulator environment, which offers a suitable distribution of key points and can be considered as a solution to more angle differences than SURF. A morphology filter is used to find the boundaries and the edges with more clarity in the images. To reveal the key points, the images centers of mass are employed, which address the main direction of feature points and describe the invariable rotation. In addition, RBRISK (Rotation invariant binary robust invariant scalable key point) descriptor is employed in the algorithm which is temporally stable. The results of the experiments show that the proposed method improved the matching rate in satellite images by about 10% with suitable computational complexity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
195 - Improved Sensor Sampling Method for the Joint Dictionary Learning and Compressive Data Gathering in WSNs with the Aid of Information Theory
Gholamreza Imanian Mohammad Ali Pourmina Ahmad SalahiIn the last decade, to reduce the costs of environmental monitoring, the data aggregation based on the joint dictionary learning and compressive sensing technique in wireless sensor networks has been considered. In this article, a deterministic and non-random sampling d MoreIn the last decade, to reduce the costs of environmental monitoring, the data aggregation based on the joint dictionary learning and compressive sensing technique in wireless sensor networks has been considered. In this article, a deterministic and non-random sampling design for use in this data aggregation method is presented. This method is based on estimating the amount of mutual information of sensor data and is obtained by sampling all of them in a short part of the data collection round named the training phase. In the next and main stage of the data collection period, only the nodes that provide the most information about the non-sampled nodes are scheduled to sample. Simulation results for real signals show that when the number of sampling sensors comprises still about 25% of the total network nodes, average energy savings of more than 12% can be achieved over a reference sampling method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
196 - Adaptive Algorithm Based on Compressive Sensing to Improve the Channel Estimation of M-MIMO Systems
Mohammad Ali Abedi Afrooz Haghbin Farbod RazzaziTo overcome the problem of channel estimation in massive multiple-input multiple-output (M-MIMO) systems, in this paper we propose a downlink link channel estimation scheme in frequency-division duplex (FDD) based on structured compressive sensing to reduce the pilot re MoreTo overcome the problem of channel estimation in massive multiple-input multiple-output (M-MIMO) systems, in this paper we propose a downlink link channel estimation scheme in frequency-division duplex (FDD) based on structured compressive sensing to reduce the pilot required by which Intrinsic spatial sparsity of M-MIMO delay channels are amplified. For this purpose, first, after discussing the different methods of channel estimation and examining the existing challenges, we define our roadmap and propose our algorithm, in which we estimate the channel based on the greedy orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm. In this algorithm, spatial correlation between the channel impulse response of different transmitter antennas is used for accurate channel estimation. This algorithm obtains the channel sparsity in an adaptive way, which negates the ideal assumption of the previous works that the channel sparsity is in hand. In this case, this algorithm estimates the channel with good accuracy in cases when the exact amount of channel sparsity is not known. Finally, we present simulations that demonstrate the ability of this method to reduce the required pilot. The simulations show that the proposed channel estimation reliably obtains the channel sparsity level and the support set compared to similar methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
197 - Overhead Reduction in Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Via Sequential Detection in Cognitive Radio Networks Under Bandwidth Constraint
