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Open Access Article
1 - Studing Mutual Export Between Iran and South-West Asian Countries
M. A. Abdolvand M. A. ZeighamiOne of the main issues in export planning especially for increasing export to developing countries isthe degree of awareness about mutual capacities in producing and exporting goods.Main purpose of this article is to study and determine non-oil export potential of Iran MoreOne of the main issues in export planning especially for increasing export to developing countries isthe degree of awareness about mutual capacities in producing and exporting goods.Main purpose of this article is to study and determine non-oil export potential of Iran in trading withsouth western Asia countries. Calculations and analysis are based on total non-oil trade of thesecountries and also 21 sections of the 201za harmonized system. This study has utilized ex- post data(import and export) of Iran and 23 countries of south western mutual exporting potential index.The results show that Iran has many opportunities in exporting non-petroleum products to countries ofthe region especially in substantial metals and their products, chemical products, plastic material andtheir products, textile material and their products and also food and beverage.So reinforcing regional cooperation including developing intra regional trade with countries such asUAE, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Egypt, Iraq, Pakistan Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Oman, Jordan, can form goodopportunities for Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Fazlur Rahman’s Historical Approach to the Qur’an; A Descriptive-Analytic Study
Mehrdad AbbasiFazlur Rahman (d. 1988) can be regarded as one of the most influential thinkers in the twentieth century. Rahman's modern approach to the Qur'an is the base of his reform thoughts and in his Quranic studies, history has a particular place. Rahman's approach to the Qur'a MoreFazlur Rahman (d. 1988) can be regarded as one of the most influential thinkers in the twentieth century. Rahman's modern approach to the Qur'an is the base of his reform thoughts and in his Quranic studies, history has a particular place. Rahman's approach to the Qur'an, based on the history and has reflected in his understanding of the nature of Qur'anic revelation, his view on the method of Qur'anic interpretation as well as his perspective on the methodology of Qur'anic studies. In this article, the significance of Rahman historical view on those three fields and its results have been illustrated. In his exposition on the nature of revelation, Rahman has emphasized on the circumstances of Prophet's era, proposing the “double movement” theory for Qur'anic exegesis in modern time and has defended of historical critic approach against literary analysis in Qur'anic studies. Aghaei, Seyyed Ali, “Kitab-shināsī-yi Faḍl al- Raḥmān”, Madrisa, Vol. 2, No, 4, 1385/ 2006, pp. 101- 94. Barlas, Asma, “Bāz- Khawānī-yi Matn-i Muḳaddas az Manẓar-i Zanān, Tafsīr-i Āmina Wadūd az Ḳurān”, (Quran and woman: rereading the sacred text from a womans perspective), Trans. Mehrdad Abbasi & Matinah Sadat Mousavi, Ayina-yi Pazhūhish, Vol. 24, No. 139, 1392/ 2013, pp.32-21. Jahanbakhsh, Forough, “Mudirnīst-yi Muʿtadil, Iḥyā- Gar-yi Akhlāḳ- Garā”, Interview with Saeed Shahab, Madrisa, Vol. 2, No. 4, Mihr 1385/ September 2006, pp. 85-81. Hallaq, Wael, Tārīkh-i Tiūrī- hā-yi Huḳūḳī-yi Islāmī: Muḳaddama- iy bar Uṣūl-i Fiḳh-i Sunnī(A History of Islamic Legal Theories), Trans. Muhammad Rasekh, Tehran, Nashr-i Niy, 1386/ 2007. Ibid, “Fiqh wa Ḳuʾrān”, Trans. Mehrad Abbasi, Editor in chief: McAuliffe Jane Dammen, Dāiratul- maārif-i Ḳurān, Khandaghabadi & Others (as supervisor), Tehran, Intishārāt-i Ḥikmat, Vol. 4, Forthcoming. Rippin, Andrew, “Taḥlīl-i Adabī-yi Ḳuʾrān, Tafsīr wa Sīra: Nigāhī ba Rawish- Shināsī-yi John Wansbrough”, Trans. Morteza Karimi- Nia, Pazhūhish- hā-yi Ḳurānī, No. 23 -24, 1379/ 2001- 2000, pp. 217- 190. Madrisa, Vol. 2, No. 4, Mihr 1385/ September 2006, pp. 76- 71. Abbasi, Mehrdad, “Khalḳ-i Ḳuʾrān”, Dar Dānish- Nāma-yi Djahān-i Islām, Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel (as supervisor),Vol. 16, Tehran, Intishārāt-i Kitāb Mardja, 1390/ 2011. Elmi, Muhammad- Jafar, “Barrisī wa Naḳd-i Naẓarī-yi Faḍl al- Raḥmān Dar Bāz- Sāz-yi Idjtihād Dar Dīn”, Political Science, No. 37, Spring 1386/ 2007, pp. 124- 71. Faḍl al- Raḥmān, “Shudjāʿat-i Iymān Dāshtan”, Trans. Muhammad Eskandari, Kiyān, Vol. 10, No. 52, July & August 1379/ 2000/ pp. 37-39. Ibid, “Islām wa Mudirnnīta”, Trans. Abolfazl Valazadeh, Madrisa, Vol. 2, No. 4, September 1385/ 2006, pp. 93- 90. Madelung, Wilferd, “Rīsha- hā- yi Nizāʿ Darbāra-yi Khalḳ-i Ḳuʾrān”, Dar Maktab- hā wa Firḳa- hā- yi Islāmī dar Sada-hā-yi Miyyānih, Trans. Javad Ghasemi, (2st. ed.), Mashhad 1378/ 1999, pp. 123- 150. Wielandt, Rotraud, “Djaryān Shināsī-yi Tafāsīr-i Ḳuʾrān dar Dawra-yi Muʿāṣir”, Trans. Mehrdad Abbasi, Ayina-yi Pazhūhish, Vol. 15, No. 2, May & June 1383/ 2004. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Islamophobia in Western Visual Media
Abbas Isazadeh Seyed Hossein SharafoddinIslamophobia (or more precisely ‘unfounded fear, prejudice and discrimination towards Islam and Muslims’) through social, economic and political deprivation has harmful effects on Muslims’ everyday lives. Media are the most prominent tools to reach thi MoreIslamophobia (or more precisely ‘unfounded fear, prejudice and discrimination towards Islam and Muslims’) through social, economic and political deprivation has harmful effects on Muslims’ everyday lives. Media are the most prominent tools to reach this goal. Some analysts even believe that “western media” are the primary sources of Islamophobia. Among the various types of media, “Visual Media” are probably the most effective opinion makers in the west. So in this article, Islamophobia in cinema (especially Hollywood as a famous symbol of that) and television programs including news, documentaries, animations, etc. will be discussed. ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Investigating and Analyzing Signs of Self-Confidence in the Images of the Movie "West Side" using Kress and Van Leon's Approach
zakiyeh hossein niaya salili farzaneh haratyanRepresentation is one of the fundamental concepts in media studies and the way in which the media shows events and realities. In this method, the words, images, music and other elements of the film are considered as signs that create different possible meanings through MoreRepresentation is one of the fundamental concepts in media studies and the way in which the media shows events and realities. In this method, the words, images, music and other elements of the film are considered as signs that create different possible meanings through them. Purpose: The current research aims to investigate and analyze the signs of self-confidence in the images of the West Side movie using Kress and Van Leon's approach. Research method: In this research, since it deals with moving images, music and words as media text, it has used a qualitative method with a semiotics approach to examine the visual signs in selected movies. Findings: The film is about love and racial rivalry between mafia and gangster groups in New York. Therefore, in the images of this film, the conflict between two groups is depicted, as well as the existence of competition and inequality, among all the images of this film, four images are selected to represent and analyze the psychological concept of "self-confidence" and the signs of self-confidence in They were checked. Conclusion: Being in stressful situations brings different emotional reactions such as anger, anxiety and depression. Therefore, using a suitable strategy to deal with the consequences of mental stress can reduce its effects on mental health Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Investigating the Impact of Media Freedom on the Human Development Index of Southwest Asia Countries with a Dynamic Approach
Seyyed Mohammad Ghaem Zabihi Mohammad Taher Ahmadi Shadmehri Narges Salehnia Nesa KamalianThe impact of a free press on development may never have been properly assessed. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to calculate such an effect. However, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of media freedom on the Human Development Index (HDI) i MoreThe impact of a free press on development may never have been properly assessed. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to calculate such an effect. However, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of media freedom on the Human Development Index (HDI) in a group of 21 countries in Southwest Asia in the annual period from 2002 to 2020. To investigate and measure this relationship, the dynamic panel data econometrics method and the generalized two-stage system torque (SGMM) approach have been used. The results of the specified model show that media freedom has a positive and significant effect on the human development index and with one unit increase in the media freedom index, the human development index increases by 4.290 units. Also, other variables of this study, such as GDP per capita and the number of Internet users, increase the human development index by one percent to 2.290 and 6.101 units, respectively, and therefore a positive and significant relationship for both variables was obtained. In addition, the variable of the corruption control index has a negative and significant effect on the human development index and with one unit increase in the corruption control index, the human development index will decrease by 0.006 units Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Typology Research of the Northwest Iran’s Railway Stations’ Architecture (The Qajar Period to Present)
Habib Shahhoseini Fatemeh AsadzadehThe railways, as a gateway to urban life and an achievement of technology, reflect the characteristics of the culture and identity of each community, which are also presented in the architectural styles of its stations. Railway stations have been of great historical imp MoreThe railways, as a gateway to urban life and an achievement of technology, reflect the characteristics of the culture and identity of each community, which are also presented in the architectural styles of its stations. Railway stations have been of great historical importance by changing the intellectual horizon of the people. Today, railway stations do not only serve as a mean for people to travel and transport, but also, they are being constructed for their aesthetic and symbolic values. In this regard, old railway stations are the most significant ones as they increase the value of their surroundings and are capable to help practice sustainable architecture. The initial stations were mainly derived from endemic architecture styles and materials, resulting in enduring buildings. However, the typology of the architecture of the old railway stations in Iran has not been studied adequately especially in different periods of time and consequently, the need for a comprehensive study in this matter is striking. Therefore, by using the qualitative-analytical method and collecting data from various documents, old books, and field observations, this research aims to study and analyze the physical characteristics of 116 Iran’s northwestern railway stations (Tehran - Tabriz) in four periods of Qajar, first and second Pahlavi and The Islamic Republic to identify the physical patterns of the railway stations of each period. The main question that this paper tries to answer is: “what are the differences between railway stations’ architectural body during various periods of time in the northwestern line of Tehran-Tabriz?” First of all, railway stations of each period in the research area were identified one by one, and afterward, by a detailed analysis, the typology of the identified stations’ architectural body was classified for each period. The identified factors for evaluation were the plan’s type, number of floors, type of roof, the used materials in the station’s facade, and the number of ornaments. These factors were considered separately in the railway stations of each of the four periods. The results of the research indicate a significant reduction in the variety of patterns used over time, except for the number of floors in the period of the Islamic Republic with two and three-floors stations with more variety of uses, the type of materials used, roof type, type and proportions of the plan and the number of decoration patterns studied in this period, have lost their variety during the time. To construct railway stations in the period of the Islamic Republic, there has been a tendency towards flat roofs and a plan type that has a relatively monotone structure without decorations. The current research identifies the architectural body of historical railway stations, in order to plan for future development and reuse them while preserving their originality and historical identity, as part of the cultural heritage of Iranian society. Additionally, future studies can focus on a more detailed analysis such as determining differences between the various materials in each part of the building like façade, floor, walls, and ornaments during time periods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - An investigation into the Urban Square's Layout in Turkman Era to Develop the Sustainable Pattern in Northwest Iran
Fereshteh Pashaei Kamali Sevgi Yilmaz -
Open Access Article
8 - A Comparative Study of vernacular Architecture Compatible with Mild and Humid Weather in Gilan's Western Plains (Case study: Gasht, Shalma and Gilandeh villages)
Hadiseh Kamran Kasmaie Khosro Daneshjou Seyed Majid Mofidi Shemirani -
Open Access Article
9 - Relationship between major dietary patterns and osteoporosis in Iranian postmenopausal women: A case-control study
Behnood Abbasi Paniz Ahmadi Bita Shadbakht Elnaz Zirak Sharkesh -
Open Access Article
10 - Historical and Philosophical Development of Development Sociology
Lucky Osaretin Odia -
Open Access Article
11 - A Sociological Study on Social Trust of Social Security Organization’s Insured Population (Case Study: West Tehran Social Security Branches)
Yousef Toghani Mohammad Bagher Tajedin -
Open Access Article
12 - Comparison of the America Object in the Two Iranian Presidents (Hashmi Rafsanjani and Khatami) Discourses
Mehrdad Navabakhsh Ibrahim Motaghi Maryam Jamshidi -
Open Access Article
13 - A Comparative Study of the Refugee Admission Pattern by the Islamic Government and Western States
Esmail Ragheb Babaii Hojatollah Salimi Torkamani, Saleh Rezaii PishRobat Hossein RostamzadAsylum in another country has a history for various reasons. Although our country, Iran, has a smaller population of asylum seekers than other Western countries, it still receives a large number of foreign nationals. This analytical-descriptive study seeks to examine th MoreAsylum in another country has a history for various reasons. Although our country, Iran, has a smaller population of asylum seekers than other Western countries, it still receives a large number of foreign nationals. This analytical-descriptive study seeks to examine the practice of the Islamic Republic of Iran in dealing with refugees, while comparing with the Western practice of this action. It was concluded that the Western practice of accepting refugees through unconventional sexual behavior is incompatible with the principles of health security as well as the responsibility of protecting the family. Acceptance due to political problems is considered a violation of the principle of neutrality, which is specified in the custom of international law. Admission through conversion has largely become a means of accepting asylum without the conditions of entitlement. However, the Islamic Republic of Iran, based on the principles of Velayat-e-Faqih, has accepted refugees from other countries in the framework of supporting the oppressed, and at the same time has always observed the principle of neutrality. International law sources oblige countries to prohibit arbitrary deprivation of citizenship, so there is no specific requirement for countries to grant citizenship, and the Islamic Republic of Iran cannot be criticized for not granting citizenship to Afghan citizens, due to the country's economic problems. Is to distribute job opportunities with the necessary measures, in which case the restrictions imposed are in line with international standards. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Factors Influencing the Design of Agricultural Advisory Service Network in the West Azerbaijan Province
S. Rasouliazar S. M. Hosseini S. M. Mirdamadi -
Open Access Article
15 - Relationship between Cultural intelligence with Manager’s Performance (case study: the Provincial television networks of Islamic Republic of Iran West Region)
Arman Ahmadizad SAIED SEDAGHATALLAH MOSAVI nadia shabrandBackground: In the current world, cultural intelligence is an essential tool for managers, cultural intelligence is known as an effective feature in a variety of cultures. Considering its importance in multicultural environments such as broadcastingthe aim of this study MoreBackground: In the current world, cultural intelligence is an essential tool for managers, cultural intelligence is known as an effective feature in a variety of cultures. Considering its importance in multicultural environments such as broadcastingthe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cultural intelligence with manager’s performance in the Provincial television networks of Islamic Republic of Iran broadcasting West Region. Methods: The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose and in terms of gathering information and data is descriptive correlation which conducted periodically in 2015. The study is to assess the basic concepts, to measure cultural intelligence standard questionnaire stigma and Early (2003) and to evaluate the performance of managers' standardized questionnaire Paterson (1998), which are all based on the Liker Scale.The statistical community consisted of this study was 200 directors in the Provincial television networks of Islamic Republic of Iran West Region that were selected 132 of them were examined according to Morgan.Pearson correlation test was used in order to investigate the relationship between variables, furthermore, in order to measure the research model and test hypothesis using SPSS 22. Results: There was a positive and significant correlation between cultural intelligence and managers' performance with a correlation coefficient of 377% at 95%, between metacognitive and performance managers with a coefficient of correlation of 113% at 95%, between cognitive dimension and performance managers with a correlation coefficient of 0/377 At 95% level, there is a positive and significant relationship between the motivational dimension and the performance of managers with a correlation coefficient of 0.478 at 95% confidence level, between behavioral dimension and managers' performance with a correlation coefficient of 0.222 at 95% confidence level. Conclusion: The findings of the study showed a positive correlation between cultural intelligence and performance management in organization dimensions studied. The analytical results showed that among the motivational aspects of cultural intelligence 478/0 correlation coefficient has the highest impact on the performance of managers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - The Attitude toward Western Culture and Effective Factors on it among the Youth
سروش فتحی مریم ثابتیIntroduction and Purpose: The aim of this study is the evaluation of the attitude toward western culture and effective factors on it among the youth. In this respect culture is set of beliefs and values which are exhibited in conventions, language, literature, religio MoreIntroduction and Purpose: The aim of this study is the evaluation of the attitude toward western culture and effective factors on it among the youth. In this respect culture is set of beliefs and values which are exhibited in conventions, language, literature, religion and other sentiments and cultural heritages. It affects peoples’ characters and invading it means a full-scale effort of a nation with its own culture to impose it to other societies. Method: The methods used in this study were predicative and surveying methods. A sample of 250 individuals was selected with a simple random sampling technique usingcochran’s formula. Findings: based on descriptive findings, 51% of respondents were male and 49% were female. The most male respondents (55%) were in age category 21-25 and the least (18%) were in 26-30 of age. Also, the most female respondents (53%) were in age category 21-25 and the least (14%) were in 26-30 of age. Conclusion: the analytical findings showed that there was a significant and positive relationship between the feeling of social isolation, feeling of social deprivation, access to western media, gender and feeling of social apathy and the attitude towards western cultures. Also there existed an inverse relationship between defected religious beliefs and western culture Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Investigating and analyzing the Role of ethnic Gaps in Post-Revolutionary geopolitical crisis in Iran in order to effect the system in border regions: A Case Study of Western borders
Ali Abdullah Nejad heidar lotfi Majid Karimpour Ali Asghar esmaeil Pour RoshanThe role of ethnic divisions in post-revolutionary geopolitical crises in Iran, especially on the western borders, has been very influential.Considering the diversity and breadth of space arrangement in the western parts of the country, surveying is the most appropriate MoreThe role of ethnic divisions in post-revolutionary geopolitical crises in Iran, especially on the western borders, has been very influential.Considering the diversity and breadth of space arrangement in the western parts of the country, surveying is the most appropriate way to investigate large-scale ethnic identity.The main purpose of this article is to explain and analyze the role of ethnic divisions in post-revolutionary geopolitical crises in Iran with emphasis on the western borders.The main question of this article is what are the opportunities and threats, as well as strengths and weaknesses, of the role of ethnic divisions in post-revolutionary geopolitical crises in Iran especially on the western borders?In this study, a cross-sectional survey with two purposes of description and explanation is used. In the field of description, the purpose is to present a picture of how the statistical population is based on the variables considered, especially in terms of the dimensions of ethnic identity and its predominant type.At the analysis or explanation scale, the purpose is to find the relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable and to attempt to explain the changes, or better, the variance of the dependent variable based on the independent variables.In this study, a questionnaire was used to measure variables. The results of this article show that ethnic divisions apart from the crisis of separatism and independence can create other geopolitical crises including development crisis, geographic isolation crisis and participation crisis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - A Discourse in Post-Colonially Studies and its Expansion Necessity in Non-Western Societies
Farzad Navabakhsh Masoud Darroudi -
Open Access Article
19 - The Effective Factors on Students Tendencies toward Universities’ Cultural Programs (A Comparison between Islamic Azad University, East Tehran branch and Shahid Beheshti University)
Norouz Hashem Zehi Behrouz Mirza Azar Rashtiani -
Open Access Article
20 - A Sociological Study of Iranian-Islamic Lifestyle among the Youth in Kerman City
Mansour Haghighatian Hamid Mahmoodian Ameneh Firoozabadi -
Open Access Article
21 - survey about socio-cultural factors influencing tendency toward western culture between students of University of Applied Science and Technology (A case study in unit- 23)
Soroush Fathi Ahmadreza Farahani Noushin Ilbeigi -
Open Access Article
22 - The study relationship between large- scale circulation patterns of sea level and snow phenomenon in the North West of Iran
esmaeil haghighi سعید جهانبخش اصل مجید رضایی بنفشه ایمان روستاIn this research, using environment-to-circulation approach, the main synoptic systems of Effective snow in the North West of Iran have been Analyzed. First, daily data of 26 snow stations In the North West of Iran from Dey 1329 to Azar 1383 of Iran Meteorological Organ MoreIn this research, using environment-to-circulation approach, the main synoptic systems of Effective snow in the North West of Iran have been Analyzed. First, daily data of 26 snow stations In the North West of Iran from Dey 1329 to Azar 1383 of Iran Meteorological Organization was Collected. In addition, daily mean of sea level pressure data from 1951 to 2004 was collected.. After that To determine the major systems, the correlations between clusters were determined. the day that had the highest correlation with other cluster days was Selected and analyzed As a representative day circulation pattern in the cluster. results showed that Snow in the affected Occurs under two major conditions: 1- Spread and penetration of high-pressure Siberian to This Region 2- Formation and strengthening of the Black Sea High pressure In the west of Iran. It also seems that in The second pattern When the Iceland low pressure, Black Sea High pressure, Azores high pressure and low pressure Sudan are at the height of their activity we are witnessing a heavy snow fall In this area. Consequently, with strengthening the systems mentioned, There is a significant increase in The amount of snowfall And its distribution in the studied stations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Temporal-Spatial Analysis of Rainfall Days Frequency Trend of Western Iran Regions
شهاب شفیعی غلامعلی مظفریPrecipitation including climatic elements in the dimension of time and space changes a lot. In the study of extreme precipitation because of the devastating effect it is of great importance. The aim of this study is to identify and analyze theslope of the western region MorePrecipitation including climatic elements in the dimension of time and space changes a lot. In the study of extreme precipitation because of the devastating effect it is of great importance. The aim of this study is to identify and analyze theslope of the western regions of extreme precipitation, which is to achieve this goalprecipitation data of 69 synoptic stations and climate (province of Kerman, Kermanshah, Hamedan, Ilam, Lorestan and Kurdistan), in during the statistical period (2010-1961) were used and the annual threshold of extreme precipitation West generalized method of distributing a limit to the western regions of the country to 22 mm respectively. The extreme precipitation for each month during the period under study western regions using Mann-Kendall method identified and analyzed. and in December this increase was observed in the western half of Kermanshah province and in February this positive trend observed in the northwestern province of Kurdistan conceptual framework, these areas are consistent with the Zagros mountains. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Explaining Regional Integration Pattern (Case: Southwest Asia)
samere yaghobi Ezzatollah ezzati Ebrahim rominaSouthwest Asia countries engage in many political, cultural, religious, economic and ideological challenges; these countries lack a comprehensive regional structure and, hence, are unable to take a step to resolve the created conflicts and challenges. Functions of a com MoreSouthwest Asia countries engage in many political, cultural, religious, economic and ideological challenges; these countries lack a comprehensive regional structure and, hence, are unable to take a step to resolve the created conflicts and challenges. Functions of a comprehensive regional structure aimed at resolving the conflicts and challenges in Southwest Asia is the main problem of this research. the required research data were collected using both the library and field methods. Descriptive-analytical and one sample t-test approaches were used for the library and field methods respectively. Based on the population of the research, the findings of the research indicate that factors such as the confrontation of the countries with natural hazards like ultrafine dust and environmental pollution, the formation of regional organizations such as the Islamic Conference, etc, the access of the most countries of the region to international waters, joint cooperation of Iran, Iraq and Turkey to counter the Kurdistan region's separatist actions, visa waiver and tariff cuts are the most important bases for achieving integration in Southwest Asia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - The social human consequences of dust in national security
Abbasali Khodami Rebaz Ghorbaninejad Mahmoud AhmadiIn the present age, when emerging countries can make developed countries and former colonies economically dependent on themselves, ensuring economic independence and the possibility of self-reliance of countries is one of the conditions for advancing the foundations of MoreIn the present age, when emerging countries can make developed countries and former colonies economically dependent on themselves, ensuring economic independence and the possibility of self-reliance of countries is one of the conditions for advancing the foundations of national security. Environmental crises or natural disasters are sudden events that have increased environmental problems, climate change, and increased human problems such as health, security, and migration. The purpose of this study is to investigate the social human consequences of dust in Iran's national security. Research Method In this research, with a descriptive-analytical and applied method, the quantitative effects of foreign waters of western Iran on the generation of dust and its role in national security have been investigated. The statistical population of the study consists of experts in the fields of geopolitics and environment, the sample size of which was estimated based on the Cochran model of 30 people. The results showed that migration from border cities - increasing unemployment, increasing problems in agriculture, industry and services in cities, the occurrence of heterogeneous social phenomena in cities and increasing border disputes are among the most important consequences of dust on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Temporal and spatial analysis of thunderstorms in southwestern Iran
asal falak Reza Borna farideh asadianOne of the most important factors influencing human life is the weather. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial temporal features of the occurrence of thunderstorms in the southwest of the country. States (Khuzestan, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, Kohkiluyeh and B MoreOne of the most important factors influencing human life is the weather. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial temporal features of the occurrence of thunderstorms in the southwest of the country. States (Khuzestan, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad) During a statistical period from 1985 to 2015, And then the analysis of the synoptic conditions of the thunderstorms obtained from the synoptic stations of the region. The results of the annual analysis of the frequency of thunderstorms at Dezful station with 479 phenomena and Ramhormoz with 252 events have recorded the lowest in the stations. And in the seasonal analysis, the highest hurricane occurred in the spring with the number of 137 and in the summer with the lowest storm with the number 10. In the monthly analysis of the frequency of thunderstorms, April was the most 75 days and August was the least with 2 days. In terms of the frequency of thunderstorms during the eight-hour observation period, the highest frequency of the thunderstorm is 12 o'clock (3.30 o'clock). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - The classification and measurement of the degree of development of West Azerbaijan province using planning techniques
seyed ali hosseini mohammadamin faraji mohammad zaheiri seyede maryam hosseiniAbstract Regional Planning, aiming to reduce inequality and to make developments, is considered as one of the important subjects in the developing countries. Regional planning is necessary to determine the position of the other regions in terms of development. Including MoreAbstract Regional Planning, aiming to reduce inequality and to make developments, is considered as one of the important subjects in the developing countries. Regional planning is necessary to determine the position of the other regions in terms of development. Including common standards in regional planning, grading regions on the basis of different indicators of development. The purpose of this article defines the classification of West Azerbaijan province in terms of development and regional disparities in its analysis. Analytical methodology and data collection method is library and documentation. Studied indices include 44 indicators; including indicators of socio-cultural, educational, health, infrastructure, economy. To determine the level of development of West Azerbaijan province, models (topsis, SAW) and Arc Gis 9.3 software is used. The results showed that the cities of Urmia, demands, Oshnavieh, best and municipalities Piran, Chalderan and cash is worst situation has developed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Evidences of Pleistocene glacial geomorphology in the northern slope of Khashchal mountain (western Alborz)
Jalilaldin Sorour Nima Farid MojtahediIdentification and study of geomorphological heritage an important role to representthe trend of last climate chamges in a region. In this research using, topograph,geology maps and field evidences of glacial geomorphology in khashchal mountainnorthern slope is detected MoreIdentification and study of geomorphological heritage an important role to representthe trend of last climate chamges in a region. In this research using, topograph,geology maps and field evidences of glacial geomorphology in khashchal mountainnorthern slope is detected. Detecd evidence are Glacial erasionablation landform like,glacial cirques, glacial valley and Glacial deposits Include glacial moraine. Resultshow during Pleistocene period, climate in northern slope of khashchal mountain hadlower temperature and probably with more precipitation in compare to recent climate.Erasion and morphogenes glacial processes have been active. While nowdaysevidence showing because of high evelation and precipitation and temperaturesituation in region, subglacial morphogenes process (freezing and melting)dominate inthe region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Analysis of environmental system the western slopes of Baghrodagh moruntians and these roles in genesis Biomes fandoghlu forest
R. SamadzadehWest slopes of bagrodag and fandoglu area, with having unique autumnal forests,beautiful and green pastures and naturel and human making extents, that is one of thewell-known natural attractions in west-north of country, has been situated in the endwest of ardebil provi MoreWest slopes of bagrodag and fandoglu area, with having unique autumnal forests,beautiful and green pastures and naturel and human making extents, that is one of thewell-known natural attractions in west-north of country, has been situated in the endwest of ardebil province.In this research, in order to survey existing relationships of vegetation in area andits forest distribution,with environmental factors and identification of limiting(preventing) factor and identification of effective factors in its area formation, withsurvey of any environmental factors, commence of providing different environmentalmaps from a direction and vegetation maps from the other direction and finallycombined maps from them has been done.With survey of these maps, has been recognized that none of climatic factors,preventing or limiting factors, in forest formation are not considered. But these factorsare effective in the kind of vegetation. Among these, two factors of humidity and thedirection of wind, have been effective more than other factors and due to have rates ofarea and plant community from passing humidity of area level, play role in thevegetation concentration and its present.Trough, continuosly protection of forest and pasture areas has been done and thecmpletness of growth stages has been provided for plants, can be hoped to makingforest areas in all over the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - The introducing of natural dangers in Shafarude auriferous basin of Rezvanshahr town.With emphasizing on land sliding
Rafat Shahmari Ardanjani Mohammad Reza Servati Jaliladdin SurourThe main reason of doing this research is to identify and introduce the effectivefactors on natural disasters such as flood, land slide, fire accident ….and also thediversity of area and time of dangers and stretching and size of them in Shafarudeaquiferous basin MoreThe main reason of doing this research is to identify and introduce the effectivefactors on natural disasters such as flood, land slide, fire accident ….and also thediversity of area and time of dangers and stretching and size of them in Shafarudeaquiferous basin of Rezvanshahr town located in the west of Guilan province. Theeffect of reflection of this dangers on the social-economics condition of residents is anoticeable point that shows the importance of this research. This research has done byusing the descriptive – analyzing methods (basin system) and by using from toolssuch as topography maps from organization of army forces and the maps of geology,land using, air mapping by organization of cartography and field observation (Directobservation) and by using the G.P.S device, Excel and Auto Cad soft wares.The study results showed that: the major threatening natural disasters in this basinareLand slide , flood , fire accident drought, Thunder and lightening, animals’ bite ,plant pests, ….. in this direction, type and genus of geological structure and the severalfaults inside the basin and the Astara throughout fault in basin shallow, the differenceof height between the headline and basin shallow, the steep of slopes, rain falling, thelasting snow (about six months), the blowing of strong winds in autumn and thebeginning of spring, the thick mantle of forest in throughout the basin and ….… arethe most important and numerous natural factors causing natural disasters in basinplay an essential role such as land sliding and rock falling(in northwest, centre andsouthwest of basin) in villages- Ardah(1383), Roshandeh(1375), Dashtdaman (1383)and the flooding in Pargam(1375), Rinah (1383), Vaskah (1373) and forest firing inthe forests of south and southwest of basin ( Razah, Dashtdaman) during the recentdecade(1375-85).The events of these dangers a part from economy and socialdamages, within the investigation boundary collectively have switched theenvironment landscapes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - The Role of Context-oriented Management in the Formation of the Historical Landscape of Takht Suleiman
seyedMansour Rashidi Sahar Toofan Ahad NejadabrahimiAbstract Introduction and Purpose: historical urban landscape as a type of cultural landscape suggests a new approach to the city in which the sustainable interaction of man and nature in the context of the historical city is of interest. Takab city as one of the citie MoreAbstract Introduction and Purpose: historical urban landscape as a type of cultural landscape suggests a new approach to the city in which the sustainable interaction of man and nature in the context of the historical city is of interest. Takab city as one of the cities of West Azarbaijan province, despite having a variety of scenic roads such as historical attractions, including the Takht Suleiman ancient complex, which is registered as the fourth historical monument of the country in the UNESCO World Heritage List, and natural roads such as Takht Suleiman Lake, Prison Mountain, Chamli Moving China and Having a number of hot and cold mineral water springs is not quite suitable in the field of biology and tourism. Method: This research was conducted based on the overall descriptive-analytical method. The method of data analysis using analytical software such as spss and the method of descriptive statistics of skewness and kurtosis and histogram chart to examine the components and variables using statistical analysis and correlation and index tests to analyze the obtained data. And the SWOT table has been used for the final analysis of information and data, the strengths and weaknesses of the collection. Findings: The numerical value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which includes 25 questions of the questionnaire, is equal to 0.947, which shows that the questionnaire has acceptable and excellent reliability. Conclusion: It is not impossible to achieve context-oriented design and coordination with the substrate, and even with the local model and the use of local materials, environmental factors can be considered in the designs. Historical values and their relationship with management methods in the face of restoration and architectural heritage, especially in historical periods, physical and spatial elements and its materials and materials were considered with regard to contextualism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - identify the challenges of micro and peasant exploitation system
mansor mojaver baghche solieman Rasouliazar loghman rashiedpourThe purpose of this research was to Investigation and analysing the challenges of Micro and Peasant systems in West Azerbaijan Province. Their average land area is less than twenty hectares and their number of farm was scattered between five and twelve sector. By using MoreThe purpose of this research was to Investigation and analysing the challenges of Micro and Peasant systems in West Azerbaijan Province. Their average land area is less than twenty hectares and their number of farm was scattered between five and twelve sector. By using the Krejcie Morgan table, 384 individuals were selected as sample size. And proportional assignment using cluster sampling method was used for selection sample. Questionnaire was used for data collection; the validity of the research instrument was confirmed by the panel of related professors and experts who have specialist at this subject. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by Cronbach's alpha 0.732. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Factor analysis results showed that the most important challenges in micro and peasant systems in West Azarbaijan province were summarized and categorized into seven factors. These seven factors could account 66.2% of the challenge of micro and peasant systems in West Azerbaijan province. The most important challenge was the economic factor, which included increases in the cost of renting land and agricultural equipment, increased input costs, a slight increase in the prices of agricultural products, and a shortage of agricultural financial and credit institutions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Analyzing the challenges of the grape value chain: A case study in the West Azarbaijan province
سیده شیرین گلباز Esmail Karamidehkordi Mohammadreza AsghariCapacity development of agricultural products value chain can increase agricultural productivity and incomes. This requires updated knowledge and innovations. Farmers in developing countries face various challenges in the process of pre, during, and post-production of a MoreCapacity development of agricultural products value chain can increase agricultural productivity and incomes. This requires updated knowledge and innovations. Farmers in developing countries face various challenges in the process of pre, during, and post-production of agricultural products. This study examined the challenges of the grape production value chain in the West Azerbaijan Province. This study used a qualitative approach through the grounded theory methodology. Data were collected through semi-structured face-to-face interviews with the Agricultural Jihad Organization speceilaists; agricultural extension agents; researchers from the provincial Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center; and grape producers in the West Azerbaijan Province, who were selected through the purposeful sampling technique. The qualitative data analysis was conducted using MAXQDA software version 12. The main challenges in the pre, during and post-production phases were related to institutional, social, human and financial issues, natural crises, lack of knowledge, farming systems challenges, and physical, technological and infrastructural obstacles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Investigating the Methods of Creating Innovative and Entrepreneurship Management in Agricultural Training Centers of West Azerbaijan Province
solieman rasouliazar Davood Ghadimi Yamchy Loghman RashiedpourThe purpose of this research was to analyze and identifying the ways to make creative and entrepreneurial management in agricultural training centers. The population of study consisted of 600 students in different fields of agricultural applied science during the first MoreThe purpose of this research was to analyze and identifying the ways to make creative and entrepreneurial management in agricultural training centers. The population of study consisted of 600 students in different fields of agricultural applied science during the first semester of academic year of 2015-2016 in Azerbaijan Agricultural Training Center. Cochran Formula used to determine the number of samples. Accordingly, 169 students were determined, as sample. The samples were selected by Proportional random from the target population. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed by acquiring comments from faculty supervisor and consultant and reliability was confirmed. For calculated the reliability of questionnaire the Ordinal teta (θ) in R software was used (0.887). In this study researchers use spss18 and R10 software. Foe analysis the data descriptive and correlations statistics method were used. The result of correlation coefficient shows that, there is a significant and positive relationship found between the independent variables (creating innovative and entrepreneurship management in agricultural training centers) and the dependents variable at level of 0.01. Also a regression analysis finding shows that this factor could explain 60 percent of independents variable. According the beta coefficient management methods, Creation innovative methods and usage entrepreneurship teachers were the importance and effective components in creating innovative and entrepreneurship management in agricultural training centers in West Azerbaijan province. Therefore suggested in this research points to the “management methods” and that's the most important items “to consider human dignity and respect in dealing with employee”. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Assessing the relationship between Islamic religiosity & organizational trust Case Study: East and West Azerbaijan State University librarians
