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Open Access Article
1 - Investigating the vulnerability of cities to thermal islands (Case study: Tehran and Varamin)
hassan jafari mojtaba jafari lila hosseinjani seyedeh elham davariUrban heat islands (UHI) reflect the amount of temperature difference observed between cities and their surrounding areas. The current research aims to identify the heat island phenomenon in two cities, Tehran with an industrial business background and Varamin, which is MoreUrban heat islands (UHI) reflect the amount of temperature difference observed between cities and their surrounding areas. The current research aims to identify the heat island phenomenon in two cities, Tehran with an industrial business background and Varamin, which is growing with an agricultural background. The aim is to identify the vulnerability of the society to the effects of the heat island and to try to adapt the society related to the heat island. The current research used a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Data analysis was done using SPSS, EXCEL, ENVI and ARCGIS software. The tool for collecting information is a structured questionnaire based on the LVI index and according to the characteristics of the study areas. The validity of the questionnaire was verified with the help of a panel of experts, and the reliability of the present questionnaire was confirmed using Kornbach's alpha method. The statistical data includes 99 heads of households in three districts in Tehran and two districts in Varamin. The results showed that Tehran is more vulnerable than Varamin. The first part of this research is dedicated to the investigation and identification of the urban heat island, which was investigated using the field temperature measurement data and satellite images. The results showed that urban heat accumulation exists in both cities, but Tehran is more intense. The thermal island in Tehran was quite clear compared to Varamin on clear and sunny days. On cloudy days, the temperature difference between the regions was small, and also on days with wind, Tehran had a higher night temperature than Varamin, which is related to the high density and greater extent of this city. The second part of this research is based on the LVI index to evaluate the vulnerability of the urban heat island. The average level of vulnerability in Varamin is due to the low level of community awareness of temperature changes and its effects, but there was a sign of adaptation, which is in the form of natural adaptation. Varamin also has a better situation than Tehran in terms of interaction and relations. Tehran is facing an increase in temperature as well as a low adaptation level, which is one of the reasons for urban density. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Designing a Model of the Vulnerability and Assessments Analysis of Innovation in Iran Industries
M.R. Mohseni Azghandi M. Seyyed HoseiniCompetition in the sphere of industry for the sake of betterment the quality of productions and services, isunavoidable.Therefore, due to the existing of old structures in the field of industry, these structures should be upgrade.In this present research, main structure MoreCompetition in the sphere of industry for the sake of betterment the quality of productions and services, isunavoidable.Therefore, due to the existing of old structures in the field of industry, these structures should be upgrade.In this present research, main structures, which include legal (governmental), economic, industrial,technological and inter – institutional aspects, were discussed. Then, we proceed to discuss the semiindictorsthrough analytical diagrams and using point of views of experts.In the meantime, we attach due importance to these sixteen indictors through using various reliable decision– making methods. These importance were considered in two main spheres and discussed through tworelatively independent methalogy along with indignant not close to the indicators.This importance, paid the way for discussing the vulnerability of indicators in the sphere of industry.In the other side, the main industry of the country according to the category provided by ministry of industryand mines, was discussed, In the final phase, the results achieved from two methods for ranking the sixteenindicators, were compared. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - The Role of Urban Structure in Resiliency Against Earthquake
هاله سادات نبوی رضوی Sayed Mohsen Habibi منوچهر طبیبیانIn contemporary cities, quantitative and qualitative problems have been increasing unprecedentedly. Cities as the most complex man-made structure are facing with a wide variety of risks and numerous vulnerabilities. Disasters, whether caused by humans or nature, impose MoreIn contemporary cities, quantitative and qualitative problems have been increasing unprecedentedly. Cities as the most complex man-made structure are facing with a wide variety of risks and numerous vulnerabilities. Disasters, whether caused by humans or nature, impose significant threats to sustainability. Specifically natural disasters and its impacts on the environment can lead to catastrophes that are often irreversible. Earthquake is one of the major unpleasant natural tragedies which unfortunately produces a huge destruction in a very short period of time and as a result so many suffering and devastation appears in the cities. Resiliency as an emerging concept in urban development, is a new approach to design flexible cities to confront shocks and vibrations that provides vulnerability reduction in cities against the stress and shocks. In fact, Resilience has become an important goal for cities particularly in the face of earthquakes. This concept which was adapted from ecological sciences, imagines cities like living organisms which in face of a variety of stresses, should be released or otherwise it fails and the system breaks down. Furthermore, Main urban structure of a city is an important factor in organized cities on the ground that recognition of it will help urban planners and designers to plan networks, main elements and spaces for cities. Urban structure is composed of sets of main axis and interconnected networks of land-use and various and different urban elements that cause integrity in a city. This structure extends its components in whole of a city and it is a basis for cities spatial-physical organization. It represents the cities general characteristics. Due to the fact that size of city, complexity and multiple issues, urban planners and designers can concentrate on urban structure instead of focusing on all of components in a city and it can helps them to find solutions more easily. This paper aims to re-examine the characteristic of urban main structure and its relationship with resiliency against natural disasters like earthquakes. Community actions in cities are always affected by urban form and structures. Physical structures of cities have drastic effects on the occurring of phenomena and community reaction. It should be regarded as an important point in the face of disasters like an earthquake. The main questions of the paper are: what is the urban structure and what are its dimensions? Is there any relationship between urban structure and changing the level of resiliency against earthquakes in cities? Therefore, urban structure and its dimensions should be surveyed. In the first step, this research aims to explain urban structure and its important dimensions based on expert's opinions. In the second step, resiliency definitions in different domains are investigated. Next, different type of resiliency conceptual patterns which are engineering, multi-equilibria and ecological are explained, and the most appropriate one for cities are selected in connection with urban structure. Finally, the relationship between the urban structure and the level of resiliency on it will be investigated and it shows that it’s possible to enhance the resilience of cities through design or redesigning urban structures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Evaluation the implications of rural resettlement due to the aggregation of flooded villages: the villages in East of Golestan province
masoomeh niyasati Seyed Amirhossein GarakaniThere are important choices to be made after the various accidents and the numerous financial and psychological effects of rural settlements, including decisions on how to intervene in rural settlements and the adoption of reconstruction policies. This intervention is i MoreThere are important choices to be made after the various accidents and the numerous financial and psychological effects of rural settlements, including decisions on how to intervene in rural settlements and the adoption of reconstruction policies. This intervention is identified as four types of identification, relocation, continuous development, or integration and integration for the reconstruction of damaged or destroyed villages due to natural hazards. Many scholars and scholars believe that among the above models, aggregation and integration have economic advantages in supplying facilities and services. The ruler's insight has led to less attention to its economic, social, physical and environmental implications. It seems that this indifference has led to the implementation and implementation of relocation and integration plans of rural settlements with the change in their vulnerability in the economic, social, physical and environmental dimensions and the development of the vulnerability of affected society Increase against future accidents. Extreme rainfall in the eastern province of Golestan province in August 2005 resulted in two devastating floods, one of the most damaging floods in the country. The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Housing Foundation has been providing housing for the affected population and in order to reduce the resettlement of villages due to the occurrence of future floods, the eleven villages in the city of Kalaleh, which had been damaged in recent floods in Golestan Province, were displaced. This research is descriptive-analytic and its data have been collected in two sections of library and field. The statistical population of this study is a collection of residents of the walled city and villagers who have returned to the villages of Chatal, Ghapan Oliya and Sofla. To test the vulnerability in two samples. However, the review of various experiences suggests that displacement of settlements, although effective in reducing physical morbidity, is mainly due to numerous social and economic consequences The displacement and consolidation of 11 villages of Golestan province in the post-flood Pishkamar site of 1384 were unsuccessful due to the lack of planning and designing, with macroeconomic and social costs, in reducing the dimensions of vulnerability of a settlement, including social and economic. This has led to the return of villagers to their old villages or citys. The quantitative results of this research also confirm the hypothesis that increasing the migration to cities, returning to old villages, ethnic conflicts, reducing production levels, increasing bank debt and the prevalence of insecurity in the outskirts of the Faragi city are one of the most important factors in increasing the vulnerability in the social and economic dimensions of the study area. The investigations indicate an increase in the amount of vulnerability in recreational areas in terms of economic and social dimensions and reducing its physical-environmental vulnerability to three villages. Since reducing the vulnerability of settlements is subject to control and reduction of damage and damage in all aspects, it seems that the reconstruction of rural settlements after the flood of 2005 in Golestan province has been effective in increasing the vulnerability of this area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Social and cultural challenges of managing vulnerable urban textures (Case study: Hasir Foroushan neighborhood from the old texture of Babol)
Seyyed Mohsen Habibi Maria Hosseinzadeh Foumashi Cities as the biological context of human societies, like other living beings, experience obsolescence, a key factor of the vulnerability of cities over time; and this phenomenon is natural and inevitable. Therefore, vulnerability is an inevitable phenomen More Cities as the biological context of human societies, like other living beings, experience obsolescence, a key factor of the vulnerability of cities over time; and this phenomenon is natural and inevitable. Therefore, vulnerability is an inevitable phenomenon occurring in all urban textures; and leads to social, economic and physical decline in the urban context; and in total, decline in urban life. In Iran, vulnerability is occurring in cities with much more speed and intensity; and therefore, in recent decades, considering vulnerable urban textures by preparing management projects and plans has been carried out. But less attention to social and cultural dimensions is an obstacle to the fulfillment of these plans. As a result, vulnerability continues to appear in urban textures. Therefore, addressing the social and cultural challenges of managing vulnerable urban textures, is crucial; because managing vulnerability, to high extent, depends on the will and demand of the local community. Thus, this study aims to identify and analyze the social and cultural challenges in managing vulnerable urban textures. In order to achieve this goal, Hasir Foroushan neighborhood from the old and vulnerable texture of the city of Babol is chosen as the case study; and the qualitative research method is used to produce grounded theory. Grounded theory, is a theory that is extracted directly from data gathered during the study and analyzed on a regular basis. The key point is that collecting and analyzing data must be done simultaneously. With the help of open and in-depth interview technique with 24 members of the neighborhood, whom are chosen on purpose; the useful data has been gathered, coded and analyzed. Then, according to the research method which is The Grounded Theory; seven main categories and twelve sub-categories are obtained. These categories and sub categories are: “Community engagement, Values according to the old texture (including two sub-categories titled as: Moral, social and cultural values dependent on the old texture of neighborhood; and Valuable lifestyle of people living in old textures) , demographic features of the local community (including two sub-categories titled as: Impacts of aging population living in the neighborhood; and Impacts of the dominant presence of men in the neighborhood) , local community’s perception , social class conditions, costs and benefits of managing vulnerability (including two sub-categories titled as Low profits from spending for reparation of old textures; and Difficulties of repairing old textures) , and the local communities distrust of urban planning and management organizations, management plans, regulations, and practices (including three sub-categories titled as: Distrust of institutions involved in management of old textures, Uncertainty of management projects and regulations and rules, and Negative attitudes against renovation of old textures) ”; are identified as the social and cultural challenges of managing the vulnerability of the neighborhood. The results of this study, help forming the theory arising from gathered data. This theory which is comprehensive and abstract, is titled as: “The key role of social construction and cultural background in the willingness and action of the local community in managing vulnerability of the neighborhood”. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Analysis of the Effects of Urban Sprawl on Social Vulnerability (Case Study: Qazvin City Districts)
Esfandiar Zebardast Hossein GhanouniIran is a country prone to earthquakes in which so many cities have experienced earthquakes in far and near past. Although there is a high potential for earthquakes to be destructive, the level of losses and damages of them is not solely dependent on the magnitude and t MoreIran is a country prone to earthquakes in which so many cities have experienced earthquakes in far and near past. Although there is a high potential for earthquakes to be destructive, the level of losses and damages of them is not solely dependent on the magnitude and the location of the earthquake, or physical aspects of buildings and urban areas. In the analysis of the impacts of natural hazards, three broad categories have been defined: 1) focus on natural hazard's biophysical impacts because of the place it occurs; 2) focus on hazard's impacts on societies that experience the hazard because of the social characteristics of those societies and 3) an approach that takes into account both of impacts. This article takes the second approach to analyze the effects of natural hazards. In this approach, social characteristics of the communities and societies, in which earthquake happens, come to center stage. Social vulnerability is one of the important aspects of earthquake risks and consequences. In addition, the progress of communication and transportation technologies and an increase in agricultural production surplus because of the Industrial Revolution has caused many rural settlers to migrate to cities. The increasing population raise in cities has led to many economic, social and environmental consequences, of which excessive horizontal and leapfrog development (which is called urban sprawl in scientific literature) is one. In this article urban sprawl is defined as: "unplanned, far-from-center and automobile-accessed growth of cities which has environmental, economic and social effects and is characterized by low density, segregation of land-uses and limited accessibility". In this research, at first theoretical literature of urban sprawl and social vulnerability were reviewed and the indicators for measuring them were chosen (13 for urban sprawl and 7 for social vulnerability) and the relevant data for Qazvin was extracted by using national census data and Geographic Information System (GIS). Then explorative factor analysis for eigenvalues bigger than 1 was conducted by using SPSS software and the indicators for sprawl were categorized into 4 factors: “density”, “configuration”, “land-use” and “accessibility” (70.22% of variance explained), and the indicators for social vulnerability were grouped in 1 factor: social vulnerability (66.9% of variance explained). Then the maps for each factor of sprawl and two main topics (sprawl and social vulnerability) were made. The correlation analysis was conducted on four factors of sprawl, social vulnerability factor (which is representative of social vulnerability altogether) and sprawl as a whole. The results show that from 4 factors of sprawl, just density factor has a significant correlation (0.801) with social vulnerability. Sprawl is also significantly (although weaker) correlated to social vulnerability (0.44). In addition, regression analysis showed that four factors of sprawl can explain 67.6% of the variance of social vulnerability. The relation between social vulnerability and density/sprawl is positive/negative, i.e. by an increase in density/decrease in sprawl, social vulnerability increases. Finally, the maps of sprawl and social vulnerability in Qazvin city districts and the map of potential districts for development are shown based on the correlation of sprawl and social vulnerability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Vulnerability Reduction in Architectural Design with Performance Based Seismic Design Approach
Hamidreza Mousavi The Experience of numerous earthquakes and the extent of damage they have caused together with the steps taken to reduce their impact have all shown that such steps have often been limited to structural engineering issues and the strengthening of buil More The Experience of numerous earthquakes and the extent of damage they have caused together with the steps taken to reduce their impact have all shown that such steps have often been limited to structural engineering issues and the strengthening of buildings against earthquakes. Although such strategies have resulted in improving the endurance of buildings and reducing the number of casualties, their increasing costs and other factors have prevented them from being completely satisfactory for the people involved. The design of buildings is an extensive process which begins with the general goals and strategies, which manifest themselves as holistic designs concepts and regulations that govern the framework of design and the requirements for the resistance of buildings against earthquakes. In this design process, the architect determines form and configuration of the building which has the most influence on the building's performance against earthquakes. Research on the construction industry, specifically architectural design have shown that Iran's Office of Technical Affairs and their regulatory codes and guidelines suffer from the following problems: lack of holistic regulatory codes, or the presence of contradictory or unproductive documents, specifically in the field of architectural design, reliance on prescriptive codes that act against creativity in architectural design A study on the essence and the progression of regulatory codes for earthquake design suggests that PBSD(performance based seismic design) and its related body of research is more in tune with the nature of architectural design and is more capable of answering the socio-economic needs of the people involved. In contrast to prescriptive methods of the past or those that are in operation now, performance based seismic design is more in tune with architectural design because: first, both (architectural design and PBSD) require a process that begins with the definition of goals and ends with an assessment of a design proposals. Second, both processes are capable of repetition until the proposed design manages to achieve the goals set out at the beginning. Third point of similarity is that in both processes, stockholders as same as other organizations are considered an important benefiting party and are given an important role in each process. Performance based seismic design is defined by choosing criteria that are inspired by a few performance goals. Each of these goals in turn defines the problems that arise from a particular level of destruction while also relating these levels of destruction to the different levels of earthquake risk. In this regard, the paper aims to carry out the following tasks and displays their results: Identifying the similarities between performances based seismic design and architectural design. Introducing different methods for generating documents (regulatory codes and criteria) for PBSD in architecture Elucidate the role of architects in preparing such regulatory codes and criteria Forecasting the future of regulatory codes of architectural seismic design and its relevant research Presenting a practical proposal for an evaluative methodology for reducing the vulnerability of buildings against earthquakes and formulating the techniques and guidelines necessary for architectural design Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - The Assessment of the Community Capacity on the Urban Vulnerability Based on Community Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) (Case Study : Yousef-Abad, Tehran City)
Davood Kazemi Alireza Andalib -
Open Access Article
9 - Poverty, Vulnerability and Development (Case of Study: The Garmsar and Dasht-e Azadegan Villages)
Mostafa Azkia -
Open Access Article
10 - Physical criteria-traffic analysis and vulnerability assessment in Tehran 21 With an emphasis on crisis management
rahim gholami RAHIM SARVAR MAJID VALI SHARIAT PANAHI ZAHRA PISHGAHI FARDThe aim of this study was to analyze the vulnerability of the network in the event of accidents, with an emphasis on crisis management. Evidence suggests that in the event of accidents, the potential for insecurity, social disorder offenses and the offenders increases a MoreThe aim of this study was to analyze the vulnerability of the network in the event of accidents, with an emphasis on crisis management. Evidence suggests that in the event of accidents, the potential for insecurity, social disorder offenses and the offenders increases and the occurrence of both events and social unrest urban traffic management is difficult. In this study, 6 main criteria to determine the network's physical and spatial area 21 Tehran And using the (AHP) Was used to assess the vulnerability of the network in the event of accidents. This study cross - functional purpose Bashd.drgrdavry library and field data (questionnaire) was based on expert opinion. In this study, using some of the capabilities of GIS software to analyze several major objective in the management street networks of crisis events In the 21st District the potential vulnerability of the region based on physical conditions is shown. Based on the output maps and statistical analysis of the results، Town of North Cheetgar, town shahrdari, town Vilashahr,town Esteghlal and town 22 most risky and town Vardavard, town Darya and town Tehransar e gharbi of the safest areas of the Municipality, District21 And other vulnerabilities in the region are relatively low. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - urban resilience, the frame work for urban future management
farrokh namjooyan Mohammad taghi Razavian Rahim SarvarAs cities become larger and the diversity of urban needs, along with natural hazards and threats, humanitarian issues threaten cities as well. Therefore, it is necessary to seek to increase the capacity and capacity of urban settlements and their resilience coefficient, MoreAs cities become larger and the diversity of urban needs, along with natural hazards and threats, humanitarian issues threaten cities as well. Therefore, it is necessary to seek to increase the capacity and capacity of urban settlements and their resilience coefficient, the field for management with The quality of cities will be provided for generations to come. The purpose of this study was to investigate and explain the perspectives and models of urban viability following the development of an appropriate framework for managing the future of cities. The results indicate that, due to the wide scope of the concept of vibration in all dimensions of social, economic, institutional and planning, as well as physical-infrastructure, urban managers should analyze urban layers in different dimensions, improve the level of services during the crisis. , Identifying vulnerable places in times of crisis, reducing the risk by increasing the strength and planning of infrastructure and utilizing recovery models in the shortest possible time, and considering these variables and components, future cities Waved. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Locating Urban Vulnerable Areas Using Crisis Management Approach Using GIS and Weighted Overlapping Model (Case Study: region 17 of Tehran)
Nemat Hosseinzadeh Elham Amini Mohammadyar Kermani Sadegh Shakori Esmat KhanmohammadiRegion 17 of Tehran Municipality is the second district in terms of population density and 80% of worn and unstable tissue in terms of physical tissue type. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is proper crisis management in Region 17 of Tehran Municipality, usin MoreRegion 17 of Tehran Municipality is the second district in terms of population density and 80% of worn and unstable tissue in terms of physical tissue type. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is proper crisis management in Region 17 of Tehran Municipality, using a descriptive-analytical method and using a weighted overlap model in the GIS environment. To achieve this goal, the vulnerable areas in this area were first zoned and then from several layers including population density, quality of buildings, proximity to roads, proximity to open spaces, medical centers, fire stations and... was used in the study area. The results of the research show that the opportunities of the range are more than the threats and the weaknesses of the range are more than the strengths and the acceptable strategy for the optimal management of the earthquake crisis is in the range of the review strategy and then the defensive strategy. And in order to organize these contexts, all aspects of it, such as the social and cultural context formed in these contexts, must take into account the participation of the people in all stages, including planning and implementation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Assessment of flood vulnerability in Makran region using ArcGIS software