Samira Torabi Ali Bahrami Mohammad Farzan SabahiReliable and efficient spectrum sensing plays an important role in cognitive radio networks. On the other hand, accurate and fast sensing of spectrum is the main function of a cognitive radio for cognitive users to avoid harmful interference in licensed users. However, MoreReliable and efficient spectrum sensing plays an important role in cognitive radio networks. On the other hand, accurate and fast sensing of spectrum is the main function of a cognitive radio for cognitive users to avoid harmful interference in licensed users. However, detection performance issues are often shadowing, fading and receiver uncertainty. To mitigate the impact of these issues, cooperative spectrum sensing as an effective method is presented to improve the detection performance with help of spatial diversity. Cooperative spectrum sensing leads to CR detection performance improvement. In order to execute the cooperative spectrum sensing among cognitive radio users, data fusion schemes are superior to that of decision fusion ones in terms of the detection performance but suffer from the disadvantage of huge traffic overhead when bandwidth constraint of communication channels is taken into account. The overhead contains additional sensing time, delay, energy and sensing actions dedicated to cooperative sequential sensing any also contains any performance degradation that is caused by cooperative sensing. The purpose of this paper is reviewing of the cooperative sensing techniques with sequential methods. The simulation results show that with reducing the number of examined samples, the sensing time and the energy will be reduced and as the result, the overhead will be reduced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
198 - Strategies for monitoring environmental changes: monitoring and predicting land-use land-cover (LULC) change (Case study: South Pars special economic zone, Iran)
Sadegh Mokhtarisabet Afsaneh Shahriari -
Open Access Article
199 - Comparison of development trends of Tehran and Isfahan cities and its effects on vegetation, climate and air pollution using GEE, Giovanni
Mahdieh Rezaeyan -
Open Access Article
200 - A review of forest biomass estimation and modeling methods by remote sensing
Razieh Hadavand Sadegh Mokhtarisabet Reza Abedzadegan Abdi -
Open Access Article
201 - In silico Analysis of Inhibitory Potential of Major non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs against Las-quorum Sensing Circuit in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Hossein Zahmatkesh Behnam RastiThe emergence of drug resistance, therapeutic failure, and the development of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are primarily attributed to biofilm formation and quorum sensing (QS) dependent virulence factors. The antimicrobial potential of some non-steroidal anti-infl MoreThe emergence of drug resistance, therapeutic failure, and the development of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are primarily attributed to biofilm formation and quorum sensing (QS) dependent virulence factors. The antimicrobial potential of some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, has been determined in laboratory studies. Herein, a docking analysis was conducted to examine the interaction between seven NSAIDs and the proteins of the Las system. Initially, the three-dimensional structure of selected NSAIDs (Diclofenac sodium, Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen, Mefenamic acid, Meloxicam, Naproxen, and Tenoxicam), and natural ligand of LasR (3-oxo-C12-HSL) were retrieved from PubChem database. Also, crystal structures of LasI Synthase and transcriptional activator protein LasR were obtained from Protein Data Bank. Subsequently, the molecular docking analysis utilizing AutoDock Vina software was employed to investigate the capability of the selected NSAIDs to inhibit the LasI/LasR receptor. Based on our findings, the majority of the selected NSAIDs exhibited favorable interactions with LasI/R proteins. Moreover, ketoprofen exhibited the strongest interactions with both proteins. In summary, this work suggested that NSAIDs, especially ketoprofen and naproxen, have promising potential as candidates for further in vitro and in vivo investigations to inhibit the QS circuits of P. aeruginosa. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - Known compounds of thiourea as dual naked-eye nano scale detectors of N3¯/I¯ and Cu2+ ions
Halimeh Hajighasemi Naser Foroughifar Alireza Khajeh-Amiri Ebrahim Balali -
Open Access Article
203 - Evaluation of Effective Factors in the Process of Physical Development of Tabriz City Using Remote Sensing Methods
Mohammad Ibrahim Afifi Vahid SohrabiThe rapid growth of urbanization has put heavy pressure on the land and surrounding resources and has caused a reduction in vegetation, open spaces and serious social and environmental problems. Therefore, an essential step for managing and planning urban development, a MoreThe rapid growth of urbanization has put heavy pressure on the land and surrounding resources and has caused a reduction in vegetation, open spaces and serious social and environmental problems. Therefore, an essential step for managing and planning urban development, as well as evaluating its cumulative effects, is to investigate and simulate the physical development of the city. The purpose of this study is to understand the effective factors in the process of physical development of Tabriz metropolis according to the category of sustainable urban spatial