ahmad sadeghinia Nadjla Hariri Fahimeh BabolhavaejiPurpose: This research aimed to determine the relationship between Islamic religiosity and organizational trust among librarians. Methodology: research method was survey, and the population consisted of 181 librarians working in university libraries in East and west Az MorePurpose: This research aimed to determine the relationship between Islamic religiosity and organizational trust among librarians. Methodology: research method was survey, and the population consisted of 181 librarians working in university libraries in East and west Azarbaijan. The questionnaires used in the survey was azarbaijani reliogisity questionnaire (1382) and Organizational Trust of ellonen et al (2008). 160 questionnaires were completed. Findings: Results showed that religiosity has a direct, positive and strong relationship with organizational trust. In other words, with increasing the person's religiosity, his/her trust will increase. Results: The findings of this research showed that religiosity has positive effect on organizational trust, therefore, the religion is a strong potential to increase the trust, therefore, this factor must be considered by the institutions and organizations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Evaluation of libraries of Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults in west Azerbaijan and its compatibility with IFLA guideline
Darioushi Matlabi Heliai Soltanabadi Saeedi GhaffariPurpose: The main purpose of this study is to determine situation of libraries of Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults in west Azerbaijan and its compatibility with IFLA guideline. Methodology: Descriptive- survey method was used as a MorePurpose: The main purpose of this study is to determine situation of libraries of Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults in west Azerbaijan and its compatibility with IFLA guideline. Methodology: Descriptive- survey method was used as a research method and all libraries of Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults in west Azerbaijan was studies as population of research. Research made questionnaire was used for gathering data. Finding: Finding shows the appropriate space, decoration and painting of libraries are tailored to the interests of children and young adults; and compatible with IFLA guideline. Librarians interest to learn new skills and improve their abilities in computer fields that this is compatible with IFLA guideline. Librarians of 22 libraries are familiar with children literature and providing services to the children with 7-11 and 12-17 years old. All of libraries provide education and reference services for the children and creative programs, storytelling, book reading and book review meeting too. Most participants in the selection of materials were manager of libraries. Value/ Originality: Survey of researches show many of researches have done in educational and special libraries and their capabilities with IFLA standard and there is not any research about libraries of Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults. So, the result of this study shall be useful for Children and Young Adults libraries, Schools libraries, and also libraries of Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Sensitivity Analysis of Evapotranspiration to Change in Meteorological Parameters in North-West and West of Iran
Yagob Dinpashoh Saead Jahanbakhsh asl masoumeh foroughiSensitivity analysis of reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) is crucial for improving water management in the arid and semi-arid country as like Iran. However, it is important to analyze the sensitivity of ET0 to meteorological parameters, since the climate globally MoreSensitivity analysis of reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) is crucial for improving water management in the arid and semi-arid country as like Iran. However, it is important to analyze the sensitivity of ET0 to meteorological parameters, since the climate globally has been changed to some extent. In this study, sensitivity of ET0 by varying the climatic parameters at 36 selected stations in the West and Northwest of Iran was investigated. The priority and effect of the climatic parameters in different months at the selected stations were found by sensitivity analysis. The ET0 is calculated based on the most recommended form of the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method. To analysis the sensitivity, variations of ET0 depends on the changes in minimum temperature (Tmin), maximum temperature (Tmax), wind speed (u2), minimum relative humidity (RHmin) and maximum relative humidity (RHmax), in the range of ±20% with the step of 5% was calculated. Finally, the parameter with higher importance for each station was obtained. Results showed that ET0 was more sensitive to the variation of Tmax at the 13 stations (36.11%) in annual time scale. The maximum change of ET0 by increasing of Tmax with+20% was found at Ardebil (15.54%) and the minimum change in the same situation was found to be 6.05 % at Meshkinshahr. The range of the changes by varying T min was between -47 % (in Sanandaj) to 0.91 % (in Khalkhal). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Identification of Appropriate Solutions for Managing Surface Water Consumption of West Azerbaijan Province Using Dynamic System Modeling
Sheida Yousefi Seyed Mahdi Mirdamadi Seyed Jamal Farjollah Hosseini Farhad LashgararaBackground and Aim: The share of agricultural sector in West Azerbaijan province, Iran from surface water abstraction is 91.2%. Excessive consumption of water resources, drought and destruction of agricultural lands, dependence of work and livelihood of 1.2 million popu MoreBackground and Aim: The share of agricultural sector in West Azerbaijan province, Iran from surface water abstraction is 91.2%. Excessive consumption of water resources, drought and destruction of agricultural lands, dependence of work and livelihood of 1.2 million population of province on the agricultural sector, the adoption of long-term development plans, have intensified the water crisis in agricultural sector. Therefore, managing the consumption of surface water is essential. This study investigates the effect of agricultural, economic, policy-making, climatic, socio-cultural and educational scenarios on management of surface water consumption and availability.Method: The present study is an applied research has been carried out using the dynamic system approach in order to achieve sustainable management of water resources in West Azerbaijan province. First, the statistical data from the previous years (1991-2018) are entered into the system using Excel and SPSS software. Then, the dynamic system model is developed in VENSIM software. To ensure the efficiency of the model in evaluating policies, the model validation test is performed. After making sure that the model works efficiency, population growth scenarios with different fertility rates, PS1 (2.11 children), PS2 (1.95 children), PS3 (1.5 children) and PS4 (2.6 Children) and climatic scenarios with a probability of 20% annual rainfall reduction, continuation of the current rainfall trend and 20% annual rainfall improvement are introduced to the model. Additionally, investment scenarios with the aim of 0.5% improvement in the annual irrigation efficiency and the crop scenario such as low-consumption cultivation pattern are introduced to the model. Moreover, the impacts of participatory and education scenarios, are simulated up to the horizon of 2051.Results: The results showed that in the validation test there is a high correlation between the simulated values and the observed values of surface water, and the model is effective in evaluating policies. Upon continuation of the rainfall current trend, available surface water decreases by 3.76% during the simulation period (2018-2051). Droughts intensify with a decrease of 20% of annual rainfall due to the direct effect of rainfall on runoff, available surface water is reduced by 20.54%. The largest decrease in the surface water content is related to the scenario of reduced rainfall (-20%) together with the scenario of increasing fertility rate (ps4), which cause a decrease in the available surface water by 46.15%. Population growth has increased the total water consumption and even agricultural water demand by 27% over the 2051 horizon. Simultaneously using low-consumption cultivation pattern scenarios, investment to improve irrigation efficiency, participatory activities and training programs to improve water management, water consumption decrease by 29.20% and agricultural water demand from the surface water decrease by 31.37% under these conditions, the available surface water improves by 9.12% to the horizon of 2051.Conclusion: The results showed that, it is necessary to review population scenarios at the national level. Also, the agricultural scenario of observing the pattern of low-consumption cultivation with reducing water demand per hectare is known as the best scenario and its application has increased the available surface water by 2.45 times.Keywords: Water resource management, Economic/policy-making scenarios, Climatic scenarios, West Azerbaijan provinceBackground and Aim: The share of agricultural sector in West Azerbaijan province, Iran from surface water abstraction is 91.2%. Excessive consumption of water resources, drought and destruction of agricultural lands, dependence of work and livelihood of 1.2 million population of province on the agricultural sector, the adoption of long-term development plans, have intensified the water crisis in agricultural sector. Therefore, managing the consumption of surface water is essential. This study investigates the effect of agricultural, economic, policy-making, climatic, socio-cultural and educational scenarios on management of surface water consumption and availability.Method: The present study is an applied research has been carried out using the dynamic system approach in order to achieve sustainable management of water resources in West Azerbaijan province. First, the statistical data from the previous years (1991-2018) are entered into the system using Excel and SPSS software. Then, the dynamic system model is developed in VENSIM software. To ensure the efficiency of the model in evaluating policies, the model validation test is performed. After making sure that the model works efficiency, population growth scenarios with different fertility rates, PS1 (2.11 children), PS2 (1.95 children), PS3 (1.5 children) and PS4 (2.6 Children) and climatic scenarios with a probability of 20% annual rainfall reduction, continuation of the current rainfall trend and 20% annual rainfall improvement are introduced to the model. Additionally, investment scenarios with the aim of 0.5% improvement in the annual irrigation efficiency and the crop scenario such as low-consumption cultivation pattern are introduced to the model. Moreover, the impacts of participatory and education scenarios, are simulated up to the horizon of 2051.Results: The results showed that in the validation test there is a high correlation between the simulated values and the observed values of surface water, and the model is effective in evaluating policies. Upon continuation of the rainfall current trend, available surface water decreases by 3.76% during the simulation period (2018-2051). Droughts intensify with a decrease of 20% of annual rainfall due to the direct effect of rainfall on runoff, available surface water is reduced by 20.54%. The largest decrease in the surface water content is related to the scenario of reduced rainfall (-20%) together with the scenario of increasing fertility rate (ps4), which cause a decrease in the available surface water by 46.15%. Population growth has increased the total water consumption and even agricultural water demand by 27% over the 2051 horizon. Simultaneously using low-consumption cultivation pattern scenarios, investment to improve irrigation efficiency, participatory activities and training programs to improve water management, water consumption decrease by 29.20% and agricultural water demand from the surface water decrease by 31.37% under these conditions, the available surface water improves by 9.12% to the horizon of 2051.Conclusion: The results showed that, it is necessary to review population scenarios at the national level. Also, the agricultural scenario of observing the pattern of low-consumption cultivation with reducing water demand per hectare is known as the best scenario and its application has increased the available surface water by 2.45 times. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Principles of the Study of Hinduism (Eastern Religions) according to René Guenon
amir yousefi Fayyaz GharaeiIn the following article, René Guenon's view on the correct approach to Hindu studies is discussed. In this regard, Guenon's view is presented in the context of critique of the scientific and historical view, which is opposite to his view. According to Guenon, th MoreIn the following article, René Guenon's view on the correct approach to Hindu studies is discussed. In this regard, Guenon's view is presented in the context of critique of the scientific and historical view, which is opposite to his view. According to Guenon, the division into two views, western and eastern, is generally justifiable, and the western view has serious flaws that it cannot properly understand the teachings of the East, especially Hinduism. therefore, he rejects the general competence of the West in understanding the East, Among the reasons: he mentions lack of understanding of the spirit of the Oriental language and lack of intra-religious views. in return; The necessary principles for understanding these teachings will be explained from his works; 1- Having a stable-oriented view, not evolutionary 2- Believing in metaphysics and its effects 3- Understanding the spirit of Hindu language 4- Having an empathetic and intra-religious view 5- Having a cryptic and symbolic view which is discussed in this article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Investigation of Bisphenol A and Nonylphenol pollution in estuaries of rivers in south-west coast of Caspian sea
Said Ganjali Hosseinali Zabardast Rosatami Ali Kazemi zahra sahebi Soheil SobhanArdakaniBackground and Objective: Today environmental pollutions especially pollution of water ecosystems have caused serious problems for human communities as well as other living organisms. In regards with increasing growth of population using chemicals has increased in diffe MoreBackground and Objective: Today environmental pollutions especially pollution of water ecosystems have caused serious problems for human communities as well as other living organisms. In regards with increasing growth of population using chemicals has increased in different industrial, agricultural and residential sectors. Endocrine disrupting chemicals or strogenic- like compounds are the great importance due to their negative consequences on human beings and animals (fish and amphibious). The aim of this study was determining the concentration of Nonylphenol and Bisphenol A in water samples of estuaries of 9 rivers in south-west coast of Caspian Sea and examining the correlation of these compounds with chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and pH. Method: In this study, different parameters based on standard methods for water and wastewater was measured. To extract Nonylphenol and bisphenol A of water samples was used of liquid-liquid separation method. And Nonylphenol and bisphenol A concentration was measured with high performance liquid chromatography. Findings: Results showed that estuary of Astara River has the biggest concentration of studied parameters compared to other stations which can be due to the passage of river through the city center and penetration of municipal and residential waste water to the river. Result of correlation test indicated that there is a positive and significant correlation between BOD and COD concentrations، and Bisphenol A and Nonylphenol in studied samples. There is also a negative (inverse) and significant correlation between the pH and Bisphenol A and Nonylphenol concentrations. Discussion and Conclusion: Since the presence of these chemicals even in low concentrations can have adverse effects in health of ecosystems. There are concerns regarding the presence of these strogenic-like chemicals in water resources in the country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - District 21 of Tehran Municipality Soil Condition in Terms of Contamination with Some Heavy Metals
Fataneh Valinejad Azadeh Arbabi Sabzevari Reza BornaBackground and Objective: Increasing consumption of chemical compounds in industrial processes has led to the accumulation of pollutants, including heavy metals, which are very costly and difficult to absorb from the environment. The purpose of this applied research is MoreBackground and Objective: Increasing consumption of chemical compounds in industrial processes has led to the accumulation of pollutants, including heavy metals, which are very costly and difficult to absorb from the environment. The purpose of this applied research is to investigate the level of cadmium, chromium and lead contamination in the soil of western Tehran using pollution, enrichment and land geoaccumulation indices and pollution factors.Material and Methodology: In order to evaluate the concentration of heavy elements in the study area, sampling was done in all three areas of District 21 of Tehran Municipality and 10 samples from each area with three replications and a total of 90 samples were prepared in the spring of 2020 and the concentrations of cadmium, lead and chromium in Soltani acid extract was measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The present study is one of the descriptive-analytical researches and its data are of primary type which has been prepared by two methods of documentary and field studies.Findings: The accumulation of these elements has been created in the surface soil. The mean concentrations of the studied elements in zones two and three were higher than one. The topsoil of area three had higher amounts of lead, cadmium and chromium than the other two areas, but these values were not significantly different from area two. The average amounts of lead, chromium and cadmium for the region were 38.1, 9.1 and 1.6 mg/kg, respectively. The enrichment index in zones two and three was more than one, but the numerical value of this index was less than one in zones one. Geoaccumulation index values for lead element in all three areas showed non-contaminated to slightly contaminated class and for cadmium and chromium showed non-contaminated class. The numerical value of the contamination factor, except for cadmium and in zone one, in other cases is one and more than one, which indicates the high concentration of these elements compared to the background concentration in the study area.Discussion and Conclusion: As a result of industrial and traffic activities, the accumulation of excess amounts of man-made elements in the study area has been created. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Design and Implementation an Ubiquitous GIS in Order to Energy Waste Management of Residential Buildings (Case Study: Shahriar -Shahedshahr)
Rasoul Mohammadi Abolghasem Sadeghi Niaraki Shahram baikpourBackground and Objective: Limited energy resources and the need to save on its consumption make energy optimization in the building sector necessary. In this regard, due to the lack of appropriate methods of design and development of new technologies to measure the ener MoreBackground and Objective: Limited energy resources and the need to save on its consumption make energy optimization in the building sector necessary. In this regard, due to the lack of appropriate methods of design and development of new technologies to measure the energy loss of the building is of particular importance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the energy dissipation of residential buildings by designing and using a practical example based on a comprehensive spatial information system.Method: A number of sample housing units with almost identical geometric and physical conditions were considered. In order to investigate the energy dissipation, an extensive energy management system was designed and developed, which includes the LM35 heat sensor, GPS sensor, and GSM board. The stages of this research include conceptual design of energy management system, data collection, information processing and preparation of waste maps in GIS environment. Software developed in mobile and computer environments was also used to display thermal information.Findings: To obtain the amount of energy dissipation of the windows of the studied buildings, kave heat transfer coefficient was applied to the measured data and the amount of energy dissipation of each section was calculated. The measurement results showed that the kitchens of the studied residential buildings with the values of 1.406 had the highest amount of loss.Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that most of the buildings under study are not optimal in terms of energy standards and energy resources are wasted from them. Also, one of the main sources of energy loss in residential buildings is windows, which have a low efficiency for energy conservation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Estimating Western mole-vole (Ellobius lutescens) Population Size Using Distance methods In Hamedan Province
golnar makhfi Mahmod Karami Morteza Nadery Aliakbar YalpaniyanBackground and Objectives: knowledge about the animal Population size is important for Wildlife management and is the main requirement tool for management and is the prerequisite for management. Western mole-vole have special life. It has underground life and for this r MoreBackground and Objectives: knowledge about the animal Population size is important for Wildlife management and is the main requirement tool for management and is the prerequisite for management. Western mole-vole have special life. It has underground life and for this reason the researchers have been little attention to it. Estimating abundance is important and first information that use wildlife management. Therefore study estimating abundance is done for this species. Method: We use to distance models (T-square sampling and Byth and Ripley). This models don’t need plot and quadrats and Using Seber (1982) model for sample size. Also we use Burnham et al. (1980) for total length of transect and using Ecological Methodology software. Findings: The T-square method, the sample size n=27, density was estimated 56 species per hectare that the 95% confidence interval limits of 38/44 to 63/8 species per hectare (SE=0/0039). The Byth and Ripley method, the sample size n=27, density was estimated 49 species per hectare that the 95% confidence interval limits of 45/2 to 52/6 species per hectare (SE=0/00076). Discussion and Conclusion: The final mean population size was considered 50 species per hectare. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Investigation of Synoptic Conditions coincided with the Occurrence of West and Southwest Floods on March 31 and April 1, 2019
mahdi khazaei Amir Hossain nikfalBackground and Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify and investigate the synoptic systems that led to the extensive and destructive flood events in the west and southwest of the country on March 31 and April 1, 2019. Method: In order to study the synoptic MoreBackground and Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify and investigate the synoptic systems that led to the extensive and destructive flood events in the west and southwest of the country on March 31 and April 1, 2019. Method: In order to study the synoptic conditions in coincided with the event of heavy rainfall leading to the floods, in addition to using NOAA18 satellite images, sea level pressure data, sea level specific humidity, geopotential height and omega at pressure level 850, 700 and 500 hPa, Relative humidity pressure at 700 hPa, U and V component from pressure 1000 to 200 hPa with a resolution of 2.5 ° to 2.5° latitude from the National Center for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP / NCAR) Received and the maps were plotted. Findings: Existence of a deep cyclone at sea level pressure to 500 hPa pressure from eastern Mediterranean to western of Iran and also the establishment of a subtropical jet stream with meridian direction (southwest - northeast) in the southwest and west of the country and finally the intense vertical shear of horizontal wind from sea level pressure to 200 hPa in the study area, It is known as the main factors of cause of instability in the west and southwest of the country. existence Specific humidity of 14 to 18 g / kg at sea level pressure and relative humidity of 95 to 100% at a pressure of 700 hPa have also been identified as suitable moisture conditions in the study area. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of this study show that on March 31 and April 1, 2019, the atmosphere of the western and southwestern regions of the country in all depths of the troposphere layer experienced severe instability due to the establishment eastern part of a deep cyclone. Above the cyclone mentioned above, located meridional flows of subtropical jet stream which has intensificated the instability to the depth of the tropospheric layer. Also moisture advection from the western Arabian Sea, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf has caused form cells from thick convective clouds throughout the west and southwest of the country. The heavy rains resulting from these convective clouds have caused severe and extensive floods in this area of the country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Monitoring seasonal tourism at the northwest of Iran using Tourism Climate Index (T.C.I)
Behroz Sobhani Vahid Safarian ZengirAbstract Background and Objective: Recognizing the climatic potentias, as a basis for human activities, provides the predominant foundation for environmental and land use plannning. Most of the tourists follow climate considerations to choose the destination. The aim of MoreAbstract Background and Objective: Recognizing the climatic potentias, as a basis for human activities, provides the predominant foundation for environmental and land use plannning. Most of the tourists follow climate considerations to choose the destination. The aim of this study was to evaluate and render the zoning of seasonal tourism at the northwest of Iran using tourism climatic index (T.C.I). Method: In this study, to assess the climatic conditions from the tourism perspective, the climatic data from 22 synoptic stations in the northwest Iran for a period of 20 years (1990-2010) were collected. In this model, a 7-parameter system was used. These parameters included mean maximum temperature, average temperature, average minimum relative humidity, mean relative humidity, total monthly precipitation, sunshine hours and daily average wind speed. The TCI index was used for data analysis and the tourism climate maps were drawn for four seasons using GIS. Findings: The results show that the TCI index has a large variety of topography in the northwest because of conflicts over the years. Summer with the conditions as infinite ideal: 7, ideal condition: 10, excellent quality: 3, acceptable: 1 and very good condition: 1 ranked the first among other three seasons. Autumn with the conditions as perfect: 4, very good: 11, good: 3 and acceptable: 4 ranked the second. Spring season with the spesifications as very good: 2, good: 2, acceptable: 11 and insignifcant: 7 ranked. Winter with the conditions as acceptable: 1, insignificant: 14, poor: 5 and very poor: 2 ranked the fourth place and the most unfavorable condition among the other seasons. Discussion and Conclusion: Northwest of Iran with great tourist attraction can be pioneer in local and foreign tourism. Beautiful scenery and unique and varied climate conditions in all seasons can greatly contribute to the development of this industry and lead to great benefits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - A Comparative Study about the Relationship between Man and Architecture from the Aesthetic Perspective in Classical, Modern and Post-modern Periods
Somayeh MoosavianBackground and Objective: The inseparable connection of man and architecture over different periods, either in the form of drawing a relative resemblance or analogy between the structure of the human body and architecture has always been considerable due to either aesth MoreBackground and Objective: The inseparable connection of man and architecture over different periods, either in the form of drawing a relative resemblance or analogy between the structure of the human body and architecture has always been considerable due to either aesthetic reasons or symbolic reasons. The author's attempt is to investigate the type of human-architectural relationship in classical, modern and postmodern periods based on similarities and differences. The aim pursued in this research is a comparative study of this relationship in the aforementioned periods, in order to achieve the cognitive relation between human and architecture from the perspective of the aesthetics. The main question is how western architecture has dealt with human as an aesthetic subject during different periods?Material and Methodology: This research is descriptive-analytical qualitative type, and in order to understand the place of man in the architectural aesthetics of different periods, it takes an interpretive point of view by using thematic literature, in a comparative method.Findings: The findings show that the general principles of aesthetics taken from the human body in classical architecture gradually became a complex process in subsequent periods.Discussion and Conclusion: It means, in the classical architecture, the implicit (metaphorical) and symbolic meaning of the aesthetics which was influenced by the human body. These concepts gradually faded to the onset of the modern period. The relationship between architecture and man from an aesthetic point of view in the classical period with an emphasis on its symbolic dimension, and in the modern period, emphasizing its pragmatic dimension, was a purely anatomical approach through mathematical logic. While this approach was transformed by the emergence of postmodernism into perceptional approach; hence, in postmodernism, emphasis is placed on human presence in architecture and cognizance through it, so this two-sided relationship of the body/architecture has come to the subject of "aesthetics experience" through physical perception in post-modernism architecture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Comparison of concentration and trend of dust particles in relation to climatic variables in the western half of Iran
Nahid Mahmoodi Mahpash Babak SouriBackground and Purpose: Today one of the issues and essential crises of human societies is incidence of dust phenomenon. Therefore, in researches, the dust concentration has been compared in relation to climatic variables in Sanandaj, Khoramabad and Andimeshk cities loc MoreBackground and Purpose: Today one of the issues and essential crises of human societies is incidence of dust phenomenon. Therefore, in researches, the dust concentration has been compared in relation to climatic variables in Sanandaj, Khoramabad and Andimeshk cities located in different geographical areas in the western half of Iran.Material and Methodology: Inactive sampling was done for measuring dust density. Menkendal test and Pierson cohesion were done for assessment of changes process and their relation with some meteorology parameters.Results: Results showed that the most average density of dust in Sanandaj, Khoramabad and Andimeshk cities were (1.45±0.48, 1.14±0.84 & 1.65±1.07) mg to m2. Checking changes process of dust density showed that Sanandaj station has decreasing process in meaningful level 95 percent (P-value=0.047) between different station. Results of cohesion assessment among dust amounts in 3 stations with metrology parameters showed that in Sanandaj station there was positive relation between dust density and temperature average (p < 0.05, r = 0.61), but there was negative relation between dust density with comparative damp (p < 0.05, r = 0.71) and downfall (p < 0.05, r = 0.61) In Khoramabad (p < 0.05, r = 0.61) and Adimeshk (p < 0.001, r = 0.72) stations there was positive and meaningful relation between dust density and wind speed. Discussion and Conclusion: By these findings it can be concluded that dust amounts in different areas depends on geographical condition, topography requirements, continental, metrology parameters and also their origins are various. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Comparative study of Attar's works in Eastern and Western literature
Ali Mazarei Asghar salahi Mehrdad AghaeiAbstractMan attains the point of perfection with morality and politeness, and science is like a ladder to reach the peak of morality, and this is possible when it is accompanied by knowledge. Knowledge, or in other words, mysticism, is a completely moral concept that th MoreAbstractMan attains the point of perfection with morality and politeness, and science is like a ladder to reach the peak of morality, and this is possible when it is accompanied by knowledge. Knowledge, or in other words, mysticism, is a completely moral concept that the mystic paves the way to achieve with his mystical works. Many writers and mystics are taking this step. Iran has been the cradle and origin of mystical poets who have been a turning point in the history of mysticism by creating Islamic mystical works. Attar Neyshabouri is one of the Iranian poets who is known as a pole in the axis of Islamic mysticism. Therefore, this study aims to introduce Attar's method by describing Attar's analysis of the position of Attar in Islamic mysticism and his role in acquainting the people of East and West with Islamic mysticism and the extent of its influence and reflection in the literature of these two areas. Pay. Based on the results of this study, it can be said that the influence of Attar's mystical thought and poetry on Eastern and Western literature is not less than the influence of Islam on hearts; Because Attar's mysticism is a mixture of moral and Islamic themes with Eastern spirit and psyche. For this reason, the study of perfumery among Eastern and Western writers and poets is due to their inspiration and mystical tendency towards Attar's mystical taste. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Comparative study of swan's image in Arabic and persian poetry
Parviz Ahmadzadeh houchThe principles and elements of romanticism have greatly influenced contemporary Arabic and Persian poetry, and new themes have entered the poetry through this school. Swans and images made using this bird are considered one of these themes. Swan and its poetic images ar MoreThe principles and elements of romanticism have greatly influenced contemporary Arabic and Persian poetry, and new themes have entered the poetry through this school. Swans and images made using this bird are considered one of these themes. Swan and its poetic images are not used in Arabic classical poetry, and the history of its application dates back to the contemporary era. In the contemporary era, through the introduction of European literature through translation, which translates into the transmission of literary and cultural phenomena, new themes have been introduced into the Arabic literature by using the artistic features of this bird. This article reviews the contemporary Arabic poetry, which uses Swan and its related attributes to create images and themes and adapt them to the Western pattern. Swans have different symbolic meanings in different cultures. In contemporary Arabic poetry, poets such as Adonis, Mahmoud Darvish and ... have used the image of swan, such as the death of swan, dance of swan and singing of swans, using western patterns and poetic look at the Swan Bird. Since the study of the origin and source of new Arabic poetry images and themes will help clarify the rules and patterns of the development of the new Arabic poetry, this study looks at the comparative view of the extent and type of Arabic poets' influence on Western literary patterns. Manuscript profile -
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50 - The Status of Iranian Culture and Literature in Germany in the time of Romanticism; A study of Goethe and Rueckert
Muhammad Hussain HaddadiPenetration of culture and literature of orient began at the time of crusades and so the German authors of romanticism became founded in oriental inspiration for literary works. Orient was for Goethe until 1814, when he recived the translation of Divan Ha MorePenetration of culture and literature of orient began at the time of crusades and so the German authors of romanticism became founded in oriental inspiration for literary works. Orient was for Goethe until 1814, when he recived the translation of Divan Hafiz, translated by Hammer- Purgstall, a medium for the release of the time. But after reading this translation he became so enthusiastic that hecomposed poems about Hafiz. Rueckert translations ofculture and literature of orient occurred after Goetheand introduced to the west the culture and literature of orient and enriched the geraman language which is a very good language for expression of thoughts of people in the world. Manuscript profile -
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51 - Comparative Study of the Philosophical Concept of Time in Literature
Kian Pishkar Nooshin NaseryMay be it is not so meaningful disregarding philosophical meanings and concepts of time as Heidegger, Sartre, Schopenhauer and some others considered, but its concepts can meaningful and attractive without its philosophical frame. Is it possible to live without consider MoreMay be it is not so meaningful disregarding philosophical meanings and concepts of time as Heidegger, Sartre, Schopenhauer and some others considered, but its concepts can meaningful and attractive without its philosophical frame. Is it possible to live without considering what is called limitation of Time? If we put aside the time frames (past, present and future) or we combine then in literature, can we achieve new areas and concepts in literary criticism and new understanding in Man’s attempt to get rid of the concept of the time? This article tries to study the several different Iranian and western playwrights, poets’ and novelists’ ideas about the time without considering its philosophical ground. Manuscript profile -
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52 - Analogy between Iran and France during celebrations of culture and oral literature of the two countries
Parisa Mohemkar Kheirandish Mohammadreza Mohseni Mohammadreza MohseniCelebrations mark trying to establish links between individuals and common sense. These links are provided as a shared dialogue between people with different views, beliefs and opinions to interact and reach consensus. National’s celebrations and carnivals have th MoreCelebrations mark trying to establish links between individuals and common sense. These links are provided as a shared dialogue between people with different views, beliefs and opinions to interact and reach consensus. National’s celebrations and carnivals have the mythological themes and cultural teachings and thought it for understanding the historical roots and cultures of different nations. Celebrate the iconic figure are often symptoms that are different from European and Asian countries. The origin of the feast of fundamental differences and similarities in the two cultures of East and West that sometimes issues are the myths and beliefs of Creation of national bonds they issue. In this paper, we seek to folklore and oral literature of Iran and France during the national celebration and we analyzed by comparison Mir noroozy with, Halloween with Khane Noroozir and valentin with Sepandar Maz. Manuscript profile -
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53 - A comparative investigation on Ayyāri custom in Iran and knighthood in the West
Mohammadreza Saaki reza kamasiInjustice, partiality, murder, plunder, slavery and captivity were bitter realities born and developed along with human being. This fact induced group of devoted people to stand up against oppressors protecting the weak and trying to establish justice at the time when p MoreInjustice, partiality, murder, plunder, slavery and captivity were bitter realities born and developed along with human being. This fact induced group of devoted people to stand up against oppressors protecting the weak and trying to establish justice at the time when preventive rules were not yet set by human beings. Such groups can be found in different parts of the world. Ayyārs in Iran, Saālik in Arab world, knights in the West and samurais in Eastern Asia are included in the list. In this research, it has been tried to investigate Ayyāri custom in Iran and knighthood in the west in a comparative way and to set out similarities and differences between them. Also, the effects of these customs on the literature of Iran and the west have been shown. Manuscript profile -
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54 - A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THOMAS MOORE’S UTOPIA AND NIZAMI’S CITY OF THE EXCELENT ONES
Katayun Farshidi Masud Sepahvandi Faranak FarshidForming an idealistic society has been a concern for humanity since ancient times. “A Truly Golden Little Book” by Thomas Moore could be pointed out as an example for this claim. This book which is one of the most famous western examples for a drea MoreForming an idealistic society has been a concern for humanity since ancient times. “A Truly Golden Little Book” by Thomas Moore could be pointed out as an example for this claim. This book which is one of the most famous western examples for a dream city the writer tries to create and depict the details of his favorite world. On the other hand one of the eastern dream cities is the “city of the excellent ones” described by Nizami to depict his dream city. The writer of the present article tries to compare these two dream cities to shoe the differences between eastern and western dream cities as well as their similarities. Manuscript profile -
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55 - Comparing Jalal Al-e-Ahmad and Mostafa Lotfi Manfaluti’s Viewpoints on Intellectualism and Westernization
Reza Forsati Jooybari Fatemeh Rahimi DoonRelying on post-colonial theory (Intellectualism and Westernization), this paper examines the study and comparison of Mostafa Lotfi Manfaluti, the prominent poet and defiant Egyptian writer with Jalal Al-e-Ahmad’s works; as well as these two authors MoreRelying on post-colonial theory (Intellectualism and Westernization), this paper examines the study and comparison of Mostafa Lotfi Manfaluti, the prominent poet and defiant Egyptian writer with Jalal Al-e-Ahmad’s works; as well as these two authors’ views about women, defying Iranian and Egyptian society women by the West, overshadowing the hijab and chastity, invading two countries and villages of these two countries by the West and the cause of being pagan in Egyptian and Iranian youth and their latitude to family and home. In addition, the author’s comments on the need for refined western achievements, and their common and distinguishing views have been clarified, and finally some of the contemporary intellectuals and scholars’ viewpoints of these two authors’ age have been brought. Manuscript profile -
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56 - A LOOK AT THE COMMITTED LITERATURE IN WEST AND ITS IMPACT ON THE POETRY OF CONSTITUTIONALISM IN IRAN
Seyyed Ahmad Hosseyni KazerooniCommitted literature emerged since the eighteenth century in Europe and resulted in movements against the tyrannical governments. These types of movements were later expanded all over the world and in Iran it resulted in the movement of constitutionalism in th MoreCommitted literature emerged since the eighteenth century in Europe and resulted in movements against the tyrannical governments. These types of movements were later expanded all over the world and in Iran it resulted in the movement of constitutionalism in the early years of the twentieth century. This type of literature which had no records in the history of Iranian poetry had a very exciting impact on the movement of Iranian people during the constitutionalism era and saved the Persian literature and poetry from a millennium of stagnation. The present article looks through to the emergence of such a phenomenon in west and its impact on the contemporary literature of Iran. Manuscript profile -
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57 - Hafiz in Western Literature; A case study of the effect of Hafez's poems on Goethe
Nahid Jafari Dehkordi Maryam Shahriyar Sara FarajiEnglish, German, Russian and French were the most important languages to which Hafez's poems were translated to. Many translators have translated directly from the Persian original (literary translation) and some have used intermediate languages. Althou MoreEnglish, German, Russian and French were the most important languages to which Hafez's poems were translated to. Many translators have translated directly from the Persian original (literary translation) and some have used intermediate languages. Although acceptable translations of the sonnets gradually emerged, none of them were able to express the literary subtleties contained in them. In German, the translation of Hammer Purgstall became the basis for many literatures acquainted with the poems of this Eastern poet. Goethe – the German poet and literary man – made a strange acquaintance with them by reading the poets translations and composed a collection of heartwarming poems called "The Eastern Court of the West" and became a supplement to Hafez's Divan in the West under the influence of these lyric poetries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Free Verse and Ode in Iran and Arabic Countries