Ali Khalili Arian OsroshNatural disasters, including floods, have been on the rise in the last two decades, especially in Asia and Iran, due to the rampant urban development that has accompanied the global warming crisis. This is extremely significant given the extensive human and financial da MoreNatural disasters, including floods, have been on the rise in the last two decades, especially in Asia and Iran, due to the rampant urban development that has accompanied the global warming crisis. This is extremely significant given the extensive human and financial damage it causes. Makran or Makuran, located on the southeastern coast of Iran, is a developing region that is of national strategic importance and has attracted the attention of global investors in recent years. As a result, assessing the vulnerability caused by floods in this area can be effective in reducing human costs, especially financial management before the accident and reducing the adverse effects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Analysis of Housing Barriers for Vulnerable Urban Groups: A Case Study of Tabriz Metropolis
Rahman Mahdavi Karim Hosseinzadeh Dalir Soheila Hamidzadeh KhiaviThe main challenges facing the urban planners of this city are the formation of slums due to the lack of suitable formal space and the ability of vulnerable groups of the city, followed by the formation of slums and poor durability, unsuitable texture, poor urban servic MoreThe main challenges facing the urban planners of this city are the formation of slums due to the lack of suitable formal space and the ability of vulnerable groups of the city, followed by the formation of slums and poor durability, unsuitable texture, poor urban services and building materials, vulnerability. The housing units of these social classes are exposed to natural hazards such as earthquakes and the spread of various social harms among the low-income groups due to the prevailing geographical space. Solving these challenges will not be possible except by thinking of macro measures and adopting new approaches. Instability in the housing sector of Tabriz is related to the large area of worn-out structures and informal settlements. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the barriers to housing for vulnerable groups. The method of this research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and survey type. To select the indicators affecting housing and prioritize these indicators in vulnerable groups, 20 experts are used by Delphi method to test the questionnaire randomly for weighting. Some of the required information has been collected from the Statistics Center. Findings show that social and economic indicators have a significant impact on housing for low-income groups. The results show that regions ten and three have the highest rank in the amount of vulnerable housing in the metropolis of Tabriz. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The role of geomorphology on evaluation and prevention of natural disasters in Iran
Davood MokhtariBecause geographical situation, geologic and geomorphologic conditions andhistorical background from economic, social and cultural point of view, Iran is adisastrous country in worldwide. In spite of advances in geomorphology in Iran inrecent decades, relation of this f MoreBecause geographical situation, geologic and geomorphologic conditions andhistorical background from economic, social and cultural point of view, Iran is adisastrous country in worldwide. In spite of advances in geomorphology in Iran inrecent decades, relation of this field of geography to Natural disasters is not makingclear still. This paper attempt to investigate of geomorphologic dimensions of somenatural disasters occurred in recent years in our country, and importance of theincorporation not only of geomorphologic research, but also of geomorphologies inrisk assessment and management programs in Iran is emphasized.Studies on some natural disasters such as landslides, sandy storms, earthquakes andetc. indicate that this natural disasters lead to geomorphic problems from two aspects:first, natural hazards produce special geomorphic landforms and second, activegeomorphologic agents are origin of natural disasters occurring. Indeedgeomorphology is a powerful field that must play a role in the interdisciplinary effortsto develop adequate strategies for prevention and mitigation of natural disasters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Analysis of Housing Barriers for Vulnerable Urban Groups: A Case Study of Tabriz Metropolis
Javad Isaaci nader tabei ayaob jafari syd meysam jasemiThe main challenges facing the urban planners of this city are the formation of slums due to the lack of suitable formal space and the ability of vulnerable groups of the city, followed by the formation of slums and poor durability, unsuitable texture, poor urban servic MoreThe main challenges facing the urban planners of this city are the formation of slums due to the lack of suitable formal space and the ability of vulnerable groups of the city, followed by the formation of slums and poor durability, unsuitable texture, poor urban services and building materials, vulnerability. The housing units of these social classes are exposed to natural hazards such as earthquakes and the spread of various social harms among the low-income groups due to the prevailing geographical space. Solving these challenges will not be possible except by thinking of macro measures and adopting new approaches. Instability in the housing sector of Tabriz is related to the large area of worn-out structures and informal settlements. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the barriers to housing for vulnerable groups. The method of this research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and survey type. To select the indicators affecting housing and prioritize these indicators in vulnerable groups, 20 experts are used by Delphi method to test the questionnaire randomly for weighting. Some of the required information has been collected from the Statistics Center. Findings show that social and economic indicators have a significant impact on housing for low-income groups. The results show that regions ten and three have the highest rank in the amount of vulnerable housing in the metropolis of Tabriz. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Factors affecting vulnerability zoning district 6 of Tehran and vulnerability in the face of natural disasters
Hasanali Faraji Sabokbar Behzad Nadi Mohammad Rezaie NarimisaIntroduction and objectives of the research: Determine the amount of vulnerability of urban tissues with factors affecting the vulnerabilities, one of which must be on before the occurrence of the events and to prepare for the more efficient management of the crisis in MoreIntroduction and objectives of the research: Determine the amount of vulnerability of urban tissues with factors affecting the vulnerabilities, one of which must be on before the occurrence of the events and to prepare for the more efficient management of the crisis in the cities. This research will also seek to explain factors affecting the vulnerability. On this basis, except in terms of the nature of descriptive research-analytical and applied to the target type. The Statistical Society of Tehran municipality is the District 6 is based on the dating and centralization as the sample is selected. Method: Data field and two for a library with tools such as questionnaires, books, articles and DEMATEL diverse map collection, and with the use of EXCEL software, MATLAB, IDRISI and ARC GIS 10, about the analysis of fact. Results: The results indicates that it is a central, South and parts of; especially the Southeast region due to the high life and dating buildings, population density and high household and communication networks filled the next maze with low permeability, high potential vulnerability. Conclusion: On this basis the user planning land and zoning as one of the most important tools and yet are critical objectives of urban planning context in the realization of disaster reduction in the risk of a wide view and urban development process. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Identification of Effective Components on Increasing the Survival Rate of Vulnerable and Elderly Weaved Municipalities in the Event of Natural Disasters (Case Study: Tehran)
Abbas Monavvarian Mojtaba Amiry SIMIN MEHRIKOLIIntroduction and Objective: Natural hazards, due to their intense and short-period impact on urban communities and districts, have become a main concern for urban planners and managers in recent years. Therefore, social empowerment of the residents will play an effectiv MoreIntroduction and Objective: Natural hazards, due to their intense and short-period impact on urban communities and districts, have become a main concern for urban planners and managers in recent years. Therefore, social empowerment of the residents will play an effective role in reducing [natural hazards'] dangers Method:The method used in this survey is theme analysis and it has been done by taking semi-structured interviews using non-probability sampling (snowball) method Findings: The factors identified in this survey, each of them can have an effect on social sustainability and increase its level, are as follows: social security, raising [people’s] awareness and knowledge through education, social belonging, social contribution, social capital, religious beliefs, social support. Conclusion: A city resilient and resilient to urban disasters that its inhabitants, based on their capacities and resources, participate in city decisions and plans in coherence with city executives and municipalities. It is a city whose risks have been identified, and the planning and appropriate measures for Protection and protection of people's lives and property, cultural heritage and social capital. It is a city that is able to organize its affairs in the foreground, during and after the crisis, to allocate the necessary resources and at all levels of citizen's awareness to reduce urban hazards. By strengthening communication between people and institutions, promoting popular participation in urban planning and urban planning and crisis management and urban management plans, training, creating and maintaining social security, social capital perceived by the public in promoting and increasing the amount of fluctuation The social value of the studied neighborhoods plays an important role. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Assessing urban seismic vulnerability(A case study of Ardabil City)
Aziz Donyadideh rasoul samadzadeh Ali PanahiIntroduction and Aim: Due to the devastating effects of earthquakes, it is essential to understand the potential risks and develop strategies to minimize their impact. The aim of this research is to analyze the vulnerability of Ardabil City in Iran to the risk of earthq MoreIntroduction and Aim: Due to the devastating effects of earthquakes, it is essential to understand the potential risks and develop strategies to minimize their impact. The aim of this research is to analyze the vulnerability of Ardabil City in Iran to the risk of earthquakes. The study focuses on the five regions of Ardabil City. Methodology: The research is applied and descriptive-analytical in methodology. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was utilized for data analysis, which weighs four criteria and 19 sub-criteria. The information layers in Arc GIS software were combined together to produce a map of vulnerable areas. Findings: The findings indicate that planning and land-use criteria are crucial factors in assessing the vulnerability of Ardabil City. The structural and natural criteria also play a role in the seismic vulnerability of the city. The study shows that the northern, northwestern, eastern, and central parts of Ardabil City are more vulnerable to the risk of earthquakes. Conversely, the southern part of the city is considered the most resistant. Conclusion: The results indicate that nearly 30% of urban spaces have moderate to high vulnerability to earthquake risk, while around 50% are exposed to high vulnerability. This suggests that the physical structure of these areas is not suitable to manage a crisis caused by seismic activity. In conclusion, this research presents valuable insights into the risk of earthquakes in Ardabil City. The findings can inform the development of mitigation strategies to reduce the impact of earthquakes and protect the local community. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Risk Management Futures Research in Cities with Emphasis on Earthquake Risk Vulnerability
hassan noruzi bakhtiar ezatpanah reza valizadehIntroduction & Objective: The strategic importance of the city of Tabriz on the one hand and its high seismicity on the other hand, is the reason for paying attention to this research. The view that has existed so far in accident management and urban management has MoreIntroduction & Objective: The strategic importance of the city of Tabriz on the one hand and its high seismicity on the other hand, is the reason for paying attention to this research. The view that has existed so far in accident management and urban management has been more of a confrontational view and risk reduction. The purpose of this study is to assess the vulnerability of Tabriz metropolitan zone 8 in earthquake threat. Method: First, the most important studies conducted on futures studies and urban planning and design with regard to natural disasters and special studies in Tabriz were reviewed. Then the components and dimensions of urban vulnerability are prepared and then using the view of experts with Delphi method and also comparative studies, dimensions and final components are prepared and by analyzing questionnaires and conducting necessary studies and calculations the vulnerability of Tabriz metropolis in dimensions And various components were evaluated. Finally, while evaluating the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities, the future strategies of Tabriz metropolitan area 8 were presented by swot method. Findings: Considering that the results of research suggest the exploitation and promotion of strengths and the optimal and maximum use of opportunities, so with this strategy, the current situation of the study area is acceptable, but we should not ignore the weaknesses and threats and Crisis and time management limited the occurrence of earthquakes. Rather, it expresses the need for optimal and optimal long-term research and planning. Conclusion: This study focuses on attracting and making optimal use of dynamic economy and appropriate employment, as well as investors in the field of tourism in the historical context, as well as benefiting from traditional religious, cultural and ideological identity in attracting stakeholders in the region to strengthen health and residential infrastructure. - Emphasizes welfare, resilience, education and culture in order to reduce vulnerability and improve the resilience of the region during an earthquake. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - The role of communications in the district 6 of Tehran and vulnerability mapping vulnerability in the face of natural disasters
HASANALI FARAJI SABOKBAR MOHAMMAD REZAIE NARIMISAIntroduction and objectives of the research: Urban passages as one of the physical elements of the city, plays a key role at the time of the occurrence, as well as after the occurrence of the earthquake, so that the managers of the crisis is one of the reasons being the MoreIntroduction and objectives of the research: Urban passages as one of the physical elements of the city, plays a key role at the time of the occurrence, as well as after the occurrence of the earthquake, so that the managers of the crisis is one of the reasons being the lack of extensive earthquake relief timely dimension arising from the injury the passages of speech. Research is also looking for ways to explain the role of communication in the urban areas of vulnerability in the face of the crisis. On this basis, except in terms of the nature of descriptive research analytical and objective-of the type of application-development. The Statistical Society of Tehran municipality is the District 6 is based on the dating and centralization as the sample is selected. Research method: Data field and two for a library with tools such as DEMATEL questionnaires, books, articles and different map, collect and use the EXCEL software, MATLAB, IDRISI and ARC GIS 10, are located about analysis. Results: The results indicates that it is a central and southern parts of the region; the passages in terms of access to the physical structure of the network of passages,-space, access to the range, access to public open spaces, wide roads (permeability), the distance from the infinite spaces of the body, fire, and medical centers, the most over the level of vulnerability can be possessed. Conclusion: Of course, it is worth mentioning that the texture and density; the crowd, pressed and consists of elements present in these sectors, as well as the role of credit in the amount of vulnerabilities going up passages. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Assessing and Evaluating the Resilience of the Pphysical-Spatial Structure of Urban Neighborhoods Against Earthquakes(Case Study: Minoodar Neighborhood of Qazvin)
Haleh Sadat Nabavi Razavi Manoocher TabibianIntroduction & Objective: A resilient city is a network of sustainable social, economic, cultural, political, psychological, and physical systems. The purpose of this study is to measure and evaluate the resilience of the physical spatial structure of the Minodar ne MoreIntroduction & Objective: A resilient city is a network of sustainable social, economic, cultural, political, psychological, and physical systems. The purpose of this study is to measure and evaluate the resilience of the physical spatial structure of the Minodar neighborhood against earthquake, and the research method is descriptive-analytical.Research method: To measure the vulnerability of the Minodar neighborhood in terms of physical-spatial structure, the distribution of 15 questionnaires among urban and earthquake experts and the creation of information layers in GIS software have been used. To measure the resilience of the physical-spatial structure of Minodar neighborhood to reduce vulnerability to earthquakes, in addition to obtaining expert opinions, 320 questionnaires completed by residents have been cited. A regression test was used to analyze the research questions.Findings: The results of this analysis indicate that in terms of form criteria, 23% of neighborhoods have a high vulnerability, 59% moderate vulnerability, and 18% of neighborhoods have a low vulnerability to earthquakes. In addition, in terms of activity benchmarks, 6% of the neighborhood area is highly vulnerable, 11% is moderately vulnerable and 83% of the neighborhood is slightly vulnerable to earthquakes. To measure the resilience of the physical-spatial structure of Minodar neighborhood to reduce vulnerability to earthquakes, in addition to obtaining expert opinions, 320 questionnaires completed by residents have been cited. A regression test was used to analyze the research questions.The findings of this study show that there is an indirect relationship between the components of resilience and vulnerability to earthquakes.Conclusion: The results of this study show that there is an indirect relationship between the components of resilience and vulnerability. This relationship can be analyzed in such a way that in places where communication, reproducibility, flexibility, diversity, strength, and modulation are more in the physical-spatial structure of Minodar neighborhood, earthquake vulnerability decreases. Also, the variables "relevance", "reproducibility" and "flexibility" have a greater share in predicting the earthquake vulnerability variable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Analysis on effective components in reducing the vulnerability of informal settlements against earthquakes Case study: Farahzad neighborhood Tehran Metropolitan Area 2
سروش لطفی mahmod rahimiIntroduction & Objective: Urban settlements have become more complex, and, consequently, instability has increased in these settlements. In this regard, the urban community, especially in its contemporary and modern forms, has been exposed constantly to a wide varie MoreIntroduction & Objective: Urban settlements have become more complex, and, consequently, instability has increased in these settlements. In this regard, the urban community, especially in its contemporary and modern forms, has been exposed constantly to a wide variety of threats. Much of the damage caused by these hazards, more than the result of unexpected events, is a predictable result of the interaction of three major systems: the physical environment (including hazards), social and demographic characteristics, and moreover the mechanism is the management and planning system. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the vulnerability of Farahzad neighborhood and identify the effective factors on it. Farahzad neighborhood due to the non-chemical and erosive texture and the location near the Laser land fault in the event of an earthquake, the damage caused by it will be doubled. Method: In this regard, the present study uses a descriptive-analytical method and has developed a comprehensive index and application of the AHP model in ArcGIS environment to analyze the vulnerability of Farahzad neighborhood. Also, the questionnaire was distributed among the residents of the neighborhood. The sample size is selected using the Cochran formula according to the neighborhood population. Thus, according to the population of 5931, 357 people have been selected as the sample size. Pearson and regression tests were used to analyze the questionnaire. Findings:The findings show that the quality of the building is the most important factor in reducing vulnerability to possible earthquakes. It was also found that Farahzad neighborhood is not in desirable position as a vulnerability, with 28% having high vulnerability and 13% high vulnerability. Finally, for analyzing the effective components of vulnerability reduction, the questionnaire was evaluated and analyzed by Pearson test and multivariate regression. The results of the test analysis indicate that the physical-environmental index in the first place, and then the institutional-management index, are an effective factor in reducing vulnerability. Conclusion:The existence of major weaknesses in the physical structure of the neighborhood, especially its passageways, has caused the region to be more vulnerable to crises during the crisis. In terms of institutional management, this neighborhood also has a lot of challenges. The necessity of paying attention to the crisis management agent is related to the management factors, so that the implementation of educational maneuvers and monitoring of construction can reduce the vulnerability of the neighborhood seriously. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Drought Vulnerability Assessment among Wheat Farmers in Esfahan Township
Masoud Ramazani Lida Sharafi Kiumars ZarafshaniThe current drought in Esfahan Township and damages incurred on agricultural sector clearly indicate that vulnerability among farmers is increasing. However, limited attention has been paid to drought mitigation and preparedness across the affected area. Therefore, it i MoreThe current drought in Esfahan Township and damages incurred on agricultural sector clearly indicate that vulnerability among farmers is increasing. However, limited attention has been paid to drought mitigation and preparedness across the affected area. Therefore, it is imperative to study vulnerable group which is the bench mark in drought risk management the predictors of vulnerability among farmers in Isfahan Township. In this study used survey research design and data was collected from 275 wheat farmers using multistage stratified sampling through questionnaire and personal interview with farmers whom has experienced drought. Farmers' vulnerability was determined using Mebar & Valdez (2005). Results revealed that farmers in Jarghooyeh Olya had the highest vulnerability (3.77) and farmers in Bon Rood had the lowest vulnerability (3.32). Results of this study have implications for policy makers in distributing resources to farmers with high vulnerability. Innovation of this paper is to quantify the vulnerability of rural communities using formula and the ranking these communities based on the vulnerability. Thus vulnerability assessment could be basic to the allocation of resources and funds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Vulnerability of rural households in Fars province to food insecurity Due to drought
Nosaha Nahid Farhad Lashgarara Lashgarara Seyed Jamal Farajolah Hosseini seyed Mehdi MirdamadiClimate change and drought have greatly affected the vulnerability of rural households. This study aimed to Analyzing the vulnerability of rural households in Fars province of Iran for food insecurity under drought and also analyzing their adaptive responses to drought MoreClimate change and drought have greatly affected the vulnerability of rural households. This study aimed to Analyzing the vulnerability of rural households in Fars province of Iran for food insecurity under drought and also analyzing their adaptive responses to drought in terms of attitude and action. It was a survey research and data was collected from a sample of population based on the stratified random sampling. The sample population was 270 respondents from Fars Province by using Shaffer formula. The data was analyzed by using SPSS and AMOS software. Based on the results, the vulnerability of rural households in Fars province to drought is above average, which sensitivity factor has the highest effect on vulnerability of rural households. Also, the results of the study showed that the most effective adaptation strategies to reduce of drought Consequences are significantly dependent on government support. However, less vulnerable households have more strategic options for coping with the consequences of drought. Cluster analysis indicated that based on the two groups of respondents with the low and high vulnerability that According to it, the studied rural households were compared in terms of some characteristics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Impact Assessment of Operating Agricultural Management Scenarios on Quality and Quantity of Surface Water Resources Using Semi-Distributed Model and Checking the Vulnerability of the Aquifer (Case study: Hashtgerd Plain)
