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Open Access Article
1 - Evaluation of Knowledge and Attitude of Non-medical Students about Virtual Water Recognize with the Approach of Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development
Omid TabieeIntroduction: Despite the climatic changes and the recent droughts in Iran, as well as, the rising trend of development of industrial and agricultural activities, Iran are exposed to the severe water crisis. Thus, in order to tackle this problem, and management of water MoreIntroduction: Despite the climatic changes and the recent droughts in Iran, as well as, the rising trend of development of industrial and agricultural activities, Iran are exposed to the severe water crisis. Thus, in order to tackle this problem, and management of water supplies at risk, virtual water and water footprint Culture Assessment an acceptable method for achieving sustainable development and environmental protection goals. To reduce and prevent water crisis as well as protection of environment the current study was, therefore, undertaken to determine the level of knowledge and attitudes of non-medical students on virtual water principles in environmental protection goals. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive analytical study and samples include 384 non-medical students from Islamic Azad universities in Fars province who were selected by convenient sampling method. The self-administrated questionnaire included a demographic questionnaire and as well as their knowledge on virtual water and practice regarding willingness to conservation of environment was completed for all the study population through interviews. Subsequently, descriptive statistics, x2, and Mann-Whitney test and kruscal-wallis test were employed for analysis using SPSS Software (version 21). Results and Discussion: The findings of this study showed that, 98.2 percent of the people had poor awareness about virtual water recognize and role of virtual water in environmental protection and 83.8% of people were interested in increasing knowledge and attitudes on virtual water. On the other hand, there was a significant correlation between knowledge and sex, awareness and levels of education and knowledge and age (P< 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that, 98.2 percent of the people had poor awareness about virtual water recognize and role of virtual water in environmental protection and 83.8% of people were interested in increasing knowledge and attitudes on virtual water. On the other hand, there was a significant correlation between knowledge and sex, awareness and levels of education and knowledge and age (P< 0.05). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Analysis of the challenges of public policy implementation with an emphasis on citizens' participation (case study: the law on the protection and exploitation of forests in the north of Iran)
Davoud Hosseinpour Seyyed Mahdi Alvani Hossein Aslipour عقیل قربانی پاجیBackground: Attracting public participation is one of the key elements in the success of public policies, including environmental policies. Purpose: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the challenges of citizens' participation in the implement MoreBackground: Attracting public participation is one of the key elements in the success of public policies, including environmental policies. Purpose: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the challenges of citizens' participation in the implementation of the policy, focusing on the protection and exploitation of the forests in the north of the country. Method: in the quantitative section was the opinions of 11 people from the directors of the General Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Mazandaran, Gilan and Golestan provinces. Findings: The final model is formed in 5 levels, the lack of forest governance in the fifth level is the most influential level and political challenges, lack of communication and dissemination of forest knowledge for stakeholders, weak closeness between the government and executive bodies - citizens and lack The motivation in local communities to participate is the most effective level in the designed model. The analysis of intensity of influence and dependence using MICMAC shows that the lack of forest governance and political challenges are independent variables. Conclusion: The participatory approach based on forest governance motivates the cooperation of local people and other stakeholders in applying forest control laws with the government. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - AN EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF NGOs IN HERITAGE CONSERVATION; A COMPRATIVE STUDY ON IRAN AND FRANCE
Naimeh Rezae Farnaz FarajiFormation of heritage conservation NGOs has a long background in developed countries. Many developing countries have also begun to establish these types of NGOs. This research aims to evaluate the role of these NGOs in heritage conservation in Iran and France. For this MoreFormation of heritage conservation NGOs has a long background in developed countries. Many developing countries have also begun to establish these types of NGOs. This research aims to evaluate the role of these NGOs in heritage conservation in Iran and France. For this study, five NGOs were selected from each of the aforementioned countries. The data were collected through an open questionnaire, and were analyzed qualitatively. The results reveal that the conditions governing each country have a decisive role in performance and degree of success of heritage NGOs. In France, heritage is among priorities of the country and its conservation has become an obvious matter. But in Iran, heritage conservation is not taken as part of priorities of the state. Moreover, considering the long history of formation of NGOs they are known and accepted by the society. This is while Iranian NGOs are still to make much effort to stabilize their positions. There is much similarity among the objectives and activities of the NGOs in two countries. However, in Iran, many NGOs have focused on propagative, cultural or educational activities because of the numerous impediments and the difficulty involved in the engagement of NGOs with the main issue which is heritage conservation. In Iran, heritage conservation is not taken as part of priorities of the state. What is more, the historical areas of the towns in Iran suffer from such problems as unavailability of public services, unemployment, socioeconomic problems, shortage of recreational facilities, etc. With the aforementioned problems, heritage conservation is neither a concern of the residents nor a concern of urban management system and other public foundations. Therefore, NGOs may not receive sufficient support to realize their objectives. Hence, they shift to the activities for which they may receive financial support and acceptance. While heritage conservation is in itself a requirement in France, the NGOs confine their activities to this, French NGOs have clear aims and clear scope of intervention. This results in maintenance of their objectives to a great extent. A further important point is the degree of heritage awareness among citizens. The facts observed in France indicate that the people are interested in their heritage and consider its conservation as a necessity. But in Iran it seems that the interest in heritage and awareness of this subject is limited to certain social groups. The movement of NGOs was started with much delay in Iran. However, their number in the country is indicative of an intention for heritage conservation and it reveals that heritage has now become a concern of part of the society. The actions taken by the NGOs can be taken as a good beginning in the presence of the overcoming conditions and impediments. Formally, they are much similar to French NGOs and they have even established a coordinating foundation in the same way as French associations do. It appears that the NGOs shall experience considerable achievements in case they are able to make the issue of heritage a public concern of the society through propagative actions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - An Evaluation of The Role of NGOs in Heritage Conservation; A Comparative Study on Iran and France
Naimeh Rezae Farnaz Faraji -
Open Access Article
5 - Transformation of Urban Conservation
naser bonyadiThere are significant differences between architectural restoration and urban conservation in professional literature. History of object and architectural restoration is too long. But the formation of urban conservation, as an independent and interdisciplinary field and MoreThere are significant differences between architectural restoration and urban conservation in professional literature. History of object and architectural restoration is too long. But the formation of urban conservation, as an independent and interdisciplinary field and based on its principles which is inseparable from the restoration of monuments and objects, is less clear. So there are a few resources in explaining the evolution of urban conservation. Those who have worked on this issue mostly discussed from the standpoint of architectural restoration. This paper will attempt to rely on written documents and evidence and try to prepare a review on urban conservation history and the factors affecting its formation. Compiling the proclamation of congresses and different universal sessions and using them have been created some special fields for recognition of historical transition current that have gone over for codification of urban renovation changes at the end of this article. Urban experiences show that intervention in solving urban problems, especially in historic areas, can be considered from urban conservation and urban development approaches. Developmental needs of the historic areas could be provided with integrated proper methods of urban conservation and planning. Combination of these two approaches in dealing with urban historic areas led to the formation of urban conservation in the mid-twentieth century. In comparing with some historic cities in Europe, the conservation of old towns in Iran has not a scientific background. In some other countries conservation of historic objects and buildings had experienced from ancient periods and the basic principles has remained in some declarations, regulations and text books and the preservation literature has been made. In inference of urban restoration, different views may be considered. If the purpose of Urban conservation, has been preparing the common needs of urban historic areas and their current residents (urban poor and immigrants) or the needs of people living in the whole city or the country and even the global community and protect World Heritage, the different opinions, views and solutions can be emerge. Accordingly, this paper with documentary method and case studies developed theoretical principles and adapt it to existing conditions. To assess these techniques and adapt ideas and methods, through description and reasoning content, attempted to assumptions concluded by questions and objectives and to develop and scrutinize conceptual framework. Results of this study are briefly: 1 - Today, the use of scientific methods in planning is the first step to enter the field of urban conservation. We can find some options which have applied effect for urban organization and amelioration by using achievements of urban planning and combination of them.2 - Various interventions with two original trends: urban development and urban conservation are two important challenges of urban and cultural heritage management. Despite the emphasis in many international declarations, this challenge rooted in lack of integrity in urban conservation and urban development approach. Successful cities concerning urban protectiveness and renovation have been able to obtain a balance between two approaches. Unfortunately such this success has been obtained less in underdeveloped countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Legal Regime for Environmental Protection of International Watercourses by Emphasis on the Strait of Hormuz in Iran
Seyed Abbas Pourhashemi Akram Nemati Flora HeidariIn the view of geopolitics and international law, international watercoursesare very significant in international relations. So, the environment of thesewatercourses should be protected. Using available resources at internationalwatercourses and protecting their environ MoreIn the view of geopolitics and international law, international watercoursesare very significant in international relations. So, the environment of thesewatercourses should be protected. Using available resources at internationalwatercourses and protecting their environment are important issues ofmodern international law. Watercourses including lakes, rivers, andinternational straits are located among two or more countries. Internationalstraits are important components of international watercourses which arebasically used for commercial and military shipping not only by coastalstates but other countries. Therefore, legal status of the Strait of Hormuz asan international strait is affected by the law of international watercourses.So, in this paper, authors have studied on environmental protection ofinternational watercourses by emphasis on the Strait of Hormuz. By regardto strategic importance of the Strait of Hormuz for Iran, and its geopoliticalrole, in first part of this document, Possibility of blocking the Strait ofHormuz has been deliberated, and in second part, it has discussed aboutenvironmental protection of the Strait of Hormuz by considering soft andhard law. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - The Effect of Cultural Hegemony to Shareholders Protect: Moderating Role of Social Pressure Tests
saideh mirzaee Mohammadreza Abdoli Alireza Koushkie JahromiCultural hegemony as a mechanism for the domination of the values considered by those in power today is not limited to large systems of government but also in the arteries of the functions of economic systems; Political; Social and ... has infiltrated and upset the bala MoreCultural hegemony as a mechanism for the domination of the values considered by those in power today is not limited to large systems of government but also in the arteries of the functions of economic systems; Political; Social and ... has infiltrated and upset the balance in the level of protection of the interests of the majority groups that are not dependent on any power. Cultural hegemony by penetrating the capital market has somewhat disturbed the balanced values and information symmetry as the basis of the free circulation system in the market and has caused uncertainty about the functional functions of companies in protecting their interests. The Purpose of this research is the effect of cultural hegemony to protect the interests of shareholders by moderating role of social pressure tests stakeholders. In this study, which was conducted in the period of one year in 2018-2019, the collection tool included two parts of a questionnaire and the data disclosed in the financial statements of Tehran Stock Exchange companies. In fact, in order to improve the level of innovation in the relationship between judgmental and quantitative processes in accounting research, a standard questionnaire was used to collect data on cultural hegemony and social pressures and entropy analysis method was used to collect data on stakeholder protection. Finally, partial least squares analysis (PLS) was used to fit the model. The results showed that cultural hegemony has a negative and significant effect on the protection of shareholders' interests but the result of the second hypothesis of the study showed that the social pressure of stakeholders moderates the negative impact of cultural hegemony on the protection of shareholders' interests. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Surveying the effect of objective dimensions of electronic payment on using electronic payment systems with moderating role of perceived security and perceived trust of electronic transfer in Mellat Bank branches in Sari city
Rohoallah Alizadeh Seyed Mehdi Hosseini Ozineh Elham khaniAbstract Present study tries to survey the effect of objective dimensions of electronic payment on using electronic payment systems with mediating role of subjective dimensions of electronic payment in Mellat Bank branches of Sari city. From standpoint of goal, this stu MoreAbstract Present study tries to survey the effect of objective dimensions of electronic payment on using electronic payment systems with mediating role of subjective dimensions of electronic payment in Mellat Bank branches of Sari city. From standpoint of goal, this study is an applied study and from method point of view is a survey – descriptive and cause - reason study. Statistical population is customers of Mellat Bank branches in Sari city which their numbers are infinite. The questionnaires were distributed randomly and relative classified among 395 customers. The data was analyzed using structural equations and Lisrel software. The results indicate that objective dimensions of electronic payment has impact on using electronic payment systems with mediating role of subjective dimensions of electronic payment in branches of Mellat Bank in Sari city. In this regard, all hypothesis were confirmed and finally some recommendations were provided to branches of Mellat Bank in Sari city. Keywords: Technical securities, transaction processes, security statements, perceived security, perceived trust, the usage of electronic payment system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Surveying the Effect of Objective Dimensions of Electronic Payment on Using Electronic Payment Systems with Moderating Role of Perceived Security and Perceived Trust of Electronic Transfer in Mellat Bank
R. Alizadeh S. M. HosseiniOzineh E. KhaniPresent study tries to survey the effect of objective dimensions of electronic payment on using electronic payment systems with mediating role of subjective dimensions of electronic payment in Mellat Bank branches of Sari city. From standpoint of goal, this study is an MorePresent study tries to survey the effect of objective dimensions of electronic payment on using electronic payment systems with mediating role of subjective dimensions of electronic payment in Mellat Bank branches of Sari city. From standpoint of goal, this study is an applied study and from method point of view is a survey – descriptive and cause - reason study. Statistical population is customers of Mellat Bank branches in Sari city which their numbers are infinite. The questionnaires were distributed randomly and relative classified among 395 customers. The data was analyzed using structural equations and Lisrel software. The results indicate that objective dimensions of electronic payment has impact on using electronic payment systems with mediating role of subjective dimensions of electronic payment in branches of Mellat Bank in Sari city. In this regard, all hypothesis were confirmed and finally some recommendations were provided to branches of Mellat Bank in Sari city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Developing a Judicial Accounting Paradigm in the Fluctuation of the Level of Protection of Shareholders' Profits in Companies: An Analysis Based on the Thorndike's Theory Test
Somayeh Sharifi Seyed Ali Vaez mehdi basiratThe Purpose of this research is developing a Judicial Accounting Paradigm in the Fluctuation of the Level of Protection of Shareholders' profits in Companies by Thorndike's Theory Test. In this study, which was conducted in the period of one year in 2018-2019, the colle MoreThe Purpose of this research is developing a Judicial Accounting Paradigm in the Fluctuation of the Level of Protection of Shareholders' profits in Companies by Thorndike's Theory Test. In this study, which was conducted in the period of one year in 2018-2019, the collection tool included two parts of a questionnaire and the data disclosed in the financial statements of Tehran Stock Exchange companies. In fact, in order to improve the level of innovation in the relationship between judgmental and quantitative processes in accounting research, a standard questionnaire was used to collect data on the development of the judicial paradigm and entropy analysis was used to collect data on the protection of Shareholders' profits. Then, the total results of companies' evaluation in terms of judicial accounting effectiveness were examined based on two criteria of companies with protection of high shareholders' interests and protection of low shareholders' profits by multivariate maneuver tests, repeated measures analysis of variance and post hoc tests. The results of the research hypothesis test showed that the judicial accounting paradigm in companies with high protection of shareholders 'interests compared to companies with low protection of shareholders' interests is significantly different. In fact, this result shows the link between the judicial accounting paradigm as a stimulus and a factor to protect the interests of shareholders which aims to create a coherent approach to comply with accounting outputs with laws and regulations and detect financial irregularities to increase sensitivities to protect the interests of shareholders and has the function of building trust among shareholders in the company. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - The potential of compost-based organic nano-adsorbent (Compost/Fe3O4NPs) for contaminated soil remediation
laleh Ghafghazi Lobat Taghavi Behnam Rasekh Hadi Farahani Amir hesam HassaniOne of the most important emerging pollutants in human health, food safety, and environmental protection challenges is phthalate esters. Among these, the contamination of agricultural soils with the endocrine-disrupting chemical Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has be MoreOne of the most important emerging pollutants in human health, food safety, and environmental protection challenges is phthalate esters. Among these, the contamination of agricultural soils with the endocrine-disrupting chemical Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been confirmed globally. In this research, the DEHP-absorption potential of compost enriched with Fe3O4 NPs was identified. The effects of the sorbent dose in the range of 2–5 g.L-1, 3–11 pH, and DEHP concentration at 5–10 mg.L-1 on absorption efficiency (%) were optimized via response surface methodology in design expert software. The kinetic equilibrium experiment results showed a two-step process, requiring 6 hours of equilibrium time for the exothermic adsorption process at 25ºC. The adsorption process of DEHP fitted best to the pseudo-second-order kinetic (R2 = 0.9932) and the linear form of the Freundlich isotherm models. In the central composite design, the significant quadratic model was validated and used to predict the interaction of variables (P-value <0.0001, adjusted R2 = 0.9753). The optimum conditions of absorption efficiency (74.173%) were obtained at a sorbent dosage of 4.157 g.L-1, pH 5.85, and a DEHP concentration of 4.88 mg.L-1 with a desirability of 0.987. The comparison of FTIR absorption spectra confirmed the active participation of O-H bands (functional groups of phenol, alcohol, and carboxyl) and primary amine (N-H) in the DEHP absorption through interaction with the oxygen atom of the phthalate ester group (C=O). As a result of its successful and acceptable efficiency, using compost/Fe3O4 NP absorbent based on organic wastes is a low-cost and eco-friendly technique for DEHP removal from sensitive ecosystems and also to improve the efficiency of bioremediation in agricultural soils amended by compost. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - اثر اجرای طرحهای بومگردی بر وضعیت حفاظت جنگلها و معیشت ساکنین حوضه آبخیز واز در استان مازندران
مونا تاریوردی قاسم حبیبی بی بالانی جلال محمودی -
Open Access Article
13 - Introducing a novel zoning model in protected areas based on habitat connectivity analysis in habitat patches of Ovis orientalis in Varjin protected area
Nasim Kheirkhah Ghehi Seyed Ali JoziThis article presents a novel zoning model for protected areas, emphasizing habitat connectivity analysis, in Varjin protected area, province of Tehran. Protected areas are an approach to biodiversity conservation and the provision of ecosystem services in ecologically MoreThis article presents a novel zoning model for protected areas, emphasizing habitat connectivity analysis, in Varjin protected area, province of Tehran. Protected areas are an approach to biodiversity conservation and the provision of ecosystem services in ecologically valuable areas. Habitat connectivity analysis is becoming more important by increasing the intensity of human pressures and the emergence of resilience-based management plans. As a result, the location of each patch in the whole landscape plays a vital role in conservation. Considering this perspective, the zoning pattern of Varjin protected areas is discussed in this article based on habitat patches of wild sheep (Ovis orientalis). The selected connectivity indices are IF (patch scale) and IIC (landscape scale), modeled based on graph theory in the Graphab software and calculated on the Euclidean distance. After overlaying the obtained results, the patches on the east side of the region (patches 1 and 4) in both scales (local and landscape) have the highest index values. The results show 0.75 and 0.56 for the IIC index and 3.17E+15 and 3.84E+12 for the IF index. It is determined that patches located on the east side of the area (patches 1 and 4) at both scales show the highest index levels and should be prioritized in conservation plans. Finally, new areas for conservation have been introduced by overlaying the maps of habitat connectivity and conservation zoning of Varjin Protected Area. This article introduces the connectivity analysis for biodiversity conservation as a new step in developing a protected area zoning pattern. The model can be used for other areas as well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - مکانیابی مناطق مستعد توسعه طبیعتگردی منطقه حفاظت شده سهند با استفاده از تصمیمگیری چندمعیاره و سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی
ساناهین تاروردیانس امید رفیعیان -
Open Access Article
15 - ارزیابی استفاده از سیستم آبیاری قطرهای در جنگلهای دست کاشت بیجی شمال کرج
رضا صالحی سینا عطارروشن رمضانعلی پوررستمی -
Open Access Article
16 - Using of Protection maps to prevent drinking water wells contamination
H.R Naseri مجتبی GharehmahmoodlooOne preventive in instrument for contamination of wells extracting groudwater forpublic supply is setting up protection zones around wells. For determining qualitativelimit of Sari drinking water wells, Information of 21 wells that control by water andwastewater company MoreOne preventive in instrument for contamination of wells extracting groudwater forpublic supply is setting up protection zones around wells. For determining qualitativelimit of Sari drinking water wells, Information of 21 wells that control by water andwastewater company of Sari. So, Protection zones of Tangh Lateh has greatest areaand is going to be least toward Sari. Protection raduis is a function of hydrogeologicalcharacteristic, some extraction water and time of travel zone. The results fromcorrelation diagrams between this parameters and protection raduis explain two point:1- Some parameters has a different effects on up gradient protection raduis and downgradient protection raduis. 2- Saturated thikness has an effective role in value ofprotection raduis in Sari. With respect of correlation diagrams between effective raduisand up, down and prependicular protection raduis,The rate of protection raduis isdetermined appoximately.The results from hydrogeochemical analyze show that theprotection zone Tangeh Lateh wells has low contamination and rate of contaminationis increased toward Sari in protection zones of drinking water wells. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - The Environmental consequences of reduced water levels in the lake uromieh and its survival
Mohmmad Ali Ahmady Samira AsghariThe rich biodiversity of Iran at the center of cross road of Asia/Africa and Europe has been damaged very much just because of industrial pollutions, vast urban area, trashes, UN controllable grassing, jungle and desert alleviation, and soil erosion. Water has been a cr MoreThe rich biodiversity of Iran at the center of cross road of Asia/Africa and Europe has been damaged very much just because of industrial pollutions, vast urban area, trashes, UN controllable grassing, jungle and desert alleviation, and soil erosion. Water has been a critical matter in Iran because of men destructive activities. Uremia lake_the biggest lake in the Middle East_has been dried completely. Uremia Lake located in 45 to 46 longitudes and 37 to 38/5 altitudes. This lake is one of the biggest Lake in Iran plateau. UNISCO declared the lake a world heritage site. Because of having unique and beautiful natural attractions. Uremia Lake is the second beautiful lake in the World for its flora, fauna and attractions. Its one the best example of Sustainable Tourism. The aim of this research is study of water shortage in the lake and offering the best proposal for saving it. This research is descriptive and the data has been gathered through the valid book and documents and has been analysis descriptively. The results of researches show that water of Urmia Lake decreased 6 miters during 13 years. The main reasons are: dedicating %90 of water for agriculture use. development Planning for the area, for the area, using water for cities, villages, lack of good and efficient management, lack of good pattern of Plantation, hot weather and evaporation, and using Too much of underground water supplies digging wells. The situation of Urmia Lake is showing lack of planning and proper civil projects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Capability Assessment of Tourism Geomorphosites in Arid Zone by Using Comanescu Models (Case Study: Maranjab)
golamreza nasirpour mohamad alizadeh Saied Rahimi Horabadi Hadi KarimiGeomorphotourism and geotourism is Responsible approach, conservation and scientific phenomena is unique in terms of identifying geomorphosites To sustainable socio-economic development of local communities and is traced the protection of geological heritage Combining t MoreGeomorphotourism and geotourism is Responsible approach, conservation and scientific phenomena is unique in terms of identifying geomorphosites To sustainable socio-economic development of local communities and is traced the protection of geological heritage Combining the fields of cultural heritage, history and ecology of the high potential for sustainable tourism offers. This article tries to focus on the best available research and arid desert areas of the region maranjab Choose from eight types of tourism development and the processes of desertification and desert selected geomorphosites ability to evaluate geomorphosites this area. In this context, the use of assessment methods based on the evaluation of the 5-fold scientific, cultural, aesthetic appearance, economic and administrative potential of the area is evaluated using field survey. The results showed that, the desert and desert maranjab due to its tourist attractions, are now in need of structural and management of tourist services with an emphasis on the formulation of conservation laws. While some such geomorphosites lake terraces, more feature-based comparison of the positions nbka, barkhan and new approaches are geotourism. Which requires the separate programs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Analysis of the Role of Agricultural Extension on Conservation of Agricultural Water Resources: A qualitative study in the Kermanshah county
maryam shirkhani reza movahedi Musa Aazami Hamid BalaliThe purpose of this study was to analyze the role of agricultural extension on conservation of agricultural water resources in the Mahidasht Plain of Kermanshah County, Iran. A qualitative study was adopted with a conventional content analysis approach. The purposive sa MoreThe purpose of this study was to analyze the role of agricultural extension on conservation of agricultural water resources in the Mahidasht Plain of Kermanshah County, Iran. A qualitative study was adopted with a conventional content analysis approach. The purposive sampling method was conducted using snowball method. Data collection was done through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with four groups of key informants, including managers, experts, researchers, and university lecturers from 10 organizations related to agricultural water resources (N=51). Data were analyzed using the MAXQDA-10 software concurrently with data collection. Also content analysis of documents related to the research subject was conducted. 347 primary codes, 5 main categories, and 11 sub- categories emerged as the results of qualitative content analysis process. These categories as the role of agricultural extension on conservation of agricultural water resources, include: Improving cultural and social situation including, making culture for optimal consumption of resources (39 codes), increasing participation (29 codes), and creating employment opportunities (22 codes); improving economic situation of stakeholders including, increasing agricultural production and productivity (26 codes) and increasing income (24 codes); improving policy-making including, agricultural development (28 codes) and water resources policies (37 codes); improving organizational and institutional interactions between agricultural extension and research organizations and universities (33 codes) and the Non-governmental and private organization (28 codes); and modifying behaviors toward exploitation of fundamental production resources (42 codes) and unsustainable production practices (28 codes). These key roles for agricultural extension is essential to help solving the water crisis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Analysis of Relationship between Ethics Norms, Knowledge and Water Conservation Behavior among Fatmers of Halil Rood Watershed in Jiroft County
Rezvan Mehni Raftar امیر نعیمی Rouhallah Rezaei Younes KhosraviThe purpose of this descriptive study was to analyzing relationship between ethics norms, knowledge and water conservation behavior. The statistical population consisted of farmers of Halil Rood watershed located at Jiroft county (N=2601) that 339 farmers were studied u MoreThe purpose of this descriptive study was to analyzing relationship between ethics norms, knowledge and water conservation behavior. The statistical population consisted of farmers of Halil Rood watershed located at Jiroft county (N=2601) that 339 farmers were studied using Krejcie and Morgan and proportional stratified random sampling method. Face and content validity of questionnaire were confirmed a by panel of experts and its reliability was approved with calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.71-0.79). Descriptive statistics results showed that frequency distribution of the three studied variables (water conservation behavior, ethics norms, knowledge) were at medium level. Correlation analysis findings showed that variables such as: ethics norms, knowledge of storage and preservation and knowledge of reduce water evaporation had significant and positive correlation with water conservation behavior of farmers. Results of linear regression by stepwise method showed that ethics norms and knowledge of storage and preservation explained about 66 percent of the variability of water conservation behavior among farmers Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - factors affecting farmers’excessive use of application chemical pesticides and Analyzing the self-protective behavioure about the use of chemical pesticides (Case Study: Zanjan province)
Nafiseh Salahi Moghadam rohollah rezaei Aurang KavousiIncreased mortality and morbidity of humans due to unsafe use of chemical pesticides are the most serious occupational hazards faced by farmers in developing countries. As such, The purpose of this research was to investigation of factors affecting farmers’ excess MoreIncreased mortality and morbidity of humans due to unsafe use of chemical pesticides are the most serious occupational hazards faced by farmers in developing countries. As such, The purpose of this research was to investigation of factors affecting farmers’ excessive use of application pesticides and identify barriers to farmers’ usage of self-protective behavioure about the use of chemical pesticides in Zanjan province. The statistical population of this study consisted of the thematic experts in Zanjan province of which 20 persons were selected using the purposive sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The software of MAXQDA 12 was used to analyze the data. The results of the study showed that the main factors affecting the farmers’ excessive use of application pesticides were cognitive-informational weakness, educational-extensional services weakness, Characteristic of chemical pest control methods, supportive weakness and personal factors. Additionally, the results of the study indicated that the variables Lack of attention of the government and relevant organizations to farmers' health, health culture weakness among farmers, economic factors, personal factors, information weakness and Individual protection equipment barriers effected self-protective behaviors of farmers in the use of pesticides. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Examining frost protection behavior and its efficiency among apple orchardists: a case study of Kakan dehistan, Boyer-Ahmad county
Maryam Sadeghnia Maryam Sharifzadeh Mostafa AhmadvandFrost as one of the environmental crises accompanying climate change phenomenon has caused significant annual economic losses in the agricultural sector production. This survey research was carried out with the aim of analyzing frost protection practices among apple orc MoreFrost as one of the environmental crises accompanying climate change phenomenon has caused significant annual economic losses in the agricultural sector production. This survey research was carried out with the aim of analyzing frost protection practices among apple orchardists of Kakan Dehestan, Boyer Ahmad county (N = 1241, n=112). The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Face validity confirmed by a panel of experts. In order to measure reliability, a pilot study was conducted and Cronbach's alpha coefficient estimated (0.69< α <0.89). Based on the results, the most frequent behaviors among the gardeners were predictive behaviors and the use of technological measures was the least prevalent ones. Orchardists were clustered into two groups of compatible organizers and incompatible procrastinators. The results of the t-test analysis showed that the two groups had adopted different behaviors regarding the protection of gardens in dealing with frost; in such a way that the group of compatible organizers was significantly different from the group of incompatible procrastinators in terms of forecasting actions, planning actions, control actions, traditional actions, and techno-innovational actions. Results of the logistic regression showed that orchardists with more coping appraisal, threat appraisal and household size and less physical costs were more likely to adapt protection behaviors. According to the findings of the research it is necessary to develop frost protection measures through encouragement of gardeners via incentive policies, establishing gardeners' organizations and group formation to deal with frost protection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Investigating factors affecting the behavior of chemical fertilizer consumption: A study of corn growers in Daroodfaraman village, Kermanshah city
amir mansourian Mohammad jalali farzad eskandariThe main aim of the present study was to investigate the factors influencing the behavior of chemical fertilizer consumption among corn farmers in Daroodfaraman district of Kermanshah city. For this purpose, a quantitative paradigm was used. The statistical population i MoreThe main aim of the present study was to investigate the factors influencing the behavior of chemical fertilizer consumption among corn farmers in Daroodfaraman district of Kermanshah city. For this purpose, a quantitative paradigm was used. The statistical population in this research included all the corn farmers of Duroodfaraman village of Kermanshah city who had cultivated corn last year (N=80). Using random sampling method and Karjesi and Morgan table, 80 of them were selected to conduct the research. The main tool of data collection in this research was a standard questionnaire whose validity was examined and verified using content and construct validity and its reliability using composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. SPSS version 25 and SmartPLS version 3 software were used for data analysis in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the study showed that the intention to use chemical fertilizer has a positive and significant effect at the level of 1% on the chemical fertilizer consumption behavior of the corn farmers of Darud Faraman district, and this variable is able to explain 22% of the variance of the chemical fertilizer consumption behavior of the studied farmers. Also, the results of the study showed that the variables of moral norms, attitude towards chemical fertilizer consumption and mental norms by explaining 73% of the changes in the variable of intention to use chemical fertilizer of the corn farmers of Darudfaraman district indirectly have a positive and significant effect on the behavior of chemical fertilizer consumption. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Determining the Farmers Adaptation Intention towards Dust-Haze; Extended Model of Protection Motivation Theory (PMT)
Faranak Sahrayi Omid M. Ghoochani Asie Ghorbani Ahmad Rezvanfar Mansour GhanianThe purpose of this study was to investigate the farmers' adaptation intentions towards dust haze using the extended model of the "Protection Motivation Theory". This research was a descriptive study which was compiled using a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliabil MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the farmers' adaptation intentions towards dust haze using the extended model of the "Protection Motivation Theory". This research was a descriptive study which was compiled using a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by composite reliability and its validity confirmed in three ways of content, construct and discriminant. Data analyzed using SPSS V21 and Smart PLS software. According to the results, the subjective norms, disincentives, beliefs in climate change and maladaptation have positive and significant effects, as well as the adaptation assessment has a negative and significant effect on the farmers' adaptation intentions towards dust-haze. Results showed about 96% of the farmers’ adaptation intention towards dust-haze explained. The results showed that considering the slow effect nature of dust-haze, the estimated extended model in this study has an appropriate fit for assessing farmers' adaptation intention. In this context, due to the low visibility nature of the effects of climate change, adding tangible variables to farmers can increase model accuracy and it is recommended in future studies. According to the results, the farmer's fatalism leads to the denial of the dangers of the dust-haze. Lack of adequate financial resources is one of the main constraints on farmers' adaptation intention. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Development of a Structural Model of Conservation Agricultural Technology among Wheat Producers in Ilam Province Based on Variables of Social Capital and Social Perception
Faranak Sahrai Ahmad Rezvanfar Amir AlambaigiPresent study aimed to develop a structural model of conservation technology among wheat farmers in Ilam province based on social capital and social perception. The statistical population of the study was 3250 wheat farmers. Based on Daniel FPC's (1999) formula, and by MorePresent study aimed to develop a structural model of conservation technology among wheat farmers in Ilam province based on social capital and social perception. The statistical population of the study was 3250 wheat farmers. Based on Daniel FPC's (1999) formula, and by stratified sampling ttechnique, 270 of them were selected and the data was collected from them. For reliability, combination reliability was used. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed in three ways: formal, structural and diagnostic. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS21 and smart PLS software. Structural equation model showed that three factors of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavior control have a strong effect on the intention that the basic theory of behavior is confirmed. Also, social capital variable have as a one dimansion of social components direct and significant effect on the intention to adopt conservation agricultural technologies, Social impression does not have a significant effect on the moderation of the relationship between intention and behavior. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Temporal variations of soil moisture in relation to precipitation and temperature under fallow and planted conditions in rainfed land
uones mazllom Aliabadi alireza vaezi jeafar nikbakhtSoil moisture (SM) is the major factor controlling plant growth particularly in rainfed lands. It varies due to the change of climatic parameters such as precipitation and air temperature and evaporation. This study was conducted to found climatic factor influencing soi MoreSoil moisture (SM) is the major factor controlling plant growth particularly in rainfed lands. It varies due to the change of climatic parameters such as precipitation and air temperature and evaporation. This study was conducted to found climatic factor influencing soil moisture under rainfed conditions. A field experiment with two cultivated conditions: under fallow and cultivated with winter wheat was designed in a rainfed land with 10% slope steepness in the University of Zanjan during growth period from 2016 to 2017. Toward this, six plant plots with 2m × 5m dimensions were installed along the slope orientation similar to conventional tillage method in the area. Volumetric soil moisture was measured in 7-day interval using TDR model IDRG SMS-T2 set during growth period Climatic variables including air temperature (AT) and precipitation (P) along with soil temperature (ST) were determined during growth period. Based on the results, SM in cultivated plots was about 11% less than the follow plots, and this difference was statistically significant between the two. Amount of soil moisture significantly varied among different months (p<0.001). Significant correlations were found between SM and P, AT and ST in the two cultivation conditions (p<0.05). Higher dependency of SM on AT (r=0.44) and ST (r=0.51) was observed in fallow plots as compared to planted plots. This study revealed that ST is the most effective property controlling SM in fallow and planted lands in the area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Effects of individual and combined application of vermicompost and silica nano particles on soil infiltration