Nader Nezam TehraniEffecting and affecting in Arabic and Persian poetry could be seen in Abbasid era. Although effecting and affecting in Arabic and Persian poetry can not be seen in the contemporary era, it has played an important role in Abbasid era. This cultural exchange has only exis MoreEffecting and affecting in Arabic and Persian poetry could be seen in Abbasid era. Although effecting and affecting in Arabic and Persian poetry can not be seen in the contemporary era, it has played an important role in Abbasid era. This cultural exchange has only existed in early 20th century. Some translate Arabic poetry into Persian and others translate vice versa; that's because of both group's talents the emergence of the modern poetry and prose could be found in both contries and that was the result of both nobility. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Comparison of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights with Quranic teachings
Hamid Bazrpach Mohsen BozorgiThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights is entirely concerned with the material aspects of human life and is clearly flawed in the realm of human moral and spiritual rights. Human beings are defined as desirable in human beings, centered and opposite to God, and right MoreThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights is entirely concerned with the material aspects of human life and is clearly flawed in the realm of human moral and spiritual rights. Human beings are defined as desirable in human beings, centered and opposite to God, and right-oriented before God, and it is called "freedom". However, the school of Islam recognizes the social identity of human beings in their morals and beliefs and believes that if moral and spiritual rules are established as the rights of spiritual life in human beings, their material rights will also be preserved in a desirable way. "Humanism is the cultural identity of the new age of the West. Man-centered and the axis of all things and the criterion for distinguishing well from evil, he sits in the place of God and is able to solve his life problems without any connection with the supernatural and religion. "What is original is human, and God can be considered only for the relief of spiritual pain, and it does not have originality." In the present world, the humanist foundation, with the slogan of respecting human beings, considers itself the legal-human source and its only reference, and in the Islamic worldview, the sources of the universal human law, its origin is completely determined. Man is limited in time, power, and science to prove science today, and many of his therapies for human societies are ineffective in the human spiritual path. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - PATHOLOGY OF THE CULTURAL ROOTS OF HIJAB IN THE UNIVERSITIES OF THE CITY OF YAZD
Mohammad Reza ShayeghThe present article studies the roots of weakness in the veil of the women in the Islamic society and the ways this problem could be treated. Some assumptions have been made as basis of this research. The important finding of this article is that as opposed to the assum MoreThe present article studies the roots of weakness in the veil of the women in the Islamic society and the ways this problem could be treated. Some assumptions have been made as basis of this research. The important finding of this article is that as opposed to the assumptions that the sample population lack religious views, they have strong religious beliefs and the main reasons are as follows: - Lack of propaganda for religion Misunderstanding of the concept of reincarnation and not lack of understanding Westernization Impact of satellite TV networks Impact of rein less music - Impact of wrong models Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - A Study on Islamophobia and Quran's Solutions
Zahra Alizadeh A'zam Etemdi Fard Mina Sadat TabatabaeeAlthough islamophobia is one of the new expressions which specifically studies the relationship between Islam and Western opinions, it refers to prejudice or discrimination against Islam and Moslems. But it is not a new issue; because Islam's appearance was accompanied MoreAlthough islamophobia is one of the new expressions which specifically studies the relationship between Islam and Western opinions, it refers to prejudice or discrimination against Islam and Moslems. But it is not a new issue; because Islam's appearance was accompanied with the mentioned phenomena. In early Islam there had always been enemies and opponents who fight the Islam because their benefits were in danger. Islamophobia expression goes back to 1980s, but after 2001 September 11th attacks it becomes deeper and wider. The present paper attempts to present a comprehensive definition of Islamophobia initially and then introduces the fields and factors of islamophobia contagion in the contemporary era and finally suggests Quranic solutions and approaches to fight against this phenomena. Manuscript profile -
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62 - The dialectical dualities between the civilizations of the East and the West and their cultural predicate in thinking Amin Rihani
maryam hashemi masomh namatiThe dualism of East and West is one of the most frequently used expressions in modern and contemporary Arab discourse, and the problem of communication between them is perhaps the biggest problem the twentieth century world faced during the reign of Rihani and is still MoreThe dualism of East and West is one of the most frequently used expressions in modern and contemporary Arab discourse, and the problem of communication between them is perhaps the biggest problem the twentieth century world faced during the reign of Rihani and is still facing in the twenty-first century. On the one hand, the general principles and intellectual and cultural foundations of the West are based on humanity or human-centeredness. Industry, giving originality to the tool, belief in the principle of progress, and on the other hand, the characteristics of Eastern civilization and culture (and what is meant here from the East, the geographical area of the Arab countries, including the Arab world) are religiosity, belief in the unseen, practical adherence to religion and religious orders and traditions, and focus on God Almighty and not The exclusivity of the world in matter and the material world, the concern and emphasis on human happiness and the non-exclusivity of knowledge in empirical knowledge. This situation created a strange defect in Al-Rihani's thought. Therefore, the study seeks, using the descriptive-analytical method, to present the proposed solutions to Al-Rihani to remove this imbalance and create an interaction between the two civilizations by counting the advantages and disadvantages of each. Manuscript profile -
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63 - The lights of the principles of religious reform according to Jamal al-Din al-Afghani in the poetry of Mohammed Ridha Al-Shabibi (comparative analytical vision)
Dana TalebpourThe influence of reformist thought during the crisis in Iraq in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries had a effect on justifying the ideas of the poets of this era. Among them is the name of Jamal Al-Din Afghani because of his prominent role in the contempor MoreThe influence of reformist thought during the crisis in Iraq in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries had a effect on justifying the ideas of the poets of this era. Among them is the name of Jamal Al-Din Afghani because of his prominent role in the contemporary literary movement and the justification of the ideas of leading poets, including; Mohammed Ridha Al-Shabibi shines and the necessity and importance of the discussion is in this point. Among them is the name of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, because of his prominent role in the contemporary literary movement and the justification of the ideas of leading poets, including; Mohammed Ridha Al-Shabibi shines and the necessity and importance of the discussion is in this point. In this article, in order to explain the effects of this influence, the reflection of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani correction axes on Shabibi's poems was studied. The method of this research is analytical-comparative and in the end some results were obtained: Islamic countries must be cautious in their interaction with the West and its progressive civilization, and adopt things that lead to their progress. They denounce various forms of religious, national, and tribal prejudice and shout at stagnation and imitation, which has closed the way to progress. In their view, all issues of human life are under the control of the divine will and the power of judgment and predestination. Undoubtedly, their influence on the Holy Quran and Islamics missions is one of the most important pillars in their thoughts. Manuscript profile -
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64 - Immitation in ‘’Andelos”poem
Hassan Shavandi Ali KordiMany critics and researchers believe that Andelos poem is the continuation of Arabic poem in the East.This viewpoint comes from this matter that the East was the aspiration of the people in Andelos and they searched their ideal poem in Arabic East and con MoreMany critics and researchers believe that Andelos poem is the continuation of Arabic poem in the East.This viewpoint comes from this matter that the East was the aspiration of the people in Andelos and they searched their ideal poem in Arabic East and considered the eastern poem a model for the form and the contents of their poems. Therefore,poetical intentions in Andelos poem are the same poetical intentions in theEast, i.e.eulogy and elegy, lyric poem and glory, lyric poem and satire. As the contents of their poems were imitation of eastern concepts. Undoubtedly, the effect of atmosphere and the particular culture of Andelos was consciously or unconsciously felt in Andelos poem. Manuscript profile -
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65 - Mahjar literature and its philosophical view
nasrollah shameli Sohbatollah Hasan vandThe Arab literature undoubtedly was not a suitable position for the perfect philosophy in the past or in the contemporary era; but rays and glimmers of philosophy can be seen in their literature. Except the philosophical Sufism of Hallaj and Ibn Arabi’s schools wh MoreThe Arab literature undoubtedly was not a suitable position for the perfect philosophy in the past or in the contemporary era; but rays and glimmers of philosophy can be seen in their literature. Except the philosophical Sufism of Hallaj and Ibn Arabi’s schools which were followed by Jalal Al Din Rumi and Farid Al Din Attar Neishabouri in Persian and Arabic. The present article has studied the philosophical sources of North Mahjar’s literary men with their view point of philosophy about subjects such as believe in God, human, death, the world and etc. Manuscript profile -
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66 - Symbolism in Western and Arabic Literature
Seyed Amir mahmood Anvar Gholameza GolchinadIt is obvious that literature means prose and poetry and makes no difference either by Arabs or non – Arabs. But symbolism in the Arabic concept has emerged since the emergence of the Dark era’s literature and is loaned from the specific characteri MoreIt is obvious that literature means prose and poetry and makes no difference either by Arabs or non – Arabs. But symbolism in the Arabic concept has emerged since the emergence of the Dark era’s literature and is loaned from the specific characteristics of Dark era’s lives and is based on two elements: brevity and indirect speech. Since the symbolism has emerged like a literary school generally in the Western literature and specifically in the French literature, it is necessary to express the concept of Western symbolism as well as different eras of Arabic literature in the research of Western and Arabic symbolism. The author of the present article intends to mention the characteristics of symbolism in literature whether hidden in Arabic or Western literature. Manuscript profile -
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67 - Jurisprudential and Judicial Explanation of Arbitration in Islam and Its Comparison with Arbitration in the West (France)
Mansour Safari Moghadam Amir Mullah Mohammad Ali Mahmoud GhaumzadehThe purpose of the present research is the comparative study of arbitration in Islamic jurisprudence versus arbitration in the west (France). In Islamic jurisprudence, the institution of arbitration is raised with reference to jurisprudential sources (the Qur'an, tradit MoreThe purpose of the present research is the comparative study of arbitration in Islamic jurisprudence versus arbitration in the west (France). In Islamic jurisprudence, the institution of arbitration is raised with reference to jurisprudential sources (the Qur'an, tradition, consensus, and reason). The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results indicated that the concept of judgment in the current legal order corresponds with the concept of arbitrator in jurisprudence. Muslim lawyers hold that the system of Islamic judgment and trial has comprehensively been able to create logical and fundamental methods in terms of all human acts and behaviors by making accurate laws based on human nature whereas the judicial system of the West does not act in this way. The philosophy of arbitration in Islamic religion and law and its correspondence with the western and international (French) law is that this civil law should be able to effectively solve conflicts and personal, national, and international enmity in the light of mutual satisfaction of those who are beneficiary in a deal, convention, or even family without any official ceremony, mere trial, legal and judicial force, or spending a long time. The results substantiated from this legal act are considered as the included conditions in an agreement. Manuscript profile -
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68 - Dietary pattern and risk of prostate cancer
جمال رحمانی محمد عطاییFactor analysis was conducted over two dietary patterns were identified. Western dietary pattern with high consumption of sweets, jams and preserves, mayonnaise, soft drinks, salty snacks, solid fats, high fat dairy products, fried potatoes, Ama’ and viscera, meat MoreFactor analysis was conducted over two dietary patterns were identified. Western dietary pattern with high consumption of sweets, jams and preserves, mayonnaise, soft drinks, salty snacks, solid fats, high fat dairy products, fried potatoes, Ama’ and viscera, meat and processed foods, tea and coffee , a healthy diet with a higher intake of refined grains and cooking oils, legumes, nuts, fruits, poultry and fish, whole grains, eggs, vegetables and low-fat dairy Bvd.ps adjusting for the impact of possible turbulence earn higher scores the Western pattern diet significantly (P <0.05) were associated with increased risk of prostate cancer (odds ratio 2.33; 95% CI, 9/4 to 1/1) in front earn a high score of a healthy diet significant relationship (P <0.05) with a reduced risk of prostate cancer (OR = odds of 25/0, 95%, 53/0 to 11/0). lower risk of prostate cancer.People with a diet rich in refined grains close to the Western dietary pattern, red and processed meat and high-fat and fried food more risk of prostate cancer versus those who risk their diet is closer to a healthy diet lower risk of prostate cancer. Manuscript profile -
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69 - An Introduction to Conceptual History of Citizenship; from a virtuous Notion to a Conception Based on the Right
داود فیرحی ahmad biglariToday, observance of "citizenship rights" is considered as one of the measures of the people's rule and also the effectiveness of political systems. In the past, such a notion of rights was not available to all citizens of a state. In fact, there were limited rights for MoreToday, observance of "citizenship rights" is considered as one of the measures of the people's rule and also the effectiveness of political systems. In the past, such a notion of rights was not available to all citizens of a state. In fact, there were limited rights for some groups in some societies. In the history of political thought, various interpretations of the notion of citizenship have taken place, insofar as the concept of virtue-based and participatory ethics has evolved into a law-based and law-based conception. Citizenship is one of the key concepts in the history of Western political thought, which has been based on a variety of intellectual traditions, reflecting different political and social backgrounds since ancient times. The present paper responds to the question of how membership in a political community has become a criterion for enjoying certain rights under citizenship rights? Utilizing "conceptual history" as a method in the history of political thought, it reinforces the claim that the transformation of the concept of right has implications for political thought, one of which is the emergence of equitable citizenship rights. Manuscript profile -
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70 - Muslims and the Modern Phenomenon of Westernization : The Consequences and Solutions
morteza shirody mohamadsajad shirodyPsychological and intellectual needs are the most important needs of the youth of Islamic societies; and if ignored and neglected, it will lead to deviations and disastrous consequences. One of the consequences of this is the tragedy of Westernization and the lack of id MorePsychological and intellectual needs are the most important needs of the youth of Islamic societies; and if ignored and neglected, it will lead to deviations and disastrous consequences. One of the consequences of this is the tragedy of Westernization and the lack of identity of the youth, which appears in various ways. Considering the importance of this issue, the main purpose of this study is to find the origins of the challenge of Westernization of the youth of Islamic countries. The research method is library research. In this research, after examining the historical course of Westernization in Iran and Turkey, the political, economic, cultural and social factors of westernization and the consequences of the separation of religion and culture in society and the Western practice in this field are described. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Resistance Movements in West Asia and the Challenge of Iran's Leadership Role in the Axis of Resistance
Lotfi Mehdi Ali Shirkhani Mehdi Javadani MoghadamThis research, employing a descriptive-analytical method with a problem-oriented approach, examines the positive and ideological nature of the Islamic Revolution in the West Asian region as a unique phenomenon. It has managed to transform into an identity-giving model f MoreThis research, employing a descriptive-analytical method with a problem-oriented approach, examines the positive and ideological nature of the Islamic Revolution in the West Asian region as a unique phenomenon. It has managed to transform into an identity-giving model for the states and groups within the Axis of Resistance. The study adopts a developmental research approach, recognizing the Axis of Resistance as an unwritten security alliance among Shiite and non-Shiite resistance movements in West Asia and beyond, aimed at combating the Israeli regime and Western dominance in the Middle East, thereby advocating for the liberation of Palestine. From the early days of the Islamic Revolution's victory, Iran, by rejecting both Western and Eastern influences, proclaimed the formation of the "Party of the Oppressed" encompassing all the world's oppressed, positioning itself as an inspiring model for militant Muslims. Consequently, countries like Saudi Arabia, which seek to expand the Wahhabi ideology and lead the Arab world, accuse Iran of exporting the revolution and attempting to overthrow regional governments. Aligning with the West, they strive to portray Iran as a threat to regional countries, emphasizing its influence in four capitals (Beirut, Damascus, Baghdad, and Sana'a). On the other hand, the Zionist regime attempts to establish friendly relations with Iran's neighboring countries to implement its "Iranophobia" project. By infiltrating Turkey and Iraq in Iran's western borders, Azerbaijan and Central Asia in the northern borders, and the Gulf countries, especially Qatar, in the southern borders, Israel aims to encircle Iran and reduce its influence in leading the Axis of Resistance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - The Feasibility of a Civilization Battle in the Syrian Crisis: the Causes and Consequences
Mehdi Hedayati Shahidani danyal rezapoorIn the Syrian crisis, there is an increasing spread in the territorial geography of the conflict, and the manner in which violence is perpetrated is more and more different than in other contemporary conflicts. However, alongside these two inner dimensions, an exterior MoreIn the Syrian crisis, there is an increasing spread in the territorial geography of the conflict, and the manner in which violence is perpetrated is more and more different than in other contemporary conflicts. However, alongside these two inner dimensions, an exterior feature also gives this distinctive chaotic environment a clash of several different civilization systems. The direct and indirect presence of a large number of regional and international actors is one of the most important features that makes the analysis of why and its implications in different dimensions essential. For this reason, the main issue of research is to analyze and analyze the causes of the collision of several civilizations in the Middle East and specifically in the Syrian crisis. This article focuses on fundamental research and has utilized documentary, library, and online resources that have been written using inferential analysis in the context of a descriptive and analytical approach.The findings of the research have shown us that today we are witnessing a full-blown civilization war involving three civilizations (Islam, Orthodox and Confucius) in the field of civilization battle with Western civilization. The battlefield is the world of Islam, and Syria is now the main testing ground for these four civilizations. Given the structural decline of the Western world's ability to contain global chaos and instability in various economic, social and military spheres, and with the increasing progress of Eastern civilizations such as Slav-Orthodox and Confucian civilization, what is now happening in Syria and Iraq can be He considered the latest efforts of Western civilization to maintain its former status and the resistance of Eastern civilizations to its demands in the battle of civilizations. In addition, in these conflicts, a new culture, with the emergence of Islam, advocates movements of Islamic resistance influenced by this new cultural geography, thereby expanding Western influence from its security and cultural environment while expanding its sphere of influence. The ultimate goal of this crisis for the Muslim world is to liberate and liberate all the oppressed nations of the Islamic world and the world from the oppression and domination of the oppressors. Hence, the bloody conflict in Syria is a reflection of the civilizations' war and the changing geopolitical status of the region and the birth of a new order on the international scene. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Controversy over the succession of Shiite resistance discourses and Takfiri discourse on traditional West Asian security
morteza shirody ahmadraza shhali karam jamshidifardThe purpose of the present study was to evaluate the nature of the competing discourse of Resistance (Shiite) discourse in contrast to the Salafist and Brotherhood discourses in the West Asian Strategic Area and within the analytical framework of the Copenhagen School. MoreThe purpose of the present study was to evaluate the nature of the competing discourse of Resistance (Shiite) discourse in contrast to the Salafist and Brotherhood discourses in the West Asian Strategic Area and within the analytical framework of the Copenhagen School. The research method is descriptive-analytical and is based on the hypothesis that following the transformation of recent years, the discourse of Shiite resistance against the Salafist and Brotherhood discourse has managed to bring the Islamic countries present in the West Asian strategic domain into form, method, slogan and also under the objective, to make an impact. The results show that the West Asian strategic area has serious political geopolitics for the proxy-Shiite discourse of the Shiite resistance and the Takfiri (Salafi-Brotherhood) discourse, and the Copenhagen school is able to analyze the dispute well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Investigating the Common Topics of the Western-Eastern Divan and Saadi's Clergy
Mahmoud MehravaranA form of comparative literature is to compare a work or some works of two eloquent poets in order to find their mutual influence. The content of West–Eastern Diwan (the Collection of poems) of Goethe, the famous German man of letter, shows that he was greatly inf MoreA form of comparative literature is to compare a work or some works of two eloquent poets in order to find their mutual influence. The content of West–Eastern Diwan (the Collection of poems) of Goethe, the famous German man of letter, shows that he was greatly influenced by Hafiz as well as S'adi, the great Persian poet and author, because some works of Persian literature, particularly those of S'adi, has been translated into western languages since some centuries ago, which has made western scholars and men of letters familiar with them. This article, after examining Goethe's familiarity with Saadi's works and the reasons for Goethe's influence, examines the considerable evidence of the common themes between Saadi and Goethe and illustrates Goethe's influence on Saadi or the affinities of their ideas from the poetry offices of the Western-Eastern Divan. These are commonalities and influences on the content, thought, and type of thought of many phenomena, including: Praise God and point to His justice and dominance over the East and the West, Freedom of Thought, Arrest of the Poor, Inability to Love, Short and Lifetime, Trespassing on Short Life, Eating the Sadness of the World, and Spending the World With Jealousy and Disdain Others, language silence, ignorance of the ignorant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - The use of news and essay sentences using western vocabulary and creating themes In the poems of Mirzadeh Eshghi
Ali GhaempanahTajabadi Maryam Gholamreza Beigi Majid Hajizadeh AskariSeyyed Mohammad Rezamirzadeh Eshghi, an Iranian poet, writer and journalist, was born in Hamedan in 1273 AH. He is one of the famous and passionate figures of the constitutional era in Iran. Emotion and music are inextricably linked in his poetry, and literary arts and MoreSeyyed Mohammad Rezamirzadeh Eshghi, an Iranian poet, writer and journalist, was born in Hamedan in 1273 AH. He is one of the famous and passionate figures of the constitutional era in Iran. Emotion and music are inextricably linked in his poetry, and literary arts and semantic sciences play a prominent role in his poetry. What is evident in Eshghi's poetry is the social aspect of his poetry in such a way that the socio-political content of his poems is connected with the life of contemporary people. In this research, the author is trying to evaluate and analyze all kinds of news and essay sentences using western words in love poems in a descriptive-analytical and library method. The results of the research show that Eshghi has criticized the social and political issues, the chaos of the country and the interference of foreigners in government affairs in his news and essays by using western vocabulary and by using imagery and creating themes, using the language of humor and irony. use poetic images in the service of his social and political ideals and express sharp political criticisms in the form of news and essays. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - A Study About Some of Important Sources of Reformist Thoughts at Qajar Era
Shahin pahnadayan -
Open Access Article
77 - A Comparative Study of Two Travelogues by Two Haj Pilgrims
Zohre Rahimi Mehr Zahra DorriThe most valuable literary-cultural treasures of any country include travelogues. They reflect the viewpoints related to social, political, cultural, literary and religious functions of the society. Regardless of their form and purpose, travelogues are of great signific MoreThe most valuable literary-cultural treasures of any country include travelogues. They reflect the viewpoints related to social, political, cultural, literary and religious functions of the society. Regardless of their form and purpose, travelogues are of great significance, especially the ones recorded by well-known itinerants and literary elite. Haj travelogues, however, are more important, since their recorders are literati who thrust into them their mystical and insightful impressions to reveal the outer world and its cultural differences. Now the present research tries to analyze and compare and contrast two Haj travelogues recorded by two Muslim – one Iranian and one non-Iranian – women. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Western Teachings in the poems of Simin Behbahani
masomeh salehi taregh ahmad zakeri “West and Westoxification “are words that intellectuals and freethinkers have used in their works following the colonization and exploitation of our country the airm of which was to clarify peopls More “West and Westoxification “are words that intellectuals and freethinkers have used in their works following the colonization and exploitation of our country the airm of which was to clarify peopls mindset about this ominous phenomenon of the 20 century .The western cultural imperialism becomes more threatening when the native poets and writers become their talking voice and out of the mouth of the friends the speech and demands of the enemy be heard. By investigating the works of the contemporary poets and writers we find that some poets have deliberately changed their stylistic and ethical methods in favor of the Westerns and some others have pursued western patterns unintentionally being influenced by the dominant social priorities . Among them Forough FARROkhzad and Simin Behbahani are among those in whose works a combination of these two methods can be found. In this descriptive –analytic paper we are to evaluate some of the western teachings pervading the poems of these two poets . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Investigating the effect of T. S. Eliot on the poetry of Yusuf al-Khal
Ali Najafi Ivaki Mina MohmmadiUndoubtedly, many contemporary Arab poets were influenced by Western literature, and the traces of world-renowned poets such as T. S. Eliot, left in that literature. Eliot's famous poem, The Waste Land, with its tragic aspect had great influences on the contemporary Ara MoreUndoubtedly, many contemporary Arab poets were influenced by Western literature, and the traces of world-renowned poets such as T. S. Eliot, left in that literature. Eliot's famous poem, The Waste Land, with its tragic aspect had great influences on the contemporary Arab poets, especially after the occupation of Palestine and in the time of the socio-cultural crisis of the Arabs, because they imagine that their land is the same as Eliot's the waste Land. They expect water to revive their life. It can be said that the unfortunate reality of the political and social conditions of the Arab countries has been the main reason for inspiring the mentioned poets from the devastated land. Meanwhile, the Syrian-Lebanese poet Youssef al-Khal is among those who have been influenced by Western literature, especially Eliot. He founded a magazine called 'Poetry' and caused a new development in the concept of poetry in the Arabic language, which undoubtedly influenced the literature of the West, especially Eliot himself. In the light of the importance of the issue and its pivotal role in understanding the poetry of Yusuf al-khal, in particular, and contemporary Arabic poetry, in general, the present study tries to reveal Eliot's influence on the thought, view and poetic form of Yusuf al-Khal through a descriptive-analytical method. One of the most important achievements of this research is that Yusuf al-Khal's concept of poetry is in line with Eliot's poetic concept in areas such as the application of historical or mythical induction, depicting the problems of a generation and a nation, Christian or Tamuzi approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - The Representation of West and East in Goli Taraghqi’s “Amineh’s Long Journey” and Ghada al-Samman “Write: I am not An Arab Woman”
Somaye Aghajani Yadollah MalayeriThis comparative study throws light upon common and uncommon points in drawing of the west and the east images. The study uses achievements of both American and Russian schools in comparative literature. Across this study we see that similar conditions of life in both A MoreThis comparative study throws light upon common and uncommon points in drawing of the west and the east images. The study uses achievements of both American and Russian schools in comparative literature. Across this study we see that similar conditions of life in both Arab and Iranian societies make texts similar: a consideration between human, especially women, status in Iran and Arab region. In the two stories, the East appears to be a place of violence and social and political repression, while the West is a shelter from oppression against women. What distinguishes the two texts in relation to the East and West is that Ghadaal-Samman describes in her story the cliché image of the East from the perspective of a Westerner, and deals with the identity crisis of the Arab human, where he sees himself in two different cultures while these two points were ignored by Taraghi in her text. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - The Impact of the West on the Contemporary Arab Literary Criticism
Hassan Majidi Mohammad AhmadniaTranslation is of the most striking manifestations of contemporary Arabic literature.This phenomenon in contemporary Western criticism of the discussions that influenced this effect is due to communication and connection with the Arab literature and West. & MoreTranslation is of the most striking manifestations of contemporary Arabic literature.This phenomenon in contemporary Western criticism of the discussions that influenced this effect is due to communication and connection with the Arab literature and West. Contemporaneous cash and cash schools, especially schools Divan Court are external factors affecting research. But the important point is that despite all these effects a society is required that is dynamic culture. Americas since time is not on the cash flows, Arab heritage did not forget the new methods of cash from their roots and the old nobility was not isolated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - The Influence of Hafez on European and American Literature
Esmaeil Azar Maryam BarzegarGermans got familiar with Hafez, before the other European nations. A Political conceal for the first time was sent to Iran. Adam Olearius, the interpreter of the mentioned conceal left an Itinerary in concern with Iran.The odes of Hafez were translated, for the first t MoreGermans got familiar with Hafez, before the other European nations. A Political conceal for the first time was sent to Iran. Adam Olearius, the interpreter of the mentioned conceal left an Itinerary in concern with Iran.The odes of Hafez were translated, for the first time, by Germans such as Reviczki and Hammer. Goethe was inspired by the named translation and compiled a book about Hafez and his odes, which was called Wesernt- Eastern Diwan. After Goethe, there were many other orientalists, including Ruckert, Platen, Daumer, etc., who translated Hafez’s odes. The English also got familiar with Hafez in the 18th century. Thomas Hyde was the first one who translated Hafez’s first sonnet into Latin. William Jones was the first European to translate Hafez into French and English. After him, there were many others who translated Hafez into English, including Richardson, Gertrude Bell, and Nicholson, to name some. The French were the last nation to get familiar with Hafez. Tavernier was the first French tourist who spoke of Hafez’s reputation among Iranians. Although some French translators, including Defremery, Nicolas, Devillers, Arthur Guy, and others, were influenced by Hafez’s poetry, none of them could translate Hafez’s Divan completely. In America, too, the formation of Transcendentalism inspired Orientalism. Emerson, one of the founders of Transcendentalism, was the first one who translated Hafez in America. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Designing and explaining the effective model of education quality in units of Islamic Azad University of Northwest Iran (By combination method)
kheyrollah SarbolandThe purpose of this study was to design and explain the effective model of education quality in units of Islamic Azad University. The research population in the first stage (qualitative approach) was 24 educational experts who were selected using purposive sampling meth MoreThe purpose of this study was to design and explain the effective model of education quality in units of Islamic Azad University. The research population in the first stage (qualitative approach) was 24 educational experts who were selected using purposive sampling method. In the second stage (quantitative approach), the teachers and experts of Islamic Azad University of Northwest Iran were selected by random sampling according to Grigs and Morgan table 196 people were selected by random sampling method. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by content validity Cronbach's alpha reliability was 0.89. The research data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling by third-order confirmatory factor analysis with SPSS and PLS statistical software. The qualitative findings of the study indicated that the conceptual model fitted well and in the quantitative stage also the factors related to the master have the most effective factor of 0.90. And after that, environmental factors with a factor of 0.84 and student factors with a factor of 0.79 were ranked next. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Extraction of soil moisture index (TVDI) using a scatter diagram temperature/vegetation and MODIS images
Salah Shahmoradi Hamid Reza Ghafarian Malamiri Mohammad AminiBackground and Objective Soil moisture is an important parameter in controlling many processes of the climate system, one of the basic parameters of the environment and its direct impact on the plant, animal and microorganisms, its importance in the global cycle of MoreBackground and Objective Soil moisture is an important parameter in controlling many processes of the climate system, one of the basic parameters of the environment and its direct impact on the plant, animal and microorganisms, its importance in the global cycle of water, energy and carbon, the energy exchange between air and soil is known for its natural water cycle (especially in the distribution of rain between surface runoff and infiltration) and the management of water and soil resources. Soil moisture plays an important role in the interactive processes between the atmosphere and the earth and global climate change. Triangular and trapezoidal methods combining thermal and visible data are the most commonly used methods for determining the amount of soil surface moisture. The aim of this study is to estimate the surface moisture of the soil (TVDI), by the triangular method in the south of West Azerbaijan province using land temperature index (LST) and vegetation index (NDVI), during 2010, 2014 and 2018. Materials and Methods The present study using MODIS timing series images, NDVI index and LST index, to estimate the surface moisture index (Temperature–Vegetation Dryness Index, TVDI), in three time periods including; the first time period from 1 January 2010 to 30 December 2010 and the second period is from 1 January 2014 to 30 December 2014 and the third period is from 1 January 2018 to 30 December 2018. During each period, 12 images were used on the 15th day of each month. Also, surface moisture was estimated by two methods, one was to establish a high regression relationship and remove the minimum temperature, and the second method was to establish a high and low regression relationship of the pixels. To evaluate the accuracy of these two methods, a regression correlation between the results of these methods with the soil surface moisture content of the Agricultural Jihad (30 points) at a depth of 5 to 15 cm was used. The reason for choosing these three years is due to the difference in high rainfall in some months of the studied years. This study was conducted in the south of the province of West Azerbaijan, which is part of the western region of Iran. Results and Discussion The evaporative triangle diagram consisting of the vegetation index and the surface temperature of the earth in 2010 from January to December month has seen many temperature changes. These same changes in the Earth's surface temperature have caused that the graphs have many changes. During the 2010 year, according to the chart, the maximum temperature was August and the minimum was January, and the maximum vegetation was May and the minimum was December. In 2014, the maximum temperature in August and the minimum in January and the maximum vegetation in May and the minimum in January and also this year were relatively warmer and drier than in 2010. The evaporative triangle chart in 2018 is rainier than the other two years studied, and the amount of vegetation and according to the graphs in this year, the maximum temperature in July and the minimum is January and the maximum vegetation is May and the minimum in January. The surface moisture level of the soil in 2010 for the western region of Iran, which is the maximum moisture level in May and the minimum in August. In most of the 2010 moisture index maps, the maximum humidity in the west and the lowest in the South of this region. The results of the moisture index maps in 2014 this year have been relatively drier than in other years studied. In 2014 has little rainfall and vegetation. Humidity changes this year are lower than in 2010. The maximum and minimum humidity in 2014 was between 0 and 0.6. The maximum humidity is June and the minimum is August. The TVDI moisture index maps for 2018 have had more moisture indicators this year than in the other two years. In 2018, heavy rains caused the vegetation to increase and the ground temperature to decrease, and this has led to an increase in the moisture index compared to 2010 and 2014. In 2018, the vegetation reached 0.89. But in other years it has been studied up to 0.7. This year, the high humidity is in May and the lowest in August. The maximum humidity during this year is in the west and the lower is in the south. The results of the TVDI index for 2010, 2014 and 2018, using the second method, the general results of this method are similar to the first method. Based on the results obtained from the accuracy of both methods, we conclude that the accuracy of the first method is better and generally simpler than the second method. In 2018, in May, according to the first method, the amount of R2 = 0.67, and also according to the second method, the amount of R2 = 0.41. Conclusion Estimation of surface soil moisture is essential for optimal management of water and soil resources. Surface soil moisture is an important variable in the water cycle of nature, which plays an important role in the global balance of water and energy through its impact on hydrological, ecological and meteorological processes. Examination of the two methods used indicates that the first method, which was also used in this research in general, has higher accuracy than the terrestrial fields due to the results of image accuracy. In 2010, the months of May and August, according to the first method are R2 = 0.61 and 0.57. In 2010, the amount of R2 according to terrestrial data and the use of the second method in May and August are R2 = 0.43 and 0.47. Also, in 2018, the value of R2 using the first method in May is 0.66. In 2018, the value of R2 using the second method in May is 0.41. The results of the soil surface moisture index, in this study, showed that this model is able to estimate the amount of soil moisture in large geographical areas with acceptable accuracy. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.26767082.1400.12.1.3.4 Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Integrated noise reduction-data mining method for soil organic matter prediction by VNIR spectrometry