Mahmoodreza Nooralinejad Islamloo Mojtaba Shourian S. Sadjad MehdizadehBackground and Aim: The source of many qualitative and quantitative problems of water resources is the activities that are done in a watershed. Therefore, reviewing the planning strategies of watershed can lead to the reduction of these challenges therefore it is necess MoreBackground and Aim: The source of many qualitative and quantitative problems of water resources is the activities that are done in a watershed. Therefore, reviewing the planning strategies of watershed can lead to the reduction of these challenges therefore it is necessary to assess the effects of operating of these strategies before implementing them. Method: This research is carried out in the Hashtgerd basin is located in the central part of Alborz province. After making the semi distributed hydrological model (SWAT), this model has been developed to convert quantity and quality of surface water resources. For this purpose, the statistics of hydrometric stations Fashand, Dehsomeh and Najmabad and qualitative data of nitrate of the index station were calibrated and validated as control points. After model sensitivity analysis, its calibration process was conducted using SWAT-CUP software with SUFI2 algorithm and 500 iteration and the best values of selected parameters were obtained. Then, impact of implementing management scenarios are required such as modifying cropping pattern and improving irrigation methods to enhance the agricultural efficiency for improving agricultural state and reducing the contaminations. At last assessing the vulnerability of the Hastgerd aquifer using seven DRASTIC parameters by overlaying layers, ranking and weighing was assessed. Results: The results of the monthly surface runoff simulation were tested by Nash-Sutcliffe indicators and coefficient of determination. The results above 0.7 which showed that the simulation was done with good precision showed that simulation was done with proper precision(results over 0.7). The results of the Nitrate calibration and validation show that the NS was 0.83 and 0.7 and the R2 was estimated .87 and 0.89. These values indicate the proper performance of the model and approve high correlation between the observed and simulated data. After determining the vulnerability map of the Hashtgerd aquifer along the density of wells correcting the weights of the model layers, the central part of the plain is the most vulnerable. Conclusion: Two management scenarios were modeled including the change in the cropping pattern and improvement of the irrigation efficiency to assess the quality and quantity variation in surface resource. It was indicated, by modifying the cropping pattern and reducing water exploitation, the amount of surface runoff was increased. However, the density of Nitrate was reduced by 5 to 20 percent in different months. With implementation of scenarios, the water consumption in the agriculture sector will be reduced from the 85.3 MCM to 59.8 MCM. The final vulnerability index of the aquifer varied between 44 to 90 by using DRASTIC method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Point Sources Pollution Index Development in Well Capture Zones with Mathematical Modeling Approach (Case study: Meshgin Shahr plain)
Mohsen Heidarogli Hossein Saadati Ebrahim FataeiBackground and Aim: It is possible to identify the areas of plains that are highly vulnerable to contaminating wells by modeling, integrating, and developing indicators. The presence of polluting points in these areas will bring and intensify the risk of contamination o MoreBackground and Aim: It is possible to identify the areas of plains that are highly vulnerable to contaminating wells by modeling, integrating, and developing indicators. The presence of polluting points in these areas will bring and intensify the risk of contamination of wells. The main goal of this research is to develop and provide a new index to determine the vulnerable levels around the wells that can cause the pollution of drinking and agricultural wells and, consequently, the pollution of the aquifer. In this research, the combination of point pollutant sources density was used as a risk index and well capture zones as a vulnerability index. This method is more accurate than other methods because it takes into account features such as discharge, natural damping, soil, aquifer hydraulic conductivity, land use, landcover, and distribution of wells, and it is a combination of vulnerability index and risk index.Method:In the present research, the vulnerability of Meshginshahr’s plain’s aquifer with an area of 614 square kilometers is estimated using the combination of two factors of the density of polluting sources in the areas of the rivers and the well capture zones.First, the density of point pollution sources such as industries, villages, gas stations, as an index of potential polluting sources in Mashgin Shahr’s plain’s rivers is determined by Karnal method in GIS environment. Then, numerical modeling is done to determine the well capture zonesusing MODFLOW and MODPATH models.The statistical data of 10 years from 2011 to 2020 is divided into three categories.The first 8 years are used for the calibration, and the last 2 years were used for model validation.Modeling was performed for stable state.Then the parameters of hydraulic conductivity, recharge and anisotropy are subjected to sensitivity analysis.In the next step, using the MODPATH model and based on the results of the MODFLOW model, well capture zonesor areas with high vulnerability are estimated in different periods.By combining the density layer of point pollutants in the rivers’ protection area and well capture zones, the developed pollution index of the plain is obtained.Results: The density of pollutants in the region varied from zero to 0.998 items per square kilometer, so that the highest density is in the southwest of the plain, around the important cities of the region. In 16% of the total surface of the plain, there is no capture of pollution by wells. The final capture with 25% of the plain has the largest share and the 10-year capture with less than 1% of the plain has the lowest share. The results of the final index shows that the entire level of the plain is in the range of low risk, and about 50% of the level of the Meshgin’s plain is in the range of low vulnerability. The results of this index are validated based on the density of two important pollutants, nitrate and chloride, which have a positive correlation with the vulnerability index. Two potential pollutants are selected as accuracy parameters to confirm the result of the index developed in this research. Nitrate is considered in rural and agricultural areas, which are affected by agricultural fertilizers and sewage. Chloride also indicates pollution in industrial and commercial places. The results show that the relationship between the two parameters of chlorine and nitrate is almost linear, so that the Pearson correlation coefficient for nitrate is 0.58 and for chloride is 0.49.Conclusion: The results of this research indicated that in the plains’ management in order to protect the wells’ water quality, the combination of the risk index of point pollutants in the rivers and the vulnerability of the well capture zones can play an important role, and in the industrial development of Mashgin Shahr plain, priority should be given to areas with lower risk. Due to the fact that there are no industrial towns or units in Mashgin Plain, it is not possible to evaluate the risk classes of this index with the spatial changes of groundwater pollution, and it is recommended that this index be used and evaluated in industrial plains. The index presented in this research is simpler compared to other developed indices in the field of aquifer pollution, however; for more accuracy, the weight of the effect can be determined for any point or non-point pollutant, or other parameters can be used Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Evaluating the effects of environmental development using degradation model (Case study: Bagh-e Shadi protected area)
mahdeia ebrahymi maryam morovati Mahdi TazehBackground and Objective: Protected areas in the country requires monitoring and protection measures due to reduced quality. Therefore, in this regard, degradation model could be applied by quantifying human activities The aim of this study was environmental impact asse MoreBackground and Objective: Protected areas in the country requires monitoring and protection measures due to reduced quality. Therefore, in this regard, degradation model could be applied by quantifying human activities The aim of this study was environmental impact assessment of development in Bagh-e Shadi protected area using the degradation model in 2020.Material and Methodology: To implement this model in the study area, first the area was divided into 406 pixels with a scale of 1: 50,000 and dimensions of 500 x 500 cm. Using existing maps, field observation and experts' opinions, 8 factors of degradation model in the whole region were identified and their severity was determined.Findings: The results showed that among the identified degradation factors, tourism activities had the most degradation in the protected area of Bagh-e Shadi. Then, the ecological vulnerability of the area was calculated using slope, direction, altitude, climate, soil depth, vegetation density, temperature, rainfall, land use with GIS tools and classified according to severity. After calculating the physiological density, the degradation coefficient was calculated in each of the pixels and was classified into 6 classes and 3 categories based on fuzzy theory. Then all networks are compared in terms of severity and extent of degradation and the whole region was divided into three zones: prone to further development, in need of reconstruction and in need of protective measures.Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that in terms of land quality, 27.83% of the region is in the category of prone to further development (second categories), 35.22% in the requires reconstruction categories, 29.31% in the categories requires protective measures 64.7% are in the floor in need of protection measures (first categories). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals lead, zinc and cadmium in the Lakan lead and zinc company
Seyed Alireza Sharifi mojgan zaeimdar Seyed Ali Jozi Rokhshad HejaziBackground and Objective: Today, the implementation of industrial development programs without considering environmental considerations, has led to the continued entry of pollutants into the environment. Currently, industrial pollution is considered the main cause of en MoreBackground and Objective: Today, the implementation of industrial development programs without considering environmental considerations, has led to the continued entry of pollutants into the environment. Currently, industrial pollution is considered the main cause of environmental degradation. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the ecological risk of toxic metals lead, zinc, and cadmium in the Lakan lead and zinc processing company.Method: After organizing and standardizing the data using GIS, ecological risk assessment and also the environmental risk index of toxic metals in the study area were estimated.Findings: The results of the ecological risk assessment showed that among the studied toxic metals, cadmium metal has the lowest risk (0.01% of the area in the high-risk class) and zinc has the highest risk (0.02% of the area in the high-risk class). Also, the results of the environmental risk index assessed 99% of the region in terms of cadmium metal risk in the low-risk category and 92% of the region in terms of zinc risk in the critical class, and lead metal was in the intermediate status.Discussion and Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be stated that following industrialization, the spread of industrial pollution is inevitable, but methods and measures have been used to mitigate and reduce their consequences. One of the important methods in reducing the effects of environmental pollution is ecological risk assessment. Therefore, considering the capabilities of GIS systems in the preparation of environmental assessment maps, it seems that this system can be useful in facilitating the assessment of the ecological vulnerability of metal mining industries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Study of Quality & Pollution of Urmia Gadarchay Catchment, Using Water Quality Index and WRASTIC Vulnerability Model
nazli Moghadam yekta Seyed Ali Jozi abdolreza karimiBackground and Objectives: Study area of this study is Gadarchay Catchment (Part of Urmia Basin) that has been affected by the agricultural and industrial activities as well as population points. In this study, quality and pollution of Gadarchay Catchment Using Iran Wat MoreBackground and Objectives: Study area of this study is Gadarchay Catchment (Part of Urmia Basin) that has been affected by the agricultural and industrial activities as well as population points. In this study, quality and pollution of Gadarchay Catchment Using Iran Water Quality Index and WRASTIC Vulnerability Model has­ been investigated to improve water quality, preventing of pollution and reducing pollution load by using management mitigation plans. Method: After collecting the history of study and completing the information, the catchment area have been assigned and divided to eight zones. Then sampling stations have been chosen by some criterions and sampling program have been started seasonally and the water quality index using IRWQISC have been estimated. Findings: The quality of rivers was in partly bad to partly good. The vulnerability of the catchment area has been calculated 59 that show the high sensitivity of the river catchment area. Availability of pollutants in the study area for example fisheries, bird houses, slaughter house, industrial areas and urban and rural areas by the river and discharge of waste water, causes wide pollution in river specially in mid-zone and downstream of the catchment area. These pollutants are increasing due to the growth of population and industrial and agricultural development. Discussion and Conclusion: For improvement of water quality and preventing of pollution, management mitigation plans are used and proposed plans including one structural plan, four non-structural plans and two joint plans are planned. Also it’s useful to detect pollutant sources and quality conservation acts and pollution control in case of monitoring of water quality projects and reforming the existing water­­ quality monitoring. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Zoning the Structural Vulnerability Index Due to Climate Change (SVCCI) (Case study: Kurdistan province)
Eqbal Vahdani Hossian Mohammadi Farideh AsadianBackground and Objective: Future climate fluctuations are one of the greatest challenges facing humankind, which have a profound effect on soil and water as a source of agricultural production. One of the methods for assessing the caused damage is the calculation of the MoreBackground and Objective: Future climate fluctuations are one of the greatest challenges facing humankind, which have a profound effect on soil and water as a source of agricultural production. One of the methods for assessing the caused damage is the calculation of the structural vulnerability index due to climate change or index (SVCCI). In this study, the index is calculated in Kurdistan province.Method: In this study, using data from 11 meteorological stations in the period 1380-1396 for 10 cities of Kurdistan province, the index was calculated. To calculate the components of the index, it is necessary to calculate the precipitation index, drought index and potential evapotranspiration in the region. Then, for each of the index components, the trend and instability in the trend were examined by non-parametric Mann-Kendall test. Then weighting was done in different ways and finally, due to the different units of the index components of each component, the components were normalized by means of the equation (CN) and based on the results of calculating the index, the damage and the most susceptible areas in Kurdistan province to the fluctuations of climatic factors were identified.Findings: The results of this indicator showed that the mean value of the index in the cities of Kurdistan province is 51.4. Meanwhile, Dehgolan city has the highest vulnerability and Saravabad has the least amount of vulnerability compared to the climate change fluctuations.Conclusion: The purpose of this study is to provide a method for mapping the economic vulnerability of climate fluctuations which can be the basis for future planning depending on the availability and reliability of data. So that decision makers can develop urban-scale policies to control more vulnerability to climate change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Vulnerability Assessment in Urban Areas against Flood with Fuzzy Logic (case study: Tehran District 22)
Elham Esmaeili Alavijeh Saeid Karimi Fatemehsadat AlavipoorBackground and Objective: In general, in recent decades, due to urban lives on the sidelines of rivers, dwellers of these areas have been the subject of damages caused by flood. The goal of this research is determining the vulnerability level of urban areas against floo MoreBackground and Objective: In general, in recent decades, due to urban lives on the sidelines of rivers, dwellers of these areas have been the subject of damages caused by flood. The goal of this research is determining the vulnerability level of urban areas against flood in order to reducing human and financial losses. Method: For this purpose, Chung fuzzy analysis hierarchical process method (fuzzy AHP) is used due to the higher degree of possibility for weighting criteria of gradient, soil, distance from river, geology, height, land usage, and population. After weighting, the criteria of vulnerability in the environment ARCGIS were fuzzy and ultimately fuzzy operators were used for overlapping layers. Findings: To amend the obtained maps, algebraic multiplication and algebraic addition operators, Gamma 0.9, Gamma 0.7 and Gamma 0.5 operators were used. Obtained map from Gamma 0.7 operator was chosen as the final map of vulnerability for obtaining more appropriate result. Discussion and Conclusion: Therefore, considering the final map, and that the percentage of population density is over 1.07 in the eastern north of the area near Kan river, the possibility of vulnerability is proposed to be high in that area. Also it is possible that unpermitted constructions in Kan and Vardavard River limits will lead to water aggregation and its sudden release in the area, and if the process of unpermitted constructions and population increase is continued in the area, it can be resulted that the possibility of vulnerability against flood may be high in Tehran District 22. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Land Use Planning and its effects on reduced city vulnerability Against Earthquake
Elham Amini Farah Habib Gholam Hossein MojtahedzadehThe growing population and necessary development of urban areas have raised major concern about how to minimize natural hazards in urban societies. Urban growth is changing constantly owing to the way of humanity lives on the earth. The size of both cities and their urb MoreThe growing population and necessary development of urban areas have raised major concern about how to minimize natural hazards in urban societies. Urban growth is changing constantly owing to the way of humanity lives on the earth. The size of both cities and their urban populations is unprecedented. Major changes in city sizes have altered the way land and its resources are used and manifestly led to undesirable environmental consequences. Examined casualties of and damages from earthquake in cities show that a high percentage of damages are directly or indirectly caused by unacceptability of planning and calculated risks to cities so as to reduce them. It can be said in actual fact that damages and casualties of earthquake are mainly caused not only by violated standards of structures but also by improper principals of urban planning (including design). Minimizing the risk of earthquake relies upon pre- and post- earthquake studies of urban plans (including design). A positive step forward in decreasing the vulnerability of urban areas to earthquake is considering urban land use planning as a central core of urban planning. An increased flexibility of urban areas to minimize earthquake risks depends on including proof against earthquake in urban planning. This paper attempts to show the relationship between urban land use and vulnerability of cities against earthquake, primarily focusing on the necessity of including the relationship in urban planning. Determining strategies for land use planning, this paper offers flexible, simple, logical and effective policies on and criteria for rehabilitating urban fabric Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Developing management strategies using a new method for vulnerability assessment of wetland ecosystems (Case study: Choghakhor wetland)
fateme jahani shakib Bahram Malekmohamadi Elham Yusefi Mehdi AlipourBackground and Objective: In order to understand the condition of ecosystems it is essential to asses the threats and disturbances affecting the ecosystems and to develope suitable strategies for environmental management, monitoring and assessment. Especially, sustainab MoreBackground and Objective: In order to understand the condition of ecosystems it is essential to asses the threats and disturbances affecting the ecosystems and to develope suitable strategies for environmental management, monitoring and assessment. Especially, sustainable management of wetlands, in terms of their terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems composition and characteristics, requires scientific and multidisciplinary approaches. Due to the impacts of these threats, characteristics of ecosystems have become vulnerable. Method: This study has been done to provide a new method for vulnerability assessment of Choghakhorwetland at fine scale in order to develop management strategies. At first, by using the Driver, Pressure, State, Impact and response (DPSIR) model the threatening factors and values including ecological, hydrological, economic and social factors were investigated. Then the threats, values and links between threats and values were assessed. Vulnerability assessment is done through combination of their scores. Conclusion: Results of this research indicated that main threats impact on ecological values included loss of birds and wildlife habitat. Increase of the height of constructed dam and drought have undesirable and severe impact on water supply for Gandoman wetland located in downstream lands. Finally, the strategies were presented as response to each factor of the analytical DPSIR model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Developing a strategic model for earthquake crisis management, targeting to minimize economic vulnerability; case study on district 22 of Tehran
Mehdi Ghadami Iran Ghaziحوادث غیرمترقبه ازجمله مسائلی هستند که گریبانگیر دولتها و ملتها شده، تلفات جانی و خسارات اقتصادی فراوانی بر آنها تحمیل مینمایند. در این مقاله، با رویکردی زیربنایی و نرم به رسالت مهندسی زلزله، نسبت به طراحی الگویی راهبردی برای مدیریت بحران زلزله اقدام گردیده است. در Moreحوادث غیرمترقبه ازجمله مسائلی هستند که گریبانگیر دولتها و ملتها شده، تلفات جانی و خسارات اقتصادی فراوانی بر آنها تحمیل مینمایند. در این مقاله، با رویکردی زیربنایی و نرم به رسالت مهندسی زلزله، نسبت به طراحی الگویی راهبردی برای مدیریت بحران زلزله اقدام گردیده است. در این راستا، از روش تحقیق آمیخته (ترکیبی از روشهای کمّی و کیفی) بهرهگیری شده و ضمن اخذ آراء خبرگان حوزههای مهندسی زلزله و مدیریت بحران، متغیرهای کمّی و کیفی اثرگذار بر میزان آسیبپذیری لرزهای پهنهها، شناسایی و تحلیل گردیدهاند، بهنحویکه متغیرهای دارای ماهیت کمّی و سنجهپذیر، در قالب مدل ارزیابی آسیبپذیری لرزهای، بررسی گردیده و سایر عوامل راهبردی اثرگذار که دارای ماهیت کیفی میباشند نیز با بکارگیری تکنیک تحلیل راهبردی سوآت، ارزیابی شدهاند. در بخش کیفی پژوهش، با استفاده از روش تحلیل محتوا، چارچوب مفهومی الگو و نیز معیارهای ارزیابی آسیبپذیری لرزهای استخراج شدهاند. در بخش کمّی پژوهش نیز با بهرهگیری از تکنیکهای آماری ازجمله آزمون همبستگی، الگوی موردنظر برازش گردیده و با استفاده از روش فرایند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی و بهرهگیری از نرم افزار Expert Choice، ضریب اهمیت معیارهای ارزیابی آسیبپذیری لرزهای و شاخصهای عددی شدت آسیبپذیری لرزهای تعیین شدهاند. سپس، مبتنی بر تحلیل آسیبپذیری لرزهای، راهبردهای متناسب، تدوین گردیده و با توجه به سطح اهمیت آنها، الویتبندی شدهاند. درنهایت، راهکارهای اجرایی متناسب با هر راهبرد پیشنهاد میگردند. به منظور پیادهسازی الگوی نهایی، منطقه 22 شهر تهران به عنوان مورد مطالعه انتخاب شده که وسیعترین توسعه شهری متصل به تهران و به تعبیری استانداردترین منطقه شهری در سطح کشور است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Analysis of Coastal Environment Vulnerability Determination Methods
Tahoora Daheshvar Afshin Danehkar Masoud Monavari Borhan Riazi masoud kheyrkhah zarkeshThis research wants to reflect the results and methods of pervious researches in natural places and coastal areas and tries to find best method for decision making in coastal areas of Iran. This research has been done by investigating 49 researches about vulnerability w MoreThis research wants to reflect the results and methods of pervious researches in natural places and coastal areas and tries to find best method for decision making in coastal areas of Iran. This research has been done by investigating 49 researches about vulnerability which 70% of them were about vulnerability evaluation in coastal areas and 69 researches was about the stresses and 10 researches was about sensitive areas. Among various methods the most useful method is CVI. In this method both variables and stresses are used. This survey also showed that sees level rise is the most used stress and Irregular and scarce rainfall and construction of dams is tow stresses that used only in one research. So stresses that used more than the others are more important. The survey also showed that among sensitivity resources, ecological criteria and economical criteria have the highest frequency. So for calculating sensitivity each sensitivity resources that used more than the others are more important Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Formulating the psychosocial vulnerability model of chronic depression: The grounded theory
Seyed Mohammad Reza Samsam Shariat Hamid Taher Neshat Doost Mehrdad Kalantari seyed hamid reza oreyzi samaniThe aim of this study was. This exploratory qualitative study was carried out using grounded theory method. Data were collected via semistructured in-depth interviews and field notes. We interviewed with 12patients with chronic depression.Participants were selected from MoreThe aim of this study was. This exploratory qualitative study was carried out using grounded theory method. Data were collected via semistructured in-depth interviews and field notes. We interviewed with 12patients with chronic depression.Participants were selected from two psychotherapy clinics. The survey instrument included; structured Clinical Interview for DSM5 criteria and 24-item Hamilton depression scale (HRSD24). Data were analyzed using the NVIVO software. The results showed as a result of these factors caused chronic depression terms of the previous treatment failure and multiple courses prior history of depression and a sense of disability of physical problems and chronic pain. This disorder has been achieved in the context of the problem in terms of social / familial and financial / employment / education. The results showed that the basic conditions to depression include cognitive and behavioral factors which are influenced by mood and emotion regulation. The continuation of this disorder is the result of factors and physical health as well as social and family factors and occupational, academic and financial factors, which leads to the symptoms of chronic depression. Based on the grounded theory method of this study, Since most psychotherapy processes have been emphasized on aspects of cognitive / behavioral, at the time of the chronicity of the disorder, better health priority, according to maintaining these categories: health problems and physical and fields family / social and jobs / education /financial. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Explanation of Psychological Vulnerability Based on the Attachment Styles in Students of Mixed-state Universities of Tehran
مهرانگیز پیوسته گر محمد علی بشارت شیما پژوهی نیا محمد یاسین سیفیThe purpose of this study was to explain psychological vulnerability to Aggression, Interpersonal sensitivity , Psychotics and Paranoid based on attachment styles in students of mixed- state universities of Tehran. The statistical population comprised of all students MoreThe purpose of this study was to explain psychological vulnerability to Aggression, Interpersonal sensitivity , Psychotics and Paranoid based on attachment styles in students of mixed- state universities of Tehran. The statistical population comprised of all students at mixed-state universities in Tehran (in the 87-88 school year), by Using random multiple cluster sampling method, Cochran formula, 384 male and female students were selected and completed. The Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI) (Besharat, 1379) and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) (Deragotis, 1983). Data were analyzed by using SPSS statistical software, Pearson correlation coefficients and simultaneous regression analysis. Analysis of the data revealed that secure attachment style with psychological vulnerabilities has negative significant correlation and avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles with psychological vulnerabilities have positive significant correlation (P < 0.0001). Moreover, attachment styles specially secure and ambivalent styles can explain psychological vulnerabilities in different kinds and levels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - The effect of self-perception on mental vulnerability mediated by emotional distress tolerance in people with depressive disorder