Seyedeh Saba Mousavifar Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi Nader BahramifarThe water infiltration into the soil is an effective factor on runoff generation and watershed situation. Althoughmany approaches have been therefore developed to improve infiltration process, but, less attention has been paidto use nano-paticels individually and in com MoreThe water infiltration into the soil is an effective factor on runoff generation and watershed situation. Althoughmany approaches have been therefore developed to improve infiltration process, but, less attention has been paidto use nano-paticels individually and in combination with organic amendment with the aim of improvement ofwater infiltration into the soil. The present research has been hence planned to assess the effect of organicvermicompost (V) amendment in 100 g m-2 and silica nanoparticles in 3 levels of 3, 7 and 10 g m-2 individuallyand in compound on infiltration of a sensitive soil to erosion from Marzanabad-Kandelus at small plots scaleunder experimental situation. The water infiltration measured under rainfall simulation with intensity of 50 mmh-1 and 50 min duration and different treatments and the statistical analysis was accordingly conducted. Theresults showed that all treatments except silica nanoparticles level three (NS3), increased the infiltration anddecreased runoff volume compared to the control treatment. The water infiltration into soil in the cases of (V),silica nanoparticles (level one) (NS1), silica nanoparticles (level two) (NS2), vermicompost and silicananoparticles (level one ) (VNS1), vermicompost and silica nanoparticles (level two) (VNS2), vermicompost andsilica nanoparticles (level three) (VNS3) increased by 24.79, 30.63 , 10.18, 14.05, 15.09 and 23.30 %,respectively and the (NS3) decreased by 0.24 %. The differences between performance of individually andcombined application of vermicompost and silica nanoparticles confirmed the necessity of the correct usage ofamendment in soil and water management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Influence of different subsurface drainage systems on nitrate losses from rainfed-canola croplands
Farzad HaghNazari Fatemeh Karandish Abdullah Darzi-Naftchali Jirka SimunekIn this research, which was carried out in the 4.5-ha consolidated paddy fields of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University during two cropping cycles of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017, the influence of different drainage systems on total nitrate loss into l MoreIn this research, which was carried out in the 4.5-ha consolidated paddy fields of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University during two cropping cycles of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017, the influence of different drainage systems on total nitrate loss into local surface water resources was investigated. These systems included three regular subsurface drainage systems with different drain depths and spacings of, respectively, 0.9 m and 30 m (D0.90L30), 0.65 m and 30 m (D0.65L30), and 0.65 m and 15 m (D0.65L15), and a bilevel drainage system consisting of four drain lines with 15 m spacing and 0.65 and 0.9 m alternative depth (Bilevel). In addition to daily measuring drainage fluxes, nitrate concentrations in the collected drainage water were also measured every other weeks during the cropping cycles. Daily average drainage discharges under Bilevel, D0.90L30, D0.65L30, and D0.65L15 varied in the ranges of 0-231 cm3 s-1, 0-220 cm3 s-1, 0-227 cm3 s-1 and 0-250 cm3 s-1, respectively. Analyzing precipitation-drainage discharge correlations reveals that the precipitation intensity of 10 mm d-1 is the threshold of drainage capacity reduction, and precipitation intensities beyond this threshold may result in water logging challenges in the study area. Consolidating the selected drainage systems may result in annual nitrate losses of 2.2-34.7 kg ha-1 into the surface water resources; however, the D0.65L30 systems may have less environmental consequences in this view of point. Therefore, environmentally sustainable operations of these systems for expanding rainfed-cropping requires precious investigations when selecting drain depths and spacings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - The Effects of Irrigation with Innovative Compost Tea from Food Waste on Some Tomato Traits
Nasim Golestanehzadeh Javad Razmi Masoud HonarvarBackground and Aim: Food waste is one of the biggest challenges in today’s modern world and leads to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming issues. Converting organic waste into vermicompost and compost tea by efficient biotechnology methods could prevent nat MoreBackground and Aim: Food waste is one of the biggest challenges in today’s modern world and leads to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming issues. Converting organic waste into vermicompost and compost tea by efficient biotechnology methods could prevent natural resources depletion and decrease carbon footprint. These soil conditioners promote soil fertility, crop yields, soil resources conservation, and community health.Method: Based on this study, organic waste of the industrial kitchen of the science and research branch university, was converted to vermicompost. The compost tea was produced by a mixture of seaweed, vermicompost, molasses, and humic acid. Greenhouse studies to compare the effect of experimental treatments including irrigation level with compost tea 25, 50, and 100% and chemical fertilizer containing calcium nitrate, potassium sulfate, and 10-52-10 fertilizer on vegetative and biochemical traits of tomato (Karun variety) in six replications were performed.Results: The results showed that irrigation with 100% compost tea and chemical fertilizer, were not significantly different from each other and had the highest effect compared to other treatments. Irrigation with 100% compost tea had the greatest effect on leaf number (66 pieces), plant height (29.8 mm), root length (660 mm), and root fresh weight (29.84 mg). The highest number of flower clusters (8.94 clusters), root diameter (8.94 mm), peroxidase enzyme (3.5 µmol mg-1 protein min-1), chlorophyll a (14.44 mg g-1 FM), and total chlorophyll content (191.91 mg g-1 FM) obtained from 25% compost tea.Conclusion: There was no difference between irrigation with 25 and 100% compost tea, and chemical fertilizers. Furthermore, they had similar effects on most of the studied traits. So, irrigation with compost tea can decrease chemical fertilizers in tomato fields and leads to soil conservation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Effect of Tillage Direction and Straw Mulch on Precipitation Use Efficiency in Wheat Rainfed Land in a Semi-Arid Region
Alireza Vaezi Samira Rezaeipour Mohammad Babaakbari Fereshteh AzarifamBackground and aim: Soil properties and management methods can affect plant growth and crop yield in agricultural areas. Rainfed agriculture is a dominant farming type in the world, which covers about 80% of the world's cultivated land and about 67 % of agricultural lan MoreBackground and aim: Soil properties and management methods can affect plant growth and crop yield in agricultural areas. Rainfed agriculture is a dominant farming type in the world, which covers about 80% of the world's cultivated land and about 67 % of agricultural lands in Iran. Most of rainfed lands are in slope areas and tilled along slope, an incorrect method which accelerates water erosion. Controlling soil erosion and storing precipitation water in soil is the first step to conserve soil and water resources and increasing crop yield in rainfed lands. The change of tillage direction from along slope to contour line and maintaining crop residues can affect water loss, Precipitation use efficiency (PUE) and crop yield in rainfed areas. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of tillage direction and wheat straw mulch on water loss, crop yield and precipitation used efficiency in a winter wheat rainfed land. Methods: The study was carried out in a rainfed lands with sandy loam soil under a slope of 10% in west of Zanjan, North West of Iran. field experiments were conducted at two tillage direction: along slope and contour line, and five wheat straw mulch application levels (control, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) with three replications. Precipitation data (height, duration and intensity) was taken from the Agricultural Meteorological Station located in the University of Zanjan, about 800 m from the study field. Winter wheat was cultivated at the plots early autumn and harvested early summer. Water loss from the plots was measured for each rainfall event resulting runoff at the plots during nine months growth period. Wheat grain yield was determined for each plot and accordingly precipitation use efficiency (PUE) in kg/ha.mm was computed based on wheat grain yield (kg/ha) per effective precipitation during growth period (mm). Soil properties and winter straw mulch characteristics were determined using the conventional methods in the lab and the variance analysis was used for determination of independent effect of tillage direction and straw mulch level and interactions between the two factors. Results: Eighty-two precipitation events were occurred in the area during a 9 months winter wheat growth period, which rainfalls included 88% from it. Most of rainfalls occurred in October that resulted most water loss at the plots. Water loss at the plots tilled contour line was 14% lower than the plots tilled along slope. However, water loss between the two tillage directions was no significant, whereas wheat grain yield as well as PUE were significantly affected by tillage direction. Straw mulch considerably affected on water loss, wheat grain yield and PUE. An obvious decrease was found in water loss with increasing in straw mulch level. The lowest water loss among different mulch levels was in 100% mulch level for the two tillage directions (63% for along slope tillage and 64% for contour line tillage). Significant interaction of the two factors was observed just for wheat grain yield. The highest wheat grain yield was in 75% mulch level which was about 27% (2.04 ton/ha) and 34% (2.45 ton/ha) bigger than control treatment, respectively. The highest PUE was also in 75% mulch level both in along slope tillage (7.2 kg/ha.mm) and contour line tillage (8.6 kg/ha.mm), which was 27% and 34% higher than control treatment, respectively. Conclusion: Results show the precipitation use efficiency (PUE) is an improper index for evaluation of the role of precipitation in crop production in wheat rainfed lands. This index can be affected by both tillage direction and wheat straw mulch application in rainfed lands. These two management methods are independent factors which affects strongly on the wheat grain yield and in consequence on the PUE. The change of tillage direction from along slope to contour line along and application of 75% mulch level (equal to 4.5 ton/ha) are proper strategies for conservation of soil and water and improving the utilization of precipitation in wheat rainfed lands. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Determining the Optimal Amount of Zeolite in Order to Control Runoff and Sedimentation of Burnt Soil under Laboratory Conditions
Leila Gholami Ataollah Kavian Nabiyeh KarimiBackground and Aim: Changes in soil moisture and aggregates stability both in the short term and in the long term after fire are important because of their important role in plant growth and nutrition and soil erosion. On the other hand, the conditioners usage in soil a MoreBackground and Aim: Changes in soil moisture and aggregates stability both in the short term and in the long term after fire are important because of their important role in plant growth and nutrition and soil erosion. On the other hand, the conditioners usage in soil and water conservation is necessary for the sustainable usage of water and soil resources. The soil and water conservation requires the determining the optimal amount of soil conditioners in order to prevent water pollution with the application of chemical fertilizers. Nevertheless, determining the optimal amount of various soil conditioners less has been note with the quantification aim of their effect on the runoff and soil loss components. The present study was conducted in order to determination of the optimal amount of zeolite in fire soil under laboratory conditions. Method: In the current research, zeolite additive with amounts of 250, 500 and 750 g m-2 was used in the collected soil from the rangeland. The preliminary results on the soil showed that the soil texture, organic matter, organic carbon and pH, EC were clay, 0.47 percent, 0.27 percent, 7.86, respectively. After preparing the soil and placing inside plots (with scale of 0.5 m2), fire treatment applied to the soil surface. For this purpose, the remains of air-dried rangeland species with amounts about 250 g m-2 were poured and then fire was applied. The plots were placed under rainfall simulator system for a rainfall intensity of 50 mm h-1. Then, the runoff and sediment samples were collected in control and conserved plots with zeolite in three replicates. The total volume of the runoff sample and its sediment concentration were take constant for 24 h and the excess water volume of the samples was drained and finally the samples were placed in an oven at a temperature of 105˚c for 24 h. Results: The statistical results indicated the zeolite conditioner with rates of 250, 50, and 750 g m-2 on the surface of fire soil had the significant effect on the increasing the time to runoff (in confidence level of 99 percent) and decreasing the runoff volume (in confidence level of 99 percent), soil loss (in confidence level of 99 percent) and sediment concentration (in confidence level of 99 percent). Also, the results showed that the conservation percentage of time to runoff in zeolite treatment with rates of 250, 500 and 750 g s-2 was 1.61, 17.30 and 20.04 percent, respectively. The changes percent of the runoff volume in the fire soil with the zeolite application with different amounts was 8.00, 10.66 and 22.66 percent, respectively. The results of soil loss indicated that the conservation percent of zeolite conditioner in fire soil after the zeolite application with the used amounts was 14.24, 32.03 and 38.33 percent, respectively. Finally, the changes percent of zeolite conditioner in the fire soil on sediment concentration were 21.13, 24.90 and 21.41 percent, respectively. Conclusion: The fire phenomenon in the control treatment caused the decreasing the soil porosity and the creation of the hydrophobic layer, which also decreased the infiltration amount of soil and also caused to drying of the soil, especially in the surface layer, and significantly increased the runoff and sediment transportation. The subgrouping results of the different zeolite treatments on the time to runoff showed that zeolite with the amount of 750 g m-2 was placed in the third subgroup, which it was selected as the optimal amount to increasing the time to runoff and reducing the runoff volume in the post-fire soil conditions. Also, the investigation of the conservation effect and grouping the different zeolite amounts showed that the zeolite with the amount of 250 and 500 g m-2 were the better for sediment concentration and soil loss, respectively, its same effect with other amounts and also its discussion of the economic efficiency. Therefore, they are suggested as optimal and practical values for changes study of sediment concentration and soil loss components. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Determination of the appropriate policy programming to conservation of water resources in Qazvin plain
Mohammad Mahdi MozaffriConservation of surface water and groundwater resources needs to be applied appropriate strategies and policies in this context that more understanding of farmers' behavior is vital. Therefore, in present study used of positive mathematical programming (PMP) and product MoreConservation of surface water and groundwater resources needs to be applied appropriate strategies and policies in this context that more understanding of farmers' behavior is vital. Therefore, in present study used of positive mathematical programming (PMP) and production function with constant elasticity of substitution (CES) approach to investigate farmers' behavior in surface water and groundwater usage and determination the appropriate policy programming to conservation of Qazvin plain water resources. The investigated strategies include increasing the price of irrigation water and reducing the availability water resources that each under the various scenarios was investigated. The required data in this study are related to year 2011-2012 that by referring to the relevant departments in Qazvin province was collected. The results showed that each two investigated approaches in this study leads to saving irrigation water, but the changes mean of gross margin by applying the availability water reducing policy and increasing the price of irrigation water policy 15.94 and 27.61 percent decrease respectively. The economic irrigation water productivity also in condition of above policy implementation changes of 0.435 to 0.331 and 0.434 to 0.230 the thousands of cubic meters respectively. Therefore, the reducing water availability policy according to the less reduction of the gross margin resulting from cropping pattern and more economic water productivity was proposed to conservation of Qazvin plain surface water and groundwater resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Effect of type and application level of polyacrylamide on soil loss
Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi Zeinab Karimi Hossein Ali BahramiSoil erosion is one of the basic issues at global, regional and local scales. Considering management plans in hindering its effects has therefore significant importance. Additionally, application of additive materials including polyacrylamide is one of new techniques in MoreSoil erosion is one of the basic issues at global, regional and local scales. Considering management plans in hindering its effects has therefore significant importance. Additionally, application of additive materials including polyacrylamide is one of new techniques in the field of soil erosion control. Despite of application of Polyacrylamide in runoff and soil erosion management, its contemporary effect in type and the amount of usage has been less considered. The present study was therefore carried out in order to determine the impressibility of soil loss in small plots from application of flour and soluble polyacrylamide in different levels of 0.4, 2, and 6 g m-2 under the laboratory conditions. To this end, three plots with dimensions of 0.5*0.5m and 30% slope were used. In order to apply the current study, rainfall was simulated on study plots with intensity of 50 and 80 mm h-1 and respective duration of 17 and 8 min after 48 h from using polyacrylamide in flour and soluble types. The results obtained from statistical tests verified significant (P=0.00) effect of polyacrylamide type and different rainfall intensities on the amount of soil loss in different levels of the polyacrylamide usage. In addition, the performance of powder application of polyacrylamide under study conditions was found better than that recorded for the solute application and therefore is recommended for the purpose of soil loss control. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Laboratory study of expansive soil treatment using consecutive wetting and drying cycles
Amin Soltani Ali Raeesi EstabraghTreating problematic soils at the location of irrigation and drainage networks in order to prevent hydraulic structure failure and thus water losses is considered an important issue regarding water and soil conservation. Expansive soils are found in many parts of the wo MoreTreating problematic soils at the location of irrigation and drainage networks in order to prevent hydraulic structure failure and thus water losses is considered an important issue regarding water and soil conservation. Expansive soils are found in many parts of the world and are considered a worldwide problem as they cause extensive damage to structures (especially hydraulic). This paper presents the laboratory results of wetting and drying cycles for expansive clay prepared with saline (sodium chloride with a concentration of 50 g/L) to improve its quality. Soil samples were prepared by static compaction using saline water and wetting and drying cycles by a modified and conventional Oedometer apparatus. Results indicated that axial deformation caused by consecutive wetting and drying cycles decreases and reaches equilibrium after five consecutive cycles thus causing the amount of swelling and shrinkage to be equal. Furthermore swelling and shrinkage paths (void ratio versus water content paths) indicate that the general shape of a wetting or drying cycle is an S-shaped curve which will reach equilibrium thus eliminating hysteresis caused by wetting and drying in the final cycle causing identical swelling and shrinkage paths. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Trend of soil loss and sediment concentration changeability due to application of polyacrylamide
Seyed Hamid Reza Sadeghi Zeinab Hazbavi Habibollah Younesi Morteza BehzadfarSoil erosion control is very important to natural resources conservationists and managers. For this reason, different methods and practices have been developed and used to control soil erosion. Application of soil amendments is one of the most recent technologies in soi MoreSoil erosion control is very important to natural resources conservationists and managers. For this reason, different methods and practices have been developed and used to control soil erosion. Application of soil amendments is one of the most recent technologies in soil and water conservation. However, different aspects of its application have not comprehensively been considered. Hence, the present research intended to assess the application of polyacrylamide (PAM) as an important soil amendment on soil loss and sediment concentration. The research was conducted under simulated rainfall condition in small plots on the loess soils of Bojnourd City located in Northern Khorasan Province, Iran. Accordingly, the laboratory experiments were conducted in treatments of 0 (control), 0.4, 0.6, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 g m-2 of polyacrylamide with simulated rainfall intensity of 72 mm h−1 with 30 minutes duration in three replicates. The collected data on soil loss and sediment concentrations showed that polyacrylamide significantly reduced both soil loss (P=0.04) and sediment concentration (P= 0.004). The maximum sum amount of soil loss and sediment concentration were 49.32 g and 10.79 g/l, respectively, at control treatment and their minimum were 18.03 g and 6.93 g/l respectively, at 6 g/m2 level of PAM application.Also, the results showed that the polyacrylamide had no significant effect on temporal changes of soil loss and sediment concentration during event duration (P>0.3). The results suggest that PAM, as an available amendment, can be recommended for water and soil conservation purposes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Effect of rice straw on surface runoff and soil loss in small plots
Seyed Hamid reza Sadeghi Ehsan Sharifi Moghadam Leila GholamiSoil erosion is one of the most challenging issues in optimal conservation of soil and water resources. Land surface cover affects runoff production and soil loss processes. Nowadays, miscellaneous amendments and conditioners are being applied to conserve water and soil MoreSoil erosion is one of the most challenging issues in optimal conservation of soil and water resources. Land surface cover affects runoff production and soil loss processes. Nowadays, miscellaneous amendments and conditioners are being applied to conserve water and soil worldwide. However, the role of environmentally friend and available organic amendments have been rarely considered. This study was therefore taken place in order to assess the effect of rice straw (0.5 kg m-2) on runoff volume and soil loss on a sandy clay loam placed in three small plots (0.5×0.5×0.3m) with 20% slope steepness using rainfall simulator. The study plots were then subjected to 50 and 90 mm h-1 rainfall intensities for 15 minutes after spreading rice straw on the soil surface. The results showed that the rice straw treatment under 50 and 90 mm h-1 rainfall intensities and in comparison with control plot reducing the runoff about 90% and 96%, respectively. In addition, soil loss was completely controlled in treated plots and under both studied rainfall intensities. All differences were found statistically significant at 1% significancy level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Effect of wheat straw on changing time to runoff and runoff coefficient in laboratory plots under rainfall simulation
Ataollah Kavian Maziar Mohammadi Moghadaseh Fallah Leila GholamiThe runoff and soil erosion is most basic of environmental, agricultural and food production problems in the world, that these had adverse effects on the natural ecosystems and man-managed. One of the most important factors of runoff and soil erosion control is using or MoreThe runoff and soil erosion is most basic of environmental, agricultural and food production problems in the world, that these had adverse effects on the natural ecosystems and man-managed. One of the most important factors of runoff and soil erosion control is using organic and inorganic mulches, that they have most role in runoff and soil erosion control. Therefore in this study, for studying time to runoff and runoff coefficient changes used from an organic mulch (wheat straw mulch) in laboratory conditions. The experiments was done using rainfall simulation, in slope of 30% and plot scale of 0.5 m2 with 3 replications, with two cover percent of 50 and 90% and rainfall intensities of 50 and 100 mm h-1 for 10 min and then the time to runoff and runoff coefficient rates measured. The results showed that in rainfall intensities of 50 and 90 mm h-1, the conservation treatment could increase and decrease time to runoff and runoff coefficient, respectively and the cover of 90% had more effect in increasing time to runoff and decreasing runoff coefficient. The enhancement percent of time to runoff in rainfall intensities of 50 and 100 mm h-1 (cover of 90%) was 102.37 and 70.80%, respectively. The reduction percent of runoff coefficient in rainfall intensities of 50 and 100 mm h-1 (cover of 90%) also was 36.58 and 27.31%, respectively. The effect of conservation treatment and rainfall intensity variables evaluated significant expect in the effect of rainfall intensity × conservation treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - An analytical study of Vishnu's relationship with the world and man in the context of Hindu sacred texts
Mojtaba Zarvani Niloufar SalmaniThe main problem of this research is the evolution of Visnu with the world and man in two Vedic and Post-Vedic periods. According to the signs, Vedic texts, which express Aryan thoughts, point to the encompassment and dominance of Visnu in the world and his creativeness MoreThe main problem of this research is the evolution of Visnu with the world and man in two Vedic and Post-Vedic periods. According to the signs, Vedic texts, which express Aryan thoughts, point to the encompassment and dominance of Visnu in the world and his creativeness, as well as the texts of the post-Vedic period, which are a return to the Dravidian period, indicate that Visnu is the center of existence both a center for creation and a center for manifestation in the world and human heart. In addition, in the texts of the Vedic period, Visnu is relevant to the world from both preservation and salvation aspects; however, in the texts of the post-Vedic period, preservation, salvation, and immanency are attributed to Visnu. Visnu's relationship with human in Vedic and Post-Vedic texts is in the form of manifestation in the world and human heart in order to make human ideals and needs practical. In the Vedic era, ideals are more related to material affairs though in the post-Vedic era, the emphasis is on spiritual matters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Evaluating the effects of environmental development using degradation model (Case study: Bagh-e Shadi protected area)
mahdeia ebrahymi maryam morovati Mahdi TazehBackground and Objective: Protected areas in the country requires monitoring and protection measures due to reduced quality. Therefore, in this regard, degradation model could be applied by quantifying human activities The aim of this study was environmental impact asse MoreBackground and Objective: Protected areas in the country requires monitoring and protection measures due to reduced quality. Therefore, in this regard, degradation model could be applied by quantifying human activities The aim of this study was environmental impact assessment of development in Bagh-e Shadi protected area using the degradation model in 2020.Material and Methodology: To implement this model in the study area, first the area was divided into 406 pixels with a scale of 1: 50,000 and dimensions of 500 x 500 cm. Using existing maps, field observation and experts' opinions, 8 factors of degradation model in the whole region were identified and their severity was determined.Findings: The results showed that among the identified degradation factors, tourism activities had the most degradation in the protected area of Bagh-e Shadi. Then, the ecological vulnerability of the area was calculated using slope, direction, altitude, climate, soil depth, vegetation density, temperature, rainfall, land use with GIS tools and classified according to severity. After calculating the physiological density, the degradation coefficient was calculated in each of the pixels and was classified into 6 classes and 3 categories based on fuzzy theory. Then all networks are compared in terms of severity and extent of degradation and the whole region was divided into three zones: prone to further development, in need of reconstruction and in need of protective measures.Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that in terms of land quality, 27.83% of the region is in the category of prone to further development (second categories), 35.22% in the requires reconstruction categories, 29.31% in the categories requires protective measures 64.7% are in the floor in need of protection measures (first categories). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Evaluation of Emprical Models for Sediment Yield Prediction at Semi-Arid Small Watershed using Measured Data
Ali Bagherian kalat Ali Akbar Abbasi Seyed Masoud SoleimanpourBackground and Objective: Due to the lack of sediment stations in most of the country's watersheds outlets and inadequacy of data, experimental models can be important tools for the production of these information layers. Common Empirical model in Iran is EPM. Method: MoreBackground and Objective: Due to the lack of sediment stations in most of the country's watersheds outlets and inadequacy of data, experimental models can be important tools for the production of these information layers. Common Empirical model in Iran is EPM. Method: Since this model has been designed in other countries, it is necessary to examine its performance in Iran. The main objective of the project is Model situations with nature and complete database available about erosion and its affecting factors. In implementing this plan, 4 small soil dams in Kardeh Dam and five sub-basins have a pond to collect runoff and sediment in Sanganeh of Kalat was selected. These catchment areas were studied and information layers for EPM model produced. Amounts of sediment were estimated and were compared with observed sediment. Findings: The results indicated that the uncalibrated FMS model overestimated the eroded materials. Results of the EPM and calibrated FMS model indicated 0.66 and 0.35 Nash-Sutcliff efficiency. Discussion and Conclusion: Therefore, we can accept the estimated results of this model as somewhat reliable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Attitudes towards environmental protection by Grounded Theory approach (The Case of: Agricultural students of Razi University in Kermanshah)
Somayeh Shahbazi Somayeh Khosravi Hossain Mehdizadeh Mosayeb GholamiBackground and Objective: The critical global environmental degradation that day on the depth and scope of this crisis increases. If are not serious consideration to solve its, human will face disaster. Higher education institution is expected to provide appropriate tra MoreBackground and Objective: The critical global environmental degradation that day on the depth and scope of this crisis increases. If are not serious consideration to solve its, human will face disaster. Higher education institution is expected to provide appropriate training, knowledge to change attitudes and behaviors of students to provide environmental protection. Method: This research is qualitative and based on Grounded Theory approach, protective attitude towards the environment is studied. Sampling method was purposive and agriculture students were selected and they were interviewed. Central question of this research include aspects of how students? What are their strategies for environmental protection? Findings: The results showed explain the attitude of students towards environmental protection, "environmental destructive activities", "a little knowledge and awareness of environmental," "culture of respect for the environment", "consistently look the environment "," programs that support environmental protection "and" environmental protection educational programs " is. Discussion and Conclusion: The results also showed that one of the students strategies to protect the environment, changing attitudes through educational programs of protect the environment. Therefore, it is suggested that universities establish curricula and courses to promote a culture of respect for the environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Determination of Ecoregions of Iran’s Southern Coasts as a Basis to Determine Coastal-Marine Protected Areas Using GIS System
Bahareh Samadi Kuchaksaraei Seyed Mohammadreza Fatemi Afshin Danehkar Seyed Ali Jozi Ehsan Ramezani FardBackground and Objective: In recent years, there is an increasing attention to homogenous representative areas to develop a network of coastal-marine protected areas. One of the current common systems is an ecoregion approach. The aim of this study was to determine ecor MoreBackground and Objective: In recent years, there is an increasing attention to homogenous representative areas to develop a network of coastal-marine protected areas. One of the current common systems is an ecoregion approach. The aim of this study was to determine ecoregions of southern coasts of Iran as a basis and prerequisite to develop coastal-marine protected areas according to global new procedures. Materials and methods: A survey to recognize the ecoregions of southern coastlines of Iran in Persian Gulf, strait of Hormoz and Oman Sea was done according to international valid and common criteria. Criteria used in this study were determined in the field of biogeography according to the related literatures in this field, and three criteria of surface sea temperature, depth and surface currents were set as the base criteria. The maps of determined criteria were overlapped with the help of ArcGIS. After that, identified areas were controlled with country divisions, and then final boundaries and limitations of southern coast’s ecoregions were separated. Results: Results showed that, in Iran’s southern coast, five ecoregions can be recognized. Discussion: This classification, which is the first one in Iran, can be a basis and a step to select coastal-marine protected areas and a model for ecological surveys. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Necessity of Implementing Precautionary Principles in Environmental Protection
Shirin Shirazian Flora Heidari Mehdi HeidariAbstract Undertaking precautionary means to avoid adverse impact of environmental activities about whose probability of occurrence lacks scientific certainty have found a profound position within international environmental law, this is generally referred to as precaut MoreAbstract Undertaking precautionary means to avoid adverse impact of environmental activities about whose probability of occurrence lacks scientific certainty have found a profound position within international environmental law, this is generally referred to as precautionary principle. Since international community is always seeking solutions to protect environment, the precautionary principle has been emphasized as one of the fundamental principles of international law in numerous documents including hard law and soft law. According to the light of the precautionary principle, even in cases where any definitive scientific reason indicating harmfulness of environmental activities is yet to be found, it is still necessary to undertake precautionary practices by the best technology to reduce potential risks affecting the environment and activities that have potentially adverse effects should be reduced. Results of the present research indicate that the precautionary principle is engaged with numerous legal issues as it suffers from non-uniform implementation and lack of agreement on the concept of scientific uncertainty. To cope with this challenge, it is necessary to start with presenting a comprehensive definition of precautionary principle based on consultation in a document called convention-framework where generalities of the topic are discussed, followed by coming to an agreement on details and expressing possible disagreements such as implantation of the precautionary principle and formulating future agreements based on the principles and objectives defined in the convention to form future documents, generally referred to as protocols along with taking advantages of technical consultation with environmental experts to assess local environment Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Investigation of vegetation biodiversity changes in relation to different ecotourism pressure zones (Case Study: Khojir National Park)
Atlas Jirdashtani Mahdi Ramezani Sara Nahibi Nematollah KhorasaniBackground and Objective: Nowadays, ecotourism is very important for managing economic growth as well as preserving the environment and biodiversity in many countries. Ecotourism is one of the most comprehensive aspects of tourism that has a high impact on biodiversity. MoreBackground and Objective: Nowadays, ecotourism is very important for managing economic growth as well as preserving the environment and biodiversity in many countries. Ecotourism is one of the most comprehensive aspects of tourism that has a high impact on biodiversity. Evaluation of biodiversity as an indicator is essential for better conservation of vegetation and species diversity. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of ecotourism on species diversity of Khojir National Park. Material and Methodology: We selected a low-ecotourism pressure zone (100 to 150 m distance from the road) and a medium-ecotourism pressure zone (50 to 100 meters from the road). All plant species were recorded at 36 random plots (1 × 1 m, 1 m2). Biodiversity indicates determine by using PAST and Ecological Methodology software.Findings: According to the results, there was a significant negative relation between statements of questionnaire and age. Relation between willing to certificated products and educational levels was positive significantly. There was not a significant relation between income levels and their wellness to these products.Discussion and Conclusions: knowledge and willing to participate in forest management via certificated forest products purchasing are affected by social other than economic factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - The Effect of Environmental Education on the Amount of Knowledge Level, Attitude and Behavior of Local Society to Protect the Biological Variety (Subject of Study to Reserve Dena Sphere of Living)
Parsa Arameahinia S. Mohammad Shobeiri Maryam LarijaniBackground and Objective: This research, have considered the effect of environment education on the knowledge level, attitude and behavior of local society to protect the biological variety.Method: Research method is experimental partly as a pre-test and post-test by th MoreBackground and Objective: This research, have considered the effect of environment education on the knowledge level, attitude and behavior of local society to protect the biological variety.Method: Research method is experimental partly as a pre-test and post-test by the control group. Statistical society in the research is 10628 families who are living in the place of Dena. Participants were selected by the way of voluntarily sampling and divided in to 2 groups of 30 persons randomly in testing group and control group. The people settle in to testing and control groups. This research used the researcher’s answer sheet that 15 specialized confirmed its apparent and concept and total stability of 30 questions equals to 0/9. Answer sheets were distributed among participants before and after the education and necessary description was explained about this research to them. Then, people in group of control and testing answer the questions. SPSS-21 software used to analysis the data.Findings: Results demonstrated that Environmental education on the level of awareness of local communities has an effect equal to %72 which this amount was meaningful for error level less than 0.01.The results of the second hypothesis showed that Environmental education of local communities has the effect equal to %26 on the variable of attitude, that this was meaningful at the error level less than 0.01.The results of the third hypothesis showed that effectiveness of Environmental education of local communities in Biodiversity protection (Aspect of behavior), is %32 percent.Discussion and Conclusion: Investigation of general hypothesis of research demonstrate that Environmental education has meaningful effect on the level of awareness, attitude and behavior of local communities in Biodiversity protection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Analyzing Attitudes of Local People towards Socio-Economic Impacts of Land Use Change in Arasbaran Biosphere Reserve
Vahid Amini Parsa Ahmadreza Yavari Athare NejadiBackground and Objective: Understanding attitudes of local people on protected areas, especially land use management is necessary for maintaining, managing and achieving sustainable development in these areas. Considering local resident's attitudes can promote protected MoreBackground and Objective: Understanding attitudes of local people on protected areas, especially land use management is necessary for maintaining, managing and achieving sustainable development in these areas. Considering local resident's attitudes can promote protected areas management and help to recognize the problems and potential solutions. So in this research the attitudes and perceptions of people of Arsabaran Biosphere Reserve's about socio-economic impacts of land sue changes were analyzed. Method: 367 questionnaires consist of 24 questions distributed using stratified random method and full field by interviewing with local residents of the zones within the Arasbaran Biosphere Reserve (including the core, buffer and transitional zones). Validity and reliability of research was determined. Findings: Analysis show that the people consider scales and so socio-economic impacts of land sue changes in the local and regional scales is more important. Discussion and Conclusion: Local residents understand the necessity of maintaining land uses, but preferring the socio-economic issues and their livelihoods. People showed obviously the rational choice on their answers, and based on their current and future needs introduced future useful land uses. Using local residents' attitudes may help the managers to find out their needs as direct driving force of land use changes within the area and leads them to design win-win plans though land use management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Zoning, zones management and landscape design periphery of Iranian ancient trees (Case study: Mongabad Mehriz old cedar)
Mohammad hadi Rad Mohammad hosan Irannejad parizii Saed Reza Mahdavi Amin YeganehBackground and Objective: Old trees are considered as rich genetic resources and valuable natural monuments. Among the old trees, the natural heritage of Mongabad Mehriz old cedar has always been the attention of people in Yazd province, especially the people of Mehriz MoreBackground and Objective: Old trees are considered as rich genetic resources and valuable natural monuments. Among the old trees, the natural heritage of Mongabad Mehriz old cedar has always been the attention of people in Yazd province, especially the people of Mehriz city, Iran. For the management and conservation of this tree, zoning, zones management planning and landscape design were needed and necessary. Material and Methodology: The base of this classified was IUCN classification and its match to the realities and comprehensive plan of the Mehriz city. Due to the review of the resources and conditions available, the perimeter of the cedar was classified in a range of 300m in different zones, contains management and recreational zones. Board capacity was also calculated for recreational activities in the tree area. Findings: The results of zoning studies showed that 4 zones as management zones and 2 zones as recreational zones are of special importance and should be considered. Management zones include restricted nature zone, protected zone, shield Zone, and other uses zone were with an area of 2826, 5024, 23550 and 251200 m2 respectively. Type I and II type promenade zone were 11664 and 15000m2. By mapping and identifying the physical status all of the zones, the necessary proposals for each one of the zones were presented. In this regard ecological sustainability of the environment and tree health were considered. Based on this view, in order to organize the tree for the promenade, the landscape design (with the maximum maintenance of the existing green space and surrounding monuments) was taken. The capacity of the range for recreational activities were estimated at 276 people per day. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that although activities performed in the recent years around the cedar have been the main and influential factor on tree health, but by designing and implementing management and recreation programs in the form of proposed zones, it is possible to rebuild with a focus on tree health and tourism boom. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - A look at the provisions of international law in order to combat with desertification in the middle east region
manijeh ganjalinejad Ali Zaree seyed ganjalinejadFollowing the drought and famine of the early seventies in Africa, the issue of desertification as a global problem has arisen.Operational and educational measures were taken to combat desertification across the four continents of Asia , Africa ,Latin America and Europe MoreFollowing the drought and famine of the early seventies in Africa, the issue of desertification as a global problem has arisen.Operational and educational measures were taken to combat desertification across the four continents of Asia , Africa ,Latin America and Europe.on June 17, 1994, the text of the convention was finalized. Less developed countries, especially African and Middle Eastern countries, are more likely to be affected by drought and desertification issues such as poverty, health, inadequate nutrition and migration issues. Implementation measures have been taken to combat desertification but these actions were not fit with the needs of the international community.It cannot be a fundamental solution to the problem of desertification. But the fact is that there is a serious weakness in the field of legal documents. In other words, countries that are somehow involved with this phenomenon ,They have not taken effective practical measures to compile and approve binding documents to reduce desertification. Middle East countries are more affected by the consequences of drought and desertification than any other country in the world. And its effects are also evident in the dust phenomena that have plagued the area for many years. Of course, this shortage of countries is rooted in many issues, including political, economic, social and cultural. In this way, The paper seeks to examine international legal instruments related to the desertification problem using analytical-descriptive methods and identify an existing legal bugs in issues. Although many international documents have been compiled in the field of desertification and many efforts have been made to deal with desertification, But looking at these documents and other international efforts, we can understand that if legal documents could be decisively solving problems, there would be no need for a new solution. And it seems that in order to avoid the conflicts of the regional governments in the conferences, they should reach a binding agreement to deal with desertification that can be implemented. Because the conventions either do not guarantee implementation or have a weak implementation guarantee, and as a result, we face problems in implementation A regional treaty between the countries affected by this situation should be formed and it needs to be specific to the Middle East region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Evaluating the Impacts of Implemented Watershed Management Project on Vegetal Cover and Sediment Yield in Kakhk Watershed Project