development from the ecological aspect and maintaining its environmental conditions in the next two decades. For this purpose, according to the optimal separation capability of users, in the image classification process, the object-oriented image analysis method was used, which also relies on spectral information and information related to texture, shape, and content, and using Landsat 5 multi-temporal satellite images. and 7 and Shigra satellite image processing techniques of land use changes in the time period 4891-1102 have been evaluated with an emphasis on the spatial expansion of Tabriz metropolis. Based on the results, the area of Tabriz metropolis (the mother city of Tabriz and satellite cities) has increased from 7220.34 hectares in 1984 to 22346.82 hectares in 2012. A significant area of recent development has taken place on floodplains and areas vulnerable to earthquakes, which requires the management of the future development of the surrounding cities. For this purpose, factors affecting the physical development of Tabriz metropolis based on research background in the form of 42 indicators were identified and mapped using multivariate evaluation methods based on linear combination and fuzzy CLW and by extracting lands prone to future physical development along with the dependent variable of urban changes. During the years of 1984-2012, with the use of VokraM-aC automatic Markov chain cells, the future pattern of land use was predicted in the form of an environmental protection approach and in accordance with the principles of sustainable development until 2038. Agricultural and garden lands will be damaged. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
204 - Assessment and Analysis of Physical Development and Land Use Changes on Parsabad Moghan City Using Remote Sensing Data
Mohamad Reza Pourmohammadi Mehdi Moazzeni Bahman HadiliRandom urban growth leads to urban development and land use changes. Changes in land use in urban areas typically reflect the economic development and population growth. Parsabad city as a newly established city in recent years has seen rapid physical development as wel MoreRandom urban growth leads to urban development and land use changes. Changes in land use in urban areas typically reflect the economic development and population growth. Parsabad city as a newly established city in recent years has seen rapid physical development as well. This expansion causes changes in land use of the city and suburbs. The research method is descriptive-analytical, data collection method is documentary and field method, and tools used in this research for analyzing the data include ENVI 5, IDRISI SELVA, and ARC GIS softwares. In this study in order to analyse urban development and land use changes during different periods, remote sensing data, Landsat sensor TM in 1989 satellite images, the ETM 2002 Landsat, and Landsat 8 (OLI) 2015 on June months have been used. For analyzing the changes, Crosstab function in Idrisi Selva’s environement is used. The results showed that build-up urban land area has expanded from 278 hectares in 1989 to 560 hectares in 2002 and 820 hectares in 2015 year. The amount of urban development play a major role at the Loss of other lands, especially barren and farm lands, subsequently led to declination of barren land area from 1059 hectares in 1989 to 192 hectares in 2015. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
205 - Application of artificial neural network and Cellular AutomataIn modeling and predicting land use changes in Bavanat city
Marzieh MogholiIntroduction: Today, due to the high value of land and the limitation of natural resources in the city of Bowanat, it is very important to predict land use changes in this city.Research Aime: determining the level of ability in modeling the localization phenomena in the MoreIntroduction: Today, due to the high value of land and the limitation of natural resources in the city of Bowanat, it is very important to predict land use changes in this city.Research Aime: determining the level of ability in modeling the localization phenomena in the city of Bowanat is one of the main goals of the research. Methodology: considering the practicality and development in this research of artificial neural networks for calibrating the model for the effective factors in the city. Bowanat has been used and ENVI and Arc GIS image processing software have been used.Methodology: Due to practicality and development in this research, artificial neural networks were used to calibrate the model for effective factors in the city of Bowanat, and ENVI and Arc GIS image processing software were used.Studied Areas: Bowanat city is located 240 km from Shiraz city with an area of 4992.2 square kilometers, which is located at 30.46 degrees north and 53.67 degrees east.Results: In the design of urban growth