faezeh noroozi Mahbobeh Zare MarzoniThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self-perception on mental vulnerability mediated by emotional distress tolerance in people with depressive disorder. The research was a descriptive correlation based on Path analysis. The statistical population MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self-perception on mental vulnerability mediated by emotional distress tolerance in people with depressive disorder. The research was a descriptive correlation based on Path analysis. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all women with depressive disorder with a record in 27 counseling and treatment centers for psychological disorders under the supervision of the Welfare Organization in Gorgan in 2020. In this study, 260 women with depressive disorder were selected as the sample size available. The research instruments included Mental Vulnerability Questionnaire of Najarian and Davoodi (2001), Self-Perception Questionnaire of Pourhossein (2009) and Emotional Distress Tolerance Questionnaire Simmons and Gahr (2005). Data analysis was performed by structural equation modeling based on multivariate regression and 18SPSS software, 23 Amos. Findings showed that self-perception of -0.32 and emotional distress tolerance -0.23 had a direct effect on mental vulnerability (P<0/001). The indirect effect of self-perception on the mediation of emotional distress tolerance on mental vulnerability was confirmed (P<0/001). In general, 0.38 of the mental vulnerability variable can be explained by self-perception through the mediation of emotional distress tolerance. The results of this study provide practical implications for reducing psychological harm with respect to the components of emotional distress tolerance and self-perception in depressed people. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Assessing groundwater vulnerability in Ramhormoz aquifer using a GIS and DRASTIC Techniques
Pouriya Moradi Hassan Rouhi Kazem Rangzan Nasrollah Kalantari Nazanin GhanbariAquifer vulnerability assessment to identify areas that have a potential contamination of water re-sources management, is very important. One of the rudimentary and important ways to prevent groundwater contamination is the identification of vulnerable areas and applied MoreAquifer vulnerability assessment to identify areas that have a potential contamination of water re-sources management, is very important. One of the rudimentary and important ways to prevent groundwater contamination is the identification of vulnerable areas and applied its results for land use management. In this study, the vulnerability of Ramhormoz aquifer evaluated by an Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method and Modified DRASTIC based on GIS. In the DRASTIC model the map of seven hydrogeological characteristics affecting groundwater pollution (depth to water, net recharge, aquifer media, soil type, topography, the impact of vadose zone and hydraulic conduc-tivity) was combined using Geographic information system (GIS) and aquifer vulnerability map was prepared. In order to overlaying the data layer tree methods (DRASTIC-DRASTIC, DRASTIC-AHP and AHP-AHP methods) have been used. Nitrate concentration data of groundwater have been used for model validation. The results show that, except the southeast that have a high vulnerability, other parts of plain have a low to moderate vulnerability. In the study area, DRASTIC-DRASTIC and DRASTIC-AHP methods have a better results rather than AHP-AHP method. The correlation coefficient between Q index and nitrate concentration in DRASTIC-DRASTIC, DRASTIC-AHP and AHP-AHP methods is obtained 0.97, 0.96 and 0.81, respectively, which confirmed the results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Degradation assessment of Jajrood protected area using landscape degradation model
Afshin Danehkar Shirkou JafariDegradation model is a method for environmental impact assessment and it has been widely applied for accumulative impact assessment of human activities. In addition, landscape indicators have been widely used in landscape planning as quantitative tools. One important ap MoreDegradation model is a method for environmental impact assessment and it has been widely applied for accumulative impact assessment of human activities. In addition, landscape indicators have been widely used in landscape planning as quantitative tools. One important application of landscape metrics is their contribution to landscape degradation model. The goal of this research was to assess landscape degradation in Jajrood protected area. In doing so, landscape indicators were calculated using a land use/cover map of Jajrood protected area for 16 sub basins. For land use/cover mapping, Landsat satellite image was firstly pre-processed, and then, hybrid classification approach was undertaken to categorize the image into different land use/cover categories. According to landscape degradation model, ecological vulnerability and the severity of activities as well as the degradation degree were calculated for the targeted landscape. The results of this research indicated that sub basin 5 with a value of 31 had the highest level of landscape degradation and sub basins 1, 13 and 15 with values 25, 25 and 22, respectively, were on the next orders in Jajrood protected area. In addition, sub basins 16, 7 and 4 with values 3.5, 3.25 and 3.25, respectively, were least degraded and these sub basins had the least level of fragmentation. The results show that 68% of the area was outlined to be potential for development or further development, only 17% of the area is suitable for protection. Approximately 13% of the area should be considered for rehabilitation that demonstrated natural land cover change and degradation in the protected area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - A GIS, DRASTIC techniques for assessing groundwater vulnerability in Torghabeh –Shandiz watershed of Khorasan county
Mehri Entezari Fazel Amiri Tayebeh TabatabaieThe state of groundwater pollution in Torghabeh-Shandiz watershed of Khorasan County has become a major problem, particularly in respect of the increasing population, and the agricultural, industrial and commercial development. The present work attempts to interpret the MoreThe state of groundwater pollution in Torghabeh-Shandiz watershed of Khorasan County has become a major problem, particularly in respect of the increasing population, and the agricultural, industrial and commercial development. The present work attempts to interpret the groundwater vulnerability of this watershed using the DRASTIC model together with the geographic information system (GIS). The data which correspond to the seven parameters (depth to water level, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, the impact of vadose zone and hydraulic conductivity) of the DRASTIC model were collected and converted into thematic maps with GIS. The study showed that the DRASTIC index shows lies in the range of 68 to 225 which were classified into five zones, very low, low, moderate, high, and very high-risk zone of groundwater contamination. The DRASTIC map illustrates that an area of 15.9% is a very low vulnerability, 20.29% low vulnerability, 26.33% moderate vulnerability, 24.34% high vulnerability and 13.14% very high vulnerability in the study area. The river flows from the northeast region of the watershed allows more recharge of water, which may drain the fertilizers from the surrounding agricultural lands along with it to the groundwater and hence leads to groundwater vulnerability of this region. To check the reliability of the DRASTIC index map in the field condition, groundwater samples were collected for the analysis of nitrate (NO3) which is found as one of the pollutants in groundwater resulting due to use of fertilizers during agriculture. The presence of high nitrate concentration over high to moderate risk pollution zone in the study area validated satisfactorily. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Strategic, Tactical, Technical, and Operational Requirements of Executive Organizations for Developing Cyber Security Vulnerability Calculator
Iman Rajabizadeh Nasser ModiriIntroduction: Vulnerability analysis is of particular importance as a point of entry into the system and gaining unauthorized access by the attacker. As a result, one of the basic steps in creating the security of organizations is to be aware of the vulnerabilities in i MoreIntroduction: Vulnerability analysis is of particular importance as a point of entry into the system and gaining unauthorized access by the attacker. As a result, one of the basic steps in creating the security of organizations is to be aware of the vulnerabilities in information technology systems and planning to fix these vulnerabilities. Also, one of the most important indicators of cyber security is the existence of an organizational gem (coordinated incident response groups) in the executive bodies of the country, which is responsible for preventing, dealing with, and dealing with all security incidents that occur in the space of information production and exchange. One of the requirements for creating an organizational gem in executive bodies is to have a vulnerability management unit and as a result, the existence of a deficiency calculator.Method: In this article, in order to adapt the CIS security controller, we cover this issue by applying two new variables in the basic and environmental criteria of CVSS. These criteria are as follows: the amount of time it takes to detect unauthorized access resulting from a vulnerability in the network and the amount of time it takes to block detected unauthorized access.Findings: In order to more accurately assess the severity of the vulnerabilities in the environment, the third version of the conventional vulnerability scoring system (CVSS) according to one of the critical components in cyber defense, i.e. the duration of vulnerability detection and cutting off the unauthorized access resulting from them was developed, and then the performance of the tool was evaluated by examining the vulnerability severity of CVE-2019-1690 and CVE-2019-1758 in order to evaluate the impact and performance of the first controller. The results show the proposed metrics lead to higher performance.Discussion: The developed CVSS tool is capable of more accurate evaluation of vulnerabilities and providing a suitable score according to the most important CIS control, i.e. creation and management of authorized and unauthorized equipment warehouse. Using the proposed tool Organizations can limit and effectively correct cyber threats more quickly. The proposed method is able to reduce the existing challenges in the field of cyber security of organizations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Microtremor analysis to evaluate BMKG region III building, Bali, Indonesia
Muh Sarkowi Rahmat Wibowo Ida Bagus Yogi Mahmud Yusuf Yohana Boka -
Open Access Article
45 - Landslide Risk Assessment for Baba Heydar Watershed, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran
Ebrahim Karimi Sangchini Abdolhossein Arami Hasan Rezaii Moghadam Zainab Khodabakhshi Roya JafariLandslides are among the most damaging natural hazards in mountainous regions. In this study, landslide hazard zonation was conducted in the Baba Heydar Watershed using logistic statistical regression to determine landslide hazard areas. First, a landslide inventory map MoreLandslides are among the most damaging natural hazards in mountainous regions. In this study, landslide hazard zonation was conducted in the Baba Heydar Watershed using logistic statistical regression to determine landslide hazard areas. First, a landslide inventory map was prepared using aerial photograph interpretation and field surveys. Next, ten landslide conditioning factors including altitude, slope percentage, slope aspect, lithology, distance from faults, streams, villages and roads, land use, and precipitation were chosen as effective factors on landslide occurrence in the study area. Then, a landslide susceptibility map was constructed using a logistic regression statistical model in a geographic information system (GIS). Relative Operating Characteristics (ROC) and Pseudo R2 indices were used for model assessment. Finally, a risk map was created based on a risk equation using a combination of the susceptibility map, elements at risk and vulnerability. Results showed that the logistic regression statistical model provided slightly higher prediction accuracy of landslide susceptibility in the Baba Heydar Watershed with ROC equal to 0.876. The results revealed that about 44% of the watershed area was located in both the high and very high hazard classes. Additionally, 35% of the surveyed watershed was located in the high and very high-risk classes. This information is critical for the risk management, landslide risk and land planning of this mountainous area.. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - تهیه نقشه های دراستیک به منظور ارزیابی پتانسیل آسیب پذیری آبخوان کهنک با استفاده از GIS
مریم کریم زاده عبدالنبی کلاهچی فروزان فرخیانامروزه بررسی آبهای زیرزمینی در هر منطقه به علت وجود خشکسالی ،استفاده بهینه از منابع آب و جلوگیری وکاهش آلودگی این منابع امری ضروری محسوب میگردد. یکیازراههایمناسببرایجلوگیریازآلودگیآبهایزیرزمینی،شناساییمناطقآسیبپذیرآبخوانومدیریتکاربریاراضیاست. استفادهازمدلهایموجود Moreامروزه بررسی آبهای زیرزمینی در هر منطقه به علت وجود خشکسالی ،استفاده بهینه از منابع آب و جلوگیری وکاهش آلودگی این منابع امری ضروری محسوب میگردد. یکیازراههایمناسببرایجلوگیریازآلودگیآبهایزیرزمینی،شناساییمناطقآسیبپذیرآبخوانومدیریتکاربریاراضیاست. استفادهازمدلهایموجوددررابطهباپیشبینیوبررسیآلودگیآبهایزیرزمینییکیازراههایشناساییمناطقآسیبپذیرمحسوبمیگردد. در این مطالعه جهتپتانسیلیابیآلودگیمنابعآبزیرزمینیدرآبخوان کهنک ازروشDRASTICوتکنیکهایGISاستفادهگردید. مدل دراستیک شامل پارامتر عمق تا سطح ایستابی،تغذیه خالص ، محیط آبخوان، محیط خاک، توپوگرافی،محیط غیر اشباع و هدایت هیدرولیکی است که به صورت هفت لایه اطلاعاتی در نرم افزار ARC GIS با استفاده از لوگ چاههای بهره برداری ،و سایر اطلاعات مربوط به خاک و میزان بارندگی تهیه گردید و در نهایت شاخص دراستیک برای کل منطقه بین 96/99تا 55/152 برآورد گردید. نتایج مدل نشان می دهد که محدوده مورد مطالعه دراغلب مناطق دارای پتانسیل آسیب پذیری کم از نظر آلودگی و در برخی از مناطق دارای پتانسیل آسیب پذیری زیاد میباشد. در نهایت پیشنهاد گردید در مناطق با آسیب پذیری بالا حتی الامکان از ایجاد تأسیساتی که پتانسیل بالایی در رها سازی آلوده کننده ها به آبخوان را دارند نظیر پالایشگاه، شهرک صنعتی، و...جلوگیری شود. همچنین استفاده از کود های شیمیایی در این منطقه محدود گردد تا از آسیب بیشتر به آبخوان جلوگیری گردد . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Examining the components of urban resilience with an emphasis on natural disasters (floods) in Tabriz city, a case study of areas 2, 3, 4 and 7 of Tabriz city.
Reza ghasemi Ganje Lo bakhtyar ezatpanahThe concept of resilience is rapidly developing in cities. Developing an evaluation framework to assess the resilience of urban areas can be an effective way to use resilience issues in the urban planning process. Based on the objective of the research "examining the co MoreThe concept of resilience is rapidly developing in cities. Developing an evaluation framework to assess the resilience of urban areas can be an effective way to use resilience issues in the urban planning process. Based on the objective of the research "examining the components of urban resilience with an emphasis on natural disasters (floods) in the city of Tabriz", the problem of this research is to measure the level of resilience in the dimensions of urban and social, economic, institutional and physical management in order to deal with the effects of natural disasters. flood) in the city of Tabriz and the practical explanation of the role of resilience or strengthening the resilience of the factors and components that explain the existing situation. The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey. In this regard, the statistical population of the research is the population of areas 2, 3, 4 and 7 of Tabriz city, and the sample size is 382 residents of Tabriz city. According to the data collection, statistical methods of median, mode, average, test (On sample T-test) and SPSS software were used for statistical analysis. ANP model was used to investigate the status of the studied areas of Tabriz city in relation to the state of urban resilience. According to the findings of the research, it was found that urban management is not in a favorable position in urban resilience in the face of natural flood disasters, and it was also found that the prioritization of resilience components and their application at the time of natural disasters in the return of the studied areas of Tabriz city It is effective to the situation before the flood. Also, the regions (2, 3, 4 and 7) of Tabriz city are in a different state of resilience. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Kahriz plain aquifer vulnerability assessment using Drastic Model in GIS
yousef mohebbi Asghar Asghari MoghaddamAquifer vulnerability assessment is very important for developing, management, making land use decisions, monitoring of groundwater resources quality and prevent groundwater contamination. In this research, vulnerability of Kahriz plain aquifer was evaluated by DR MoreAquifer vulnerability assessment is very important for developing, management, making land use decisions, monitoring of groundwater resources quality and prevent groundwater contamination. In this research, vulnerability of Kahriz plain aquifer was evaluated by DRASTIC model and Geographic Information System (GIS). The model combines seven hydrological factors affecting groundwater contamination. These factors include: depth of groundwater level, aquifer net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, Unsaturated Zone and hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer. Based on overlapping of resultant map vulnerability zoning map of the aquifer was prepared. Two main vulnerable zones including low and moderate vulnerable zone were determined. Area of moderate and low vulnerable zones are about 78 and 22 percent, respectively. Model validation was performed using the dispersion of nitrate concentration in the aquifer. Almost all areas with high nitrate were in the moderate vulnerable range. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Seismic vulnerability estimation of East Ravagh of Tehran mosala by using microtremors
دیاکو Hariri M.A Riahi Ahmad AdibBecause of the Microtremor analysis is easy and cheap, so that this method is used for definition ofseismic vulnerability of structures. Consequently, we recorded microtremors in a few pointssimultaneously on the second floor and foundation floor in East Ravagh of Mosal MoreBecause of the Microtremor analysis is easy and cheap, so that this method is used for definition ofseismic vulnerability of structures. Consequently, we recorded microtremors in a few pointssimultaneously on the second floor and foundation floor in East Ravagh of Mosala of Tehran forevaluation of seismic vulnerability in this structure. After analysis of these data, we determined thepoints with high degree of seismic vulnerability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - The use of Aster satellite images and SVM technique in zoning and prioritizing worn-out urban fabric against earthquakes (Case example of Region 3 of Kerman city)
Maryam Nohesara Malihe Zakeriyan Seyed Ali Almodaresi Mostafa Khabazi Mohamad Hosin SaraiEarthquake is one of the basic natural calamities of today's era, which always happens in a very short period of time and sometimes has irreparable results. Today, the vulnerability of cities and especially old and worn-out structures to earthquakes is a global issue fa MoreEarthquake is one of the basic natural calamities of today's era, which always happens in a very short period of time and sometimes has irreparable results. Today, the vulnerability of cities and especially old and worn-out structures to earthquakes is a global issue facing experts in various fields. This situation has been manifested in a more serious way in countries with risky natural structures, including Iran, during the past decades. As a result, although it is not possible to prevent an earthquake, it is possible to reduce the damage caused by it. The experience of earthquakes in recent decades has shown that a major part of the damages caused by earthquakes can be due to the lack of proper knowledge of vulnerable points, in fact, for proper knowledge and evaluation, study and sufficient background of information is required. And reliable knowledge is required. Since the city of Kerman is located in the tectonic zone of central Iran and has large and deep faults and fractures from the geological point of view, as well as the existence of unsuitable materials for buildings and houses, dilapidated residential units, high age Buildings, inappropriate accesses and winding passages in the areas of worn-out fabric can be the source of huge crises, severe damages and casualties, therefore, due to the vulnerability of the city and especially the worn-out fabric against earthquakes, in this research First, by using the ASTER satellite images of 2007, the worn-out textures of Kerman city were identified Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Assessing the vulnerability of cities to earthquakes (Case study: Neyriz neighborhoods)
Mohammad Reza Zardosht Marziyeh Mogholi mohammad ebrahim afifiAbstractAmong natural disasters, earthquakes are one of the newest fundamental challenges of societies, which every year, despite causing great economic damage, cause many deaths and hinder the coordinated and continuous development of societies. The main purpose of thi MoreAbstractAmong natural disasters, earthquakes are one of the newest fundamental challenges of societies, which every year, despite causing great economic damage, cause many deaths and hinder the coordinated and continuous development of societies. The main purpose of this study is to assess the vulnerability of Neyriz neighborhoods to earthquakes. In terms of purpose, in the field of applied research and in terms of research method, it is descriptive-analytical. The method of data collection is documentary and survey. By distributing the questionnaire according to the experts of the research, the effective criteria for identification and their relative importance were determined using the method of hierarchical analysis. Prioritization of urban neighborhoods was done using FVikor method (FVikor), as one of the new multi-criteria decision-making methods, in Gis software environment. The results obtained from fuzzy Victor in the neighborhoods of Neyriz show that Qala-e-Beheshti neighborhood with a weight of 0.908 is in the first place and Bazaar neighborhood with a weight of 0.089 is in the last place. In terms of earthquake vulnerability of neighborhoods in terms of all criteria, Beheshti neighborhoods, health, hospitals and commanders’ low vulnerability, stadium neighborhoods, Abadzdasht Jadid and Goodajar moderate vulnerability, Abadzdasht neighborhoods Old and the neighborhood are very vulnerable and the neighborhoods of Sadat, Shadkhaneh, Qala Mahmoud Khan and Bazaar are very vulnerable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Scenario planning and explanation of urban management development with an emphasis on earthquake vulnerability management with a future research approach using GIS, a case study of Mantasa Municipality 6, Tehran
poya amiri mohammad ebrahim afifi Marziyeh MogholiThe research is applied in terms of purpose, explanatory in nature and combined method (qualitative-quantitative). The data collection method is library-documentary. The statistical population was formed by 124 experts and experts from the government agencies of the cit MoreThe research is applied in terms of purpose, explanatory in nature and combined method (qualitative-quantitative). The data collection method is library-documentary. The statistical population was formed by 124 experts and experts from the government agencies of the city of Tehran. Probability and stratified sampling method. The tool for collecting information is the questionnaire of the type of closed questions. For the future research of Tehran city management and to investigate the desired drivers, the criteria influencing the development management of Tehran city have been ranked using the TOPSIS model based on the experts' score. By examining these criteria, possible, probable and desirable scenarios have been developed. The aim of the current research is scenario planning and explanation of the development of urban management with an emphasis on earthquake vulnerability management with a future research approach using GIS. The indicators used for medical centers and hospitals were population density, open spaces, distance from the fault, road network. In the fuzzy inference zoning maps of AND operator, 1453.13, 499.17, 154.9, 35.11 hectares are located in very low, low, medium, high and very high risk areas, respectively. In the OR zoning model, 7.02 hectares are in the very low risk category, 35.11 hectares are in the low risk category, 358.19 hectares are in the medium risk zone, 1755.85 hectares are in the high risk zone, and 2156.18 are in the very high risk zone. The results of the research show that Among the evaluated criteria, the emphasis on the decentralized and integrated management structure with a score of (0.967) has taken the first place. Based on the future research method in Tehran city development management, three scenarios were formulated. The first scenario: change in the structural criteria of Tehran city management (integrated approach in urban planning and management). The second scenario: change in the functional criteria of Tehran city management. The third scenario: Governance is digital democracy. In this zoning, the most vulnerable areas are located in the northern part of the city.Therefore, in the zoning map resulting from the AND operator, more relief and relief centers will be needed in times of earthquakes. In the OR zoning model, 7.02 hectares are in the very low risk category, 35.11 hectares in the low risk category, 358.19 hectares in the medium risk zone, 1755.85 hectares in the high risk zone, and 2156.18 hectares in the very high risk zone. Therefore, the largest area in this zoning model is in the very low class, and this logic considers many areas without risk due to the convergence between criteria, and only a very small part of the center of the study area has been identified as having a high risk. And finally, the zoning model of the GAMA operator, respectively, 185.23, 557.92, 595.88, 643.62, 158.76 hectares were in the very low, low, medium, high, very high risk classes, and the medium risk class covered most of the study area. In this zoning, the most vulnerable areas are located in the northern part of the city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Torbat Heydarieh city vulnerability to urban sustainability indicators with emphasis on the role of Dorehne fault
zohreh nagehani mahdi saghafiSustainable urban development is a tool for controlling and directing city development and activities and promoting the city's environmental qualities. The use of sustainable urban development approach provides opportunities for the creation of applied geographic system MoreSustainable urban development is a tool for controlling and directing city development and activities and promoting the city's environmental qualities. The use of sustainable urban development approach provides opportunities for the creation of applied geographic systems through which these systems can integrate natural processes, urban environments and human activities. Reviews of this article Develop the city of Torbat Heydarieh with The emphasis on the intrusion of the fault in relation to the extent of the vulnerability contribution of different indicators in different dimensions of development. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic based on the library collection method and analysis based on the method of weighting and selection of criteria using AHP technique. In this research, 12 criteria for selecting the sustainable urban development index of Torbat-e-Heydarieh with emphasis on the role of Duroneh fault in the dimensions of physical, geomorphologic and environmental aspects were considered. Then, these factors were weighed. The results of the research show that in total With a range of different areas, a significant percentage of the city's various districts and districts are vulnerable, with a view to reducing potential risks, appropriate planning should take place in these neighborhoods Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Invulnerability in World Literature
