Evaluation and Analysis of the Dimensions of Resilience in Small Towns (Case Study: Kamyaran)

Subject Areas :

Mohammad Sheikhi ¹ (Allameh Tabatabai University of Tehran)
Mojtaba Rafieyan ² (Tarbiat Modares University of Tehran)
Esmeal Piri ³ (Allameh Tabatabai University of Tehran)
Shahram Pashbandi ⁴ (University of Tehran)

Received: 2017-08-23 Accepted : 2018-03-14 Published : 2018-04-21

Keywords: Resilience, Earthquake, Vulnerability, natural disasters, Kamyaran,

Abstract :

Resilience is recognized and studied world-wide, as the capacity of a system to protect the identity of the system after a disturbance in the environment-in communities which are exposed to traumatic events such as earthquake. The aim of this study is to assess the resilience of Kamyaran against natural disasters like an earthquake. The research method in this study is analytical and the purpose is practical. In order to do this research, the Delphi method was used. In addition, a questionnaire among the 35 experts and scholars of urban affairs in Kamyaran was distributed and their comments about 7 components: environmental, socio-cultural, economic, structural-physical, infrastructural, management and educational-cultural infrastructure were collected. The questionnaire was Likert scale and had five points from very low to very high. To analyze the collected data, Spss.19, Excel software and one-sample t-test were used. The results of the study indicate that among seven components mentioned, environmental factors’ average is higher than the standard average of 3and it is equal to 3.54, average of socio-cultural component is almost equal to the standard average; that is 3.09. And other five factors’ average is less than the standard average; that is 3. The lowest is related to management index with the average of 1.8. Overall, average resilience of Kamyaran in all the above-mentioned components is 2.64; that is lower than the average standard (3), and it shows that Kamyaran is not resilient, and it is vulnerable against natural disasters such as earthquake.

References:

1. اداره کل راه وشهرسازی استان کردستان(1387) «طرح جامع شهر کامیاران »، سنندج.


2. فرزاد بهتاش، محمدرضا، کی ژاد، محمدعلی، پیر بابایی، محمدتقی، عسگری، علی (1392): «ارزیابی و تحلیل ابعاد و مؤلفه‌های تاب‌آوری کلان‌شهر تبریز»، نشریه هنرهای زیبا-معماری و شهرسازی-دوره18، تهران.


3. مشک سار، پریسا، ایزدی، حسن، سلطانی، علی، بذرگر، محمدرضا (1392): «ارزیابی آسیب‌پذیری فیزیکی بافت‌های شهری در برابر زلزله درروش RADIUS (نمونه: منطقه 3 شیراز)»، پژوهش‌های جغرافیایی شهری، دوره 1، شماره 1، صص 115-129.


4. داداش پور،هاشم، عادلی،زینب، (1394)": سنجش ظرفیت های تاب آوری در مجموعه ی شهری قزوین" مدیریت بحران، شماره8.


5. رضایی، محمدرضا (1389): «تبیین تاب‌آوری اجتماعات شهری به‌منظور کاهش اثرات سوانح طبیعی (زلزله)؛ مطالعه موردی: کلان‌شهر تهران » رساله دکتری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، دانشکده علوم انسانی، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، تهران.


6. رمضان زاده لسبوئی، مهدی، بدری، سید علی (1393): تبیین ساختارهای اجتماعی-اقتصادی تاب‌آوری جوامع محلی در برابر بلایای طبیعی با تأکید بر سیلاب، مطالعه موردی: حوضه‌های گردشگری چشمه کیله تنکابن و سرد آبرود کلاردشت» فصلنامه انجمن جغرافیای ایران، سال 12، شماره 40، تهران.


7. منصورفر، کریم (1389): روش های آماری"چاپ دهم، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.


8. Allenby, B., and J. Fink. (2005). “Toward inherently secure and resilient societies”. Science 309 (12 August):1034–1036.


9. Andreas Exner a,n,1 , Emilio Politti i,2, Ernst Schriefl b, Susanna Erker c, Rosemarie Stangl d,3, Sacha Baud e, Hannes Warmuth f, Julian Matzenberger g, Lukas Kranzl g, Reinhard Paulesich h, Markus Windhaber b, Susanne Supper f,4, Gernot Stöglehner(2016)” Measuring regional resilience towards fossil fuel supply constraints. Adaptability and vulnerability in socio-ecological Transformations-the case of Austria” Energy Policy 91 (2016) 128–137.


10. Artur Steiner a, b, Jane Atterton a, (2015)” Exploring the contribution of rural enterprise s to local resilience” Journal of Rural Studies 40 (2015) 30e45.


11. Bonanno, G.A., Romero, S.A., Klein, S.I.,( 2015).” The temporal elements ofpsychological resilience”: an integrative framework for the study of individuals, families, and communities. Psychol. Inq. 26, 139–169.


12. Brian Walker(2007)” A Resilience Alliance Initiative for Transitioning Urban Systems towards Sustainable Futures” CSIRO, Australia Arizona State University, USA Stockholm University, Sweden.


13. Bull, B., Castellacci, F., & Kasahara, Y. (2014)”Business groups and transnational capitalism in Central America” Economic and political strategies. Palgrave Macmillan.


14. Cuhls, k.,( 2007,) “Methods to Elicit Forecasts from Groups: Delphi and Prediction Markets Compared [online]. Munich Personal Repec Archive.