modeling in Bowanat between 2003 and 2018 using artificial neural network, it was observed that for two main reasons, the mentioned model is suitable for predicting land use changes in Bowanat city, the first reason being the ability of the CA model and the reason The second is to achieve a model for urban change and expansion by changing urban land use.Conclusion: After examining the findings, it was found that the road network is one of the most important factors in the growth and expansion of Bowanat city, and in addition, the percentage of land slope is one of the effective parameters in the modeling of Bowanat city.Keywords: Land use, Fuzzy Logic, Artificial neural network, Bavanat city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
206 - Evaluating the relationship between land use planning and the formation of urban heat islands (Case Study: Meshginshahr City)
Houshang sarvar pooran karbasi Mousa VaeziIntroduction: Population growth and urban development have made use of much of the urban land, especially agricultural lands and gardens, for residential, industrial, and transportation uses. This use changes lead to increased pollution and degradation of the environmen MoreIntroduction: Population growth and urban development have made use of much of the urban land, especially agricultural lands and gardens, for residential, industrial, and transportation uses. This use changes lead to increased pollution and degradation of the environment and above all the earth's surface temperature has increased.Research Aim: This study investigates the relationship between land use and thermal islands in Meshginshahr over the 1984, 1999 and 2020 time periods.Methodology: The research method is applied and research in nature. To achieve the goal of the research, after radiometric and atmospheric processing of the images, land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation index (NDVI) were calculated. Then, using the error matrix method, the accuracy and precision of kappa for production maps were evaluated.Studied Areas: The geographical area of this research is MeshginShahr city.Results: The findings indicate that Maps of the heat island show that in 1984 the minimum temperature is 22 and the maximum temperature is 43 ° C. While this situation has been increasing in 2020, the minimum temperature is 29 and the maximum temperature is 63 ° C.Conclusion: The results of the relationship between land surface temperature and land use changes show that the highest land surface temperature is related to urban construction lands and this is a result of reduced vegetation cover and increased impermeable levels. Also, the study of the spatial distribution changes of the surface temperature of the island and the thermal island showed that with the disappearance of vegetation inside and around the city the cool temperature class replaced the warm temperature class. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
207 - Evaluation of Land Cover Changes Remote Sensing Technique (Case Study: Hableh Rood Subwatershed of Shahrabad Basin)
Khadijeh Abolfathi Marzieh Alikhah-Asl Mohammad Rezvani Mohammad NamdarThe growing population and increasing socio-economic necessitiescreates a pressure on land use/land cover. Nowadays, land use change detection using remote sensing data provides quantitative and timely information for management and evaluation of natural resources. This MoreThe growing population and increasing socio-economic necessitiescreates a pressure on land use/land cover. Nowadays, land use change detection using remote sensing data provides quantitative and timely information for management and evaluation of natural resources. This study investigates the land use changes in part of Hableh Rood Watershed of Iran using Landsat 7 and 8 (Sensor ETM+ and OLI) images between 2001 and 2013. Supervised classification was used for classification of Landsat images. Four land use classes were delineated including rangeland, irrigated farming and plantations land, and dry farming lands,urban. Visual interpretation, expert knowledge of the study area and ground truth information accumulated with field works to assess the accuracy of the classification results. Overall accuracy of 2001 and 2013 image classification was 81.48 (Kappa coefficient: 0.7340) and 87.04 (Kappa coefficient: 0.7841), respectively. The results showed considerable land cover changes for the given study area. Land cover change detection showed that in a period of 12 years, 277.57 hectaresof dry farming lands and 340 hectares of dense range have been lost. But, 341 hectares for low dense range, 280 hectares for semi dense range and 1.4 hectares for urban areas, have been added in area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
208 - Extraction and analysis of lineaments in west Alborz area using SRTM 90m data and GIS
