The use of Aster satellite images and SVM technique in zoning and prioritizing worn-out urban fabric against earthquakes (Case example of Region 3 of Kerman city)
Subject Areas : Journal of Radar and Optical Remote Sensing and GIS
Maryam Nohesara
1
(
PhD student in Geography and Urban Planning,Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
)
Malihe Zakeriyan
2
(
Assistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Meybod Branch, Islamic Azad University, Meybod,
Iran
)
Seyed Ali Almodaresi
3
(
Professor of Remote Sensing and GIS Department, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
)
Mostafa Khabazi
4
(
Associate Professor of Geomorphology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Kerman, Iran
)
Mohamad Hosin Sarai
5
(
Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Yazd University. Yazd, Iran
)
Keywords: Earthquake, Vulnerability, Worn Texture, remote sensing, Vector Machine Classification,
Abstract :
Earthquake is one of the basic natural calamities of today's era, which always happens in a very short period of time and sometimes has irreparable results. Today, the vulnerability of cities and especially old and worn-out structures to earthquakes is a global issue facing experts in various fields. This situation has been manifested in a more serious way in countries with risky natural structures, including Iran, during the past decades. As a result, although it is not possible to prevent an earthquake, it is possible to reduce the damage caused by it. The experience of earthquakes in recent decades has shown that a major part of the damages caused by earthquakes can be due to the lack of proper knowledge of vulnerable points, in fact, for proper knowledge and evaluation, study and sufficient background of information is required. And reliable knowledge is required. Since the city of Kerman is located in the tectonic zone of central Iran and has large and deep faults and fractures from the geological point of view, as well as the existence of unsuitable materials for buildings and houses, dilapidated residential units, high age Buildings, inappropriate accesses and winding passages in the areas of worn-out fabric can be the source of huge crises, severe damages and casualties, therefore, due to the vulnerability of the city and especially the worn-out fabric against earthquakes, in this research First, by using the ASTER satellite images of 2007, the worn-out textures of Kerman city were identified
The use of Aster satellite images and SVM technique in zoning and prioritizing worn-out urban fabric against earthquakes
(Case example of Region 3 of Kerman city)
Abstract
Earthquake is one of the basic natural calamities of today's era, which always happens in a very short period of time and sometimes has irreparable results. Today, the vulnerability of cities and especially old and worn-out structures to earthquakes is a global issue facing experts in various fields. This situation has been manifested in a more serious way in countries with risky natural structures, including Iran, during the past decades. As a result, although it is not possible to prevent an earthquake, it is possible to reduce the damage caused by it. The experience of earthquakes in recent decades has shown that a major part of the damages caused by earthquakes can be due to the lack of proper knowledge of vulnerable points, in fact, for proper knowledge and evaluation, study and sufficient background of information is required. And reliable knowledge is required. Since the city of Kerman is located in the tectonic zone of central Iran and has large and deep faults and fractures from the geological point of view, as well as the existence of unsuitable materials for buildings and houses, dilapidated residential units, high age Buildings, inappropriate accesses and winding passages in the areas of worn-out fabric can be the source of huge crises, severe damages and casualties, therefore, due to the vulnerability of the city and especially the worn-out fabric against earthquakes, in this research First, by using the ASTER satellite images of 2007, the worn-out textures of Kerman city were identified. In this study, the kappa coefficient of 76% was determined for all classes and the kappa coefficient of 59% was identified in Kerman. The results showed that the support vector machine classification method has the ability to detect nearly 65% of the worn tissue of the range. This identification showed that the support vector machine method has been somewhat appropriate in identifying the areas of three worn-out urban tissues.
Keywords: Vulnerability, worn texture, earthquake, remote sensing, vector machine classification.