Ali Bagherian Kalat Gholam Reza Lashkaripour Mohammad GafooriBackground and Objective: This research was carried out to study the impacts of implemented watershed management project on vegetal cover and sediment yield in Kakhk Watershed Project.Material and Methodology: In this research in the first stage characteristics of each MoreBackground and Objective: This research was carried out to study the impacts of implemented watershed management project on vegetal cover and sediment yield in Kakhk Watershed Project.Material and Methodology: In this research in the first stage characteristics of each predicted mechanical operations from detailed studies of Kakhk watershed were recorded. Also, the soil erosion and vegetation condition of area before performancing watershed operation were determined. The characteristics of each watershed management structures such as situation, number, volume and its siltation were measured. The biological conservation and efficiency were studied via measuring percent of grass cover, the numbers of live bushes and trees per unit area. The soil erosion was measured by applying MPSIAC model. Consequently, the present and preliminary conditions of watershed (in terms of soil erosion and vegetal cover) were compared with each other and project efficiency was determined.Findings: This reseasch revealed that due to Kakhk implemented watershed management project the average vegetation cover and dry forage production increased from 25% and 17 kg to 49% and 89 kg, respectively. The mean efficiency of all mechanical activities is 76 %. The rate of soil erosion decreased from 20 to 10 t ha yr-1.Discussion and Conclusion: The data analysis revealed that after 20 years of project implementation, the vegetation factors improved obviously and the amount of soil erosion has fallen by 50 %. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Cooperation of Iran with the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals "CMS" in the form of Memorandums
Ghazaleh Ketabdari Alireza ZaheriThe Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, also known as CMS or the Bonn Convention, is one of the most important international legally binding agreements on the conservation and management of migratory species. It is a treaty under which a MoreThe Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, also known as CMS or the Bonn Convention, is one of the most important international legally binding agreements on the conservation and management of migratory species. It is a treaty under which all terrestrial, aquatic and avian migratory species are conserved. The CMS commits all States Parties, including Iran, to establish concerted action for migratory animals, and with the necessary infrastructure, emphasizes the basic principles of cooperation and prevention to protect migratory species throughout their migration and habitat. So far, seven legally binding agreements and nineteen executive memorandums of understanding have been concluded under the auspices of the CMS. In this article, these four memoranda of understanding have been studied. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method, intends to examine how to implement the provisions of the CMS Convention, its legal and executive gaps and the challenges faced by emphasizing the situation of Iran. The findings of this study show that despite extensive activities and useful measures related to Iranian migratory species within the framework of these four agreements and in the light of cooperation with the CMS Convention, four decades after its establishment and more than two decades of cooperation with Iran, still the satisfactory results in the conservation status of many species is not fully performed. It is deserved that this part of the biodiversity of Iran should be protected and supported favorably by eliminating legal and executive weaknesses and employing efficient, wise and centralized management as well as the cooperation of all organs and the people. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Estimated conservation value of protected area with contingent valuation method (CVM) and Analytic hierarchy process (AHP)
mohamad Arab Yabarati fatemeh karimi organiBackground and Objectives: Mishdagh protected area is located in Khuzestan province. Due to the value and importance of this region and the Iranian deer species protected in this region, as well as the biodiversity of the region, which contains a rich genetic source, ha MoreBackground and Objectives: Mishdagh protected area is located in Khuzestan province. Due to the value and importance of this region and the Iranian deer species protected in this region, as well as the biodiversity of the region, which contains a rich genetic source, has so far Valuation work has not been done for it. Due to its protective importance, the purpose of this study was to estimate the conservation value of protected area using conditional valuation and hierarchical analysis methods. Method: The conditional valuation method was used to estimate the conservation value of the area. Data were collected through questionnaires filled out by 136 people. The role and contribution of each individual, social and economic factor and the willingness to pay respondents based on the Logit model were estimated and then, with the aid of a hierarchical analysis, prioritizing the indirect, direct, indirect, value, direct and indirect values of the value of the area and heritage value Depending on the degree of importance they took. Findings: The average willingness to pay for the protection of the area was 73230 rials per visitor and the total protective value was determined to be 7432845000 rials. The results of hierarchical analysis showed that the legacy value of the region in the first rank and then the existential value, optional value, indirect value of use and direct consumption value are in the next rank. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that increasing the level of education, household income and awareness of the visitors increases their willingness to pay. The level of awareness of visitors and tourists from the protected area was low. Because only 5% of the people already knew the sample of the information provided about the area, this indicates that there should be enough information to identify the area to be made available to the public. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Investigating the Role of Social Capital in Environmental Protection in Ilam City
Pakzad Azadkhai jaafar Hosseinzadeh Farahnaz KaramiBackground and Objective: The relationship between the environment and social capital is one of the newest subjects which have attracted the attention of the environmental researchers. Scholars believe that the levels of social capital have a significant effect on the e MoreBackground and Objective: The relationship between the environment and social capital is one of the newest subjects which have attracted the attention of the environmental researchers. Scholars believe that the levels of social capital have a significant effect on the environmental behaviors and the protection of the environment, and the environmental behaviors of people and their tendency to maintain the environment depend on personalities, conditions and social capacities in a society. In other words, the main objective of this paper is to investigate the role of social capital in protecting the environment in Ilam City. Methodology: The method used in this study is analytical-descriptive. The statistical population includes the residents of Ilam City, and 383 of them were chosen as the sample using Cochran's Formula, and they were given the questionnaires by Stratified Random Sampling Method. To gather the required data, the researcher-made questionnaire was used whose validity and reliability were confirmed by experts and by Cronbach's alpha, which was calculated to be 0.879. To analyze the data, correlation and regression tests in LISREL application were used. Findings: The findings reveal that there is a positive significant relationship between the social capital and protecting the environment. Furthermore, there is a positive significant relationship between the components of the relational capital and cognitive capital and protecting the environment. However, there is no relationship between the component of structural capital and protecting the environment. Discussion and Conclusions: In order to realize the predetermined objectives of protecting the environment with the least amount of expenses and the most cooperation based on trust and affinity, social capital in the society is of utmost importance. The higher the social capital in a community, the higher the willingness and tendency to protect the environment in that community. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Pathology of Non- Acceptance Conservation Agriculture in Kermanshah Province by Using Paradigm Model
mosayeb gholami amir alibygi abdolhamid papzanBackground and Objective: Problems facing the agricultural sector of Kermanshah province, such as; emissions of greenhouse gases, soil erosion, excessive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers have caused that in this province and there is no choice but to turn to c MoreBackground and Objective: Problems facing the agricultural sector of Kermanshah province, such as; emissions of greenhouse gases, soil erosion, excessive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers have caused that in this province and there is no choice but to turn to conservation agriculture. Despite promotional activities and programs to promote conservation agriculture, this has not been well received by farmers, and there are only a handful of farmers who use conservation agriculture. Therefore, the present study deals with the pathology of non-acceptance of conservation agriculture in Kermanshah province. Method: The research community in this research is the experts in the Agricultural conservation Office in Jihad Agricultural Organization of Kermanshah Province. Identification of the samples was done purposefully and using sampling with maximum diversity. The data gathering tool was interviewed and data analysis was content analysis and paradigm model of grounded theory. Findings: The results showed that there are countless factors that prevented farmers from accepting agricultural conservation, including factors such as lack of government support, economic and cultural problems, lack of access to equipment, etc. Discussion: Considering to findings research on the existence of supportive, economic and cultural barriers and the inability of farmers to deal with these dilemmas and problems., Therefore, it is recommended that planners and policymakers extension and develop agricultural conservation by removing barriers and holding suitable training courses and field visits to extension of agricultural conservation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Preservation Valuation in Khaeiz Protected Area Using Contingent Valuation Method
saeed mohaghegh esfandiar jahantab Hasan Yeganeh ahmad bahrevar Hoda KhoshzaherBackground and Objectives: The value of non-market for environmental goods such as habitat protection and perspectives are important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective Khaeiz protected area is by use of contingent valuation method.Method: In this stud MoreBackground and Objectives: The value of non-market for environmental goods such as habitat protection and perspectives are important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective Khaeiz protected area is by use of contingent valuation method.Method: In this study the effect of different explanatory variables on respondents' willingness to pay for the Protection of logit regression model was used. The required data from 196 completed questionnaires were collected. Findings: 71% of respondents expressed a willingness to contribute to the protection of the region. Results of logit model estimation showed that the index trend of environmental variables, accountability, financial, environmental and offered membership in the organization are significant. The results showed that the expected value of the willingness to pay was 23948/5 million Rials. The monthly value of protecting the region against 18861/28 million rials respectively. The protective value against was determined 287382/7million rials annually in the study area. Dividing this figure by the total area of ecosystems studied, the average per hectare of ecosystem protection against 8888 thousand (according to the area of 32332 hectares’ area) is obtained. It is recommended at least annually, equivalent to 8888 million (annual preservation value per hectare) Rials for investment protection Khaeiz area. It represents the estimated total value of ecosystem protection in the region. In other words, the ecosystem of the region also has many other values for example, biological control of pests, pollination, water and soil conservation, medicinal plants and byproducts, capture and storage of carbon dioxide and produce oxygen, biological diversity , prevent soil erosion, combat air pollution, noise reduction, mitigation and climate stylized, green spaces and landscape and natural scenery, temperature adjustment, increase groundwater resources and consequently the springs and rivers, others noted that their value should be estimated. Discussion and Conclusion: In this study, the current situation is an important step to safeguard protected areas and natural resources and move towards sustainable development. Also for planners, managers and decision-makers provide justification to the quantity and quality of natural resources to support them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Feasibility of Establishing the Ministry of Environment in the Iranian Legal System
Ali Mashadi fatemeh zaboli zavarehThe Department of Environment is the main custodian of environmental protection and the implementation of Principle 50 of the Constitution. The accuracy of the organization's performance shows the failure of the full and effective implementation of the assigned tasks, w MoreThe Department of Environment is the main custodian of environmental protection and the implementation of Principle 50 of the Constitution. The accuracy of the organization's performance shows the failure of the full and effective implementation of the assigned tasks, which has provided the ground for raising the issue of forming the Ministry of Environment. Proponents of this plan express Reasons like Creating integration and managerial cohesion, structural weaknesses and shortcomings of the legal system and lawful parliamentary oversight and opponents point to the confusion of sovereignty and entrepreneurship, the weakening of the main task of the institutions subject to merging and their different positions, and the difficulty of managing a multi-sectoral institution difficulty of managing a multi-sectoral institution. The present study, with its descriptive-analytical method, seeks to examine the possibility of forming the Ministry of Environment in the Iranian legal system. Studies have shown that fundamental legal problems such as the lack of a comprehensive sustainable development plan and environmental protection developed based on the general policies of the environmental system, as well as the existence of parallel, scattered and old rules and regulations lack comprehensive and systematic approaches to environmental management, affects the management of the department or ministry, and they must be addressed first. However, given the ministry's organizational, social, and legal status in the country's political system, the Ministry of Environment's structure seems to be more successful in creating and implementing these fundamental changes and solving existing problems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Identify areas affected by flood risk and provide operational solutions to reduce deer losses in the Mond protected area
Esmaeil Abbasi Hana EtemadiBackground and Objective: Floods, as one of the most important annual natural hazards, cause irreparable human and financial losses specially in coastal area and delta rivers. Based on the presence of Iranian deer and the risk of their extinction due to flood losses in MoreBackground and Objective: Floods, as one of the most important annual natural hazards, cause irreparable human and financial losses specially in coastal area and delta rivers. Based on the presence of Iranian deer and the risk of their extinction due to flood losses in the protected area Mond, identifying areas affected by floods and providing operational solutions to reduce the losses of this species became vitally important. So, it is the main purposes of this study. Material and Methodology: Vegetation cover, drainage density, distance from waterway, land type, land use, rainfall, land slope and land curvature have been used for modeling and zoning of floods in this study area Findings: Results show that around 1850 hectares of the protected area affected in flood time with a return period of two years. The flood zone increased by 4300 hectares with a five-year return period. Also, the flood impacted area reached to 22,700 hectares in flood with a 10-year return period. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the output maps and field data, it was concluded that the creation of low-rise platforms in the optimal habitat of deer would be the best ways to reduce deer losses by flooding. The location of these platforms chooses based on the flood zoning map, the deer presence and gathering points as well as the places with heavy loss of deers in previous floods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Enhancement of Visited Areas Management Based on Ecotourism Management Key Strategies
Tahere Ardakani Ali Reza Mikaeli Abdolrassoul Salmanmahiny Marjan MohammadzadehBackground and Objective: Ecotourism is an important economic activity in natural areas of the world and will provide opportunities for visitors to experience the manifestation of nature and culture and this important happens in visited areas. Managers must be able to m MoreBackground and Objective: Ecotourism is an important economic activity in natural areas of the world and will provide opportunities for visitors to experience the manifestation of nature and culture and this important happens in visited areas. Managers must be able to make balance between recreation needs and resulted impacts of ecotourism in those areas. This paper provides a set of guidelines to facilitate decisions regarding ecotourism management and development for ecotourism managers.Material and Methodlogy: This study is aiming at a mention of the importance of strategies implementation and necessity of correct using those by overview of the important management strategies of visited areas for achieving to sustainable development goal from past to now, for example UNWTO, Eurostate, The Nature Conservancy.Findings: Management strategies form a base of an ecotourism management plan (EMP). In this paper, ecotourism management key strategies were introduced in detail that included zoning for visitor uses, planning and design of visits site, sustainable infrastructure design, mechanisms for income generation, management and monitoring visitors and naturalist guides.Discussion and Conclusion: Conditions will provide for potential empowerment of areas for ecotourism as a force in order to protect environment and sustainable development by the result of implementing each of these management strategies in a visited area and these will be fruitful for managers of visited areas and as well as other agencies such as, tour operator and hotel developers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Analyzing the predictors of attitudes towards the invasion of the Iranian squirrel species (Sciurus anomalus) in Alborz and Qazvin provinces: providing a structural equation model in order to manage and control the invasion process
reza ghasem pour Jalil Imani Mohammad Kaboli Amir alam baigiBackground and Objective: Today, with the entry of Persian squirrel species by humans into the foothills of Alborz mountain range, especially Qazvin and Alborz provinces, it has caused damage to the environment and local communities. The aim of this study was to provide MoreBackground and Objective: Today, with the entry of Persian squirrel species by humans into the foothills of Alborz mountain range, especially Qazvin and Alborz provinces, it has caused damage to the environment and local communities. The aim of this study was to provide a structural model of attitudes of gardeners damaged by the infestation of Persian Squirrels in Qazvin and Alborz provinces for efficient management and control of squirrel invasion in the region. Material and Methodology: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection, it is of survey type. In this study, a questionnaire was used in Alborz and Qazvin provinces. Validity of the questionnaire from three methods; Convergent validity, Factor Analysis and Divergent validity was used; And for the reliability of the questionnaire in two methods; Cronbach's alpha and sequential theta were used and the questionnaire was reviewed and validated; The statistical population of gardeners is damaged; Its size was estimated based on the Cochran's formula of 392 people. Then the structural equation model with partial least squares method was used to estimate the Unknown parameters of the model used. Findings: Research findings showed, the degree of agreement with control strategies, Knowledge about squirrels and ethical considerations are the most important determinants of a reliable level 99% P≤0.01 Respectively with effect coefficients 0.330, 0.256, -0.258 has a Meaningful effect on attitudes damaged gardeners. our other findings showed that the damage factor as an independent external factor added to the model had the most significant effect on the 99% confidence level of P P≤0.01 on the attitude of ethical considerations, beliefs, squirrel control feasibility and agreement with control strategies; There is with effect coefficients -0.236, -0.172, -0.175, 0.244. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that increasing knowledge and awareness about the effects and harms of squirrel invasion in the region is the main factor in increasing public support for control management or eradication of invasive squirrels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Economic Evaluation of Pistachio and Wild Almond Forest Ecosystem with Conditional Valuation Approach Based on Rural and Nomadic Society (A Case Study: of Baft County)
shoja mousapour Ebrahim Moradi Yalda RazaghiBackground and Objective: Forest ecosystems show the most important values of natural assets. Low and unfavorable valuation of forests and considering them as free goods leads to inefficient allocation and mismanagement of forests. Wild pistachio and wild almond forests MoreBackground and Objective: Forest ecosystems show the most important values of natural assets. Low and unfavorable valuation of forests and considering them as free goods leads to inefficient allocation and mismanagement of forests. Wild pistachio and wild almond forests are among the most important forests in Kerman province. The purpose of this study is to estimate the conservation value of wild pistachio (Pistacia terebinthus) and wild almond (Amygdalus scoparia) forests and the average household willingness to pay using socio-economic factors, environmental inclinations and tourist perspective. Material and Methodology: This study has evaluated the economic evaluation of forests using the logit binary model with a two-dimensional double conditional valuation approach. Data were collected using 172 questionnaires from rural and nomadic communities and Excel 2013 and Nlogit 5 software were used to estimate the model. Findings: The results showed that socio-economic factors such as age, education, income and proposed amount, as well as environmental inclinations and tourist attitudes are factors affecting the conservation value and protection of this forest ecosystem and also the attitude of society. The location of the forests was positive and thought-provoking. The average willingness to pay protection value by numerical integration method was estimated to be 16059.09 Tomans per month for each household in the year 2019. Discussion and Conclusion: Factors such as young age (youth), high-income household, higher education, environmental inclinations and tourism perspective are among the factors affecting the protection and importance of forests. Regional policymakers and planners are encouraged to pay special attention to young people participating in forest development and conservation projects, as well as development and environmental programs in In order to increase income and increase environmental awareness and culture in their plans. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - The conservation status of rare sand- like species of Scanbil “Calligonum eriopodum”
Narjes Azizi Gholamreza Hosseini-Bamrood Majid dashti Seyyedeh khadijeh MahdaviBackground and Objective: Calligonum eriopodum is a sand-loving shrub that is native to Iran exclusively in the sand dunes of Hemmat-Abad, Zirkuh-e-Qaen (South Khorasan). The conservation status of this rare and suitable plant for stabilizing quicksand and reducing wind MoreBackground and Objective: Calligonum eriopodum is a sand-loving shrub that is native to Iran exclusively in the sand dunes of Hemmat-Abad, Zirkuh-e-Qaen (South Khorasan). The conservation status of this rare and suitable plant for stabilizing quicksand and reducing wind speed was determined according to International union Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria. Material and Methodology: The conservation status of this rare species was determined according to IUCN criteria, using GeoCat online software, with field surveys in its habitats, and the area of occupancy (AOO) criterion and extent of occurrence (EOO) calculation. Finding: The area occupied by the Scanbil species was estimated by field surveys and then by GeoCat software in its habitats: AOO was 20 Km2 and its presence area was 53.8 km2. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of this study, this species is in the critically endangered class (CR). Surveys have shown that severe falls in water table drown down and unprecedented droughts of the last decade have been considered major contributors to this rare shrub, that needs to be protected as a natural genetic reserve. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Selection of conservation areas with high biodiversity by Marxan software (Case study: Coastal area at the west of Hormozgan Province)
azadeh vaziri nahad Seyed Ali Jozi Rokhshad Hejazi Mohammad Reza Shokri SAEED MALMASIBackground and Objective: In order to preserve diversity of habitats and wildlife, it is inevitable to select the suitable conservation areas representing biodiversity. One of the ways to select conservation areas with high biodiversity is to use Marxan software. The ai MoreBackground and Objective: In order to preserve diversity of habitats and wildlife, it is inevitable to select the suitable conservation areas representing biodiversity. One of the ways to select conservation areas with high biodiversity is to use Marxan software. The aim of this study was to determine suitable conservation patches with high biodiversity by Marxan software and to identify conservation patches under the pressure of pollutant hotspots in the coastal area at the western part of Hormozgan Province. Material and Methodology: In order to identify the conservation areas with high biodiversity, simulated annealing algorithm of Marxan software was used in two scenarios and for this purpose, 36 protection criteria were examined. ArcGIS 10.3 software was also employed to determine the distributions of plant and animal species, as conservation criteria, pollutant hotspots and the existing protected areas. The conservation patches under the pressure of pollutant hotspots were identified by integrating the results of the selected scenario into the map of pollutant sources. Findings: Results of Marxan software which was done in 2020, revealed that the selected conservation areas and the existing areas protected by the Department of Environment were not compatible in terms of biodiversity conservation, nearly 801349 hectares was required to protect 50% of each conservation criterion (second scenario), and the pressure of industrial centers on the eastern and central parts of Kal-Mehran basin should be reduced. Discussion and Conclusion: Since the second scenario covered all the conservation criteria, except for one criterion, it was considered as the best scenario for achieving the conservation goals. Integration of the results from the second scenario into the map of pollutant resources indicated that the conservation patches at the eastern and central parts of the study area were under pressure. Therefore, it was recommended to expand the current protected areas towards the western parts of the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Factors Affecting the Participation of Villagers in Environmental Protection (Case Study: Villages of Qaleh-e-Tel Rural District of Baghmalek County)
bahman khosravipour zeynab Khademi khadijeh soleimani harooniBackground and Objective: Natural resources are one of the inseparable parts of human life, and the participation of villagers in the maintenance and protection of natural resources is essential. This research was conducted in 2014 with the aim of determining the effect MoreBackground and Objective: Natural resources are one of the inseparable parts of human life, and the participation of villagers in the maintenance and protection of natural resources is essential. This research was conducted in 2014 with the aim of determining the effective factors on the participation of villagers (Baghmolek city in Khuzestan province) in environmental protection. Material and Methodology: The random sample of this research consists of 254 villagers from Qala Tal village of Baghmelk city, who were randomly selected using the sampling method. Data collection in this research was done using a researcher-made questionnaire. After preparing the questionnaire and confirming its face validity by experts, its reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient for different research variables. In order to determine the effective factors on the participation of villagers in environmental protection, step-by-step regression analysis was used. Fidings: The results showed that the correlation test between research variables has a positive and significant relationship and the four variables of challenges, desire, government-motivational factors and social-psychological factors are able to significantly predict (R2 = 0.48) the changes They are an effective variable on the participation of villagers in environmental protection. Discussion & Conclusion: Since willingness is an effective factor on the participation of villagers, it is suggested that more emphasis be placed on the participation of villagers in holding training courses. More emphasis should be placed on participating in education classes related to the environment, reporting news related to environmental destruction and talking about the importance of the environment to friends and acquaintances. Government-motivational factors are suggested for the participation of villagers in environmental protection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Estimation of conservation value of Shimbar forest area using CVM and AHP Methods
Arash Mumeni Landi fatemeh karimi organiIntroduction and Objective: Shimbar Protected Area is located in the protected area of Masjed Soleyman city, 80 km northeast of it. The purpose of this study is to estimate the conservation value of Shimbar protected area using conditional valuation method and hierarc MoreIntroduction and Objective: Shimbar Protected Area is located in the protected area of Masjed Soleyman city, 80 km northeast of it. The purpose of this study is to estimate the conservation value of Shimbar protected area using conditional valuation method and hierarchical analysis process. Material and Methodology: A qualitative model and a questionnaire were used to assess the factors affecting the willingness to pay. The required data were collected by completing a questionnaire and face-to-face interviews with 380 visitors in CVM method and 17 questionnaires in AHP method per year. Findings: The conditional valuation method has been used to determine the conservation value of the Shimbar protected area and the AHP method has been used to determine the consumption and non-consumption values. The average willingness to pay individuals per year and the total protective value for estimating the protective value was 11356 and 1473/1073 Tomans, respectively. According to the AHP method, hereditary, existential, optional, indirect consumption and direct consumption values were ranked 1 to 5 with weights, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Therefore, considering the high share of heritage value and the importance of this criterion, which includes a major share of the value of all natural resources, including protected areas, which should be given special attention in policy-making. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - 1
نعمت ا... خراسانی کریم پوراسد مهربانی -
Open Access Article
65 - 2
عباس اسماعیل ساری غلامرضا میرگلوی بیات -
Open Access Article
66 - Surveying Methods of Environmental Protection in Urban Development Plans Using Transfer Development Right
Mojtaba Rafieian Zahra Alsadat ArdestaniBackground and Objective: Since the adoption of the Rio Declaration in 1992 the concept of using a collaborative approach in various fields of development and environmental protection is accepted at the international level. This declaration announces collaborative appro MoreBackground and Objective: Since the adoption of the Rio Declaration in 1992 the concept of using a collaborative approach in various fields of development and environmental protection is accepted at the international level. This declaration announces collaborative approach as an important factor in environmental management and making decision in sustainable development. It makes authorities to apply this approach as much as possible. Method: According to academic and international references and citing the ongoing projects in the world in this field, the intervention mechanisms will be identified and checked. Also the method of applying methods, components and indexes in this approach will be expressed. Findings: The increasing rate of development programs lead to the environmental, economic and social warnings. In response to issues and crises from them, concepts and approaches were proposed which one of them was transfer development right. Discussion and conclusion: This approach makes the owners voluntarily participate in the preservation lands programs and therefore government shouldn’t pay any money for those programs. This research is tried to explain transfer development right approach and its goals and mechanisms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - 3
محمود کرمی محمد ابراهیم عامری -
Open Access Article
68 - Investigation of the Strategies for Urmia Lake Management, Inspired by Experiences Gained from Wetlands and Lakes in the Region
Aida Ahmadi Madjid Abbaspour Reza Arjomandi Zahra AbediBackground: Development is considered as an undeniable part of modern human life. The sustainable viabilityof natural elements such as lakes and wetlands is not only essential for survival of all present and futuregenerations of human on the planet but also necessary fo MoreBackground: Development is considered as an undeniable part of modern human life. The sustainable viabilityof natural elements such as lakes and wetlands is not only essential for survival of all present and futuregenerations of human on the planet but also necessary for all habitats of the Earth. The purpose of this paper is toinvestigate the effects of climate change and development on existance of the regional lakes which in turn areone of the main factors of economic development in the area.Method and result: In this study, the effects of climate change and development program on few regional lakes,including Urmia Lake, are investigated and some recommendations are provided to take proper managementmeasures for the revival of Urmia Lake in order to prevent the dry out of this important natural ecosystem Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Investigation and determination of influential factors on small industries’ willingness to pay (WTP) in order to reduce the environmental pollutions (Case study: Sari County)
Hamid Amirnejad Hamed RafieeBecause of less supervision on small industries, environmental standards are applied in lower degrees and as a result, the environment will become comparatively more polluted. In this regards, 32 small industrial centers in city of Sari were investigated by cluster bran MoreBecause of less supervision on small industries, environmental standards are applied in lower degrees and as a result, the environment will become comparatively more polluted. In this regards, 32 small industrial centers in city of Sari were investigated by cluster branch sampling and contingent valuation method (CVM), and consequently, the effects of different variables on industries’ willingness to pay in order to reduce the environmental pollution were identified. Results of estimation showed that the higher effect in acceptation of bids is related to industries monthly income. By one percent of income growth, probability for acceptation of bids for environmental preservation was increased by 0.4124 units. In this study, variables such as industrial pollution, managers’ environmental information, managers’ level of education, indigenous managers, and industrial monthly income showed positive and significant effect in acceptation of bid for environmental preservation in the province. Conversely, variables of constant industries’ capital, number of industrial labors, and the amount of offered bid and average of salaries showed negative significant effect in this regards. By application of CVM estimation, annual and monthly WTP of small industries in order to preserve environment was estimated at 180842.55 and 2170110.60 Rials, respectively. Thereafter, these quantities can be used in taxation and persuasive guidelines towards the reduction of environmental pollutions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Developing a plan for management of Bashgol protected area (Qazvin) using the overlay method
Borhan Riazi MohammadAli JafariBackground and Objective: Bashgol protected zone, with an area of 6/25198 hectare, is located in Qazvin province. Climate and weather in the area fall within the category of semi-desert areas. The vegetation in this area include the families of pepper, grasses, Composit MoreBackground and Objective: Bashgol protected zone, with an area of 6/25198 hectare, is located in Qazvin province. Climate and weather in the area fall within the category of semi-desert areas. The vegetation in this area include the families of pepper, grasses, Compositae, and considering the protection and optimal vegetation in the area erosion is low. There is diversity of fauna and113 species in this region. In this study, it has been attempted to guarantee the stability of land by allocating the land uses fitting the land potency. Method: There are several methods for evaluation of ecological capability. According to the objectives in four areas, the conventional overlay method was used to assess the ecological capability which is in fact a basis for land use planning. Findings: the wildlife habitat maps were overlaid in Bashgol protected area. The areas specified in terms of density of wildlife, sensitive habitats and ecosystems, rare and unique wildlife and having a certain genetic value along with the exquisite landscapes, animal passages, ecotones and the areas with a slope of over 70% were classified as the first priority protection (first class). The areas which fall outside the first class but were a wildlife habitat or passage were defined as the second class (the second priority protection). Discussion and Conclusion: Overgrazing and illegal hunting, as the main challenges in the study area, have forced the wildlife, especially Central Alborz sheep and plain species, to leave their habitat and threatened their population. Therefore, these factors have made Bashgol a good candidate for being assigned as a protected area in the 4 regions managed by the Environmental Protection Agency. In land use planning in this area, it has been attempted to put all the sensitive areas which are valuable for protection under management only for biodiversity conservation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Evaluation of Environmental Capability of Varjin Protected area for Implementation of Tourism by Using Spatial Multi Criteria Evaluation Method (SMCEM)
Seyed Ali Jozi Sahar Rezaian Kaveh AghamiriVarjin Protected area is an estimated 26907 hectares of mountainous terrain located in Lavasanat and Roodbar Ghasran, districts in the Northeast of Tehran. Owing to its spectacular nature and its proximity to Tehran, Varjin protected area is considered to be an area wit MoreVarjin Protected area is an estimated 26907 hectares of mountainous terrain located in Lavasanat and Roodbar Ghasran, districts in the Northeast of Tehran. Owing to its spectacular nature and its proximity to Tehran, Varjin protected area is considered to be an area with rich potentials for implementation of Tourism. The present study was an attempt to carefully examine the environmental capability of the area to further its extensive and centralized applicability. To do so, after detecting the ecological resources of the protected area (scale 1/100000) the obtained data was introduced to Arc GIS 9.2 software. Since implementation and applicability of outdoor recreation necessitated synchronized evaluation of numerous criteria or variables, the study utilized spatial multi criteria evaluation method (SMCEM). And therefore, the initial attempts focused on preparation and standardization of the criteria maps. Fuzzy expert system and s-shaped functions were used for the purpose of the study. Overall, data were obtained through sixteen layers as criteria maps for extensive outdoor recreation capability evaluation and seventeen layers for spatial evaluation of centralized outdoor recreation. Using Expert Choice software, analytical hierarchy process was conducted to load the criteria in relation to the type of applications. Then, the mathematical relationship of the extensive and centralized outdoor recreation was extracted. To analyze land proportion for the development of the expected applications, combined loaded linear method was utilized and the final map of extensive versus centralized applications were represented on the criteria maps data. The results show that nearly 4641.46 hectares (approximately %17.25) of Varjin protected area has suitable extensive outdoor recreation implementation, while nearly 1915.78 hectares (approximately %7.12) has the ideal conditions for centralized outdoor recreation development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Valuation of Ecotourism in Order to Preserve the Outdoor Recreation and Promenade of Shirkooh of Yazd Zone
Mohammadreza Zare Mehrjerdi Maryam ZiaabadiIntroduction: This research has studied to determinate the value of preservation of Shirkooh zone andadjacent outdoor recreation villages and measured the individuals willingness to pay (WTP) forpreservation profits of this zone.Material and Method: Logit model was used MoreIntroduction: This research has studied to determinate the value of preservation of Shirkooh zone andadjacent outdoor recreation villages and measured the individuals willingness to pay (WTP) forpreservation profits of this zone.Material and Method: Logit model was used for measuring of individual's willingness to pay andestimation parameters of the model are based on method of maximum likely hood (ML).Result and Discussion: The results showed that 79.1% individuals have the willingness to pay forpreservation of this zone. In this study, the mean of WTP for preservation value of this zone is31250 Ir. Rials per month per household. Therefore Shirkooh promenade zone has considerablepreservation value and this value, policy and decision persuades the suitable preservation of this zone. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Study on Flora, Vegetation Structure and Chorology of Plants in Some Parts of Protected Area of Oshtorankooh, Lorestan Province
Sara Abasi maryam behdarvand Habib Zare Babak Pilehvar Seyed Mohsen HosseiniPlantation area of Zagros in west Iran is amongst the richest and most valuable interconnectedecosystems in Iran which contains enormous genetic and plant resources and it is of the significantimportance in terms of diversity and combination of floristic. The Protection MorePlantation area of Zagros in west Iran is amongst the richest and most valuable interconnectedecosystems in Iran which contains enormous genetic and plant resources and it is of the significantimportance in terms of diversity and combination of floristic. The Protection area of Oshtorankooh inLorestan province is considered as one of the distinguished ecosystems of this area. For this reason,this study addresses the introduction of Floristic, and Chorology investigation and examination ofVegetation Structure of the plants in a certain part of central Zagros mountain slopes located atOshtorankooh, Lorestan. The results of this study include identification of 62 species related to 24families within area of just 50 hectares, located at 1600-1800 Meters altitude in Proteced area ofOshtorankooh. Asteraceae, Papilionaceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae and Apiaceae andthey are the most important available families of this region and comprise70%of overall species.Hemicryptophytes (32%) and Therophytes (31%) are the dominant biological forms. Chorologicinvestigation of the species and extraction of Chorotypes showed that Irano-Turanian (39%), Irano-Turanian–Mediterranean (22%) and Irano-Turanian–Mediterranean–Siberian European (17%)growing elements are the most important available chorological groups of this area and other plantcombination is related to Caro-types which are found in two or several regions and stand in the lowerorders of importance. In addition, endemically, 10 species, namely 16% of them are special andendemic within territory of Iran which comprises 0.6 % of overall endemic species of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Ecological land capability evaluation of Arasbaran protected area using Boolean multi-criteria evaluation method and weighted linear combination techniques in Geographic Information System
