Determining the Optimal Amount of Zeolite in Order to Control Runoff and Sedimentation of Burnt Soil under Laboratory Conditions
Subject Areas : Optimal management of water and soil resources
Leila Gholami
1
(
Associate Professor, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.
)
Ataollah Kavian
2
(
Professor, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.
)
Nabiyeh Karimi
3
(
Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran. 3) Ph. D., Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.
)
Keywords: Runoff and Sediment Variables, Optimal Amount of Zeolite, Soil Amendments, Soil and Water Conservation.,
Abstract :
Background and Aim: Changes in soil moisture and aggregates stability both in the short term and in the long term after fire are important because of their important role in plant growth and nutrition and soil erosion. On the other hand, the conditioners usage in soil and water conservation is necessary for the sustainable usage of water and soil resources. The soil and water conservation requires the determining the optimal amount of soil conditioners in order to prevent water pollution with the application of chemical fertilizers. Nevertheless, determining the optimal amount of various soil conditioners less has been note with the quantification aim of their effect on the runoff and soil loss components. The present study was conducted in order to determination of the optimal amount of zeolite in fire soil under laboratory conditions. Method: In the current research, zeolite additive with amounts of 250, 500 and 750 g m-2 was used in the collected soil from the rangeland. The preliminary results on the soil showed that the soil texture, organic matter, organic carbon and pH, EC were clay, 0.47 percent, 0.27 percent, 7.86, respectively. After preparing the soil and placing inside plots (with scale of 0.5 m2), fire treatment applied to the soil surface. For this purpose, the remains of air-dried rangeland species with amounts about 250 g m-2 were poured and then fire was applied. The plots were placed under rainfall simulator system for a rainfall intensity of 50 mm h-1. Then, the runoff and sediment samples were collected in control and conserved plots with zeolite in three replicates. The total volume of the runoff sample and its sediment concentration were take constant for 24 h and the excess water volume of the samples was drained and finally the samples were placed in an oven at a temperature of 105˚c for 24 h. Results: The statistical results indicated the zeolite conditioner with rates of 250, 50, and 750 g m-2 on the surface of fire soil had the significant effect on the increasing the time to runoff (in confidence level of 99 percent) and decreasing the runoff volume (in confidence level of 99 percent), soil loss (in confidence level of 99 percent) and sediment concentration (in confidence level of 99 percent). Also, the results showed that the conservation percentage of time to runoff in zeolite treatment with rates of 250, 500 and 750 g s-2 was 1.61, 17.30 and 20.04 percent, respectively. The changes percent of the runoff volume in the fire soil with the zeolite application with different amounts was 8.00, 10.66 and 22.66 percent, respectively. The results of soil loss indicated that the conservation percent of zeolite conditioner in fire soil after the zeolite application with the used amounts was 14.24, 32.03 and 38.33 percent, respectively. Finally, the changes percent of zeolite conditioner in the fire soil on sediment concentration were 21.13, 24.90 and 21.41 percent, respectively. Conclusion: The fire phenomenon in the control treatment caused the decreasing the soil porosity and the creation of the hydrophobic layer, which also decreased the infiltration amount of soil and also caused to drying of the soil, especially in the surface layer, and significantly increased the runoff and sediment transportation. The subgrouping results of the different zeolite treatments on the time to runoff showed that zeolite with the amount of 750 g m-2 was placed in the third subgroup, which it was selected as the optimal amount to increasing the time to runoff and reducing the runoff volume in the post-fire soil conditions. Also, the investigation of the conservation effect and grouping the different zeolite amounts showed that the zeolite with the amount of 250 and 500 g m-2 were the better for sediment concentration and soil loss, respectively, its same effect with other amounts and also its discussion of the economic efficiency. Therefore, they are suggested as optimal and practical values for changes study of sediment concentration and soil loss components.
Adams, J. E. (1966). Influence of mulches on runoff, erosion, and soil moisture depletion. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 30(1), 110-114.
Agbeshie, A. A., Abugre, S., Atta-Darkwa, T., & Awuah, R. (2022). A review of the effects of forest fire on soil properties. Journal of Forestry Research, 33(5), 1419-1441.
Agbeshie, A. A., Abugre, S., Atta-Darkwa, T., Awuah, R. (2022). A review of the effects of forest fire on soil properties. Journal of Forestry Research. 33(5), 1419-1441.