Introduction
Natural events happen without humans being able to directly influence them and endanger social life. In addition to the historical and cultural value, worn-out structures have been exposed to the risk of earthquakes more than other urban structures due to reasons such as non-compliance with technical and engineering standards in building construction and inefficient communication networks. Crisis management in the city and especially the vulnerable tissues of the city requires knowing the extent and distribution of vulnerability in the region. In Iran, the most reports of natural hazards are related to earthquakes, but what is important is the condition of cities and megacities that are built on faults or in their vicinity and are at risk of earthquakes, because the movement of these Faults cause the release of stored energy and the occurrence of frequent earthquakes, causing many casualties and financial losses in urban areas. On the other hand, the worn-out urban fabric has also been further explained in such a way that the neighborhoods of the old fabric of Kerman city have more than They are the most vulnerable to earthquakes. The experience of earthquakes in the country has shown that there is no necessary preparation to face this natural phenomenon, and the continuation of this process can cause irreparable damage to the body of society, especially the vulnerable urban tissues. Therefore, taking into account that it is not possible to prevent earthquakes, but it is possible to reduce the damages caused by it in old structures. Therefore, considering that it is not possible to prevent earthquakes, but reducing the damages caused It is possible in old textures. The main goal of this article in the first stage is to identify the worn-out structures of Kerman city, especially the vulnerable 3rd area of Kerman city, on the one hand, and to extract quantitative indicators that are effective in increasing the amount of damage caused by earthquakes in these areas. In the second stage, calculating and extracting indicators such as the length and width of the passages, the number of floors and building density in the limits of the worn-out texture, the type and quality of materials used in the buildings, the age of the structures, the size of the parts and the area of the building. are, population density, etc. In the third stage, he evaluated the current situation with common models and based on the information obtained in the previous stages, he started modeling the level of vulnerability using the algorithms available in GIS software and measurement techniques. has avoided and tried to model the management during and after the crisis.
area
Kerman city is located in the north of Kerman province at 26°24' to 32°32' north latitude and 56°6' to 59°18' east latitude. The area of Kerman city is 7644 hectares and it is located 1060 km southeast of Tehran city in a mountainous position (Armed Forces Organization, 1382: 3-8). According to the 1395 census, the population of Kerman city was equal to 537,718 people. The population of Kerman metropolis reaches up to 720,000 people due to the non-officialization of informal settlements by the government and the use of urban facilities by the marginal residents and the disproportion of the allocated budget with the actual population (Golabzadeh, 1390: 14). The area of this city is 14,000 hectares and it is the largest city in the southeast region of Iran. Kerman is the most important city in the southeast of the country in terms of industry, politics, culture and science (Iran Statistics Center, 2019).
Figure 1. Geographical location of Kerman city
Methodology
In terms of the research method, this research is a combination of documentary-analytical methods, and in terms of its purpose, it is considered to be an applied type of research. It has been used by evaluating the earthquake and its vulnerability in the worn out fabric of the city. In the compilation of the current research, first, with the help of remote sensing data and SVM classification method, the areas of worn out tissue were identified, and then in the ENVI 5.3.1 software environment, it was separated from other urban areas and the identified areas were matched with the determined border. It was paid by the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development. Then, the areas identified by the library method and the document information that was prepared from the relevant organizations and bodies were used to examine the effective factors in identifying vulnerable tissues, such as examining the characteristics of the tissues of the region, such as the type of materials, age, Construction density, population density, etc. were discussed and finally, by combining all the analyzed factors, the range of vulnerable tissues was determined.
Research history
In different countries, many studies have been presented in the field of earthquakes with different perspectives and aspects. In this research, a number of these foreign and domestic studies related to the research topic have been mentioned.
- Ambrasiz and Melville (1982) in their research on earthquakes in Kerman and the region state that in the 12th century, Kohbanan was destroyed by an earthquake and 12 kilometers east of it, a pit called the Earthquake Pit remained. Is.
Berberian (2001) in his report mentions the seismicity of Kerman and studies the faults and tectonics of the region and states that there were two earthquakes in 1982, one in 1989 and two in 1998. It happened in the Golbaf-Bam axis with an intensity of more than 5 Richter.
- Rashid (2003) in his research evaluates the vulnerability of earthquake risks through the international space and states that urban vulnerability to natural disasters such as earthquakes is a function of human behavior that shows It is the degree of effectiveness or the ability to stand economic, social and physical assets of the city in front of the natural hazard, and it is the integration of geographic information system and remote sensing in modeling the vulnerability of cities against earthquakes and investigating the role of information system. Geography has been used in modeling and predicting the vulnerability of the city.
- Jackson et al. (2006) in their studies dealt with seismography, rupture and faulting process and aspects of earthquake risk in Kerman province, including the earthquake of January 5, Bam.
- Suidej et al. (2019) in a research on the earthquake of December 2017, about 450 km north of Kerman in the mountainous topography region, evaluated and studied using artificial aperture radar interferometry, optical satellite image correlation and field observations. .