Ebrahim Faridi Khalil Valizadeh Kamran Mohammad RezvaniBackground and Objective: Arasbaran protected area is located in East Azerbayjan in the northwest of Iran. This area is one of the nine reserves in Iran, and 66.5% of it is covered by forests. In this study, land capability evaluation of this area for forestry was carri MoreBackground and Objective: Arasbaran protected area is located in East Azerbayjan in the northwest of Iran. This area is one of the nine reserves in Iran, and 66.5% of it is covered by forests. In this study, land capability evaluation of this area for forestry was carried out in Geographic Information System (GIS) surrounding. Method: Both Boolean and weighted Linear Combination (WLC) methods along with analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used. First, the ecological characteristics of the study area including elevation, slope, soil texture, climate, value of vegetation type, soil depth and vegetation density were studied and then the calibrated model for forestry in Arasbaran area was created. Findings: In the first step, land capability assessment was done using Boolean method and results showed the presence of class capabilities of third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh, and lack of class capability of first and second for forestry. In the next step, the importance of criteria and sub-criteria was calculated using expert’s comments and AHP technique in Expert Choice 11. Then, land capability assessment was done using weighted linear combination. The results showed that all of the seven suitability classes for forestry were proper in the area. Discussion and Conclusion: Mc-Harg systemic model has been used to evaluate the ecologic capability evaluation for many years. The new process in ecologic capability evaluation is to use the mathematical models and to use the analytical hierarchy process for determining the weights and relative importance of the alternatives and for ecologic capability assessment by geographic information systems (GIS). In this study, to evaluate the forestry ecologic capability, both Boolean and WLC methods were used and the advantages and disadvantages of them were investigated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Lime Materials Using in Iranian Vernacular Architecture; The Code of Environment Protection
Mohammad Sadegh Taher Tolou Del Saeed AzematiMaterials used in traditional and local architecture in Iran derived from their deployment environment and are provided the necessary compatibility with the environment. Analysis of the use of such materials in buildings, on the one hand reduce the natural resources use MoreMaterials used in traditional and local architecture in Iran derived from their deployment environment and are provided the necessary compatibility with the environment. Analysis of the use of such materials in buildings, on the one hand reduce the natural resources use and other energy resources saving during the production process materials, traditional buildings and the construction and maintenance stages of protection and restoration of such buildings will provide. This article is thoroughly compatible encoding used traditional materials in Iran, the vernacular architecture of limestone and lime-based mortar, including the cheap materials, easy collection, availability, and would reveal durable building. In this study on the related experiences of others and the results of mechanical tests on clay soil mixed with lime and analysis of the mentioned results; technical, economic or executable practice of using lime in the construction of new buildings and even local Iran has been approved. Patterns can be as a results from getting the technical message predecessors and taking advantage of new technologies associated with new products industries causing lime to make optimal rate consumption of natural resources and energy saving. We are able to material produced reversible resorting in nature unlike industrial cements; even with the capture carbon dioxide from industrial production of construction can the greenhouse effect of air pollution in the environment and abilityto reduce destructive effects of acidy rain in the environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Conservation and Sustainable Use of Soil and Its Stand in International Environmental Law
Parisa Tahoori Mohammad Reza ParvinThe soil is an earth's limited natural resource and considered as the most important part of environment after water and air. The special roles of soil in climate change, land degradation, food security and ecosystems are respectively subjects to UN Convention on Climat MoreThe soil is an earth's limited natural resource and considered as the most important part of environment after water and air. The special roles of soil in climate change, land degradation, food security and ecosystems are respectively subjects to UN Convention on Climate Change, UN Convention on Combating Desertification and the Convention on Biological Diversity as binding sources of international environmental law. In order to study present or future opportunities and challenges in the field of soil conservation in international environmental law, and to explore required principles for elaborating an effective special legal system for sustainable use of soil, in this paper has been compared and analyzed binding/non-binding treaties related to natural resources conservation in global or regional levels. Implemented studies within international environmental law instruments show that different approaches adopted on soil conservation and lack of integrity in its` required actions, have caused non-efficiency of the present instruments to preserve and sustainable use of soil with regards to all specific characteristics and functions. Therefore, establishing a comprehensive and special international legal system for conservation, management and sustainable use of soil seems to be necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Habitat Variable Effecting Dispersal Lizards of Alvand Protected Area (Khomein City)
Hamidreza Shamsi Hasan KarimzadeganBackground and Objective: Environmental factors affecting the species are one of the most important topics in the science of ecology and understanding the influences of environmental variables can help the protection of species especially endangered species. The purpose MoreBackground and Objective: Environmental factors affecting the species are one of the most important topics in the science of ecology and understanding the influences of environmental variables can help the protection of species especially endangered species. The purpose of this study was to identify habitat factors influencing the presence of lizard habitat in Alvand protected area. Method: Alvand protected area; with 8618 hectares survey is located in central province and Khomein city. In this paper, the studied area, in terms of geomorphology is divided to three types including, plain, hillside and mountainous area. Then all three type of habitats divided to cells with 5050 size in Arc GIs 9.3, and ultimately 10 percent of these cells are selected randomly and will be considered and analyzed Findings: The results of GGE biplot software for three groups of habitat plains, foothills, and mountainside showed that the most presence in plains habitat is dependent to Ophisops elegans species that variables which influence the presence of these species are: the richness of vegetation, soil content, and the density of the vegetation and grit is the worst parameter for the presence of this species. In mountainside habitat, the most presence is dependent to the species Ophisops elegans and Paraloudakia Caucasia. And the most important parameter for Paraloudakia Caucasia is height and the percent of grift. Also for mountainside habitat species like Ophisops elegans, Paraloudakia Caucasia and Loudakia nupta had the most presence. Discussion and Conclusion: Results obtained from this study illustrated that especially Ophisops elegans and Paraloudakia Caucasia species with percent of rock and Loudakia nupta with vegitation enrichment, the density of vegetation, the percent of grit, and height, respectively showed presence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Presenting Pattern of Sustainable Tourism Development of Waterfall Protected Area
Ferial Ahmadi Mohammadreza Bemanian Alireza SadeghiAbstractCity parks have high recreational values and can be a surrogate nature for the low-income citizens. Inthis study impacts of green space parameters (richness, diversity and density of woody species) on birdspecies richness and diversity was assessed in 25 city pa MoreAbstractCity parks have high recreational values and can be a surrogate nature for the low-income citizens. Inthis study impacts of green space parameters (richness, diversity and density of woody species) on birdspecies richness and diversity was assessed in 25 city parks in Isfahan.Bird census and measuring vegetation variables were performed in spring strip transects and linear andnon-linear regressions were used for analysis of collected data.On the whole 25 bird species were observed in Isfahan city parks. Baghe-Golha with 16 species andParke-Sahel with only two species had the highest and lowest bird species richness respectively.Results of this study revealed that bird species richness of city parks increases with increasing thediversity of woody species and the area of green space. These findings could be considered fordesigning the city parks to attract more bird species. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Study of Plant Biodiversity in West of Oshtorankooh region, Lorestan
Sara Abasi Babak Pilevar seyed mohsen HosseiniThe purpose of this study was to investigate floral and plant species diversity in west of Oshtorankoohregion, Lorestan, Iran. In 1600-1800 m altitude range at the study area 62 species from 24 familieswere found which 10 species of them are endemic within territory of MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate floral and plant species diversity in west of Oshtorankoohregion, Lorestan, Iran. In 1600-1800 m altitude range at the study area 62 species from 24 familieswere found which 10 species of them are endemic within territory of Iran. In this study in order toavoid effecting factors such as slope, aspect, altitude, and soil three sites were chosen with the possiblesimilarity. The results from One-Way analysis of variance and Duncan average comparison testsshowed that the status of diversity indices in the site 1 and 2 were better than site 3. At probabilitylevel of 99% there was significant difference between species dominance index for the site1, 2, and 3.In terms of richness and diversity, site 1 and 2 has better conditions compared to the site 3. Also thecomparison of diversity diagrams in three sites shows that diversity level in the site 2 is more than theothers, while productivity in the site 1 is better. On the other hand both diversity and productivity inthe site 3 is low and the rate of extinction is high. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Investigation of Empowerment of Rural Women in Environmental Protection
Akramolok lahijanian Narjes VaskoeiAbstract Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of rural women in protecting the environment. Statistical population of women 60-12 years old Marzanabad village in Mazandaran province, 75 945 people. Methods: Of 165 randomly selected regularly MoreAbstract Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of rural women in protecting the environment. Statistical population of women 60-12 years old Marzanabad village in Mazandaran province, 75 945 people. Methods: Of 165 randomly selected regularly from the village of Marzan-Abad province. The data library, questionnaires and interviews were collected. The questionnaire included 13 questions with answers related to the goals of open and closed primary and secondary research. Indicators to measure the size and financial structure and Spearman correlation coefficient was used to test the hypotheses. Study hypotheses include 1. The social, economic and cultural environment to promote women effectively. 2. Recognition of Women Consciousness in the environment is associated with the management .3- women's empowerment leads to environmental protection. 4. Learning Environment women leads to behavior change in consumption pattern. Findings and Results: The positive relationship between the social, economic and cultural rights of women, recognizing the environmental awareness of women, the empowerment of women in environmental protection, and the role of women in environmental management has shown. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Environmental Terrorism Criminalization; Challenges, Norms and Strategies
Sayeed Abbas Puorhashemi Payman Namamian Sobhan TayebiBackground and Objectives: Todays abuse of the Environment and the living World, both as atTarget and as a tool for Terrorist Activity is Evident. In this context, "green war" with the changingface of terrorism as a phenomenon, emerging in the contemporary world appears MoreBackground and Objectives: Todays abuse of the Environment and the living World, both as atTarget and as a tool for Terrorist Activity is Evident. In this context, "green war" with the changingface of terrorism as a phenomenon, emerging in the contemporary world appears. Not only theinternational laws, but domestic laws (National) did not counter this threat practically. It providesemerging threats. However, the applicability of legal principles, strategies could also replace the antiterrorismactions effectively and provide appropriate solutions for this crisis. Green or environmentalterrorism, including terrorism with new environmental elements, conveniently located on the route ofterrorist activity.Methods: The Presented cross-sectional study based on the principles, methods, libraries research andthe forwarded ways based on the cross-sectional and Library Noting including old and new aspects ofthis new phenomenon of terrorism is discussed. In this regard, the proposed environmental terrorismas a global risk coping strategies are also reviewed and considered with the best route is diplomacy.Results: In addition to describing the implementation of these strategies in this regard, this study hasattempted to offer effective strategic approaches to tackle the new criminal law as "green terrorism" or"the ecosystem drawing" with the best tackle of the mechanisms which provides emerging threats. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Environmental Diplomacy in the Light of International Convergence: an Effective Approach towards International Law Sustainable Development
Ali Zaree sobhan tayebi Shima NaderiToday, environmental protection and sustainable development are two essential axes in the path of human life. In this process, international actors, namely governments and international organizations, play a major role. Commitment to international commitments and the ne MoreToday, environmental protection and sustainable development are two essential axes in the path of human life. In this process, international actors, namely governments and international organizations, play a major role. Commitment to international commitments and the need to adhere to the rules of the law are two crucial foundations in explaining the role of environmental diplomacy in achieving sustainable development. Development and environmental protection will certainly not be on a sustainable path unless regional interactions and international cooperation take a serious turn. This study is based on bibliographic and descriptive approach and is based on the evaluation of new sighted. Along that, environmental diplomacy is known as an effective method to natural resources and ecosystems conservation. So, environmental discussions are very much important international convergence reason. Therefore, international community can lead to global environmental conservation strategies with that convergence attitude. This research aims to determine the international environmental law evolution firstly and government’s roles in front of environmental challenges lying international convergence and legal fundamentals. So, environmental threats and hazards, display an illogical human act, that can be solved under the shadow of international convergence and moving to environmental conservation and global peace. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Development of international environmental law in the light of International judicial judgements and precedents
Sahar Zarei Seyed-Abbas Poorhashemi Mansour PournouriThe International Court of Justice and other international judicial and arbitral bodies play an important role through the issuance of international judicial judgements and precedents in the development of public international law, including international environmental MoreThe International Court of Justice and other international judicial and arbitral bodies play an important role through the issuance of international judicial judgements and precedents in the development of public international law, including international environmental law. These judgements and precedents, as well as some other cases of the International Court of Justice, will help to include new legal principles and rules of international law which can develop the environmental protection. However, alongside the legal capacity, there are obstacles and limitations which cause the positive development of international environmental law move slowly. Advisory opinions and Judgements issued by international courts show that State sovereignty has always been an obstacle to the development of international environmental law. Moreover, the traditional approach of International court of justice, based on the preference of the State sovereignty, is a significant challenge for developing the international environmental law. In fact, moving from absolute sovereignty to the rule based on rational and reasonable use of land could be a good opportunity for development of this legal field. For the first time, the concept of environmental protection was introduced in many cases such as the Trail Smelter case as an earlier environmental dispute and in this way environmental protection was developed in other environmental legal cases too. This research, attempts to analyze the international judicial judgements and precedents of the International Court of Justice to find the impact of these judgements and precedents in the development of international environmental law. It also provides guidelines for applicable solutions by identifying legal gaps and existing inefficiencies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Research on the Degree of Awareness of High School Students about Environmental Protection (a case study in city of Tehran)
Mahdi Mirdamadi Abbasali Bagheri varkaneh Somayyeh SmaeiliEnvironment and natural resources as a pavement of sustainable development, is considered as a supportive factor for natural life and cultural heritage of the human society. The increasing growth of population has caused the necessity for job substitution services. Limi MoreEnvironment and natural resources as a pavement of sustainable development, is considered as a supportive factor for natural life and cultural heritage of the human society. The increasing growth of population has caused the necessity for job substitution services. Limited resources and lack of capable pattern for development have caused a lot of pressure on environment and restoring natural resources. Destruction of environment and natural resources has attracted the attention of planners and policy makers as a global problem. The trend of environmental destruction and natural resources of our own country is not an exception from this rule. Education is recognized as a profitable investment in development process, especially sustainable development and establishing changes and reforms in order to prevent the destruction of the environment and restoring natural resources. One of the important accelerating factors is public training especially educating students. This process only would take place if the training and education is compatible with the right conditions. For this purpose, this research has been delivered on high school level students of the city of Tehran to find out their knowledge and awareness about the environment and protecting it. Population of this study is about 470,000 students. This is an applied research with the Descriptive-Correlation method. A questionnaire was used to collect information and data. Data is analyzed by using SSPS software. The results obtained from Spearman Correlation coefficient between independent parameters of age, parents education, listening to the radio programs, watching the television programs, having access to forest and green spaces, studying books about environment. With the related parameter of students’ awareness about environment indicated that, there is a significant relationship between mentioned parameters. The obtained results of individual effects of independent parameters on related parameter through the tests of Keruscal-Walis and Man White Nee, indicated that the independent parameters method of acquiring information, using of magazines, participation in related activities, participation in educational classes and membership in environmental organizations, have direct effects on students’ awareness about the environment. However, the parameters of genders, educational achievement, educational field, deferent student organizations and being a member or not having a membership in students’ organizations have no effects students awareness about the environment. The obtained results of total effect of independent parameters on dependent parameter of students interest on environment through multiple regression indicated that the parameters of studying environmental books and journals have had positive effects on students awareness about environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - The Analysis of Institution Model of the Fiftieth Principle of constitutional law under the Protection of Environmental Supporter Governmental and Nongovernmental Organizations
Seyed Behzad Lesani Azam EdalatjuThe aim of this research is the consideration of the fiftieth principle of constitutional law and the operation quality of governmental and nongovernmental organizations in the guarantee of the intentions of constitutional legislator. This research is analytic descript MoreThe aim of this research is the consideration of the fiftieth principle of constitutional law and the operation quality of governmental and nongovernmental organizations in the guarantee of the intentions of constitutional legislator. This research is analytic descriptive and author investigate by library method and arrangement index card and reference to the environmental laws. The findings indicate that the regardless of the useful activities done by competent organizations in environmental issues، the intention of constitutional law in the fiftieth principle does not ascertained yet and the main reason of this case is the motiveless and the lack of knowledge of the officials، mixture the duties of the public organizations and impossibility interference in the activities of the public organizations by NGO،s. We can emancipation our environment from the various threats and guarantee the right to environment by the ratification of environmental laws that is proportional with the day circumstances، the increase the level of the information of citizens، apply of the specialized and motive staff in public organizations and the strengthening and support the NGO،s. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Management and Sustainable Development of the Cultural Landscape Case study of Cheshmeh-Ali (Shahr-e-Rey)
Marzieh Bavarsad Mojtaba AnsariBackground and Objective: Cultural landscapes are resulted from interactions between past and present ecosystems, cultures and histories. Cultural landscapes also indicate layers of interactions between humans and the natural environment during the time, and it has form MoreBackground and Objective: Cultural landscapes are resulted from interactions between past and present ecosystems, cultures and histories. Cultural landscapes also indicate layers of interactions between humans and the natural environment during the time, and it has formed a complex connection between them which are constantly changing. Cultural landscapes emphasize the importance of human history and continuity of cultural traditions and social values. The site of historical-natural Cheshmeh-Ali with 8000 years history is regarded as the origin of human settlement formation in ancient city of Rey. In this site, constitutive layers of landscape are visible in the format of spring and hill as the natural elements and also Ray’s battlement and Fath Ali shah inscription as the historical and cultural elements. Apart from the outstanding features of Cheshmeh-Ali from cultural-historical aspects, the site is under pressure as a result of human intervention, invasion of residential building to historical buffer zone, so that the nature of the site is under gradual degradation. Method: The methodology used in this study is descriptive-analytical based on library studies and field visits with the aim of enhancing the historical and cultural identity of the site, and the awareness and recognition of outstanding values. Results: All management actions are designed based on the principles and strategies of conservation, along with using sustainable tourism, through revitalization and interpretation of historical narratives and enhancing the experience and enjoyment of visitors. Conclusion: Not only does the site return to its normal life process, but also the performance of all its economic, social and environmental aspects will improve. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Studying the status of the existing environmental content of sciences textbooks in the general education course
Faezeh Fazeli Farideh Mahdavi IkdeluBackground and Objective: Environmental education is a lesson for life. This means that environmental lessons must become practical in the social and individual behavior and daily life. What is noteworthy is the role of education system in teaching the environmental beh MoreBackground and Objective: Environmental education is a lesson for life. This means that environmental lessons must become practical in the social and individual behavior and daily life. What is noteworthy is the role of education system in teaching the environmental behavior through the textbooks from the early days of formal education. Thus, the purpose of this study is to check the content of textbooks general education with a focus on environmental problems and protecting the environment. Method: For this purpose, an eight volume textbook of experimental science of general educational courses for 8 grades were examined through content analysis in 2013 and 2014. Findings: In this study, using content analysis which has seven main components of environmental problems (air, water, soil and noise), protection of natural resources, waste separation and recycling, the role of human in the environment and 93 sub-component have been examined. The reliability of these tools was obtained to be 90.1% by experts. Discussion and Conclusion: The findings indicated that the highest and the lowest attention to environmental issues in basic science textbooks have been payed to grade seven and grade three, respectively. In general, human role in environment received the highest attention and noise pollution received the lowest attention in the basic science textbooks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Application of Fuzzy Simple Additive weighting method for land evaluation for determination preservation land use in parcel A of Gheshlagh dam watershed in Kurdistan province, Western Iran
Fazlollah Ahmadi Mirghaed Babak Souri Mahtab Pir BavagharIntroduction and purpose: Land resources preservation is necessary to decrease environmental impact by human activities. There are various kinds of decision making methods to organize land resources preservation plans. In this study Fuzzy Simple Additive Weighting (FSAW MoreIntroduction and purpose: Land resources preservation is necessary to decrease environmental impact by human activities. There are various kinds of decision making methods to organize land resources preservation plans. In this study Fuzzy Simple Additive Weighting (FSAW) was applied for zoning parts of the study area which need to be preserved against any kind of land use. Materials and methods: At first, data collection was conducted and the effective criteria to decide preservation plans were defined and weighted based on verbal variables and triangular fuzzy number system. Finally, maps overlaid based on FSAW method for study area evaluation. Results: final classification of the study area showed that land classes for high, medium and low degree of priorities to apply preservation measures occupied 35, 58 and 8 percent of the study area, respectively. Discussion and conclusion: The results approved that suitability of a land is classifiable for various types of land uses using FSAW. Also according to the results; central and southern parts of the study area were in most need for preservation measures since intensive uses of land were mostly concentrated in those parts Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Zoning of Maloosan protected area using GIS
monireh Moradpanah Hajar MoradpanahBackground and Objective: In management of parks and protected areas, zoning is a mechanism through which the conflicts in the protected areas are reduced and the opportunity for making decisions is provided. Method: Maloosan protected area with a mountainous lan MoreBackground and Objective: In management of parks and protected areas, zoning is a mechanism through which the conflicts in the protected areas are reduced and the opportunity for making decisions is provided. Method: Maloosan protected area with a mountainous landscape, valleys and shelters and with an area of about 9513 hectares is located in Hamedan at a distance of 24 kilometers northwest of Nahavand city. In the zoning process of identifying ecological and socio economic resources through analysis and summary of collected data (based on systematic process), 5907 units were partitioned (in scale 1:25000). Then the special ecological models were developed and by comparing them with the chart of environmental units, the units for different zones were evaluated. Finally, the prcess of prioritizing and organizing the zones was carried out according to the common method applied in Iran, and zoning maps as planning units in the region were prepared. Findings: The result from zoning of Maloosan protected area shows that protective zones, other uses, extensive recreation, reconstruction, intensive recreation, buffer zone cover 50.21%, 36.48 %, 13.21%, 0.09%, 0.01%, and 28.7% of the total area in the region respectively. Conclusion: Results showed the necessity to prepare proper conditions for both protecting the ecological values and development and optimal utilization using administrative policy in the area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Investigating the effectiveness of laws and regulations governing air pollution in Iran
Daryoush Karimi Negin Mousavi MadaniAir pollution in the national and international levels, have adverse effects on human and natural environment. Technology development and urbanization, consequently, have led to increase of a wide variety of pollutants in the air. Being harmful to public health and the MoreAir pollution in the national and international levels, have adverse effects on human and natural environment. Technology development and urbanization, consequently, have led to increase of a wide variety of pollutants in the air. Being harmful to public health and the environment, they have raised the concerns of authorities to take specific measures to prevent contamination of air and environmental degradation. In recent years, in Iran especially in major cities, such pollution has increased significantly and it has caused irreparable damage to the health of individuals and the quality of properties. It seems that laws and regulations are somewhat sufficient to meet air pollution in Iran. In fact the problem of continuity of air pollution is not due to laws and regulations, but the law enforcers who are not doing their duties properly are the main problem. On the other hand, since the possibility of compensation for damage caused by air pollution, because of its nature and characteristic, is somehow low, much of this damage remains uncompensated. However, there are still some solutions to effectiveness of laws and regulations for air pollution, at the local level. Thus thispaper attempts to addressair pollution in metropolises of Iran in terms of effective laws and regulations and also to introduce applicable methods in this regard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Designing a Model of Virtual Water Education in the Agricultural Sector with the Approach of Resistance Economy and Sustainable Development
Mohammad Yousefinejad Maryam Larijani Seyed Mohammad Shobeiri Mahdieh RezaeiBackground and purpose: The water crisis is one of the most paramount challenges in Tehran province. Virtual water management and education in many countries is a measure to overcome water shortage, especially in the agricultural sector. In Iran, virtual water consumpti MoreBackground and purpose: The water crisis is one of the most paramount challenges in Tehran province. Virtual water management and education in many countries is a measure to overcome water shortage, especially in the agricultural sector. In Iran, virtual water consumption per capita in the agricultural sector is about 20% higher than the world average. This research was conducted with the aim of designing a model of virtual water education in the agricultural sector with the approach of resistance economy and sustainable development in order to inform the users of virtual water and protect the environment, water resources, and sustainable development in the year 2021.Method: The method of this research was a combination. In the qualitative phase of the research, in order to identify the main and sub-components of the model, the technique of grounded theory was utilized. A semi-structured interview method was conducted to collect data in this phase. The purposeful snowball method was applied in the qualitative phase for sampling. The statistical population of the quantitative part included professors of related universities, experts, and managers of the executive organizations of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad. According to the statistics and information obtained, the total number of contacts was 360. The sample size was determined by Cochran's formula of 181 people. A researcher-made questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale was designed to collect data. Descriptive statistics measures (mean, standard deviation, variance, frequency, and percentage) were calculated for data analysis in the quantitative phase, and confirmatory factor analysis was employed in the inferential phase.Findings: The results of comparing the mean value of the components obtained from the test (t-test) illustrated that there is a significant difference of 1 percent between the current and desired means in all components and the current state of virtual water management education is not desirable. The validity of the questionnaire constructs was calculated by the convergent validity method at the level of 0.49 and the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by the ordinal coefficient alpha at the level of 0.81. The qualitative findings of the research revealed that 11 components and 37 sub-components were the components of the virtual water education model in the agricultural sector. Based on the standard factor loadings of qvh(γ), the content components of virtual water education (0.97), methods of virtual water education (0.96), and principles of virtual water education (0.92) are respectively, the most substantial in explained the model of virtual water education. Moreover, the confirmatory factor analysis of the components illustrated that the identified components had sufficient factor loading to predict virtual water education in the agricultural sector.Discussion and Conclusion: The fit indicators of the education model in the agricultural sector illustrated that the developed model has a good fit and in addition to awareness and behavior change, the model can be a road map for the trustees and agents of education activities for virtual water users in the agricultural sector. Implementing virtual water education through the prepared model can be expected to prevent the wastage of water resources in the agricultural sector and protect natural resources. Furthermore, based on the upstream documents, it is an opportunity to attain modern agriculture, resistance economy, sustainable development, and environmental protection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Remote Sensing is a New Solution in Preparing the Country's Environmental Cadastral Maps
Fahimeh Zaeri Saeid SadeghianBackground and Amin: Purposeful and environmentally friendly development paves the way for the development of society by proper use of natural resources and resources such as mines, forests and seas and is also effective in preserving and protecting the environment. Tod MoreBackground and Amin: Purposeful and environmentally friendly development paves the way for the development of society by proper use of natural resources and resources such as mines, forests and seas and is also effective in preserving and protecting the environment. Today, land management by registration and maintenance Its information is possible in the cadastral system. The cadastre includes all information in various fields of water, agriculture, property, politics, geography, mines and natural resources. Preparation of cadastre in different and comprehensive sections, in addition to the development of society, can support the individual and social rights of individuals. Methods: New remote sensing technology and GIS can be used to prepare cadastral maps. The use of UAV technology and satellite images with high resolution is very effective. In this article, using the Modis satellite images, the water area of Shadegan wetland in the last few years has been studied Findings: In different countries such as Switzerland, Denmark and Poland, by creating thematic and comprehensive cadastres in the fields of agriculture and animal husbandry, the economy and real estate have achieved good results in economic, cultural and social development. Results: The protection of natural resources is an important principle along with the development of society. In Iran, too, the country's economy, development and prosperity can be helped by creating thematic cadastres, especially in the environmental sector. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - An Analytical Survey of the Adaptation of Biosphere Reserve Zoning with the Zoning of Protected Areas in Iran
Mitra Alborzimanesh jalil Imani Harsini Afshin Danekar Maryam Robati Amir AlambaigiThe conservation category as man and biosphere seeks to bridge the multifaceted needs of conservation and sustainable use of nature. Zoning of the biosphere reserves is planned and managed by establishing three zones of core, buffer, and transition. Because of the MoreThe conservation category as man and biosphere seeks to bridge the multifaceted needs of conservation and sustainable use of nature. Zoning of the biosphere reserves is planned and managed by establishing three zones of core, buffer, and transition. Because of the fauna, flora and indigenous diversity, and its rich culture, Iran is an important environment to implement this vision of this conservation category as man and biosphere and has so far registered 13 biosphere reserves. However, Iran's biosphere reserves have not been successful in achieving the goals of the MaB program, largely due to their national protected areas and applying the existing 11-zoning guidelines. This study describes the goals, structure, and challenges of biosphere reserves in the world and Iran, emphasizes the need for the triple zoning based on a participatory approach in the country. One of the important and applied achievements of this research is to achieve the compliance pattern of eleven zoning of national protected areas with the triple zoning pattern of biosphere reserves. Based on the findings of this study, in order to adapt the zoning of biosphere reserves to all national protection titles, it is necessary to separate the transition zone into two parts internal and external. Also zones 1 and 2 of the national zones will be always considered as core zone in the biosphere reserve. The buffer zone is capable of adapting to all 11 zones except zones 1,2 and 9. The internal transition zone, except zone 1 and 2, is adaptable to other zones. In contrast the external transition zone can only be adapted to zone 9 of national conservation categories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Evaluation of the most efficient supervised classification algorithm in monitoring growth changes in Tehran
Aida Ashjaee Seyed Masoud Monavari Jalil Imany Harsini Maryam Robati Zahra AziziBackground and Objectives: The urban sprawl is a dynamic and complex phenomenon, and the most effective factor is land use-cover change Coordinated by with the growth of population and economy, and the resulting changes affect vegetation and the functioning of urban eco MoreBackground and Objectives: The urban sprawl is a dynamic and complex phenomenon, and the most effective factor is land use-cover change Coordinated by with the growth of population and economy, and the resulting changes affect vegetation and the functioning of urban ecosystems. In this paper, identification of the most appropriate classification algorithm to investigate the effect of urban sprawl growth in the east of Tehran city in the time period of 1986 to 2016 on land use-cover changes of Jajroud protected area has been studied. Material and Methodology: In this research, the land cover-use changes map was prepared using the supervised classification method and the comparison of three neural network algorithms, minimum distance and maximum likelihood was done in ENVI 5.3.1 software environment. Findings: Land use-cover changes from 1986 to 2016 (period of 30 years) shows the increase of land use-cover area including compact rangelands 58.45%, arid region 91/19%, urban 65/57%, and forest 74/47%. In 2016 compared to 1986. Discussion and Conclusion: By comparing and examining three supervised classification algorithms including neural network, minimum distance, maximum likelihood, the neural network method has been the most suitable algorithm to identify land use-cover changes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Applying Network Analysis to the Planning of Urban Green Spaces (Case Study of Ahvas Metropolis)
Sorour Shafinejad Fatemeh Poodat Forouzan FarrokhianBackground and Objective: Uncontrolled urban expansion leads to fragmentation and isolation of native vegetation that are surrounded by built environment. Nevertheless, urban green patches with suitable condition are still able to serve as a connected network to support MoreBackground and Objective: Uncontrolled urban expansion leads to fragmentation and isolation of native vegetation that are surrounded by built environment. Nevertheless, urban green patches with suitable condition are still able to serve as a connected network to support biological diversity and enhance the ecological functioning of landscape. This research aims to study the value of green spaces, in maintenance of connectivity of the urban green network of Ahvaz and applying the results in urben green patches planning. Material and Methodology: The method is through modelling and studying the case study of ahvaz metropolis. Also the landscape ecological approach and a network analysis is used. To determine a network, all green patches in Ahvaz landscape, both in the public and private were incorporated due to their habitat values in nesting native animal species. Landscape network is modelled based on Graph Theory and using IIC metric and the network connectivity and the importance of nodes were assessed. Also, patches are prioritized based on their importance. Findings: Resaults revealed the largest patches are of higher priority that are the farms in 4th and 5th district and a large urban park in 3rd district. Indeed, the most valuable patches are located in a linear pattern along the river path. Discussion and Conclusion: Accurate identification of ecological valuable patches assist the targeted increases in per capita green space and suitable distribution of green spaces within the city of Ahvaz, in particular, those districts that suffer from the low per capita of green patches, which leads to effective enhancement and conservation of most important green spaces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Ranking of Protected Areas of the Hamedan Province based on Conservation Criteria
Sedighe Abdollahi Alireza Ildoromi Kamran ShayestehProtected areas are extensive land with high conservation value that are selected with the aimed of preserving and restoring of vegetation sites and animals’ habitats.In order to effectiveness management of protected areas, we need to consider this area based on c MoreProtected areas are extensive land with high conservation value that are selected with the aimed of preserving and restoring of vegetation sites and animals’ habitats.In order to effectiveness management of protected areas, we need to consider this area based on conservation criteria. In this study of protected area of the Hamedan province were evaluated regards to introduced conservation criteria for protection and using Analytical Hierarchy Process. A hierarchical structure was designed for each of the areas. The opinion of a number of experts of natural environment sector of Province Environmental Protection Administration and university professors were collected using a questionnaire including pairwise comparison matrix, and based on it, the weight of the criteria for different regions, was obtained. Then with regard to the obtained importance coefficient for conservation criteria protected areas of this province were ranked. The results showed that Khangormaz, Almobelagh and Malosan protected areas, are more important to protect. The method used in this study can be usful as a database for protection experts, managers and planners of protected areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Environmental Rule of Law" and its role in the Sustainable Development Goals, Emphasizing on the International Union for Conservation of Nature on the World Declaration on the Environmental