Elahe Akbari Saham Mirzaei Ara Toomanian Ali Darvishi Boloorani Hosseinali BahramiBackground and Objective Soil as a heterogeneous natural resource and the largest organic carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems is composed of complicated processes and mechanisms. The necessity of accurately estimating soil properties on the national and regional sc MoreBackground and Objective Soil as a heterogeneous natural resource and the largest organic carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems is composed of complicated processes and mechanisms. The necessity of accurately estimating soil properties on the national and regional scales for improving soil management, and understanding their influence on agriculture have resulted in attracting researchers’ attentions to this field. Soil Organic Matter (SOM) is considered as an indicator of soil quality in fertility and food production. It is also considered as a key variable in environmental and agricultural issues. Thus, using rapid and cost effective and more accuracy estimation of the SOM content in soil resources assessment and management can be helpful. In precision agriculture, the scale of soil data required for management of lands and products is very large. The scale of collecting filed data usually cannot fulfil those needs. Sampling, preparing and analyzing the large number of soil samples as well as producing the distribution map for large areas are very difficult. In addition, traditional laboratory methods of soil analysis are boring, time-consuming, and costly. In fact, they need specialized laboratory operators. The aim of the present study is to compare the performance of the two Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) and Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) for predicting SOM using VNIR spectrometry data. With the use of combining Wavelet transform and diagnosis of independent bands, noises existing in soil spectroscopic data has reduced. In addition, independent and effective spectra and bands in spectroscopy of SOM were selected. Consequently, in the present research, Wavelet-PCA-PLSR and Wavelet-PCA- BRT models were developed and performance were assessed.Materials and Methods 42 surface (0-30cm) soil samples in the heterogeneous areas of urban-agricultural regions in Tehran province were collected. Soil Organic Carbon (OC) measured using Walki Black method and the samples’ spectrums were measured by ASD FieldSpec-3 spectrometer. First and second derivitation of spectral reflectance and absorbance were calculated. To reduce noises and smooth the spectrum, Sym8 matrix function of wavelet transform was used, wavelet transform is conducted to show and reconstruct characteristics in the spectrum. Principal component analysis and Hotelling's T2 test with 95% confidence level were used for outlier detection. PLSR and BRT was conducted onreflectance, absorbance and their first and second derivatives, at five levels of wavelet transform. Then, by comparing the results, the appropriate model was selected via validation. For doing the PLSR in nonlinear data, Kernel functions were used. When using numerical samples, regression trees are used instead of decision trees. But their processes are the same. In regression trees, the greedy algorithm was used. Therefore, by answering the binary question through which node the maximum data about respons variable is obtained, the root node and its two children are obtained. Producing the structure of trees is recursively repeated and a typical stopping criterion is considered. The stopping criterion can be as achievement to a split which cannot be divided and provides fewer data, or when data in the node contain 5% of the total data. Moreover, the tree size should be minimized. For splitting the node, the Ginny factor, entropy factor, etc. were used for minimizing those factors. In addition, the total square error is calculated in each branches and those with minimized values are selected. In addition, in the regression tree, the pruning process is employed for over-fitting. The BRT consists of the two regression tree and boosting techniques for improving the predictability of each of them. For calibration and validation of the model, 30 and 12 soil samples were randomly selected, respectively and R2 and RMSE were used for quantify the accuracy of models. Moreover, to select the best production factor of the PLSR mode, explained variance residual values and RMSE of validation were considered. Finally, soil organic matter map was produced using Landsat OLI satellite imagery and the proofed method for the study area.Results and Discussion The SOM value acceptably, the creation of continuous mappings with more accuracy based on noise reduction and retention of suitable data have always received researchers’ attentions. The present study tried to find the better method such a more accurate quantization of SOM using soil spectroscopic data. Using wavelet transform and outlier removal based on Hotelling's T2 via the PCA, the suitable data were extracted for producing the more accurate quantization. In this method, independent and effective bands or spectra remain in the model, while Lin et al. used wavelet transform and correlation techniques for selecting appropriate bands in estimating SOM. Since the soil reflectance is more complex and affected by several factors, using correlation method in these heterogeneous areas such as the area studied in the present study does not lead to acceptable results. Considering the data values, the unsupervised PCA method calculates principle components and eigenvalues and eigenvectors. It also tries to maximize the covariance matrix based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). SOM estimation models were developed using the PLSR and BRT for reflectance and absurbance spectra and their first and second derivation. Based on the results, the BRT method with RMSE and R2 values as 0.58 and 0.94, respectively leads in the better results for the data of the second derivation of reflectance. Moreover, values of RMSE and R2 in the PLSR were obtained as 1.0338 and 0.938, respectively for the data related to the second derivation of reflectance. However, comparing RMSE of the BRT and PLSR shows better results of the BRT model.Conclusion In that field measurements of chemical properties of soil such as organic matters are critically time-consuming and costly. Furthermore, measuring those properties is not possible in the large samples. So, the results of the present study indicate that in heterogeneous agricultural-urban areas, potential of the developed models such as wavelet-PCA-PLSR and wavelet-PCA-BRT can be used for estimating SOM. Meanwhile, these two algorithms do not make distributional assumptions and therefore, there are no strong assumptions about normality. Using continuous functions and satellite imagery, the map of the level of SOM in large scales can be prepared in order that it can be utilized in studies such as cultivation potential, soil fertility, and sustainable development of soil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Spatio-temporal Variations of Snow-covered Days in the Northwest of Iran using Remote Sensing Data
Abbas Kashani Bromand Salahi Amirhossein Halabian Batool ZeinaliIn this research, the spatiotemporal variations of snow-covered days (SCDs) in this region were analyzed using the data of the sixth version of MODIS Terra and MODIS Aqua sensors on a daily basis in the period of 2003-2020. In order to reduce the cloud cover effect, thr MoreIn this research, the spatiotemporal variations of snow-covered days (SCDs) in this region were analyzed using the data of the sixth version of MODIS Terra and MODIS Aqua sensors on a daily basis in the period of 2003-2020. In order to reduce the cloud cover effect, three algorithms were applied to the data. For the digital elevation model, the Digital Surface Model (DSM) of the Japan Space Exploration Agency was used. The relation between two snow-cover phenological components (SCAs and SCDs) and the relation between the SCDs and the altitude were investigated. The findings show an increase in SCDs in the months of November, December, and January. Maximum SCDs are observed in January in Sabalan Mountain and then Sahand. The reduction of SCDs in the spring and summer months is also affected by the two factors of latitude and altitude. The absolute maximum of SCDs in this region is observed at 160 days/ year in the mountain of Sabalan. Examining the changes in SCDs in March and April shows a decrease in SCDs in high-altitude classes. At the same time, it shows the increasing pattern of SCDs in November and December at many altitude levels. Analysis of the relation between SCA and SCDs in different months illustrated that SCAs has decreased in regions with more SCDs (heights) due to the reduction of topographic areas. The relation of SCDs and altitude also showed that the minimum of SCDs occurred in all altitude levels (even altitudes above 3500 m with 4 days) in August and the maximum occurred in December with 22 days at the altitude of 3500 m. SCDs decrease with increasing altitude in mountainous areas of 3500 to 4000 m, due to the increase of land slope and instability of SC in steep areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Determining the potential habitat of Astragalus gossypinus Fischer in west region of Isfahan, using ecological niche factor analysis
Hamed Sangoony Hamid Reza Karimzadeh Mohammad Reza Vahabi Mostafa Tarkesh esfahaniAstragalus gossypinus Fischer is one of the most important range plants in west region of Isfahan, which is very critical for soil conservation and people's economic life. Nevertheless, the grazing pressure and overuses cause habitat destruction. This study has been don MoreAstragalus gossypinus Fischer is one of the most important range plants in west region of Isfahan, which is very critical for soil conservation and people's economic life. Nevertheless, the grazing pressure and overuses cause habitat destruction. This study has been done for determination of its potential habitat in Lenjan and Flavarjan parishes of Isfahan province. To achieve this purpose, spatial data of this specie's presence used as suitable places for its growth and the environmental condition (Climate, Soil & Physiographic) used for recognition of its habitat's necessities. Soil data turned to soil maps using antecedent studies and interpolating soil profile points. Climatic and physiographical data have been prepared as well and got ready to be imported to the ultimate model. By importing the information layers in ENFA model and using harmonic mean analysis in Biomapper software; the map of Astragalus gossypinus potential habitat has been created. The results show that gravel percentage, soil potassium, saturated moisture, electrical conductivity and annual precipitation are the most important factors in habitat choosing by Astragalus gossypinus in study area. 25300 hectares of the study site are potential habitat of Astragalus gossypinus which is 16 percent of the study site. To evaluate the verity of this model, Boyce's index has been used and model rectitude in this test was determined 85.2 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Evaluation of rainfall on a daily, monthly and annual basis using satellite imagery (Case study: west boundary basin of Iran)
Ghazaleh Madadi Saeid Hamzeh Ali Akbar NorooziPrecipitation variable is the key parameter of agricultural and hydrometeorology studies. Therefore, measurement and estimation of rainfall at the regional level help to understand the manner of water and energy cycles. In spite of the high variability of te MorePrecipitation variable is the key parameter of agricultural and hydrometeorology studies. Therefore, measurement and estimation of rainfall at the regional level help to understand the manner of water and energy cycles. In spite of the high variability of temporal and spatial precipitation quantity, precipitation monitoring using ground stations at regional scales is considerably difficult. The use of satellite images with high spatial resolution is therefore recommended. However, it is first necessary to evaluate temporal and spatial accuracy of data. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite data for estimating daily, monthly, and annual rainfall on a regular spatial scale (0.25° ×0.25°) during 2000-2012, and to compare these estimated data with precipitation data at 30 stations (synoptic and climatological) in the west boundary basin of Iran. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated daily, monthly, and annually for the mentioned rainfall period changes. The results indicated a significant correlation (p<0.05) among the monthly and annual collected data of terrestrial and satellite precipitation. The relationship between monthly precipitation data from satellite images and observed data from stations were also determined using a linear and nonlinear regression for each year. The model reliability was also subsequently determined using statistical validation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Isolation and screening of marine bacteriophages for use in the prevention of Vibriosis in Western white shrimp
Samira Zarei Nima bahador maryam Mirbakhsh Mohammad Khalil pazirThe aim of this study was to screen Vibrio species off the coast of Bushehr province and control this shrimp pathogen using phage.For this study, water was sampled in 1398 from areas close to the coast of Bushehr province. Bacteria that cause Vibriosis were determined u MoreThe aim of this study was to screen Vibrio species off the coast of Bushehr province and control this shrimp pathogen using phage.For this study, water was sampled in 1398 from areas close to the coast of Bushehr province. Bacteria that cause Vibriosis were determined using biochemical tests and molecular sequencing. Bacterial selection was performed according to the results of antibiogram profiles of dominant bacteria and pathogens. TCBS was used to determine the phage titer of the culture medium and the plugs were counted 24 hours after incubation at 30 ° C.5 bacteria (Vibrio alginolyticus strain SeqID, Vibrio xuii strain Z-03Phage, Vibrio alginolyticus SZ / 10 gene, Vibrio rotiferianus strain SRPR-Phage, Vibrio harveyi strain Z05 were isolated from Bushehr wastewater contaminated waters). Vibrio alginolyticus strain SeqID was selected as the dominant bacterial species according to the results of antibiogram profile determination, growth halo diameter and bacterial biochemical test of the studied species. Based on the results of 16srDNA molecular analysis, the isolated strain of the bacterium was 100% similar to Vibrio alginolyticus. Based on the results of the host domain, Vibrio alginolyticus strain Samira Phage was able to form plugs.The isolated bacteriophage Vibrio alginolyticus strain Samira Phage had a bactericidal effect with a wide range against Vibrio bacteria identified from the shores of Bushehr, which indicates that this bacteriophage can be a good candidate for use in phage therapy Be against viberosis.Keywords: Isolation and screening, Bacteriophage, Vibriosis, Western white shrimp Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Pathology of Rumi Studies with an Emphasis on Western Studies and Redundant Studies in Iran
Mohsen IzadyarDue to the fact that during the past decade or so the studies and researches conducted on Rumi and his works of art has been on the rise in Iran and the West, the time is ripe that these number of researches with such an inclusive approach could be pathologically invest MoreDue to the fact that during the past decade or so the studies and researches conducted on Rumi and his works of art has been on the rise in Iran and the West, the time is ripe that these number of researches with such an inclusive approach could be pathologically investigated. This paper on Rumi studies tries to investigate on two areas on “Rumi Studies and West” as well as “Redundant Studies” during the studies relevant to such a great man of literature, culture, and mysticism of Iran, with an emphasis on academic studies, and the result has been the fact that Iranians are to blame concerning Rumi Studies and West and have neglected the means of cultural interaction with the West through Rumi; Also, in terms of transferring the concepts, information, and the Iranian research conclusions to the West, they have not taken any desirable actions so much that there has been a different image introduced to the West. Moreover, this paper declares the most prominent research plague about Rumi conducted in Iranian research and studies in the form of books, papers, theses, and research plans to be redundancy, parallelism, and plagiarism for which there are some solutions offered to get rid of these plagues and to prevent from further damages. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Three-dimensional Free Vibration Analysis of a Transversely Isotropic Thermoelastic Diffusive Cylindrical Panel
R Kumar T Kansal -
Open Access Article
92 - The effect of infection of Arceuthobium oxycedri on Juniperus excels species in North West forests of Iran
Mir Mozaffar Fallahchaei Yousef Torabian Majid Maani Farzaneh AhmadiOne of the most important destruction reasons of Juniperus aged and Long Lived trees in Jaysh Abad sits of Tarom township is a semi-parasitic plant from Dwarf Mistletoes group of viscaceae family. Biological study done in Jaysh Abad area of Tarom Township and other Juni MoreOne of the most important destruction reasons of Juniperus aged and Long Lived trees in Jaysh Abad sits of Tarom township is a semi-parasitic plant from Dwarf Mistletoes group of viscaceae family. Biological study done in Jaysh Abad area of Tarom Township and other Juniperus sits in Zanjan province of Iran revealed that this semi-parasitic plant is Arceuthobium oxycedri. For determining the infection percent, intensity, quality and quantity on the host species half hectare sample pieces were randomly selected in 4 geographical directions. The results of this study showed that Dwarf Mistletoes mostly influences trees with bigger crown size, crown area, height and diameter breast height. Also result showed that Juniperus trees in south directions are more infected in comparison with other directions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) collected in winter wheat fields of the western Azerbaijan
G. GahramanovaFive subspecies and 12 species of carabid beetles (Carabidae) belonging to 11 genera and 6 subfamilies were found during 2006-2010 in west of Azerbaijan. Harpalus froelichii Sturm, 1818, Dixus obscurus Dejean, 1825, Scarites cylindronotus Faldermann, 1836, Sphodrus leuc MoreFive subspecies and 12 species of carabid beetles (Carabidae) belonging to 11 genera and 6 subfamilies were found during 2006-2010 in west of Azerbaijan. Harpalus froelichii Sturm, 1818, Dixus obscurus Dejean, 1825, Scarites cylindronotus Faldermann, 1836, Sphodrus leucophthalmus Linnaeus, 1758, Calathus longicollis Motschulsky, 1865 were new records. Five subspecies new for the fauna of Azerbaijan are Zabrus tenebrioides longulus Reiche & Saulcy, 1855, Z.morio morio Ménetries, 1832, Cryptophonus melancholicus melancholicus Dejean, 1829, Calathus ambiguus ambiguus (Paykull, 1790), Nebria picicornis luteipes Chaudoir, 1850. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Investigation of the effect of silica nanoparticles with the pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood
SEYYED KAZEM Vahedi A. Hoseinzadeh Akbar Ghassemi-KahrizehIntroduction: Greenhouse whitefly, as an economic pest, has a wide and ubiquitous host range and causes great damage to many crops, including greenhouse plants. Due to the morphological characteristics and potential of resistance to chemical toxins, it is necessary to f MoreIntroduction: Greenhouse whitefly, as an economic pest, has a wide and ubiquitous host range and causes great damage to many crops, including greenhouse plants. Due to the morphological characteristics and potential of resistance to chemical toxins, it is necessary to find suitable and compatible compounds for integrated control of this pest by increasing the effect and minimizing the adverse effect on the pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana.Methods: In this study, the effect of pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana alone and in combination with silica nanoparticles against second instar seeds and nymphs of Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood and germination power of pathogenic fungi using probit analysis, one-way analysis of variance and ANOVA SPSS software was examined.Results: LC50 values obtained from probit degradation as a result of the effect of different concentrations of silica nanoparticles and Beauveria bassiana against eggs after 7 days and against second instar nymph after 72 hours (643.97 mg / L and 170399 conidia/ ml) and (602.952 mg / L and 78379 conidia/ ml) were obtained, respectively.Results: According to the results of the present study, silica nanoparticles alone have higher toxicity than other treatments and in combination with B. bassiana can be used in integrated control of the important greenhouse whitefly pest. The most important advantage of using these compounds is their compatibility with the environment and the lack of resistance to insects against them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Pistachio orchard pests in kermanshah province and the first report of Thrips minutissimus
A. Jamshidi hasan ali vahedi A. A. Zamani B. Farhadi bansolehPistachio is one of the most important and economical agricultural products of Iran from the standpoint of exportation. Iran is the first largest producer of pistachio in the world. Due to expansion of pistachio orchards in Kermanshah province, this research was done in MorePistachio is one of the most important and economical agricultural products of Iran from the standpoint of exportation. Iran is the first largest producer of pistachio in the world. Due to expansion of pistachio orchards in Kermanshah province, this research was done in 2017, 2018 and 2019 to identify the pests of these trees. Different sampling methods such as direct collection, rearing in laboratory, sweep in net, white tray, light trap, aspirators were used to collect insects. Finally, 13 species of insect pests including Sulamicerus stali Fieber, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer, Forda hirsuta Mordvilko, Anapulvinaria pistaciae Bodenheimer, Lepidosaphes pistaciae Archangelskaya, Acrosternum heegeri Fieber, Polydrosus davatchii Hoffman, Anthaxia judinae Stepanov, Carphoborus perrisi Chapuis, Recurvaria pistaciicola Danilewski, Eurytoma plontnikovi Nikolskaya were reported on pistachio trees in pistachio orchards. Labidostomis luristanica Warchalowski (Col .: Chrysomelidae) was first report from Kermanshah province and Thrips minutissimus Linnaeus (Thy .: Thripidae) is reported for the first time on pistachio trees. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Faunistic study on Pentatomid bugs (Hem ., Pentatomidae) in West Azarbaijan province, Iran
M. Nateq Golestan M. H. Safaralizadeh A. M. SarafraziThe faunistic study of Pentatomid bugs was carried out in west Azarbaijan province. during 2002-2003 Totally 35 species belonging to 22 genera from Pentatominae and Podopinae subfamilies were collected that genus Trochiscocoris Reuter and two species Bagrada confuse Hv. MoreThe faunistic study of Pentatomid bugs was carried out in west Azarbaijan province. during 2002-2003 Totally 35 species belonging to 22 genera from Pentatominae and Podopinae subfamilies were collected that genus Trochiscocoris Reuter and two species Bagrada confuse Hv. and Trochiscocoris hemipterus (Jakovlev) are new records from Iran. All species were identified based on male genitalia and some other morphological characters. Following is the scientific names of the identified species. The new records for Iran showed by one asterisk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - A history of Floral diversity (pollen, spores and algal) during the latest Holocene in the Bandung basin based on palynological analysis in Cihideung, West Java, Indonesia
Rizki Rachman Winantris Winantris Budi Muljana -
Open Access Article
98 - Biostratigraphy, microfacies and sedimentary environment of the Jahrum Formation in Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province, West of Iran
Bahman Javadian Seyed Ahmad Babazadeh Ali Solgi Burzu Asghari Pirbaluti -
Open Access Article
99 - Mesozoic paleogeography and facies distribution in the Northern Mediterranean Tethys from Western Carpathians view
J. MichalÌkWest Carpathian Mesozoic paleogeographic development indicates the effect of a left lateral shift of the Alpine- Carpathian microcontinent along the European shelf since the Early Jurassic. The evolution during Late Triassic/Early Jurassic was controlled by convergence MoreWest Carpathian Mesozoic paleogeographic development indicates the effect of a left lateral shift of the Alpine- Carpathian microcontinent along the European shelf since the Early Jurassic. The evolution during Late Triassic/Early Jurassic was controlled by convergence along the border of the Meliata Ocean and by contemporaneous divergence along the Middle Atlantic/Penninic rift. During Mid-Cretaceous, the convergence between Africa and Paleoeurope started, which finally resulted in collision of Alpine-West Carpathian microcontinent with the Paleoeuropean margin and in the formation of the Alpine Orogen. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Cultural and Intellectual Consequences of the Western Civilization Invasion with Emphasis on Iranian Women
Tahmasb Alipouriani Mina Nazari Seyed Samer PoordaneshThe recent research purpose was to investigate the cultural and intellectual consequences of the western civilization invasion with emphasis on Iranian women. The statistical universe of the study included all cultural and intellectual consequences of the western civili MoreThe recent research purpose was to investigate the cultural and intellectual consequences of the western civilization invasion with emphasis on Iranian women. The statistical universe of the study included all cultural and intellectual consequences of the western civilization invasion. The sample embraced the subjects associated to the impacts of the western civilization invasion on Iranian women. A descriptive-analytical method was applied in the research. The data was collected via the library texts and note taking on the index cards. Then the mutual relationship of the western civilization with culture and thought and western civilization invasion consequences on culture and worldview of Iranian women was analyzed. The results revealed that the thought, culture and western civilization were correlated. And it was not necessarily a liner and longitudinal. On some cases the civilization transition of a pattern to another civilization pattern, would also transfer the latent thought of one to the other one. By western civilization accumulative transition, on the primary step, the Iranian women encountered changes on cultural context through virtue, hijab and Islamic identity and…fadedness. On the next step changes on worldview domain was observed. The impacts of western civilization spread were not merely included Iranian culture and caused the values and Islamic and Iranian traditions to be faded but in the further steps the Iranian worldview was also targeted. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - The Psychological Status of Women in Islam and Western Civilization Based on the Ideological Paradigm of the Supreme Leader
Ali AhmadpourThe current research was intended to investigate the psychological status of women in Islam and western civilization based on the ideological paradigm of the supreme leader. The statistical universe of the research included all texts concerning the psychological status MoreThe current research was intended to investigate the psychological status of women in Islam and western civilization based on the ideological paradigm of the supreme leader. The statistical universe of the research included all texts concerning the psychological status of women in Islam and western civilization based on the ideological paradigm of the supreme leader. The sample subsumed all topics related to women included in Islam and western civilization based on the ideological paradigm of the supreme leader. The research was processed by analytical-descriptive approach. The data was collected via document reviewing and library method through note taking on index cards from printed references concerning the ideological paradigm of the supreme leader and psychology. The data was analyzed by applying content analysis procedure. The results indicated that The family is one of the most important institutions in society, and it provides the strongest foundations for the spiritual and intellectual upbringing of individuals. Within such institution, women play a central role, but Western political and advertising systems seek to undermine their status. According to the Supreme Leader's perspective, Western civilization focuses solely on the sexual and feminine aspects of women while ignoring their human dimension and status. In the West, women are exploited under the guise of freedom, which is a form of slavery and insult to women. In contrast, Islam honors women and considers being a woman a source of pride and glory. Therefore, the Islamic perspective, and consequently that of the Supreme Leader, regards women with a comprehensive view that takes into account both divine values and human logic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - بررسی روند تغییرات زمانی شوری آب در ایستگاههای هیدرومتری رودخانه دز از نظر کاربرد در کشاورزی
سعید آزیش علی عصاره داود خدادادی دهکردیدر این مطالعه روند تغییرات شوری آب رودخانه دز از نظر کاربرد در کشاورزی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بدین منظور 7 ایستگاه آب­سنجی در طول مسیر رودخانه انتخاب شد. آمار اندازه­گیری شده شوری آب رودخانه در سال­های 93-83 از سازمان آب و برق خوزستان جمع&sh Moreدر این مطالعه روند تغییرات شوری آب رودخانه دز از نظر کاربرد در کشاورزی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بدین منظور 7 ایستگاه آب­سنجی در طول مسیر رودخانه انتخاب شد. آمار اندازه­گیری شده شوری آب رودخانه در سال­های 93-83 از سازمان آب و برق خوزستان جمع­آوری و مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. سپس نتایج با استانداردهای ویلکوکس و رهنمودهای آب آبیاری آیرز و وستکات مورد بررسی و طبقه بندی قرار گرفت. در طبقه بندی ویلکوکس در طی 10 سال، ایستگاه های سپید دشت سزار، سپید دشت زاز، تنگ پنج سزار و دزفول در کلاس C2-S1 قرار گرفت؛ که در نتیجه از نظر نسبت جذب سدیمی در محدوده کم خطر و از نظر شوری در محدوده آب­های کمی شور قرار دارد که برای کشاورزی تقریبا مناسب هستند. ایستگاه تنگ­پنج بختیاری نیز در سال­های 84-83، 84-85، 85-86 ، 88-89 و 92-91 در کلاس C2-S1 و در سال های 87-86، 88-87، 90-89، 91-90، 93-92 و 94-93 در کلاس C3-S1 قرار گرفت. همچنین ایستگاه­های حرمله و بامدژ در کلاس C3-S1 قرار گرفتند که از نظر نسبت جذب سدیمی در محدوده کم خطر و از نظر شوری در محدوده آب­های شور قرار می­گیرند؛ که در نتیجه با تمهیدات مناسب و مدیریت کنترل شوری و استفاده از زهکشی مناسب زمین برای کشاورزی مشکلی بوجود نمی­آورند. از نظر رده­بندی کیفیت آب آبیاری به روش FAO، میزان سدیم، کلسیم، منیزیم و سولفات نرمال است و در استفاده از بی­کربنات همه ایستگاه­های مورد بررسی با محدودیت متوسط مواجه بود. از نظر کلر نیز فقط ایستگاه بامدژ با محدودیت مواجه بود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Calculation of efficiency and efficiency of branches of National Bank of West Tehran
Niloofar Nikkhah amirgholam abriThe bank is an economic entity that carries out the tasks of equipping and distributing credit, financial operations, currency trading, documentary and dividend claims, stock maintenance and securities. The National Bank of Iran has a staff of over 45,000 people. The Na MoreThe bank is an economic entity that carries out the tasks of equipping and distributing credit, financial operations, currency trading, documentary and dividend claims, stock maintenance and securities. The National Bank of Iran has a staff of over 45,000 people. The National Bank has 5 branches operating in Iran, 2 operating branches and 2 subsidiaries abroad. Branches and Evaluate Branch Productivity during 96 and 97 Years Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Model. For this purpose, the effective factors are first evaluated and then the DEA model is used to evaluate the performance of the branches in order to measure their efficiency and inefficiency. We then rank them using the AP model and finally measure the productivity of a branch relative to 96 and 97 using the Malmquist Productivity Coefficient model. In this paper, using the data analysis approach, the performance of the West Bank Branches of Tehran National Bank in two years has been evaluated. The efficient and inefficient units of this branch are then identified by the CCR model and finally the efficient branches are ranked with the Anderson Peterson (AP) model and finally the Malmquist efficiency model is measured. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - A Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of the Customs Department Using the Balanced Scorecard (Case Study: West Azerbaijan, Kermanshah and Kurdistan Provinces)
Mohammad NazaripourThe current paper aimed at utilizing the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) framework in evaluating the Customs Department in West Azerbaijan, Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces of Iran. The BSC evaluates organization in terms of financial performance, customer satisfaction, inte MoreThe current paper aimed at utilizing the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) framework in evaluating the Customs Department in West Azerbaijan, Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces of Iran. The BSC evaluates organization in terms of financial performance, customer satisfaction, internal process, and growth and organization learning. Financial performance was measured by examining revenues, expenditures, and the ratio of customs revenues to total local revenues for the period (2007-2011). Regarding the customer perspective, a random sample of (384) customers of clearance customs was selected. The customers were asked to fill out a survey that measured their level of satisfaction about the Customs Department in regards to providing services and procedures. In addition, a random sample consisted of (280) of the employees of Customs Department in these provinces was chosen to fill out the survey regarding their assessment of the internal process and growth and organization learning perspectives of the BSC. The findings reported that the financial performance of Customs Department was negative for the whole study period (2007-2011) in terms of the number of Rials collected, revenues minus expenditures, and customs revenues as a share of total local revenues. Clearance customs customers reported a suitable satisfaction level toward the customs services and procedures. Analysis showed that customs employees had a suitable level of satisfaction toward both internal process and growth and organization learning of the BSC’s dimensions. The analysis revealed that West Azerbaijan province was better than Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces in all perspectives of BSC. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - A Survey on Effects of Information Technology on Employee’s Empowerment (Case Study: West Regional Electricity Distribution Companies Kermanshah)
Omid Ardalan Farhad Vafaei Shahram Jenabi Mojtaba AlmasiIT organizations have capabilities to create value, so they have made huge investments for the deployment of information technology. One of the values that organizations can create is to use this technology in their organizations in order to empower the employees. The a MoreIT organizations have capabilities to create value, so they have made huge investments for the deployment of information technology. One of the values that organizations can create is to use this technology in their organizations in order to empower the employees. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of information technology on the job empowerment. The population consists of staff working at Kermanshah province in the west regional electric distribution company. Using the systematic random sampling method, the sample size is 181 people. The questionnaire’s validity and reliability was measured and approved. In this study, the use of information technology in the organization was studied, so after ensuring its application, its effects on empowering employees were investigated. For this purpose, relevant indicators of empowerment were considered, including improving the quality of performance, knowledge, job opportunities, independence and freedom of action, responsibility, decision-making, self-control and identified professional development. The results of this study showed that the use of IT to improve the quality of performance is (.011 ₌ α), Knowledge (.000₌α), Job opportunities (.000₌α), Independence and freedom of action (.000₌ α), Responsible for deciding (.002₌ α), Self-control (.000₌ α) and professional development of employees (.000₌α) and all show that there is a significant positive relationship. In the end, we conclude that the greatest impact of information technology on improving the quality of electricity distribution companies is the employee’s performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - The consequences of the western lifestyle and the ways to deal with it in the statements of the supreme leader of the revolution
mohammad sharifaniIn fact, the lifestyle includes all the states of human life from birth to death, based on which a person has a special way that is either derived from a school or has happened to societies over time. Lifestyle includes many things such as food, clothing, health, housin MoreIn fact, the lifestyle includes all the states of human life from birth to death, based on which a person has a special way that is either derived from a school or has happened to societies over time. Lifestyle includes many things such as food, clothing, health, housing, customs, culture and social relations and has three types of worldly lifestyle, western lifestyle and divine lifestyle. The divine lifestyle is taken from the religion of Islam and it is the best style that does not go the way of extremes or exaggerations but of moderation. But unfortunately, we are witnessing the expansion of the western lifestyle among the youth. This issue has been carefully considered by the Supreme Leader, and he has proposed consequences such as provoking conflicts among Muslims, activating evangelistic activities (Christianization), creating conflicts and differences among young people in his statements, and solutions such as loving hearts. Internationally, they have raised the necessity of controlling extremism and Islamic awakening to reduce the western lifestyle, which has been addressed in this article with a descriptive-analytical method and with library tools, with the aim of recognizing the harms and opportunities that arise from the lifestyle. Life affects the social and political system, identify and design the necessary decisions and strategies for it. One of the findings of the article is that the Islamic world needs awakening, but it faces two big obstacles: the first obstacle is the colonialists who look at them as markets and tools and do their best to divert the awakening of Muslims. They give, among other things, the strengthening of reactionary, fanatical and backward Muslims in all places, and secondly, there are autocratic rulers who acted as agents of colonialism and did not refrain from any action to stay in power, and while destroying and destroying their society and people, they tried They will be in power for a few more days. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - A Survey on Ideological views of a Novelist: Naturalistic Analysis of Mahmoud Dowlatabadi’s Stories
Kiumars RahmaniNaturalism was a literary movement taking place from the 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character. Naturalism is the outgrowth of literary reali MoreNaturalism was a literary movement taking place from the 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character. Naturalism is the outgrowth of literary realism, a prominent literary movement in mid-19th-century France and elsewhere. Naturalistic writers were influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution, philosophical-literal ideas of Taine and experiments of a physiologist named Claude Bernard. Also, philosophical opinions of Kant and Taine which were based on interpretations of social life and relationships influenced the principles of naturalism importantly. Thus, Naturalists believe that people’s behavior has the tendency to be objectified and treated like a machine and it would be impossible to judge it morally because of heredity, environment and moment is inevitable. Hence, we can have knowledge of the mechanisms of natural phenomena in man to define rational and emotional parts of his being which are under the influence of heredity, environment, and the moment. This paper aimed at identifying and describing the naturalistic aspects of Mahmoud Dowlatabadi stories. Naturalistic analysis of his stories can help us to have better in depth insight of his ideology. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Iran's strategic goals and leadership role in the axis of resistance
MEHDI LOTFI ALI SHIRKHANI MEHDI Javadani MoghadamThe purpose of forming the axis of resistance has been to defend and support the liberating movements and the oppressed of the world against the colonial policies of the domination system. Iran has always been accused of exporting the ideology of revolutionary Islam and MoreThe purpose of forming the axis of resistance has been to defend and support the liberating movements and the oppressed of the world against the colonial policies of the domination system. Iran has always been accused of exporting the ideology of revolutionary Islam and forming the Persian Shiite Empire. The main question of this research is, what is the purpose of Iran with its active presence in the axis of resistance? The hypothesis of the current research is that the Islamic Revolution of Iran, in accordance with the principles of its constitution and by emphasizing the national interests, supports the oppressed and the liberating movements of the world, and by being present and playing a role in the axis of resistance, it gives meaning and meaning to its nature and survival. The theoretical framework of this research has been developed based on the theories of the Copenhagen school, the research method has been compiled with a descriptive-analytical approach and by reading first-hand sources, and it comes to the conclusion that playing the role of the Islamic Revolution in the axis of resistance was in line with its ideological nature. Recognizing the universal capabilities of Islam, he has led this axis and its other actors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Mineral deposit in south-west Tehran (south of Boeenzahra) and its environmental pollution effects
Saeedeh Senemari Seyed Naser MousaviLak is a half mountainous area located about 40 km south of Boeenzahra and at about 140km south-west ofTehran. The area is mainly covered by igneous rocks. The geological study shows that mineral deposit includesandesite to basalt igneous rocks. The andesite units conta MoreLak is a half mountainous area located about 40 km south of Boeenzahra and at about 140km south-west ofTehran. The area is mainly covered by igneous rocks. The geological study shows that mineral deposit includesandesite to basalt igneous rocks. The andesite units contains rich veins of lead and zinc. Various miningactivities in the past such as surface extraction, transportation and weathering activities have increased thepotential for distribution of heavy minerals in the soils around Lak area. Based on the completed studies heavyminerals in plant tissues and human were which identified which is shown in the result among certain variouspatients in the human population Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Identification of the dominant species of Agrotis in Naghadeh sugar beet fields and determination of the number of its generations in the field
Samira Khodayari Fatemeh Haghi Esmaeil AlizadehCutworms (Agrotis spp.), are insects from order Lepidoptera and family Noctuidae which damage crops by feeding or cutting the stems of seedlings at or below the growing point. In this study, the Agrotis species in sugar beet fields were identified in Naghadeh city of We MoreCutworms (Agrotis spp.), are insects from order Lepidoptera and family Noctuidae which damage crops by feeding or cutting the stems of seedlings at or below the growing point. In this study, the Agrotis species in sugar beet fields were identified in Naghadeh city of West Azerbaijan province during 2020 using pheromone and light traps. Then the number of its generations in the field was determined. Three fields with 2 hectar space for each were selected in Southeastern and Northwestern of Naghadeh. Samples were collected weekly from pheromone and light traps and sent to the Research Center of Plant Protection of Iran for identification. Five Agrotis species were identified totally. Agrotis segetum, A. ipsilon (Hufnagel), A. spinifera Hubner., A. exclamationis L. and A. sp. near herzogi Rebel. A. segetum was the dominant species in all of the studied fields. Data showed that this pest had 3 generations during one crop season in the studied area. The first generation was showed up from the end of April and reached its peak in the second half of May. The next two generations of this pest were completed in late June and late July, respectively. The mean density of pest were as 16.8 eggs, 14.7 larvae and 11 pupae on 10 infected plants showed the highest peak during the second generation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Study on distribution of the pathogenic fungal agents of wheat root and crown rot in West Azarbaijan province
Javad Valizadeghan Abbas Ali RavanlouThis study aims to identify factors important pathogenic fungi in the roots, crown and base irrigated wheat in Western Azerbaijan Province in 1393 was carried out. For this purpose, wheat fields in different regions of Urmia, Naghadeh, Mahabad, Miandoab, Piranshahr, Osh MoreThis study aims to identify factors important pathogenic fungi in the roots, crown and base irrigated wheat in Western Azerbaijan Province in 1393 was carried out. For this purpose, wheat fields in different regions of Urmia, Naghadeh, Mahabad, Miandoab, Piranshahr, Oshnavieh, Khoy, Salmas and Qarah Zia od Din visited and from fields with symptoms of growth retardation accompanied by discoloration and decay in root, crown and base samples were taken. Pieces of 1 cm in length from the root, crown, and base were grown on acidic PDA media. Separation and purification steps of fungi were performed on WA, PDA, CMA, SNA, PCA and NM culture media. Pathogenicity test on the wheat seedling of pioneer cultivar using wheat grains and placement of mushroom blocks in the vicinity of plant organs under greenhouse conditions was carried out. Based on morphological characteristics including color and colony growth, Shape and dimensions of conidia, and conidia producing cells identified using valid keys. In this study, samples were taken from 56 farms and 81 fungal isolates belonging to the genus Fusarium, Bipolaris, Rhizoctonia and Pythium were isolated and identified. In this study, species, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. graminearum, F. acuminatum and B. sorokiniana as important factors in irrigated wheat fields to nominate dumped into decay. Most of the distribution range of the genus Fusarium respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Tracking Severe Dust Storms Phenomenon in Southeast Iran by using HYSPLIT