- Azizi and Akbari (2007) have investigated the city's vulnerability to a possible earthquake by using urban planning criteria and using AHP and GIS, and the results of their research showed that by increasing the amount of variables such as land slope, population density, Building density, life of buildings and distance from open spaces increase vulnerability. On the other hand, increasing the value of variables such as the distance from the fault, the area of the parts, access based on the width of the passage and the compatibility of the uses in terms of neighborhood will reduce the vulnerability.
-Hataminejad (2008) using the analytical method of earthquake vulnerability assessment and using AHP and GIS, he investigated the vulnerability of the 10th district of Tehran city and for this, he used the following indicators: type of materials, structure life, population density and Communication network has been used.
- Valizadeh, Reza (1390) in his article with the title of an analysis on the assessment of seismicity and physical and demographic vulnerability of Kerman city using geographic information system (GIS) concluded that Kerman city due to a possible event An earthquake of more than 6 Richter scale caused by the displacement of the Kuhbanan fault in 15 km northeast of Kerman city has destroyed more than 50%, and more than 53% of the city's population will be exposed to great damage.
- Sharifi Kia (2013) in a research evaluates the vulnerability caused by earthquakes in the north of Iran using a non-mathematical and non-relying method in the analysis of seismographic data. In this method, earthquake risk zoning has been done through influencing the fault level in creating risk along the fault line and adjusting it to the inverse of the distance from this level.
- Salki-Malki et al. (2012) in their research have evaluated the spatial efficiency of the intra-city communication network for providing relief after an earthquake and have come to the conclusion that building and population density should be reduced in narrow roads. And to avoid increasing the degree of enclosure and building high buildings in vulnerable routes.
- Akbari Ravari et al. Kerman city GIS and AHP hierarchical analysis process have been used.
- Safizadeh et al. (2017) in a research using geological and seismological data, to evaluate the acceleration of the ground for Kerman city through the analysis of seismic risk in the possible seismic risk model. Probability of seismic hazard (PSHA) is used. In order to evaluate the distribution of earthquake acceleration (PGA), probabilities have been estimated for Kerman region in Iran, and the results show the estimation of PGA probabilities for return periods of 50, 75, and 475 years.
- Sadeghi et al. (1400) identified and prioritized seismic risks in worn-out urban structures using the fuzzy Delphi method, which showed the vulnerability status of Kermanshah on the map.
Introduction of the study areas
Kerman plain is spread on the slopes of two mountain ranges that pass from its northeast and southwest. The extension of these two mountain ranges is from northwest to southeast. This extension has been quite effective in the formation of the roads of Kerman city. Because according to the condition of the slopes, the waterways and consequently, the plotting of fields and in the next stages the establishment of residential areas and houses have also been created in this stretch. The slope of this plain is from southeast to northwest. The height of this plain varies from the sea level and it is maximum 2100 meters in the southeastern areas and minimum 1650 meters in the western areas. The plain of Kerman is surrounded by Jopar mountains from the south, Darmano and Tiz mountains from the north, Bid and Badamo mountains from the west, and Namur and Nasr mountains from the east (Master plan of Kerman city, 2006).
figure 2. Altitude status of Kerman city
Figure 3. Profile and faults drawn on the studied area
Research findings
The state of worn-out fabric of Kerman city
The area of worn-out fabric of Kerman city, which has been verified based on the indicators of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, includes an area of 1314.24 hectares (10.7 percent) of the total area of Kerman city, with a population of 114,946 people, which is 22.3 percent of the total city population. has placed in itself. The dilapidated texture of Kerman city includes seven areas, which are distinguished from other urban textures based on land use indicators, grading, building quality, type of materials, building density, age of buildings, grading of roads, access network. Therefore, in this research, 3 areas of worn-out fabric of Kerman city were investigated.
Figure 4. The division of the approved area of Kerman's dilapidated fabric into 7 areas that can be studied
The area of three worn tissues
District 3 of Kerman worn-out area with a population of 12,576 people and an area of 121.4 hectares is located in the center of the city and in the northwest of the old area. This area has a common chapter with area 7 on Dr. Beheshti Street. The population densities in the area of worn-out fabric are much higher than in the city of Kerman. The net population density of the third area is 143 and its impure population density is 104.