Aghaalikhani, M., Gholamhoseini, M., Dolatabadian, A., Khodaei-Joghan, A., & Sadat Asilan, K. (2012). Zeolite influences on nitrate leaching, nitrogen-use efficiency, yield and yield components of canola in sandy soil. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 58(10), 1149-1169.
Akbarzadeh, Ghorbani, Shuja, Naderi Khorasgani, Mohammadi, Jahangard, & Taghizadeh Mehrjardi. (2017). The effect of fire on water repellency and the amount and factors of soil erosion in the forests of the southwestern shores of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Forest Journal, 9(1), 145-157. [in Persian]
Alcañiz, M., Outeiro, L., Francos, M., & Úbeda, X. (2018). Effects of prescribed fires on soil properties: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 613, 944-957.
Belcher, C. M. (Ed.). (2013). Fire phenomena and the Earth system: an interdisciplinary guide to fire science. John Wiley & Sons.
Benkova, M., Filcheva, E., Raytchev, T., Sokolowska, Z., & Hajnos, M. (2005). Impact of different ameliorants on humus state in acid soil polluted with heavy metals. Physicochemical managemnt of acid soils polluted wiyh eevy metals, 93p.
Bento-Gonçalves, A., Vieira, A., Úbeda, X., & Martin, D. (2012). Fire and soils: Key concepts and recent advances. Geoderma, 191, 3-13.
Bernardi, A., Olivera, P., Melo Monte, M., Polidoro, J.C., and Barros, F.S. (2010). Brazilian sedimentary zeolite uses in agriculture. World Congress of Soil Science, 120, 52-68.
Bhattacharyya, R., Fullen, M. A., Davies, K., & Booth, C. A. (2010). Use of palm-mat geotextiles for rainsplash erosion control. Geomorphology, 119(1-2), 52-61.
Brannvall, E. (2007). Improvement of storm water runoff treatment system with natural mineral sorbent. Geologija. Vilnius, 59, 72-76.
Brath, A., Montanari, A., & Moretti, G. (2006). Assessing the effect on flood frequency of land use change via hydrological simulation (with uncertainty). Journal of hydrology, 324(1-4), 141-153.
Certini, G. (2005). Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia, 143, 1-10.
DeBano, L.F. (2000). The role of fire and soil heating on water repellency in wildland environments: a review. Journal of Hydroly. 231,195–206.
Defersha, M. B., Quraishi, S., & Melesse, A. (2011). The effect of slope steepness and antecedent moisture content on interrill erosion, runoff and sediment size distribution in the highlands of Ethiopia. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15(7), 2367-2375.
Fernández, C., & Vega, J. A. (2016). Are erosion barriers and straw mulching effective for controlling soil erosion after a high severity wildfire in NW Spain?. Ecological Engineering, 87, 132-138.
Fox, D., Berolo, W., Carrega, P., & Darboux, F. (2006). Mapping erosion risk and selecting sites for simple erosion control measures after a forest fire in Mediterranean France. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The Journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group, 31(5), 606-621.
Garrido-Ruiz, C., Sandoval, M., Stolpe, N., & Sanchez-Hernandez, J. C. (2022). Fire impacts on soil and post fire emergency stabilization treatments in Mediterranean-climate regions. Chilean journal of agricultural research, 82(2), 335-347.
Ghazavi, R. (2015). The application effects of natural zeolite on soil runoff, soil drainage and some chemical soil properties in arid land area. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 13(1), 172.
Gholami Gohra, R., Sadeghi, S.H.R., Mirnia, S.Kh., & Suleiman Khani, Z. (2018). The effect of mild fire on infiltration, runoff and sedimentation of pasture in Kadir region. Watershed science and engineering, 5 (17), 23-31. [in Persian]
Gholami, L., Hasanzadeh, N., Darvishan, A. K., & Younesi, H. (2022). Individual and combined application of powder and soluble nanoclay and biochar on hydrological responses and soil loss at plot scale. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15(1), 50-62.
Gholami, L., Karimi, N., & Kavian, A. (2019). Soil and water conservation using biochar and various soil moisture in laboratory conditions. Catena, 182, 1-10.
Gholami, L., Khaledi Darvishan, A., & Kavian, A. (2016a). Wood chips as soil conservation in field conditions. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9, 1-11.
Gholami, L., Sadeghi, S. H. R., & Homaee, M. (2016B). Different effects of sheep manure conditioner on runoff and soil loss components in eroded soil. Catena, 139, 99-104.