Seyed Abbas Poorhashemi Seyed Behrad MirfakhraeiBackground and Aim": Environmental Rule of Law" is an emerging concept which has been raised as a legal instrument by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) for the first time and it has been able to work in order to extent the environmental protection and to add MoreBackground and Aim": Environmental Rule of Law" is an emerging concept which has been raised as a legal instrument by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) for the first time and it has been able to work in order to extent the environmental protection and to address the environmental challenges. This concept is generally derived from the notion of the Rule of law that derives from domestic law to international law. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) at the First World Congress on Environmental Law has developed a Declaration to better understand the concept of 13 principles that can play a significant role in the goals of sustainable development; some of the principles referred to others. In fact, the emphasis is on the fundamental principles of environmental law, and new principles have been introduced, which can be considered through the pursuit of sustainable development goals. Also, for the implementation of this concept, administrative and educational solutions are addressed in this Declaration. This paper examines the "Environmental Rule of law" and its role in sustainable development goals by emphasizing on the International Union for Conservation of Nature on the World Declaration on the Environmental. In addition, the aim of this article is to provide some solutions to the legal and executive challenges in this matter. Methods: In this research, information has been collected by observing a library according to documents, texts, articles, etc. And in terms of the type of data, it is considered a qualitative method. Findings: The concept of the rule of law especially environmental issues at the level of international law, as a unifying solution to provide the progress of sustainable development. Discussion and Conclusion: The principles considered for the mentioned concept of environmental rule of law; it is important to lead to the reduction of adverse effects, reduce conflicts over resources and facilitate the goals of the third generation of human rights as a legal solution to achieve the goals of sustainable development and justice. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Rectreation areas management Application of tourism based management tools in recreational
Somayeh Galdavi Marjan MohammadzadehNowadays, demand for the recreational use in natural environment has increased significantly. Increasing recreational use in these areas lead to destruction of natural resources and also caused to visitors' dissatisfaction. Maintaining recreational places and providing MoreNowadays, demand for the recreational use in natural environment has increased significantly. Increasing recreational use in these areas lead to destruction of natural resources and also caused to visitors' dissatisfaction. Maintaining recreational places and providing visitors' satisfaction require the use of approaches which consider visitors opinion in the recreational areas management. In this study, some approaches of recreational areas management, that use visitor's opinion in the recreational areas management including Place-Based Programming (PBP), Benefit-Based Management (BBM), Scenery Management System (SMS) and the use of visitor information (NVUM) have been described. PBP is based on understanding the people' concepts and values in different special geographic locations. The relationship and dependence between people and places may be associated with emotional, psychological, social, cultural and historical properties of individuals and groups which used the places. BBM is based on the benefits of outdoor recreation and classified recreational area based on the benefits of recreational use. SMS is a visual management tool which uses people's aesthetic preferences for recreational planning and management. NVUM includes information collected from visitors which can be used to identify visitors' behavior, preferences, needs, demands and their satisfaction that used for recreational resource management. These tools use people opinions for developing management protocols. Therefore, successful management of recreational areas associated with preparing visitors' satisfaction along with maintaining quality of recreational area can be possible using these tools. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Protection of Suburbs Gardens based on the Principles of Landscape Ecology Case Study: Sarab Qanbar Kermanshah
Sajjad ShamshiriBackground and Objective: Sprawl growth of the cities has different environmental impacts. This process leads to destruction of suburban agricultural land and marginal orchards. The devastation of suburb area not only influenced the area, but also it has different impac MoreBackground and Objective: Sprawl growth of the cities has different environmental impacts. This process leads to destruction of suburban agricultural land and marginal orchards. The devastation of suburb area not only influenced the area, but also it has different impacts on whole city. Sarab Qanbar gardens which located in the southern city of Kermanshah, is largely degraded as a result of urban Sprawl growth. While area protection is compulsory necessity due to the ecological services which provided by this area.Method: Landscape ecology framework were used to develop the area in order to achieve the mentioned goal. Therefore, first the appropriate landscape metrics were used. In the next stage, patches and corridors have been identified and analyzed based on field surveys. Ecological redesign was the final stage.Findings: The strategic design plan of the area was designed, which has been done based on strategic planning. Strategies were classified in four groups of protective, defensive, offensive and opportunistic. Each class determined based on patch and corridors characteristics and their interaction with context. Finally, actions and strategic plan were purposed protection and development of the area.Discussion and conclusion: The expansion of the city has led to the creation of disturbance patches in the region, On the other hand, natural patches tend to be crushed, Natural corridors face serious challenges. While the spread of disturbing corridors leads to changes in the structure of the landscape and the ecological fracture has intensified. The continuation of this process will lead to the destruction of these lands, which will have many consequences. Effective environmental design can be providing a proper framework based on the landscape ecology by defining the city's proper functions, it will protect these natural arenas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Ecological Network, New Approach to Biodiversity Conservation and Habitats on Landscape
Jalil Imani Harsini Aida AshjaeeBackground and Objective: Isolation of populations and reduction of genetic diversity due to habitat isolation is a significant issue in the protection of biodiversity and habitats. Ecological networks include natural and semi-natural elements that are created to mainta MoreBackground and Objective: Isolation of populations and reduction of genetic diversity due to habitat isolation is a significant issue in the protection of biodiversity and habitats. Ecological networks include natural and semi-natural elements that are created to maintain and restore ecological functions, conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of natural resources. The purpose of this descriptive - review article introduce ecological networks as a new approach in order to protection biodiversity and habitats in the Landscape scale.Analysis methodology: The present study is a review-descriptive and applied method, and has been done by using library documents and electronic databases and a comprehensive review of numerous English articles.Findings: The role of the new approach of ecological networks in different sources is, maintaining the integrity and ecological stability of habitats, preserving ecological processes, identifying areas with conservation priorities, strengthening the system of protected areas, preserving biodiversity and sustainable use of natural resources and habitat management And they are considered a useful tool in the management of protected areas and its complement.Discussion and Conclusions: Due to the efficiency and application of ecological networks, the use of this approach by public and private organizations in order to improve the process of conservation and management of habitats and biodiversity is recommended. Reviewing numerous foreign articles and sources in the field of ecological networks and their relationship with conservation shows their role as a complementary tool in conservation. The use of this approach will help to improve the integrated management of habitats. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Investigating the factors affecting village governors’ participation in rural environmental protection in Sari
Heidar Ahangari Kiasari Mehdi Charmchian LangerodiThe environment is one of the critical and most vulnerable aspects in villages which the present study has been done to investigate factors influencing the village governors’ participation in the protection of the rural sari’s city. The study adopted an appl MoreThe environment is one of the critical and most vulnerable aspects in villages which the present study has been done to investigate factors influencing the village governors’ participation in the protection of the rural sari’s city. The study adopted an applied descriptive-correlation approach as its methodology. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the village governors in Sari summing up to 249 among whom 129 subjects were selected using Cochran formula. In order to reach an optimal sample size, 30 others were added to the sample and a total of 159 subjects were considered as the study sample. To select the subjects, the stratified proportional random sampling was also used. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire the content validity of which was estimated using agricultural extension experts’ approval and the reliability was assessed to be 0/85 using Chronbach’s alpha coefficient and a total of 130 questionnaires were filled and responded. According to the findings, there is no significant correlation between age, income, working record and employment characteristics and environmental protection. There is a significant positive correlation at 1 percent error level between the social, educational, economic and attitudinal factors contributing to the environment protection. Based on the results of the ordinal regression analysis, 36 percent of the criterion variable variance (participation in environmental protection) is explained by the economic, social, attitudinal and educational variables which were significantly correlating with the dependent variable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Planning and zonning for Harra biosphere reserve according to international scales (with emphasis on Qeshm island) using GIS
Hassan ali Laghai Masoud Monavari Bashir RaisiAs the aim of this research was optimum use offield area ,along with goals of biosphere reservestatutory frame work, the ecological and socioeconomicalinformation sources, and systematicanalysis method, and GIS technology were usedto zone the area. Since the area lack s MoreAs the aim of this research was optimum use offield area ,along with goals of biosphere reservestatutory frame work, the ecological and socioeconomicalinformation sources, and systematicanalysis method, and GIS technology were usedto zone the area. Since the area lack specifictopographic changes and other noticeable factors,gradient, altitude, direction and also unifiedtopographic map which were usually used in theassessment of ecological capacity of terrestrialecosystem have not been used in this study. Andinstead, biological and socio-economical factorsand three functional roles of biosphere reserves(conservation, development and logistic) anddefinition related to each zone has been considered.Finnally, it was selected three core zone, onesurrunding buffer zone and two transition zoneswhich there have been delineated 28983 ha oftotal surface area of Harra biosphere reserve ascore zone, 50156 ha as buffer zone, and 7694 ha astransition zone. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Coral reefs Fragile and threatened ecosystems, and assessment of oil platforms artificial reefs
Maryam Mohammadi Roozbahani Nasrin choobkarCoral reefs are classified in Coelenterata & Cnidariaphylum. They are primitive Eumetazoa that havespecial adjectives and distinct tissues. Theseecosystems provide good places for nutritionand breeding of many marine species includinginvertebrates and vertebrata (al MoreCoral reefs are classified in Coelenterata & Cnidariaphylum. They are primitive Eumetazoa that havespecial adjectives and distinct tissues. Theseecosystems provide good places for nutritionand breeding of many marine species includinginvertebrates and vertebrata (algea, marine grasses,sponges, mollusca, crustacea, fishes, etc…). In theseecosystems biodiversity is noticeable and for thisreason they are very important. With regarding tohigh important of these ecosystems for preserving ofbiodiversity and fragility of them against destructivefactors and environmental pollutants, and alsobecause of very long time, approximately more thanhundred years, are needed for creation of coralpulipes, protect of these shelters is very important.These important ecosystems are affected anddestructed by many environmental crisis that occurby human, like: The pollution due to oil compounds,agricultural and industrial sewages, global warming,climate changes, tourism distractive activities, overfishing, coastal development, etc…It is essentialthat, before occurrence of inexpiable impairmentdue to destruction of these beautiful and fragileecosystems, crises points must be recognized andmanage for preserving. If these ecosystems bedistracted, because of many species in the coralreefs are renewable with delay or unrenewable, ifso environmental favorite condition be existing, atleast 500 years is needed for restructuring for them.Creation and development of artificial reef (Ekoreef)is one of the most important strategies for preserveand restoration of coral reefs. Today artificial habitatsare notable in the world. Most countries located in theoffshore regions have paid attention to this opinionand in this way have restored damaged regionsand increased marine products as well. Ekoreef is astructure like natural habitat that is located in seas forpositive effects in exploitation from sea and withoutnegative effects on environment. With regard toending the products of oil fields in many countries,oil platforms are gradually increasing. Reuse of thesegments of these platforms in the coastal regions isa part of ultimate potential designs of coral reefs thatare named Ekoreef opinion. The design of platformlocated in the sea is dependent on the purpose ofcoral creation. Assessment of socio-economic andenvironmental effect of Ekoreef is necessary beforeapplying it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - Recreational area management using Recreational Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) approach
Somayeh Galdavi Marjan Mohammadzadeh Majid Makhdum Seyyed Hamed Mirkarimi Abdolrasoul Salman MahinyEnvironmental resources are valuable assets in the world which should be protecting as one of the human's main efforts. Nowadays, economic development, population growth and increasing of life business caused to increase the demand for recreational uses in natural areas MoreEnvironmental resources are valuable assets in the world which should be protecting as one of the human's main efforts. Nowadays, economic development, population growth and increasing of life business caused to increase the demand for recreational uses in natural areas. Analyzing of recreational demand factors in Iran indicated that need for outdoor recreation have been increased rapidly. Therefore, attention to the visitors' needs and preferences are very important as the main users. Recreational Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) approach is a comprehensive method to determine and allocate recreational area with a range of recreational opportunities in terms of the environment suitability and people's needs and preferences. In the present study the ROS approach have been described for recreational area management. This approach is based on the expectancy value theory and has been described by confirming that recreational behavior is goal-oriented and aimed at need satisfaction. ROS linked visitors' experiences with biological, physical and management attributes of settings. This approach has been prepared a map including 6 classes of recreational Opportunities in a range of primitive and undeveloped to modern and developed use. Recreational areas managers can protect recreational resources and provide people needs and preferences in recreational using ROS areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Investigation of habitation value of four under protected areas from the viewpoint of wind erosion zonation in Yazd province
Mohammadhassan Sadeghi RaveshAccording to desert habitation sensitivity and for optimum management of these areas and zone, it is essential that all effective factors in the habitation situation are investigated. Therefore in this research the relationship between wind erosion as a climatic-anthrop MoreAccording to desert habitation sensitivity and for optimum management of these areas and zone, it is essential that all effective factors in the habitation situation are investigated. Therefore in this research the relationship between wind erosion as a climatic-anthropogenic common phenomenon in desert area and under protected areas is studied in Yazd Province. By estimating the rate of wind erosion in such area, the capability of environment for providing appropriate conditions for animal species subsistence can also be estimated. This research has two parts: first, using of iso-erosion map and under protected areas map in order to determine of affected regions in every zone. Second, determination of habitation value of four under protected areas on the basis of food, water and security as three variable factors. Finally the correlation of the value of each habitation with the area of the regions was determined. The results showed there is strong correlation between two mentioned factors (r = -0.87). It means that effective factors of the increase of wind erosion amount affect on the quality of protected habitation and habitation value reduce proportional with the increase of the area of affected regions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - An overview on the behavior and physiology of sound production in fish
Seyedeh Narjes Tabatabaei Mohammad Ali NematollahiMany fish species are able to produce sounds to communicate with one another. The process of suchsound production is mostly related to swim bladder and the related musculature and skeletal systems.The diversity of the sounds produced in fish species is dependent on the MoreMany fish species are able to produce sounds to communicate with one another. The process of suchsound production is mostly related to swim bladder and the related musculature and skeletal systems.The diversity of the sounds produced in fish species is dependent on the structures used for soundproduction and the goal of sound production. The wonderful ability of fish in sound production, can beknown and used in identification and conservation of the fish species and their spawning grounds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Investigation and Quantification of Variations of Landscape Measures using Remote Sensing and Biodiversity Indices (Case Study: Dez Protected Area)
Atousa Soleimani Majid HojatiNowadays the continuous irrational use of land has led to increase transformation, variation of land use and vegetation. Examining and quantifying these variations can be necessary for planning and sustainable management of land. Thus, in the present study, landscape me MoreNowadays the continuous irrational use of land has led to increase transformation, variation of land use and vegetation. Examining and quantifying these variations can be necessary for planning and sustainable management of land. Thus, in the present study, landscape measures were used as quantifying tools for investigation of land condition and variation. Here, patch spatial distribution and composition measures were used. The case study was Dez protected area, which is located in the Iranian Khuzestan Province. In order to prepare land cover and variation analysis maps, the satellite images of Landsat 7 from the TM sensor and Landsat 8 related to ETM+ sensor images were used respectively. Number of Patches (NP), Patch Density (PD), largest patch index, landscape shape, and total edge (TE) metrics, and diversity indices of Shannon and Simpsons were used. The class-level landscape patterns were analyzed using Fragstats 4.2 and Envi. The results show that the extent of vegetated land of the region has decreased, whereas the scope of land with no vegetation is on the rise. The decrease of vegetation and increase of bare soil indicate the destruction of the region's natural cover during the studied years. The decrease of NP and PD measures and increase of edge density shows the increasing destruction of natural land cover of the region, and its increasing common border with other peripheral areas that have different land use. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Development and management of parks and green spaces for the conservation of birds in urban areas
Farzaneh Ghodsi Mohammad Javad AmiriParks and urban green spaces are a part of the city that has natural or artificial vegetation. These areas have various functions, including conservation of biodiversity, improvement of air quality, leisure and recreation and also aesthetic effects. Birds are the domina MoreParks and urban green spaces are a part of the city that has natural or artificial vegetation. These areas have various functions, including conservation of biodiversity, improvement of air quality, leisure and recreation and also aesthetic effects. Birds are the dominant animal groups of green spaces that an effective communication can be seen between them. Parks and urban green spaces are an important factor in attracting various species of birds. Management of parks and green spaces and recreational sites is an aspect of biodiversity management in urban habitats. The present study investigates the human use of these areas for recreation and leisure and the effects of these activities on its biodiversity and then present management solutions for this problems. Two important approaches of the study to birds in parks and urban green spaces are investigation of the indices of bird species richness and the shape and size of parks and green spaces in relation to these indicators. The results of studies pointed to the vital importance of the protection of these areas and also the effect of birds in attracting visitors. In fact, the problems in the field of protection of birds in urban green spaces requires management approaches for increasing the richness of bird species and visitors’ satisfaction. These approaches include development of bird watching stations, preparing and distributing posters and leaflets, organizing workshops on the birds and urban green spaces for children and students. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - An overview on the behavior and physiology of sound production in fish
Seyed Narjes Tababaei Mohammad Ali NematollhiMany fish species are able to produce sounds to communicate with one another. The process of soundproduction is mostly related to swim bladder and the related musculature and skeletal systems. Thediversity of the sounds produced in fish species is dependent on the struc MoreMany fish species are able to produce sounds to communicate with one another. The process of soundproduction is mostly related to swim bladder and the related musculature and skeletal systems. Thediversity of the sounds produced in fish species is dependent on the structures used for soundproduction and the goal of sound production. The wonderful ability of fish in sound production, can beknown and used in identification and conservation of the fish species and their spawning grounds Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Survey of destructive factors on Coral reefs and conservative strategies
Maryam Mohammadi Roozbahani Nasrin choobkarCoral reefs provide good places for nutrition and breeding of many marine species including invertebrates and vertebrata (algae, marine grasses, sponges, mollusca, crustacea, fish, etc…).Biodiversity is noticeable in these ecosystems and for t MoreCoral reefs provide good places for nutrition and breeding of many marine species including invertebrates and vertebrata (algae, marine grasses, sponges, mollusca, crustacea, fish, etc…).Biodiversity is noticeable in these ecosystems and for this reason they are very important. With regarding to high important of these ecosystems for preserving of biodiversity and fragility of them as compared to destructive factors and environmental pollutants, and also because very long time recovery, approximately more than 100years, protect of these shelters is very important.These important ecosystems are affected by many environmental crisis that occur by human, such as:oil compounds, agricultural and industrial sewages,global warming, climate changes, tourism, over fishing, coastal development, etc….It is necessary to recognized and manage crises points for preserving.Creation and development of artificial reef (Ekoreef) is one of the most important strategies for preserve and restoration of coral reefs Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Application landscape genetic in conservation and management of wildlife
hamidreza kabiri balajadeh Hamid Reza RezaeiNowadays The habitat fragmentation is a major problem in environmental protection. Maintaining connection between habitats, a point of attractive in ecology and conservation of biodiversity and genetic. In this article, the Application landscape genetic in conservation MoreNowadays The habitat fragmentation is a major problem in environmental protection. Maintaining connection between habitats, a point of attractive in ecology and conservation of biodiversity and genetic. In this article, the Application landscape genetic in conservation and management of wild life will be Surveyed.landscape genetics new field of study is combinted of landscape ecology, population genetics and Spatial statistics. Landscape genetic is widely used in conservation biology. Landscape Genetics can also be used to assess the effectiveness of landscape conservation projects that are currently used. For example, the effect of structures in rivers on fish populations can be estimated and the differences in the methods of their connection are evaluated. On the other hand, landscae genetics can be used to plan a new conservation and management project. Different study methods exist in the land scape genetic species, which the land suitable for for the selection of suitable landforms for species. can be selected Including the various software and statistical methods, molecular markers and genetic methods for species used the landscape. therefore, the landscape genetics can be used as a suitable method for designing and controlling conservation and management measures for amphibians, reptiles, insects, birds capable of flying, plants and freshwater fish. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - An overview of some international legal approaches for environmental protection
Farhad Dabiri Sahar Zarei negin mousavi madaniInternational environmental law always has tried to solve environmental problems by codification of binding and non-binding rules and regulations and provide solutions in this area. One of the important responses of international environmental law has been promoting sus MoreInternational environmental law always has tried to solve environmental problems by codification of binding and non-binding rules and regulations and provide solutions in this area. One of the important responses of international environmental law has been promoting sustainable development. As regards of improving the quality of environment and economical development are naturally consistent and coordinated goals. Sustainable development has decreased some paradoxical tensions related to economic growth limitations in 1970s. Sustainable development in the process of progress and through the interaction between three dimensions of economic, social and environmental development, has made its way from the international development law to the international sustainable development law. Declarations of Stockholm (1972), Rio (1992) and Johannesburg (2002), have emphasized on environmental protection and have mentioned that achieving sustainable development is the basic key to solving environmental issues. Rio + 20 summit also has the ability to cope with a collection of policies, methods and plans which support the transition to a green economy. This article reviews the international legal approaches in order to be a backbone for environmental protection. It also reviews the proper approach to deal with such issue. By comparing the above summits, we could undoubtedly say that the Rio Summit (1992) compared with others especially Rio +20, in terms of the effectiveness of international legal approaches in environmental protection and acceptance of international commitments, has more specific and involved better outcomes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Road mortality of Carnivores with an emphasis on road casualties of cheetah and leopard in Iran
Marzieh Mousavi Elmira Kazemi Mansur PursinaAt the moment habitat destruction and degradation are the most important threats to biodiversity in the world and the roads presently are the main causes for habitat loss and fragmentation. In this study by means of extant records of mammal mortality during 2007-2015 we MoreAt the moment habitat destruction and degradation are the most important threats to biodiversity in the world and the roads presently are the main causes for habitat loss and fragmentation. In this study by means of extant records of mammal mortality during 2007-2015 we found road accident is the first reason for carnivore’s fatality. 52 percent of mammal mortality directly was associated with road accident. Carnivores with 64.42% showed the highest death road, amongst carnivores, canids had the most number of road kills, nearly 63 percent and felids by 20 percent were in the next place. Meanwhile 52 percent of cheetah Acinonyx jabatus venaticus mortality directly related to road collision. The road in Golestan National Park has led 39 percent of road mortality of mammals and 78% of leopard Panthera pardus saxicolor death road. Currently road accident is known as an emerging factor and one of the severe threats for top predators’ survival. Consequently, it is necessary to apply standard procedures to make safe passage for wildlife crossing, moreover protective measures according to urban and rural development programs to be considered behalf of decision makers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - بررسی نقش و اثرات همکاری روستائیان در حفاظت، احیاء و بهره برداری از منابع طبیعی (مطالعه موردی: استان مازندران)
حمید بحیرایی سعید مقدسی -
Open Access Article
115 - تحلیل و بررسی نقش قوانین کیفری ایران در حفاظت از محیط زیست و توسعه پایدار مقاصد گردشگری
لیلا خانپور محمد مهدی رحیمی رضا پیوندی -
Open Access Article
116 - سنجش تمایل به پرداخت خانوارها به منظور بهرهمندی فرزندانشان از پارک طبیعت پردیسان بعنوان مدرسه طبیعت با استفاده از روش ارزشگذاری مشروط (CVM) (مطالعه موردی: پارک پردیسان)
زهره الزهرا روحیپور سید محمد شبیری مریم لاریجانی علیرضا میکائیلی -
Open Access Article
117 - کاربرد قاعده لاضرر در حفاظت از محیط زیست و معماری در راستای ارائه مدلی برای شهرسازی اسلامی و ایرانی
محسن حسن پور سید محمد موسوی بجنوردی مریم ابن تراب -
Open Access Article
118 - نگاهی کنجکاوانه بر ماده 15 قانون حفاظت خاک در خصوص حذف و رفع منشا الودگی خاک
محبوبه مظهری -
Open Access Article
119 - The Jurisprudential-Legal Principles of Iran's Criminal Policy to Combat Water Crimes
Farzaneh Moradi Farzaneh Moradi Seyed Mahmood Mirkhalili Shahrdad DarabiWater Crimes are those whose "water resources" are both surface and underground; More precisely, any behavior (whether verbal or verbal) that in some way leads to the destruction, destruction, pollution or infliction of any damage or damage to water resources and is pun MoreWater Crimes are those whose "water resources" are both surface and underground; More precisely, any behavior (whether verbal or verbal) that in some way leads to the destruction, destruction, pollution or infliction of any damage or damage to water resources and is punishable by law, It will be entitled "Water Crimes". Obviously, the basic philosophy of criminalization of water crimes is to protect these resources, given their vital role in various aspects of human life and to act in accordance with the basic human contract for the formation of society, namely the "social contract". Despite the acceptance of the need to use the capacity of all different sciences toconserve water resources and to utilize the knowledge of criminal policy and to measure the extent to which existing criminal policy is available in the country against water offenses, we have no choice but to carefully examine the existing criminal policy. And there is no doubt that the study of this matter requires a preliminary examination of its foundations. Given the supreme position of jurisprudence and the law as the basis for the criminalization of these crimes, this article will deal with the legal and legal foundations of this important issue. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Degradation assessment of Jajrood protected area using landscape degradation model
Afshin Danehkar Shirkou JafariDegradation model is a method for environmental impact assessment and it has been widely applied for accumulative impact assessment of human activities. In addition, landscape indicators have been widely used in landscape planning as quantitative tools. One important ap MoreDegradation model is a method for environmental impact assessment and it has been widely applied for accumulative impact assessment of human activities. In addition, landscape indicators have been widely used in landscape planning as quantitative tools. One important application of landscape metrics is their contribution to landscape degradation model. The goal of this research was to assess landscape degradation in Jajrood protected area. In doing so, landscape indicators were calculated using a land use/cover map of Jajrood protected area for 16 sub basins. For land use/cover mapping, Landsat satellite image was firstly pre-processed, and then, hybrid classification approach was undertaken to categorize the image into different land use/cover categories. According to landscape degradation model, ecological vulnerability and the severity of activities as well as the degradation degree were calculated for the targeted landscape. The results of this research indicated that sub basin 5 with a value of 31 had the highest level of landscape degradation and sub basins 1, 13 and 15 with values 25, 25 and 22, respectively, were on the next orders in Jajrood protected area. In addition, sub basins 16, 7 and 4 with values 3.5, 3.25 and 3.25, respectively, were least degraded and these sub basins had the least level of fragmentation. The results show that 68% of the area was outlined to be potential for development or further development, only 17% of the area is suitable for protection. Approximately 13% of the area should be considered for rehabilitation that demonstrated natural land cover change and degradation in the protected area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Forest road network designing for tourism development in Arasbaran protected area using GIS
Manijeh Talebi Baris Majnounian Majid Makhdoum Ehsan Abdi Mahmoud OmidAccess routes are the basic requirements to access recreational areas and tourism planning. The purpose of this study is designing and evaluating of forest road network in order to select the optimal road network for tourism development in Arasbaran protected area. For MoreAccess routes are the basic requirements to access recreational areas and tourism planning. The purpose of this study is designing and evaluating of forest road network in order to select the optimal road network for tourism development in Arasbaran protected area. For this purpose, recreational suitable areas were evaluated and identified using Makhdoum systemic methods and Multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network. In order to prepare the road passing suitability map, effective criteria for road designing have been standardized with the fuzzy logic method and combined according to the relative importance obtained from the analytical hierarchy process. Then, the road network options were designed for access to recreational areas in the GIS environment and evaluated in terms of technical, environmental and socioeconomic. The results of the tourism suitable area assessment showed sections of the region have a capability for intensive recreation class 2 (0.17%), and extensive recreation class 2 (10.09%). According to the weighting results by criteria, slope criterion with a value 0.289 and height criterion with a value 0.033 have the highest and the lowest weight, respectively. Overall, 14 road network variants were designed and based on the final evaluation, variant 7 was selected as the optimal option with density 3.34 m/ha, accessibility (hard) 64.68% and minimum cost and environmental impacts. Therefore, taking into account the cost and environmental impacts and using GIS capabilities, it is possible principle design of the road network, and as a result the development of existing access roads in order to develop tourism in the area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Performance evaluation of Dempster-Shafer model for erosion potential mapping in Kakareza watershed, Lorestan province
Samira Ghorbaninejad Hossein Zeinivand Ali Haghizadeh Naser TahmasebiIdentifying susceptible areas for erosion can be considered as one of the most important soil conservation measures. In this study, the capability of Dempster-Shafer (DS) model for mapping potential areas for erosion was investigated in Kakareza watershed in Lorestan pr MoreIdentifying susceptible areas for erosion can be considered as one of the most important soil conservation measures. In this study, the capability of Dempster-Shafer (DS) model for mapping potential areas for erosion was investigated in Kakareza watershed in Lorestan province. First thematic layers of influential factors in soil erosion, including altitude, slope, slope, aspect, plan curvature, lithology, land use, distance from the river, soil and topographic wetness index were prepared. In addition, 29 eroded positions in the study area that their positions were obtained from GPS and Google earth on 10 July 20016 were mapped and then were divided into a training (70%) and testing (30%) points. The layers of environmental variables were classified into different classes according to and then based on the density of eroded points in the study area and DS analysis, the weight of each class was determined and the potential map of vulnerable areas to erosion was obtained according to the DS model. The accuracy of a generated map was also investigated using testing points and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The result showed that the produced map has the success rate of 21%, that means the poor capability of the DS model for mapping susceptible areas of erosion. In addition, according to the DS map, areas with the highest potential to surface erosion are located in the central and eastern part of the study area. Therefore, it can be indicated that this model has a poor ability in identifying potential and vulnerable areas to surface erosion compared to other phenomena such as flood and gully erosion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Decentralized Agent-Based Protection Coordination for Distribution Networks with Renewable Distributed Generations using Intelligent Electronic Devices
Majid Rostamnia Mohammad Sadegh Rostamnia Ehsan Heydarian-Forushani Seyed Fariborz Zarei Seyed Hossein HosseinianBy increasing the penetration level of renewable distributed generations and increasing the size of the distribution networks, the more number of agent-based protection systems with its communication infrastruture will be used. Such systems play a vital role in the prot MoreBy increasing the penetration level of renewable distributed generations and increasing the size of the distribution networks, the more number of agent-based protection systems with its communication infrastruture will be used. Such systems play a vital role in the protection system to detect the faults and maintain the protection coordination. Despite the fast and reliable nature of multi-agent systems, there is a possibility of poor performance especially in protection coordination schemes with heavy communication load. For this purpose, this paper presents an intelligent self-healing method under fault conditions, which provides the protection coordination in a single control level without dependence on a higher communication level. The decentralized performance of the proposed scheme is expressed by using intelligent electronic devices and distributed communication. Accordingly, the coordination is done using the high-speed point-to-point communication capability of the IEC-61850 GOOSE protocol. Also, to avoid power outages due to the protection system malfunction, an algorithm independent of DG peneration and based on GOOSE message service mechanism is proposed, which does not need a central processor. Finally, the performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated under different scenarios in a practical distribution network using ETAP software environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - A New Protection Coordination Scheme for Restoration Over Current Protection Device in Distribution Networks With Distributed Generations
Hadi Bisheh Ehsan Heydarian-Forushani Hassan Haes AlhelouIn today's power systems, grid parameters are usually monitored by controlling agents to ensure the quality of produced electrical energy. Uninterrupted service to the network customers and continuous power supply may be disrupted through various disturbances. On this b MoreIn today's power systems, grid parameters are usually monitored by controlling agents to ensure the quality of produced electrical energy. Uninterrupted service to the network customers and continuous power supply may be disrupted through various disturbances. On this basis, the network requires a completely reliable, fast, and precise protection system. The protection of distribution networks is controlled by overcurrent equipment, which is complicated with increasing penetration of distributed generation resources due to change in the direction of current. This paper investigates how these resources affect the coordinated performance of the network protection system and proposes a new solution with the aim of restoration and fixing the miscoordination problem. The proposed method could be implemented on traditional overcurrent protection equipment while being able to meet the challenge of protection coordination with the lowest cost. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - An Intelligent Multi-Agent Based Approach for Protecting Distribution Networks
Danial Alibeigi Ehsan Abbaspour Bahador Fani Haidar SametNowadays, the presence of distributed generations has made traditional networks into dynamic state. Current flow fluctuation, increment of fault current and as a result loss of coordination and also error in relays operation in safe sections in the network have been amo MoreNowadays, the presence of distributed generations has made traditional networks into dynamic state. Current flow fluctuation, increment of fault current and as a result loss of coordination and also error in relays operation in safe sections in the network have been among the problems due to using these generations. Finding solution for these problems has always been challenging over the years. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a new solution in the study of protection system operation in electrical energy networks by using intelligent electronic equipment with communication protocols at the level of distribution networks. In recent years, telecommunications platform and intelligent equipment usage has provided a platform that has been able to show its effectiveness against network sudden changes. Multi-Agent system is the name of this communication platform that has been able to pioneer the beginning of a fundamental change in the design of protection systems in electrical energy networks by using a new scheme. These systems have shown that they have not been without problems and in some cases have caused problems for the network. In the proposed approach, the multilayer structure of the multi-agent system will be broken and the surfaces will be independent of each other. Unlike the typical multi-agent system protection method, protection settings at the moment of fault are not calculated for the entire network. This problem, which has not been seen in previous methods, also removes a large load density from the central unit and increases the operating speed and reliability of the protection system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - MAS Based Intelligent Protection Coordination Scheme for Distribution Network with Distributed Generation
Mahmoud Hojjati Majid Tavoosi Mohammad Reza Yousefi Ghazanfar Shahgholian Ali Reza seifiThe rapid growth of grid-connected embedded distributed generations (DGs) is changing the operational characteristics of distribution networks (DNs). In order to implement DNs with DGs, some challenges should be faced, especially concerning protection issues, that may m MoreThe rapid growth of grid-connected embedded distributed generations (DGs) is changing the operational characteristics of distribution networks (DNs). In order to implement DNs with DGs, some challenges should be faced, especially concerning protection issues, that may make conventional protection schemes ineffective. MAS techniques can enable the power grid to becomes smarter, reliable, selfhealing, and robust. Its decentralized nature and operational robustness make the MAS application a leading technology. Despite the fast, reliable and multi-purpose operation of MAS-based protection schemes, the inherent delay or failure of communication system must not affect the vital role of fault clearing, i.e., the ever-increasing DGs in DNs as well as network size increase has resulted in a heavy communication burden yielding to delay or even failure in communication. In this paper, an Intelligent protection algorithm is presented that protect the grid, when the connection between agents is lost, by using point-to-point communication between relay agents in the first layer of the MAS. Reduction of the agents used and no need to connect to the higher layers of the MAS are the benefits of this method. For simulation, 16 bus Test DN is used, that The results confirm the applicability of the proposed model for grid protection coordination. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - A Review on the Non-Conventional Protection Schemes for Active Distribution Networks
Farzad Hajimohammadi Ehsan Heydarian-Forushani Seyed Fariborz Zarei Hossein MokhtariIn this paper, the different protection challenges of active distribution networks are reviewed and the conventional and non-conventional schemes are examined. In active distribution networks, due to the presence of distributed generations at different levels of distrib MoreIn this paper, the different protection challenges of active distribution networks are reviewed and the conventional and non-conventional schemes are examined. In active distribution networks, due to the presence of distributed generations at different levels of distribution network, the functionality of the conventional protection strategies are partially or totally are affected. Therefore, the protection strategies should be updated, and the conventional protective schemes and characteristics should be changed. In this paper, first, the potential protection issues raised of active distribution networks are reviewed. Among the challenges, the bidirectional flow of the fault current, the increased amplitude of fault current, the dependency of the fault current on the operating point, the reduction of reach of the relays, the blinding of the protective relay, unwanted islanding, and etc. are reviewed. Then, the performance of the conventional protections including fuses, overcurrent relays, reclosers under such conditions has been investigated. Furthermore, the existing modified protection methods in the literature are examined, which are classified into two general categories of (i) protective relays with unconventional characteristics, and (ii) adaptive protective relays. Finally, the studied different methods are compared with each other, and their performance characteristics are evaluated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - A Modified Scheme for Relays Coordination in Distribution Networks Considering the Transient Stability Criterion