Godratolah Farhoudi Jafar Rahnamarad Mohammad Tayebi -
Open Access Article
209 - Spatial Association of Mineralization and Fractures in Meiduk Porphyry Copper Mine
Ali Mehrabi Reza Derakhshani Jafar Rahnamarad -
Open Access Article
210 - Analysis of Tectonic Activity using Morphotectonic Indices (Case study: Kesmat Basin, Lorestan Province, Iran)
Siamak Baharvand -
Open Access Article
211 - Investigating the Impact of Market Sensing Capability on Innovation through the Mediation of Knowledge Creation and the Moderating Role of Strategic Orientation To Entrepreneurship
Mansour Torkiantabar Mahmmod Ahmadisharif Haneyeh Akhondzadeh Objective: This research has been done with the aim of determining the effect of market sensing ability on innovation with regard to the mediating role of knowledge creation and the moderator of strategic orientation to entrepreneurship in the Novin insurance comp More Objective: This research has been done with the aim of determining the effect of market sensing ability on innovation with regard to the mediating role of knowledge creation and the moderator of strategic orientation to entrepreneurship in the Novin insurance company. It has been done by a descriptive-survey methodMethodology: Descriptive-survey method is correlational type. Al-Shanti and Amigwali (2021) questionnaire was used to collect the data needed for the research to measure the four components of market sensing ability, strategic orientation to entrepreneurship, knowledge creation and innovation. Questionnaire reliability in general, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was estimated to be 781/781 using the formula. The statistical population under study is all the experts and managers of the headquarters of Novin insurance Company, including 414 people, and using Cochran's sample size formula, 200 people were selected as a statistical sample. A simple random method was used to select the samples.Results: The results of applying structural equation modeling in the Lisrel software environment showed that the ability to sense the market directly and indirectly affects innovation through the mediating role of knowledge creation. Also, the results of the regression test showed that strategic orientation to entrepreneurship moderates the effect of market sensing ability on knowledge creation.Conclusion: Undoubtedly, knowledge creation as one of the dimensions and elements of knowledge management has a very valuable role in the activities of all kinds of organizations, and market sensitivity makes organizations seek to supply their customers with better and more accurate understanding of their needs. Be their wishes and expectations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
212 - Noiselet Measurement Matrix Usage in CS Framework
Haybert Markarian Alireza Mohammad Zaki Sedigheh Ghofrani -
Open Access Article
213 - Randomness, Coherence and Noise Robustness in Compressive Sensing
Haybert Markarian Sedigheh Ghofrani -
Open Access Article
214 - Developing the Plasmonic Fractal Nanoantenna for Energy Harvesting and Biosensing Application
Sepideh Ebrahimi Ferdows Zarrabi -
Open Access Article
215 - The effects of Tomatidine alkaloid on biofilm formation and the exprsssion of quorum sensing associated genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Hadi Ghoomdost Noori Omid Tadjrobehkar Elham MoazamianBackground and Objectives: Quorum sensing system plays an important role in regulating pathogenic propertise and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Therefore, inhibiting the quorum sensing system can be a suitable solution in the treatment of infections relate MoreBackground and Objectives: Quorum sensing system plays an important role in regulating pathogenic propertise and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Therefore, inhibiting the quorum sensing system can be a suitable solution in the treatment of infections related to Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of sub-inhibitory concentretions of tomatidine on the expression of quorum sensing genes and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Materials and methods: The present study was a laboratory interventional study. Biofilm formation was evaluated by microtiter plate method. The RNA of all bacteria was extracted using a column RNA isolation kit and the expression of lasI, lasR, rhlI, rhlR and algD genes in both normal conditions and after treatment with tomatidine was analyzed. Antibiotic resistance was evaluated by the disk diffusion method. Results: The highest and least antibiotic resistance was detected against ticarcillin (80%) and colistin (5%), respectively. Tomatidine up to a concentration of 2 mg/ml had no inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 55% of the strains were weak biofilm producers and 45% were strong biofilm producers. The expression of all genes and biofilm formation increased after treatment with tomatidine. The lasI and rhlR genes were respectively the most and least affected genes. Among the five genes examined, only rhlR is significantly more expressed in weak biofilm producers. Conclusion: The results showed, contrary to expectation, the sub-MIC concentrations of tomatidine increase the expression of quorum sensing genes and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