Shahid Rajaei Street, on the eastern edge of District 3, Hafez Street and its extension, Shahid Namjo Street and Jihad Boulevard in the middle part, and Dr. Shahid Beheshti Street on its southern edge, are located as four active urban axes. The activities of Shahid Rajaei Street and Hafez Street and its extension Namjo Street are mainly commercial and workshop-industrial in three scales: local (fruit selling, key making, etc.), regional (pharmacy, photography, etc.) and urban (sales construction supplies, cabinet making, etc.). In Jihad Boulevard, there is a specialized hospital and numerous treatment centers and complementary and supporting activities that provide services to patients and their companions. In this way, the activities and uses of the mentioned communication axes are not attractors of the pedestrian population who enter the urban spaces with the purpose of roaming and shopping, and certain groups use the activities of these two axes.
Figure 5. Satellite image of the area of three worn tissues
Building quality
Based on the field survey of the total number of buildings in the three dilapidated area, the number of 3761 buildings, that is, 86.86% of them, can be maintained, which includes 81.59% of the area. Also, the number of 287 buildings, i.e., about 6.63 percent of the buildings, which occupy approximately 8.04 percent of the domain area, are restorations, and only 34 buildings, which are 0.79 percent of the buildings, are destructive.
Building quality | Number | Percentage of number | Average area | total area | Percentage of area |
no building | 230 | 32/5 | 31/504 | 21/11599 | 9.47 |
maintainable | 3761 | 92/86 | 58/265 | 42/998854 | 59/81 |
restoration | 287 | 6.63 | 92/342 | 56/98417 | 8.04 |
destructive | 34 | 0.79 | 74/207 | 18/7063 | 0.58 |
ruined | 25 | 0.35 | 23/264 | 52/3963 | 0.32 |
Total | 4327 | 100 | _ | 78/1224288 | 100 |
Table 1. The building quality of the worn-out Se Baft area of Kerman city in 2015
Figure 6. The building quality of the area of three worn-out textures
Type of building materials
About 10.73 percent of the buildings of the total existing buildings in area three had skeletons. Also, about 63.42% of the buildings have bricks and iron and 17.75% of them have bricks and wood, out of which only about 2.75% of the buildings are reported to be made of clay and wood. It is necessary to mention that the figures mentioned in terms of number are almost equal to the existing figures in terms of area, and the buildings with the mentioned materials occupy the same percentage of the area. The conducted investigations show that only 10.77% of the buildings have skeletons and a figure equivalent to 81.33% of the buildings do not have skeletons and mainly have bricks and iron, which is significant and worrying, because in terms of resistance It will be completely vulnerable to earthquakes
Building quality | Number | Percentage of number | Average area | total area | Percentage of area |
no building | 230 | 32/5 | 31/504 | 21/1159990 | 47/9 |
skeleton | 466 | 77/10 | 33/267 | 99/124573 | 18/10 |
Brick and iron | 2744 | 42/63 | 27/267 | 10/733399 | 90/59 |
Brick and wood | 768 | 75/17 | 49/285 | 09/219257 | 91/17 |
clay and wood | 119 | 75/2 | 08/261 | 39/31068 | 54/2 |
Total | 4327 | 100 | - | 78/1224288 | 100 |
Table 2. The type of materials in the worn-out area of Kerman city in 2015
Figure 7. The types of materials of the three worn textures
The age of the building
According to the field survey of all the existing buildings in the area of three dilapidated areas, 534 pieces, that is, about 12.34 percent of the buildings are under ten years old, and 2531 buildings are between 10 and 25 years old, which includes about 58.49 percent of the buildings. They become Also, there are 1008 buildings, which are about 23.30% of all buildings, with an age of 25 to 40 years, and about 24 buildings, which are approximately equal to 0.55%, with an age of more than 40 years. The conducted investigations show that about 82% of the buildings are more than 10 years old, which indicates the wear and tear of the fabric in terms of age. It should be mentioned that according to the field survey, about 32.5% of the area of the mentioned area has no buildings, which in terms of number is equivalent to 9.47% of the existing parts. Map No. 8 shows the age of the buildings at the level of the worn-out area, and also the table below shows the number and area of the buildings in terms of age.