Seyed Abdolhossein Arami Ebrahim Karimi Sangchini Mehri DinarvandRegional dust storm events are the prime concern of many countries located within the arid belt of the world. Nowadays, dust is a serious challenge in the world, especially in the Middle East. In recent decades, dust storms is known as the most damaging and inclusive en MoreRegional dust storm events are the prime concern of many countries located within the arid belt of the world. Nowadays, dust is a serious challenge in the world, especially in the Middle East. In recent decades, dust storms is known as the most damaging and inclusive environmental crisis in Iran due to the impacts of climate and land use changes. The aim of this study is to detect and simulation of dust storms in southwest regions of Iran. For this purpose, changes in dust were analyzed during a 22-year period (1995-2016) for six provinces southwest of Iran including Khozestan, Ilam, Kermanshah, Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, Lorestan and Kohgiluyeh, and Boyerahmad with an area of about 169266 square kilometers. For this study were using the HYSPLIT model. The data used covered and include GDAS data, view field, velocity and direction of a wind, temperature, and geopotential height in the atmosphere, which are different at various levels. GDAS data for tracking the winding path in the HYSPLIT model were used. Simulation studies of dust particle movement paths have shown that most of the tracks are from the northern and central parts of Iraq and Syria and the source of dust storms are deserts and dry regions of the northern and central parts of Iraq and Syria. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - A survey of Neolithic Sites at SarFirouz Abad Plain, West Central Zagros
Kamalaldin Niknami Meysam Nikzad Sima YadollahiThe Sarfirouz Abad plain in Iran, which is located on the east side of Mahidasht and west of Central Zagros, has a great potential for the archaeological studies. Nevertheless, due to the lack of archaeological research here, it is now considered to remain archaeologica MoreThe Sarfirouz Abad plain in Iran, which is located on the east side of Mahidasht and west of Central Zagros, has a great potential for the archaeological studies. Nevertheless, due to the lack of archaeological research here, it is now considered to remain archaeologically a less known area. Its geographical location and environmental potentials make it necessary to perform a systematic archaeological research process. Due to this requirement, the SF area was surveyed using an intensive field walking process by a team from Tehran University during a few months in 2009. This fieldwork provided data and for the first time added much useful information to expand our knowledge on the archaeology of the region in general and the Neolithic settlements in particular. From the findings gained through this study, 17 sites were found to have remains attributable to the Neolithic Period. Recent studies show that in SF, settlement began in the early Neolithic Period; three of these sites were identified in various parts of the area. Fifteen locations with settlement and pottery remains showed evidence of the middle and late Neolithic periods. An investigation of the settlement patterns of these Neolithic sites reveals a strong relationship to natural resources, particularly water and sources of flint. With the commencement of pottery in the area, significant changes occurred in the location patterns of the sites. The present study investigates the characteristics of potteries found from site surfaces and developed an interpretation of the Neolithic settlement patterns of the area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - A Study of Dalma Pottery Based on the Examination of Azerbaijan and Kermanshah Potteries
Mohsen HeydariHaving a glance at the archaeological data in North West of Iran during prehistoric era, we can see that most studies in the area focused on the edge of Urmia Lake. Unfortunately, most of the studies which have been done in the North West are related to the Bronze Age a MoreHaving a glance at the archaeological data in North West of Iran during prehistoric era, we can see that most studies in the area focused on the edge of Urmia Lake. Unfortunately, most of the studies which have been done in the North West are related to the Bronze Age and later periods, and fewer studies have been done on the Chalcolithic period. Moreover, most of the information published about this area, is related to the same time periods. There is little information about Dalma Period and related publications do not exceed the fingers of one hand. For this reason, most researchers, due to the complexity and lack of knowledge about this period, refer to it as Wonder Period. In particular, Dalma period and the area of its development are surprising and noteworthy for them. One of the shortcomings is Dalma pottery. In this article, we review the Dalma pottery in the regions of East and West Azarbaijan and Kermanshah to provide a rather clear picture of Dalma pottery tradition. Generally, Dalma pottery is classified as four categories which probabely have specific functions depending on their coverage and form. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - Achievements of Archaeological Research in Tel Bando, Noorabad, Fars
Soheila Darvishi Mohammad Rahim Saraf Mahmoud TavousiStudies related to the historical period of Elam have correctly found that there are many unknowns in the history of Elamite governments. We still do not know many of the Elamite regions mentioned in Elamite and Mesopotamian tablets and inscriptions. We do not have comp MoreStudies related to the historical period of Elam have correctly found that there are many unknowns in the history of Elamite governments. We still do not know many of the Elamite regions mentioned in Elamite and Mesopotamian tablets and inscriptions. We do not have complete command of the Elamite script as it should, and we do not have a lot of knowledge about the livelihood and daily life of the Elamites. This lack is more visible especially in the areas that have been less explored so far. Archaeological excavations in Fars and Khuzestan by Iranian and foreign archaeologists during the past century provide information about the way of life and religious thoughts of that period. However, one of the intellectual concerns of archaeologists has always been the relationship between the mountain people of Fars and the people who lived in the lowlands of Khuzestan. This process can be investigated from prehistoric times to modern times and can be comprehensively researched through archaeological excavations. One of the recently excavated sites is called Tel Bando. The results of the five seasons of archaeological excavations at Tel Bando provide us with many documents related to the way of life and social conditions of this mountainous region from the beginning of writing to the Achaemenid period. The obtained evidences show that this area was influenced by the prehistoric cultures of Fars region from the Bakun A period to the present day, it was the settlement of nomadic or sedentary tribes who chose this place for their temporary or permanent settlement. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Historical Developments in East Iran during the Sassanid Period
Fereidoun Nahidi Azar Farhang Khademi NadoushanImmigrant people who had rushed to the eastern part of Iran since the time of Achaemenian up to the time of Sassanian and then had dwelt there by passage of time played an important role in politics and economical relationships of this region. In this article, we w MoreImmigrant people who had rushed to the eastern part of Iran since the time of Achaemenian up to the time of Sassanian and then had dwelt there by passage of time played an important role in politics and economical relationships of this region. In this article, we will discuss about the process of invasions of these new-comer people from eastern north borders to the Territory of Sassanid Empire. The main goal of this article is to survey and show the manner of cultural relationship and interaction of Sassanid culture and civilization with these people and capacity of culture acceptance with these cultures and tensions or accomplished developments in this mutual confrontation. Several multi dimensional contacts between Iran and its eastern neighbours in most of the cases had been compressed and foreign cultures had interacted and principally the culture that has deeper origin will have more effects in the culture of its opponent. In this time importance of eastern part of Iran was in the extent that this region had become one of the main obsessions of Sassanians and some agents of Sassanid government in Koshan (Koshan Shah) and Sakestan (Sokan Shah). In the absence of any written resources, archaeological findings reflect required informations. From among the most important of these archaeological findings, are Sassanid coins that to some extent determine the governments' territory. These coins were imitated and sampled by the kings of Gajarat, Koshan and Hons. Hons were highly influenced by Sassanid culture and transferred it to India and paved the way for immigration of Zoroastrian Iranian to this region in the later periods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - The Evidence of Use of Sever and Impassable Caves in the West of Iran in the Dalma Period
Amir Saed Mucheshi Alireza AzarshabThis article is an attempt to introduction and studying if dozen caves that used of them in the period of Dalma (Middle Chalcolithic). The use of caves is one of the sign of the pastoralism (both permanent and temporary), nomadism and especially transhumance pastoralism MoreThis article is an attempt to introduction and studying if dozen caves that used of them in the period of Dalma (Middle Chalcolithic). The use of caves is one of the sign of the pastoralism (both permanent and temporary), nomadism and especially transhumance pastoralism. In the base of available evidences in this study area could be posed the transhumance pastoralism strategy in the life in this period. The position of the caves and the sever accessibility of them is showed that use of this caves is probably impermanent and limited in the special season and when the nomadic pastoral have taken their flocks to the mountains. One of the property of these caves are their height, sever accessibility and narrow entrance and seems that safety (wild animal of cold temperature at night), accessibility of different pastures have been involved at the use of them. There caves include the Kona Shamsham in the highlands of Marivan county and Samangan and Koolan Gawra in the county of Divandareh in the Kurdistan province in the west of Iran that surveyed in the late archaeological investigations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - An Overview of the Chalcolithic Period in North West Iran and some Suggestions for the Basin Extends Dalma Tradition
Mohsen HeydariOne of the periods and culture in northwest of Iran which is of little attention is the period of Chalcolithic and Dalma pottery tradition. Unfortunately our information about this period is so slight and it is limited to some brief essays and reports. This pottery trad MoreOne of the periods and culture in northwest of Iran which is of little attention is the period of Chalcolithic and Dalma pottery tradition. Unfortunately our information about this period is so slight and it is limited to some brief essays and reports. This pottery tradition have relatively vast extension basin from northwest to central Zagros, and it includes painted, manipulated decoration (Incised, Impressed, Punched and Adjunct), plain pottery with red slip. It seems that painted potteries are the continuation of previous period, Hjifiruz, and potteries with manipulated decoration don’t have any record in the area and probably entered this area from another area. Unluckily, although various models and views about the extension of Dalma tradition has been presented, there is no information about how it has been extended. Has the extension of this pottery been occurred by the migrations or nomad? Has the transmission of Lightness The idea been influential in the meantime or other factors? This obscurity still remains in force because of the lack of accurate territorial and extraterritorial investigations. Manuscript profile -
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119 - The Problem of Early Bronze Age Architecture in Transcaucasia
Morteza Hessari Hassan AkbariThe archaeology of the Transcaucasus has a very close relationship with the archaeology of the Near East in all periods, especially Northwest Iran and East Turkey, which play an important role in this bilateral relationship. One of the archaeological periods of Transcau MoreThe archaeology of the Transcaucasus has a very close relationship with the archaeology of the Near East in all periods, especially Northwest Iran and East Turkey, which play an important role in this bilateral relationship. One of the archaeological periods of Transcaucasia is the Early Bronze Age culture, which has a relative chronology from the end of the 4th millennium BC to the first half of the 3rd millennium BC. In this article, we try to provide a summary about the round buildings that are characteristic of the Early Bronze Age architecture by comparing the architecture of the Shomu-Shulaveri culture and Transcaucasia Bronze Age. Manuscript profile -
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120 - Investigation and Description of Discovered Glazed Bricks from Three Season Excavations at Rabat Tepe II
Alireza Hejebri Nobari Reyhaneh AfifiRabat Tepe II is located in west Azerbaijan province and eastern side of Lower Zab river. Until now, three seasons of archeological excavation performed in this arae. The location of Rabat Tepe in south-east of Mannean domain was influenced by two powerful empires namel MoreRabat Tepe II is located in west Azerbaijan province and eastern side of Lower Zab river. Until now, three seasons of archeological excavation performed in this arae. The location of Rabat Tepe in south-east of Mannean domain was influenced by two powerful empires namely Assyrian and Urartian. The effect of these two empires to each other in one side and getting familiar with the vague points of these sovereignties in North west of Iran in an other side increase the archeological aspect of studies and research in Rabat TepeII. The result of these three seasons research is achieving to a lot of potteries, bricks and architectural documents that some of them were discovered for the first time in Northwest of Iran. Rabat tepe earthen wares found in Sardasht are almost similar to those achieved primarily from Galaichi in Bokan. These findings have important role in studying arthistic and technological contexts and help us to restudy the religious, political and social aspects of this area inhabitants. One point which increases the importance of these bricks is the existence of epigraphical clinker bricks. By translation and interpreting of these bricks the name of Mannaean gods, country and province was appeared. Undoubtedly, comprehensive recognition of discovered bricks in this site which spend its first years of excavations can be a proper basic for scientific classification of these precious findings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Analytical Study on Parthian Relics and Settlements in Abyek Foothills
Arzollah Najafi Farzad Mafi Reza AkhoundiAbyek district in Qazvin province based on It's geographical situation and natural potentials has a particular situation that understanding of it's cultural evolution and historical happenings in Parthian period assist us to better recognition of the cultural changes of MoreAbyek district in Qazvin province based on It's geographical situation and natural potentials has a particular situation that understanding of it's cultural evolution and historical happenings in Parthian period assist us to better recognition of the cultural changes of this part of Iran from 250 BC to AC 224 Archaeological survey in northern part of Abyek foothills (Ziaran, Eastern Eghbal, eastern & western Kuhpaye) Conducted in March to May. In this season of Archaeological survey find out 89 sites that among of these, 64 sites yields evidences of Parthian culture. This research reveals evidences of demographic changes and change in settlement pattern in this region at Parthian period. Further, it was indicated that the most settlements of the area consist of small villages and no evidence of urbanize centers, Also, it seems that the region's material culture in Parthian period as well as owning some of the local characteristics finally belong to cultural span of north and west of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Writing and Language in Ninth and Eighth Centuries BC in Gilan
Rasoul Bashash,KanzaqThis article has reviewed after years the previous readings of those two cylinders containing new Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions, unearthed in archaeological excavations in 1340-41by E. O. Negahban in Tepe-Marlik in Northern Province of Iran, Gilan. The both inscriptio MoreThis article has reviewed after years the previous readings of those two cylinders containing new Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions, unearthed in archaeological excavations in 1340-41by E. O. Negahban in Tepe-Marlik in Northern Province of Iran, Gilan. The both inscriptions already read by G.Cameron and I. J. Gelb, have been revised by the author, and a new reading has been suggested for the one having more words. Of course, this revision happened after the unearth of the metal Urartian bracelet in Tool-e Talesh, Malayan excavation, in1380 ,by M. R. Khalatbari and reading its Urartian inscription that, the auther decided to write this article by the up mentioned title, with regards to the extant unearthed inscribed artifacts in Gilan, belonging to the C8 and C9 BC , and also to nearly all other inscribed artifacts, relating to the mentioned period of time, including two other Urartian inscribed pieces of metal horse laces. Beside these archaeological inscribed documents, namely: Two Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions of Marlik cylinders,one urartian cuneiform inscription of Tool-e Talesh metal bracelet, and the other two Urartian inscribed pieces, the author has bored in mind the historical literature about the Indo-Iranian immigration in the early centuries of the 1st Millennium BC into Iran, and their settlements in the north and northwest of Iran, by the name of Caspies, Kadusies, Gils, Gutians, Lulubians and etc., who later, they stablished the small local kingdoms like Andiu, Manna, Parsua, Zamua , Gilzan, which at last their unions led to the foundation of Medes great government. The author at the end of article has come to this conclusion that, since from the Medians, despite their powerful empire, not a single inscription has ever been found, therefore most probably, because of lacking of writing, they also, like their united, above mentioned small kingdoms, have used the neighboring lingo-franca Aramaic or other cuneiform writings, like Assyrian or Urartian. This is what, the mentioned inscribed artifacts, based on the extant documents, which tell us how the peoples in north and northwest of Iran ,who later founded the Medes Empire, in 8th and 9th centuries B.C. were also deprived of any indigenous, and independent, writing system. Manuscript profile -
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123 - Preliminary Report on Archaeological Survey of Southern Side of Alborz Mountains at Abyek: First Season
Farzad Mafi Reza AkhoundiThe Quazvin plain along with the heights that overlook it is one of the important centers of foundation and development of human culture in Iranian Flat in different eras. The focus of archeological studies in recent decades on Quazvin plain and scientific archeological MoreThe Quazvin plain along with the heights that overlook it is one of the important centers of foundation and development of human culture in Iranian Flat in different eras. The focus of archeological studies in recent decades on Quazvin plain and scientific archeological studies in heights overlooking the plain especially southern mountainsides has made the Alborz mountains inevitable for study. In this research¸ the results from a number of archeological findings and recent studies can get a view of the position of the area in prehistoric eras¸ past history and the history of Islam. For this purpose¸ three villages, i.e. , Ziaran Estern and Western mountain sides of Abyek city and the village of Eastern Eghbal locating at the territory governed by central part of Qazvin were studied. We studied 89 archeological sites and also a considerable number of mentioned and unmentioned works including stone tools, sculpture, metal tools and so on were identified and discovered we dealt with them in this research. The results from this research reveal that with regard to 7 sites related to the period of Paleolithic which had stone tools and traces that are the characteristics of middle and new Paleolithic. We can say that in the period of Paleolithic the heights of this area were of the important habitats of people in the North of Iranian Flat. Although the identification of traces and cultural materials of the period of chalcolithic (2 cases) and the bronze age (3 case) show the continuation of living of people in the mentioned era, the identification of a great number of sites of Iron age (21cases) and Parthian (38 cases) shows the witnesses of habitats and settlement of human communities (Regarding both the quality and quantity of witnesses) from the second half of the second millennium BC until the first half of millennium A.C Forwards movement regarding the vast number of sites and areas and cultural heritage of different Islamic periods (47 cases) in the course of Islamic periods that has moved ahead. Manuscript profile -
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124 - Tepe Gavor Qaleh Si a Settlement of Kura-Aras Culture in Chaldoran, Northwest Iran
Afrasiab Gravand Akbar Abedi Gader Ebrahimi Fatemeh MalekpourTowards the end of the fourth millennium BC, a culture was formed in the Caucasus, northwest Iran and eastern Anatolia, which extended to Central Zagros, central Iran, and northern Iran, and present-day Palestine. Or the culture of Kora-Aras is famous. In this period, n MoreTowards the end of the fourth millennium BC, a culture was formed in the Caucasus, northwest Iran and eastern Anatolia, which extended to Central Zagros, central Iran, and northern Iran, and present-day Palestine. Or the culture of Kora-Aras is famous. In this period, northwestern Iran is witnessing an increase in the size of the sites, a sudden change in pottery, and also an unprecedented increase in the number of settlements, which indicates the influence of a new cultural tradition. The tradition of painted chickpea pottery of the previous period (Chalcolithic) is almost obsolete and black-gray pottery is replaced by engraved pottery. Simultaneously with the influence of Kora-Aras culture to the northwest of Iran, the Chaldoran region is also affected by the influence of Kora-Aras culture. Tepe Gavar Qalehsi is a settlement in the middle mountain plain of Chaldoran, which has evidence of Kora-Aras culture. This place, which is located 23 km northwest of Chaldoran city, was identified and examined to visit the city's monuments. The results of archaeological research indicate that this place is a single settlement that was formed in the late fourth millennium and early third millennium BC and has traces and evidence (stone architecture and gray pottery) of this cultural period. The pottery of this area has the most similarities with the pottery of Yaniq Tappeh, Kohnshahr Chaldoran, Baruj Marand, Dozdaghi Khoy, and Kol Tappeh II of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In this study, the collected pottery in the archeological study of Gavar Qaleh Si is studied and archaeological analysis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - Exploration and Comparison of Urartian Metal Findings of Northwest Iran, with Similar Exotic Case Studies
Seyed Ali Asghar Mirfatah Reza Saburi NojehdehiResearch and exploration on discovered Urartian metal findings from Iran’s ancient sites, now kept in Iran’s Archaeology museum, constitutes the main subject of the current article, in which with regard to structural techniques such as casting, moulding, bra MoreResearch and exploration on discovered Urartian metal findings from Iran’s ancient sites, now kept in Iran’s Archaeology museum, constitutes the main subject of the current article, in which with regard to structural techniques such as casting, moulding, brazing and…, metal working has been studied as one of the most distinguishing artistic and industrial elements of the first millenniums BC civilization. As a result of the research and comparison of applied techniques on mentioned findings, it turns out that Urartian metalworking in Anatolia territory-backed by thousand years experiments of craftsmen of this land-had reached its peak and was carried out with great dexterity, especially in the context of casting of delicate objects such as arrow heads and safety pins with a chain. After arriving in Northwest Iran this art was influenced by technical and artistic experiments of northwest metal working, although, regarding structure and from, metal productions of Northwest Iran were exactly similar to Anatoli samples some artistic and industrial elements of Northwest Iran metalworking had appeared in them. Further, Northwest Iran metalworkers following Urartian industrial techniques and forms had applied their local techniques and experiments in producing metal products. Meanwhile, some Urartian metalwork were imported products. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Investigating the Evolution of Spatial Structure Patterns of Migration in West-Azerbaijan Province
Hashem Dadashpoor Nasim Ghasemi -
Open Access Article
127 - West and modernity in terms of Mirza Malkam Khan
Amin Deilami Moezzi Habibollah Abolhasan ShiraziMalkam Khan's thinking was based on the principles on which the spread of Western civilization around the world is not only a matter of history, but also a transformation of the conditions of the evolution of social life and the cause of human happiness and prosperity. MoreMalkam Khan's thinking was based on the principles on which the spread of Western civilization around the world is not only a matter of history, but also a transformation of the conditions of the evolution of social life and the cause of human happiness and prosperity. Therefore, the condition of wisdom from his point of view is to accept the ritual of European civilization from heart and soul, and to develop our thinking for the evolution of history and the spirit of time. For this reason, he calls for fundamental reform in the apparatus of the Supreme Court, with the help of Western science and principles, which makes it a prerequisite for other developments. Against Islamists, there were Western-oriented intellectuals who were fascinated west and Western values, law and customary rule as well as separation of religion and politics, etc. This stream, which constituted a broad spectrum, suggested that Iran-Western prosperity is all about being Westernized by comparing and measuring Iran-West. People like Mirza Malkam Khan, who were directly incompatible with Islam, believed that people should be thoroughly westernized. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - Explaining the state of medical science and medicine in the Islamic world of the Abbasid era (132-656 AH) and the ways of transferring it to the West (Europe)
Batool Rabiei Boshra Delrish Elham Malekzadeh Koorosh FathiAs it stands today, medical science did not grow and develop overnight. This science has been formed due to the efforts of millions of people throughout the history of mankind. Meanwhile, the fact is that one of the standard bearers of this sacred responsibility (medica MoreAs it stands today, medical science did not grow and develop overnight. This science has been formed due to the efforts of millions of people throughout the history of mankind. Meanwhile, the fact is that one of the standard bearers of this sacred responsibility (medical sciences) are Muslims. Muslims, during the Abbasid era, have developed this science more than any other civilization. Therefore, in this article, an attempt has been made to highlight the fact that the Renaissance of Europe is partly indebted to the inventions and discoveries of Islamic medicine of the Abbasid period, and the ways of transferring this science from the East to the West are documentedIn the upcoming research, in order to explain and analyze the progress of medical knowledge in the Abbasid era and the ways of its transfer to the West, the "diffusion theory" is used as the theoretical framework of the work. Based on this, the influential origin in the field of medical knowledge of the Islamic world in the Abbasid era is taken into account, and the influential destination is the Western civilization, and the ways and channels of transmission are mentioned along with its obstacles. The findings of the research show that medical knowledge was one of the first sciences that the Islamic world learned based on the medical data of Iran, India and Greece, and then developed it in the best possible way and spread it to other societies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - The position of Zoroaster’s religion among Achaemenid and their western satraps
ali akbar shahbadiReligiously, Iran in the Achaemenid period had Religious tolerance was manifested. At that time massacre and destruction were Assyrian kings honor, Achaemenid kings presented friendship and attention to human, to world, what related to their beliefs. Achaemenid inscrip MoreReligiously, Iran in the Achaemenid period had Religious tolerance was manifested. At that time massacre and destruction were Assyrian kings honor, Achaemenid kings presented friendship and attention to human, to world, what related to their beliefs. Achaemenid inscription have explained events more, but they have not paid attention to common ordinary ceremonies and believe of Iranian and Achaemenid western satraps. So whit researches based on survey of historical sources and reports of ancient historian, the Zoroastrian position would be clarified among Achaemenid and their western satraps approximately. The findings of researches shows western satraps worshiped three essential Gods of the Avesta, Ahuramazda, Nāhīd and Mehr for the reason of being in harmony with their past Gods, having with political power and religious for bearance. Achaemenid religion has been studied by scholars in religion and history of Ancient Iran in plenty, but it has paid the fewer attention to the analysis of religious Position of western satraps in viewpoint of zoroastrian. This article dose research about religious system of the Achaemenid Empire with laying emphasis on Zoroastrian and its position in western satraps. In this way. It has been used of documents, remained sources and historical research methodology. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Medicine in Qajar Iran Based on Western Travelers Itineraries
mohammad tayebi hamid kavyaniBased on western travellersitineraries, Iranian physicians of 19th century all diseases, medications and nourishments into four groups of Sanguine, Choleric, Melancholic and Phlegmatic and superstition was ruling over the realm of disease causes and their treatment. The MoreBased on western travellersitineraries, Iranian physicians of 19th century all diseases, medications and nourishments into four groups of Sanguine, Choleric, Melancholic and Phlegmatic and superstition was ruling over the realm of disease causes and their treatment. They thought that magic and charm could be of more benefit in disease prevention than clever care. However, setting aside the unaware and untrained pseudo-physicians, it is to be noted that there were physicians all around Qajar Iran who had been attending to scientific methods of medicine education and had gone so much further than their own time but lack of supervision over physicians’ activities, unaccounted entry of greedy people into the realm of medicine, and disappearance of specialization in treatment led the medicine science to superstition and being unscientific and left the scientific medicine in a weak and helpless position. The superstitious and reactionary ideas about Iranian medicine and treatment methods are cited in this research to show the general condition of Iranian physicians and medicine during Qajar era so that we could find out the why and how of regression in medicine and treatment methods of Iranian during the said era and its lagging behind the modern medicine. Therefore, through a comparative method and comparing the existing sources this research aimed to reflect the reality of medicine in Qajar Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Silk Route, and the function of Iran as communicative highway between east and west
mohammad taghi fazeliIf the communication between people and thinkful flow ,artistic ,ceremonies, religious were actually culture transference by goods. Surely ,Iranians would have a particulare rolle in this cultural herritages transfer such as partians, Babylonian, sogdian, khotania MoreIf the communication between people and thinkful flow ,artistic ,ceremonies, religious were actually culture transference by goods. Surely ,Iranians would have a particulare rolle in this cultural herritages transfer such as partians, Babylonian, sogdian, khotanian, khowarazmian, have a big share in this transfer. Immigrants ,Businessmen, religious missioners, travel through the central Asia and they were the agent for transferring their material ,cultural, religious outputs that they sometimes were confronted with the attack of tribes as Hunian, Heftalit, Hayatale, Turkeys, and Mongols. Some of them were attracted by theirselves. Through this adventurous silk of route was that differences religious as buddhism, Tao, Mani, Christians ,Islam, reached to china. In fact, China,India, Iran, as the important and effective agent have been created and linked with national culture in this strategic route .Surely, the emergence of the kushanians civilization ever in south and east of Afganistan and in north of Indian subcontinent contributed in combination of the Iranian and Indian and Greeks culture. The silk route of in the old period was an economical ,cultural subject that has been added their economical ,cultural function because of spreading communications and transportation .Silk Production in china in old ages were enumerated an important and industrial secrets and and trade and Business. Transportation of this goods from china to region Meditranian sea were through different routes. One of these important routes were the best-known an Achemenid Royal route that was a big and royal route .This route formed after west part of this big silk route. Development of the trade exchanges made extend communications between differences tribes. At 2 century B.C. has been developed trade relations between east and west and luxury things. Silk route was the main factor of the commercial and economical exchanges and transmitting of knowledges and advanced civilization between west and east of the world. Transmitting of knowledge appeared before the industrial revolution in Europe from east to west gradually fom west to east. It maybe accomplished a kind of interchange because of the economical ,scientific, technical developments in the east of Asia that we will witness in future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - West and modernity in terms of Mirza Malkam Khan
amin d.moezi habiballah a.shirazi کاظم جلالی فرهاد سجادیMalkam Khan's thinking was based on the principles on which the spread of Western civilization around the world is not only a matter of history, but also a transformation of the conditions of the evolution of social life and the cause of human happiness and prosperity. MoreMalkam Khan's thinking was based on the principles on which the spread of Western civilization around the world is not only a matter of history, but also a transformation of the conditions of the evolution of social life and the cause of human happiness and prosperity. Therefore, the condition of wisdom from his point of view is to accept the ritual of European civilization from heart and soul, and to develop our thinking for the evolution of history and the spirit of time. For this reason, he calls for fundamental reform in the apparatus of the Supreme Court, with the help of Western science and principles, which makes it a prerequisite for other developments. Against Islamists, there were Western-oriented intellectuals who were fascinated west and Western values, law and customary rule as well as separation of religion and politics, etc. This stream, which constituted a broad spectrum, suggested that Iran-Western prosperity is all about being Westernized by comparing and measuring Iran-West. People like Mirza Malkam Khan, who were directly incompatible with Islam, believed that people should be thoroughly westernized. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - An analysis on the background of formation and growth of Salafism and its reflection in the Islamic World
davood mirzaei Mahdi Javdani Moqaddam Reza ParizadSalafism and neo-Salafism as a historical phenomenon in the Islamic world, in the last three decades, with the formation and intensification of the activities of Salafist groups, has become more prominent. This article tries to address the main question, what are the ro MoreSalafism and neo-Salafism as a historical phenomenon in the Islamic world, in the last three decades, with the formation and intensification of the activities of Salafist groups, has become more prominent. This article tries to address the main question, what are the roots and historical contexts of the formation and growth of Salafism and its reflection in the Islamic world, especially in the recent crises in West Asia? The hypothesis of this research, by using a descriptive-analytical method, show that the rise and spread of Salafism is the product of a multidimensional and deep phenomenon of identity and politics as a subjective construct that is in dialectic with the objective realities of Islamic states and the interventions of the great powers has added to its complexity and breadth and fueled the differences and divergences among Islamic religions and states, especially in the last two decades in West Asia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - The political and security approach of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the West Asian region
safar alirezaei Bashir Ismaili Gonharani Esmaeil shafiee SarvestaniWest Asia is undergoing major developments; several great revolutions have taken place in the region in the past few years, and on the other hand, war, terrorism, and the widespread involvement of international powers in it have severely challenged the independence and MoreWest Asia is undergoing major developments; several great revolutions have taken place in the region in the past few years, and on the other hand, war, terrorism, and the widespread involvement of international powers in it have severely challenged the independence and territorial integrity of the region and West Asia in full swing. Be inflammatory. The purpose of this article is to examine the political and security approach of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the crisis in the West Asian region. This article has studied this issue by collecting data through library study and citation. The purpose of national security policies is to protect the national interest, the status quo, the survival of the country and the like. The results show that in order to succeed in its international interactions in the West Asian region, both in the field of defense and in the field of foreign policy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - A Comparative Study of the Relationship between Knowledge and Power in the Thoughts of Philosophers in the West of Islamic Civilization (Ibn Bâjja, Ibn Tufail, Ibn Rushd)
Garineh Keshishyan Siraki Mahdi Ahmadi Garineh Keshishyan Siraki[1] Mahdi Ahmadi[2] Abstract: The role of political thinkers and political philosophers in the West of Islamic civilization in its socio-political origin, despite the disorders of that era, has special credibi More Garineh Keshishyan Siraki[1] Mahdi Ahmadi[2] Abstract: The role of political thinkers and political philosophers in the West of Islamic civilization in its socio-political origin, despite the disorders of that era, has special credibility in the formation of political knowledge. Political philosophy and its role and relationship with the production of thought, knowledge, its impact and effectiveness on the political structure of Muslim societies in the West of Islamic civilization should be seen in the special view of Ibn Bajah in his work "Tadbir al-Mutawahid", Ibn Tufail in the sample of "Hayy Ibn Yaqzan" and Ibn Rushd searched philosophy with his methodology. Using a comparative method, in this paper, we have studied the relationship between knowledge and power in the minds of the above thinkers. The results of the paper were based on the precedence of knowledge over power in the thoughts of Ibn Bajah and Ibn Tufail. By supplementing the shortcomings in their philosophical concepts by confirming of Sharia and philosophy, Ibn Rushd emphasizes the special position of the philosopher in his desired political structure and the preference of the philosopher over the jurist in this structure. [1] - Assistant Professor ,Department of political science , South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran [2] - M A, Department of Political Science, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - Regional Security Order in Its Postwar Period and the Position of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran
farzad navidi nia Mahnaz Goodarzi Seyed Javad Emam Jomezzadehfarzad navidi nia[1] Mahnaz Goodarzi[2] Seyed Javad Emam Jomezzadeh[3] Abstract: The Middle East is a full of tension area. The existence of despotic governments and relatively stable dictatorships has at least been governed by a threat balanced, state-owned security st Morefarzad navidi nia[1] Mahnaz Goodarzi[2] Seyed Javad Emam Jomezzadeh[3] Abstract: The Middle East is a full of tension area. The existence of despotic governments and relatively stable dictatorships has at least been governed by a threat balanced, state-owned security structure as part of the essence of the region. The rise of religious terrorism, extremism, and in particular its spread to al-Qaeda and Taliban groups and in the current era of ISIS, has gradually diminished this state-owned Westphalian order. In this article, the structure of the regional order of this part of the world in the post-war period and the situation of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic is examined. Given the realistic approach, the main claim of this article is that ISIS in the context of terror assimilation has transformed the pattern of balance of power into unstable patterns. Thus, in the post-war period, regional governments will experience close relations to strengthen their desired security order. This article is a library-based descriptive method. [1]- PhD Student of International Relations, Isfahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran [2]- Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Isfahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran:Corresponding Author [3]-Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - A Comparative Study of Management in Islam and the West in the Area of Management Process
saeideh Lotfipour Hasan Rangriz Mehdi SadegiThis paper tries to compare Islam and the West in the area of management process. It is a practical research carried out in 1394(2015) and a descriptive-survey in terms of method and nature which attempts to offer various aspects of Islam's impacts on management. The po MoreThis paper tries to compare Islam and the West in the area of management process. It is a practical research carried out in 1394(2015) and a descriptive-survey in terms of method and nature which attempts to offer various aspects of Islam's impacts on management. The population of the investigation is 140 administrators and faculty members and 93 seminary leaders and students of Kermanshah city. Sampling was calculated by Cochran’s formula and the number of samples in the academic and seminary communities were selected as 103, and 75 individuals, respectively. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire of 38 items with 5 degree responses based on Likert scale. Its validity was approved by experts and its reliability proved to be 0.869 by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The information was analyzed by SPSS using the Mann-Whitney U test. The results show that the importance of management factors has also been presented in Islam and the West. The results suggest that management in Islam has fundamental differences with the management in the West in terms of effective characteristics of nature, foundation principles and objectives. They have different procedures in planning, organizing, leadership, decision-making, control and coordination as the main management factors. Furthermore, as the difference in methodology for planning and coordination components was minimal, it has been ignored and it is referred as similarity. The result of the library research is presented in a table applying the studies on the provided subject representing the differences among experts’ opinion about management in Islam and the West. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Evaluation of the influential components of western architectural culture in the modern era on the physical and decorative structure of the Qajar period gardens of Shiraz.