216 - The study of two plant extracts inhibitory to the quorum sensing of Chromobacterium violaceum CV026
Milad Makhfian Nader Hassanzadeh Kambiz LarijaniBackground and Objectives: Many bacteria utilize quorum sensing mechanism in order to coordinate their vital functions such as survival, motility, production of biofilm, pathogenicity factors, etc. Interfering with the complicated cell-to-cell communication system p MoreBackground and Objectives: Many bacteria utilize quorum sensing mechanism in order to coordinate their vital functions such as survival, motility, production of biofilm, pathogenicity factors, etc. Interfering with the complicated cell-to-cell communication system paralyses bacterial calls to perform their different indigenous functions like pathogenicity. In this study interfering effects of two distinguished plant extracts, whitetop and dill, on bacterial quorum sensing of Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 was evaluated. Materials and Methods: Whitetop and dill plant species were collected from the surrounding agricultural areas and commercial fields of Urmia City. The collected plants were extracted using three organic solvents, 96% ethanol, n-hexane and methanol. The Antimicrobial susceptibility and anti-quorum sensing bioassays were then performed to find out their bactericidal property and depletion of violacein, respectively. Furthermore, the assays regarding pathogenicity suppression using anti-quorum sensing activity and acyl homoserine lactone induction through Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum strain were carried out. Results: Based on the results, both of the plant extracts possess meaningful anti-QS activities; however, the proportion of the activity in whitetop was fewer than dill. Furthermore, the aforementioned plant extracts had bactericidal activity in which whitetop had more proportion in comparison to dill. Conclusion: Due to decrease in the production level of violacein by CV026 as a result of the anti-quorum sensing activity of whitetop and dill extracts, application of the extracts can be considered as an appropriate approach for controlling bacterial pathogens without developing resistance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - Assessment of Drought Severity Using Vegetation Temperature Condition Index (VTCI) and Terra/MODIS Satellite Data in Rangelands of Markazi Province, Iran
Ali Akbar Damavandi Mohammad Rahimi Mohammad Reza Yazdani Ali Akbar Noroozi -
Open Access Article
218 - Determination of Best Supervised Classification Algorithm for Land Use Maps using Satellite Images (Case Study: Baft, Kerman Province, Iran)
Sedigheh Mohamadi -
Open Access Article
219 - Efficiency of Spectral Indices Derived from Landsat-8 Images of Maharloo Lake and Its Surrounding Rangelands
Hamid Reza Matinfar Vahid Zandie -
Open Access Article
220 - Drought Monitoring Using Vegetation Indices and MODIS Data (Case Study: Isfahan Province, Iran)
Mahtab Safari Shad Alireza Ildoromi Davoud Akhzari -
Open Access Article
221 - Application of Satellite Data and Data Mining Algorithms in Estimating Coverage Percent (Case study: Nadoushan Rangelands, Ardakan Plain, Yazd, Iran)
Zinab Mirshekari Majid Sadeghinia Saeideh Kalantari Maryam Asadi -
Open Access Article
222 - Soil Salinity Mapping Based on ETM+ Data in Arid Rangeland, Iran (Case Study: Damghan Region, Iran)
Mitra Shirazi Ali Akbar Damavandi -
Open Access Article
223 - Assessment of Land Use Changes in Miandoab Rangelands by GIS and AHP
Nafiseh Rezapour Andabili Mahsa Safaripour -
Open Access Article
224 - Drought Monitoring Using MODIS Land Surface Temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Products in Semi-Arid Areas of Iran
Elham Rafiei Sardooi Ali Azareh Hadi Eskandari Damaneh Hamed Skandari Damaneh -
Open Access Article
225 - Estimation of Evapotranspiration of Rangeland Cover Using SEBAL Algorithm in Robat Mahidasht Region, Kermanshah, Iran
Homaion Hesadi Abdoulkarim Behnia Ali Mohammd Akhoond-Ali Seyed Mahmoud Kashefi Pour Peyman Daneshkar Arasteh Ali Reza Karimi -
Open Access Article
226 - Remote Sensing Monitoring of Vegetation Area and Species Diversity over Fifteen Years in Sirjan Salt Lake, Iran
Reza Atighi Abbas Ahmadi Javad Varvani Hamid Toranjzar Nourollah Abdi -
Open Access Article
227 - The use of modified and unmodified digital cameras to monitor small-scale savannah rangeland vegetation.