15. Cutter, S.L., Ash, K.D., Emrich, C.T.,( 2014). “The geographies of community disaster resilience” Global Environ. Change 29, 65–77.


16. Cutter, S.L., Burton, C.G., and Emrich, C.T. (2010). “Disaster resilience indicators for benchmarking baseline conditions”. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 7(1), Article 51.


17. Desouza, K. C., & Flanery, T. H. (2013). Designing, planning, and managing resilient cities: A conceptual framework. Cities, 35, 89–99.


18. Gregory J. Falco(2015)” City Resilience through Data Analytics: A Human-Centric Approach”, Procedia Engineering 118 ( 2015 ) 1008 – 1014.


19. Hamilton, W. A. H. (2009). “Resilience and the city: The water sector”. Proceedings of the Institution ofCivil Engineers Urban Design and Planning, 162(DP3), 109–121.


20. Joerin, J., Shaw, R., Takeuchi, Y., and Krishnamurthy, R. (2014). “The adoption of a climate disaster resilience “index in Chennai, India. Disasters, 38(3), 540-561.


21. Kara ırmak, Ö.,( 2010). “Establishing the psychometric qualities of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in a trauma survivor sample”. Psychiatry Res. 179, 350–356.


22. Klein, R. J. T., Nicholls, R. J., & Thomalla, F. (2003). “Resilience to natural hazards: How useful is this concept? “Environmental Hazards, 5(1), 35–45.


23. Leach, K.,( 2013). “Community economic development: localisation, the key to a resilient and inclusive local economy?” Local Econ. 1e5.


24. Leichenko, R. (2011).” Climate change and urban resilience”. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3(3), 164–168.


25. Leire Labaka n, Josune Hernantes, Jose M. Sarriegi (2015)” Resilience framewo rk for critical infrastructures: An empirical study in a nuclear plant” Reliability Engineering and System Safety 141 (2015) 92–105.


26. Liu, J., et al. 2007. Complexity of coupled human and natural systems. Nature 317(14 September):1513–1516.


27. Lu, P., & Stead, D. (2013).” Understanding the notion of resilience in spatial planning”: A case study of Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Cities, 35, 200–212.


28. Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). “The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work”. Child Development, 71(3), 543–562.


29. Maclean, K., Cuthill, M., and Ross, H. (2014). “Six attributes of social resilience”. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 57(1), 144-156.


30. McAreavey, R. (2012).” Resistance or resilience? Tracking the pathway of recent arrivals to a ‘new’ rural destination”. Sociologia Ruralis, 52, 488 –507.


31. Meerow, S., & Newell, J. P. (2015). “Resilience and complexity: A bibliometric review and prospects for industrial ecology”. Journal ofIndustrial Ecology, 19(2), 236–251.


32. Milman, A., Short, A., (2008).” Incorporating resilience into sustainability indicators: an example for the urban water sector”. Glob. Environ. Change 18 (1), 758e767.


33. Perrings, C. (2006). Resilience and sustainable development. Environment and Development Economics, 11 (4), 417–427.


34. Pickett, S. T. A., Cadenasso, M., & McGrath, B. (2013).” In S. T. Pickett, M. Cadenasso, & B. McGrath (Eds.), Resilience in ecology and urban design: Linking theory and practice for sustainable cities. Dordrecht, Netherlands.


35. Place, M., Reynolds, J., Cousins, A., & O'Neill, S. (2002). “Developing a resilience package for vulnerable children”. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 7, 162-167.


36. Razafindrabe, B.H.N., Cuesta, M.A., He, B., Ranola, R.F., Yaota, K., Inoue, S., Saito, S., Masuda, T., Concepcion, R.N., Santos-Borja, A., and Kada, R. (2015). “Flood risk and resilience assessment for Santa Rosa-Silang subwatershed in the Laguna Lake region, Philippines”. Environmental Hazards, 14(1), 16-35.


37. Resilience Alliance. (2010).” Assessing resilience in social-ecological systems”: Workbook for Practitioners. Version 2.0.


38. Ross, A.D. (2014). “Local disaster resilience: Administrative and political perspectives”. New York and London: Routledge.


39. Steiner, A., Markantoni, M., (2014). “Exploring community resilience in Scotland through capacity for change”. Community Dev. J. 49 (3), 407e425.


40. Sundstrom, S.M., Allen, C.R., & Barichievy, C. (2012). “Species, functional groups, and thresholds in ecological resilience”. Conservation Biology, 26(2), 305 –314.


41. Turnbull, M., Sterrett, C.L., and Hilleboe, A. (2013).” Toward resilience: A guide to disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation”, Warwickshire, UK: Practical Action Publishing.


42. Walker, B., et al. (2004). “Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social-ecological systems”. Ecology and Society, 9 (2): art.5.


43. Wang, L., Shi, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., (2010) “Psychometric properties of the 10-item Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale in Chinese earthquake victims”. Psychiatry

 

Clin. Neurosci. 64, 499–504.

1. Waugh, W.L. and Liu, C.Y. (2014). “Disasters, the whole community, and development as capacity building. In Disaster and development”: Examining global issues and cases, edited by N. Kapucu and K.T. Liou, 167-179. Switzerland: Springer.


2. Wilson, G.A. (2012). “Toward a framework for understanding community resilience. In Community resilience and environmental transitions”, 14-51. London and New York: Routledge.