fatemeh nekooeimehr hossein soltanzadeh shervin mirshahzadehDuring the Qajar period, due to Iran's relationship with other countries and the changes that occurred in the cultural and political fields, differences were also created in the thoughts, trends and styles of Iranian art and architecture. These effects, which were mostl MoreDuring the Qajar period, due to Iran's relationship with other countries and the changes that occurred in the cultural and political fields, differences were also created in the thoughts, trends and styles of Iranian art and architecture. These effects, which were mostly seen in the residential buildings of the nobility, have occurred in all the building components from the body to the decorations. This influence was to such an extent that at the end of the Nasrid period, the architectural style of the buildings was a fusion of the traditional architecture of Iran and the West. Therefore, the question is raised, what components of western culture and architecture have influenced the physical and decorative structure of the Qajar period garden mansion in Shiraz? Therefore, in the conducted research, it is tried to investigate the influence of Western architectural art and culture on them by examining the physical and decorative features of the Qajar era gardens in Shiraz city. The combined research design used in this research is the type of alignment design and convergent model. In the qualitative part, a case study Chaharbagh mansions related to the Qajar era in Shiraz city (Eram Bagh mansion, Afifabad Bagh mansion, Narenjestan Qavam Bagh mansion and Manshibashi Bagh mansion) has been done. The relevant data were collected through the researcher's visit and observation of the structures and the registration physical and decorative features in accordance with the research question. The analysis the findings showed that in decoration component, the results qualitative and quantitative findings support each other and show that the elements of western architecture are widely used in the decorative components of these buildings. At the same time, regarding the physical component, although the qualitative findings show the significant presence of western elements in the physical architecture of these buildings, according to the respondents, western architectural elements were seen to some extent in the volume composition and elements of these buildings, but they do not have a strong presence the body of the buildings compared to the decoration components. .As mentioned earlier, the art and architecture of the Qajar era, affected by the currents modernism and the changes and developments of modernism and westernism, took on a new shape and color, and the achievements the modern era can be clearly seen in the buildings and mansions this era. to be Although the Qajar architecture is derived from the traditional architecture of Iran, especially the architecture of the Safavid and Zandiya eras, but at the end of the Qajar era, the elements western architecture can be seen in all parts of the building, especially in the appearance of the building and decorations. Even the use of new materials that were used in Europe were also used abundantly in the buildings of this period.As seen in the theoretical foundations of the research, the art and architecture of the Qajar era was influenced by the art and architecture of the West and European countries, and the trends of the modernity and developments that were the results of the Western modernity era entered Iran in different ways during this period. The art and architecture of this era had an impact. These effects can be seen in the aristocratic houses and mansions built in the big cities of Iran such as Shiraz. In this research, the effects of western art and architecture were investigated in two areas, physical and decorative, in four mansions of Bagh Eshrafi in Shiraz city. First, it was found that physical factors such as extroversion, columns, capitals, and long and wide porches are among the western elements in the examined buildings, but almost all the decorative elements in the buildings are influenced by western art and architecture. They are combined with Iranian decorations.Therefore, according to the examination of the studied samples and the issues raised, it can be said about the influence of Western art and architecture on the architecture of the Qajar period mansions that the mansions built in the city of Shiraz during the Qajar era can be the most He observed the influence of western patterns, especially in the decoration of buildings, and it was such that the closer to the end of this era, the buildings were more oriented towards western architecture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Evaluation on Morphological Characters of European Mole cricket, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (Orth.: Gryllotalpidae) in the North-west of Iran
M.H. Kazemi Sh. Jafari H.A. Lotfalizadeh M. Mashhadi-JafarlooThe European mole cricket is considered to be of the most important insect pests of Iran, especially in Azerbaijan province. Its damage in some area economically is very high. In this study, morphological characteristics, including the length of various parts of the pes MoreThe European mole cricket is considered to be of the most important insect pests of Iran, especially in Azerbaijan province. Its damage in some area economically is very high. In this study, morphological characteristics, including the length of various parts of the pest body, were evaluated. Analyzing of the size of fore and hind wings results of the adults in this species, showed that there were seasonal dimorphism as long-winged (L.W.) and short-winged (S.W.) among the insects. Based on the literature available seasonal dimorphism in this species is the first report in the world, and probably each morph of this species is various in different both in the biology and behavior. Sexual dimorphism can be distinguished by study pattern of venation in the forewings of sexes. One of the important characteristics in distinguishing mole cricket species is arrangement spines in the fore and hind tibia where their numbers and sizes of these spines in various species are different. The fore tibia of insect has four wide and strong dactyls in its apex, but lateral margin of the hind tibia armed with five sharp spines with seven spines at the end of its tibia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Effectiveness of Agricultural Advisory Services Given to Wheat Farmers through Wheat Farm Monitor Specialists in West Azerbaijan Province
S. Rasouli azar S. Feli Gh. Pezeshki-RadThe purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of agricultural advisory services given to wheat farmers through "monitor specialists" of wheat based on farmer's knowledge، skills and attitude toward service given by the specialists to the farmers. The resear MoreThe purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of agricultural advisory services given to wheat farmers through "monitor specialists" of wheat based on farmer's knowledge، skills and attitude toward service given by the specialists to the farmers. The research instrument was structural questionnaire with close-ended questions، where their validity and reliability were confirmed. The target population of this study consisted of all wheat farmers who participated in wheat plan in West Azerbaijan province (N=6293). According to Krejcie and Morgan research's table، a number of 362 people were selected by using statistical sampling in a stratified and cluster randomization methods. Finally 326 questionnaires were filled out and analyzed (n=326). The results of correlation tests and multivariate regression showed that delivered agricultural advisory services delivered to wheat farmers of West Azerbaijan province through wheat monitor specialists to wheat the farmers were effective. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Communication and social factors affecting the consumption of smuggled cosmetics and health products (Case study: citizens over 15 years of age in West Azerbaijan province)
Mina Abdolalizadeh Torkamani Bita Shahmansoory Robabeh PourjebeliThe spread of consumption in the world today has gone so far that today it is considered an indicator of lifestyle and even some consider modern life without consumption meaningless. In this regard, since the consumption of smuggled cosmetics in West Azerbaijan province MoreThe spread of consumption in the world today has gone so far that today it is considered an indicator of lifestyle and even some consider modern life without consumption meaningless. In this regard, since the consumption of smuggled cosmetics in West Azerbaijan province has an increasing trend, so in this study, the communication and social determinants affecting the consumption of smuggled cosmetics in West Azerbaijan province are investigated. The research method is survey and the statistical population includes citizens over 15 years of age in West Azerbaijan province, 674 of whom have been selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS and Lisrel software. The results showed that the consumption of smuggled health and beauty products is more than average among the respondents and the use of domestic media is less than average and the use of foreign and virtual media is above average. The results of explanatory analyzes in the quantitative phase of the research showed that the variables of gender (in favor of women), socio-economic status (in a positive direction), rate of use of internal media (in a negative direction), rate of use of external media (in a positive direction), The use of virtual media (in a positive direction), health literacy (in a negative direction) and differentiation (in a positive direction) have a significant impact on the consumption of smuggled cosmetics and cosmetics. Explain that the impact of foreign and virtual media is greater than other variables. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - A Survey of social, economic and psychological consequences among earthquake victims in the western part of Kermanshah
Sima Parshoo Seyed naser Hejazi Asghar MohamadiThis Earthquake is one of the phenomena that, when it occurs, the society faces many dangers and disturbances. Iran is one of the countries that faces numerous and large faults in its wide area. This research was carried out with a sociological approach, with the aim of MoreThis Earthquake is one of the phenomena that, when it occurs, the society faces many dangers and disturbances. Iran is one of the countries that faces numerous and large faults in its wide area. This research was carried out with a sociological approach, with the aim of investigating the social, economic and psychological consequences of the survivors of the West Kermanshah earthquake and with the survey method. The statistical population includes all people over the age of 18 in the cities of Sarpol Zahab and Salas Babajani. Cochran's formula was used to determine the statistical sample (600 people), and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect information. Data analysis was also done using PLS and SPSS statistical software in two parts, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The findings showed that the occurrence of an earthquake on all research variables with (sig=0.001) at the alpha level of 0.05 on the sense of social security, social responsibility, adaptability of citizens, social solidarity with others, determinism, sense of economic security, Job changes, mental health, resilience and duty-oriented towards God have an effect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Professional ethics and its relationship with organizational culture among Department of Culture and Islamic Ershad of West Azerbaijan employees
Roshan Soleymanzadeh Firouz RadProfessional ethics and organizational culture is one of the fundamental problems of all human societies. The concept of professional ethics and its relationship with organizational culture is one of the key topics discussed today by scholars in various fields such as s MoreProfessional ethics and organizational culture is one of the fundamental problems of all human societies. The concept of professional ethics and its relationship with organizational culture is one of the key topics discussed today by scholars in various fields such as sociology of organizations. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the level of adherence to professional ethics with the organizational culture among the employees of the Department of Culture and Islamic Ershad of West Azerbaijan(2014-2015),using survey and descriptive-correlative method. Statistical population includes all employees in West Azerbaijan Culture and Islamic Ershad (135). To collect the required information two questionnaires of “professional ethics of Kadvazier model” and “organizational culture model of Stephen Robbins” was used based on Likert scale. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were ×/84 &×/89 respectively. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software and the hypotheses tested using two techniques of coefficient correlation and variance analysis. The results showed that, there is a positive relationship between organizational culture and professional ethics. This means that by increasing the professional ethics of employees in organizations, organizational culture increase in general. It can be concluded that, the employees professional ethics with an average of 65.05 from expected average of 48 is in high level and their organizational culture with an average of 118.18 from expected average of 111is in medium. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Sociological Study of Tendency toward Western Values Emphasizing on the Degree andKind of Internet Social Networks(Case Study of Young People in Khalkhal)
Behrad Bakhtiari Eghbaleh AzizkhaniThe present research was conducted to sociologically study the tendency toward western values emphasizing on the degree and kind of use of internet social networks by young people in Khalkhal. Ball Wreckage and DE flour’s Dependency theory, Castells’ Network MoreThe present research was conducted to sociologically study the tendency toward western values emphasizing on the degree and kind of use of internet social networks by young people in Khalkhal. Ball Wreckage and DE flour’s Dependency theory, Castells’ Network Society and Stewart Hall’s Coding and Decoding pattern were used as theoretical basis for this research; on which the hypotheses of research were formed. The hypotheses consisted of the impact of degree and kind of use of internet social networks on the tendency toward individualism, materialism, looseness of religious values and tendency toward western lifestyle.The research method is survey and a researcher-made questionnaire is used to collect data. The statistical population consisted of Iranian members of internet social network, and the sample was 300 active and on-line members of Facebook who were selected by immediate and nonprobable sampling method. The results indicate that, there is a meaningful relationship between degree and kind of use of internet social networks and tendency toward individualism, materialism, looseness of religious values, and western lifestyle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - The Role of Qassem Soleimani's "Proxy Resistance" Strategy in the Withdrawal of Military Forces America from the Region
Morteza Mahmoudvand Kayhan Barzgar Ibrahim MottaghiThis article investigates that how the “proxy resistance” strategy of Major General Qasem Soleimani has led to the weakening of the U.S. oriented political-security trends, ultimately providing the grounds for the gradual withdrawal of U.S. military forces f MoreThis article investigates that how the “proxy resistance” strategy of Major General Qasem Soleimani has led to the weakening of the U.S. oriented political-security trends, ultimately providing the grounds for the gradual withdrawal of U.S. military forces from the areas of the axis of resistance. The hypothesis of this article is that with creation of a network of Iran’s friendly militia forces in the region and their overt and covert operations against the U.S. traditional hegemonic trend, commander Soleimani was able to heighten the costs of the direct presence American forces on the grounds in the West Asia region. Indeed, the U.S. inability to manage the regional crises in the post-conflict situation and its failure in the designated state-building projects has caused the weakening of U.S. role in the crises field of the region. This geopolitical development, has led to the inefficacy of the U.S. traditional role and influence over regional political groups in forming and continuing coalitional governments, subsequently providing the opportunity for opposing with the U.S. military presence in the host countries. To examine this hypothesis, the authors apply the defensive realism theory that considers the countries’ reaction to the threat in time of crisis based on increasing their relative security. The authors use historical-analytical method to conduct this research. Field and qualitative observations have also impacted the degree of authors’ understanding of this concept. In the end, this article concludes that the proxy resistance strategy of general Soleimani has weakened the position of the U.S. in world politics and before its regional allies, and this development has enhanced the regionalism trend in the West Asia region in favor of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Cultural diplomacy in the intellectual system and practical life of Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei; Case study of letters to Western youth
aliasghar jafariCultural diplomacy is now accepted as a fundamental and influential principle in the field of international relations, and world politicians see the way out of human problems as the rule of culture in international relations. Referring to the intellectual-ideological sy MoreCultural diplomacy is now accepted as a fundamental and influential principle in the field of international relations, and world politicians see the way out of human problems as the rule of culture in international relations. Referring to the intellectual-ideological system and the practical life of the Supreme Leader of the Revolution Ayatollah Khamenei, it can be seen that his emphasis and priority in three areas, namely, reference, nature and addressee of diplomacy, in a positive way, means actions to be taken by institutions. It should be done by the people and the domestic government, and in its negative aspect, that is, resistance against the destructive actions taken by the enemy, it is based on the elements of soft power, which is the basis of action in cultural diplomacy. As the culmination of the Supreme Leader's belief in the importance of cultural diplomacy in his letter to Western youth in 1393 and 1394 and also the message to the French youth after the terrorist attacks in Europe and the growing color of Islamophobia project by Western powers . Therefore, the main question of the present study, which was written using a descriptive-analytical method, is: "How are these letters and messages in the direction and process of cultural diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran?" And why these letters were written, who the audience was and are, what goals it pursues and pursues, and how it leads to the strengthening of the cultural diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - The report of Garra rufa on Zab River of west Azarbaijan and its importance in human health
میریوسف یحیی زاده مسعود صیدگر صابر شیری ژاله علیزاده اوصالوThe family Cyprinidae is the largest family of freshwater fishes of Iranian rivers originated from Meddle East Rivers. Garra rufa is one of nearly 100 species of Garra genus and is one of the smallest members of Cyprinidae. This study was carried out to determine the oc MoreThe family Cyprinidae is the largest family of freshwater fishes of Iranian rivers originated from Meddle East Rivers. Garra rufa is one of nearly 100 species of Garra genus and is one of the smallest members of Cyprinidae. This study was carried out to determine the occurrence and identification of G. rufa in Zab river, West Azarbaijan of Iran during different seasons of the year 2010, capturing and sampling from different parts of Zab river using electro shocker and performing biometry. From 50 studied samples, the maximum, minimum and mean (±SD) total length were 162, 37 and 114.9±11.9 mm and the maximum, minimum and mean (±SD) weight were 58.1, 0.6 and 25.74±27.8g, respectively. The fish has health care value and it is important to maintain its stock reserves. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Histamine determination in Koopeh cheese in West-Azerbaijan province by HPLC
S.M Razavi Rohani حسن Hassanzadazar جواد Aliakbarlu Histamine as a primary heterocyclic amine has an important role in human physiology particularly in nervous system as a chemical mediator and neurotransmitter that was found in many foods such as cheese, milk, meat, fish, beer, wine and vegetables. Increasi More Histamine as a primary heterocyclic amine has an important role in human physiology particularly in nervous system as a chemical mediator and neurotransmitter that was found in many foods such as cheese, milk, meat, fish, beer, wine and vegetables. Increasing of histamine concentration in foods is often related to low quality of raw materials, contamination, improper food processing or storage. Therefore, the amount of histamine content is used as a good indicator of hygienic quality in foods and the degree of freshness or spoilage of foods. Histamine can cause symptoms in sensitive consumers such as: redness of face, sweating, palpitations, headache, oral burning and bright red rashes. Cheese provides an ideal environment for the production of proteolytic releases of free amino acids and biogenic amines such as histamine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of histamine in Koopeh cheese as one of the most popular types of traditional cheeses made from raw sheep milk or sometimes cow milk in West-Azerbaijan province, Iran. Experiments conducted by HPLC method on 70 samples of traditional Koopeh cheese revealed that the least amount of histamine was 2.43 ppm and the highest value was estimated at 1102.24 ppm. The average amount of histamine in cheese samples was 304.23 ± 150.89 ppm. Histamine production in cheese and other foods is based on the presence and growth of decarboxylase-positive microorganisms. Therefore, providing guidelines that reduce the population of these types of microorganisms will be effective on decreasing the amount of biogenic amines and histamine in particular. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Detection of Theileria orientalis infection in indigenous buffaloes of West Azarbaijan province using molecular and microscopic tests
Babak Narimani Nasser Hoghooghirad Parviz Shayan Sadegh Rahbari Kasra Esmaeil-NiaThe causative agent of bovine theileriosis is obligatory intracellular protozoa called T. annulata which results in severe anemia, severe pulmonary edema and rapid death in non-native animals. The present study was aimed to detect the current state of Theileria infectio MoreThe causative agent of bovine theileriosis is obligatory intracellular protozoa called T. annulata which results in severe anemia, severe pulmonary edema and rapid death in non-native animals. The present study was aimed to detect the current state of Theileria infection in indigenous buffaloes and its association with environmental factors in four cities of West Azarbaijan province using microscopic tests (blood smear evaluation) and molecular assays. Blood samples were randomly collected from 291 buffaloes in the region, during March to July 2014. Direct and semi-nested PCR techniques were used to detect DNA of Theileria spp. using specific pair primer 18SrRNA. In the microscopic assay method, presence of this parasite in four (1.37%) buffaloes was approved. The molecular assays revealed that 4 out of 291 animals (1.37%) were infected by T. annulata. Also the present study showed that two female adult buffaloes (0.68%) were simultaneously infected by T. annulata and T. orientalis. Apparent and real prevalence of infection of buffaloes to T. annulata in the molecular method were 1.37 and 1 percent respectively. The chance of infection by T. annulata and T. orientalis were equal. Molecular prevalence of T. annulata in Urmia and Salmas were 2.2 and 2.3 percent respectively (p < /em><0.05). Molecular prevalence of T. orientalisin Urmia was 2.2%. This is the first study to indicate the presence of infection with T. orientalis in indigenous buffaloes of Urmia city in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Identification and determination of prevalence of saprophytic fungi in the larval stage of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in hatcheries of west Azarbaijan province
Elnaz Ghorbani Dariush AzadikhahIdentification and epidemiological survey of fungal infections at the hatcheries has great importance for prevention of mortalities and subsequent economic losses. In this survey, 5 rainbow trout hatcheries in west Azarbaijan province were investigated. Sample collectio MoreIdentification and epidemiological survey of fungal infections at the hatcheries has great importance for prevention of mortalities and subsequent economic losses. In this survey, 5 rainbow trout hatcheries in west Azarbaijan province were investigated. Sample collection was conducted according to standards of Iranianveterinary organization. Water quality of the hatcheries was investigated as well. SDA (sabouraud dextrose agar) medium was used for fungal culture and identification of fungal type was based on microscopic examination of fungal reproductive organs. Four different genera of saprophytic fungi consisting of Saprolegnia sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp. and Achyla sp. were isolated from the 5 studied hatcheries. The genus Saprolegnia with 7.8±1.48% infection rate and Achyla with 0.8±0.83% infection rate had the highest and lowest prevalence respectively. Based on the results of this study, the sanitary conditions in hatcheries of west Azarbaijan province are not ideal with respect to fungal infections. Water quality of the hatcheries was acceptable therefore fungal infections are probably not associated with the water quality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - Prevalence and risk factors of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina infection in cattle in northwestern Iran
Rahim Ghadimipour Vahid Noaman Morteza taghizadehThis study was designed to investigate the epidemiological distribution of B. bovis and B. bigemina using molecular method and related risk factors in a number of cattle in northwestern Iran. For this purpose, 153 blood samples were randomly collected in the East and We MoreThis study was designed to investigate the epidemiological distribution of B. bovis and B. bigemina using molecular method and related risk factors in a number of cattle in northwestern Iran. For this purpose, 153 blood samples were randomly collected in the East and West Azarbaijan provinces. The extracted DNA from blood cells was analyzed using a set of primers derived from the 18s rRNA gene for members of the genera Babesia by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A semi-nested PCR technique was used for the identification of B. bovis and B. bigemina species. Based on the results of the present study, out of 153 blood samples, 39 (25.49%) were infected with a species of Babesia protozoan parasite, one of which was simultaneously infected with both Babesia species, and B. bovis and B. bigemina were detected in 38 (97.43 %) and 2 (5.12 %) samples, respectively. Our findings showed a high prevalence of B. bovis in comparison with B. bigemina in the animals (24.83% vs. 1.30%). In present research, the prevalence of Babesia species in West Azarbaijan province was significantly higher than that in East Azarbaijan (70% vs. 30%). Risk factors analysis revealed that although statistically significant differences in the prevalence of the Babesiosis were observed based on climate, season, flock management, feeding and race (p < 0.05) but the effect of age, gender, and tick burden was not statistically significant. Our data provide valuable information regarding the epidemiology of B. ­bovis and B. ­bigemina infection in cattle in northwestern Iran which will likely be very beneficial for the management and control programs of the disease. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - Evaluating the antibiotic resistance pattern of Salmonella isolated from a number of laying poultry flocks in the northwest of the country during 2021 and investigating its relationship with the performance of the mentioned farms
Zahra Mahdavi Adel Feizi younes anzabiInfection with the Salmonella genus of bacteria causes chronic and acute diseases in poultry leading to significant economic losses to the poultry industry. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern of Salmonella serotypes isolated f MoreInfection with the Salmonella genus of bacteria causes chronic and acute diseases in poultry leading to significant economic losses to the poultry industry. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern of Salmonella serotypes isolated from a number of laying poultry flocks in the northwest of the country and to investigate its relationship with the performance of those farms. Eighty samples were taken from 20 flocks suspected of salmonellosis .The samples were cultured in selective and differential cultures of Salmonella. After isolation of Salmonella serotypes, the antibiogram test was performed to determine the antibiotic sensitivity. In order to check the performance of suspicious flocks, the history of the flock was obtained and the amount of mortality and production drop was calculated by statistical methods.The results indicated that 40% of the flocks were positive in terms of the presence of Salmonella, with 30% of the flocks affected by Salmonella gallinarum, 5% by Salmonella enteritidis, and 5% by concurrent presence of both Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella gallinarum. The highest antibiotic sensitivity of Salmonella serotypes was recorded from fosfomycin and danofloxacin with a frequency of 100% and soltrim with a frequency of 78.6%. The highest antibiotic resistance was observed against erythromycin with a frequency of 75% and chlortetracycline with a frequency of 53.6%. Based on the results, there was a statistically significant difference in the amount of flock mortality and production drop between Salmonella negative and Salmonella positive herds (p<0.05). Also, more vigilant use of antibiotics is required due to the high levels of resistance shown by Salmonella against various antibiotic drugs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - A histomorphometric study of pancreatic islets in the mature domestic duck of western Iran
بهزاد Mobini The aim of this study is to determine the diameter and number of pancreatic islets of the duck. Histomorphometric studies were carried out on the pancreas of adult male and female domestic ducks of western Iran with an average age More The aim of this study is to determine the diameter and number of pancreatic islets of the duck. Histomorphometric studies were carried out on the pancreas of adult male and female domestic ducks of western Iran with an average age of 26-30 weeks using hematoxylin-eosin and special stainings, light microscope and ocular micrometer. The islet diameters were found to be between 65.7 and 115.2 microns. The ducks had fewer islets (42.87%) yet with greater diameters (95.9 microns) but in the drakes there were more islets (57.13%) with smaller diameters (83.5 microns). The least number of islets with the greatest diameter were observed in the ventral pancreatic lobe of female ducks while the most number of islets with the smallest diameter were seen in the ventral pancreatic lobe of male ducks. Overall it can be concluded that the diameter and number of pancreatic islets of the duck varies in different parts of the gland and between the sexes and there is an inverse relationship between them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - The effects of different levels of prebiotic (A-MAX) on digestibility, and blood biochemical parameters in West Azarbaijan kids
monireh darrezereshkipour khosro parsaeimehr saeid hosseinzadeh parviz farhovandThe objective of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of prebiotic (A-MAX) which includes cell wall composition of Saccharomyces cervisiae yeast on digestibility and blood parameters in West Azarbaijan kids. Twenty kids with an average weight of 1 MoreThe objective of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of prebiotic (A-MAX) which includes cell wall composition of Saccharomyces cervisiae yeast on digestibility and blood parameters in West Azarbaijan kids. Twenty kids with an average weight of 11.1 ± 1.8 kg and about five to six months of age. Were used in a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments (5 kids per treatment). Treatments included 1) no prebiotic (control), 2) 2gram, 3) 4gram and 4) 6 gram prebiotic /day per animal, which were fed with a basal diet. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ADF, NDF were not affected by treatments. Moreover blood metabolites including glucose, albumin, total protein, BHBA and BUN were not significantly different between groups. The results indicate that the addition of prebiotic (A-MAX) to the diet of kids had no significant effect on digestibility and blood biochemical parameters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - Study on caprine hard tick fauna and seasonal variations of tick population in West Azarbaijan province
سهراب Rasouli محمد Sadagian کمال Jafari اسماعیل Valizadeh مهران MojaradIn order to determine the tick specie of goats, reared in cities of west-Azarbaijan province, the present investigation was performed from March 2006 (Farvardin 1385) to April 2007 (Esfand 1385). Meanwhile, distribution of ticks according to age and sex on different par MoreIn order to determine the tick specie of goats, reared in cities of west-Azarbaijan province, the present investigation was performed from March 2006 (Farvardin 1385) to April 2007 (Esfand 1385). Meanwhile, distribution of ticks according to age and sex on different part of the body and the seasonal variation of tick population and infestation were also studied. Overall 1800 goats of both sexes, from 21 cities and their suburbs in west-Azarbaijan province were examined for tick infestation. The results revealed 52 (2.88%) goats were infested by hard ticks. The highest percentage of infestation was observed in Miandoab area during June 2006 (Khordad1385), while the lowest percentage was in Shahindegh area during February 2006. There was a significant difference (p<0.005) in the tick population of goats during different seasons and months of the year. Out of 251 adult ticks and nymphs, the identified species were as follows: Rhipicephalus bursa (58.96%), Hyaloma anatolicum.anatolicum (35.85%), Dermacentor marginatus (3.98%) and Haemaphysalis puncatta (1.19%). Distribution of ticks over different parts of the body surface was as follows: the breasts (35%), groin (34%), head and neck (18%) and the testis (13%). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - A study of relationship between cultural intelligence and the Shahed schools Principals, productivity in West Azerbaijan province
Seyyed Davood Hosseini nassab Warya GhaderiThe aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between cultural intelligence and the Shahed school principals, productivity in West Azerbaijan province. The research method was a descriptive correlation. Statistical population of the research includes the p MoreThe aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between cultural intelligence and the Shahed school principals, productivity in West Azerbaijan province. The research method was a descriptive correlation. Statistical population of the research includes the principals of the Shahed schools in West Azerbaijan which includes 41 principals. Since the statistical population is limited, so all the population will be considered as sample size. For each manager six teachers were selected. To collect the data two forms of questionnaires namely: cultural intelligence and productivity were used. For analyzing the data both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Findings show that there is significant and positive relationship among cultural intelligence, and its aspects (Meta-cognitive, Cognitive, Motivational, and Behavioral) with productivity of the principals. Other findings indicate that there isn’t significant difference between cultural intelligence and productivity of the managers based on their service records, the genders and the level of education. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - Management Engineering In Alavi Culture
Mohammad bager Babaye TlatpeManagement is a behavior that the managers show according to their positions for managing the organization, and behavior is a component which is shaped and identified on the basis of thinking and value principles and which creates behavior differences. Management is not MoreManagement is a behavior that the managers show according to their positions for managing the organization, and behavior is a component which is shaped and identified on the basis of thinking and value principles and which creates behavior differences. Management is not exception to this rule. The difference in managements and even in individuals refers to this point, too.The fundamental difference of to Alavi culture from other cultures and especially the Western culture has also caused management to have a different nature and feature in this culture. These differences have been demonstrated in different shapes, the most prominent of which are the Alavi management with the practical pattern of the management of Amir-al-momenin(peace be upon him) and the Omavi management under Moavieh's management,which can be studied in detail using the historical evidence.Considering this point in the article,we have tried to answer this fundamental question: What are the differences between the management in Alavi culture and other theories of management in the contemporary age?After doing some case studies and content analysis which lasted for three years, we came to this conclusion that the management in Alavi culture has some structural,content,and instrumental differences from the other theories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - Article : A study of the relationship between social factors and youth unemployment of graduates of Islamic Azad universities in the west of Mazandaran province.