Age of the building | Number | Percentage of number | Average area | total area | Percentage of area |
no building | 230 | 32/5 | 31/504 | 21/115990 | 47/9 |
Less than ten years | 234 | 34/12 | 98/250 | 42/134021 | 95/10 |
10-25 years | 2531 | 49/58 | 00/264 | 34/668184 | 58/54 |
25-40 years | 1008 | 23/30 | 03/294 | 37/296379 | 21/24 |
More than 40 years | 24 | 0.55 | 73/404 | 44/9713 | 0.79 |
Total | 4327 | 100 | - | 78/1224288 | 100 |
Figure 8. The age of the building of the area of three worn-out fabrics
Number of floors (building density)
In Se-Farsuh area of Kerman city, the number of 2738 buildings, equal to 63.28% of the buildings in the above area, were one-story, and in the next ranks are two-story buildings with 1097 buildings and a share equal to 25.35% and three-story buildings. with 149 buildings and a share equal to 44.3%. In terms of area, one-story buildings with a share of 63.78% are in the first place, two-story buildings with a share of 21.33%, and three-story buildings with 2.70% of the total area of the third building are in the second and third places, respectively. have taken. This issue shows that there is a possibility of increasing building density and population density in this area.
Age of the building | Number | Percentage of number | Average area | total area | Percentage of area |
no building | 230 | 32/5 | 31/504 | 21/11599 | 47/9 |
one floor | 2738 | 28/63 | 58/285 | 86/781926 | 87/63 |
Two floors | 1097 | 25/25 | 09/238 | 09/261178 | 33/21 |
three story | 149 | 44/2 | 85/221 | 63/33055 | 70/2 |
four floor | 77 | 78/1 | 34/294 | 04/22664 | 85/1 |
Five floors | 28 | 0.65 | 50/216 | 93/6061 | 0.5 |
Six floors and more | 8 | 0.18 | 89/453 | Feb-03 | 0.28 |
Total | 4327 | 100 | - | 78/12224288 | 100 |
Table 4. The number of shares and types of buildings in the three worn-out areas of Kerman city in 2015
Figure 9. The number of floors in the area of three worn textures
Figure 10 Building density of the three worn-out textures
blocking
In area 3, the weathered texture of Kerman 4 sub-area can be distinguished in terms of blocking characteristics.
Subfield 1
Blocking of the northern part of the district, which is located in the east of Shahid Rajaei Street, has the following characteristics: The dimensions of the blocks vary from small to medium and large. The shape of the blocks is a combination of regular (square or rectangular) and irregular geometric shapes. Due to the irregular checkerboard network of the passages in the micro-texture structure, the direction of the blocks is very diverse and different.
Subfield 2
Blocking of the northern part of the district, which is located in the west of Shahid Rajaei Street, has the following characteristics: The dimensions of the blocks vary from medium to large. Most of the blocks do not have a regular geometric shape. The orientation of the blocks in this area is a combination of northwest-southeast and northeast-southeast blocks, and it is almost impossible to identify the dominant orientation.
Subfield 3
Blocking in the middle part of the district, which is located in the west of Shahid Rajaei Street and north of Hafez Street, has the following characteristics: The dimensions of the blocks vary from medium to large. Most of the blocks have a regular geometric shape. The dominant orientation of the blocks is northwest-southeast.
Subfield 4
Blocking of the southern part of the district, which is located south of Hafez Street, has the following characteristics: The dimensions of the blocks vary from small to medium and large. Due to the organic network of passages in the structure of the micro-texture, the orientation of the blocks is a combination of northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest.
Figure 11 Granulation of three worn tissues
Access network
In the studied area, Shahid Rajaei Street and Jihad Boulevard as the north-south axes and Hafez Street, Dr. Shahid Beheshti Street and Janbaz Boulevard as the east-west axes, in addition to the strong role of communication, in terms of functional and activity characteristics, the most important The components of the spine are considered the third domain. In addition to the mentioned axes, which are the main roads of the metropolitan communication system. Ibn Sina sub-axis, Shahid Namazian Street, Shahid Ghayab Street, in the southern part of the area, as the east-west axis and Jami Street as the north-south axis, play a significant role in consolidating and strengthening the framework of the three areas.
Figure 12 access networks of the three worn out tissues
Choosing the right satellite image
In order to identify and separate worn texture from other uses, it is very important to pay attention to two factors of spectral resolution and spatial resolution to choose the right image. In the current research, after examining the area of worn fabric using Google Earth images in different years, it was concluded that in the past years, almost all the roofs of the worn fabric buildings have been covered with isogam or asphalted, as a result of the method The SVM classification that is done using the spectral reflection of phenomena will have results with a high degree of error due to the similarity of the reflection of the roof of these areas with other urban areas and asphalt streets. After various investigations, it was concluded that in order to identify the dilapidated texture of Kerman city, the use of images from the past 10 to 15 years provides us with more appropriate results. Since the Sentinel 2 satellite has been available since 2015 and the Landsat satellite since 2013, as a result, the best image for identifying the worn-out urban fabric will be the 2007 Esther image, which is used in this research. In the present research, the image was segmented based on spectral similarity and characteristics of gray levels. The segmentation result of the studied area can be seen in Figure 13.