Thabang Maphanga -
Open Access Article
228 - Estimation of Vegetation and Land Use Changes Using Remote Sensing Techniques and Geographical Information System (Case Study: Roodab Plain, Sabzevar City)
Ali Ariapour Abolghasem Dadrasi Sabzevar Sara Toloee -
Open Access Article
229 - Detection of Land Use Changes for Thirty Years Using Remote Sensing and GIS (Case Study: Ardestan Area)
Masoud Nasri Alireza Sarsangi Hassan Yeganeh -
Open Access Article
230 - Identification of Invasive Species Using Remote Sensing and Vegetation Indices, (Case Study: Vazroud Rangelands, Iran)
Mohadeseh Amiri Karim Solaimani Reza Tamartash Mirhassan Miryaghoubzadeh -
Open Access Article
231 - Frames for compressed sensing using coherence
L. Gavruta G. Zamani Eskandani P. Gavruta -
Open Access Article
232 - مدلسازی دینامیکی و شبیه سازی ارتعاشات غیرخطی تیر میکرونی پیزوالکتریک در حالت خود اندازه گیر میکروسکوپ نیروی اتمی
احمد حقانی رضا قادری امروزه میکروسکوپ نیروی اتمی به عنوان ابزاری کارآمد در تعیین نیروهای بین مولکولی و توپوگرافی سطح با دقت نانومتری شناخته میشود. در این نوع میکروسکوپها، میکرو تیر به عنوان قلب میکروسکوپ شناخته میشود و به عنوان وسیله اندازهگیری بکار گرفته میشود. در بین میکرو تی More امروزه میکروسکوپ نیروی اتمی به عنوان ابزاری کارآمد در تعیین نیروهای بین مولکولی و توپوگرافی سطح با دقت نانومتری شناخته میشود. در این نوع میکروسکوپها، میکرو تیر به عنوان قلب میکروسکوپ شناخته میشود و به عنوان وسیله اندازهگیری بکار گرفته میشود. در بین میکرو تیرهای رایج در میکروسکوپ نیروی اتمی، میکرو تیرهای پیزوالکتریک نسل جدیدی از تیرها میباشند که با قابلیت خود محرک و خود اندازهگیر از محبوبیت بالایی در بین سایر تیرها برخوردار میباشند. هدف این مقاله بررسی رفتار میکرو تیر پیزوالکتریک با سر مثلثی در حالت خود اندازهگیر و در نزدیکی سطح نمونه می-باشد. در این حالت شارژ خروجی از لایه پیزوالکتریک و همچنین جریان خروجی از آن به عنوان عاملی موثر در اندازهگیری خمش محسوب میشوند. با نزدیک شدن میکرو تیر به سطح نمونه رفتار ارتعاشی آن غیرخطی میشود. مسلماً لایه پیزوالکتریک در حالت خود اندازهگیر زمانی میتواند به عنوان اندازهگیر مناسب تلقی شود که بتواند تاثیر نیروی غیرخطی برهمکنش بین نوک پراب و سطح نمونه را اندازهگیریهای خود نمایان کنند. به منظور بررسی این موضوع در ابتدا با استفاده از روش تقریبی گلرکین معادله دیفرانسیل حاکم بر حرکت ارتعاشی میکرو تیر پیزوالکتریک با سر مثلثی به معادله دیفرانسیل معمولی غیرخطی تبدیل میشود. سپس به کمک روش چند مقیاسی معادله دیفرانسیل غیرخطی به دست آمده حل میشود. پس از حل معادله دیفرانسیل حاکم بر مساله به شبیهسازی چگونگی رفتار میکرو تیر در حالت خود اندازهگیر در نزدیکی سطح نمونه پرداخته میشود و تاثیر عواملی چون فاصله تعادلی، مدهای نوسانی و جنس لایه پیزوالکتریک مورد بررسی قرار میگیرد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
233 - The effect of the anodization voltage changes on the electric resistance of porous anodic alumina barrier layer and its thickness used in strain sensing devices
Abolfazl Salehi Amnieh Khuzani -
Open Access Article
234 - Analysis of urban sprawl and its role in the trend of green space changes Case study: City of Yazd
Heydar Salehi Abolfazl meshkini hosein shokripur dizaj saeid Najafi -
Open Access Article
235 - Identification and differentiation of rice fields using semi-automatic in north Iran
Ali Akbar Noroozi Mojtaba Saneie Zahra RezghiAs one of the world's major grains, rice has always been given special emphasis. Monitoring agricultural products plays a important role in providing global food supplies. In general, inorder to estimate product output, information such as area and production per unit a MoreAs one of the world's major grains, rice has always been given special emphasis. Monitoring agricultural products plays a important role in providing global food supplies. In general, inorder to estimate product output, information such as area and production per unit area is important. Remote sensing technology can provide valuable and timely information on distribution, cropping, and production potential to decision makers in the agricultural sector. Detection by operator with field operation or visual detection cost too much, also associated with human errors. In addition, with regard to the possibility of changing land use, there is always the need for border control of rice paddies. So that the purpose of this study was to separate the rice fields with an automatic method in Gilan province. In recent years remote sensing has been raised as a valuable tool in the management and control of resources and agricultural products. By the same token using satellite images Landsat 8 and soil moisture index (LSWI) and leaves (LAI) and normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) fully automated method is used to detect the rice paddies. According to this method, then, using the characteristics of the high water range in the early rice transplanting, these areas were identified using specific threshold. Then using another image in the harvest period, unwanted complications such as wetlands and permanent water and wet forests were removed. Final evaluation model with graphical borders of operator were taken from GEO Eye images. The results indicate conformity of 90% of the used method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