Farzad Hajimohammadi Mohammad Reza Esmaili Ghazanfar Shahgholian Jawad FaizConsidering environmental issues and the use of green energy resources has led to the increase of Distributed Generations (DGs) connection to electric power grid. Beside many benefits, these generations impose challenges to the electric system. Two main challenges inves MoreConsidering environmental issues and the use of green energy resources has led to the increase of Distributed Generations (DGs) connection to electric power grid. Beside many benefits, these generations impose challenges to the electric system. Two main challenges investigated in this article are related to the impact of DGs on the Protective Devices (PDs) coordination and the transient stability of these resources at the fault time incidence. As for Synchronous-based Distributed Generations (SBDGs), the challenge of protection coordination arises from the injection current rate of these generations under fault circumstances and the transient stability challenge is due to the low inertia constant. In proposed method, by shifting the relay characteristic curve downwards and repositioning the curve below the Critical Clearing Time (CCT), not only the coordination of the PDs will be improved, but also the instability of SBDGs will be eliminated. This paper presents a modified time-current-voltage characteristic curve for the overcurrent relays. The simulation results done by ETAP software confirm the effective performance of the proposed method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - A Review on the Technical Challenges of Connecting Wind Energy Conversion Systems to the Grid
Majid Tavoosi Ehsan Heydarian-Forushani Mohammad Hassan Amirioun Mohsen Parsa MoghaddamWind power generation is making an increasingly significant contribution to global electricity production. The high penetration of wind power poses many operational and control challenges that affects the reliability and stability of power systems. In this Paper, the re MoreWind power generation is making an increasingly significant contribution to global electricity production. The high penetration of wind power poses many operational and control challenges that affects the reliability and stability of power systems. In this Paper, the reported technical challenges caused by the grid integration of wind energy conversion system (WECS) and the proposed solutions methodologies represents. The wind-generating system components and architecture are investigated at the beginning of this article for analysis and stability studies purposes, then are addressed various technical challenges; each challenge is discussed individually, focusing on the bulk integration of wind energy into the power systems. Some solutions, including grids code, energy storage technologies, appropriate control strategies, and other methodologies employed to mitigate the effects of the integration, are also included. This review is ready-reckoner of essential topics for further research of wind energy and available technologies in this field. This review provides ready-reckoner of essential topics for grid integration of wind energy and available technologies in direction of overcome the related difficulties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - A Fuse-Isolator-Switch Based Protection Scheme for Shipboard Electrical Distribution Systems with Zonal Configuration
Mehdi Mohammadzamani Iman Sadeghkhani Majid MoazzamiThe need for high reliability of modern ships has led to the development of a zonal structure for their electrical distribution systems. One of the most important challenges of the electric distribution systems of modern ships with a zonal structure is their protection MoreThe need for high reliability of modern ships has led to the development of a zonal structure for their electrical distribution systems. One of the most important challenges of the electric distribution systems of modern ships with a zonal structure is their protection in the event of a fault to maintain stability and reliability at an acceptable level. Failure to detect the fault and to isolate the faulty section at the proper time has disastrous consequences for the shipboard electrical system. This paper aims to present an effective protection scheme for all equipment of the hybrid AC/DC distribution system of ships with a zonal structure. In the proposed scheme, protection against single-phase to ground faults is performed using a high-resistance grounding system and timer, while the current of two-phase and three-phase faults is cleared using the fuse-isolator-switches. The use of a high-resistance grounding system allows uninterrupted operation of the ship's electrical system when single-phase to ground faults occur. Due to not using protective relays, the cost of the proposed scheme implementation is low. The proposed protection scheme includes primary and backup protections and does not require communication infrastructure. Also, all equipment of the ship's electrical system including generator, propulsion motor, busbar, feeder, line, load, and direct current system are considered in the proposed scheme. The coordinate operation of the developed protection scheme is assessed on the ETAP simulation model of a test zonal electrical system of the ship. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - A Comprehensive Analytical Review on Distribution Network Protection Control Strategies in the Presence of Distributed Generation Resources
Hadi Bisheh Reza BaraniToday, one of the most important challenges of power network operators and designers is to find a suitable solution to deal with the increasing presence of distributed generations in distribution networks for abnormal operating conditions such as fault conditions. The e MoreToday, one of the most important challenges of power network operators and designers is to find a suitable solution to deal with the increasing presence of distributed generations in distribution networks for abnormal operating conditions such as fault conditions. The existence of environmental and economic advantages of distributed generations has led to the expansion of the use of distributed resources, especially renewable resources, and as a result, changes in the topology of the power system and becoming an active network at the level of the distributed network. Despite the existence of many advantages of distributed resources, this issue has caused disruption in the performance of the protection equipment of the distribution network to the point where the conventional methods of modifying the protection settings are not responsive. In this article, there is a comprehensive review on new solutions in the field of modifying and restoring the protection system of distribution networks in the presence of distributed generations. For this purpose, the performance of the protection system has been evaluated. Also, through the general classification of studies conducted in this field, the weak points or strengths of each of the study groups as well as the proposed strategies have been determined. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Evaluation of the nucleotide and protein sequences of Cytochrome P450 enzymes of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana
Maryam Rashki مجتبی MortezaviThe nucleotide and protein sequences and phylogenetic relationships between the genes encoding seven cytochrome P450 enzymes for the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana strain ATCC90517 existed in the gene bank were assessed. Based on BLASTN results, the highest MoreThe nucleotide and protein sequences and phylogenetic relationships between the genes encoding seven cytochrome P450 enzymes for the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana strain ATCC90517 existed in the gene bank were assessed. Based on BLASTN results, the highest identity of the seven sequences was observed with the genes of B. bassiana strain ARSEF (84-100%) and then the fungi Cordyceps militaris and Isaria fumosorosea (76-89%), which was according to the BLASTP results. Calculating the percentage of sequence identity with each other using the SIAS program showed that only the amino acid sequences related to CYP52X1 and CYP52G11 genes had more than 47% identity and put in the same family (CYP52). Sequences associated with different families had identity less than 44%. The phylogenetic trees plotted using software IQ-tree v.1.6 based on the nucleotide and amino acid showed that CYP53A26 and CYP617N1 were most closely matched to each otherand put in a separate group. Other P450 genes were also in the same group. Determination of the protein characteristics and motifs of seven enzymes of cytochrome P450 in the fungus B. bassiana is very important and necessary due to their role in iron binding. The presence of various amino acids with different properties in the motifs has been able to increase the host range of this fungus in controlling pest insects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Typology of Experts' Attitudes on Constraints of Conservation Agriculture Development (A Q Methodology )
Shahpar Geravandi Fereshte Moradi Mohamad Hossein BabaeiIn recent years، conservation agriculture has emerged as a multidimensional approach to the sustainable use of water and soil resources and the achievement of sustainable development goals. Despite the efforts، development process of this approach is slow and faces many MoreIn recent years، conservation agriculture has emerged as a multidimensional approach to the sustainable use of water and soil resources and the achievement of sustainable development goals. Despite the efforts، development process of this approach is slow and faces many obstacles. In the present study، an attempt was made to examine the obstacles to the development of conservation agriculture from the mental dimension of the experts of the Research Center. The target population was the experts of Sararud Research Center in Kermanshah in 2019-2020 who were studied purposefully. In this regard, Q methodology was used. This method is one of the mixed research methods. Based on the findings of the Q-factor results، the number and manner of groupings show that the range of mindsets and opinions of experts regarding barriers to conservation agriculture have differences and similarities. Therefore، according to the purpose of studying Q and the criterion of interpretability of factors or groups, 5 categories (technology-centric، tradition-oriented، knowledge-centered, cognitive-centric, institution-centered) of the mentality and beliefs of experts in Sararud Research Center Kermanshah has been obtained. Each group had different mindsets and attitudes about barriers to the development of conservation agriculture. Given the prevailing mental model identified (central institution)، it is recommended that the government provide incentives and grants (loans، etc) to beneficiaries so that they can apply the method conservation agricultural farms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Explaining the Factors Promoting the Development of Conservation Agriculture، Using Factor Analysis (Case Study: Boukan County)
Amir Hmaekhani Loghman Rashidpour Solieman RasouliazarSustainability of agriculture requires a change from conventional methods to efficient methods that, while meeting the growing demand for food, take into account the security of future opportunities and maintain the quality and quantity of natural resources, including s MoreSustainability of agriculture requires a change from conventional methods to efficient methods that, while meeting the growing demand for food, take into account the security of future opportunities and maintain the quality and quantity of natural resources, including soil. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors promoting the development of conservation agriculture of of Boukan County in West Azerbaijan province. This research was descriptive-survey. Statistical population of the study was included all leading farmers of Boukan county (N: 85) that out of them, 70 sample were selected by Cochran Formula. The researcher-made questionnaire was used for data gathering that’s validity and reliability was confirmed by experts and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.82. The research questionnaire consisted of factors facilitating conservation agriculture. The results of factor analysis showed that six factors included; infrastructure, educational, planning, economic and technological could explain about 73% of the variance of the factors promoting conservation agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - The role of education in environmental protection
Azam NikookarIntroduction: Given that the present study examines the role of education in environmental protection. research methodology: the research method was applied in terms of purpose, cross-sectional in terms of the time of research, quantitative in terms of the data t MoreIntroduction: Given that the present study examines the role of education in environmental protection. research methodology: the research method was applied in terms of purpose, cross-sectional in terms of the time of research, quantitative in terms of the data type, and descriptive-correlation in terms of the method of data collection or the nature and method of research. The statistical population of the present study included all primary school teachers in Tehran with 4300 people. Using the sample size calculation in structural equations and stepwise cluster random sampling method, 700 people were selected as the sample size. Two questionnaires were used to collect data. First, the standard environmental attention questionnaire of Emamgholi (2011) was used to measure environmental attention. Second, Salehi and Ghaemi Asl's environmental protection education questionnaire (2013) was used. After collecting the questionnaires, describing the data through means, standard deviation, etc. through SPSS21 software and statistical inference of data through structural equation modeling using LISREL-v8.80 software were done. The technical characteristics of the questionnaires including reliability, convergent and divergent validity were examined. The content validitiy and reliability of the questionnaires were confirmed by the specialist and the reliability of the questionnaires were assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The path coefficients and significance coefficients of the software were used to test the research hypotheses. Findings: The results indicated that education is related to environmental protection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - Conditions of the buyer's obligation to protect the goods in the Convention on the International Sale of Goods (Vienna 1980)
Abdul Khaliq Abbaspour Syed Hussain Safai Mehrdad Nazmi Morteza Adel -
Open Access Article
137 - Examining the rights of witnesses in Iran's criminal law system with a view to the International Criminal Court
امین امیریان فارسانی ZEINB BANIASDITestimony is known as one of the evidences to prove a lawsuit or the fastest way to access evidences in legal systems, and its performance at different stages of proceedings is a manifestation of the cooperation of citizens and the community with the enforcement of crim MoreTestimony is known as one of the evidences to prove a lawsuit or the fastest way to access evidences in legal systems, and its performance at different stages of proceedings is a manifestation of the cooperation of citizens and the community with the enforcement of criminal justice in finding the truth. Undoubtedly, the discovery of the truth as much as it makes the victims and the plaintiffs hope for justice, it makes the accused and the criminals angry and arouses a sense of revenge in them. And this retaliation against the witnesses due to the testimony of the perpetrators of the crimes makes it necessary to protect the witnesses. In this regard, witnesses can be supported by adopting different support methods, especially preventive measures before and during the proceedings and even after. Witnesses also have rights in the judicial process, which should be considered in comparison with the rights of other persons involved in the case. The present study examines the measures and witness rights in Iran's legal system with a brief look at the procedure of the International Criminal Court, which supports financial, mental security and physical security of the witness, including the mechanisms designed to encourage witnesses to cooperate with the criminal justice system, and in this regard, measures such as concealing the identity of the witness, physical protection from the witness, honoring, changing the job and place of residence and Compensation for the damages caused to the witness will benefit. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Compare spatial analysis Minnesota Pollution Control Agency of landfill in Bushehr and the Environmental Protection Agency's
طلیعه Abdolkhani nejhad S.M Monavari سعید ZareiDevelopment of land in the area of natural resources and human threats to the environment from various sourcesis imported. This study aimed to compare the results of the Minnesota Pollution Control method Bushehr landfillsite selection and environmental protection organ MoreDevelopment of land in the area of natural resources and human threats to the environment from various sourcesis imported. This study aimed to compare the results of the Minnesota Pollution Control method Bushehr landfillsite selection and environmental protection organizations in the GIS were studied. Methods Minnesota PollutionControl consists of two groups of factors. The first group of six playoff factor and the second group of sevensecondary condition factor, failure to meet the six primary factor in eliminating the desired location.Environmental criteria are examined and the distance from surface water, airport, away from roads andhighways, are wells, wetlands, and sensitive earthquake-prone areas, terrain, annual waste deep undergroundwater, land use, erosion, cover Plant and primary and secondary factors were determined in Minnesota with theuse of GIS. The results showed landfill in Bushehr current zoning and distance from the aqueduct and Jshmhhaymost studied area in Minnesota inappropriate criteria in categories B, a secondary index. According to theEnvironmental Protection Agency, landfills% 43.75% 56.25 appropriate and inappropriate. This limiting factor,distance from surface water, exposure to wind, flood storage areas, making the area susceptible to earthquakesand low depth to groundwater from shallow wells due to proximity to the sea has a great impact. Classificationerosion study area are inadequate landfill and erosion in the region is very high. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Identification of Protected Area at Roodan Township by Spatial Multi Criteria Evaluation
Fakhri Allahyari Afshin Danehkar Rozita SharifipoorRoodan Township has many habitats and extensive varieties of protected species in Hormozgan province. Itneeds to study and practically to make efforts for protection of wildlife.The goals of this study includerecognition the criterias of protection,the regular gradation MoreRoodan Township has many habitats and extensive varieties of protected species in Hormozgan province. Itneeds to study and practically to make efforts for protection of wildlife.The goals of this study includerecognition the criterias of protection,the regular gradation and specified coefficients of criterias and introductionof criterias protection. It extracted 5 original criterias and 27 subcriterias criterias and subcriterias sifted byDelphi method and, finally, 5 original criterias and 24 subcriterias they elected as selection of protectedregions.They separately introduced to assess proper protection places by analyzing about prioritized and regulargradation and specified coefficients in math method. It is presented, the indexes that change to plans and suitcharacteristics of according to studies what is researched, for all elected subcriterias. Then plans enter GIS(Geographic Information system) environment. Finally, elected item recognized to protect by entering preparedmath model in Roodan Township Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Evaluation of ecological potential in Dayer Nakhiloo National Park through weighted linear combination method
fatemeh Razavian بهنوش KHoshmaneshThe ecological potential assessment of land as one of the guidelines for moving towards sustainable developmentis looking for assessing land latent capacity with standards and preplanned criteria. Identifying and assessing theecological characteristics of each region ar MoreThe ecological potential assessment of land as one of the guidelines for moving towards sustainable developmentis looking for assessing land latent capacity with standards and preplanned criteria. Identifying and assessing theecological characteristics of each region are, guidelines for a development in tune with nature. And in this way,the nature itself clarifies acceptable developmental capacity. In this study, Dayer Nakhiloo national marine parkwhich covers an area of 202.34 square kilometers in the East of Bushehr has been selected and afteridentification of environmental resources and map preparation by using multi criteria decision making methodsand taking advantage of the geographical information system (GIS), overlaying maps, appropriate areas forintensive and extensive recreation were identified. Then, according to the economic development of the regionand due to the sensitive and protected zones within the study area, final zoning was made. The results haveshown about 21.47% of the area (43.3 square kilometers) is appropriate for protection and 67.52 percent (136.16km2) is suitable for extensive recreation zone, besides about 11 percent (including 22.19 sq km) is dedicated tointensive recreations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Selecting preventive maintenance method for flexible pavements
علی بابائیOver the years, researchers and engineers in asphalt and bitumen industry have used different methodologies for various methods of asphaltic pavements’ maintenance. Type and application of different preventive and passive maintenance methods are studied. Unfortuna MoreOver the years, researchers and engineers in asphalt and bitumen industry have used different methodologies for various methods of asphaltic pavements’ maintenance. Type and application of different preventive and passive maintenance methods are studied. Unfortunately, in IRAN, this matter is not concerned yet. In this study have been tried that while introducing various methods of asphaltic pavements’ maintenance, time and location of these maintenance works, as well as effectiveness of them could be studied. Determinig the most effective and most most economic maintenance method for different pavements is also studied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Identification, Development, and Improvement of Archaeological Site Museums Based on Theories and Using the SWOT Model in Internal and International Experiences
Vanooshe ShokriNumerous archaeological sites in Iran are currently facing neglect and vulnerability, resulting in the potential damage and loss of invaluable artifacts. This unfortunate situation leads to the erasure of these sites' rich culture, history, functionality, and appearance MoreNumerous archaeological sites in Iran are currently facing neglect and vulnerability, resulting in the potential damage and loss of invaluable artifacts. This unfortunate situation leads to the erasure of these sites' rich culture, history, functionality, and appearance. Site Museums hold the potential to play a highly efficacious role in achieving comprehensive protection, as well as fostering the cultural and historical development of these sites. As centers dedicated to culture and history, they assume a pivotal role in the preservation and maintenance of our cultural and historical heritage. Showcasing these artifacts provides an opportunity for history and culture enthusiasts to become acquainted with the rich tapestry of a region's history and culture. This research endeavors to identify key indicators within a flexible theoretical framework for the creation of Site Museums, emphasizing a conservation and tourism approach. To accomplish this objective, the research unfolds in two stages. Firstly, it addresses the necessity of establishing Site Museums and highlights the importance of paying attention to archaeological sites through a comprehensive review of the literature, examination of theories pertinent to this field, and the analysis of previous Site Museum experiences worldwide. Secondly, through the documentation of two foreign and two domestic Site Museum experiences, and employing the SWOT analysis method, the research provides theoretical insights aimed at enhancing the construction of Site Museums. This knowledge can subsequently inform the development of more effective policies in this domain. The methodology employed in this research is both descriptive and analytical. The findings underscore that the creation of Site Museums stands as one of the most potent strategies for preserving archaeological sites and uncovering their historical, functional, and educational dimensions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Values special determine of plants and Special value of Plants in Baghe Shadi protected area, Yazd
Ghasem Zare BidokiIntroduction: In this study, to determine the special value of plants in protected area of Baghe Shadi that in 230 km southeast of the city of Yazd and distance of about 30 kilometers East of Herat city is located. has been investigated.Aim: To achieve the goals of the MoreIntroduction: In this study, to determine the special value of plants in protected area of Baghe Shadi that in 230 km southeast of the city of Yazd and distance of about 30 kilometers East of Herat city is located. has been investigated.Aim: To achieve the goals of the IUCN organization, Bagh Shadi protected area located in Yazd province was selected for investigation. Due to the fact that the mentioned area is under the protection of the environmental organization, it is less damaged in terms of destruction and livestock grazing, and due to the low disturbance of the area, it is very important to study the plant flora and identify the special value of the plants.Material and Methods: The values include: “medical, commercial, industrial, ornamental, Used in creating urban green space and the restoration and improvement of nature”, and ecological values (endemic species, rare plants, dependent on specific habitats, protected species, introduced species, and etc.). In addition, the region's threatened species according to the IUCN criteria and by using reference book of “Red data Book of Iran” was determined; Therefore the four categories of endangered species, vulnerable species, species with lower risk and data deficient, in study areas determined and threatened species list provided. Results: This study shows that 157 of plant species have been identified; this plant species belonging to 44 families and 12 genus are that 14 species are special conservation values and Included in Red list. Also 124 of plant species in Baghe Shadi protected area are include value of plant. Improvement of nature, the maximum frequency value plants which 58 species are included this value.Conclusion: The threatened species in this area are more than the lower risk species. Its 14 species have special conservation values and are on the Red List. Ferula assa-foetidae species is of EN protection level, and 13 other species with conservation values in the Red List in the LR category are less dangerous and have a relatively good distribution in different parts of the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - The Relationship Between the Administrative-Political Structure and the legal System Regarding the Protection of Corruption Wistleblowers
Aliakbar Kermani Ahmad Markazmalmiri Hasan Zarei Mahmoodabadi -
Open Access Article
145 - Legal Challenges of Nano-technology in International law and Iranian law: Legal Solutions
Niloofar Sadeghi Abbas Poorhashemi Ali Mashhadi Ali FaghihhabibiNanotechnology and its various applications, especially in the field of environment, not only caused the prevention and elimination of environmental pollution and environmental protection but could also lead to sustainable development. Of course, the potential dangers o MoreNanotechnology and its various applications, especially in the field of environment, not only caused the prevention and elimination of environmental pollution and environmental protection but could also lead to sustainable development. Of course, the potential dangers of some Nano-material could lead to environmental degradation or pollution. The rapid advances in Nano-technology have challenged traditional legislative regimes in both international law and national law, including in the field of the environment. The subject of this research is to investigate the legal gaps in nanotechnology, which has been done to determine the legal challenges in the use of this technology and also provide legal solutions. The present article is descriptive-analytical and finally, it has been concluded that if a coordinated effort is made between the various parts of the regulatory system at the national and international levels, it is possible to solve challenges and it can lead to the development of regulations at national and international levels. The development of new and special laws to eliminate the shortcomings of the existing regulatory system is one of the solutions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Conservation and Reconstruction of Industrial Heritage Potentials (Study Sample: Karaj Steel Plant)
shirin sotodeh Vahid Ghobadian Mohammad Javad Mahdavi NejadSince the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Iran, relying on its rich history in the field of art, industry, and trade has put the construction of industrial factories throughout Iran on the agenda and in every city and gift, and often according to the common industr MoreSince the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Iran, relying on its rich history in the field of art, industry, and trade has put the construction of industrial factories throughout Iran on the agenda and in every city and gift, and often according to the common industry in that region. Industrial architecture is one of the important branches and sources of modern architecture. Strives to build one or more chain factories with the capital of the city's elders and businessmen and to attract the participation and capital of the people. In other words, in an action based on community-based participation, the face and landscape of the city were suddenly changed, and factories were accepted as manifestations of modernism and signs of the new age, along with other urban elements. Unfortunately, after the end of the activities of these industrial institutions and their departure from the city, and the abandonment of factories, many of them were destroyed due to a lack of real knowledge of officials and people of the values hidden in this building and lack of attention of responsible experts and specialists. The process that continues and even their inclusion in the list of national monuments has not been very fruitful and can not be considered an obstacle to prevent their destruction. In this regard, in this study, to be able to properly protect and recreate this heritage, to identify the appropriate approach to the protection of this heritage based on the review of approved documents, and also to recognize and understand the tangible and intangible values of this heritage by grounded theory. Was on the agenda. A method based on and extracting data that has been collected and analyzed regularly during the study of scientific sources. Thus, the result of this integrated protection and regeneration that takes place in the light of attention to culture, considering the category of public awareness of the values of this heritage, as an important matter, integrated protection and recreation of this heritage in the shadow of conscious communities. Will play an important role in its continuation.Explaining this, it should be noted that the industrial heritage, especially the factories that are located in the central part of cities today, after the completion of industrialization and turning them into large forgotten areas inside or around historic cities, from the perspective of people and residents, physical places. And an abandoned and polluted function, spaces for committing all kinds of crimes and offenses, and generally devoid of any inherited values. At first glance, these areas are considered unbearable financial ones, even from the point of view of the executive and political powers. This negative view of the audience and the subsequent cases such as the impossibility of visiting this building and consequently the unfamiliarity of the people with different values of this building deprive the people of a sense of attachment and emotion to this building which is one of the most important reasons for protecting industrial works. In this regard, one of the first protection strategies regarding industrial heritage is to eliminate the negative attitude towards them. The endangerment of industrial heritage is also due to this negative mentality and the problems of the economic structure of the old industrial areas; It should be noted, however, that this legacy can be reminiscent of a pioneering spirit, traditions, and the power of innovation, and can be effective in improving public perceptions and creating a positive image, but so far little use has been made of this industrial heritage potential.In such circumstances, the legacy of industrial society can be saved. The first is to make a relentless effort to preserve this heritage in the collective memory of post-industrial generations. This should be done by understanding the value of this heritage after their disability; In meantime, motivating the feeling and strengthening the sense of pride and sense of responsibility for the protection of industrial heritage, both for the audience and for the officials, will be very effective in preserving the values of industrial heritage. Second, to incorporate this heritage into the daily lives, work, and other cultural or service needs of the residents, using the imagination, initiative, and innovation that we will address in the relevant section. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - Investigating the role of neighborhood-based police on crime rates in Golestan province with emphasis on the role of law enforcement companies
َAbdolreza Bayari Abolghasem Heidarabadi Ali RahmaniThe main purpose of this article is to identify the reduction in the incidence of crime through the deployment of neighborhood-based police in neighborhoods, passages, organizations and companies. By recognizing this goal, the success rate of these companies can be asse MoreThe main purpose of this article is to identify the reduction in the incidence of crime through the deployment of neighborhood-based police in neighborhoods, passages, organizations and companies. By recognizing this goal, the success rate of these companies can be assessed. For this purpose, Parsons functional functional theories, social disorganization theory and social control were used as a theoretical framework. The research method is survey. The sampling method is multi-stage cluster and the sample size according to Cochran's formula is 358 people. Data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis using SPSS software. The questionnaire has a formal validity and the alpha value of the variables of satisfaction with law enforcement companies (0.858) and the amount of crimes (0.712) is very high and has good reliability. The test results show that the average of crimes before and after the implementation of the neighborhood police plan is 3.99 and 2.34. There is a negative and inverse relationship between the duration of the establishment of the neighborhood police and the level of satisfaction with the neighborhood police with the crime rate. The higher the level of satisfaction is with the neighborhood-based police, the lower the crime rate. Conversely, the lower the satisfaction of the neighborhood police, the higher the crime rate. About 34.6% of the changes in crime rates are explained by the variables of neighborhood police deployment duration and satisfaction rate and the highest impact has the neighborhood police satisfaction. The result is that by increasing the quantity and quality of neighborhood-based police, it is possible to reduce the incidence of crime in urban areas. The test results show that the average of crimes before and after the implementation of the neighborhood police plan is 3.99 and 2.34. There is a negative and inverse relationship between the duration of the establishment of the neighborhood police and the level of satisfaction with the neighborhood police with the crime rate. The higher the level of satisfaction is with the neighborhood-based police, the lower the crime rate. Conversely, the lower the satisfaction of the neighborhood police, the higher the crime rate. About 34.6% of the changes in crime rates are explained by the variables of neighborhood police deployment duration and satisfaction rate and the highest impact has the neighborhood police satisfaction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Sociological analysis of environmental protection behavior
Lughman Emamgoli Sadegh Salhi Ahmad Rezaei Asrin FaziThe importance of the environment in the regional and national and international dimensions has brought the necessity of scientific attention to various factors, especially the role of human factors in destroying or preserving the environment. Therefore, comparing the d MoreThe importance of the environment in the regional and national and international dimensions has brought the necessity of scientific attention to various factors, especially the role of human factors in destroying or preserving the environment. Therefore, comparing the doubts and differences of environmental behaviors and the factors affecting them can lead to a better understanding of the status of environmental protection behaviors. This research was conducted as a survey and the statistical sample included 382 residents of the cities of Sanandaj in Iran and Sulaymaniyah in Iraq, who were selected using the cluster sampling method. The reliability of its questions has been evaluated using Cronbach'salpha coefficient. The results of the research regarding the similarities between the two regions can be referred to their perception of the ability to influence the environmental consequences. Residents of Sanandaj and Sulaymaniyah cities have equal self-efficacy in the degree of influence on environmental protection behavior. Also, the differences between the residents of the cities of Sanandaj and Sulaymaniyah in terms of environmental protection behaviors are in two forms. The first form is due to the low facilities and conditions for environmental protection behavior in Sulaymaniyah compared to Sanandaj.The second figure refers to the high level of environmental protection behavior, environmental attitude and environmental knowledge of the residents of Sulaymaniyah city in the direction of environmental protection compared to the residents of Sanandaj city. Finally, the effect of the mentioned variables on the environmental protection behavior of the residents of Sanandaj and Sulaymaniyah cities was tested. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Investigating the Role of Environmental Education of Local Communities on Environmental Performance of Citizens of District 5 of Tabriz Municipality
Shabnam Rahmanpour Mohammad Ebrahim RamezaniThis study intended to investigate the effect of environmental educationof local communities on bioenvironmental performance of citizens’ ofdistrict 5 of Tabriz municipality. This study was a semi-experimentalsurvey research. Research method was a semi-experimenta MoreThis study intended to investigate the effect of environmental educationof local communities on bioenvironmental performance of citizens’ ofdistrict 5 of Tabriz municipality. This study was a semi-experimentalsurvey research. Research method was a semi-experimental through pretest,post-test with control group. The Population of the study is citizensof district 5 of Tabriz city. This city was selected because of availabilityof related information and references. Sample size was 60 people ofcitizens of district 5 of Tabriz, from whom 30 people were grouped inexperiment group and 30 people in control group. In this study, data wasgathered through a researcher-made questionnaire which its validity wasconfirmed by supervisor and related experts, and its reliability wascalculated through Cronbach Alpha (0.81) which is acceptable. Resultsshowed that, environmental education of citizens of region 5 of Tabrizhas positive effect on waste, water consumption, pollution, energyconsumption and maintenance of environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - An analysis of the role of environmental crimes in national security; jurisprudential, legal and criminological approaches
Sarah Ziadkhani Sadegh Salimi Seyed Abdolali GhavamA threat to national security is an action or a series of events that seriously threatens the quality of life of the residents of a country or the scope of authority of a government or private units belonging to a country in choosing policies in a more or less short per MoreA threat to national security is an action or a series of events that seriously threatens the quality of life of the residents of a country or the scope of authority of a government or private units belonging to a country in choosing policies in a more or less short period of time. It is extremely dangerous. National security can be discussed as a very important phenomenon, and one of these areas is the environmental issue, which has caused the formation of new debates under the title of environmental security. The numerous characteristics of environmental damage that have irreparable effects have caused this category to become a significant influence in jeopardizing national and international security and to face a serious risk to sustainable development. This research described the important concepts of the study with a descriptive-analytical method, and then it examines the impact of the green belt on national security and environmental security from a legal, jurisprudential and criminological point of view. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - Protective effect of Descurainia sophia ethanolic extract on antioxidant enzyme levels in carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage of Wistar rats
Mahboubeh Mahlouji Akram Eidi Pejman Mortazavi Shahrbanoo OryanVarious studies have shown the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of Descorainia sophia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective ability of Descorainia sophia ethanolic extract in liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride in male Wistar MoreVarious studies have shown the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of Descorainia sophia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective ability of Descorainia sophia ethanolic extract in liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride in male Wistar rats. In this experimental study, 60 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 10 groups of 6 consisting of normal control, intoxified control (intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 ml/kg of carbon tetrachloride), normal experimental (Descorainia sophia ethanolic extract at doses of 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg via intragastric gavage) and intoxified experimental (intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 ml/kg of carbon tetrachloride and Descorainia sophia ethanolic extract at doses of 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg via intragastric gavage). After 28 days, the levels of antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and level of malondialdehyde in liver homogenate were evaluated. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Tukey post hoc test with statistical significance defined as p<0.05. Our results showed that administration of carbon tetrachloride significantly decreased the levels of antioxidant enzymes and increased the level of malondialdehyde in the intoxified control group in comparison to normal control group (p<0.001). Also, the administration of Descorainia sophia ethanolic extract significantly increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes and decreased the level of malondialdehyde in the liver of intoxified experimental groups in comparison with the intoxified control group (p<0.05) in a dose dependent manner. The results of the study indicated that Descorainia sophia removes free radicals and reduces oxidative stress caused by carbon tetrachloride in hepatic tissue of rats probably due to its flavonoid compounds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - Effectiveness of Watershed Operations in Controlling Erosion and Sedimentation Using MPSIAC Experimental Model (Case Study: Saqezchi-Chay Watershed, Ardabil Province)
Rouhallah Dabiri Hirad Abghari Ardavan GhorbaniDuring the recent decades, the loss of water and soil resources in watersheds due to their inappropriate exploitation has become increasingly intense, this issue has reduced the production and useful life of reservoirs and increased the amount of sediment production. To MoreDuring the recent decades, the loss of water and soil resources in watersheds due to their inappropriate exploitation has become increasingly intense, this issue has reduced the production and useful life of reservoirs and increased the amount of sediment production. Today, with the advancement of technology, examining the impact of projects by measuring the effective parameters and studying how to achieve the goals are part of the basic principles of project evaluation. In this study, according to the implemented mechanical and biological operations, the role of watershed operations in controlling erosion and sedimentation in the Saqezchi-chay watershed of Ardabil province was investigated and compared using the MPSIAC method before and after the operation. In this model, 9 effective factors in erosion have been considered, each of which has a score depending on its intensity and weakness, and finally, taking these scores into account, the sedimentation rate of the area is considered. The results of the research show a relative decrease in erosion and sedimentation in the area of watershed operations and, on the other hand, an increase in erosion and sedimentation in other areas without watershed operations, which indicates the positive effect of watershed operations in increasing vegetation and soil protection. Also, the implemented watershed management measures, in addition to increasing the concentration time in the watershed and groundwater feeding, have played an important role in preventing the reduction of the storage volume of the Saqezachi dam. The results indicate the effectiveness of watershed projects in reducing sedimentation in the study area; In such a way that the amount of erosion in the watershed has changed significantly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - تحلیلی بر توسعه الگوی پیادهمداری در فضاهای گردشگری شهری نمونه: بافت تاریخی- فرهنگی شیراز