Flora Radakbari Manouchehr Pahlavan Ali Asghar Abassi Esfajir -
Open Access Article
159 - Investigating Factors Influencing Ethnic Solidarity among Young People in Azeri Areas of Khalkhal
Nasrin Khodabakhshi Hafshjani -
Open Access Article
160 - An Analytical Investigation of the Impact of Social and Cultural Factors on the Modeling of Western Patterns in Isfahan City from the Perspective of Victims and Providing Solutions to Coping )Presentation of Cultural Engineering Model(
Marziyeh Mokhtaripour -
Open Access Article
161 - Performance Comparison of CCR -AP Modeling Techniques in a Single Space data with Conventional Multi-Criteria Approach (Case Study: Medical Health services in Western Azarbaijan)
farhad barandak Hamed Abdolahi Fardin Ghasemzadeh hadi KarimiPlanning and decision-making techniques and mathematical methods, providing optimal solution; But have this ability in under certain conditions and assumptions. Despite the wide range of multi-criteria decisions in the real world, this approach also has its limitations MorePlanning and decision-making techniques and mathematical methods, providing optimal solution; But have this ability in under certain conditions and assumptions. Despite the wide range of multi-criteria decisions in the real world, this approach also has its limitations and challenges. There are also procedures to select the appropriate method. Of course, sometimes these procedures are instrumental to remove techniques (to choose the technique). In the present study methodology, comparative located techniques of usual multi-criteria optimization (-that has diverse and many applications in research-) with approach DEA-AP. To use the technique DEA / AP introduction of inputs and outputs is necessary. In the present study, DEA has been modeled in continuous space. Thus, is intended all indicators decision matrix, as output data envelopment analysis models and each of the options of the matrix as a decision-making unit (DMU). The results of this test shows the CCR-AP modeling techniques in a single space has a positive correlation with attribute data with conventional techniques (TOPSIS, VIKOR, PRPMRTHEE and SAW). The correlation in most of its value, is evaluated compared with TOPSIS technique. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Synoptic Survey of the Largest and Most Continuous Glaciers in Northwest Iran
Batool Zeynali Mahdi Frotan Sahar OkhovatFrost is one of the natural events whose early and late occurrence can affect different aspects of human life. Therefore, this research has been carried out with the aim of predicting the atmospheric factors of this phenomenon with an environmental approach. For this pu MoreFrost is one of the natural events whose early and late occurrence can affect different aspects of human life. Therefore, this research has been carried out with the aim of predicting the atmospheric factors of this phenomenon with an environmental approach. For this purpose, the environmental data related to the daily minimum temperature of 2001-2017 for 9 synoptic stations located in Ardabil, Urmia and Tabriz provinces were obtained from the Meteorological Organization of the whole country and the days with temperature below 0 degrees Celsius that cover 40% of the studied area in were selected and using the ward hierarchical clustering method that was applied on the average sea level pressure maps related to ice days, the classification of the free days was done. In order to determine the representative of each class using scripting in the MATLAB environment, Lund's correlation was calculated between the maps of different days of each class of 2 to 5 groups with a coefficient of 0.5; And the days that had a correlation coefficient of 0.5 and the most similarity with the majority of days of that class were introduced as the representative of the group. After determining the representative day, atmospheric data was prepared from the Nova site and maps of sea level pressure, geopotential height, wind vector, temperature of 500 hPa and atmospheric thickness were drawn in Gurdes software. The results of the 4 patterns for ice days showed that the most effective systems on the northwest of Iran were high pressure systems in Siberia, low pressure systems near the Arctic and high pressure systems in Northern Europe, and the studied areas were located in the front of Faraz and the negative circulation of air brought stable conditions. In most of these patterns, the western winds that have moved in the polar ice channel have brought cold air from the northern latitudes into the atmosphere of the study areas and caused low air temperatures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - Preparation of fire potential map using geographical information system in the forests of northern Iran
Morteza Madani pour kermanshahi Seyed Armin Hashemi Amin KhademiFires and deforestation have been a crisis in recent years. Every year, fires threaten forest areas in our country, especially in the northern forests, and reduce its quantity and quality. In this study, first a digital elevation model was developed, then elevation, slo MoreFires and deforestation have been a crisis in recent years. Every year, fires threaten forest areas in our country, especially in the northern forests, and reduce its quantity and quality. In this study, first a digital elevation model was developed, then elevation, slope maps, geographical directions, and elevation. Maps of vegetation type and density of the region and maps of roads, residential areas and agricultural lands of the region were also prepared using fuzzy membership functions, evaluation of criteria, study area in each layer at a distance between 0 to 1 value. The results of using the dong model with fuzzy method in zoning of fire risk potential showed that in fuzzy weighting method, hazard zones are very low, low, medium, high, very high with an area of 6840.42 6605.84, 12044/46, 15922.87, 7416.89 hectares, according to the prepared map, about 40% of the area is in high risk classes and threatens fire in the area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - Determining the appropriate ecotourism calendar in the west of the country using the PET index
Ali HanafiWeather is considered as one of the most important factors shaping tourism, and tourism centers owe their existence and values to many factors, especially suitable weather conditions. In this research, in order to evaluate and zoning the ecotourism calendar in Kurdistan MoreWeather is considered as one of the most important factors shaping tourism, and tourism centers owe their existence and values to many factors, especially suitable weather conditions. In this research, in order to evaluate and zoning the ecotourism calendar in Kurdistan, Kermanshah and Hamadan provinces, Riemann model and Physiological Equivalent Temperature Index (PET) have been used. The comfort conditions of the tourism climate and heat and cold stresses in different days and months of the year were evaluated using the PET index and then zoned in the GIS environment by considering the altitude. The results of the research showed that in most parts of the western region of the country, such as the cities of Sanandaj, Hamedan and Kermanshah, the time of climatic comfort for tourism activities occurs in two separate periods. From the end of May to the middle of October, heat stress is observed and from the beginning of December to the end of March, cold stress is observed in the border areas of Kermanshah.Finally, tourism climate maps of the western region of the country were prepared based on altitude changes and taking into account the relationship between the physiological temperature index and altitude, and by analyzing these maps, suitable times for activities such as mountain climbing in the important heights of the region such as Alvand, Chihel Cheshme, Peru and Shahu were identified. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - The Assessment of Tectonic Movements on Northeastern Slopes of Karkas Mountains By The Use of Geomorphic Indexes
masomeh Rajabi somayyeh khosraviThe Northeastern slope of Karkas Mountain is regarded as part of the Karkas mountain range which is located in south west of Natanz County and has spread along northwest-southeast directions. The study area has been placed in volcanic stretch of Urmia-Dokhtar (Tabriz-Ba MoreThe Northeastern slope of Karkas Mountain is regarded as part of the Karkas mountain range which is located in south west of Natanz County and has spread along northwest-southeast directions. The study area has been placed in volcanic stretch of Urmia-Dokhtar (Tabriz-Bazman) area. Shrew and Schtoklin (quoted in Paroohan, 2001), have announced this area to be a broken and active axis with regards to volcanism (during upper Cretaceous-Eocene) and plutonic (Oligocene and Miocene).The main fault of the area is part of Qom-Zafreh fault being started from south west of Natanz and continues toward Zafreh. It is a right-lateral strike-out fault which has dug out quaternary alluviums in the northern Natanz.The displacement of water courses is usually right-oriented and the youngest fault is seen due to this mechanism in young alluvial fans of south west heights of Kashan.For the recognition of tectonic activities in the area under study we have used various geomorphologic indexes such as the mountain front congregation, length gradient of the river, the ration of valley bottom to its height and the morphometry of alluvial fans.Results obtained indicate that Northwestern slopes of the Karkas Mountains are still tectonically active. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - Evaluation of air temperature and precipitation changes in the rainy region of western Iran under climate change conditions
Sadi Abdoli Ghasem Azizi Reza BornaThe phenomenon of climate change is one of the vital issues for human beings today. Investigation of air temperature and precipitation in the second rainiest region of the country, namely the western half; It is important. In the present study, observational data of 51 MoreThe phenomenon of climate change is one of the vital issues for human beings today. Investigation of air temperature and precipitation in the second rainiest region of the country, namely the western half; It is important. In the present study, observational data of 51 meteorological stations in the region were used as baseline data. For the next period up to 2061 horizon, the output of simulation models in the fifth report of climate change was used in two models of induced upper and middle limits, as microscale data. The non-parametric Man-Kendall test was used to investigate the trend of changes in air temperature and precipitation series. The results showed that in the base period based on observational statistics, in most areas in the series and the pattern of air temperature, there is a significant upward trend. For rainfall, a significant decreasing trend was observed in most areas and a negative slope was observed in all stations. Evaluation of the output of the models in comparison with the base period showed that in the western and Zagros regions of the country, the minimum and maximum air temperatures in the coming decades in the upper and middle limits pattern, respectively, will increase by 3.1 and 1.1 ° C, respectively. Will have. Precipitation in some stations will increase slightly in the spring months, but in the annual pattern in most areas the precipitation will be lower than the base period. Therefore, the rainy region of the western half in the Zagros region of Iran will be accompanied by an increase in air temperature and a decrease in precipitation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - The Role of Topography in Intensification of Precipitations in the south and South-west of Iran((Case Study:3 December 2015))
zynab mohammadi hasan lashkariIn this study, 10 precipitation systems were selected as prototypes between October and June 2016-2015. Then, 70 stations from the country's satellite stations were divided into four general groups in the south, southwest and center of Iran. The daily precipitation of t MoreIn this study, 10 precipitation systems were selected as prototypes between October and June 2016-2015. Then, 70 stations from the country's satellite stations were divided into four general groups in the south, southwest and center of Iran. The daily precipitation of the stations was extracted from each platform. To determine the patterns of precipitation occurrence in the Sudan low pressure region, atmospheric data from 1000 to 500 HPa are extracted from the NCEP / NCAR site and in the GRADS the maps of these ten systems were mapped. One of the most important systems that provide rainfalls in the Middle East is Sudan low pressure Lashkari (1996). The results showed that the systems entering Iran and the Middle East from the mentioned Sudan low pressure have a special mechanism. These systems have strong convection mechanisms because of having a thermal nature in their source and receiving a huge amount of moisture from the surrounding warm seas. They form deep boiling clouds and cause intensive and torrential showers when accompanied by deep waves in layers 700 and 850 HPa. Therefore, the cloud always forms in a convective way, and the height does not play a significant role in the intensification of its precipitations. In other words, it does not have a significant role by itself, at least in the windward slopes of the Zagros Mountains. The intensity of precipitation is, therefore, sometimes higher in the plains compared to the mountain summits. It seems heights play a more effective role in elevations above 1,500 meters in both windward and leeward slopes. However, in the Alborz mountain chain, there is a very clear and impressive correlation between precipitation and height because of re-creation of systems Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - Preparing and Drawing Maps of Geomorphology of Western Gilan Province With The Scale 1: 25,000 A Case Study of The Range of Astara – Hawiq
Rafat Shahmari ArdejaniMost of the settlements of Guilan province have certain natural constraints in physical development. In terms of geomorphology, these centers, in their physical development, have problems such as earthquakes, groundwater surface condition, forward and backward on the sh MoreMost of the settlements of Guilan province have certain natural constraints in physical development. In terms of geomorphology, these centers, in their physical development, have problems such as earthquakes, groundwater surface condition, forward and backward on the shores of the sea, flood, range of motion, etc. In many environmental management issues and land use, the most important and useful help of geomorphologist is displaying shapes and surface effects on the geomorphology maps, since the establishment and creation of settlements, above all, depend on normal conditions (geology, topographic, soils, hydrology, climate) and geographic location. Therefore, geomorphologic phenomena have a significant impact on the emergence, formation, distribution, and physical development of urban and rural settlements.This article is part of a research project under the same title (Preparing Geomorphologic Map of the West of Guilan with 1:25000 scale) which was conducted by the author in the West part of Guilan province; the results show that geomorphologic phenomena have an important role in the physical expansion of the settlements in the West of the province, some of which are the Caspian coastal sand dunes, steel wetlands (South West Astara), the Marine barracks around Choubar and Haviq, Global faults of Astara, and alluvial materials of Lavandevil, Choubar, and Haviq rivers, and range of processes, create some problems for the physical development of the settlements of the research area. Research method is based on form and process analysis on 1:25000 topographic maps, geology 1:100,000, aerial photographs, and, finally, at some stages of field visits, all the data on the land was evaluated. It is hoped that this work will provide a basis so that it would be possible to prepare these maps in broad national coverage for all the provinces, and give the report to the administrative organizations Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - Investigating the Relationship between Northern Hemisphere Transplant Patterns and Drought in Northwestern Iran
Yosof Toloei Amir Gandomkar Mohsen Bagheri BadaghabadiDrought is a climatic phenomenon that is likely to occur in any region and leads to social, economic and environmental damage. Due to the importance of remote linking patterns and their impact on climate, therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationshi MoreDrought is a climatic phenomenon that is likely to occur in any region and leads to social, economic and environmental damage. Due to the importance of remote linking patterns and their impact on climate, therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between remote linking patterns and drought in northwestern Iran. In this regard, the precipitation statistics of 17 synoptic stations located in the provinces of East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan during the statistical period 1988 to 2018 and the statistics of 16 connection patterns from the Northern Hemisphere during the same period were used. First, using the drought index (SPI) of the study area on an annual scale, with a delay of one month and a delay of two months. Then, the relationship between drought and remote grafting patterns was investigated using Pearson correlation and linear regression methods. The results show that on a monthly scale, the PNA pattern showed a correlation with the studied stations more than other patterns in the one-month delay time of the TNA pattern and in the two-month delay time of the NAO pattern. Spatially, Maragheh and Jolfa stations have shown more correlation with remote connection patterns than other stations. Examination of seasonal correlation coefficients also showed that in winter HCNA and SNA patterns; NAM, NPI and PN patterns in spring; In summer, the SNAO pattern and in autumn, the POL / PEP pattern were more correlated with the drought of the studied stations than other patterns. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - Synoptic Analysis and Detection of Temperature Changes in the Warm Period of the Northwest and West of Iran
آنوش کرمی میرعزیزی آنوش کرمی میرعزیزی آزاده اربابی سبزواری آزاده اربابی سبزواری قاسم عزیزی قاسم عزیزیClimate change and global warming is one of the challenges facing human society. Any change in ambient temperature can affect the life and activity of all living elements on planet Earth. The western and northwestern region is one of the most important habitats in Iran. MoreClimate change and global warming is one of the challenges facing human society. Any change in ambient temperature can affect the life and activity of all living elements on planet Earth. The western and northwestern region is one of the most important habitats in Iran. To identify these changes in the study area, first the data of 31 stations were obtained from the site of the Meteorological Center and the daily temperature data of the warm period of the year for the period 1989 to 2018 were arranged.The warmest season in the region is from June to September.Climate change detection software has been used to detect climate change. Temperature anomalies were identified using the index z score standard. The final selection criterion for station anomalies was over 50% in the stations studied. Finally, this feature had 139 days during this warm period. In the next step, sea pressure level data were selected using a 253 * 139 matrix that justified 6 factors of 95.20% of the 4 month warm climate. The results showed that there are 5 general patterns of climate control in the region.In the meantime, two patterns emerge with warm advection across the region. In the three patterns, the prevailing synoptic conditions have led to a cooling of the atmosphere and cooling the air in the region. In cold advection patterns, generally, a combination of two migratory and low pressure European systems play the role of cold advection of polar latitudes on the northwest and west of Iran. But in the warm synoptic patterns in the lower thermal pressurized layer of the Saudi Arabia and in the upper layers of the Arabian Stack and Cyclone, warm southward propagation over the west of Iran has played a role in increasing the temperature in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Zoning SPI and DI Drought Indices Using Rainfall Network Data in Northwest of Iran
Khadijeh Javan Mohammad Reza Azizzade Hoshang Bashiri Fariba ShahriarDrought is one of the natural hazards that humans are constantly exposed. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize and analyzed. Drought indices, in fact Indicate the normal limits of droughts occurred during Time period to do possible to evaluate different spatial and t MoreDrought is one of the natural hazards that humans are constantly exposed. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize and analyzed. Drought indices, in fact Indicate the normal limits of droughts occurred during Time period to do possible to evaluate different spatial and temporal scales. Daily precipitation data in a 57-year period (1951-2007) were received. Data in this database is in form of cell 0/25× 0/25 degree arc to the Middle East. To convert the database to a text file (TXT) format, it converted to useable formation MatLab software by programming in Grads software. The next step is the calculation of the indices described in MatLab software. To map the output data, the Surfer and ArcGIS software were used. In this study the data output is seasonal and annual, ultimately standard rainfall index shows the drought rate and has been compared with DI index. Comparison annual maps of deciles Index and the Standardized Precipitation Index shows that the eastern part in Northwest of Iran is Wetter than the western part according to a period of 58 years and The western and central regions of Azerbaijan have drought Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Sustainable Tourism Development Strategy in West Azerbaijan province
behroz sobhani vahid safariyanامروزه گردشگری فراتر از یک صنعت، به پدیده ای اجتماعی- اقتصادی در سطح جهانی تبدیل شده است. استان آذربایجان غربی یکی از مراکز جذب گردشگر در سطح ملی و بینالمللی در کشور به حساب میآید. این استان به دلیل همجواری با دریاچه ارومیه، همسایگی با چند کشور، هر ساله میزبان تعدادی Moreامروزه گردشگری فراتر از یک صنعت، به پدیده ای اجتماعی- اقتصادی در سطح جهانی تبدیل شده است. استان آذربایجان غربی یکی از مراکز جذب گردشگر در سطح ملی و بینالمللی در کشور به حساب میآید. این استان به دلیل همجواری با دریاچه ارومیه، همسایگی با چند کشور، هر ساله میزبان تعدادی زیادی از گردشگران داخلی و خارجی است. علاوه بر این، این استان دارای آب و هوای مناسب و پتانسیلهای طبیعی با ارزشی است که تاکنون از ظرفیت مناسب خود درحد استاندارد نتوانسته گردشگر جذب نماید. در این پژوهش با استفاده از فاکتورهای متعدد با بررسی معیارهای اصلی، فرعی و گزینه های مهم گردشگری استان با روشهای SWOT و AHP مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشاندهنده آن است که براساس شاخص SWOT وجود چشماندازهای طبیعی با امتیاز 6/4 و جاذبههای تاریخی با امتیار 3/4 جزو نقاط قوت و کمبود امکانات بهداشتی با امتیاز 37/0 و کمبود پارکینگ با امتیاز 36/0 جزو نقاط ضعف شناخته شدند. با بررسی روش AHP مشخص شد که شاخصهای دما با مجموع وزنی 356/2 ، رطوبت نسبی با مجموع وزنی 546/1 و چشماندازهای طبیعی با مجمع وزنی 986/0 مهمترین معیارها در جذب گردشگری استان آذربایجانغربی میباشند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - Effects of species diversity changes on soil organic matter particle of mountainous rangeland of West Azerbaijan
behnam bahrami reza erfanzadeh javad moetamediIn this study, For evaluating the effect of Prangos uloptera and accompanying species on the components of soil organic matter and distribution of aggregates, mountainous rangelands of Khaneghah-Sorkh of Urmia was selected. Sampling was conducted random-systematically. MoreIn this study, For evaluating the effect of Prangos uloptera and accompanying species on the components of soil organic matter and distribution of aggregates, mountainous rangelands of Khaneghah-Sorkh of Urmia was selected. Sampling was conducted random-systematically. Initially, two locations beside of each other were selected, and then 4 sites, which were the representative of each location, were selected for sampling. Soil samples were collected from 0-15 and 15-30cm depth and totally 32 soil samples for each location from two depths were collected. Particulate organic matter- Carbon (POM-C) and Particulate organic matter- Nitrogen (POM-N), Percentage of coarse and fine aggregates and existing carbon of them were examined and analyzed. Results of variance analysis show that except the percentage of coarse aggregate all other investigated factors were increased by the increase of accompanied species diversity with each base of Prangos uloptera in the second location. Particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, carbon associated with coarse and fine aggregates percentage is significantly influenced by the high diversity of the accompanied plant species with the Prangos uloptera in the second location. Results of this study showed the rapid effects of management changes on the particulate organic matter and also proved the variability of particulate organic matter in the soil under the change of management practices on vegetation. Moreover, the increase of particulate organic matter can be unstable, thus management of vegetation and species diversity of rangeland ecosystems must be conserved for long time, till we have seen positive increase in soil organic carbon Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - Autecology of pasture species Galium verum Martyrs Valley West Azarbaijan Province
reza ahmadkhani Ali AriapourIn this study the ecology of individual species, Galium verum, according to regional climates, martyrs valley West Azarbaijan Province during the years 2010-2011 were reviewed. A systematic random sampling method in three height classes 1600-1400, 1800-1600, 1800 < m MoreIn this study the ecology of individual species, Galium verum, according to regional climates, martyrs valley West Azarbaijan Province during the years 2010-2011 were reviewed. A systematic random sampling method in three height classes 1600-1400, 1800-1600, 1800 < meters above sea level and the geographic North, Northeast, East and West were studied. In this study various factors using analysis of variance and Duncan tests and specifications related to the slope and elevation using topographic maps field survey and GIS software and data were extracted. Results showed that the habitat of this species in the altitude range of 1400 to 1800 meters and the range is expanding ultracold species in semi-arid climate. Ruteh Formation limestone area and the largest distribution of this species in soils with pH 2/7% lime and 20% sand, 10% phosphorus, soil electrical conductivity, respectively, 12% to 32%, 42/0 to 44/0 dB Siemens is m. The highest density, canopy cover and dry in the north, longitude and elevation class 1600-1400 slopes less than 50 degrees, respectively. Plant roots penetrate to a depth of 50 cm and seed viability rate is 92%. After this step is so depressed. Autumn generally begins in late October and most of the second half of November, lasts until late autumn, winter, sleep is the beginning. Evaluation of chemical compounds found in different phonological stages of plant nitrogen and phosphorus decreases with increasing altitude. The maximum amount of nitrogen, potassium and plant protein elevation in the active growth phase, and the lowest value was obtained at flowering and seeding. Preference value and distribution of this species due to the high value for the slope and different heights can be attempted artificial cultivation in rangelands. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - Evaluation of growth Feature of Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum trees using stem analysis
jamshid eslam dost hormoz sohrabi seyed mohsen hoseyniTree growth has a great ecological and economic importance and stem analysis is one of the reliable and widely used methods which is used to study the growth of different attributes of the trees. In the present study, we evaluated diameter, basal area, and height and vo MoreTree growth has a great ecological and economic importance and stem analysis is one of the reliable and widely used methods which is used to study the growth of different attributes of the trees. In the present study, we evaluated diameter, basal area, and height and volume growth of two fast growing species (namely Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum). After falling down the trees, 5 centimeter thick disks at 2 meter intervals were collected and transported to the laboratory. The thickness of the annual rings was measured in two perpendicular directions up to1millimeter precision. The results showed that the highest value of the current growth of diameter of Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum occurred in 4 and 6 year ages, respectively, equal to 1.5 and 5.4 cm and the highest value of the current basal area growth of Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum occurred in 9 and 10 year ages, respectively, equal to 0.1 and 0.14 square meters. Furthermore, the highest value of the current growth of height of Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum occurred in 6 and 9 year ages, respectively, with value of 1.3 m 3.1 m and the highest value of the current growth in the volume of Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum occurred in 8 and 12 year ages, with a value of 0.094 and 0.1 cubic meters, respectively. Finally, there would be concluded that both of these species in such sites can meet the environmental needs such as green spaces as well as economic goals such as commercial wood product. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - Evaluation of diversity in some morphological characteristics and essential oil antioxidant activity among of wild-growing populations of Golpar Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fischer، from Northwest of Iran
maryam rezapour Mohammad FattahiHeracleum persicum Desf. Ex Fischer. Is belongs to Apiaceae family, which has been used as a spice and food flavor, pickles agent and anti-worm, carminative, appetizer, and diuretic properties in Iranian traditional medicine. Morphological variation among eight wild-gro MoreHeracleum persicum Desf. Ex Fischer. Is belongs to Apiaceae family, which has been used as a spice and food flavor, pickles agent and anti-worm, carminative, appetizer, and diuretic properties in Iranian traditional medicine. Morphological variation among eight wild-growing populations of Heracleum persicum including Ahar, Kalibar, Marmishou, Silvana, Gardane hairan, Asalem, Aynalou, Meshkinshahr were studied in west North of Iran. In present work, 16 traits of this plant were applied for classifying samples by means of cluster and principal component analysis (PCA). Moreover phytochemical indices including essential oil (EO) % and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP methods) were evaluated. The seed essential oil was obtained by water distillation (Clevenger apparatus), based on cluster analysis populations and were categorized in three groups. The results were showed that the highest and lowest percentage of essential oils was recorded in Aynalou and Meshkinshahr (5.8%) and Silvana (3 %) respectively. Also, the Maximum and the lowest antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP was belonged to Meshkinshahr and Gardaneheiran with 67.09% and 58.98 (µmol Fe++ /g DW) and Aynaloo and Asalem with 47.30 % and 15.52 (µmol Fe++ /g DW) respectively. Considering that the Meshkinshahr population with the highest antioxidant activity, maximum number of umbel and essential oil percentage, it was introduced as the elite genotype for priority projects of breeding and alsoas medicinally valuable source to local market consumption. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - Spatial Analysis and Prioritization of Cities of West Azerbaijan based on Urban Poverty Indexes
پخشان خضرنژاد اصغر عابدینی میرستار صدرموسویOne of the most important goals of any society is social justice and social welfare and the equal distribution of resources, which include poverty reduction as an important dimension. To achieve the above objectives at any level in any society it needs to recognize the MoreOne of the most important goals of any society is social justice and social welfare and the equal distribution of resources, which include poverty reduction as an important dimension. To achieve the above objectives at any level in any society it needs to recognize the rate of social equality and poverty and inequality rate among different regions. This study is kind of applied-developed research where its analytical methods and the assessment of poverty in the province of West Azerbaijan was performed by using 17 indicators. Analyzing findings using TOPSIS model and Coefficient of dispersion model and hypotheses research was conducted in accordance with Spss software requirements as well. The weight of indicators were determined by a panel of 20 relevant experts. Accordingly, each of the urban areas of the province in terms of indicators was rated and classified. The study showed significant differences between cities in terms of development. Orumyieh was ranked as one of the lowest poverty rates in urban development and Chaypareh as the rank of the highest urban poverty. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - Explanation and Analysis of the Good Governance Model in the Economic Development of Southwest Asia
gholamreza mohammadi rebaz ghorbannejad kiomars Yazdanpanah Azam YousefiGood governance represents a novel approach to governing a country, involving the collaborative participation of the government, private sector, and the populace in the administration of the nation. This model is deemed a fitting strategy for achieving sustainable devel MoreGood governance represents a novel approach to governing a country, involving the collaborative participation of the government, private sector, and the populace in the administration of the nation. This model is deemed a fitting strategy for achieving sustainable development. The objective of this article is to scrutinize the economic landscape of Southwest Asia from 2006 to 2022. Employing a descriptive-analytical method with a critical geopolitical approach, the research aims to address the question: How have Southwest Asian countries fared in terms of economic indicators during the study period, considering the presumed impact of good governance on economic growth? The research findings indicate that countries embracing the principles of good governance in political management exhibit positive performance in economic indicators. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - Political Relations of Manna and Assyria based on the Assyrian Annual Reports
mahta sheikhi alireza hojabrinobari mahmod tavoosi reza shabani samghabadiThe 7th to 10th centuries BC coincided with the rule of Assyrian Empire in the Mesopotamia, and the earliest instances of political confrontation in northwest Iran. These areas were home to the Manna tribes, who had gradually joined to gather in the region and establish MoreThe 7th to 10th centuries BC coincided with the rule of Assyrian Empire in the Mesopotamia, and the earliest instances of political confrontation in northwest Iran. These areas were home to the Manna tribes, who had gradually joined to gather in the region and established a monarchy following recurrent attacks by both Assyrian and Urartu governments. The rise and fall of Mannaean is marked by ambiguities and obscurities due to lack of Mannaean written resources, and so the reconstruction of its political relations with the powerful state of Assyria is only possible through exploration of Assyrian Annual reports. This study aims to elucidate the political relations between Manna and Assyria, and their role in regional control. The data was sourced from Assyrian Annual reports concerning the Manna people, whose history of political life, from the beginning until their integration into the Median government, has been classified into four periods. Finally, the study examined the role of Mannaean-Assyrian political relations in the Mannaean culture and society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - Western border provinces in the Qajar period
Bahram Afrasiaby zin abad Monirh kazemirashed Manouchehr samadivand Masomeh GaradagiQajar Iran was far from the scene of European politics. The western regions of Iran in the Qajar period witnessed complex conflicts and Fath Ali Shah was sensitive to the administration of the province of Azerbaijan and was important in various ways, including proximity MoreQajar Iran was far from the scene of European politics. The western regions of Iran in the Qajar period witnessed complex conflicts and Fath Ali Shah was sensitive to the administration of the province of Azerbaijan and was important in various ways, including proximity to Russia and therefore became the residence of the Crown Prince. Azerbaijan was the border between the Tsarist and Ottoman governments of Russia. Findings show that due to its strategic position, Iran has become a hotbed of competition for powerful states and important parts of Iran were separated from the country as a result of treaties and economic and trade privileges were transferred to these states that maintained their trade and commercial interests. Land disputes are one of the most important differences between neighboring governments and the limitation of productivity of existing facilities and the lack of a series of registered and trusted laws between states and their non-binding to tactical and exclusive promises in specific time conditions as well as ease of integration. Ethnic and linguistic differences between neighboring and border areas have always led to years of conflict between states. The extent to which governments are able to manage their internal affairs in an integrated manner was one of the factors that encouraged some countries ready to start tensions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - Medicine in The Abbasid Period and Its Impact on Western Civilization
Batool Rabiei Boshra Delrish Elham malekzadeh Koorosh FathiOne of the important works of civilization influenced by Islam is medicine in the form of teachings called Islamic medicine. The Abbasid period, as the golden age of the Islamic world, witnessed major changes in various sciences, including medicine. As a result of the s MoreOne of the important works of civilization influenced by Islam is medicine in the form of teachings called Islamic medicine. The Abbasid period, as the golden age of the Islamic world, witnessed major changes in various sciences, including medicine. As a result of the success of the Abbasid Caliphate to medicine, the use of medical texts in various scientific languages of the time, including the medical heritage of Greece and Rome, led to a significant leap in Islamic medicine in the form of numerous translations.On the other hand, in the efforts of the Islamic Caliphate to expand its sphere of influence, it gradually dominated Islamic medicine in European countries by teaching and translating the works of Muslim scholars such as Razi and Ibn Sina. The present article tries to examine the influence of Islamic medicine of the Abbasid period on the western civilization of the earth. By asking the main question, what are the characteristics of Islamic medicine of the Abbasid period and how has it exerted its effects on the western civilization of the earth? The research method of the article is based on descriptive and analytical research with a library method. The result of the research also indicates that the period of Islamic Caliphate is not only one of the bright periods of growth of this field of sciences, but also the culmination of the influence and vast scientific realm of the Islamic world in the West. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran: Pahlavi's era
Shayan Karamirehabilitation program changed the old system of traditional irrigation. Theconsequences of modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran are themain issue of the present paper. By studying this issue, the analysis of the reasons for themodernization and Morerehabilitation program changed the old system of traditional irrigation. Theconsequences of modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran are themain issue of the present paper. By studying this issue, the analysis of the reasons for themodernization and the explanation of the strategic conditions of the irrigation systemmodernization program, are as the objectives of this research. The present study has aqualitative approach. Data was collected from the archives of documents and otherlibrary resources, based on targeted sampling. To analyze the data, the grounded theorymethod is used. The findings show that, under the conditions of insufficient averageannual rainfall, it was imperative to use artificial irrigation techniques in agriculture. Thedevelopment of commercial agriculture, and the expansion of planting of crops, led tomore attention to artificial irrigation systems. The use of pressurized irrigation systems,along with other traditional irrigation techniques, is one of the most important strategicplans in modernizing the irrigation system. Modern damming, deep and semi-deepexcavation, irrigation network development and rehabilitation, and the integration oftraditional irrigation systems in regional irrigation administrations, including theactivities of an independent irrigation firm in western Iran. Increasing the level ofcultivation of cash products, such as opium, beet and cotton, was based on the importantimplications of modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran, utilizingmodern irrigation knowledge, increasing irrigation efficiency, reducing tension andimproving social relations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
183 - The effect of geographical phenomena in naming the villages of West Azerbaijan province
Ali BouyerToponyms are a great number of lexicon, which have emerged during centuries to name a place. In Iran, our country, the naming process of most villages and cities happens based on natural geographical phenomena like mountains, hills, plains, passes, valleys, rivers, spri MoreToponyms are a great number of lexicon, which have emerged during centuries to name a place. In Iran, our country, the naming process of most villages and cities happens based on natural geographical phenomena like mountains, hills, plains, passes, valleys, rivers, springs, floods, storms and so on. The name of the cities like Damavand, Uromia, Miandoab, etc. and villages like Seilabad, Garehtapeh, Dashbilag, etc. are explicit samples of this kind of naming in Iran. The main goal of the present study is to investigate geotoponyms in the naming of the villages in West Azerbaijan province. Classifying the local authentic names and mentioning the primary sources like Irannica and Britannica, we exert and analyze our optimized names. The results show a prominent degree of relation between naming of villages and natural geographical phenomena in West Azerbaijan region. Among these, natural geographical phenomena related to heights, mountains, valleys, and plains have the uppermost influence on naming the villages of the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - Description of Verb in Firuzabadi Dialect
rooh angiz karachiThe Firuzabadi dialect is spoken by inhabitants of Firuzabad , a town located in Fars province. In this paper, the verb, structure, tense, conjugation, subjunctive, and imperative, etc. have been described and other subjects of this dialect need more investigations. Thi MoreThe Firuzabadi dialect is spoken by inhabitants of Firuzabad , a town located in Fars province. In this paper, the verb, structure, tense, conjugation, subjunctive, and imperative, etc. have been described and other subjects of this dialect need more investigations. This study has showed there are some differences in the verb (words, sound change, ending and affixation) between Firuzabadi and Persian dialects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
185 - Assessment the relationship between geometry and fault mechanism whit geomorphic index of active tectonic in west Alborz region
Ahmad Ali Zare Mehrjardi -
Open Access Article
186 - Analysis of Conservatism “moderate Islamism” Reflected in the Policies of Erdogan (Based on the Theory of Constructivism)
ali alihosseini enayatollah yazdani zahra behzadi beirak oliaAbstract Turkey is a country which is having a contradictory identity and it is conservative too. The reason is that on the one hand Sufi Islam is dominating her and on the other hand she propagates Western values and tries to be close to the West. During the past deca MoreAbstract Turkey is a country which is having a contradictory identity and it is conservative too. The reason is that on the one hand Sufi Islam is dominating her and on the other hand she propagates Western values and tries to be close to the West. During the past decade, Erdogan who is leading Justice and Development Party (AKP) has tried to keep satisfied the Western countries and Turkish Muslim people who constitute 98% of Turkish population. It seems that he is inclined both to West and Islam. This can be seen in his performance and decisions. For instance he abolishes the ban on Hijab in government offices and on the other hand he maintains alliances with West and Israel against Syria. It can be said that although these dual and conservative policies have not created serious problem for his government and even he has won the presidential elections, yet in the long run this paradox cannot last long because this contradictory identity and non-fulfillment of the majority of Turkey's population expectations will disappoint them and Erdogan cannot keep his hold on power for good. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - A Study of the Power Structure in West Asia Region with Emphasis on Five Littoral States of Persian Gulf (Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirate, Kuwait, Oman)
hosein mirzaei mostafa madaniAbstract: For the examination of national power it is necessary to evaluate and calculate different economic, social, political, territorial and cultural factors of a country. Understanding and measurement of the national power of countries for determining their status MoreAbstract: For the examination of national power it is necessary to evaluate and calculate different economic, social, political, territorial and cultural factors of a country. Understanding and measurement of the national power of countries for determining their status and geopolitical weight has been the focus of attention of scientists and political observers. It can be said that there is a direct relation between the national power of a country and their participation in international scene. The purpose of the present paper is to study and evaluate the national power (both hard and soft power) of the five littoral states of Persian Gulf neighboring Iran. They are the United Arab Emirate, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman and Bahrain. The main question raised by the paper is “what is the power structure of these five countries neighboring Iran. The hypothesis is that the national determinants of power of the selected countries of the West Asia region keeps these countries at three levels; namely United Arab Emirate-Qatar, Kuwait-Oman and Bahrain. The methodology used in the paper is descriptive-analytical based on library materials. The finding of the study shows that the power structure of the five selected countries places them at three levels of power, in the first level of power is United Arab Emirate and Qatar, and in the second level is Kuwait and Oman and at the third level is Bahrain. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - The Grounds of Emergence and Growth of Extremism in Central Asia: The Case Study ISIS
mohammadreza majidi یوسف باقریAbstract: One of the Takfiri groups which in recent years has committed violence and extremism in South West Asia is a group called Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). This group grew up in a context of lack of democracy and citizen's right, political and social un MoreAbstract: One of the Takfiri groups which in recent years has committed violence and extremism in South West Asia is a group called Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). This group grew up in a context of lack of democracy and citizen's right, political and social unawareness and with the logistic and financial support of regional and extra-regional power could survive for half a decade and put a serious challenge to regional governments in West Asia. ISIS as a group with extremist ideology and with its nature, objectives and a prospect which it draws for itself is a potential threat for Central Asian countries. The present article by applying the theory of confrontation with modernity and the theory of failed state wants to examine the possibility or impossibility of the emergence of ISIS in Central Asia. The authors of the article are of the view that a section of Islamist in Central Asia due to their opposition to modernity may come under the influence of ISIS thinking and this paves the ground for their presence in Central Asia specially that ISIS is leaving Syria and Iraq and they are searching for new places to continue their presence. Nevertheless the existence of authoritarian and relatively stable governments in Central Asia limits the possibility of the presence of this group. The methodology used in the paper is descriptive-analytical and the data have been collected form library sources and internet sites. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
189 - The effect of Western media propaganda on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran through identity crisis
masoud kaveh yusof khanmohammadiThe effect of Western media propaganda on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran through identity crisisIn this study, the impact of Western media propaganda on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran through identity crisis is investigated MoreThe effect of Western media propaganda on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran through identity crisisIn this study, the impact of Western media propaganda on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran through identity crisis is investigated and emphasis is placed on the temporal realm of 2009-2017.The research method was qualitative and the data collection method was library and data analysis was done by descriptive-analytic method.The main question of the research is how the impact of foreign media on Iran's national security during 2009-2017?To this question, the hypothesis was designed that the foreign media had exposed national security to targeting popular values and beliefs as the most important components of identity.The findings of the study suggest that the Western media is causing an identity crisis by instilling values contrary to Islamic and revolutionary values At the individual, social and power levels, it has threatened Iran's national security. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
190 - Changes in US Middle East Presence Methodology: Reasons and Contexts
amirhossein nemati Jalal Torkashvand alireza naeejDue to its high geopolitical and geostrategic capacities, the West Asian region has always been considered and intervened by global and trans-regional powers, and a significant part of the security structure of this region and its transformation also depends on the entr MoreDue to its high geopolitical and geostrategic capacities, the West Asian region has always been considered and intervened by global and trans-regional powers, and a significant part of the security structure of this region and its transformation also depends on the entry and exit and the type of action and strategy of trans-regional powers. has it. The United States has always been the most important and influential trans-regional power in West Asia since World War II. The country has always offered interest-based approaches in its foreign policy in line with the changes in politics and power in the region. Following the developments in West Asia in 2011, the foreign policy approach of US governments, as the largest intervening trans-regional power, has undergone more fundamental changes than in the past, and US leaders appear to be seeking a new methodology for US presence in West Asia. Given the importance of the country's role in the global equations, especially the equations of the West Asian region, this article is a percentage with a descriptive-analytical approach and using the theoretical framework of Randall Schuller's balance of interests to answer the important question What is the United States of America in West Asia? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