Iraj KalantariHuman being as a creature, who is alive and is thoughtful about death, endeavors to find a solution to get away when death threatens his life. This wish and the fear from death created on aim to desire to be immortal and motivated man to compose legends of invulnerable MoreHuman being as a creature, who is alive and is thoughtful about death, endeavors to find a solution to get away when death threatens his life. This wish and the fear from death created on aim to desire to be immortal and motivated man to compose legends of invulnerable hero’s with eternal life to satisfy his thirst for an eternal life under the ever-lasting names of these heroes. One way to achieve this goal in a comparative approach of the concept, has been studies. Invulnerability has been categorized, compared and summed up in these mythological stories: Gilgamesh – the most ancient world epic – Alexander and his seeking for elixir of life; Achilles in Greek literature; Balder one of the famous Scandinavian mythologies; Siegfried – the well known German Invulnerable and Esfandiar the Iranian clerical heroic prince. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Taxonomy of Threats and Attacks in IoT
Maryam Shamsadini Ali Ghaffari -
Open Access Article
56 - A Community-Based Qualitative Vulnerability Assessment Tools for Rivers in Developing Participatory Response to Land-Use Changes
Muhammad Saeed Aazani Mujahidb Moritz MüllerVulnerability assessment is the process of identifying areas at risks to threats and developing strategies to reduce the impact of these threats. A wide array of vulnerability assessment tools is present to assess rivers for different hazards. However, there is no parti MoreVulnerability assessment is the process of identifying areas at risks to threats and developing strategies to reduce the impact of these threats. A wide array of vulnerability assessment tools is present to assess rivers for different hazards. However, there is no particular tool to assess the vulnerability of rivers to changing land-use. There are a few existing assessing frameworks for rivers use top-down approaches which require a large pool of data and highly trained experts. The output of this paper is a new river vulnerability assessment tool (RVAT) that assesses the impacts of changing land-use towards the health and socioeconomic value of the aquatic environment as well as the livelihood of the communities. RVAT comprises a total of 23 criteria, with a conceptual framework and rubrics to assess the river environment, economic and social factors affected by land-use change. This tool was tested and validated in two river systems (Maludam River and Simunjan River) with results showing >0.8 reliability and significant correlation between the criteria. RVAT was able to capture and compare vulnerability in both rivers with minimal data collection efforts. The verbal and visual data needed for the assessment such as types of erosion, water condition and perception on river condition enable the community to assess their rivers thus opening opportunities for the application of citizen science. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Seismic Fragility Analysis of a RC Bridge with Uniform and Non-Uniform Random Scour Patterns
Ali Raoof Mehrpour Hosseini Mehran Seyedrazzaghi Nasser ShamskiaPrevious natural disaster assessments had identified bridges as vulnerable structures against hydraulic hazards, particularly scouring. Additionally, in areas with high seismic activity, bridges are exposed to minor damage to complete collapse, in most cases requiring i MorePrevious natural disaster assessments had identified bridges as vulnerable structures against hydraulic hazards, particularly scouring. Additionally, in areas with high seismic activity, bridges are exposed to minor damage to complete collapse, in most cases requiring immediate occupancy structural performance levels in the event of an earthquake. Previous studies have focused on vulnerability assessments by considering the effects of simultaneous hazards. This study examines a simply supported RC bridge model with a discontinuous deck-girder superstructure installed on cap beams via elastomers. Seismic vulnerability assessments were conducted by developing fragility curves through nonlinear time history analyses on scoured models. One of the study's objectives is to consider the effects of non-uniform patterns in different foundations of the four-span model by generating random depth samples. The study also evaluated even depths as the uniform scenario for vulnerability assessment. The results indicate that, in all limit states considered in the study, the uniform has a higher probability of exceeding the limit states than the non-uniform scenario. However, in evaluating critical scoured models, the uniformly maximum credible scoured pattern did not necessarily have a higher probability of exceeding all limit states. In other words, the non-uniform scenario, which had pier(s) with the maximum credible scour depth, had a more critical vulnerability in some limit states. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - A methodology for Determining the Seismic Vulnerability of Old Concrete Highway Bridges by Using Fragility Curves
Araliya Mosleh jose jara Humberto Varum -
Open Access Article
59 - Probabilistic Evaluation of Seismic Performance of RC Bridges in Iran
Mehran Seyed Razzaghi M. Safarkhanlou -
Open Access Article
60 - Liquefaction Hazard assessment using Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio of Microtremor
Mehdi Mokhberi Sadegh Yazdanpanah Fard -
Open Access Article
61 - An Optimization Model for Financial Resource Allocation Towards Seismic Risk Reduction
Elnaz Peyghaleh M.R. Zolfaghari P. Vaziric -
Open Access Article
62 - Seismic Vulnerability assessment of concrete railway bridge using nonlinear analyses
Araliya Mosleh Hamed Hamidi Ahmad Nicknam José Jara Humberto Varum -
Open Access Article
63 - The Effect of Compressive Strength Reduction of Column Section Expose due to Freezing-Thawing Cycles on the Seismic Performance of Bridges
Saeideh Alsadat Mousavi Mehran Seyed Razzaghi -
Open Access Article
64 - Estimation of Sloshing Wave Height in Broad Cylindrical Oil Storage Tanks Using Numerical Methods
H Kazem S Mehrpouya -
Open Access Article
65 - Assessment of an RC existing hospital building with special moment frame using fragility curve
Farhad Cheraghi Abdolreza S. Moghadam -
Open Access Article
66 - The role of crisis management in reducing natural disasters in the dilapidated fabric of Bandar Abbas from the perspective of urban sociology
Mohammad Reza Jaberi nasab Akbar Abdollahzadeh side Arash Saghafi Principle Hassan Sattari SarbanqoliNatural disasters are a major challenge in achieving urban resilience, sustainable development and crisis management. Crisis management is the process of preventing a crisis or minimizing its effects when it occurs. One of the cities in Iran that is involved in the prob MoreNatural disasters are a major challenge in achieving urban resilience, sustainable development and crisis management. Crisis management is the process of preventing a crisis or minimizing its effects when it occurs. One of the cities in Iran that is involved in the problem of natural disasters is Bandar Abbas. The main purpose of this study is crisis management in order to reduce accidents and natural damage in the dilapidated fabric of Bandar Abbas from the perspective of urban sociology. This research was applied based on the nature of the research. The research method was documentary-library and the analysis method was descriptive. Based on the obtained results, the suitable location of this city in relation to the coastline and the ongoing studies of reconstruction projects are among the opportunities available in the city of Bandar Abbas. In marginal and dilapidated urban contexts, lack of proper facilities, non-implementation of the administrative council at the macro level, public and non-transparent implementation of projects prepared for citizens and low level of health and lack of service facilities, important threats for accidents and the natural damages of Bandar Abbas are considered Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - بررسی رابطه مؤلفههای اجتماعی- فرهنگی و آسیبپذیری اخلاقی (مطالعه موردی دانشآموزان دبیرستان ناحیه دو شهر یزد)
مهناز فرهمند حمید محمدی مهدی عالی نژادآسیبشناسی و تعیین آسیبپذیری اخلاقی دانشآموزان گام اساسی در مصونسازی آنها در برابر تغییرات ارزشی، فرهنگی، اجتماعی و اخلاقی است. تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی میزان آسیبپذیری اخلاقی دانش-آموزان انجام یافته است. چارچوب نظری از نظریات دورکیم، اینگلهارت و لرنر تشکیل شده است. Moreآسیبشناسی و تعیین آسیبپذیری اخلاقی دانشآموزان گام اساسی در مصونسازی آنها در برابر تغییرات ارزشی، فرهنگی، اجتماعی و اخلاقی است. تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی میزان آسیبپذیری اخلاقی دانش-آموزان انجام یافته است. چارچوب نظری از نظریات دورکیم، اینگلهارت و لرنر تشکیل شده است. این پژوهش، با تکنیک پیمایش رابطه بین میزان آسیبپذیری اخلاقی و عوامل اجتماعی- فرهنگی مؤثر بر آن را در بین دانشآموزان پسر شهر یزد بررسی کرده است. تعداد 386 نفر با روش نمونهگیری خوشهای چندمرحلهای برای نمونه آماری تحقیق انتخاب شدند. یافتههای پژوهش نشان میدهند که بین متغیرهای سن، نوگرایی، مصرفگرایی، مقبولیت اجتماعی، کاهش تعهدات دینی و سنتی با آسیبپذیری اخلاقی رابطه معناداری وجود دارد. بین میزان استفاده از رسانه با آسیبپذیری اخلاقی رابطه معناداری مشاهده نشد. تحلیل رگرسیون چند متغیره نشان داد که سه متغیر مقبولیت اجتماعی، کاهش تعهدات دینی - سنتی و سبک زندگی غربی 63% از واریانس تغییرات در متغیر وابسته آسیبپذیری اخلاقی را تبیین کردند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Predicting Social Adjustment in University Students based on Alexithymia and Psychological Vulnerability
Faranak Salarian Ali Reza Homayouni Jamal Sadeghi -
Open Access Article
69 - Future Research in Assessing the Vulnerability of the Road Network of Region 2 of Tehran Municipality and its Efficiency Against Earthquakes
Pouya Amiri Mohammadebrahim Afifi Marzieh MogholiThe use of futures research methods can be one of the best techniques of optimal management in the future in which a critical moment may occur. In order to reduce the damage and losses caused by earthquakes, the necessary preparation is obtained with the help of futurol MoreThe use of futures research methods can be one of the best techniques of optimal management in the future in which a critical moment may occur. In order to reduce the damage and losses caused by earthquakes, the necessary preparation is obtained with the help of futurology. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the vulnerability of the road network in District 2 of Tehran Municipality and its efficiency against earthquakes. The research method was descriptive-analytical. Criteria considered in the study were 8 land use criteria, number of floors (building height), building quality, building density, degree of enclosure, passage width, population density, distance from the fault. Information layers were prepared by documentary-field method. In the IHWP method, they were ranked, scored and processed in the GIS environment by the Delphi method. In the ANP method, it was evaluated by experts in super decision. The results show that the vulnerability class length in the IHWP model has the highest length in the very high vulnerability class with a length of 63.121 km and the very low vulnerability class with a length of 3.961 km. In the ANP method, the very low vulnerability class with a length of 135.35 km has the highest length and the medium vulnerability class with a length of 11.329 has the lowest length. In this method, the vulnerability class is very high, with a length of 40.94 km, in the second priority in terms of vulnerability length. In IHWP model, vulnerable areas in the center and a small part of the south in Azadi, North Rudaki, Niayesh streets and in ANP model, vulnerable areas in the south and a small part of the north of region 2 in Jannah highway, Habibollah street , Yadegar Imam Highway, Shadmehr, Niayesh Gharbi, Behboodi, Parcham, Nosrat Gharbi streets. The results of field visits to selected areas in both models showed higher accuracy of IHWP method than AHP. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - The study and evaluation of the vulnerability rate of eroded texture of Ilam city to earthquakes
amir mahmoodzade iran ghazi Maryam AskariEarthquake is considered to be the most destructive natural disaster causing/which causes human casualties and considerable economic losses in our country,Iran.The injuries and damages are far more severe in older city tissues because of their older tissues anddistincti MoreEarthquake is considered to be the most destructive natural disaster causing/which causes human casualties and considerable economic losses in our country,Iran.The injuries and damages are far more severe in older city tissues because of their older tissues anddistinctive and unique structures. However, these tissues as a part of the city are a symbol of early human civilization.Since these tissues are vulnerable to natural incidents, especially earthquakes, their repairment and sustenance seem to be of special importance. The old texture area of Ilam is 374 hectares, 19% ofwhich covers old sectors and central tissues. Descriptive-analytic and field method was used to analyze the data. The aim of this study was to review and evaluate the vulnerability rate of the old texture of Ilam city in terms of suchindexes as types of materials, buildings age, number of floors, type of use, occupancy level, quality of buildings, buildings area, population density, and streets width. The results showed that construction materials accounted for the largest weight while other factors were just a function of the materials used for construction. As we use more durable construction materials, while observing engineering principals,for urban construction, the buildings will be less vulnerable to earthquakes. Vulnerability output map indicated that in the total area, with the exception of passages, the vulnerability levels were as follows: 8.9 percent too much vulnerability, 59% high vulnerability, 23% moderate vulnerability, 3.6% low vulnerability and 5.5% very low vulnerability. Totally, based on the above indexes, 67.9 percent of the old texture area are vulnerable Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Vulnerability assessment training centers in terms of passive defense (Case Study: Primary School metropolis Ahvaz)
Said amanpour Mostafa mohammadi dahchshma Alireza ParvizianEducational environment Including Urban strategic applications are sometimes due to lack of attention to spatial conditions are uneven, as users are incompatible with adjacent educational facilities; The main objective of this study is to assess the vulnerability of edu MoreEducational environment Including Urban strategic applications are sometimes due to lack of attention to spatial conditions are uneven, as users are incompatible with adjacent educational facilities; The main objective of this study is to assess the vulnerability of educational institutions from the perspective of passive defense case study: Primary schools metropolis of Ahvaz. The purpose of this study is descriptive analytical in nature. Library and field study data were collected theoretical And to assess the vulnerability of the primary centers of the two original location and retrofit passive defense spatial database was used. To analyze the information, software (Excel GIS, Geoda, Spss,) is used. Fuzzy hierarchical analysis model used (FAHP) has been surveying seven experts. Data analysis showed that in terms of compatibility matrix metropolitan schools in different areas of Ahvaz,Parts two, three and six regions are the most vulnerable and the most secure areas of seven and four known areas. The classifying study to measure the effect of the whole pathology of primary schools Using regression analysis showed that the entire spectrum of five Foundation with 100% confidence level was significant, To assess the vulnerability of primary schools from the perspective of the retrofitting of six indicators of spatial autocorrelation using the methods and Anselin local Morans were used.The results show that primary schools in Ahvaz 41/28 percent and 18/35 percent in the situation is quite safe are also quite unsafe. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Evaluation and investigation of earthquake vulnerability using RADIUS and GIS model (case study of two Yazd region)
seyed ahmad mirdehghan ashkezar seyed ali almodaresi mohamad reza rezaie mohamad reza nojavan bashnghiyan Mostafa KhabaziEarthquake is a natural phenomenon that neglecting it will lead to irreparable damages. The occurrence of severe earthquakes has prompted mankind to think of developing an infrastructure plan to reduce the risks and damages caused by it. The purpose of this research is MoreEarthquake is a natural phenomenon that neglecting it will lead to irreparable damages. The occurrence of severe earthquakes has prompted mankind to think of developing an infrastructure plan to reduce the risks and damages caused by it. The purpose of this research is to investigate the damages caused by the earthquake in the area of two cities of Yazd using the radius model in the GIS environment in the proposed scenarios. Based on this and according to the radius model, the factors of the number of building floors, type of soil, type of materials, existing faults, land use and existing vital arteries were used. that the effective factors of using separate layers were investigated in ArcGIS 10 software and the required information of the radius model was extracted and entered into the radius model to achieve the results. The results of the research show that according to the Mehriz-Teft fault scenario, 1577 buildings will be destroyed, 7 people will be killed and 243 people will be injured. According to the Anar fault scenario, 1108 buildings will be destroyed, 4 people will be killed and 132 people will be injured. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Urban Paneling based on the Level of Vulnerability Against Natural Disasters (Crisis Management): A Case Study on Nasimshahr
Mohammad Reza Zand MoghadamHigh construction and demographic congestions, low quality of buildings in the body of communication networks and high degree of surrounding and so on lead to loss of sustainability of living environments and an increase in the number of human waste and financial damage MoreHigh construction and demographic congestions, low quality of buildings in the body of communication networks and high degree of surrounding and so on lead to loss of sustainability of living environments and an increase in the number of human waste and financial damages in cases of crisis, especially earthquakes. This thesis is basically aimed at identifying the vulnerable places toward natural disasters as well as safe places at the time of occurrence of crisis for temporary residence and analyzing the role of effective factors in vulnerability of urban zones against earthquake.In this study, 7 indices, namely access to healthcare centers, degree of surrounding, construction congestion, demographic congestion, land usage, building longevity and building quality have been adopted, and vulnerability of the zones against earthquake was examined by means of GIS. Results suggest that old textures of Nasimshahr and body of the passages with high construction and demographic congestions, building low quality, too much distance from relief centers vis-à-vis other bodies and high degree of surrounding are highly vulnerable and will therefore have worse condition in crises. Among the zones, initial core of formation of Nasimshahr is the worst in terms of vulnerability and should be prioritized for crisis management in planning.Thus, 70% of residential textures of Nasimshahr are severely vulnerable; almost 20% of them lies within vulnerable limit, and only 10% lies within the less vulnerable limit. Therefore, the research hypothesis concerning vulnerability of the residential textures and variation of the regional vulnerability due to such characteristics as passage width,congestion,material applied in the buildings,against natural disasters is verified. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Pathology of Second Homes in Rural Areas of Lahijan County in the Last Two Decades
Manuchehr Mehdipour Teymoor Amar Eisa PourramazanLahijan city with its many natural and cultural attractions has always been one of the tourist centers in Gilan province. The rural areas of this city, with its pristine natural environment in each of the mountainous, foothill and plain-coastal areas, as well as cultura MoreLahijan city with its many natural and cultural attractions has always been one of the tourist centers in Gilan province. The rural areas of this city, with its pristine natural environment in each of the mountainous, foothill and plain-coastal areas, as well as cultural and human attractions, is one of the main tourist destinations of the city. However, the expansion of tourism flows in this city, which is generally accompanied by insufficient planning and management, has had many positive and negative effects in the fields of economic, environmental and physical-spatial.The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between second homes and vulnerabilities in rural areas of Lahijan city. The research method was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation in terms of methodology. The statistical population of the study included experts and experts of Lahijan city, 125 of whom were purposefully selected.The instrument used was a researcher-made viability questionnaire whose validity of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha was 0.79. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software and correlation coefficient and analysis of variance. The results of data analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between all components of livability and tourism of second homes and the expansion of second homes in mountainous and forested areas has been more than coastal areas and the effects of the physical part of home tourism. The second has been more than other sections. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Drought Evaluation and Climatic Impact Assessment in Guilan Province
Pejvak Rastgou Bahman Ramezani parviz rezayiIran is affected by subtropical high pressure in the arid belt of the world and its annual rainfall is less than one third of the world average rainfall. The aim of this study was to assess the vulnerability of Guilan province to drought with fuzzy GAMA, SUM and CVI mod MoreIran is affected by subtropical high pressure in the arid belt of the world and its annual rainfall is less than one third of the world average rainfall. The aim of this study was to assess the vulnerability of Guilan province to drought with fuzzy GAMA, SUM and CVI models and to identify appropriate measures to reduce potential damage. The research method was spatial and applied in terms of purpose. First, , the components of resources (R), meteorological (W), access (A), capacity (C), use and economic productivity (U), maintaining environmental integrity (E), Geographical features (G) were determined. The variables were matched with fuzzy membership functions. In the SUM model, the highest vulnerability was in the west, center and large areas of the east of the province, Rudsar city with an area of 78.23%. In the GAMA overlap model, large parts of the west of Talesh city and Rasht city with an area of 31.92% were observed in a very high vulnerability class. In the study of CVI components, the CVI index of the whole province was 44.5%. The CVI index had the highest rank in the resource component (R) at 56.12% and the lowest rank in the 36.94% component. In the CVI model, the highest vulnerability is in the whole city of Talesh with an area of 15.57%. High vulnerability rate of 26.84% was observed in Rasht, Soomehsara, Rudsar and Shaft counties and Astara and Rezvanshahr counties with an area of 20.88% were observed in very low vulnerability class. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Earthquake vulnerability Zonation in Ilam city
Syed Jahangir Musavi Nasab Abbas malekhoseini Majid Shamsthe current research with a descriptive-analytical approach is aimed at zoning the vulnerability of Ilam city against earthquakes.In this research, at first, the variables affecting the zoning of earthquake vulnerability were identified based on various studies, then us Morethe current research with a descriptive-analytical approach is aimed at zoning the vulnerability of Ilam city against earthquakes.In this research, at first, the variables affecting the zoning of earthquake vulnerability were identified based on various studies, then using the AHP method and the opinions of 73 experts and weight experts related to each of the variables in the Export Choice environment, and finally, using the FAHP method and in the GIS environment, a map related to the zoning of Ilam city's vulnerability to earthquake risk was drawn. Based on this, at first 10 variables: slope of land, distance from fault, number of building floors, age of building, quality of building, area of parts, durability of construction materials, distance from roads, distance from medical centers and distance from green and open space were identified as influencing variables, based on the AHP method; 3 variables, the distance from the fault, the slope of the area and the distance from the roads were identified as the most important and effective variables with weights of 0.184, 0.147 and 0.121 respectively. Also, the results related to the zoning status of the vulnerability of Ilam city against earthquakes indicate that more than 600 hectares of the area of Ilam city are in a high and very high vulnerability state in the event of an earthquake. Also, 580 hectares of Ilam city are in a low and very low vulnerability state. Finally, 299 hectares of Ilam city is in a medium vulnerability state Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Comparison of CVI and AHP methods in drought assessment and climate vulnerability assessment of Guilan province
Pejvak Rastgoo Bahman Ramezani Parviz RezaeiDrought is one of the most costly natural disasters in Iran and the need for a study to determine vulnerability and identify the factors affecting it in different parts of the country.The aim of this study was to compare CVI and AHP methods in assessing drought and meas MoreDrought is one of the most costly natural disasters in Iran and the need for a study to determine vulnerability and identify the factors affecting it in different parts of the country.The aim of this study was to compare CVI and AHP methods in assessing drought and measuring climatic vulnerability in Guilan province in order to identify its dimensions.The research method is spatial and applied in terms of purpose. In the AHP model, the importance of the resource component (R) with a weight of 0.293 is the highest and the weight of the component of geographical features (G) with a weight of 0.045 is the lowest. In the study of variables in the AHP model, the variable of total rainfall with a weight of 0.750 was the most effective variable and the variety and quality of agricultural products with a weight of 0.088 was the least effective variable according to experts. In the study of CVI components, the CVI index of the whole province was 44.5%. The CVI index had the highest rating in the resource component (R) at 56.12% and the lowest rating in the 36.94% component. The zoning of the AHP model showed that the middle part of the province, including Rasht, Saravan, Kasma, Anzali, has the highest area with an area of 42.11%. In the CVI model,the highest vulnerability is in the whole city of Talesh with an area of 15.57%.Astara and Rezvanshahr cities with an area of 20.88% were observed in a very low vulnerability class. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Mapping the Vulnerability of Crop Production to Drought in Sistan and Baluchistan Region.