González-Pelayo, O., Gimeno-García, E., Ferreira, C. S. S., Ferreira, A. J. D., Keizer, J. J., Andreu, V., & Rubio, J. L. (2015). Water repellency of air-dried and sieved samples from limestone soils in central Portugal collected before and after prescribed fire. Plant and Soil, 394, 199-214.
Gyssels, G., Poesen, J., Bochet, E., & Li, Y. (2005). Impact of plant roots on the resistance of soils to erosion by water: a review. Progress in physical geography, 29(2), 189-217.
Heidary, J., Ghorbani Dashtaki, S., Raiesi, F., & Tahmasebi, P. (2015). Effect of rangeland fire on soil physical properties and water infiltration parameters using principle component analysis. Water and Soil, 28(5), 964-975.
Inbar, A., Lado, M., Sternberg, M., Tenau, H., & Ben-Hur, M. (2014). Forest fire effects on soil chemical and physicochemical properties, infiltration, runoff, and erosion in a semiarid Mediterranean region. Geoderma, 221, 131-138.
Kavian, A., Gholami, L., Mohammadi, M., Spalevic, V., & Soraki, M. F. (2018). Impact of wheat residue on soil erosion processes. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 46(2), 553-562.
Kavian, A., Mohammadi, M., Cerdà, A., Fallah, M., & Gholami, L. (2019). Calibration of the SARI portable rainfall simulator for field and laboratory experiments. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 64(3), 350-360.
Khaledi Darvishan, A., Sadeghi, S. H., Homaee, M., & Arabkhedri, M. (2014). Measuring sheet erosion using synthetic color‐contrast aggregates. Hydrological Processes, 28(15), 4463-4471.
Kimhi, A. (2003). Plot size and maize productivity in Zambia: the inverse relationship re-examined. 888, 1-27.
Kukal, S. S., & Sarkar, M. (2010). Splash erosion and infiltration in relation to mulching and polyvinyl alcohol application in semi-arid tropics. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 56(6), 697-705.
Loáiciga, H. A., Pedreros, D., & Roberts, D. (2001). Wildfire-streamflow interactions in a chaparral watershed. Advances in Environmental Research, 5(3), 295-305.
Loures, L., Dias, S., Ramos, T., Nunes, J., & Viegas, A. (2012). Severe forest fires: Assessment methods and reclamation techniques. International Journal of Energy and Environment, 6(4), 424-432.
Lucas‐Borja, M. E., Delgado‐Baquerizo, M., Muñoz‐Rojas, M., Plaza‐Álvarez, P. A., Gómez‐Sanchez, M. E., González‐Romero, J., Peña-Molina, P.,Moya, D.,de las Heras, J. (2021). Changes in ecosystem properties after post‐fire management strategies in wildfire‐affected Mediterranean forests. Journal of Applied Ecology, 58(4), 836-846.
Lucas-Borja, M. E., Plaza-Alvarez, P. A., Xu, X., Carra, B. G., & Zema, D. A. (2023). Exploring the factors influencing the hydrological response of soil after low and high-severity fires with post-fire mulching in Mediterranean forests. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 11(1), 169-182.
Mohabati, Nyusha, Gholami, Kavian, Atala, & Shokrian. (2021a). The effect of compost and zeolite in different periods of time on the amount of soil erosion. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation Research, 28(4), 207-224. [in Persian]
Mohabati, Nyusha, Gholami, Kavian, Atala, & Shokrian. (2021b). Changes in soil hydrophobicity using zeolite, compost and the combination of zeolite and compost. Destruction and restoration of natural lands, 2(3), 44-54. [in Persian]
Myronidis, D. I., Emmanouloudis, D. A., Mitsopoulos, I. A., & Riggos, E. E. (2010). Soil erosion potential after fire and rehabilitation treatments in Greece. Environmental modeling & assessment, 15, 239-250.
Napper, C. (2006). Burned area emergency response treatments catalog. USDA Forest Service. National technology & development program. Watershed, Soil, Air Manag. 0625, 254-271.