Figure 13 segmented image of the studied area
Segmentation results and practice samples prepared using Google Earth and segmentation results can be seen in Figure 14.
Figure 15: A: segmented image B: image of training samples prepared with the help of Google Earth and segmented image
According to the prepared practice samples, the image was divided into five classes (worn texture, urban area, wasteland, vegetation and access), and the results of this classification were selected for the three worn texture areas of Kerman.
Evaluation of accuracy of classification
After applying the classification to check the error rate of the work done, a series of re-extraction was done with the help of ground samples and Google Earth. Then, by using the collected samples and comparing these samples with the classification results, the amount of classification error was calculated using the kappa coefficient.
Statistical parameters | Image of ASTER 2007 |
Kappa coefficient (all classes) | 0.76 |
Total accuracy (percentage) (all classes) | 87.81 |
Kappa coefficient of worn tissue | 59.52 |
Kappa coefficient of vegetation | 99.54 |
Kappa coefficient of urban area | 68.87 |
Kappa coefficient of barren land | 98.3 |
Kappa coefficient of accesses | 47.43 |
Table 5 accuracy of users using the support vector machine method
The three worn-out areas of Kerman city
As can be seen in Figure 6-4, the results of worn texture classification are displayed on the image prepared from Google Earth, these results indicate that the support vector machine classification method has the ability to detect nearly 65 The percentage of worn tissue has the range. This identification showed that the support vector machine method has been somewhat appropriate in identifying the areas of three worn-out urban tissues.
The degree of vulnerability of the three worn tissues
According to the results obtained in the final map, the degree of vulnerability of the area of three worn-out structures, the largest area allocated is related to high vulnerability with 43.28% of the entire area, which indicates the inappropriateness of the structure of the area during an earthquake. be The next ranks of this survey include 36.30% medium vulnerability, 8.95% very low vulnerability, 7.27% low vulnerability and 4.17% very high vulnerability. The detailed results of this investigation can be seen in Figure 15 and Table 6.
Figure 15. Vulnerability map of three worn tissues
The degree of vulnerability | area (square meter) | Percent |
very little | 86168.81 | 8.95 |
Low | 69963.95 | 7.27 |
medium | 349213.05 | 36.3 |
Much | 416306.43 | 43.28 |
very much | 40161.26 | 4.17 |
Table 6. The area and percentage of vulnerability of uses in the area of three worn-out fabrics
Conclusion
According to the results obtained from the level of vulnerability of the worn-out fabric of the three cities of Kerman, based on the field findings, the area was divided into sections in terms of the level of vulnerability and priority for reconstruction. As can be seen in Figure 19-4, parts of the northern, central and eastern areas of Baft are in the first priority for intervention to restore and eliminate the risk, and the western and southern areas of Baft area three are in lower priority than Other areas are located.
Figure 16 Priorities of intervention in the worn-out fabric of district No. 3 of Kerman city
Suggesting
- Strengthening and renovation of the northern, central and eastern parts of the three worn-out areas of Kerman city
- Creation of a dynamic database such as a geographic information system of urban areas and determination of dilapidated urban structures in order to plan retrofitting measures for relevant officials and experts.
- Creating open and safe spaces in dense construction and population areas can accelerate the relief process when an earthquake occurs.
- Preventing the increase of population and construction densities in the body of narrow passages of Jami and Ibn Sina streets - Reducing the degree of confinement of narrow passages and alleys of 8 to 10 meters leading to the main streets with high vulnerability.
- Creating quick and appropriate accesses from inside dense structures to open and safe spaces. - Determining the useful life of buildings and destroying or renovating structures after determining their vulnerability.
- The use of resistant and up-to-date materials to deal with earthquakes. - Determining the standard for the amount of necessary medical centers in dense and worn-out spaces, in order to provide timely relief.
- Prioritizing the improvement and retrofitting of buildings with hospital and medical use.
- Due to the proximity of the proposed area to many educational centers, it is recommended that this center be designed with a central cultural-entertainment role and with a regional functional scale.
- It is recommended that the house-gardens in the proposed area should be dedicated to recreational use while keeping the green space and the minimum occupancy level.
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