gholam ali mozaffari khadije joojizade mahdi portaheri Peyman Mahmoudiclimate changes may cause severe droughts with heavy economic-social losses. Vulnerability assessment is the first step in the field of risk management and increasing the ability of farmers against drought. In this article, biophysical and socio-economic indicators (exp Moreclimate changes may cause severe droughts with heavy economic-social losses. Vulnerability assessment is the first step in the field of risk management and increasing the ability of farmers against drought. In this article, biophysical and socio-economic indicators (exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity) were used to measure vulnerability to drought risk. The results of the research showed that the trend of long-term changes in precipitation in all studied stations in Sistan and Baluchistan province is decreasing. The highest decrease was observed in Khash station and the lowest in Zahedan station. But among the revealed trends, only the rainfall trend of Zabul station was significant at the confidence level of 0.05. The results showed that the cities of Chabahar (2) and Khash (1.79) are more vulnerable to drought. In addition, this study showed that vulnerability to drought is related to social and economic development of the region. In general, regions with the highest level of exposure experienced the most vulnerability in the overall index. Also, regions with high adaptive capacity were not necessarily less sensitive to drought. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Zoning and prioritizing the context of the 6th area of Kerman city against earthquakes using remote sensing techniques
Maryam Nohe sara Malihe Zakerian S.Ali Almodaresi mostafa khabazi Mohamad Hossain SaraiToday, the vulnerability of cities and especially old and worn-out structures against earthquakes is an important issue for environmental risk experts. The city of Kerman, due to its location in the tectonic zone of central Iran and having large and deep faults and frac MoreToday, the vulnerability of cities and especially old and worn-out structures against earthquakes is an important issue for environmental risk experts. The city of Kerman, due to its location in the tectonic zone of central Iran and having large and deep faults and fractures from a geological point of view, can be the source of huge crises, severe losses and casualties; Therefore, in this research, first, by using ASTER satellite images of 2007, the worn-out tissues of Kerman city were identified using SVM. In this study, the kappa coefficient of 76% was determined for all classes, and the kappa coefficient of 59% of the worn-out tissue was determined. The city of Kerman was identified. The results showed that the support vector machine classification method has the ability to detect nearly 75% of the worn-out fabric of the area, and the SVM method has worked very well in identifying the six areas of worn-out urban fabric. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Vulnerability factor of Tabriz metropolitan against earthquake risk assessment and estimation of casualties
Mussa Abedini Nader SarmastiDue to population growth and increasing urbanization, the earthquake could cause heavy casualties and urban development will be interrupted. The main objective of this study is to assessment the vulnerability of Tabriz against earthquake with weighted overlap and use of MoreDue to population growth and increasing urbanization, the earthquake could cause heavy casualties and urban development will be interrupted. The main objective of this study is to assessment the vulnerability of Tabriz against earthquake with weighted overlap and use of natural and human factors. Also, casualties are modeling against earthquake the use of GIS analysis and presentation of scenario earthquake severity of the damage to buildings. The results of this study indicate that the risk of Tabriz earthquake is not a good situation and much of the densely populated northern and central parts of the city, especially in areas with high vulnerability. Assuming earthquake seismic activity fault scenario according to Tabriz, the total population of 1605884 people in Tabriz (Census 1390) to approximately 1252589 casualties were estimated at night including 658412 people dead, 594177 people injured. Based on the results, the approximate number of 626294 casualties was estimated at day including 329206 people dead and 297088 people injured. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Investigating the vulnerability of Khanj plain aquifer - Larestan fissure using drastic model
Abdolrasool GhanbariGroundwater is the second largest source of fresh water in the world. About a third of the world's population depends on this resource. Existence of important sources of diffuse and point pollutants, due to human activities on the ground and the penetration of these pol MoreGroundwater is the second largest source of fresh water in the world. About a third of the world's population depends on this resource. Existence of important sources of diffuse and point pollutants, due to human activities on the ground and the penetration of these pollutants into the aquifer, reduces the quality of groundwater. Vulnerability assessment is a low-cost method in identifying areas prone to pollution that plays a key role in the management of water resources. It is a suitable management tool to prevent groundwater pollution. For this research, the hydrogeological parameters of the drastic model include water depth, net nutrition, aquifer environment, soil environment, topography, effects of unsaturated area and hydraulic conductance, stinging pain. Larestan fissure, located in the south of Fars province, was studied. Arc GIS software was used to prepare vulnerability maps by overlapping hydrogeological layers. According to the findings of this study, the groundwater of the study plain is at high risk of contamination, so that about 62% of the area is in moderate to high vulnerability. These areas are generally located downstream and in the center of the plain. Considering that groundwater is the most important water source in the region, prevention of pollutants entering groundwater by creating quality protection zones around water sources and observing the rules of discharging pollutants to receiving sources, is an effective solution. To maintain the quality of these resources. Important management tools such as vulnerability maps and quality privacy are important for planning for proper deployment of land uses and their management on the aquifer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Assessing vulnerability of rural settlements to drought phenomenon using Kupros multi-criteria decision-making model (Case study: Delfan County)
Naser Shafiei Sabet Behzad Doosti Masomeh GhorbaniIdentifying the accident-prone areas and vulnerable to environmental hazards will enable planners to make the best decisions in the shortest possible time. Accordingly, this research was carried out to assess and rank the rural settlements of Delfan County in terms of v MoreIdentifying the accident-prone areas and vulnerable to environmental hazards will enable planners to make the best decisions in the shortest possible time. Accordingly, this research was carried out to assess and rank the rural settlements of Delfan County in terms of vulnerability to drought phenomenon using Kupros multi-criteria decision- making model. In this descriptive - analytical research, 21 vulnerability indices in physical, economic and social dimensions was studied. Data collection was done by rural administrators in 24 rural settlements, selected randomly. After weighing the indices using Shannon’s entropy method, the villages were ranked by Kupros model. Results showed that, considering the diversity of vulnerability indices, Kupros model might have a great capability in ranking of settlements in terms of vulnerability to drought phenomenon. Golam Bahri and Kafraj had the most vulnerability, and Zafar Abad and Garmeh Khani had the least vulnerability to drought phenomenon. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Evaluation of the vulnerability of Chaloos areas based on passive defense principles
mahmod hosini Leila Ebrahimi jamnaniEvaluating the vulnerability of cities to wars and crises and devising appropriate solutions to reduce losses is essential. Therefore, this study seeks to assess and map the vulnerability of Chalus from a passive defense perspective. This study was a descriptive survey MoreEvaluating the vulnerability of cities to wars and crises and devising appropriate solutions to reduce losses is essential. Therefore, this study seeks to assess and map the vulnerability of Chalus from a passive defense perspective. This study was a descriptive survey of purpose, field, field, nature, method and type of survey. It was initially collected through bibliographic and field studies and satellite imagery. After examining land uses in Chalus City, they were classified into 5 categories including critical arteries, crisis management centers, urban facilities, military facilities, and support centers. , Land uses were extracted on a case-by-case basis for the purpose of providing a spatial database. Each layer has a different effect on increasing or decreasing vulnerability due to the proximity of the adjacent spatial standard and their relative distance to critical and passive defense applications. For each layer relative to critical and sensitive applications in terms of passive defense, security is defined and so-called spatial distance maps are drawn. Finally, the vulnerability mapping of the area was prepared according to the passive defense principles.According to the obtained figure, Chalus city is divided into three zones that are similar in vulnerability to passive defense approach. The results of the study show that the central urban areas are the most vulnerable areas of the city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - The use of Aster satellite images and SVM technique in zoning and prioritizing the urban context against the earthquakes (case study of the 5 nd area of Kerman city)
Maryam Nohe sara Malihe Zakeriyan Seyad Ali Almodaresi Mostafa Khabazi Mohamad Hosin Sarai Iran is one of the ten earthquake-prone countries and the sixth earthquake-prone country in the world. The city of Kerman, as the center of the country's largest province, is no exception to this rule, with a lot of worn-out urban fabric. The city of Kerman is loc More Iran is one of the ten earthquake-prone countries and the sixth earthquake-prone country in the world. The city of Kerman, as the center of the country's largest province, is no exception to this rule, with a lot of worn-out urban fabric. The city of Kerman is located on the northern edge of the Kerman Plain as a thrust subduction (graben) along with numerous faults on the border between the mountains and the plain and the areas near the city, some of which can cause earthquakes even stronger than 7. Richter. The worn-out urban texture has also added to it. Today, the vulnerability of cities to earthquakes has become an important issue for environmental risk experts. In this research, using ASTER satellite images of 2007, the worn-out textures of Kerman city were identified using SVM. In this study, the kappa coefficient of 76% was determined for all classes and the kappa coefficient of 59% was identified in Kerman. The results showed that the support vector machine classification method has the ability to detect nearly 45% of the worn tissue of the area. This identification showed that the support vector machine method could not work very well in identifying the area of five worn-out urban fabrics. As a result, the heritage of the area was identified with the control points in the worn-out fabric by field investigation and matching Google images. Due to the existence of many barren lands in this area and the spectral similarity of the barren land with worn-out texture, the support vector machine method could not provide proper identification. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Evaluation of Ahar city's physical vulnerability against earthquake crisis
هوشنگ سرور امیر کاشانی اصلAlong with explosive growth of cities and complication of inner-city processes, the number of crisis and urban complication increases and as a consequence vulnerability increases too. Considering that the man is in the center of the vulnerability and encounter with cris MoreAlong with explosive growth of cities and complication of inner-city processes, the number of crisis and urban complication increases and as a consequence vulnerability increases too. Considering that the man is in the center of the vulnerability and encounter with crisis, and also urban spaces contain most of the population, noticing these spaces is of urgent importance. In this respect, making policies to reduce vulnerability of urban spaces against natural disasters, considering their accidental nature and the necessity of adopting right decisions and development of human knowledge and technology, analysis of vulnerable areas in cities are essential to present a vivid picture of consequences of disasters. The analysis and planning is the most effective and perhaps the best choice of management and urban planners to counter natural disasters, especially earthquakes. Thus, considering vulnerability of Ahar city because of its geographical position, the aim of the present study is to investigate and evaluate vulnerability of Ahar urban spaces in facing earthquake crisis. The study is applied and descriptive-analytic method was used. To measure the vulnerability of urban spaces against earthquake, 15 scales were used in three constructive, planning, and natural types. Having measured scale’s weight using multivariate analysis, the study tried to use AHP model . The results of the study showed that 30% of urban spaces made in Ahar city to counter earthquake, are increasingly vulnerable to it and they lack structural framework to manage earthquake crisis Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Earthquake hazard zoning using Geographical Information System (Case Study: Tabriz metropolis)
حجت اله پاشاپور Ramin Gorbani Ebrahim Farhadi abbas doorudiniaIran is one of the most vulnerable countries in the field of natural disasters, especially earthquakes. Being placed on the Alpine - Himalayan orogeny belt and the presence of active geologic and plateau have all made the earthquake as a potential danger. Meanwhile, sin MoreIran is one of the most vulnerable countries in the field of natural disasters, especially earthquakes. Being placed on the Alpine - Himalayan orogeny belt and the presence of active geologic and plateau have all made the earthquake as a potential danger. Meanwhile, since most of Iran's population live in metropolitan areas, this fact has raised the need for safer urban spaces. One of the most important urban spaces in this regard is Tabriz. The location of this city on the active faults of the region, especially the Tabriz fault, calls for the adoption of urban safety approaches. This article in terms of target is applied and the method is a descriptive - analytical one. To conduct this research, the hierarchy analysis process and Arc GIS software have been used. In this regard, 12 criteria were identified and processed in both natural and human sections and an earthquake risk map was prepared. In this regard, 12 criteria were processed in two distinct natural and human sections and an earthquake risk map was prepared. The results showed that the central, west, and southwestern regions with an area of 13969.6 hectares (more than the half city's area), 59.3 percent of the city, are in high risk of seismic zone and are quite susceptible to earthquakes. Only the northern parts of the city are secured from the earthquake; but considering the fact that the depth and domain of the earthquake are not limited to a specific area, the earthquake in the northern city may occur too. Therefore, the commitment to construction regulations, location of urban development, living spaces, and activities in this metropolis are all important factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - An Analysis of the Resilience of Urban Communities to Earthquakes (A Case Study of the Cities of Ardebil, Tabriz and Urmia)
Ghader ahmadi mohammad hosein pour hasan zadeh amir soleimannezhadThe earthquake is one of the natural disasters with which the majority of cities in all countries encountered. This issue has been generally reinforced by the widest unconsidered human intervention in natural environment like unconventional constructions in the earthqua MoreThe earthquake is one of the natural disasters with which the majority of cities in all countries encountered. This issue has been generally reinforced by the widest unconsidered human intervention in natural environment like unconventional constructions in the earthquake fault range, lack or neglecting of criteria and constructions standards. Increasing the resilience of cities to natural disasters specifically earthquake is greatly effective in reducing damages and also is effective for recovery periods of communities. Accordingly, the present study seeks to evaluate and compare the resilience of Ardebil, Tabriz, and Urmia cities in four social, economic, institutional and physical-environmental dimensions. The research method is descriptive - analytic and its nature is an applied one. In this research, the theoretical framework of the research was initially carried out through the collection of information and the use of documentary studies. In order to investigate the resilience of the understudied cities, resilience criteria and sub-criteria were determined by examining the previous studies. Then the values of each of the indicators were obtained by field studies and approved projects in each of the understudied areas and the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that the cities of Ardebil and Tabriz were in a favorable situation with an average score of 3.35 and 3.33 respectively (higher than the average of 3), but the city of Urmia with an average of 2.71 (below the average of 3) was in an unsatisfactory situation in case of crises. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - The Assessment of Residential Buildings' Physical Vulnerability against Earthquake (A Case Study of Sari, Mazandaran, Iran)
ferial ahmadi Alireza EskandarinejadEarthquake damage assessment of residential buildings of Sari is the main goal of the present research. Through a descriptive-analytic method, first, building information such as structure type, year of construction, and number of stories are taken from the Urban Compre MoreEarthquake damage assessment of residential buildings of Sari is the main goal of the present research. Through a descriptive-analytic method, first, building information such as structure type, year of construction, and number of stories are taken from the Urban Comprehensive Plan of Sari. Using these data, damage degree of each building class is computed for all zones of Sari’s regions using results obtained by the seismic hazard analysis of Sari along with taking into account the proper vulnerability curves. The obtained results showed that the percentages of the adobe and cinder block types of Sari residential buildings were 63, 66, 72, and 67 percent for Sari districts 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, which would be totally destroyed. Moreover, the least damage degrees were predicted for steel structures along with concrete ones with more than five stories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - The Unstable Urban Locations against Earthquake (A Case Study: Worn-out Texture of Khorramabad)
Saeed Aman pour mohamad ali firuzi mohamad hosin shakarami Iran is frequently faced with earthquakes due to its location on the earthquake-prone belt of the world. Consequently, the city of Khorramabad is no exception to this rule and due to the existence of major and active faults in the region is in the high seismic haz More Iran is frequently faced with earthquakes due to its location on the earthquake-prone belt of the world. Consequently, the city of Khorramabad is no exception to this rule and due to the existence of major and active faults in the region is in the high seismic hazard zone. Lack of roads, weak infrastructure, has changed the areas vulnerable to natural and man-made accidents.The main objective of this study was to investigate and analyze the elements influencing the rate of instability of worn-out tissues in order to increase the safety of the tissues to enhance the conditions of residence and its sustainable development. The nature of research is theoretical-applied and the type of study is a descriptive-analytical one. Therefore, in this study, the degree of vulnerability and instability of the worn-out tissue of Khorramabad against earthquakes has been investigated and with a holistic view of social, economic, physical indicators, emergency services, and seismicity. The AHP model has been used and the degree of instability of these indicators has been prioritized and analyzed. The results show that in most of the studied indicators, especially in the field of physical indicators such as occupancy level, part size, building materials, building age, access status, access to emergency services, the worn-out tissue of Khorramabad is vulnerable and unstable and does not have the necessary efficiency against a possible crisis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - An Assessment of Vulnerability and Resilience of Urban Land Use in Crisis and Emergency Evacuation (A Case Study of Secondary Education District of Isfahan)
Masoud Taghvaei Ali Jovzi KhamesloueiAssessment of resilience rate in urban land uses and survey of their vulnerability situation in probable disasters is very prominent and has a special necessity in urban crisis management plans. Moreover, among urban land uses, educational land use has a singular signif MoreAssessment of resilience rate in urban land uses and survey of their vulnerability situation in probable disasters is very prominent and has a special necessity in urban crisis management plans. Moreover, among urban land uses, educational land use has a singular significance because of the concentration of potential human resources in the future and the priority of rescue. The aim of this study is an assessment of the vulnerability rate in probable crises and also the availability of main management indicators in crisis planning and emergency evacuation of the population in the second education district of Isfahan. The case of this study is all schools in the secondary education district of Isfahan which is located in the third and fourth urban districts. The 142 participants of the study were selected from among the primary, secondary, high school, technical, and centers of special needs. The research method in this study is applied and descriptive. The schools in the study area have been evaluated and reviewed using two special indicator groups: basic and management indicators. The indicators are combined and new and are the latest ones in applied methods used by researchers and research institutes in the field of crisis management. The results show that schools in the secondary education district of Isfahan are weak in terms of fundamental structures and their resilience in probable crises such as earthquakes. On the other hand, the crisis management situation in these schools is undesirable based on their advantages. Therefore, these schools are extremely weak in crisis management and evacuation. In general, the situation of the schools studied in probable events is considered unsuitable, vulnerable, and critical, taking into account integrated indicators and requires strengthening of infrastructure and management approaches. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Assessing and Evaluating the Vulnerability of Buildings against Earthquakes (A Case of Marand)
Ebrahim Taghavi rasul samadzadeh mohamad taghi masomiThe location of most of the cities in the boundaries of active faults has increased the vulnerability of urban buildings to earthquakes. The city of Marand is located within 15 kilometers of the active fault line of Azerbaijan in earthquake zoning. The presence of margi MoreThe location of most of the cities in the boundaries of active faults has increased the vulnerability of urban buildings to earthquakes. The city of Marand is located within 15 kilometers of the active fault line of Azerbaijan in earthquake zoning. The presence of marginal and worn-out tissues will cause double damage to these tissues against earthquakes. The present research has investigated and analyzed the earthquake risk in the human settlements of Marand using a descriptive-analytical methodology. The statistical population of this research is the worn-out tissues of Marand. In order to assess the earthquake risk in the study area, first the earthquake risk assessment model was presented in the worn-out context of Marand, and then by weighting the indicators using the opinion of urban science experts and information processing in the geographical information system environment, through the model weighted overlap, vulnerability zoning map of worn out fabric of Marand was extracted. Building quality indicators, building age, structure type, distance from roads, facade type, building density, and population density have been used to evaluate the vulnerability of worn-out fabric. According to the maps derived from the weighted overlay model, 40% of the worn-out fabric area of Marand with an area of 372,958 square meters (37.2 hectares) is exposed to very high and high vulnerability to earthquakes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Evaluation of Effective Variations on Urban Housings Vulnerability against Earthquake (Case Study: Borojerd City)