236 - Harnessing the Power of Thermal Imaging and Infrared Sensing for Advancements in Ecophysiology
Mohammad Reza NasiriObjective: The purpose of this study is to explore the potential of thermal imaging and infrared sensing techniques in understanding various physiological and ecophysiological processes in plants. By utilizing these non-invasive tools, researchers aim to gain insights i MoreObjective: The purpose of this study is to explore the potential of thermal imaging and infrared sensing techniques in understanding various physiological and ecophysiological processes in plants. By utilizing these non-invasive tools, researchers aim to gain insights into plant responses to environmental factors, stress conditions, and overall plant health. Materials and Methods: A review of existing literature on the use of thermal imaging and infrared sensing in plant physiology and ecophysiology was conducted. The review examined experimental studies, observational approaches, and technological advancements in the field. Discussions on sensor selection, data acquisition techniques, and data analysis methods were also included. Results and Discussion : Thermal imaging and infrared sensing have become valuable tools in plant physiology and ecophysiology research, allowing for measurement and analysis of various plant parameters non-destructively. These techniques enable researchers to study plant responses to changing environmental conditions, including stress responses such as drought, heat, and disease, as well as assessing the efficiency of management practices. Conclusions: This study offers a thorough review of the use of thermal imaging and infrared sensing in plant physiology and ecophysiology. By analyzing existing literature, the study examines the methodologies, findings, and potential benefits of these techniques in studying plant responses to environmental factors. The findings can be a useful tool for researchers, shaping future research and aiding in the advancement of sustainable plant management practices. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
237 - The effect of market sensing and market responsiveness on absorptive capacity (case study: companies based in the foreign investment industrial estate)
vahid fattahi sarand sharareh yariCompanies differ significantly in their absorptive capacity. Based on this, it is important to pay attention to the structure of absorptive capacity and to investigate the effect of various contextual variables affecting the absorptive capacity of companies in order to MoreCompanies differ significantly in their absorptive capacity. Based on this, it is important to pay attention to the structure of absorptive capacity and to investigate the effect of various contextual variables affecting the absorptive capacity of companies in order to know the cause of the difference in absorptive capacity. located in the foreign investment industrial town. The current research is of an applied type and the population investigated in this study includes all managers of companies located in the foreign investment industrial estate of Tabriz city. Based on the table of Morgan, the sample size is 90 people. In order to collect information, a standard questionnaire was used. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistical methods and path-structural modeling have been used to test the research hypotheses. The results of the surveys showed that market sensitivity has a positive and significant effect on market responsiveness and absorption capacity in companies based in foreign investment industrial estates. The responsiveness of the market has had a positive and significant effect on the absorption capacity. Also, the results show that market responsiveness is a mediating variable in the relationship between market sensitivity and absorptive capacity. Manuscript profile
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