رحیم حیدری چیانه میثم صفرپور مهدی بلواسی فاطمه بلوچ امدادی -
Open Access Article
154 - Study of Soil Conservation in Agroforestry systems (Case study: Friedan and Chadegan cities in Esfahan province)
زهره Bazvand S.M Hasani داود azadfar G.H Zahedi Amiri محمد Avatefi hemmatSoil is one of the most important parts of the renewable natural resources, which is damaged by cutting down the trees. If this valuable resource is not protected, the output of it is reduced and the life of mankind and plants are endangered. Soil conservation is a cruc MoreSoil is one of the most important parts of the renewable natural resources, which is damaged by cutting down the trees. If this valuable resource is not protected, the output of it is reduced and the life of mankind and plants are endangered. Soil conservation is a crucial issue and understanding how it is influenced by different factors is of utmost importance in agroforestry systems. The efficiency of agroforestry systems for regulating soil erosion can be increased in response to the similarities between these systems to the natural forest concerning the litter frequency, distance and height of trees. This study was conducted to determine the best agroforestry systems in respect to erodibility along with soil conservation. The results of this investigation comprise diverse aspects. The two important aspects of this study include (1) identification and recording the number of systems, operations and agroforestry technologies present in the area and (2) exploring the soil condition of agroforestry systems, available in the area as well as conserving the soil in these systems. Regarding the literature reviews, 3 factors were evaluated to determine the erodibility or non-erodibility of agroforestry systems (texture, porosity and soil gravimetric moisture percent). As expected, the results of this investigation revealed that trees were appropriate candidates for soil conservation and reclamation in terms of erodibility in relation to other systems in this region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - Vegetation of the Sefid-Kuh Protected Area, W. Iran
عصری Asri م Ghorbanli م MehrniaSefid-Kuh Protected Area is situated in the west of Iran. The Area is one of the unknown ecosystems of Zagros mountain system. The vegetation of part of the Area was studied by Braun-Blanquet method. Phytosociological data analyzed with Factorial Correspondence Analysis MoreSefid-Kuh Protected Area is situated in the west of Iran. The Area is one of the unknown ecosystems of Zagros mountain system. The vegetation of part of the Area was studied by Braun-Blanquet method. Phytosociological data analyzed with Factorial Correspondence Analysis (FCA) and the Hierarchical Ascendant Classification (HAC) methods by means of Anaphyto software. 18 associations and 6 subassociations were distinguished in the Area. These steppe-forest communities belong to Quercetea persicae and Quercetalia persica. The zonation of vegetation is mainly affected by topographic and edaphic factors. Altitude, slope, exposure, percent of gravel and moisture, texture and depth of the soil are the important factors to establishment of associations in the different elevation zones. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - Evaluating land-use sustainability emphasizing on maintain cultural heritage (Case stud: The Ancient Susa City)
Somayeh Khademy Mahmoud GhalehNooe Mohammad MasoudLand use planning program has always been the most important factor in urban planning, because it determines land use and spatial structure of cities, on the one hand, and on the other hand it also determines the economic value of each piece of land. Therefo MoreLand use planning program has always been the most important factor in urban planning, because it determines land use and spatial structure of cities, on the one hand, and on the other hand it also determines the economic value of each piece of land. Therefore, different perspectives are presented on ways of using this important resource that are important regardless of quality of life issues, while the quantity, per capita and access are considered. In the recent decades changes have happened to the urban planning. Consequently, land use planning has been neglected and attention to land quality issues were rare. There have been times when solutions have been offered for improving it, however, inefficient and inadequate. In this regard, approaches to sustainable development with emphasis on efficient use of land has provided a new approach in urban planning and has been followed by the most important element of it - Land use planning. In this paper it has been tried to choose most important indicators that are effective on urban land use; also this indicators were adapted on sustainable devel0opment then they were used for evaluation of urban sustainability of urban land use. Since the protection of monuments and their privacy were of the most important elements of sustainable development, indicators were chosen with emphasis on protection of monuments and privacy compliance date . Further we were trying to combined these indicators with other indicators of urban sustainable development. For this purpose order maps showing space density were used to determine Kernel density estimation (KDE) and for combination of layers and providing the final map on AHP model. The results show that districts located in the eastern half – New city districts- have more stability than the districts located in thewestern half in city of Susa. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - Explaining the effective factors on Islamic moral intelligence and its effect on organizational apathy of the staff of Khorasan Razavi General Department of Environmental Protection
Laleh Masoomian Davod Kaveh Yaser Salary Samaneh Mehdizadeh Mehdi Mohammad bagheriThe purpose of this study is to explain the factors affecting Islamic moral intelligence and its effection organizational indifference of the staff of the General Department of Environmental Protection of Khorasan Razavi.In the process of conducting this research qualit MoreThe purpose of this study is to explain the factors affecting Islamic moral intelligence and its effection organizational indifference of the staff of the General Department of Environmental Protection of Khorasan Razavi.In the process of conducting this research qualitative and quantitative methods have been used. In the framework of the qualitative method after conducting Delphi interviews with experts some of the most important indicators related to Islamic moral intelligence and the factors affecting it and organizational indifference were identified in Department. After designing the concept model based on the desired indicators, the quantitative process began in the form of a survey method. The statistical population of the quantitative section is all the employees of this Department , about 450 people, 207 of whom were selected by simple random sampling. The research tool is researcher-made questionnaires that were validated using content validity by face validity method and internal consistency by Cronbach's alpha method. The data analysis method was structural equation modeling using Amos 23 modeling software.Findings showed that the variable of Islamic moral intelligence with a coefficient of -0.62 had a significant effect on organizational indifference of the staff . Also the variable of internal factors (innate) with a coefficient of 0.82 and the variable of external factors (educational) with a coefficient of -0.07 have an effect on Islamic moral intelligence.The result is that the designed model is the best effective model for investigating factors affecting Islamic moral intelligence and its effect on the organizational indifference of employees. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - A case study on upgrading earthing system of Isfahan petroleum reservoirs
Shahrokh Shojaeean ebrahim heidariConsidering the high number of fires that occurred due to lightning strikes and electric charges in the oil reservoirs of our country, in this paper, the present scheme of a sample of oil reservoirs in the company of oil and gas pipelines in Isfahan region was discussed MoreConsidering the high number of fires that occurred due to lightning strikes and electric charges in the oil reservoirs of our country, in this paper, the present scheme of a sample of oil reservoirs in the company of oil and gas pipelines in Isfahan region was discussed and criticized. By measuring the soil specific strength and other parameters required for the land system, its modeling and simulation in the CYMGRD software environment were performed and the disadvantages of it were investigated and the optimal design was selected and recommended according to the environmental conditions and observance of the considerations. In addition, various possible ways to deal with the fire hazard of reservoirs were investigated and recommendations were made to optimize the connectivity and potentiality of different components of the reservoirs and how to use them to reduce the possibility of fire and fire oil reservoirs.The results of this study indicate that lightning and static safety does not depend much on the reservoir's land system, and the methods and methods of connecting and potentiating the reservoir components, especially the floating roof and the type of exploitation of oil storage tanks, are of great importance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - Coordinated Protection Scheme Based on Virtual Impedance Control for Loop-Based Microgrids
Hamed Karimi Bahador Fani Ghazanfar ShahgholianThe presence of the inverter distributed generations in the power systems can bring about incoordination in the protection system performance while enjoying various advantages. In this paper, a suitable solution, independent of relay settings, is presented in order to s MoreThe presence of the inverter distributed generations in the power systems can bring about incoordination in the protection system performance while enjoying various advantages. In this paper, a suitable solution, independent of relay settings, is presented in order to solve the protection problems of inverter island microgrids with circular arrangement. The presence of distributed inverter generation sources causes a change in the direction and amplitude of the fault current at the microgrid level. This problem is more visible in microgrids with circular arrangement. Therefore, conventional protection schemes that consider a single path and a high fault current level compared to load current may be problematic. An important factor for the proper design of a protective system for microgrids is the contribution of the injecting fault current of the inverter sources. In this paper, a protection strategy based on the inverter control of sources is presented and ordinary overcurrent relays with the same characteristic curve are used. When a short circuit fault occurs in the microgrid, an adaptive current limiting strategy is applied using the virtual impedance loop. In this case, the share of fault current of each source is controlled according to the position of the fault, and sources closer to the fault produce a larger fault current. Therefore, the current passing through the protective equipment is closer to the fault than other equipment in the micro grid. And without the need for making connection between protective equipment, the protective coordination is guaranteed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - A New Inrush Current Detection Method Based on Current Lissajous Figure
Behrooz Taheri Seyed Amir Hosseini Hossein Askarian Abyaneh Farzad RazaviThe sympathetic Inrush current that occurs in series and parallel transformers can cause the creation of two major problems in the protection of power transformers. The main problem is that the peak of the inrush current for this case is more severe rather than common i MoreThe sympathetic Inrush current that occurs in series and parallel transformers can cause the creation of two major problems in the protection of power transformers. The main problem is that the peak of the inrush current for this case is more severe rather than common inrush current that the protection system may mal-operate. Besides, when a common protection system is designed for parallel transformers, the line input current, the vector summation of the input currents, will be detected as a single-phase fault that can cause the incorrect operation of the protection system. For this purpose, this paper presents a novel approach based on Lissajous of current signal for detection of inrush current phenomenon. The proposed method detects the faults very quickly; as well as, this method has appropriate operation under noisy conditions, like white Gaussian noise. This method is evaluated using a network consist of 230 to 63 kV parallel transformers with vector group ynd11. The results show that the proposed method performs better than conventional industrial schemes, such as second harmonic, zero-crossing, and waveform analysis method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - Coordination of Protection Equipment in Synchronous Generator-Based Microgrids with Regard to Maintaining First Swing Stability
Hassan Fayazi Majid Moazzami Bahador Fani Ghazanfar ShahgholianWith the addition of distributed generation resources to the structure of distribution networks, at the time of the fault, the amount and direction of flow through the main and backup protections changes and disrupts the coordination between them. Synchronous generator- MoreWith the addition of distributed generation resources to the structure of distribution networks, at the time of the fault, the amount and direction of flow through the main and backup protections changes and disrupts the coordination between them. Synchronous generator-based sources, meanwhile, are more sensitive to error fixing times and their stability may be compromised. Since the troubleshooting time depends on the performance of the protection system, this paper proposes the most suitable protection combination for systems with synchronous generators by examining the types of combinations for protection elements (relay-relay, relay-recloser and recloser-fuse). Slowly On the other hand, this paper presents a solution by which, while maintaining the stability of the first oscillation of synchronous generators in the distribution network, the coordination between the main protection and the backup in the event of an error and in the presence of these sources can be maintained. There is no need to change or redesign the protection system in this solution. The proposed method, by activating the instantaneous characteristic along with the characteristic curve of the relay in the system, was able to establish coordination between the protections and transient stability of the synchronous generators in the distribution system for a penetration coefficient of 0 to 100%. The results of the implementation of the proposed method on the standard 33-bus IEEE test system in the ETAP software environment confirm its capability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Distributed Generations Management to Restore Protective Coordination Using Multi-Agent Systems
Saeed Soltaniyan Bahador FaniUtilizing the structure of multi-agent systems is one of the methods proposed today to improve the performance of network protection systems. Given that the presence of distributed generation resources as well as network restructuring has always been a concern for netwo MoreUtilizing the structure of multi-agent systems is one of the methods proposed today to improve the performance of network protection systems. Given that the presence of distributed generation resources as well as network restructuring has always been a concern for network managers, so it is expected that with the introduction of smart equipment and capabilities that provide network managers, better performance and maintenance They help. Intelligent devices are able to exchange information by communicating on a telecommunications platform. The purpose of this paper is to coordinate the protection relays in the presence of distributed generation sources by removing the connection between the relay agents and the information collected from the entire network by the central controller. The proposed method, in addition to improving the speed of the traditional multi agent system protection system, increases the security of the protection system and eliminates the need for information from one agent of one section to the agents of another sections. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - Sustainable ecotourism development in protected areas with an emphasis on the concept of environmental carrying capacity
مژگان بزم آرا بلشتی Mortezam tavakoly satar soltanian Kaveh JafarzadehIn this research, the breadth of capacity, ecotourism and Sports ecotourism of the protected area of Khayyz have been studied to achieve the development of sustainable ecotourism. In the same way, after providing information and analyzing them on the GIS and using the l MoreIn this research, the breadth of capacity, ecotourism and Sports ecotourism of the protected area of Khayyz have been studied to achieve the development of sustainable ecotourism. In the same way, after providing information and analyzing them on the GIS and using the linear combination method The area of the zones of each ecotourism activity was determined and Then, using the obtained information and theoretical foundations related to the capacity of the board, the threshold of ecotourism tolerance and sports ecotourism activities were calculated at three levels: physical, real and effective. According to the results, 60.5% of the total area was considered suitable for ecotourism, which has a very good area with the highest area (24.5%). Also, a very good area with 2420145 people with the highest physical range and 56278 the person has the most realistic wins. largest area of exercise ecotourism activity is located in the middle zone with an area of 3358/24 acres and it is indicative of the fact that the Southern Hemisphere is of medium power in terms of sport tourism. Out of the sports ecotourism activities, climbing activities have the highest capacity in a good area. This increase is due to the favorable environmental and ecological conditions and the greater area of these areas. Finally, studying the existing tourism situation and assessing the region indicates that the lack of attention to the threshold of environmental sustainability in the protected area of southern Khayzis can endanger the stability of the area in the short term. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - Evaluation of Malayer County's Ecotourism Arrangements with Emphasis on Manisan Target Village Using SWOT Model
mitra refahi dahrThe purpose of this research is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of ecology, to study the status of ecology resorts and to determine the ecological ecosystems in Malayer. The research will be applied and will be descriptive-analytical in nature and method. The u MoreThe purpose of this research is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of ecology, to study the status of ecology resorts and to determine the ecological ecosystems in Malayer. The research will be applied and will be descriptive-analytical in nature and method. The use of documents, documents and reports and other parts has been collected through the analysis of Swat and its strengths and weaknesses. The SWOT technique is used for field analysis. Developing laws and standards appropriate to the local tourism industry, providing training to local tourism activists, supporting investors to enter the field and closely monitoring the activities of local tourism companies, with the presence of relevant authorities. He wants. The development of the local economy and the active involvement of the private sector in the tourism industry are among the opportunities that the tourism industry can bring to the country's sustainable development of the tourism industry. Ecotourism policies must also be integrated into a systematic, integrated approach to macroeconomic, political, cultural, and social areas with a view to protecting the environment, which is a common legacy of today's and tomorrow's generations, and fostering public participation in the field. Developing infrastructure, infrastructure, and revenue from this business - reviewing the types and patterns of benefits and benefits from public and private partnerships. B The eccentricity of canvas pointed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - Factors Affecting the Participation of Citizens and Tourists for Environment Protection (A Case Study of Mahmoudabad)
naser fattahi Leila Ebrahimi jamnani Kia bozorgmehr Ameneh haghzadParticipation is the main mechanism for sustainable development goals in the third millennium. When cities grow in size and population, it is important to pay attention to the coordination between their physical, social and environmental aspects. The sustainability of t MoreParticipation is the main mechanism for sustainable development goals in the third millennium. When cities grow in size and population, it is important to pay attention to the coordination between their physical, social and environmental aspects. The sustainability of the city will depend on the harmony between these factors. The aim of the present study is to study the factors affecting the participation of citizens and tourists in order to protect the environment. The research was conducted in terms of developmental-applied purpose and in a mixed way. The statistical population of the study included members of the scientific board of the fields of environment, watershed management, agriculture, geography, tourism, Mahmoud Abad universities, managers of public organizations and private companies, employers and contractors. . Data collection tools continued from the first phase of the semi-structured face-to-face interview to the phase of theoretical saturation. Interviews with 29 people (23 men and 6 women) were identified in four dimensions and 21 items. The second part of the discussion was given to the members of Delphi Group (8 people) in two stages for designing the questionnaire. In the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire on the five-value Likert scale was distributed online among the statistical sample (85 people). The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for education (0.754), management (0.861), planning (0.82), information (0.791), ownership (0.833), and social (0.741) were estimated. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS and PLS software. The findings showed that educational, social, planning, ownership, management and information factors affect the participation of citizens and tourists in environmental protection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - Proposing and prioritizing the solutions for sustainable tourism in Geno protected area
Hossein Parvaresh Leila Beirami BastamNowadays tourism has many economic benefits but has been created various environmental problems in these areas. In this research we studied and prioritized the various options for sustainable ecotourism in Geno protected area using TOPSIS method . Geno protected area is MoreNowadays tourism has many economic benefits but has been created various environmental problems in these areas. In this research we studied and prioritized the various options for sustainable ecotourism in Geno protected area using TOPSIS method . Geno protected area is one of the most important protected area in Hormozgan province,it has a high ecological value and many tourist visit it every day. For conducting the study in the first step, criteria and sub criteria for sustainable tourism were selected. Then all criteria were scored by 15 experts and weighted using AHP method. Then final prioritizing was done using TOPSIS method. Results of ranking the criteria using AHP method showed that cost criteria (with 0.297 score) is in first place and then other criteria are : effects continuity (with 0.273 score) , effects expand (with 0.187 score), effects intensity (with 0.142 score) and effects certainty (with 0.101 score) and in according to TOPSIS method prioritizing of options are : increasing the conservative officers (with 0.582 score) , zonation (with 0.569 score), time limitation for ecotourists (with 0.538 score), fee determination for visiting (with 0.494 score), continuous monitoring of visitors effects (with 0.44 score), native people participation in protection (with 0.42 score), continuous training for staff and visitors (with 0.408 score), limitation in number of visitors in same time (with 0.393 score) and incentive policies (with 0.384 score). Key Words: Geno Protected Area, Sustainable Tourism, Topsis Method, Analytical Hierarchy Method Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - بررسی نقش و اثرات همکاری روستائیان در حفاظت، احیاء و بهره برداری از منابع طبیعی (مطالعه موردی: استان مازندران)
حمید بحیرایی سعید مقدسی -
Open Access Article
168 - تحلیل و بررسی نقش قوانین کیفری ایران در حفاظت از محیط زیست و توسعه پایدار مقاصد گردشگری
لیلا خانپور محمد مهدی رحیمی رضا پیوندی -
Open Access Article
169 - سنجش تمایل به پرداخت خانوارها به منظور بهرهمندی فرزندانشان از پارک طبیعت پردیسان بعنوان مدرسه طبیعت با استفاده از روش ارزشگذاری مشروط (CVM) (مطالعه موردی: پارک پردیسان)
زهره الزهرا روحیپور سید محمد شبیری مریم لاریجانی علیرضا میکائیلی -
Open Access Article
170 - کاربرد قاعده لاضرر در حفاظت از محیط زیست و معماری در راستای ارائه مدلی برای شهرسازی اسلامی و ایرانی
محسن حسن پور سید محمد موسوی بجنوردی مریم ابن تراب -
Open Access Article
171 - مروری بر کاربرد نشانگرهای ریزماهواره در ارزیابی تنوع ژنتیکی شترسانان
M.M. Musthafaشترها به عنوان کشتی­های صحرا شناخته شده و کاربردهای مختلفی در جهان دارند. برآورد پارامترهای ژنتیکی نخستین گام در مدیریت منابع ژنتیکی برای حفاظت و استفاده مناسب از آنها است. نشانگرهای ریزماهواره به­ طور وسیعی در گاو، گوسفند، بُز و شتر به کار گرفته شده­اند. ول Moreشترها به عنوان کشتی­های صحرا شناخته شده و کاربردهای مختلفی در جهان دارند. برآورد پارامترهای ژنتیکی نخستین گام در مدیریت منابع ژنتیکی برای حفاظت و استفاده مناسب از آنها است. نشانگرهای ریزماهواره به­ طور وسیعی در گاو، گوسفند، بُز و شتر به کار گرفته شده­اند. ولی مطالعات صورت گرفته در زمینه تعیین خصوصیات ژنتیکی بر روی شترها اندک است. افزایش سریعی در حجم داده­های مولکولی حاصل از جمعیت­های شتر بومی مشاهده می­شود. این موضوع حاکی از آن است که سطح آگاهی از این موضوع در جوامع علمی مناسب است. بر مبنای مطالعات صورت گرفته در استرالیا، کنیا، عربستان سعودی، جزایر قناری، هندوستان، مصر و تونس، تنوع ژنتیکی نشانگرهای ریزماهواره در شترها از سطح بالایی برخوردار است. برای یافتن داده­های هتروزیگوسیتی مفید توصیه می­شود که نشانگرهای ریزماهواره YWLL08، YWLL09، YWLL38، YWLL44، YWLL59، VOLP30، VOLP08، VOLP10، VOLP32، VOLP67، LCA66، CVRL01، CVRL05، CVRL06، CVRL07 و CMS50 استفاده گردد. این نشانگرها سطح بالایی از غنای آللی و محتوای اطلاعات چندشکلی را نشان می­دهند. بنابراین آنالیزهای تنوع ژنتیکی بر روی شترها در آینده می­تواند بر مبنای این نشانگرهای بسیار مفید صورت گیرد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - شبیهسازی دینامیک گذشته و ارزیابی وضعیت موجود جمعیت بز مرخز در زیستگاه اصلی آن
ح.ر. بهمنی م. طهمورثپور ا. اسلمی نژاد م. وطن خواه ا. رشیدیبه منظور جمعآوری اطلاعات جامعی از جمعیت بز مرخز و شبیهسازی دینامیک گذشته جمعیت در زیستگاه اصلی آن، این تحقیق انجام شد. اطلاعات سرشماری جمعیت و فراسنجههای مورد نیاز برای مدل شبیهسازی از منابع منتشر شده یا در زیستگاه بز مرخز در طی سه سال از سال 1389 تا 1391 جمعآوری ش Moreبه منظور جمعآوری اطلاعات جامعی از جمعیت بز مرخز و شبیهسازی دینامیک گذشته جمعیت در زیستگاه اصلی آن، این تحقیق انجام شد. اطلاعات سرشماری جمعیت و فراسنجههای مورد نیاز برای مدل شبیهسازی از منابع منتشر شده یا در زیستگاه بز مرخز در طی سه سال از سال 1389 تا 1391 جمعآوری شدند. در این بررسی، دینامیک گذشته و کاهش مورد انتظار در تنوع ژنتیکی جمعیت از طریق تجزیه و تحلیل حیاتی جمعیت (PVA) و با استفاده از نسخه دهم نرم افزار Vortex شبیهسازی شدند. اندازه جمعیت و مولدین بز مرخز یک روند رو به کاهش را در زیستگاه جمعیت نشان دادند. تعداد مولدهای ماده، مولدهای نر و کل جمعیت در آخرین سال بررسی به ترتیب 917، 55 و 1669 رأس بودند. نرخ همخونی محاسبه شده و شبیهسازی شده به ترتیب 4/2 و 9/3 درصد بودند. اندازه مؤثر شبیهسازی شده جمعیت (128) نیز نزدیک به اندازه بحرانی 100 بود. بعلاوه، احتمال انقراض، نرخ رشد تصادفی، کاهش در تنوع ژنتیکی و ضریب همخونی از 16 سال پیش تا سال 1391 با تجزیه و تحلیل حیاتی جمعیت به ترتیب، 0 درصد، 1624/0-، 5 درصد و 0311/0 شبیهسازی شدند. روش تجزیه و تحلیل حیاتی جمعیت با در نظر گرفتن مقادیر و احتمالات معتبری از فراسنجههای زیستی و تهدیدات موجود، به درستی دینامیک گذشته جمعیت را شبیهسازی کرد. بر اساس یافتههای این تحقیق، توصیه میشود: 1) با استفاده از فراسنجههای محیطی و جمعیتی بدست آمده، احتمال بقاء جمعیت در آینده و مقدار مورد انتظار کاهش در تنوع ژنتیکی برآورد گردند. 2) سناریوهای مختلف مدیریتی به منظور تهیه برنامه حفاظتی برای این نژاد شبیهسازی شوند. Manuscript profile -
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173 - پیشبینی نواحی اپیتوپی سلولهایB و T آنتیژن حفاظتی در باکتری Bacillus anthracis
م. طهمورثپور ن. نظیفی ز. پیرخضرانیانآنتیژن حفاظتی (PA) زیر واحدی از توکسین سیاه زخم در باکتری Anthracis میباشد که به عنوان یک عامل مهم در واکسنهای حفاظت در برابر بیماری سیاه زخم شناخته شده است. یکی از اهداف طراحی واکسنهای نوترکیب اجتناب از عوارض جانبی ارگانیسمهای کشته شده یا ضعیف شده با استفاده از اپ Moreآنتیژن حفاظتی (PA) زیر واحدی از توکسین سیاه زخم در باکتری Anthracis میباشد که به عنوان یک عامل مهم در واکسنهای حفاظت در برابر بیماری سیاه زخم شناخته شده است. یکی از اهداف طراحی واکسنهای نوترکیب اجتناب از عوارض جانبی ارگانیسمهای کشته شده یا ضعیف شده با استفاده از اپیتوپهای خطی خنثیساز آنتیژنهای حفاظتی میباشد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف تعیین اپیتوپهای غالب بر اساس آنالیزهای چند پارامتری انجام شد. از سرورهای بیوانفورماتیکی آنلاین شناخته شده به منظور پیشبینی اپیتوپها استفاده شد و بر اساس بالاترین امتیاز و بیشترین تکرار در نرم افزارهای مورد استفاده، بهترین اپیتوپها انتخاب شدند. تجزیه و تحلیلهای بیشتر در مورد اپیتوپهای پیشبینی شده با استفاده از نرم افزار آنلاین VaxiJen 2.0 و سرورهای هضم پروتئینی (Protein Digest) انجام پذیرفت. در میان اپیتوپهای انتخاب شده در مراحل قبل، آنهایی که دارای بالاترین آنتیژنسیته با حد آستانه 5/0 و کمترین جایگاه محدودکننده پروتئازهای دستگاه گوارش بودند به عنوان اپیتوپهای نهایی انتخاب شدند. اپیتوپهای نهایی برای سلولهای B شامل اسیدآمینههای 308-292، 521-507 و 719-706 بودند. همچنین اسیدآمینههای 31-17، 329-315 و 400-385 به عنوان بهترین اپیتوپهای کلاس MCHI سلولهای T و اسیدآمینههای شماره 464-455 و 669-661 به عنوان بهترین اپیتوپهای انتخابی برای کلاس MCHII در سلولهای T پیشبینی شدند. از آنجایی که وجود ساختار پیچههای تصادفی موجب بالا رفتن احتمال شکلگیری اپیتوپ آنتیژنتیک در ساختار پروتئین میشود، آنالیز نهایی ساختار دوم برای اپیتوپهای نهایی PA نشان داد که تمام این اپیتوپها دارای ۱۰۰ درصد ساختار مارپیچ تصادفی (نامنظم) هستند. Manuscript profile -
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174 - جداسازی و شناسایی نشانگرهای ریزماهواره از ژنوم گونه در معرض انقراض شتر دو کوهانه
ع. دانشور آملی م. امین افشار س.ا. شاهزاده فاضلی ن. امام جمعه کاشان ک. جمعه خالدیشتر دوکوهانه یکی از گونههای دامی در معرض انقراض ایران بوده که اکثراً در شمال غرب کشور پرورش داده میشود. ریزماهوارهها یکی از نشانگرهای مناسب برای مطالعات ژنتیک جمعیت و تعیین هویت جانوران و ردههای سلولی هستند. در این تحقیق نشانگرهای ریزماهواره با استفاده از 40 رده سل Moreشتر دوکوهانه یکی از گونههای دامی در معرض انقراض ایران بوده که اکثراً در شمال غرب کشور پرورش داده میشود. ریزماهوارهها یکی از نشانگرهای مناسب برای مطالعات ژنتیک جمعیت و تعیین هویت جانوران و ردههای سلولی هستند. در این تحقیق نشانگرهای ریزماهواره با استفاده از 40 رده سلولی فیبروبلاستی شتر دوکوهانه و به روش PIMA (PCR Isolation of Microsatellite Arrays) جداسازی، شناسایی و بررسی گردیدند. PIMA روش مناسبی است که نیازی به تشکیل کتابخانه ژنومی و استفاده از مواد رادیواکتیو ندارد. پس از بررسی توالیها، تعداد 4 جایگاه ریزماهواره جدید (IBRC01، IBRC02، IBRC03 و IBRC04) شناسایی و برای آنها پرایمر طراحی گردید. تنوع آللی جایگاههای فوق در تعداد 40 نمونه شتر دوکوهانه بررسی شد. تعداد آللهای مشاهده شده از 5-3 آلل متغیر بود. هتروزایگوسیتی مشاهده شده بین 52/0 تا 71/0 و هتروزایگوسیتی مورد انتظار بین 53/0 تا 80/0 و شاخص شانون بین 89/0 تا 6/1 متغیر بود. درخت فیلوژنی بر اساس توالیهای به دست آمده و توالیهای ثبت شده از گونه شتر رسم گردید و تفاوت گونهها را بر مبنای پراکنش جغرافیایی تأیید کرد. نتایج این تحقیق نشان میدهد که روش PIMA برای جداسازی و شناسایی نشانگرهای ریزماهواره کارایی خوبی داشته است. همچنین تنوع جایگاههای ریزماهواره جدید شناسایی شده خوب بوده و از آنها میتوان به عنوان ابزاری مفید برای انجام مطالعات ژنتیک جمعیت، تعیین هویت و حفاظت از ذخایر ژنتیکی شتر دوکوهانه استفاده نمود. Manuscript profile -
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175 - اثرات آنتیاکسیدانی عصاره الکلی مرزنجوش بر روی پارامترهای کنتیکی، میکروسکوپیکی و اکسیداتیوی اسپرمهای گاو نر هلشتاین
ح. دقیق کیا ر. فرهادی ا. اشرفی م. مهدیپورگیاه مرزنجوش دارای سطوح بالایی از ترکیبات فنولی نظیر اسید گالیک و فنل­هایی نظیر اسید رزمارینیک و کوئرسیتین است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی اثرات عصاره مرزنجوش به عنوان آنتی­اکسیدان طبیعی، بر روی کیفیت منی منجمد-یخ­گشایی شده گاو نر هلشتاین بود. اسپرم­گیری د Moreگیاه مرزنجوش دارای سطوح بالایی از ترکیبات فنولی نظیر اسید گالیک و فنل­هایی نظیر اسید رزمارینیک و کوئرسیتین است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی اثرات عصاره مرزنجوش به عنوان آنتی­اکسیدان طبیعی، بر روی کیفیت منی منجمد-یخ­گشایی شده گاو نر هلشتاین بود. اسپرم­گیری دو بار در هفته، به مدت دو ماه و از سه گاو نر هلشتاین (6-5 ساله با میانگین وزنی 800 کیلوگرم) انجام گرفت. عصاره اتانولی مرزنجوش در مقادیر 20، 16، 12، 8، 4، 2 میلی­لیتر در دسی­لیتر رقیق­کننده به­رقیق کننده بر پایه سیترات-زرده تخم مرغ افزوده شد. بعد از یخ­گشایی نمونه­های منی، پارامترهای تحرکی اسپرم، زنده­مانی و یکپارچگی غشاء به ترتیب توسط سیستم کاسا، رنگ آمیزی ائوزین-نیگروزین و تست التهاب هیپواسمتیک مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. همچنین مقادیر مالون دی آلدهاید و فعالیت سوپراکسید دیسموتاز و کاتالاز اندازه­گیری شدند. نتایج بیانگر بالا بودن درصد تحرک (98/7±34/72) در نمونه دریافت کننده 4 میلی­لیتر در دسی­لیتر عصاره مرزنجوش بود (05/0>P). افزودن 2 و 4 میلی­لیتر در دسی­لیتر عصاره مرزنجوش باعث بهبود معنی­دار میزان تحرک، یکپارچگی غشاء پلاسمایی اسپرم­ها بعد از فرآیند انجماد-یخ­گشایی نسبت به گروه شاهد شد. افزودن 4 میلی­لیتر در دسی­لیتر عصاره مرزنجوش باعث کاهش غلظت مالون دی آلدهاید نسبت به گروه شاهد شد (05/0>P). میزان فعالیت سوپراکسید دیسموتاز و کاتالاز در نمونه­های دریافت کننده 8 و 4 میلی­لیتر در دسی­لیتر عصاره مرزنجوش به طور معنی­داری افزایش یافت (به ترتیب 18/0±86/1 و 28/0±92/1 واحد بر میلی­گرم پروتئین؛ 13/0±54/4 و 28/0±28/4 واحد بر میلی­گرم پروتئین) (05/0>P). میزان فعالیت سوپراکسید دیسموتاز و کاتالاز به طور معنی­داری در نمونه­های دریافت کننده 4 و 8 میلی­لیتر در دسی­لیتر عصاره مرزنجوش افزایش یافت (05/0>P). به طور کلی، افزودن 2 و 4 میلی­لیتر در دسی­لیتر عصاره مرزنجوش به رقیق­کننده منی باعث بهبود کیفیت منی بعد از انجماد-یخ­گشایی ­شد که ممکن است به دلیل افزایش فعالیت آنزیم­های آنتی­اکسیدانی و کاهش پراکسیداسیون لیپیدی باشد. Manuscript profile -
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176 - مدل سازی جریان انرژی و ارزیابی اقتصادی تولید هندوانه در استان فارس در ایران
Sajad Rostami Maryam Lotfalian Bahram Hosseinzadeh مهدی قاسمی ورنامخستیاین مطالعه با هدف بررسی بهرهوری انرژی مصرفی و آنالیز اقتصادی روشهای مختلف کشت هندوانه در استان فارس، کشور ایران انجام شد. روشهای تولید هندوانه به پنج گروه تقسیم شدند. این گروهها عبارت بودند از: خاکورزی مرسوم (گروه 1)، کشاورزی حفاظتی (گروه 2)، پاشش کود مکانیزه (گروه Moreاین مطالعه با هدف بررسی بهرهوری انرژی مصرفی و آنالیز اقتصادی روشهای مختلف کشت هندوانه در استان فارس، کشور ایران انجام شد. روشهای تولید هندوانه به پنج گروه تقسیم شدند. این گروهها عبارت بودند از: خاکورزی مرسوم (گروه 1)، کشاورزی حفاظتی (گروه 2)، پاشش کود مکانیزه (گروه 3)، کاشت نیمه مکانیزه (گروه 4) و کاشت تمام مکانیزه (گروه 5). دادهها از 317 نفر از تولید کنندههای هندوانه از مناطق مختلف استان به صورت چهره به چهره جمعآوری شد. از شبکههای عصبی مصنوعی چند لایه برای مدلسازی جریان انرژی تولید هندوانه استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین مصرف انرژی متعلق به روش کاشت تمام مکانیزه با ارزش MJ.ha-172/81317 و با بهرهوری kg.ha-1 61/0 و کارایی مصرف انرژی 17/1 بوده است. نتایج خوشهبندی با سه ورودی (منابع انسانی، ماشینآلات و سوخت دیزل) نشان داد که تفاوت بین گروههای 2 و 4 بیشتر از گروههای دیگر است. کمترین مصرف انرژی نیز برای گروه کشاورزی حفاظتی به میزان MJ.ha-1 86/78163 ، با بهرهوری kg.ha-1 64/0 و راندمان انرژی 22/1 برآورد شد. نتایج مدلسازی انرژی نشان داد که مدل ANN با ساختار 1-10-9 برای مدلسازی انرژی جریان انرژی این سیستم است. به طور کلی، نتیجهگیری شد که مدلهای شبکه عصبی مصنوعی می­تواند برای پیشبینی جریانهای انرژی هندوانه استفاده شود. از منظر اقتصادی نیز کمترین سود خالص متعلق به روش کاشت کاملاً سنتی به میزان 82784 هزار ریال در هکتار و بیشترین آن نیز متعلق به گروه کاشت تمام مکانیزه به میزان 87092 هزار ریال در هکتار محاسبه شد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - تحلیل تطبیقی نظریههای رفتاری حفاظت آب کشاورزان
ناصر ولیزاده مسعود بیژنی داریوش حیاتیبه اعتقاد بسیاری از کارشناسان بخش کشاورزی ناکارآمد نقش مهمی را در زوال منابع آب در سرتاسر دنیا داشته است. نقش کشاورزان و رفتارهای حفاظت آب آنان به عنوان یک موضوع کلیدی در مباحث مدیرت آب مطرح است. در این راستا، نظریههای رفتاری مختلفی در حوزه‎ی روانشناسی اجتماعی و مح Moreبه اعتقاد بسیاری از کارشناسان بخش کشاورزی ناکارآمد نقش مهمی را در زوال منابع آب در سرتاسر دنیا داشته است. نقش کشاورزان و رفتارهای حفاظت آب آنان به عنوان یک موضوع کلیدی در مباحث مدیرت آب مطرح است. در این راستا، نظریههای رفتاری مختلفی در حوزه‎ی روانشناسی اجتماعی و محیط‎زیست مطرح گردیده است. این گوناگونی نظریه‏های رفتاری در بسیاری از موارد باعث سردرگمی پژوهشگران شده و باعث می‎شود که نتوانند نظریه‎ی مناسب برای تحلیل رفتارهای حفاظت آب کشاورزان را از میان نظریه‎های موجود انتخاب کنند. از طرف دیگر، مطالعاتی هم که از نظریه‎ی رفتاری خاصی برای تحلیل‏های خود استفاده می‎کنند، عموماً توجیه‏های منطقی برای انتخاب نظریه‏ی مورد نظر ارائه نمی‎دهند. در این راستا، هدف اصلی مطالعه‎ی مروری حاضر تبیین مبانی مهمترین نظریههای رفتاری، تقسیم‎بندی آنان و در نهایت بحث انتقادی در مورد کاربرد هر کدام از این نظریهها برای رفتارهای حفاظت آب کشاورزان بود. پژوهش حاضر از نوع پژوهش‎های اسنادی است که با استفاده از یک مرور ادبیات نظام‎مند انجام شد. یافته‏های حاصل از مقایسه‏ی نظریهها نشان داد که "نظریه‎ی انتخاب‏شده" باید با "نوع رفتار مورد مطالعه" تناسب داشته باشد. به عبارت دیگر، برای رفتارهای فرد ـ محور مانند رفتار حفاظت آب، پرداخت هزینه برای حفاظت از آب و مواردی از قبیل بهتر است از نظریههایی مانند رفتار برنامه‏ریزی شده و نظریه‏ی اقدام منطقی استفاده شود. زیرا، چنین رفتارهایی مستقیما با منافع شخصی کشاورزان ارتباط دارند اما، در رفتارهایی که ماهیت مشارکتی و جمعی دارند، فرد ممکن است از منافع آنی و کوته‏بینانه خود برای دستیابی به منافع جمعی و بلندمدت نادیده بگیرد. لذا در این موارد به نظر می‎رسد که استفاده از رویکرد اخلاقی و نظریههای آن مانند نظریه‎ی ارزش ـ باور ـ هنجار و نظریه‎ی فعالسازی هنجار مناسب باشد. در نتیجه پیشنهاد می‎شود که محققان و عوامل اجرایی کشاورزی از نظریه‎های رویکرد منطقی برای تحلیل رفتار حفاظت از آب کشاورزان استفاده کنند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - بررسی نقش کشاورزی حفاظتی بر پایداری ساختمان خاک درراستای نیل به مدیریت پایدار
سحر دعایی ابراهیم پذیرا شهلا محمودی علی محمدی ترکاشوندکشاورزی حفاظتی برای جبران نیاز افزایش تولید محصولات کشاورزی براساس فعالیت­های کشاورزی پایدار به عنوان یک جایگزین با هدف افزایش تولید و پایداری محصول همراه با حفظ محیط زیست منظور میشود. در مدیریت پایدار خاک ضروری اسـت کـه کیفیـت خاک ارزیابی گردد. روش خاک Moreکشاورزی حفاظتی برای جبران نیاز افزایش تولید محصولات کشاورزی براساس فعالیت­های کشاورزی پایدار به عنوان یک جایگزین با هدف افزایش تولید و پایداری محصول همراه با حفظ محیط زیست منظور میشود. در مدیریت پایدار خاک ضروری اسـت کـه کیفیـت خاک ارزیابی گردد. روش خاک­ورزی یکی از مدیریتهایی است که به شدت بر ساختمان خاک تاثیردارد. انتخاب درست روش خاک­ورزی بر عملکرد محصول،کیفیت خاک، میزان مصرف نهادهها تاثیر قابل ملاحظهای دارد. انتخاب سیستم­های خاک­ورزی مناسب براساس شرایط هر منطقه از جمله آب وهوا، نوع خاک، نوع بقایای گیاهی، قدرت کششی در دسترس و غیره متفاوت است. پایداری خاک­دانهها یکی ازخصوصیات اصلی موثر برفرسایشپذیری و ویژگیهای اصلی فیزیکی و هیدرولیکی خاک است. شناخت اجزای کنترل کننده پایداری خاک­دانهها برای حفظ ساختمان خاک بسیار مهم است. این تحقیق به صورت مقاله مروری با هدف بررسی نقش خاک­ورزی بر روی پایداری خاک­دانه­ها و ساختمان خاک در دستیابی به توسعه پایدارکشاورزی صورت گرفته است. با توجه به مزیت­های روش خاک­ورزی حفاظتی مطلوب­تراست، جهت توسعه پایدار بخش کشاورزی از این نوع خاک­ورزی استفاده نمود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - رفتار حفاظت زیستمحیطی دانشجویان چگونه شکل میگیرد؟ تحلیل محتوای کمی
لاله صالحی فیض الله منوری فرددانشگاهها دارای نقشی انکارناپذیر در تبیین و هدایت الگوهای رفتاری در جامعه هستند. از اینرو، انتظارات از دانشگاهها برای نهادینهسازی رفتار حفاظت زیستمحیطی در پی افزایش فشارهای انسانی بر محیط­زیست بیشتر شده است. در راستای دستیابی به این مهم، شناسایی عاملهای اثرگذا Moreدانشگاهها دارای نقشی انکارناپذیر در تبیین و هدایت الگوهای رفتاری در جامعه هستند. از اینرو، انتظارات از دانشگاهها برای نهادینهسازی رفتار حفاظت زیستمحیطی در پی افزایش فشارهای انسانی بر محیط­زیست بیشتر شده است. در راستای دستیابی به این مهم، شناسایی عاملهای اثرگذار بر رفتار حفاظت زیستمحیطی دانشجویان به عنوان مهم­ترین منبع انسانی دانشگاه و جهت دهندهی حرکت جامعه به سوی آیندهای پایدارتر، حقیقتی انکارناپذیر است. بر این پایه، هدف این پژوهش شناسایی عاملهای اثرگذار بر رفتار حفاظت زیستمحیطی دانشجویان بود. برای انتخاب بهترین دادهها و پالایش آنها با توجه به هدف پژوهش، از فلوچارت پریسما استفاده شد. به منظور پیادهسازی تحلیل محتوا از روش هفت مرحلهای سندلوسکی و باروس استفاده شد. دادهها با استفاده از نرمافزار NVivo10 تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافتههای پژوهش نشان داد که عاملهای اثرگذار بر رفتار حفاظت زیستمحیطی دانشجویان در 13 عامل قابل شناسایی هستند که مهم­ترین آنها عبارت بودند از: ارزشها و هنجارها، تجربه، سرمایهی اجتماعی، دانش و آگاهی، زیرساختهای دانشگاه، فرهنگ سازمانی، محتوای برنامهی درسی، خودکارآمدی، و نگرانی درک­شده. یافتههای حاصل از تحلیل خوشهای نشان داد که فرهنگ سازمانی، سایر عاملهای اثرگذار بر رفتار حفاظت زیستمحیطی دانشجویان را تحت تأثیر خود قرار داده است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - ابعاد مسئولیتپذیری اجتماعی شرکتی در شرکتهای تعاونی روستایی
کمال رستمی لاله صالحیفعالیتهای ناپایدار انسانی طی دهههای اخیر اثرات مخرب و غیرقابل جبرانی بر پایداری زیستمحیطی، اجتماعی، و حتی اقتصادی داشته است و کشورها و دولتها را با مشکلات عدیدهای در زمینهی مهاجرت، حاشیهنشینی، افزایش فقر و فاصلهی طبقاتی، و موارد بیشمار دیگری روبرو ساخته است. است Moreفعالیتهای ناپایدار انسانی طی دهههای اخیر اثرات مخرب و غیرقابل جبرانی بر پایداری زیستمحیطی، اجتماعی، و حتی اقتصادی داشته است و کشورها و دولتها را با مشکلات عدیدهای در زمینهی مهاجرت، حاشیهنشینی، افزایش فقر و فاصلهی طبقاتی، و موارد بیشمار دیگری روبرو ساخته است. استدلال شده است که تلفیق مسئولیتپذیری اجتماعی شرکتی در ساختار شرکتها و فعالیتهای اقتصادی (از جمله شرکتهای تعاونی روستایی) میتواند به جبران کاستیها و بیتوجهیهای گذشته به محیط طبیعی کمک شایان توجهی کند. لازمهی این امر، شناسایی عاملهای اثرگذار بر توسعهی CSR در ساختار شرکتهای تعاونی روستایی و سهم هر عامل در درگیر شدن آنها در این فعالیتها است. بنابراین، هدف این پژوهش ارتقاء سطح مسئولیتپذیری اجتماعی در میان اعضای شرکتهای تعاونی روستایی شهرستان کامیاران بود (N=14100). بدین منظور از پرسشنامهای محقق ساخت استفاده شد که روایی آن از طریق پانل متخصصان و پایایی آن از طریق محاسبهی ضریب آلفای کرونباخ (71/ 0≥ α) تأیید شد. دادهها در محیط نرمافزار SPSS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافتهها ضریب همبستگی نشان دادند که رابطهی مثبت و معنیداری بین استراتژی حمایتی، نظارتی و هدایتی، قانونمندی و توانمندی روانی و ساختاری، و سازوکار مشارکتی با سطح CSR در شرکتهای مورد مطالعه وجود دارد. همچنین، یافتههای رگرسیون گام به گام نشان داد که دو عامل استراتژی حمایتی، نظارتی و هدایتی، و قانونمندی و توانمندیهای روانی-ساختاری در مجموع 4/36 درصد از واریانس متغیر وابستهی CSR را تبیین میکنند. در نهایت، دلالتهای نظری و کاربردی پژوهش در بخش نتیجهگیری بیان گردید. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - نقش بهره برداران کشاورزی در مدیریت پایدار منابع طبیعی با تاکید بر محیط زیست (مطالعه موردی در شهرستان همدان)
مسعود سامیان رضا موحدی الهام انصاری مسعود اسدیمنابع طبیعی اثرات مستقیم و غیرمستقیم زیادی در توسعه اقتصادی– اجتماعی کشورها دارد. به رغم این اهمیت روند تخریب این منابع به دلیل رشد سریع جمعیت، بهره­برداری بی­رویه و بدون برنامه­ریزی و فقدان آگاهی مردم نسبت به توسعه و ترویج موازین احیا، توسعه و بهره&sh Moreمنابع طبیعی اثرات مستقیم و غیرمستقیم زیادی در توسعه اقتصادی– اجتماعی کشورها دارد. به رغم این اهمیت روند تخریب این منابع به دلیل رشد سریع جمعیت، بهره­برداری بی­رویه و بدون برنامه­ریزی و فقدان آگاهی مردم نسبت به توسعه و ترویج موازین احیا، توسعه و بهره­برداری صحیح با شتاب بیش از حدی ادامه داشته است. بنابراین پایداری در مدیریت منابع طبیعی و حفظ آن از شروط اساسی برای رسیدن به توسعه پایدار کشاورزی و روستایی است. هم­چنین باید توجه داشت که مشارکت مردم در مدیریت منابع طبیعی نقش مهمی در جلوگیری از روند چنین تخریبی ایفا می­کند. مسئله مذکور باعث شده تا هدف این پژوهش به سمت تعیین میزان نقش و اهمیت بهره­برداران کشاورزی در مدیریت پایدار منابع طبیعی سوق پیدا کند. این پژوهش یک مطالعه تحلیلی– توصیفی است که جمع­آوری داده­های آن با رویکرد پیمایش انجام گردیده است. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل 208 نفر از بهره­برداران کشاورزی در روستای اطراف شهرستان همدان می­باشند. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که 34 درصد کشاورزان در گروه ناپایدار، 54 درصد در گروه پایداری متوسط و 12 درصد کشاورزان در گروه پایدار جای گرفتند. هم­چنین نتایج حاصل از رگرسیون چند متغیره نشان داد که متغیرهای شخصی، آموزشی و ترویجی، اقتصادی، قانونی و نهادی و اجتماعی توانایی تبیین 79 درصدی (791/0 R2=) تغییرات متغیر مدیریت پایدار منابع طبیعی توسط کشاورزان را دارا می باشند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - بررسی گسترش و پدیده کارستی شدن سنگهای آهکی منطقه خان گرمز همدان با توجه به ویژگی های سنگ شناسی و فیزیکی آنها
محمدحسین قبادی رضا بابازاده -
Open Access Article
183 - Investigating the effect of Islamic moral intelligence on the organizational indifference of the employees of the General Department of Environmental Protection, Khorasan Razavi, using the structural equation model approach
Laleh Masoomian Davod Kaveh Yaser Salary Zahra AnjomshoaeThe purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of Islamic moral intelligence on the organizational indifference of employees of the General Department of Environmental Protection of Khorasan Razavi. Organizational indifference is a silent crisis that leads to the MoreThe purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of Islamic moral intelligence on the organizational indifference of employees of the General Department of Environmental Protection of Khorasan Razavi. Organizational indifference is a silent crisis that leads to the destruction of the organization.This research is applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population includes all the employees of this Department , in the number of 450 people, and based on the sampling table of Karjesi and Morgan, 207 of them were selected by simple random sampling. The research tool is researcher-made questionnaires, which were determined using content validity using face validity method, and reliability was determined using internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha method. The method of data analysis was structural equation model using Amos modeling software. The findings showed that the variable of Islamic moral intelligence had the greatest effect with a coefficient of -0.96 on the organizational indifference of employees and Islamic moral intelligence with a coefficient of -0.91 on indifference to clients, with a coefficient of -0.903 on indifference to colleagues, with a coefficient of -0.902 on indifference to work and with a coefficient of -0.85 on indifference It has had a significant impact on the manager. As a result, the higher the Islamic moral intelligence of the employees , the less indifference to the manager, organization, clients, colleagues and their work. This research will be the beginning to manage indifference of employee to the fate of organization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - Security of Resources and Library Equipment against Theft in Shahid Beheshti University Campus Libraries