Safar GhaedRahmati Amir Gandomkar Amir khoshkalampourThe occurrence of earthquake has caused a lot of damages to urban houses which is due to ignoring basic factors on housings vulnerability against earthquake. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to study and analysis of effective variations and determine the role MoreThe occurrence of earthquake has caused a lot of damages to urban houses which is due to ignoring basic factors on housings vulnerability against earthquake. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to study and analysis of effective variations and determine the role of them in order to reduce vulnerability .In this research with taking consideration of effective variations such as; quality of buildings, age of building, kind of construction materials, accumulation of population and density, surface occupation of building along with other effective factors, their correlation has been investigated by the use of SPSS software. Findings of this research indicate that there is a meaningful relationship between vulnerability variations and other mentioned variations. Furthermore, in regression analysis, the amount of quality variations in comparison to other variations has been shown to weigh more; therefore, it has much more role in vulnerability. Consequently, the other variables such as the kind of building materials, oldness of the building, surface occupation of the building, and the accumulation of population have been located in the next level of weights. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Seismic Hazard Analysis of Andimeshk Territory and Determination of its Seismic Vulnerability
Mehdi Mahdavi Adeli shahrokh tafiAs a key point in main roads and railways of country, Andimeshk city has always have strategic situation in Khuzestan province and even Iran. On the other hand, most evidences indicate that this city is located in seismic area and the incidence of a massive earthquake c MoreAs a key point in main roads and railways of country, Andimeshk city has always have strategic situation in Khuzestan province and even Iran. On the other hand, most evidences indicate that this city is located in seismic area and the incidence of a massive earthquake could impose huge losses on Iran economy. Considering this background, the aim of this study is to perform seismic hazard analysis in Andimeshk territory and precisely evaluate the vulnerability of the buildings and structures in this city. To this end, the extreme risk curve was obtained using probability analysis, then the buildings were investigated in four types in order to identify the vulnerability curves in three levels. By the combination of risk curve and vulnerability curves the rate of vulnerability of Andimeshk buildings can be evaluated quantitatively. The results of this study show that the seismic hazard level in Andimeshk city is relatively high and the base acceleration is equal to 0/325g and even more than the proposed rate in the standard 2800. Although there is no considerable concern regarding concrete buildings, the collapse of ancient and traditional buildings which are calculated 80 to 155 years is very challenging. In conclusion, the results indicate that a 20-year period might be suggested as a short chance to preserve the city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Analysis of urban vulnerability criteria's in possible disaster Case Study: Bijar City
M.R. rezaei مهدی alian A.R asgariDiscussion of disaster management in disasters is important issues in urban planning, and recognizing the vulnerability of different parts of the city, seem to be necessary. It should be accepted that always a percentage of crises are inevitable, but the vast majority o MoreDiscussion of disaster management in disasters is important issues in urban planning, and recognizing the vulnerability of different parts of the city, seem to be necessary. It should be accepted that always a percentage of crises are inevitable, but the vast majority of threats, disaster and inflammation are imposed and before the outbreak, those must be forecast and prevented with investigation and correct management. This research to achieve accurate perspective on disaster management and prevention of surprise managers, as a first step and the basis for management decisions, identifies and analyzes the vulnerability situation of Bijar city. This study has been done with uses the data of blocks in 1390 and eight criteria's, quality of buildings, construction materials, number of stories, old buildings, plots area, level of occupancy rate, population density and land with fuzzy approach. The results show that very high vulnerability tissues are located in central and southern parts of the Bijar city. These areas partially are based on old and worn out tissues of the city and may have been exposed to the greatest risks when probable disaster. In Bijar city Tzeabad and Almasieh neighborhoods than other neighborhoods are in higher vulnerability. It should be noted that, while the eastern and northern neighborhoods of the city, including neighborhoods Takhte olia, Takhte sofla and Lower, less vulnerable than other neighborhoods, but are far until u desirable and ideal situation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - On the Analysis of the Role of Good Urban Governance Model in Reducing Urban Housing Vulnerability against Earthquake
H. hatami nejad SH. Bazr Afkan M. ArvinIn the later development models which have been promoted by the international organizations, for improving the quality of urban life and achieving sustainable urban development, a pattern of good urban governance will be presented, on the basis of which, health, order a MoreIn the later development models which have been promoted by the international organizations, for improving the quality of urban life and achieving sustainable urban development, a pattern of good urban governance will be presented, on the basis of which, health, order and security, progress and welfare can be achieved, simultaneously. Theory of good urban governance which is accepted by elites and experts and is emphasized by international organizations, in particular Habitat, intends to make cities more efficient, equitable, safer and more sustainable. The objective of this study is an Analysis of the role of good urban governance in reducing urban housing vulnerability against earthquake. The present study is applied and also descriptive-correlation research in terms of purpose and also in terms of way of collecting data, respectively. In the data analysis, the structural equation modeling technique was used with smart pls 3 software to examine the conceptual model of the research. In this study, indexes of participation, legitimacy, transparency, collective agreement, taking responsibility, justice, accountability, and efficiency and effectiveness were used by means of 38 questions. The population of the study is urban planners who were selected as 40 numbers as a sample using purposeful sampling. The results of this study show that all good urban governance indexes are important in reducing housing vulnerability. Therefore, in creating sustainable and safe cities, participation of people, observance of laws, respect for others rights, justice and equality, taking responsibility and responsiveness, transparency of city managers and city officials' performance vis-à-vis citizens leads to increased efficiency and effectiveness; and finally, leads to a good urban governance approach that can ensure and reduce the housing vulnerability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Analysis of Factors Affecting Resilience in Inefficient Urban Neighborhoods with Emphasis on Physical Criteria (Case Study: Farahzad Neighborhood, Tehran)
Mahmoud Rahimi amir ayazi mahdi rvanshadnyaAbstract Resiliency for earthquake event is an important key concept in disaster management. During recent decades urban arising growth especially in developing countries cause that these cities have been more vulnerable against natural and technological hazards. Theref MoreAbstract Resiliency for earthquake event is an important key concept in disaster management. During recent decades urban arising growth especially in developing countries cause that these cities have been more vulnerable against natural and technological hazards. Therefore community resiliency in metropolitans is more important. Based on, this research seeks to evaluation and assessment of physical, environmental, socioeconomic insituation management resiliency in Farahzad neighborhood. A descriptive analytical method and Delphi panel conducted. In order to vulnerability evaluation of central part pertains to physical vulnerability use fourteen expert opinions with AHP approach. Results shows Farahzad physical vulnerability is high; as about 53% of constructions are located in high vulnerability level and 10% in very high vulnerability. Questionnaire analysis shows the low level of resiliency in Farahzad neighborhood. Results of regression reveal socioeconomic, insituation management and environmental indexes affected on resiliency. The results of the research show that in order to increase the resilience in Farahzad neighborhood, priority should be given to promoting physical indices. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Spatial Analysis of Earthquake risk vulnerabilities using combined multivariate models (Case Study: Region 2 of the Municipality of Tabriz)
Hassan MahmoudzadehClose proximity to the fault of Tabriz in the Region two of the Municipality of Tabriz, increasing the number of areas and densely populated areas, increasing the load on the environment, Complexity and the multitude of factors in the earthquake hazard zoning and the sp MoreClose proximity to the fault of Tabriz in the Region two of the Municipality of Tabriz, increasing the number of areas and densely populated areas, increasing the load on the environment, Complexity and the multitude of factors in the earthquake hazard zoning and the spatial role of them make necessary applying multivariate decision maker, to determine the degree of vulnerability. The main objective of this paper is to determine the vulnerability in SAW and TOPSIS methods. For this purpose, multi-criteria assessment methods based on the TOPSIS and SAW used for produce and analysis of different layers of land use map. Natural and human factors influencing in Vulnerability zonation map identified and was overlaid with the land use map. Based on the TOPSIS and SAW, from the total area of 2104.83 hectares, about 729.61 hectares of vulnerability in areas with very low to low in the southern parts, 350.08 hectares in the vulnerabilities average in the center and 1025.14 hectares of vulnerability high to Very high in the northern and northwestern parts of the Region two. Land use map overlaps with hazard zonation map, show 400 hectares of residential use in the high to very high class risk. So, the plan to locate the temporary housing sites, Retrofit construction during the time and modify sensitive land use location to other land uses on the final map of hazard zonation map. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Evaluation of Seismic Vulnerability of Urban Sprawl Physical Variables Using TOPSIS Model (Case Study: Urban Separate Area Babariz Sanandaj)
K. Behzad Afshar P. AkbariThe occurrence of the earthquake has caused a lot of damage to the urban structures due to the lack of attention to the identification of the basic factors in vulnerability to earthquakes. The purpose of this article is to study the principles and identify and identify MoreThe occurrence of the earthquake has caused a lot of damage to the urban structures due to the lack of attention to the identification of the basic factors in vulnerability to earthquakes. The purpose of this article is to study the principles and identify and identify vulnerabilities to earthquake risk in the region according to Structural measures such as the type of structure and materials, the quality, the age and the size of the building, the number of building floors, land use, and passageways, reduces the damage caused by the earthquake in the urban area of Baba Riz Sanandaj and provides the possibility of proper planning.. The research method is descriptive-analytical and case study. The technique of collecting statistics and information, using the library methods, is the use of statistics tables. The TOPSIS model utilizes GIS and excel software, as well as for information analysis. The highest vulnerability is in Division 2, 4.3 and Zone 1 has the least vulnerability. The northwest of the city and the central texture of the city are among the high-risk areas and the eastern regions, except for the low-risk areas at the time of the earthquake. Regarding the structural variables, the most likely physical damages in the order of the passageways, structures and materials, the number of building floors will be inaccuracy of the earthquake, and the least important role will be the quality and life of the building and land use. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Assessment of local administrators in reducing the vulnerability of rural settlements in the earthquake (Case study: Village Gilvan- city Tarom)
Khadijeh Bouzarjomehry Ahmad Roumiani Hamida Mahmoudi Somae Sanei Sakineh Abbasi AbbasiThe purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of Crisis Management local managers to reduce vulnerable before the earthquake the rural Settlements in the study area is. And seek to answer these questions, whether in terms of local management and reduce earthquak MoreThe purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of Crisis Management local managers to reduce vulnerable before the earthquake the rural Settlements in the study area is. And seek to answer these questions, whether in terms of local management and reduce earthquake vulnerable villages in the study area, there is a significant relationship? Whether in terms of local management and reduce earthquake vulnerable villages in the study area, there is a significant relationship? Research Methodology The cross-correlation method based on field studies and applied research type. The population of the investigation, including Gilo district is the city functions Tarom With 3185 households in 1390, based on the revised formula Cochrane total of 155 questionnaires were randomly distributed between households and has been completed. To analyze the data descriptive and inferential statistics (t single sample and Pearson, Pearson's chi-square test and compromise) and to assess the level of knowledge management in terms of spatial distribution in rural areas Vaykor model is used. Findings Research findings showed that the majority of the variables, except for the third variable (the executive body of programs, information on events and vulnerabilities village of the region based on knowledge of local managers have been used in the prevention of earthquake. The results showed that among all other factors lower than average utility (3), respectively. And lower than average level of knowledge of local managers. The tests also showed that the level of favorability numbers is significant and the difference is negative. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Measuring the Vulnerability of Urban Structures from the Point of View of Passive Defense during the Crisis (Case Study: Gomishan City)
Hassan Hosseini Amini Hossein Mousazadeh Amir Bakhshi Reza SarliThroughout history, human beings have experienced the scenes of war and military adventures, and less land has survived from this pest. It is imperative and inevitable to strengthen the urban defense facilities, to set up risk aversion routes, to improve the status of s MoreThroughout history, human beings have experienced the scenes of war and military adventures, and less land has survived from this pest. It is imperative and inevitable to strengthen the urban defense facilities, to set up risk aversion routes, to improve the status of services that are necessary at the time of defense. In this perspective, the human effort to survive has to be equipped with threats. The city is a dense human habitat, which, due to human presence, needs security and safety in all its physical, social, economic, and cultural dimensions. Based on the importance of the subject, the present study is based on the developmental-applied approach and a combination of research methods A descriptive-analytical study of the subject in Gomishan city has been analyzed by providing a city method and effective urban elements in the field of passive defense from the perspective of distance from the center of the city of Gomishan, which seeks to reduce the potential damage caused by human hazards. And natural in the city. The occurrence of natural and human events will cause heavy casualties in the cities. The issue of paying attention to the dimensions of harm and the disassembly of standards will inevitably make the city more comfortable from the perspective of passive defense in order to identify vulnerable elements with a passive defense approach. The city of Gomishan, according to previous studies in this field Neither hierarchical method was used. In this regard, after the identification of the criteria Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - The Identification of Human Hazards Effective in the City of Ardabil’s Vulnerability by using partial squares least (PLS)
Asghar Pashazadeh Mohamadhasan Yazdani Alireza MohammdiNowadays, cities have been widely exposed to the various types of the human hazards and this instability has resulted in their vulnerability. Therefore, in order to make cities resilient, it is necessary to identify these hazards and plan to reduce them and prevent thei MoreNowadays, cities have been widely exposed to the various types of the human hazards and this instability has resulted in their vulnerability. Therefore, in order to make cities resilient, it is necessary to identify these hazards and plan to reduce them and prevent their occurrence. The city of Ardebil is not an exception in this regard and it has been exposed to a variety of these human hazards. With regard to these issues, the purpose of this study is to identify the most important human hazards which are deciding factors in Ardabil's vulnerability. According to the rules of research models and the experts available in the city, 200 participants completed the questionnaire purposefully. The data was analyzed by applying parametric statistical methods. Moreover, in order to analyze the data and to test the hypotheses and the conceptual model, the variance-based structural equation was used (by using partial least squares). The results indicate that all of 11 variables (human hazards) account for the city of Ardabil’s vulnerability (0/781). The high values of t-statistic and path’s coefficient Alpha are related to economic risk factors, diseases and street accidents, respectively. In addition, the results indicate that all of the human hazards discussed in this study (except fire) have significant positive effects on Ardabil’s vulnerability.Therefore, his study makes it clear for managers that they can not only reduce the vulnerability of the city, but also they can make the city resilient by identification and planning of the human hazards and the variables explained them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Spatial-Physical Analysis of the Level of Vulnerability of Urban Worn Out Texture using VIKOR and ANP Case Study: central texture of Urmia city
Fereydoun Naghibi Meysam Saket Hasanlouei Ali AzhariPopulation increase, human presence, expansion of urbanization and irregular spatial have caused profound disturbances in the functional system of cities. Therefore, planning and management of natural events should be considered as a main purpose at all stages of planni MorePopulation increase, human presence, expansion of urbanization and irregular spatial have caused profound disturbances in the functional system of cities. Therefore, planning and management of natural events should be considered as a main purpose at all stages of planning and city development designs. The present study in term of purpose is considered as an applied research and using descriptive-analytical method. The worn-out textures of central district of the Urmia city with an area of 277/7 hectares as a case study is investigated. In this study, through the study of library sources and former studies, and as well as using experts opinions and specialists in the field of urban worn-out textures, effective indicators in the vulnerability of the study area in dimensions of physical, access, functional, environmental, economic, social, and managerial identification and the definition was. Then, using the Analytical Network Process (ANP) and Vikors Multi-Criteria Decision Making Method (VIKOR) to weighting each of the mentioned indicators and using Geographic Information System (GIS), the vulnerability maps of the area in different dimensions are provided. The results of the research show that from the study area of 36/11% has low vulnerability, 27/95% has moderate vulnerability and 35/22% has high vulnerability, which has the necessity of planning and taking measures to improve the environmental condition of urban worn-out textures in different dimensions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Assessing and analyzing the vulnerability of urban fabrics from the perspective of passive defense with emphasis on distribution pattern of vital land uses (Case Study: Mahabad City)
Mostafa Mirabadi Sadegh BesharatifarIntroduction: One of the principles of passive defense which needs to be paid attention when utilized in critical and sensitive uses is the distribution and deployment of such uses, therefore is to keep and observe appropriate distances and boundaries and also the proxi MoreIntroduction: One of the principles of passive defense which needs to be paid attention when utilized in critical and sensitive uses is the distribution and deployment of such uses, therefore is to keep and observe appropriate distances and boundaries and also the proximity to other significant uses. Purpose of the research: Explaining the distribution pattern of vital land uses and identifying vulnerable urban tissues is the main purpose of this study.Methodology: The presented study has been done with descriptive-analytical methodology for the city of Mahabad (2020). The used data in the study are quantitative (shape files) and in order to measure the density of the distribution of the uses and also their distribution pattern in Mahabad (which are the aims of the study), ArcGIS software’s spatial statistics techniques have been used intensely.Geographical area of research: The study area of this research is the city of Mahabad, which is located in the south of West Azerbaijan province.Findings and Discussion: The results show that the distribution pattern of the critical faculties is a clustered pattern in a way that the most of these facilities are observed in the central and western parts of the city. Also, the geometric and geographical center is located in the central part and extends northeast to southwest. In other words, the deployment of support and management centers in the central part and major military centers in the western part of the city has caused such a distribution pattern. Therefore the tissues located in these parts have the most vulnerability. In addition, the results from the calculations of the radius of vulnerabilities of critical land uses revealed the fact that 78 thousand people, roughly equal to %53 of the total population and also 887 hectares, equal to %37 of the total area of the city are located in the vulnerability zone center (Elliptical Standard Deviation). This zone which includes the central neighborhoods and the initial and worn out core of the city has a high density of population comparing to the other urban neighborhoods, hence comprises a large part of the urban population. Conclusion: The issue of vulnerability and safety against accidents and military conflicts in the city of Mahabad is very serious. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - Investigating the damage to the economic and social development of rural areas (Case Study: Paskouh district, SIB and SOURAN Township)
Mehrbibi Paskouhi Sirous Ghanbari mehrshad toulabi nejadIntroduction: The rural community of countries in the country has different challenges that are needed to identify the damage to rural development first to identify rural development and to address these problems and issues.Research aim: The purpose of this study is to MoreIntroduction: The rural community of countries in the country has different challenges that are needed to identify the damage to rural development first to identify rural development and to address these problems and issues.Research aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the damage to the economic and social development of border villages in Peskouh, SIB and SORAN..Methodology: The present study is one of the applied research and has been done by descriptive-analytical method. The necessary data were obtained by the researcher's questionnaire tool. The statistical community of the research was households living in the villages of Peskouh village in Apple and Soran, where 338 families were questioned using Cochran formula. The data analysis was performed using unlimited exploration (Johannon method).Studied Areas: The geographical territory of this study is the villages of the border areas in Peskouh village, SIB and SORAN.Results: Results show that income and savings indicators, employment, poverty, agricultural activities, ownership of the most important economic damage and indicators of education, welfare, health, education, health are the most important social disadvantages The economic and social development of the villages in the region is studied.Conclusion: The results of the study showed that Peskouh village in Apple and Soran city in Sistan and Baluchestan province was undergoing underdeveloped. Why the villages in this area have faced a lot of economic and social damage. These injuries have always been challenged as preventing the development of villages in the area, which are necessary to identify them, while identifying them to provide the basis for the development of villages in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Zoning of the vulnerability of Ilam city against flood risk