Norway. (1390). The effect of fire on some physical, chemical and micromorphological characteristics of forest soils in Gilan province. Master's Thesis in Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Gilan University, Iran. 122p [in Persian]
Nowrozi M. and Ramadanpour h. 1391 Effects of flood and fire on some soil characteristics of Lakan forest in Gilan province. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Techniques and Natural Resources, Water and Soil Sciences, 16, 61-75. [in Persian]
Nunes, J. P., Bernard‐Jannin, L., Rodríguez‐Blanco, M. L., Boulet, A. K., Santos, J. M., & Keizer, J. J. (2020). Impacts of wildfire and post‐fire land management on hydrological and sediment processes in a humid Mediterranean headwater catchment. Hydrological Processes, 34(26), 5210-5228.
Pan, G., Tan, S., Yu, G., and Yin, S. (1991). Some agricultural properties of natural zeolite. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 7, 31-46.
Peduto, D., Iervolino, L., & Foresta, V. (2022). Experimental analysis of the fire-induced effects on the physical, mechanical, and hydraulic properties of sloping pyroclastic soils. Geosciences, 12(5), 198.
Pereira, P., Francos, M., Brevik, E. C., Ubeda, X., & Bogunovic, I. (2018). Post-fire soil management. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 5, 26-32.
Pierson, F. B., Robichaud, P. R., Moffet, C. A., Spaeth, K. E., Williams, C. J., Hardegree, S. P., & Clark, P. E. (2008). Soil water repellency and infiltration in coarse-textured soils of burned and unburned sagebrush ecosystems. Catena, 74(2), 98-108.
Prats, S. A., Malvar, M. C., Martins, M. A. S., & Keizer, J. J. (2014). Post-fire soil erosion mitigation: a review of the last research and techniques developed in Portugal. Cuadernos de investigación geográfica: Geographical Research Letters, (40), 403-427.
Qolizadeh Sarabi, sh. (2008). Water infiltration in soil with different salinities of irrigation water in different soils. Master thesis of Shiraz University. 85P. [in Persian]
Ramesh, K., & Reddy, D. D. (2011). Zeolites and their potential uses in agriculture. Advances in agronomy, 113, 219-241.
Robichaud, P. R., Ashmun, L. E. and Sims, B. D. (2010). Post-fire treatment effectiveness for hillslope stabilization. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-240. Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, 62 p.
Robichaud, P. R., Wagenbrenner, J. W., Pierson, F. B., Spaeth, K. E., Ashmun, L. E., & Moffet, C. A. (2016). Infiltration and interrill erosion rates after a wildfire in western Montana, USA. Catena, 142, 77-88.
Sadeghi, S. H. R., Gholami, L., Sharifi, E., Khaledi Darvishan, A., & Homaee, M. (2015). Scale effect on runoff and soil loss control using rice straw mulch under laboratory conditions. Solid Earth, 6(1), 1-8.
Shakesby, R. A., Doerr, S. H., & Walsh, R. P. D. (2000). The erosional impact of soil hydrophobicity: current problems and future research directions. Journal of hydrology, 231, 178-191.
Silvério, D. V., Brando, P. M., Bustamante, M. M., Putz, F. E., Marra, D. M., Levick, S. R., & Trumbore, S. E. (2019). Fire, fragmentation, and windstorms: A recipe for tropical forest degradation. Journal of Ecology, 107(2), 656-667.
Szerement, J., Ambrożewicz-Nita, A., Kędziora, K., & Piasek, J. (2014). Use of zeolite in agriculture and environmental protection. A short review. USD, (781), 172-177.
Szerment, J., Ambrozewich-Nita, A., Kedziora, K., and Piasek, J. (2014). Use of zeolite in agriculture and environmental protection. A short review. UDC. 96, 666-691.
Turan, N. G. (2008). The effects of natural zeolite on salinity level of poultry litter compost. Bioresource technology, 99(7), 2097-2101.
Vega, J. A., Fernandez, C., Fonturbel, T., Gonzalez-Prieto, S., & Jimenez, E. (2014). Testing the effects of straw mulching and herb seeding on soil erosion after fire in a gorse shrubland. Geoderma, 223, 79-87.
Wischmeier, W. H., & Smith, D. D. (1978). Predicting rainfall erosion losses: a guide to conservation planning (No. 537). Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration. Wischmeier, W.H. and Smith D.D. 1978. Predicting rainfall erosion losses: A guide to conservation planning. Agriculture handbook No. 537, USDA, Washington, DC, USA. 58 p.
Xiubin, H. E., & Zhanbin, H. (2001). Zeolite application for enhancing water infiltration and retention in loess soil. Resources, conservation and recycling, 34(1), 45-52.