atie baghestani mohsen Hajaeinolabedini fatemeh PazokiObjective: Purpose of this study is identifying the status of situation of security and protection of resources and equipment in Shahid Beheshti University Libraries. Methods: applied research is conducted with survey method. Information gathered and analyzed from libra MoreObjective: Purpose of this study is identifying the status of situation of security and protection of resources and equipment in Shahid Beheshti University Libraries. Methods: applied research is conducted with survey method. Information gathered and analyzed from libraries’ managers of Shahid University. Results: The results showed that the most stolen equipment and supplies were, pages, images and maps in the books, and most preparations used to protect and preserve the library collections the care and conservation of building libraries against all types of thefts during the hours the holidays. Conclusion: The status of the security of resources and equipment against theft in central library and the document center and attached centers in Shahid Beheshti University is good. Of course by revising the regulations of the security issues of each library seems necessary and should be updated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
185 - Top Web-preservation programs’ solutions for coping with management challenges of digital preservation
Hajar Sotudeh Kianoosh RashidiPurpose: The present study aims to verify top web preservation projects and programs in order to explore their preferred solutions in tackling management challenges including legal, access, organizational and financial management challenges. Methodology: A documentary MorePurpose: The present study aims to verify top web preservation projects and programs in order to explore their preferred solutions in tackling management challenges including legal, access, organizational and financial management challenges. Methodology: A documentary method was used to identify and analyze web-preservation-related literature, including papers, handbooks, web sites and documents. The programs’ persons in charge were also questioned via a researcher-made checklist. Findings: Legal management challenges can be categorized into robot exclusion protocol and copyright issues. Access management issues include kinds of accessible materials, access types, and access embargos. Organizational management challenges comprise preservation strategies, kinds of the organization in charge, the extent of the organization activities, project execution models, the level of cooperation or execution of the project, the specialty of cooperating organizations, kinds of cooperation and specialties of the archive staffs. The financial management issues include the budgets and funding agencies. Conclusion: The operational programs were found to choose various solutions to overcome the legal, access, organizational and financial management challenges. However, there still remains a wide range of problems hindering an ideal implementation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - A survey on the problems of preservation, conversation and repairing of Paper Materials of depository libraries in Iran
Fatemeh Shokry Ashrafosadat BozorgiObjective: The main purpose of this research is to review preservation, conversation and restoration problems of depository libraries in Iran and this has done through review of the present situation and the results compared with desired condition. Methodology: The met MoreObjective: The main purpose of this research is to review preservation, conversation and restoration problems of depository libraries in Iran and this has done through review of the present situation and the results compared with desired condition. Methodology: The methodology of research is based on measurable mode and data collecting was used by IFLA standard questionnaire and distributed between 49 of preservation and restoration department staff of libraries. The data analysis is done by spss and using descriptive statistics. Findings: in this research indicate that, the most priority of damaged materials is printed sources (Persian & Arabic). And the most efforts have accomplished in preservation of manuscripts.60% of libraries don’t use suitable mobilization for environment and fire control. 40% of libraries don’t have preservation plan against the events and accessibility route in fire occurrences. Conclusion: indicate that 40% of the libraries have not adequate preservation & conversation situation and none of them consider preservation & conservation education for their staff and librarians seriously. And generally have no written and compiled plan for preservation and conversation of library materials. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - Cost-Benefit Survey of Conservation and Preservation Methods of Resources in Libraries of Tehran Governmental Universities
Effat Karimi mazrae Shahi Abass GilvariPurpose: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-benefit of resources’ conservation and preservation methods in libraries of Tehran governmental universities. Methodology: The method of the present research is descriptive. The stratified sampl MorePurpose: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-benefit of resources’ conservation and preservation methods in libraries of Tehran governmental universities. Methodology: The method of the present research is descriptive. The stratified sampling technique is used to indicate a total sample of 83 managers/ supervisors of central and academic libraries (contain 13 central and 70 academic libraries) who 42 of them (51 percent) answer the questionnaires. To gather at the research data a questionnaire with 9 tables is designed. Validity of the questionnaire was determined with some of library professors and its reliability was measured with Cornbrash’s alpha about 0.88 that is good. The data analysis of the present research was performed by Excel. Findings: Findings showed that in this population, cleaning (62.20 percent) is the most activity of conservation, and binding and replacement (83.34 percent) is the most activity of preservation. Also in the libraries with the higher resources, cost-benefit attribute (desirability of economic profitability) is relatively good. The situation is more or less similar to the average resource libraries, but in the libraries with lower sources which the major part of the research (about 64/29 percent) there is not any desirability of economic profitability in the conservation and preservation selected methods. Conclusion: The results of the libraries’ cost-benefit evalution showed that small libraries are in the unsuitable situation. Protection against atmospheric pollution, security, and protection against fire methods are the main shortcomings in these groups of libraries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - Effect of Cryopreservation on essential oil of Satureja sahendica
Shabnam Shahbazi Abbas Ghamari zare Fatemeh Sefikon aliahraf jafari vahid abdossiAbstract Cryopreservation is regarded as a technology with high importance to conserve the plant germplasm for a long period. The use of this technology to preserve the plant materials is useful when it does not change the chemical composition of the essential oil. Sat MoreAbstract Cryopreservation is regarded as a technology with high importance to conserve the plant germplasm for a long period. The use of this technology to preserve the plant materials is useful when it does not change the chemical composition of the essential oil. Satureja sahendica is one of the endangered medicinal species in Iran; thus, conservation of its genetic materials is considerably important. In order to investigate the phytochemical stability and to compare the type and content of the compositions identified, the plant samples were studied under cryopreservation condition and then, the treated seeds were transferred to the liquid nitrogen at –196°C for one week. In the present study, the flowering shoots resulted from various treated seeds were collected and dried in the laboratory; then, their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation method. Afterwards, the essential oil compositions were identified using analytical gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer (GC/MS) as well as retention index calculation. Finally, 15 compositions were identified in the essential oil of the study plant under cryopreservation condition. The main components in the essential oil included, p-cymene (43.3%), terpinene (21.5%), thymol (18.3%) and carvacrol (5.1%). Results indicated that regarding the number, type and percentage of compounds existing in the essential oils, there was no difference between the control and cryopreservation treatments; therefore, the seeds of this valuable endangered species can be preserved for a long period and its extinction may be avoided by using the cryopreservation technique Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
189 - Environmental Risks Analysis of Helleh Protected Area of Boushehr by Using AHP Method
S. A. Jozi M. ShafieeThis study is about Environmental Risks Analysis of Helleh protected area of boushehrwith using AHP method. Helleh protected area with extension about 48940.82 hectares, is located at geographic coordinates of ً24، ´38، 50) ( till ( ً23،´ 56، 50)eas MoreThis study is about Environmental Risks Analysis of Helleh protected area of boushehrwith using AHP method. Helleh protected area with extension about 48940.82 hectares, is located at geographic coordinates of ً24، ´38، 50) ( till ( ً23،´ 56، 50)eastern longitude and ( ً24، ´03، 29) till ( ً50، ´16، 29)northern latitude. In this study at the first Delphi method was applied for hazard identification in area. Also according to the field studies, interview with natives and studying the database of helleh, the couple of risks were added to the factors that were identified with Delphi method. Finally 26 risks were identified in two groups that are including natural events and environmental risks. At the next stage, analytical hierarchy process was applied for analysis and priority of identified risks. In this study, the risks were assessed by using of three criteria like severity, probability and vulnerability. With building of raeesali delvari dam on top of the helleh protected area almost 232300 m3 from fresh water of helleh wetland was layed off and only the salinity water of DalakiRiver is streaming to the wetland. This can cause threaten the wetland, fauna and flora of wetland. So the Raeesali delvari dam with weight 0.116 is in preference 1. The rest of risks are in preference 2 till 26. Some ways that have suggested for control the risks are including laying off water pumping from the wetland and regarding to the hunting season, multiplicity and type of legal hunting. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
190 - Evaluation of the ecological potential of tourism and protection of Nayband National Marine Park by zoning the land and offshore sections
nazli moghadam yekta R. Hejazi A. KarimiIn this study, the ecological potential of tourism and protection of the land and offshore section of Nayband National Marine Park, in the southeastern part of the Kangan city in Bushehr province was evaluated. Therefore, after identifying the environmental resources of MoreIn this study, the ecological potential of tourism and protection of the land and offshore section of Nayband National Marine Park, in the southeastern part of the Kangan city in Bushehr province was evaluated. Therefore, after identifying the environmental resources of the area, investigation and preparation of required maps using Landscape Ecology Method using Geographic Information System (GIS) was started. Using national and international criteria, ecological potential of the region for recreational activities was assessed and by overlaying of maps, suitable recreation areas were identified for both land and offshore regions. Two levels (levels 1 and 2) were identified for the land sector and 1 level for the offshore area. Taking into account the growing of the economic development around the region and considering the location of the protected and sensitive areas within the study area, the recreational package was finalized. After zoning and determining the uses of protected areas, based on the information obtained from the identification of biophysical and socioeconomic resources, the zones were presented to supplement the objectives of management and planning of programs at three levels of long term (25 to 50 years), medium term (5-25 years) and short term (5 years), of the national park. Due to the increase of the immigrant population in the region, and limited capacity of the park for recreational activities, the national park will not answer this volume of tourists. Therefore, two categories were set for the program, the first category was the removal of recreational activities from the National Marine Park of Nay Band to the areas outside the park with a higher priority and the second category was organizing the recreational activities of the park. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
191 - Economical valuation of Urmia Lake for non-consumable values
H. Kazemi R. HejaziRenewable natural resources have had a fundamental role in economic and social development of societies during history. Increasing environmental disasters has also concerned economists as well as environmental specialists, and has made the experts at management level to MoreRenewable natural resources have had a fundamental role in economic and social development of societies during history. Increasing environmental disasters has also concerned economists as well as environmental specialists, and has made the experts at management level to realise the need for protection and sustainable use of natural resources. In this study, it was tried to determine the economical value of Urmia Lake,usingLogit method which is based on people’s willingness to pay, by CVM method and WTP measurements. The main purpose of this study was to provide non-consumable value (conservation value) of this lake. In this method, 31 variables were investigated. The estimation of the model was carried out using the Logit method with EVIEWS software (10). Analyzing the results indicated that the amount of willingness to pay for each unit price rise is decreased by 21%. Finally, the average value of WTP for non-consumable economic value of UrmiaLake was estimated to be 52.58x103 and the total economic value of the lake was estimated to be $605 million. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - Evaluation of carrying capacity of Bamdej Wetland of Khuzestan with emphasis on aspects of conservation
S.A. Jozi N. Moradi MajdBamdej Wetland is located 40 km north of Ahwaz, with area of 4000 hectares. Bamdej Wetland is a natural wetland with great ecological, scientific outing and economical value which in case it can be preserved and revived will raise all values as a self regulating collect MoreBamdej Wetland is located 40 km north of Ahwaz, with area of 4000 hectares. Bamdej Wetland is a natural wetland with great ecological, scientific outing and economical value which in case it can be preserved and revived will raise all values as a self regulating collection.First, the ranges of studies were identified ,and four sampling stations were selected. The were sampled randomly. During experiments BOD5, COD, nitrates, phosphates, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, temperature, DO, salinity, TSS and TDS were measured. Then, the results of water quality system are exmind. Ecological evaluation study area was performed using fusion rapid assessment and TOPSIS. In this way resources were based to 13 groups include: the extent of the wetland, vegetation around the wetland, the width of buffer, soil status, connecting with other water sources, depth of wetland, source of water supply, time of wetness, normal disturbances, habitat development, type of wetland cover, and biodiversity of plants. Comparing the annual quality indicator of each station with a table of water quality index indicate that the station 3 is belong to the third group and station 1, 2 and 4, belong to fourth group classification system of water quality indicator. Finally, Bamdej Wetland earned 59 points of 85 possible points of rapid evaluation method. This expression that wetland desirable conservation value is (grade 2). TOPSIS method was used for analys some important ecological factors of Bamdej Wetland. The results confirm that wetness time of Bamdej Wetlands weighing of 1.483 is the most important criteria of its value. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - Modeling and determining the structures and characteristics of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana
Maryam Rashki Mojtaba MortazaviBackground & Objectives: Cytochrome P450 enzymes are a large family of proteins containing haem and play an important role in metabolism of various compounds. Entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana also contains these enzymes for targeting insect alkanes. The a MoreBackground & Objectives: Cytochrome P450 enzymes are a large family of proteins containing haem and play an important role in metabolism of various compounds. Entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana also contains these enzymes for targeting insect alkanes. The aim of this study was to investigate the properties and protein structure of seven cytochrome P 450 enzymes in this fungus and to predict the three-dimensional structure of these enzymes by homology modeling method. Materials & Methods: Predicting possible situations with intracellular helices was performed with the TMHMM program. SignalP4.1 program was used to predict the probability of the presence and location of shear sites of signal peptides in amino acid sequences. Some of the physical and chemical parameters of the proteins were performed with the ProtParam program. The modeling was conducted in the Modebase database. Results: In all sequences, a motif was identified and had about 200 amino acids that were related to P450. The motif was in the sequence of 96-45 to about 477-520. CYP539B5 and CYP52G11 proteins were stable. CYP584Q1 had the highest and CYP617N1 had the lowest hydrophilic acid of all. Among the selected models, the model with lowest e-value and the highest coverage was selected as the best model. CYP5337A1 and CYP52G11 lacked helix and CYP617N1 had two helices. Number of estimated amino acids in the helices, in all cases except CYP584Q1, CYP5337A1 and CYP52G11, was greater than 18. No signal peptide was detected. Conclusion: In this study, the modeled structures of seven cytochrome P450 enzymes were reported for the first time in the fungus B. bassiana. The enzymes' stability and their resistance to adverse environmental factors such as temperature and UV can increase the fungal pathogenicity against the pests. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - چگونگی حمایت از محیط زیست در فقه اسلامی
مصطفی تقی زاده انصاری -
Open Access Article
195 - Mal-Operation of Distance Relay in Parallel Cable Lines of Sub-Transmission Network Due to the Effect of Reverse Fault Current in the Direction of Load Flow
Farhad Aghajanian Sabagh Farzad HajimohammadiMal-operation of distance relays in electric power systems can be caused by a variety of factors, including errors in the relay's hardware or software, incorrect settings, and so on. In this paper, the issue malfunction of distance relay in parallel cable lines of sub-t MoreMal-operation of distance relays in electric power systems can be caused by a variety of factors, including errors in the relay's hardware or software, incorrect settings, and so on. In this paper, the issue malfunction of distance relay in parallel cable lines of sub-transmission network due to a systemic phenomenon titled "reverse fault current effect in the direction of load flow on the healthy phase" is studied and explored from various aspects. The innovation presented in this article is the detection of described above phenomenon that may cause the distance relay maloperation on a healthy phase of the adjacent line, leading to disconnection of the mentioned line. This is despite the fact that the fault has occurred on only one of the two parallel cable lines, and only that faulted line should be isolated from the network. In this study, we initially provide a comprehensive explanation of this phenomenon and illustrate its impact on the healthy phases of nearby parallel lines. Subsequently, to confirm the occurrence of this phenomenon, a real electrical power network is examined and modeled through DIgSILENT software simulations. Furthermore, we explore and analyze the factors that amplify or mitigate this phenomenon. Concluding the paper, we propose several strategies to mitigate the effects of this phenomenon, thereby preventing the mal-operation of the distance relay. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
196 - Effect of tillage methods and corn residue on wheat yield, soil organic matter content, and earthworm population in Zarghan, Fars
Jahanbakhsh Mirzavand Reza MoradiTalebbeigiA 3-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of tillage methods (conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and No-Till (NT)) and corn residue (residue removal and retention) on soil organic matter content (OM), earthworm population, and wheat y MoreA 3-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of tillage methods (conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and No-Till (NT)) and corn residue (residue removal and retention) on soil organic matter content (OM), earthworm population, and wheat yield at Zarghan, Fars province in 2013-2016. The experimental was a split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Soil organic matter decreased by CT method and residue removal at 15 and 8% in the soil depth ranges of 0-10 and 10-20 cm compared to conservation tillage, respectively. In contrast, applying CT method accompanied by keeping residue increased OM content by 27% compared to residue removal. The highest earthworm population was obtained by NT method and residue retention, while the earthworm population decreased by CT method and residue removal at 17% compared to RT and NT methods. The highest grain yield (8113 kg ha-1) and harvest index (40.26%) of wheat were obtained by RT and CT methods when residue returned, respectively. Applying NT method and residue retention reduced wheat yield up to 40% compared to RT method. It is concluded that, to grantee the wheat yield potential and improve earthworm activity and soil fertility under wheat-corn rotation, adopting RT method accompanied by corn residue retention on the soil surface, is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
197 - Effects of different plant residue under different tillagepractices on yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
A. Amini M. Rajaei K. Farsi Nejad -
Open Access Article
198 - The Effects of tillage different methods and plant residues management on agro morphologic characteristic of wheat Var Sardari in dry land condition
mohamad bagher jafari noor ali sajedi masoud GomarianIn order to evaluation of the effect of tillagedifferent methods and crop residue management on agromorphologic characteristicof wheat cv. Sardari in dry land condition, a field experiment was conducted asStrip plot based on randomized complete block design with four re MoreIn order to evaluation of the effect of tillagedifferent methods and crop residue management on agromorphologic characteristicof wheat cv. Sardari in dry land condition, a field experiment was conducted asStrip plot based on randomized complete block design with four replication in2012. Factors examined include tillage in four levels: moldboard plow withdisk, chisel, compound tillage and direct seeding as the main plot and theplant residue management in four levels : burning, grazing, complete stubbleand no stubble as the subplot. Theresults showed that, The minimum spike weight was about 0.69 g was obtaineddirect seeding that as compared withmoldboard plow with disk decreased by 25% . The maximum spike weight was about 0.88g that was obtained in the use of chiselthat as compared with moldboard plow with disk increased by 2% . The highestgrain yield equal to 909.81 kg/ha wasrecorded from direct seeding. Using ofdirect seeding increased grain yield than the use of moldboard plow with disk,chisel, and compound tillage 12, 17, and 24 percent, respectively. Interaction effects of tillage and plantresidue showed that the highest yieldequal to 990.5 and 946.63 kg/ha and was belonged to direct seeding along with the grazing and direct seeding along with burning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
199 - Corrosion monitoring of sulfuric acid tank under anodic protection by electrochemical noise
احسان صائب نوری Mousa MohammadianIn this research, the tanks made of carbon steel, similar to the practical conditions and in the form of pilot, was investigated. The tank containing 98% and 72% sulfuric acid was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization test, open circuit potentials and potentiostatic MoreIn this research, the tanks made of carbon steel, similar to the practical conditions and in the form of pilot, was investigated. The tank containing 98% and 72% sulfuric acid was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization test, open circuit potentials and potentiostatic test. Also, electrochemical noise measurement was carried out before, during and after the anodic protection, and the results were analyzed by statistical analysis at time intervals. . By analyzing the frequency range, PSD curves were obtained and it was observed that the values of slope and current and potential skewness could be used to determine the deviation or non-deviation of the normal distribution of electrochemical noise data. It was also found that by using spectral density curves, it is possible to eliminate the negative effects of additional noise and obtain complete information about the corrosion process. Noise resistance was obtained, but the noise resistance could be applied qualitatively to determine the corrosion rate. In this study, it was concluded that the electrochemical noise method is an efficient method for studying corrosion phenomena, such as crevice corrosion and anodic protection system during protection of tanks and heat exchangers in sulfuric acid. It was found that for a mild steel tank in Sulfuric Acid 98%, during protection, the slope value of the ROLL-OFF region was 2.4 and for dilute sulfuric acid 4.4, and it was found that in this area, the anodic protection was considerably high for carbon steel so protection in the sulfuric acid solution 72% is more suitable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
200 - An investigation of the effect of temperature on crystal form of the...
مریم شرفی محمود پاکشیر محمد جعفر هادیان فرد رضا بازرگان لاریAn investigation of the effect of temperature on crystal form of theAn investigation of the effect of temperature on crystal form of the Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
201 - The survey of spices diversity of migratory wintering waterfowl and waders in Mond protected area in Bushehr province
امید طبیعیMond protected area with an area of 52289 hectares is located in 180 Kmandrsquo;s of southeast of Bushehr city, Bushehr province, in south of Iran. Its geographical positions are 51anddeg; 15andacute; to 51anddeg; 35andacute; E and 27anddeg; 15andacute; to 28anddeg; 45a MoreMond protected area with an area of 52289 hectares is located in 180 Kmandrsquo;s of southeast of Bushehr city, Bushehr province, in south of Iran. Its geographical positions are 51anddeg; 15andacute; to 51anddeg; 35andacute; E and 27anddeg; 15andacute; to 28anddeg; 45andacute; N. This paper presents data from a ten-year (2002-2011) monitoring of migratory wintering waterfowl and waderand#39;s fauna population and species diversity in Mond protected area. During a 10 periods from 2002 to 2011, a total of 59397 wetland birds composed of 73 species from 6 orders and 15 families of the birdandrsquo;s fauna of Iran were observed during the course of this study. The most common species counted was the Great Cormorant(Phalacrocorax carbo) with a total of 18902 individuals. The results indicated that among families of migratory wintering waterfowl and waders in Mond protected area the largest family was Phalacrocoracidaewith 31.82 percent abundance and the lowest was Podicipedidae with 0.03 percent. In these periods of studying, year of 2007 with 19858 individuals has the highest population numbers and year of 2008 with 194 individuals has the lowest. The highest and lowest species richness recording in years of 2009 and 2008 with 47 and 15 species respectively. The results showed that in this period waderand#39;s fauna with 64.2 percent and waterfowl fauna with 35.8 percent respectively has the highest and lowest abundances. According to the results of species diversity and evenness the year of 2009 has the highest biodiversity of migratory wintering waterfowl and waderand#39;s fauna in Mond protected area and year of 2011 has the lowest biodiversity (P andlt; 0.05). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - Dietetics of Gazella subgutturosa (Goitered gazelle) and Quality of Consuming Forages in Kalmand – Bahadoran Protected Area in Yazd Province
مائده دهقانی تفتی احسان پروانه اولAn initial knowledge of Dietetics and range quality is essential for determining of Gazella subgutturosa habitat nutritional carrying capacity and sustainable range management, for this aim a study was designed in which changes in forage quality that consumed by gazelle MoreAn initial knowledge of Dietetics and range quality is essential for determining of Gazella subgutturosa habitat nutritional carrying capacity and sustainable range management, for this aim a study was designed in which changes in forage quality that consumed by gazelle. The study was conducted in Kalmand-Bahadoran protected area, Yazd Province, Food preference was also investigated by direct observation, stomach content analysis. The result revealed that,Artemisia sieberi, Tecrium polinim,Salsola tomentosa, Stipagrostis plumose are of the main food preference for Persian gazelle. Protein contents of each consumed plant species was estimated by utilizing Kjeldal method. This study showed that A.siberihas the maximum rate of protein almost 11.37 percent. Despite high amount of protein in A. siberi, it could not provide food needed for Gazella subgutturosa Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
203 - Artificial intelligence and its impact on cyber security and data
امیررضا محمودی Maryam BahrekazemiArtificial intelligence and its impact on cyber security and data protection Abstract Artificial intelligence has emerged as a key component of cybersecurity due to its ability to assess security threats in real-time and take appropriate action. AI is now more influen MoreArtificial intelligence and its impact on cyber security and data protection Abstract Artificial intelligence has emerged as a key component of cybersecurity due to its ability to assess security threats in real-time and take appropriate action. AI is now more influential in identifying and stopping attacks that keep businesses on the cutting edge. Identifying and preventing threats is the main focus of the role of artificial intelligence in cyber security. If cyber attacks and attacks are carried out using artificial intelligence algorithms, defense against them requires more advanced technologies, and using them to collect and analyze data may lead to the violation of users' privacy. It may also in some cases not be able to correctly predict how a cyber attack will be carried out, which can lead to a decrease in cyber security.Research on improving the capabilities of artificial intelligence to detect and prevent cyber attacks, identify suspicious patterns and behaviors, and implement effective security measures can create significant improvements in cyber security. Also, examining data analysis in order to identify unusual patterns and behaviors of users. It can help in the early detection of cyber attacks and their prevention, and promoting the use of advanced encryption technologies to protect data and prevent unauthorized access to them can make significant improvements in cyber security.One of the main findings from the research on the impact of artificial intelligence on increasing cyber security and data protection is that the use of artificial intelligence can provide significant improvements in the detection, prevention and management of cyber attacks through big data analysis, identifying suspicious patterns, and implementing security measures. Automating and improving intrusion detection systems can provide significant improvements in cybersecurity and help reduce security risks online. Keywords: artificial intelligence, cyber security, data protection, threat detection Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
204 - Socio-economic factors On Student Migration Tendency In Master’s Degree In Shiraz University
Sousan Sahami Karim FathiThe purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the student's tendency to immigrate from the country. The sample of this study consists of 120 students of 25-25 years old students of Shiraz University. They were randomly selected. Data were c MoreThe purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the student's tendency to immigrate from the country. The sample of this study consists of 120 students of 25-25 years old students of Shiraz University. They were randomly selected. Data were collected using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using regression analysis, correlation coefficient. Findings of the research show that there is a significant relationship between the pull factor in the destination country (employment opportunity, the motivation for progress, the welfare of the destination country, the welfare of the destination country, the country's scientific opportunities) with the desire to immigrate from the country. Push factor of the country of origin (low unemployment and discriminative, discriminatory and perceived injustice). With the desire to emigrate from the country, the motive for progress is one of the most significant predictors of the desire to emigrate. And among the drivers of education, unemployment, and discrimination and perceived injustice are significant predictors of the desire for immigration. But the protective factors (belonging to the homeland and religious orientation) are not significantly related to the desire to immigrate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
205 - Governmental and administrative terminologies in “History of Sistan”
Vagiheh PanahiMoslems according to Koran (49:13) Sura Hogarat which states: “ We have created you as male and female and divided you into tribes in order to get acquainted with each other” have paid special attention to civil and urban society, and scientists such as Fara MoreMoslems according to Koran (49:13) Sura Hogarat which states: “ We have created you as male and female and divided you into tribes in order to get acquainted with each other” have paid special attention to civil and urban society, and scientists such as Farabi introduced utopia as a place where people gather and help each other. Historians and geographers in their works, spoke about different aspects of civil life. One of their innovations was the compilation of independent books about the history of towns among which history of Nayshapour, Sistan, Bokhara, Qom and Bayhaghi remain to this day. In these books, one comes across many civic terms, administrative social institutions, and various professions which are valuable for investigating civil discussions regarding administrative legal systems governing the cities. History of Sistan apart from historical social discussions, contains many social, administrative, govermental terms and expressions which are fully discussed in the text. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
206 - Factors affecting on canola farmers’ adoption of sustainable agriculture in Golestan province, Iran
Amir Ahmadpour Mohsen Moradian The study aim was identifying of effective factors on canola farmers’ adoption to sustainable agriculture. The research tools were the questionnaire, which panel of experts had confirmed its validity, and its reliability had been reported from 0.75 to 0.85. More The study aim was identifying of effective factors on canola farmers’ adoption to sustainable agriculture. The research tools were the questionnaire, which panel of experts had confirmed its validity, and its reliability had been reported from 0.75 to 0.85. The target population of the study consisted of all canola farmers in Golestan province (N=7543), according to Cochran’ formula, a number of 365 people were selected using statistical sampling in a stratified randomization method. Finally, 296 questionnaires were gathered and analyzed (n=296). The knowledge and adoption of canola farmers majority about sustainable agriculture were at moderate and acceptable levels, respectively. The main practices of sustainable agriculture were observing proper time for cultivating, proper time for using chemical fertilizers, and amount of seeds, respectively. Furthermore, the main pushing factors of developing sustainable agriculture were management factor, attitude toward sustainable agriculture, and the amount of using information channels, respectively. In multiple linear regression analysis,social participation, extension-education participation, knowledge about and attitude toward sustainable agriculture”explained37.30 %of the variation of the adoption of sustainable agriculture bycanola farmers.In this regard, it is recommended that training sessions with providing the necessary incentives to farmers,besides increasing knowledge and improving their attitudes, the methods that contribute to the sustainability of crop production should be emphasized Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
207 - Factors affecting sustainability of wheat cultivation system in Gorgan county
mohammad mehdi mirzaei Zahra ArdakaniSustainability in wheat cultivation systems depends on several components. The current study was conducted to identify and analyze the sustainability components of wheat cultivation system in Gorgan county. The statistical population was all farmers and wheat growers of MoreSustainability in wheat cultivation systems depends on several components. The current study was conducted to identify and analyze the sustainability components of wheat cultivation system in Gorgan county. The statistical population was all farmers and wheat growers of Gorgan county. Samples volume was estimated through Cochran formula and samples were chosen randomly. Finally, 190 questionnaires were used. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed by the agricultural development experts and the reliability of the questionnaire items was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient as 0.806. Data analyzed by factor analysis method and in descriptive and analytical parts. There was a significant positive correlation between the main variables such as cultivated area of wheat, integrated pest management and land reform, using modified seeds, number of visits to extension centers, sustainable agricultural knowledge level, job satisfaction from agriculture, profit from wheat cultivation, wheat yield and sustainability factors of wheat cultivation system. In total, five factors of ecological-crop factors, sustainable-oriented crop operation, support-extension services factor, social-collaborative status factors, and economical factor consisting total of 21 variables accounted for about 74% of variance in sustainability of wheat cultivation system in Gorgan county. Improving rural resource management, expanding cooperative and participatory agricultural activities, native knowledge of farmers, policy-makings by extension planners and reducing production. Costs in the exploitation process can play an effective role in improving the process of agricultural stabilization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
208 - Effect of Hungarian vetch residues on initial establishment and yield of wheat cultivars in field condition
Bahman Abdolrahmani Gholamreza ValizadehTo investigate the effect of different amounts of Hungarian vetch residues on growth and yield of wheat cultivars in cold regions, an experiment was conducted in a strip plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replications during the growing yea MoreTo investigate the effect of different amounts of Hungarian vetch residues on growth and yield of wheat cultivars in cold regions, an experiment was conducted in a strip plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replications during the growing years of 2014-2017 at Dryland Research Institute of Iran, Maragheh Station. The amounts of vetch residues in three levels of 0, 1.5 and 3 ton/ha as horizontal factor and wheat cultivars including Homa, Azar2 and Baran as vertical factor were evaluated. The experiment was carried out on forage – wheat rotation farm, and the plant residues of the vetch were added to the experimental plots spread uniformly on the surface of the soil. Plant residues of 1.5 tons per hectare had a positive effect on early establishment of seedlings in the field, yield and yield components of wheat. Homa cultivar had the highest positive reaction to the addition of green vetch residues in the amount of 1.5 tons per hectare in terms of thousand kernel weight, grain yield, biomass yield, harvest index, productivity rate and recipitation efficiency index. Therefore, the maintenance of vetch residues of 1.5 tons per hectare can improve the yield of wheat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
209 - Effect of wheat residues on initial establishment, cold tolerance and yield of rainfed barley cultivars in field condition
Bahman AbdolrahmaniTo investigate the effect of different amounts of wheat residues on growth and yield of barley cultivars in cold regions, a strip plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was done in two years at Dry land Research Institute of Iran MoreTo investigate the effect of different amounts of wheat residues on growth and yield of barley cultivars in cold regions, a strip plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was done in two years at Dry land Research Institute of Iran, Maragheh Station. In this study, the amount of wheat residues at three levels of 0.0, 1.5 and 3 ton/ha as horizontal factors and barley cultivars including Sahand, Abidar, Reyhan03 and Usef as vertical factors were evaluated. The experiment was carried out on a wheat- barley rotation farm. Residues of the wheat were added to the experimental plots and distributed uniformly on the surface of the soil. Plant residues of 3 tons per hectare had positive effects on early establishment of seedlings in the field, cold tolerance, yield and yield components of barley. The results also showed that Abidar cultivar had the highest positive reaction to the addition of wheat residues in the amount of 3 tons per hectare in terms of seedling emergence rate and percentage, thousand kernel weight, grain yield, biomass yield, productivity rate and precipitation efficiency index. Therefore, the maintenance of wheat residues of 3 tons per hectare can improve the yield of barley in cold regions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
210 - Conservation tillage application necessities from Miyaneh county Jihad-e-Agriculture Agency experts’ view point
Seyyed Mohammad Reza Hashemi Maryam Omid Najaf Abadi Farhad Lashgar AraThe current study projective was conservation tillage application necessities study from Jihad­-e­-­Agriculture Agency of Miyaneh county experts’ point of view. Statistical community of the study was 150 agriculture specialists of Miyaneh Jihad ­-& MoreThe current study projective was conservation tillage application necessities study from Jihad­-e­-­Agriculture Agency of Miyaneh county experts’ point of view. Statistical community of the study was 150 agriculture specialists of Miyaneh Jihad ­-­e­-­Agriculture Agency. Prepared questionnaire forms as research tools were filled in by interview. Questionnaire validity and reliability were confirmed by specialists’stand point and Cronbach's alpha coefficient using SPSS ver. 16 in range of 76.7-91.4%, respectively. R factor analysis method was used for data analysis. The results indicated that research variants including six factors of governmental financial grants, villagers' cooperation, religious and believes motivations, mechanization, legislation, agricultural extension and education by media justified about 58.65% of variance of conservative tillage application necessities from Jihad ­-­e­-­Agriculture Agency of Miyaneh county experts’ point of view. Governmental financial grants factor with Eigen value of 6.89 had the highest ratio in variants expression. Also, villagers' cooperation with Eigen value of 4.36, religious and believes motivations with Eigen value of 4.20, agriculture machinery development with Eigen value of 3.88, legislation with Eigen value of 2.30, agricultural extension and media education with Eigen value of 1.83 took the next positions. The current research results can be useful and effective in the future planning of agriculture authorities and beneficiary organization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
211 - Phytochemical persistence of Satureja rechingeri under cryopreservation conditions
Shabnam Shahbazi Fatemeh Sefidkon Abbas Ghamari ZareThis research was aimed to compare the type and content of phytochemical compounds of Satureja rechingeri as a valuable, indigenous and endangered species of Iran under cryopreservation. The seeds were kept in liquid nitrogen at -196 °C for 1 week. The flowering sho MoreThis research was aimed to compare the type and content of phytochemical compounds of Satureja rechingeri as a valuable, indigenous and endangered species of Iran under cryopreservation. The seeds were kept in liquid nitrogen at -196 °C for 1 week. The flowering shoots resulted from the treated seeds were collected and dried in the laboratory condition and their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation method. The essential oil compositions were determined using analytical gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Finally, 15 and 16 componentswere identified in the essential oils in the cryopreservation and control groups, respectively. The main components in the essential oil were carvacrol, p-cymeneand and thymol. Regarding the type and percentage of compounds existing in the essential oil, there was no significant difference among the control and cryopreservation treatments. Therefore by cryopreservation technique, the seeds of this valuable endangered species could be preserved for a long period and its extinction may be avoided. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
212 - Effects of different tillage methods on yield and yield components of N-80-9 wheat cultivar
Akram Moeini-Rad Farhood Yeganehpoor Hematollah PirdashtiTo study the effects of tillage methods on yield and its components of wheat cv. N-80-9, an experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design with four treatments including moldboard + disk, disk, chisel + disk and rotivator + disk with four re MoreTo study the effects of tillage methods on yield and its components of wheat cv. N-80-9, an experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design with four treatments including moldboard + disk, disk, chisel + disk and rotivator + disk with four replications in Aliabad- Katool in Golstan Province in two cropping seasons (2009-2010). Yield and yield components were affected by tillage methods, significantly. The highest yield was obtained in moldboard + disk and rotivator + disk in 2009 and moldboard + disk and two time disk and rotivator + disk in 2010. Whereas, common tillage (moldboard + disk) in comparison with preservative tillage methods not only consumed high energy and additional time, but also caused more erosion using mechanical tools and consequently led to more expense, the conservational methods are recommended instead of costume tillage methods. Manuscript profile
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