Syed Jahangir Musavi Nasab abbas malek hoseini Majid shamsIntroduction: Floods are one of the hazards that have always had the possibility of occurring as a natural hazard for humans. Also, due to the increase in the occurrence of floods, especially in cities, and the occurrence of life, financial and environmental risks due t MoreIntroduction: Floods are one of the hazards that have always had the possibility of occurring as a natural hazard for humans. Also, due to the increase in the occurrence of floods, especially in cities, and the occurrence of life, financial and environmental risks due to its increase, the zoning of flood-prone areas is of great importance. Flood zoning is one of the best methods for planning and identifying areas affected by floods. Research aim: The main goal of the current research, while identifying effective variables in flood risk zoning; Zoning is the degree of vulnerability of Ilam city against flood risk.Methodology: The approach of the current research was descriptive-analytical. In this research, at first, the influencing variables on flood vulnerability zoning have been identified based on various studies, then by using the AHP method and the opinions of 73 experts and weight experts related to each of the variables in the Export Choice software and finally, using the FAHP method and in the GIS software, maps related to the zoning of Ilam city's vulnerability to flood risk has been drawn.Studied Areas: The geographical territory of this research is Ilam city, the capital of Ilam province; which is located in the west and southwest of the country in terms of geographical location.Results: In the zoning of Ilam city's vulnerability to floods, out of 11 variables examined, 3 variables are distance from waterways with a weight of 0/244; The distance from the river with a weight of 0/126 and the slope direction with a weight of 1/102 are the most important variables and play a key role in zoning the vulnerability of Ilam city against floods. Also, a large area of Ilam city (1687 hectares) has a high potential of being vulnerable to flood risk, which is caused by the special topographical and geological conditions of this area.Conclusion: Examining the zoning status of flood risk vulnerability in Ilam city shows that the northwest, west, southwest and south parts of Ilam city are in a less vulnerable state than other areas of Ilam city. Also, most of the central, eastern, and northeastern parts of Ilam are in a state of high vulnerability. In the following, suggestions have been made to reduce the vulnerability of Ilam city against floods Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Determinants of Vulnerability to Poverty among Rice Farmers: A Case Study of Nasarawa Rice Hub
Babatunde Olanrewaju Opeyemi Gbenga Zubair Idris -
Open Access Article
107 - Understanding Livelihood Status of Fishing Communities to the Impact of Climate Change in The Coastal Areas of Bangladesh
Shahali Mitul Fakir Huda Md. Asaduzzaman -
Open Access Article
108 - Rice Farmers' Technical Efficiency and Level of Poverty: Evidence from the Anchor Borrower Program (ABP)
Kafayat Belewu Abraham Ajao Ayinde Ezekiel -
Open Access Article
109 - متغیرهای مؤثر برظرفیت سازگاری کشاورزان نسبت به تغییرات اقلیمی: مطالعه موردی گندمکاران شهرستان گچساران
محسن موساییبخش کشاورزی ارتباط بسیار نزدیکی با شرایط آب و هوایی,دارد، بنابراین بیشتر تحت تأثیر تغییرات اقلیمی قرار می گیرد.هدف این تحقیق شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر ظرفیت سازگاری گندمکاران گچساران می باشد. تحقیق حاضر از نظر هدف کاربردی و از لحاظ نحوه ی گردآوری داده ها میدانی و از نظر برر Moreبخش کشاورزی ارتباط بسیار نزدیکی با شرایط آب و هوایی,دارد، بنابراین بیشتر تحت تأثیر تغییرات اقلیمی قرار می گیرد.هدف این تحقیق شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر ظرفیت سازگاری گندمکاران گچساران می باشد. تحقیق حاضر از نظر هدف کاربردی و از لحاظ نحوه ی گردآوری داده ها میدانی و از نظر بررسی رابطه بین متغیرها از نوع توصیفی- همبستگی و علی-ارتباطی است. جامعه آماری تحقیق گندمکاران شهرستان گچساران به تعداد ۱۸۴۵ نفر می باشد. ۲۴۵نفر از جامعه ی آماری، با استفاده از فرمول شارل کوکران، به عنوان نمونه ی مورد مطالعه انتخاب گردیدند.برای گردآوری داده های مورد نیاز از روش نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده استفاده شده است. از جمله مزایای این روش این است که همه افراد شانس یکسانی برای انتخاب شدن دارند. جهت جمع آوری اطلاعات از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته استفاده گردید که شامل ویژگی های فردی و حرفه ای پاسخگویان، عوامل مؤثر بر ظرفیت سازگاری کشاورزان و ادراک کشاورزان از تغییرات اقلیمی بوده است. برای سنجش روایی پرسشنامه از گروه متخصصان و برای پایایی ابزار تحقیق از آلفای کرنباخ استفاده شد، که ضریب آلفای بدست آمده برای پرسشنامه۰/۷۲بدست آمد. به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از روش های آمار توصیفی شامل میانگین، واریانس، انحراف معیار، فراوانی و درصد فراوانی و در آمار استنباطی از آزمون ضریب همبستگی اسپیرمن و رگرسیون چند متغیره استفاده گردید. نتایج حاصل از رگرسیون چند متغیره به روش تؤام نشان می دهد که متغیرهای سرمایه اجتماعی، کیفیت زندگی، تعداد اعضای بالای ۶۰ سال خانوار، تعداد اعضای مشارکت کننده در کارکشاورزی، درآمد حاصل از کشاورزی، بهره مندی از خدمات آموزشی و ترویجی، سن، سطح تحصیلات، کل زمین زراعی، میزان تجربه در کشاورزی و میزان عملکرد گندم در هکتار مجموعاً ۳۸/۸درصد از تغییرات متغیر وابسته را تبیین می کنند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Drought Risk Vulnerability Parameters among Wheat Farmers in Mashhad County, Iran
Mojtaba Sookhtanlo Hesamedin Gholami Seyyed Reza Es’haghiIdentification and analysis of farmers’ vulnerability associated with their risk aversion degree is one of the necessary requirements for planning and reducing impacts of drought in Iran. So, this study was investigated three risk vulnerability parameters (economi MoreIdentification and analysis of farmers’ vulnerability associated with their risk aversion degree is one of the necessary requirements for planning and reducing impacts of drought in Iran. So, this study was investigated three risk vulnerability parameters (economic, social and technical) among wheat farmers categorized in accordance with their risk aversion degree in the Mashhad County (Iran) between drought years of 2009-2011. Vulnerability parameters were determined by Delphi technique. For measuring vulnerability and risk aversion degree, formula of Me-Bar and Valdes and method of Safety First Rule were applied respectively. Findings revealed that in social vulnerability indicators; education level, collaboratively farming activities and dependency on government and in technical vulnerability; irrigation method, cultivation method and type of cultivation; risk averse farmers have had the highest vulnerability level under drought conditions. While respecting economic vulnerability, risk neutral farmers (in insuring for crops, sale prices of crops and the type of land ownership), have had the highest vulnerability level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Improvement in GIS-based DRASTIC model using statistical methods and analytical hierarchy process, case study: Hamedan-Bahar plain, west of Iran
علی اکبر متکان Hamidreza Naseri Zohreh Ostadhashemi -
Open Access Article
112 - Assessment of ground water vulnerability using the DRASTIC method (Case study from arid regions of Kermanshah and Ilam, west of Iran)
Mohammad Hossein Ghobadi Fatemeh Naseri Homeyra Osmanpour Mahnaz Firoozi -
Open Access Article
113 - Seismic Vulnerability Evaluation of Pipe Rack Supporting Structures in A Petrochemical Complex
Mohammad Karimi Naghdali Hosseinzadeh Farshid Hosseini Navid Kazem Hamid Kazem -
Open Access Article
114 - Seismic Assessment And Strengthening Of An Existing Steel Bridge In Portugal
Catarina Fernandes Humberto Varum -
Open Access Article
115 - Identifying the common threats and vulnerabilities in the Internet of Things (IoT) and offering security policies for confronting them
safiyeh tahmasebi limooni Shahrzad Ghasemi Roghayeh GhorbanlooObjective: the objective of this research is to identify the common threats and vulnerabilities in IoT and offering security policies to cope with them. Methods: the methodology of this research is applied based on its objective, and descriptive-surveying based on data MoreObjective: the objective of this research is to identify the common threats and vulnerabilities in IoT and offering security policies to cope with them. Methods: the methodology of this research is applied based on its objective, and descriptive-surveying based on data collection. The statistical population includes all exerts and professors of IoT in universities of Tehran with 50 members. The sampling method was convenience non-random. The sample volume detected was similar to the statistical population. The research tool was the researcher-made questionnaire from the systematic study of thematic literature. The validity of the questionnaires was obtained by referring to the experts of the IoT field. The reliability of the tool was 0.88 using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS software. Results: Although various standards have been developed in the field of security and confidentiality in IoT, the security needs of IoT and even its risks have not been still identified and analyzed. In addition, it needs confidentiality mechanisms, accuracy, authentication, and access control precisely. According to the findings of the tests of this research, vulnerabilities can be classified and cited in 21 groups. Conclusion: the results of tests show that various experts based on their landscapes and activity fields determined a varied set of security policies to cope with Internet threats in the IoT field. However, the most important security policies against the security threats in IoT include mutual and efficient authentication, access control, secure architecture configuration, encryption of communications and data, chronology, and monitoring by concluding the provided ideas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Maternal bonding and vulnerability related to eating:the mediational role of eating disorder beliefs and alexithymia
Ali Asghar Hosseinzadeh Hidar Ali Hooman Mahdieh Salehi Shirin Kooshkithe present study examined a theoretical model of indirect relationship between maternal bonding and symptoms of vulnerability related to eating through two mediational variables eating disorder beliefs and alexithymia. Five hundred and twenty five students (215 females Morethe present study examined a theoretical model of indirect relationship between maternal bonding and symptoms of vulnerability related to eating through two mediational variables eating disorder beliefs and alexithymia. Five hundred and twenty five students (215 females, 210 males) were selected through the cluster random sampling. The sample completed the Eating Disorder Inventory (Garner & et al., 1987), the Alexithymia Scale (Bagby & et al., 1994), the Eating Disorder Belief Questionnaire (Cooper & et al., 1997) and the Parental Bonding Instrument (Parker & et al., 1979). The results of structural equation modeling indicated that the maternal bonding had a significant indirect relation to symptoms of vulnerability to eating through alexithymia. However, relation of maternal bonding to symptoms of vulnerability to eating through eating disorder beliefs wasn’t significant. The findings suggested that strengthening maternal bonding can play an important role in preventing eating disorders in adolescents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Energy security relations between the EU and Russia from the perspective of the theory of interdependence
Fatemeh Hamoei Kayhan Barzegar Hamid Ahmadi hossain daheshiarDue to the lack of a common energy policy in the European Union because of the differing dependence of its members on Russian resources, different geographical conditions and diverse incentives, the Union has committed itself to adhering to a specific security policy fo MoreDue to the lack of a common energy policy in the European Union because of the differing dependence of its members on Russian resources, different geographical conditions and diverse incentives, the Union has committed itself to adhering to a specific security policy for energy. A long-term strategy based on interdependence with the energy market, European unity, and improved governance in energy-producing countries. The present paper analyzes the complex energy relations between Russia and the European Union, which are at the same time involved in conflict and cooperation, in the Charter of "Asymmetric Interdependence". The purpose of this research is to discover and present the reasons for adopting a European Union collective strategy to provide sustainable and secure energy security. In order to achieve this purpose using a theoretical analysis, we identify the EU and Russia's sensitivity and vulnerability axes in terms of energy and the prospects for future interdependence in the forthcoming decades and ultimately conclude from the increasing trend that the symmetric interdependence on the issue of energy security between the two sides, neither party will be able to carry out their own security considerations without regard to the other party's security. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - Probabilistic Landslide Risk Analysis and Mapping (Case Study: Chehel-Chai Watershed, Golestan Province, Iran)
Ebrahim Karimi Sangchini Majid Ownegh Amir Sadaldin Armin Mashayekhan -
Open Access Article
119 - analysis of regime dependent effects of financial leverage on firms Financial Vulnerability
evaz kenarkoohi Sayed Yahya Abtahi hamid khajeh mahmoodabadi gholamreza askarzadehFinancial leverage is predicted as one of the main factors in dealing with the cause of firms' financial vulnerability. In this article, the effect of financial leverage on the financial vulnerability of firms has been studied by using the the regime-dependent approach MoreFinancial leverage is predicted as one of the main factors in dealing with the cause of firms' financial vulnerability. In this article, the effect of financial leverage on the financial vulnerability of firms has been studied by using the the regime-dependent approach through the estimation of a threshold model. The estimation results of a two-threshold model in a sample including data related to 145 non-financial and non-banking firms admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange during 2010-2019 show that the effect of financial leverage on the vulnerability of firms has a vulnerability regime-dependent effects. Moreover, such an effect is even asymmetric because the negative effect of financial leverage on the vulnerability of firms in low vulnerability regimes is greater than their positive effect in high vulnerability regimes. Based on this, in using debt instruments in financing, it is necessary for firms to consider their initial situation in terms of financial vulnerability, because their financial health and performance in using financial leverage depends on the their vulnerability regime Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Evaluating The Impact Of Oil dependence and Innovation On The Economic Resilience Using System Dynamics Approach
Farshad Momeni Momeni Hossein Mirzaei Azandaryani mehdi biglari kamiResilience of economy against internal and external shocks is an important concept that has been of interest to economists in the last decade. In this paper, we propose a model based on Schumpeter economic theory using system dynamics analysis approach and also discuss MoreResilience of economy against internal and external shocks is an important concept that has been of interest to economists in the last decade. In this paper, we propose a model based on Schumpeter economic theory using system dynamics analysis approach and also discuss on resilience and vulnerability of economy. Based on the proposed model, vulnerability of Iran’s economy and 5 other countries (i.e. Sweden, USA, Japan, South Korea and Indonesia) is forecasted for next 50 years. Major contributions of this paper can be explained in two aspects: first, the concept of economic resilience, that mostly expressed qualitatively, is explained quantitatively. Second, the concept of economic resilience and system dynamics are combined and the capability of studying different scenarios is provided. Five different scenarios are proposed in this paper and it is found that if the current level of innovation is double increased and decrease 50 percent Oil dependence, the vulnerability risk in Iran’s economy will decrease by 70 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Assessing the vulnerability of Shiekh Bahaei’s bath under the blast wave
Melika Honary Abdollah Vaez Shoushtari Erfan Jaberzadeh -
Open Access Article
122 - Comparing the Components of Children's Physical Fitness in Relation to the Role of Air Pollution in Tehran, Iran
Masoud Imanzadeh Amir Dana Zynalabedin Fallah Amir hamzeh Sabzi Manouchehr Tatari Hasan Gavyar -
Open Access Article
123 - Socio-cultural Drivers of Adaptations and Vulnerability to Climate Change: Lessons from Crop Farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria
Ademola Adegoroye Tolulope Olubunmi-Ajayi Olayinka Oladosu Emmanuel OloruntobaThis study investigated the socio-cultural determinants of climate change adaptation and vulnerability among crop farmers in Ondo State, South-western Nigeria. Using a multi-stage sampling approach and the Delphi method, 150 respondents were selected from the three Sena MoreThis study investigated the socio-cultural determinants of climate change adaptation and vulnerability among crop farmers in Ondo State, South-western Nigeria. Using a multi-stage sampling approach and the Delphi method, 150 respondents were selected from the three Senatorial Zones. Primary data were sourced with the aid of a survey and oral interviews. The collected data were analyzed using the vulnerability index, Ordinal logistic regression, and Heckman probit regression. The findings revealed that the socio-cultural characteristics of respondents contributed to their vulnerability to climate change, as indicated by an average livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) of 0.33. Notably, factors such as water availability and adaptation practices exhibited higher vulnerability indices of 0.49 and 0.42, respectively. The overall LVI and LVI-IPCC averages were 0.35 and 0.02, respectively, highlighting the existence of vulnerability among farming households. The results of ordinal logistic regression revealed that age, marital status, education level, and income from agriculture were statistically significant factors determining the level of vulnerability to climate change in the study area. Consequently, the results of the Heckman two-step regression model revealed that age, marital status, household size, education, religion, belief, family structure, and community teamwork were the significant factors affecting the adaptation and vulnerability to climate change in the area. Policy should be geared towards improving the socio-cultural factors for sustainable livelihoods with an income diversification strategy by the government for crop farmers in order to cushion the effects of low income realized from farming activities in the area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - Alexithymia and psychological and physical vulnerability
Mohamad Ali Besharat Marziyeh Masoodi Masood Gholamali LavasaniOne of the research goals in psychology approaches, is to understand the factors that contribute to vulnerability of people. Investigation and identification of psychological and physical vulnerability factors has created a new orientation in prevention, diagnosis and a MoreOne of the research goals in psychology approaches, is to understand the factors that contribute to vulnerability of people. Investigation and identification of psychological and physical vulnerability factors has created a new orientation in prevention, diagnosis and adoption of the treatment method. People might have special physical and psychological vulnerabilities that predispose them to mental and physical disorders. Alexithymia is one of the traumatic variables. This study aims to predict psychological and physical vulnerabilities based on alexithymia. In this study, the moderator role of gender and marriage is studied in the relationship between psychological and physical vulnerability with alexithymia. 206 men and 193 women from the general population of Tehran participated in this study. The participants completed the symptoms Check list and the 20-itemToronto alexithymia scale. The results indicated that alexithymia has significant difference with psychological vulnerability and physical vulnerability at p<0.01 level. Marriage, also has the role of moderator in the relationship between alexithymia and physical vulnerability. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that early detection of alexithymia, can help prevent physical and psychological damage. We can also manage and treat alexithymia in the context of intervention models. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - Families of Fuzzy Sets and Lattice Isomorphisms Preparation
John Mordeson Sunil MathewIn this paper, we discuss how theoretical results from one family of fuzzy sets can be carried over immediately to another family of fuzzy sets by the use of lattice isomorphisms. We also show that these families can occur naturally and that applications may not necessa MoreIn this paper, we discuss how theoretical results from one family of fuzzy sets can be carried over immediately to another family of fuzzy sets by the use of lattice isomorphisms. We also show that these families can occur naturally and that applications may not necessarily be carried over using these isomorphisms. We illustrate this using techniques from the study of human trafficking and its analysis using mathematics of uncertainty. We also consider the new definition of fuzzy set provided by Trillas and de Soto. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Risk Analysis, Risk Assessment and Creation of Damage Probability Model for Yasouj City in OpenQuake Software
Ali Sadeghi عبدالرضا سروقدمقدم فرشید فتحیThe populous country of Iran is geographically located in a region with very high seismicity, and there is a need for detailed analyzes of seismic risk and risk in it, especially for strategic demographic and industrial points in order to provide vital information for d MoreThe populous country of Iran is geographically located in a region with very high seismicity, and there is a need for detailed analyzes of seismic risk and risk in it, especially for strategic demographic and industrial points in order to provide vital information for decision making. It is inevitable for recipients to develop effective risk reduction measures. This article, by using accurate and up-to-date methods, recent information of the population and housing census, socio-economic data, for the first time, analyzes the seismic risk by considering various uncertainties for buildings with was done various structural systems in the city of Yasouj. Descriptive and quantitative information of buildings and active faults in the field of this city is implemented in GIS software and using the capabilities of OpenQuake software, risk probabilistic analysis and risk curves and design spectrum for the building of the field are performed. Research has been produced. Based on this, probabilistic risk analysis has been done by considering various uncertainties in OpenQuake software and seismic risk curves have been produced for four different levels of vulnerability. The quantitative analysis of building vulnerability in Yasouj City reveals that unreinforced masonry buildings exhibit the highest damage percentages across all severity levels, with 48.4%, 43.1%, 39.4%, and 33.5% for slight, moderate, extensive, and collapse damage, respectively. Low-quality steel buildings suffer the most damage after unreinforced masonry structures, emphasizing the urgent need for retrofitting. In contrast, moderate-quality steel and reinforced concrete buildings demonstrate favorable seismic damage assessments. The qualitative findings stress the importance of implementing a robust monitoring/control system for construction quality, anticipating a significant improvement in structural reliability during the exploitation period with average to high execution quality. The results show that in order to prevent high economic, social and human damages, it is very important to review the design of new resistant structures and retrofit existing buildings in the research area. Manuscript profile
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