191 - Competition or cooperation; The future of US and China presence in West Asia
mehrshad ghafarizade Omid Asiaban Enayatollah YazdaniChina's growing presence in the West Asian region has led to a number of debates in academia and policy-making. China is now a global strategic threat to US interests. China's growing presence in the region has led to the question of how much the policy of the United St MoreChina's growing presence in the West Asian region has led to a number of debates in academia and policy-making. China is now a global strategic threat to US interests. China's growing presence in the region has led to the question of how much the policy of the United States and China will change and what future or futures can be drawn for the strategic presence of China and the United States in the region? According to this research hypothesis, the strategic position of the region requires that despite the strategic rivalry between China and the United States in the world, they will work together in the West Asian region. The research method is descriptive-analytical and oversees the future research approach. According to the research findings, the presence of the United States and China in the West Asian region can be considered in the form of four "possible, believable, probable and desirable" futures. Given the need of these two supra-regional governments for the West Asian region, it can be said that the desired future is cooperation and the presence of both governments in the region is predictable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - The role of the Iranian Islamic Revolution model in the formation of the axis of Islamic resistance
MAHDI LOTFI ALI SHIRKHANI Mehdi Javadani MoghadamWith the victory of the Islamic Revolution as a representative of the discourse of revolutionary Islam, the issue of Palestine and the support of liberation movements have been recognized as one of the basic principles of Iran. between the resistance groups, to assume t MoreWith the victory of the Islamic Revolution as a representative of the discourse of revolutionary Islam, the issue of Palestine and the support of liberation movements have been recognized as one of the basic principles of Iran. between the resistance groups, to assume the leadership position of the core of the resistance axis, the main question of this research is what is the role of Iran's model in the formation of the resistance axis. In this research, it is assumed that Iran, as a phenomenon with its own characteristics, has been able to be an identity model for the survival of the resistance movement. The theoretical framework of the research was developed based on the Copenhagen school and the security theory of Bozan. The research method was descriptive-analytical and the required information and data were collected based on documentary and library methods.The result obtained from this research is the formation of a security axis with Iran's leadership, which should play an optimal role and while deepening cooperation and developing relations, in other fields, especially the economic dimension and promoting the position of resistance in the political arena. Domestic countries take steps Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - Components and foundations of Saudi Arabia's desirable Regional order in West Asia (2020-2015)
Mahsima Abdollahian Mostafa BoroujerdiFollowing the Regional developments known as Arab Spring and the popular uprisings in the Arab world, Saudi Arabia, sensing threatened by the new developments, initiated altering its regional strategies. A great portion of the changes made in the regional approach of Sa MoreFollowing the Regional developments known as Arab Spring and the popular uprisings in the Arab world, Saudi Arabia, sensing threatened by the new developments, initiated altering its regional strategies. A great portion of the changes made in the regional approach of Saudi Arabia has been linked to the reign of King Salman, and particularly to the rise to power of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. Aiming to study and analyze the modality of the formation of desirable regional order of Saudi Arabia, the question arises: "What are the characteristics and components of the desirable Regional order of Saudi Arabia and what are its mechanisms and practical tools?" As a probable answer, the study reasons that the desirable regional order of Saudi Arabia in its periphery (Arabian Peninsula) is based on "hard and soft hegemony", "being defined as a dominant regional player in the Arab world (countries with cultural and social commonalities with Saudi Arabia)" and " "Balancing in the Middle East region," And the study concludes that Saudi Arabia seeks to establish this order by building"alliance and coalition with the countries of the region", "attracting the support of America and the Zionist regime", and "strengthening its armament and military capabilities". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - China’s Interaction Oriented Foreign Policy and World Order
Mohammad Reza Rostami Hossein DehshiarIn the three past decades the interaction oriented foreign policy of China have been able to provide the ground of cooperation with the West. It also has helped the survival of Chinese Communist Party and the improvement of China’s international position. One of t MoreIn the three past decades the interaction oriented foreign policy of China have been able to provide the ground of cooperation with the West. It also has helped the survival of Chinese Communist Party and the improvement of China’s international position. One of the essential ambiguities which exist is about China’s future intentions and its attitude towards the international norms and rules, particularly that China is a strong power, it is having remarkable economic growth and increasing role in international affairs. Some observers believe that China’s flexible foreign policy is merely a tactic for preventing the reaction of the neighbours and the rivals to the process of China’s development. They believe as soon as the development plan yield fruits China will take up a confrontationist and destabilizing attitude towards the liberal-democratic order. The present article contrary to the above view argues that the proper and positive functioning of liberal rules in promoting China’s position will lead to stabilization of those rules and this country will have a stake in safeguarding those rules. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
195 - Terrorism from the View Point of Islam
Mohammad Reza HatamiThe subject of “terrorim” in the discipline of politicl science and especially in international relations has been of importance and lot of attentions have been paid to it. After the September 11 terrorist events more attentinos have been focused on it and t MoreThe subject of “terrorim” in the discipline of politicl science and especially in international relations has been of importance and lot of attentions have been paid to it. After the September 11 terrorist events more attentinos have been focused on it and this topic became the main issue in political conferences and mass media. The September 11 events became an important historical and unforgetable incident and a milestone in international system and it gave a new meaning and attitude towards terrorism. Since the terrorist who participated in September 11 events were all Muslims and from the Arab countries، the Western mass media which have been under the influence of Jewish and Zionist circles tried to substantiate that Islam is having a terrorist nature and the Muslims and Arabs are participating in suicide attacks. The Western media in their interpretation and analysis considered Islamic Jihad sysnoymous with terrorism. As such، many people in the Western countries are of the view that Islamic contermporary civilization is related to terrorism and the terrorist events are having the backing of Islamic thinking and beliefs. Thus in the present article an attempt has been made to give a historical introduction about terrorism and define it، then the article discusses the issue from the view point of Islam. The article while defining and clarifying the meaning of terrorism from the view point of Quran verses، traditions، customs and the prophet’s way of life it tries to reject the allegation that Muslims are terrorist and it acquit Islam from terrorist beliefs. It also distinguishes the difference between terrorism and legitimate defence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
196 - The Role of Islamic Republic of Iran in the Geopolitical Funnel of West Asia
Alireza Golshani Hamid Reza SohrabiAbstract The four countries of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon in the west Asia have common security concerns a part of which is about resistance against any regional common threat. Since the Islamic Republic of Iran regards the west Asia as its own security territory, i MoreAbstract The four countries of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon in the west Asia have common security concerns a part of which is about resistance against any regional common threat. Since the Islamic Republic of Iran regards the west Asia as its own security territory, it can not be indifferent to political, religious, ethnic and racial challenges and developments in this region. Therefore, the geopolitical alliance of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon in the funnel-like strategic region of west Asia would result in a powerful alliance. Based on 'regional security' theory and 'geopolitical funnel' model, using a descriptive-analytical methodology, the present study aims at investigating the role of Iran in political and security developments of the west Asia. The results indicate that the Zionist regime of Israel, Shiite-phobia by Arab states and terrorist groups in Syria, Iraq and Lebanon as well as the challenges caused by the USA are among the most important common security concerns of the member states in this region. It seems building a geopolitical alliance is the most reliable solution to these threats. In addition, Iran's power components particularly its superior geopolitical and geostrategic position in the region, its huge population, etc. would contribute to Iran's pivotal and prominent role in this region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
197 - The Positive Impacts of Energy Transportationfrom Khazaghestan to the Western Regions of China on the Country's Security and Stability
Bashir EsmaeiliIn recent years, China's economic growth has been induced to label this country as a great economic country in all over the world and enhance the individual income of people dramatically. But the problem which menaces the prospect of China and its economic achievements MoreIn recent years, China's economic growth has been induced to label this country as a great economic country in all over the world and enhance the individual income of people dramatically. But the problem which menaces the prospect of China and its economic achievements is the drastic gap caused by the rate of development between Eastern and western regions. Indeed, China suffers from incongruous development in its provinces. This issue will jeopardize territorial integrity and domestic stability of China. This article tends to consider China's attempts toward transferring centeral Asia energy resources to its western regions targeting constant development and enhancing economic welfare in those areas. In addition, since China is bordered by countries on the west as well as having considerable population of Turkish Moslems in Sin Kiang, she is highly at risk of separatist clashes and neglecting the development of this province, would create serious problems for China's pivotal government. The main discussions are concentrated around oil pipeline from Khazaghestan to China which is considered as one of the great investments of China in central Asia . The fundamental question is that to what extent this oil pipeline will influence the development of west China significantly. In this article, we aim to test the hypothesis which states that the transfer of Khazaghestan energy to west of China has positive and constructive impact on the realization of Chinese government goals in underdeveloped parts of this country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
198 - The Critique of Nativism in Ale Ahmad Thought
Mohammad taghi Ghezelsofla Negine Nooryan DehkordiCriticism and assessment of thought streams of contemporary Iran is affected by how they face with the problem of modernity and tradition. In the confluence of Iranians and modern world, intellectual elites through making a judgment about these two options, at the same MoreCriticism and assessment of thought streams of contemporary Iran is affected by how they face with the problem of modernity and tradition. In the confluence of Iranians and modern world, intellectual elites through making a judgment about these two options, at the same time, determined the direction of their theoretical path .In the present article, with referring to the intellectual needs in understanding the three approaches: modern-oriented, domestic (or native)-oriented and selective (or eclectic!!)-oriented, the focus will be on the thought of Jalal Ale Ahmad. Ale Ahmad according to his literary, political and intellectual works is a domestic-oriented thinker. This writing intends to discuss this hypothesis that for what reasons the domestic-oriented outlook contains paradoxical and poor ideas. It will be argued that Ale Ahmad both in proposing the meanings of the "West" and "Modernity", and more important, the "Eastern" or "Domestic", represents paradoxes and contradictions. In order to confirm the hypothesis in this text, descriptive-analytical method with reference to this author's works will be utilized. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
199 - Application of silica vanadic acid as a dual Lewis and Bronsted acid catalytic ability in Dakin West reaction
Malihe Safaiee Mohammad Ali Zolfigol Fatemeh Derakhshan-Panah Mohammad Mokhlesi -
Open Access Article
200 - An Overview of the Transformation of the Official Clothing of Government Personnel of the Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar and Reza Shah Pahlavi Periods
fariba mehrmand Ali Akbar KhedrizadehExpansion of the relations between Iran and the West is one of the hallmarks of the Qajar and Pahlavi era. Familiarity with the culture and Western civilization of Iran has caused a relatively large social change, including changing the clothing of some sections of soci MoreExpansion of the relations between Iran and the West is one of the hallmarks of the Qajar and Pahlavi era. Familiarity with the culture and Western civilization of Iran has caused a relatively large social change, including changing the clothing of some sections of society, and especially the official dress of government employees. Based on this, the main purpose of the paper is to review the developments in the official dress of Naser al-Din Shah government staff and the Reza Shah period. Now, the question arises, what difference has there been between the design and the manner in which the work of the state employees during the period of Naser-al-Din Shah was during the period of Reza Shah? The hypothesis of the article is that with the efforts of Shah Qajar and Pahlavi I to change the cover, the official dress of government employees changed in terms of rank, position, social communication and in terms of design and how it was implemented. The research method in this paper is based on the description and adaptation of historical data and the results of this research indicate the process of westernizing influence on the cost of Naser al-Dinshah's administrative staff and the escalation of modernity on the development of state-owned personnel clothing with the authoritarian method of Reza Shah. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
201 - Post-colonial readings of self/other-contrast in the “Bivatan” novel based on the Edward Said’s Orientalism thinking
tahmineh shojaatzadeh narges oskooei arash moshfeghiOne of the most important works of Reza Amirkhani – who can be considered a leading author and owning a style in the resistance and anti-colonial literature – is his “Bivatan” novel in which the author through an meaningful arrangement of west mo MoreOne of the most important works of Reza Amirkhani – who can be considered a leading author and owning a style in the resistance and anti-colonial literature – is his “Bivatan” novel in which the author through an meaningful arrangement of west modern cultural demonstration beside eastern traditional, has represented the contrast between these two culture and hidden and apparent struggle between the very well to audience. The importance of this novel is in that the author has been able in the form of post-modern literature, and utilizing the events of the contemporary world such as imperialism leadership and dominance on the other countries, challenge the cultural contrast of west and east, influence of the west language on the east and also the eastern identity crisis and report its result in the form of increasing development of west’s extensive influence on the east. The present research utilizing descriptive-analytical method highlights the components of Edward Said’s thinking such as: traditional identity and modernity, east inferiority compared to the leadership and dominance of the west world, contrast of the identity concept of self and other in the post-colonial area and in the base of the “Bivatan” novel. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - Dry Matter Intake and Digestibility in Weast African Dwarf Goats Fed Raw or Processed Pigeon Pea (Cajanus Cajan) Seed
F.O. Ahamefule M.D. Udo -
Open Access Article
203 - Milk Yield and Composition of Red Sokoto and Weast African Dwarf Does Raised Intensively in a Hot Humid Environment
F.O. Ahamefule O. Odilinye E.N. Nwachukwu -
Open Access Article
204 - Potential for Using Leucaena leucocephala or Manihot esculenta Leaves for Supplementing Feeding of Goats in West Cameroon
F. Tendonkeng B. Boukila T.E. Pamo -
Open Access Article
205 - Reproductive and Lactation Characteristics of West African Dwarf Goats Offered Moringa oleifera Herbage Supplement
O.T. Ojoawo J.A. Akinlade A.A. Akingbade O.A. Aderinola D.O. Okunlola -
Open Access Article
206 - علائم قابل توجه فحلی در بز کوتوله غرب آفریقا
آ. کنفاک اف. نگولا جی.پی. یومبی-مالونگا اف. تندونکنگ اچ.اف. دفانگ آر. ابا-یکا دی. توگولا ای. پامو تدونکنگبه منظور بررسی علائم فحلی در بز کوتوله غرب آفریقا، از 28 رأس بز ماده غیرآبستن جوانتر از سن 24 ماه استفاده شد. بیشتر آنها (7/94 درصد) دم خود را در زمان فحلی تکان می دادند. فراوانی ادرار کردن در حضور نرها بیشتر بود. تورم واژن در 4/68 درصد بزهای فحل مشاهده شد. مخاط سرویسکو Moreبه منظور بررسی علائم فحلی در بز کوتوله غرب آفریقا، از 28 رأس بز ماده غیرآبستن جوانتر از سن 24 ماه استفاده شد. بیشتر آنها (7/94 درصد) دم خود را در زمان فحلی تکان می دادند. فراوانی ادرار کردن در حضور نرها بیشتر بود. تورم واژن در 4/68 درصد بزهای فحل مشاهده شد. مخاط سرویسکو واژینال بهطور معنیداری در زمان فحلی زیاد و کشسان بود (05/0>P). مدت زمان فحلی 07/0 + 91/1 روز بود و با افزایش سن ماده بزها افزایش یافت. علائم فحلی در جوانترها نسبت به ماده بزهای پیر شایعتر بود. تغییرات رفتاری، تظاهر واژن و خصوصیات مخاط سرویسکو واژینال میتواند به عنوان شاخصهای تشخیص فحلی در بز کوتوله غرب آفریقا استفاده شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
207 - Non-Blocking Routers Design Based on West First Routing Algorithm & MZI Switches for Photonic NoC
Masoume Seifolahi Elham Yaghoubi -
Open Access Article
208 - On the Analysis of Health Services Development Level from the Spatial Equity Point of View (Case Study: Rural Settlements of West Azerbaijan Province)
shamsie salehpour hassan afrakhtehIn each community, health and remedy as the one of parts important social, decisive role in the persons health and wellbeing of the community. Present study with the aim of analysis the spatial distribution of health services from the perspective of spatial equity has b MoreIn each community, health and remedy as the one of parts important social, decisive role in the persons health and wellbeing of the community. Present study with the aim of analysis the spatial distribution of health services from the perspective of spatial equity has been conducted in rural settlements Western Azerbaijan province. The research method is descriptive - analytical and Practical type. Data gathering in the form of 12 indicators, is documentary- Libraries method. In analyzing the data using models of Shannon entropy, TOPSIS, MORIS and in order to achieve the same result using method average ranks. Using these models and analyze each of them, rural settlements the county West Azerbaijan ranked and leveling space. The results show that rural settlements of Urmia and Khoy countyes in both models with rank 1 and 2 with good condition have been in the first and second level. And rural settlements counties Salmas Mahabad, Takab, Piranshahr, Naqadeh, Shahindej, Sardasht, Oshnavieh, Chalderan With ranks sixth up fourteenth are the fourth level. Results conducted field observations showed that in existing spatial inequality, Addition to the number of population Operating distance is also effective. Even with increasing distance from the city center, will be reduced the intensity of the enjoyment of facilities and services. This results is of polar growth policies, Followed by that, all facilities and power is concentrated in one or several regions and other regions act marginally eventually, with regard to existing spatial inequality provided Suggestions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
209 - Identification of Tourism Climate Regions in West of Iran
Mehrdad RamzanipourClimate information is important for tourists especially before and during the vacation period. In this regard, for evaluation the local and time conditions for tourism climate regions in west of Iran (Lorestan, Kermanshah, Hamedan and Kurdistan provinces) TCI index and MoreClimate information is important for tourists especially before and during the vacation period. In this regard, for evaluation the local and time conditions for tourism climate regions in west of Iran (Lorestan, Kermanshah, Hamedan and Kurdistan provinces) TCI index and climate variables including mean of temperature, mean of max temperature, total of monthly precipitation, mean of relative humidity min, mean of sunshine hours and mean of wind speed (km/h) were used during a 15 year period (1990-2005). After analysis, the results showed that in most stations, May, June, July, September, October, and November month have ideal to good conditions for tourism. Throughout a year, Sarpol-e Zahab station has less favorable tourism conditions than other stations. The TCI coefficients zoning showed that in the cold seasons, i.e., in the entire studied area in December and January months, Lorestan province has not favorable climate for tourism, except a small southern part of this province, which has a good tourism climate in February and March months. In the warm seasons, i.e., in May, the central part of Lorestan province and small sections in the east and south of Kermanshah province and in June, the northern parts of Kurdistan province and south-east of the Lorestan province the ideal conditions dominate, and in September, the northern parts of Kurdistan and Hamedan provinces have the most ideal area compared to other areas, and in October, there is an ideal conditions for tourism only in the central part of Lorestan province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
210 - Explaining the Social – Cultural Role of Tourism in Rural Development (Case Study: Southwest Rurals of Guilan)
Parviz Rajabi Nasrollah Molaeihashjin Akbar MotamedimehrIntroduction: Social and cultural effects of tourism are the procedures that tourism creates changes in value systems, people’s behavior families’ connections, genre of group life, traditional customs, and social; systems in that. Tourists communicate with L MoreIntroduction: Social and cultural effects of tourism are the procedures that tourism creates changes in value systems, people’s behavior families’ connections, genre of group life, traditional customs, and social; systems in that. Tourists communicate with Local inhabitants during their residence destinations and the result of their mutual communications cuase changes in society of hosts’ quality of life, value systems, division of labor, familie’s relations, attitudes, behavior Patterns, customs and usages. These changes become obvious if there are a lot of cultural – social discrepancies between tourists and local residents. Today’s cultural social planning in local areas as a part of local permanent development process is very important.Research Aim: The aim of the current research is to determine the socio-cultural role of tourism in the development of the southwestern villages of Gilan.Methodology: Ready research has fulfilled in terms of descriptive – analytic. Essential data collection has fulfilled by two ways of reading documents and fieldwork. In the part of Reading documents, ground role of theory and history of reading are the topic of research study and on this base, the number of effective tourism social – cultural index on local development has chosen. Because of extent of study realm and much more number of families, random sampling was used. In first phase, the number of sample rural families were calculated in terms of caukran. Sampling and then 378 sample questioner were devoted on the base of families’ proportional distribution on the area. Emamzade Ebrahim, Ghale´e Roudkhan, shanbe Bazar, Makolvan, Emamzade Eshagh, seyed Abad, Nasir Mahale, Chomach Gurab, Doroud khan, Markhal, Abaskouh, Roudpish, Jirde, Siamazgi, Lask, Node, Koumsar, Lolaman, Gasht, Siahroud, and Kord Mahale are sample villages in ready research study.Studied Areas: The southwestern villages of Gilan province constitute the study area of this research.Results: With regards to data derivation from questionar, for evaluation and statement of cultural – social role of tourism in rural development, indexes were used like: helping to increas of citizens’ fixation toward, village, to persuade to more use of Modern instrument for homes, rising life style, to improve public social services, increasing career chances, freedom feeling for rural women, to develop, changing and renovation of local culture to develop and improvement of career chances between rural men and women, to develop sanitary services, improvement of social relations and deduction of social equality, prevention of rural imeg ration process, encouragement and preparation of reciprocal imegaation, preparation of new conviniences and services, revivaland, reinforcement of fixation of inmate to local customers, habitudes, architecture, handicrafts and dressing. Descriptive findings show that there is a relationship between tourism and cultural changes in Local area of southwest Guilan.Conclusion: The southwestern region of Gilan has provided the development of villages by taking advantage of the capabilities and potentials of natural, historical-archaeological, religious and economic tourism. These changes that result from the development of tourism have laid the foundation for rural development with a socio-cultural approach in the southwestern district of Guilan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
211 - An Analysis of Prioritizing Housing Indicators (Case study: West Azerbaijan counties)
mahnaz hosseini siahgoli saeed maleki Mohammad Rauf Heidarifar esmail soleimaniradIntroduction: Housing is a need which has raised in natural and human-made environments different responses and each society, dependent on its needs and facilities as well as economic, socialResearch purpose:The aim of this study and cultural limitations, has shaped it MoreIntroduction: Housing is a need which has raised in natural and human-made environments different responses and each society, dependent on its needs and facilities as well as economic, socialResearch purpose:The aim of this study and cultural limitations, has shaped it differently. present study was conducted with the aim of an analysis of prioritizing housing indicators in the cities of West Azarbaijan Province.Research Methodology: This research is of applied type which tried to evaluate the important and influential components in this area. And to be analyzed, data were collected from the Center for Statistics of the Year of 1395 in West Azarbaijan, Iran. For analysis of the research data, factor analysis and KMO tests were used in SPSS software.Results and Discussion: Regarding the results of applying factor analysis, the townships were divided into four enjoyed, relatively enjoyed, deprived and very deprived levels. Findings of the research indicate that Orumieh Township is at the first rank with the score as 3.47 and Chaldaran Township is in the 17th rank with the score -3.25 among 17 townships in West Azerbaijan Province. 23.52% of townships are at the highly enjoyed level, 26.3% at the enjoyed level, 35.29% at the relatively enjoyed level, 23.52% at the deprived level, and 17.64% are at the very deprived level. At last, using cluster analysis and drawing Dendrogram, townships were classified into homogenous townships.Results: In general, findings indicate the difference and inequality among townships in enjoying housing indicators. These differences indicate changes in the statuses of townships both quantitatively and qualitatively in terms of housing by being affected by natural, economic, social, and political factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
212 - Determining the level of development of rural in the western coastal area of Guilan province using the Rural Development Index (RDI)
masomeh hasanzadeh sedigheh hasnimehr rafat shahmari Hossein AsghariToday, development as a process is the most important issue of countries, especially developing countries, the most important goal of sustainable development is to meet the needs and improve the quality of human life. The present study aims to examine the level of devel MoreToday, development as a process is the most important issue of countries, especially developing countries, the most important goal of sustainable development is to meet the needs and improve the quality of human life. The present study aims to examine the level of development of health and education indicators in the rural of the west coast of Guilan. For this purpose, information related to 4 health indicators and 6 educational indicators of the three census periods of 2006, 2011 and 2017 were received from the Guilan Provincial website. Then, using the Rural Development Index, Combined Result Index and paired t-statistics, the development of health and education indicators in 8 parts of the coastal area over time were determined. The results showed that the amount of RDI calculated based on the frequency of indicators and also the frequency ratio to the number of rural in each section, has a spatial difference. However, the ranking of the CRI index, despite minor changes in its value, does not show changes in the level of development over three periods. This is also true in the CRI index obtained from the ratio of frequency to the number of rural. The results showed that the development rank in this area is D and C, which indicates the low level of development of the west coastal area of Guilan province in terms of health and education indicators. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
213 - The degree of development of west Azerbaijan province
rahmatollah bahrami khalil atarIntroduction Increasing concentration of population and activity in some regions, regional balance is disrupting. Such features can be disabled policies considered growing polarization that results in a major part of the country's resources in one or more focus MoreIntroduction Increasing concentration of population and activity in some regions, regional balance is disrupting. Such features can be disabled policies considered growing polarization that results in a major part of the country's resources in one or more focus area and other regions such as the open development process. To create balance and order, spatial location, regional science planning and raised its target and eliminate regional inequalities is the area. In this regard, this paper analyzes the regional inequalities at the regional level (West Azerbaijan province) in terms of facilities and services in various fields. Research seeking to answer this question, which is different from development and regional inequalities in the cities of West Azerbaijan province, is to what extent? And whether the relationship between development and urbanization rates in the country there? Research Methodology In this field research methodology descriptive analytic that was the 24 indicators in quality and quantity of selected parameters and weighting them using the (entropy, Shannon), the 14th city in West Azerbaijan Province using (Tipsy line) in terms of ranking the degree of development and then using the correlation coefficient associated with the development level of urbanization rates in the province have been investigated. Announcements area of 43,660 square kilometers is equal. Equivalent to 2.65% of total area of the country. *Responsible Author: R-b1342@yahoo.com Located in the northwestern West Azarbaijan, Iran. Relative position of the country north of Azerbaijan and Turkey, the Maghreb countries, Turkey and Iraqi Kurdistan to the south and east of East Azerbaijan and Zanjan provinces is limited. Results The findings indicate that the level of enjoyment, the city of Urumiyeh, Salmas and Khoy city in half the city and 11 had other non-province. Best of West Azarbaijan province in the city of Urmia and the worst rating scale, where 60 equals 317, and the city of Sardasht. Scale development in the cities of West Azarbaijan province ranked last out of the city of Urmia and the city has Chaldoran.The calculated correlation coefficient between variable rates of development and urbanization in the country scale, the 54,7 percent and at the provincial scale, 43,8 percent. The confidence level of 5 percent, despite the significant and positive relationship between the two variables has almost the entire country level, although this relationship was stronger than that of the province. Conclusion The results show that the centers of the provincial capital of West Azarbaijan province are expected to be thirty-seven different countries. The country is ranked 60th in total. In other words, only the cities of Urmia and the second deciles Salmas and Khoy in the fourth and seventh to tenth deciles are in other cities. Hence the need for regional planning as a system to overcome challenges and achieve balanced development is recommended. System development and the best conditions possible for all people in all areas considered. This way of living differences between regions may be minimal. The first step in planning a system, identify the status quo in terms of environmental powers. And the distribution of the funds and resources are distributed among different regions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
214 - The Position of Geomorpholog Maps in Physical Development of Settlements of Astara County
Rafat ShahmariArdejaniMost of the settlements of Guilan province have certain natural constraints in physical development. In terms of geomorphology, these centers, in their physical development, have problems such as earthquakes, groundwater surface condition, forward and backward on t MoreMost of the settlements of Guilan province have certain natural constraints in physical development. In terms of geomorphology, these centers, in their physical development, have problems such as earthquakes, groundwater surface condition, forward and backward on the shores of the sea, flood, range of motion, etc. In many environmental management issues and land use, the most important and useful help of geomorphologist is displaying shapes and surface effects on the geomorphology maps, since the establishment and creation of settlements, above all, depend on normal conditions (geology, topographic, soils, hydrology, climate) and geographic location. Therefore, geomorphologic phenomena have a significant impact on the emergence, formation, distribution, and physical development of urban and rural settlements.This article is part of a research project under the same title (Preparing Geomorphologic Map of the West of Guilan with 1:25000 scale) which was conducted by the author in the West part of Guilan province; the results show that geomorphologic phenomena have an important role in the physical expansion of the settlements in the West of the province, some of which are the Caspian coastal sand dunes, steel wetlands (South West Astara), the Marine barracks around Choubar and Haviq, Global faults of Astara, and alluvial materials of Lavandevil, Choubar, and Haviq rivers, and range of processes, create some problems for the physical development of the settlements of the research area. Research method is based on form and process analysis on 1:25000 topographic maps, geology 1:100,000, aerial photographs, and, finally, at some stages of field visits, all the data on the land was evaluated. It is hoped that this work will provide a basis so that it would be possible to prepare these maps in broad national coverage for all the provinces, and give the report to the administrative organizations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
215 - Feasibility Study Of Planting Olive Through Using AHP Process In Geography Information System (Case Study: West Mazandaran )
Ali mohammadpoor kiya bozorgmehr yaser hakimdoostAgriculture is the essential component of providing food requirements of a society and the determinant element in getting free from all imported goods. In this field, producing essential oil is valuable economically, and is important in food industry. In this study, usi MoreAgriculture is the essential component of providing food requirements of a society and the determinant element in getting free from all imported goods. In this field, producing essential oil is valuable economically, and is important in food industry. In this study, using 16 parameters for zoning olive cultivation is used for the 12-parameter climate over the course of 20 years (1990-2010) of 14 synoptic station of the five stations within the region and 9 stations as stations auxiliary and 4 parameters, land use has been . contracted through Mazandaran Meteorology Organization geology and geography and natural resources of the province were collected. were then required to prepare a database.. The research methods is synthetic- analytic and ARC GIS10 graphic software, and Choice expert and spss basic statistics have been used in analyzing the data. also Geostatistic , Kriging and IDW methods have been used in zoning of effective climatologic factors in planting olive trees and determine optimal model from semivariogram was selected. Also to overlay and extract influence wightes from Analytical Hierarchy Process( AHP) and INDEX OVERLAY models have been applied in location. The results indicate that simple and ordinary Kriging with three function circular, spherical, exponential and Gousian models has been choisen. Also by comparing the maps and extracting talented areas in planting olive , the results indicate that 3944.124 h of west Mazandaran zone includes plenty to extraordinary importance and power and 28396.26 h includes plenty importance and power, 132906.7 h is powerful - much powerful and importance and 353788.2 h is much important. This results implicates the zone talent in involving Climate conditions in planting olive tree. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
216 - Evaluation Impacts of Rural Plans in Rural Settlement Development the West Azerbaijan Province
میرنجف موسوی عبداله پورآقایی ایوب منوچهری میاندوآب میرصادق محمدیRural plan, organized the first comprehensive national effort to restructure the country's rural areas has been implemented in such a way that by the end of 1386 a total of 16 thousand 600 villages in the Rural Plan was prepared total of the more than seven thousand 700 MoreRural plan, organized the first comprehensive national effort to restructure the country's rural areas has been implemented in such a way that by the end of 1386 a total of 16 thousand 600 villages in the Rural Plan was prepared total of the more than seven thousand 700 villages have begun conducting or plan is implemented. After more than two decades, starting with the rural rural areas of the country, in a variety of physical effects - such as spatial variations in the physical fabric of the village, a change in housing patterns, inconsistencies in the rural roads network, facilitate you are traveling villagers and passers-by. In this paper we present the components of rural villages in West Azerbaijan province has been studied. Study is descriptive - analytical and control population of 40 villages in 20 villages (villages guide plan has not been implemented) and 20 experimental villages (rural conducting the project is implemented) is. Research findings show that 69 percent of the average experimental villages and villages having the facility to control 31 percent. T-test and ANOVA test were 95 and 99 percent indicated that the difference between experimental and control villages are benefit levels. rural development have been. The one-dimensional view of the project, not to allocate the necessary funds, the lack of integrated management, the main problems of the rural poor (economic aspects) has led to very positive results of experimental interventions in rural areas and not in a positive effect quality and sustainability of such interventions in experimental villages serious doubts exist. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - مقایسه صفات مورفولوژیکی در سه گونه زینتی سیکلامن، پامچال و بنفشه در طبیعت (جنگل) با نمونه های پرورشی آن ها در غرب استان مازندران
وحید رحیمی کاکرودی علیرضا اسلامیرویکرد سیاستگذاران و طراحان فضای سبز به استفاده از گونه­های بومی­ - زینتی در طراحی فضای سبز شهری بیش از پیش در حال اوج گرفتن است؛ زیرا سازگاری و مقاومت این گیاهان به شرایط آب و هوایی و اکولوژیکی منطقه باعث کاهش هزینه و ماندگاری بیشتر فضاهای سبز میشود. بدین­ Moreرویکرد سیاستگذاران و طراحان فضای سبز به استفاده از گونه­های بومی­ - زینتی در طراحی فضای سبز شهری بیش از پیش در حال اوج گرفتن است؛ زیرا سازگاری و مقاومت این گیاهان به شرایط آب و هوایی و اکولوژیکی منطقه باعث کاهش هزینه و ماندگاری بیشتر فضاهای سبز میشود. بدین­منظور مطالعه حاضر در غرب استان مازندران بر روی سه گونه بومی-زینتی سیکلامن، پامچال و بنفشه در طبیعت با نمونه­های پرورشی آنها انجام شد. صفات مورد اندازه­گیری ظهور گل در گونه­های یاد شده در طبیعت و گلخانه در فواصل زمانی دو هفته یک بار و نیز صفات مورفولوژیکی گیاه (طول و عرض برگ، دمگل، دمبرگ و گل) انجام شد. همگنی واریانس داده­ها توسط آزمون لِون و مقایسه دو به دوی گونه­ها نیز توسط آزمون t-test مستقل انجام گردید. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که صفات اندازه­گیری شده بین دو گونه زینتی و وحشی در گونه­ها، گونههای­ زینتی از لحاظ اندازه و بزرگ بودن مشخصات برگ بر گونههای وحشی برتری داشته و بین گونهها اختلاف معنی­دار وجود داشته است. تنها گونههای وحشی بنفشه معطر دارای طول، عرض و مساحت بیشتری نسبت به گونه زینتی آن است. ازلحاظ طول دوره گلدهی و تعداد گل تمام گونههای زینتی، زمان گلدهی و گلهای بیشتری نسبت به گونههای وحشی خود دارند. هر دو گونه پامچال زینتی و وحشی دارای قدرت سبزمانی بعد از اتمام گلدهی هستند. اما بنفشه زینتی و سیکلامن وحشی پس از اتمام گلدهی از بین میروند، از طرفی بنفشه وحشی و سیکلامن زینتی پس از اتمام گلدهی زنده مانده و سبزینگی خود را حفظ میکنند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
218 - Factor Analyses the Management Skills in Development of Organic Agriculture in West Azerbaijan Province Farms
Solieman Rasouliazar Maryam Sadeghi Nouraldin Shayesteh -
Open Access Article
219 - Analysis of Farm Management Extension Services Performed by Extension Agents of Agricultural Development Projects in Southwest Nigeria
Rashid Adisa Mudashir Mustapha Kayode Balogun Hussein Ibrahim Waliyat Oloyede -
Open Access Article
220 - Perception of Inter-generational Farm Transfer among Cocoa Farmers in South-west, Nigeria
Tosin Ogundiran Sijuwade Adebayo Isreal Ogunlade -
Open Access Article
221 - The Estimation Model of Determinant of Mobile Phone Apps’ Usage by Smallholder Farmers in North West Nigeria
Abdullahi Khidir Idowu Oladele Daniel Ekpa -
Open Access Article
222 - Labour Information Utilization by Farmers in SW Nigeria
Odeleye Taiwo Grace -
Open Access Article
223 - A comparative study of the concept and characteristics of the family in the islamic and western model ( pattern )
shoeyb rashidi Seyed Hesamoldin Hosseini moosa shahriyariThe Family Is An Important Social Institution That Is Of Great Importance In Different Societies And Cultures. The Importance Of The Family In Human Communities Stems From The Important Functions That This Institution Plays; But The Characteristics Of The Family Are Dif MoreThe Family Is An Important Social Institution That Is Of Great Importance In Different Societies And Cultures. The Importance Of The Family In Human Communities Stems From The Important Functions That This Institution Plays; But The Characteristics Of The Family Are Different In Different Societies. In This Article, Its Features In Islamic Thought And Model And Western Thought And Model Have Been Studied. The Main Question That Has Been Raised And Studied In This Field Is What Are The Functions Of The Family In Islam And The West And What Are The Differences Between Them? The Present Article Is A Descriptive-Analytical And Examines The Question Using The Library Method. The Results Of The Research Show That The Institution Of The Family And The Effective Factors In Its Upbringing And Its Strength Are Among The Topics That Have Been Seriously Considered In The Teachings Of Islam. In Islamic Thought, There Are Many Moral, Doctrinal And Devotional Advices That Adhering To Them Strengthens, Educates And Strengthens The Family. Therefore, The Family Has A High Status, Honorable Status And A Special And Special Position And Has A Deep And Wide Contribution To The Progress And Development Of Human Beings. In Western Thought, Satisfying Sexual Needs Is Socialization Is One Of The Most Important Functions Of The Family, But In Islamic Thought And Model, Providing Spiritual Needs, Generation And At The Same Time Providing Sexual Needs, Strengthening And Development Of Human Beings And Preventing Functional Chaos. The Family Is In Islam, Which Has Placed Much Emphasis On The Spiritual, Spiritual And Social Dimensions Of The Family Compared To The Western Model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
224 - The Social Construct of Western Developmental Idealism Contextual Exploration of Social Processes of Multiplying Western Values among Yazd Youth
neda javaherchian seyed alireza afshani mansour haghighatianThe present research attempts to investigate the social processes of many Western values among Yazd youth. One of the important issues that arise in the discussion of media and virtual social media is the effects of the entry of Western values into everyday life. the pr MoreThe present research attempts to investigate the social processes of many Western values among Yazd youth. One of the important issues that arise in the discussion of media and virtual social media is the effects of the entry of Western values into everyday life. the present study is based on the use of the qualitative approach and grounded theory method, and through theoretical sampling, 22 young people active in Virtual Space (microinfluverser) were selected and studied in Yazd. Data were collected through the study of sources and interviews with experts and technical notes. After refining the initial code, the findings were presented in the form of a story line (including 14 main categories and one core category) and a paradigmatic model. The results of the study, Western values have created new chances for young people. To the extent that their cultural, social and family affections are affected. In such a situation, the subjective and objective world of the participants is constantly engaged in redefinition of the new values that they have received, and their confrontation with these values have different strategies and implications, such as Western epoch, aesthetic management, collage of transnational friendships, constraints on fashion and Gravity and repulsive of immigration for them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
225 - تبیین موانع بازگشت به کشاورزی ارگانیک در استان آذربایجان غربی
لقمان رشیدپورهدف از این مطالعه تبیین موانع تبدیل به کشاورزی ارگانیک در استان آذربایجان غربی بود. پژوهش حاضر یک تحقیق توصیفی – پیمایشی، بر مبنای هدف از نوع تحقیقات کاربردی، و بر اساس گردآوری داده ها یک تحقیق میدانی است. برای دستیابی به اهداف مطالعه، گردآوری داده ها با است Moreهدف از این مطالعه تبیین موانع تبدیل به کشاورزی ارگانیک در استان آذربایجان غربی بود. پژوهش حاضر یک تحقیق توصیفی – پیمایشی، بر مبنای هدف از نوع تحقیقات کاربردی، و بر اساس گردآوری داده ها یک تحقیق میدانی است. برای دستیابی به اهداف مطالعه، گردآوری داده ها با استفاده از پرسشنامه و مصاحبه های عمیق از دو گروه کشاورزان ارگانیک کار و کشاورزان متداول کارانجام شد. جامعه آماری شامل 400 نفر از کشاورزان بودند که با استفاده از جدول مورگان انتخاب شدند. برای تعیین نمونه از روش نمونهگیری خوشهای استفاده شد. ابزار پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه محقق ساخته بود که روایی آن توسط یک گروه متخصص شامل متخصصان کشاورزی و توسعه و توسعه روستایی مورد تایید قرار گرفت. از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ برای اندازه گیری پایایی بخش های مختلف استفاده شد و مقدار آن 87/0 تعیین شد. نتایج تحلیل عاملی نشان داد که موانع بازگشت به کشاورزی ارگانیک را می توان در 5 فاکتور شامل، موانع اقتصادی، موانع اجتماعی، موانع حمایتی سیاستی ، موانع اطلاع رسانی و آموزشی و موانع طبیعی طبقه بندی کرد، که این فاکتورها در مجموع 47.8٪ واریانس موانع تبدیل به کشاورزی ارگانیک را تبیین نمودند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
226 - Affective Factors in the Wheat Farmers’ Adoption of Farming Methods of Soil Management in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
Soleiman Rasouliazar Saeid FealySoil Management (SM) is critical to human well-being that it is more important now because of meeting the high demands for food production and satisfying the needs of an increasing world population. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptivecorrelation study was to inve MoreSoil Management (SM) is critical to human well-being that it is more important now because of meeting the high demands for food production and satisfying the needs of an increasing world population. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptivecorrelation study was to investigate the effective factors on wheat farmers’ adoption of Farming Methods of Soil Management (FMSM). The research instrument was a structural questionnaire with close-ended questions, which its validity and reliability was confirmed. The target population included all wheat farmers in West Azerbaijan Province (N=24949) that among of them, 371 wheat farmers was chosen by using Krejcie & Morgan’s table through multi-stage sampling (n=371). The descriptive results showed the majority of farmers (237 or 63.90%) had moderate adoption of FMSM. These results also indicated farmers used three FMSM namely 1) using crop rotation, 2) using animal fertilizers, and 3) using soil testing more than others did. On the other hands, there were significant relationships between some of personal, farming, social, economic, and extension-education characteristics of farmers and the amount of their adoption of FMSM. Finally, stepwise regression analysis revealed that 35.30% (R2=0.353) of the variances in the amount of farmers' adoption of FMSM could be explained by the five variables namely farm size, knowledge about FMSM, the amount of extension contacts about FMSM, distance between farm and agricultural service centers, and the amount of attitude toward FMSM. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
227 - Effectiveness of Extension Services in Enhancing Outgrowers’ Credit System: A Case of Smallholder Sugarcane Farmers in Kisumu County, Kenya
Abura Odilla Gilbert Barchok Kipngeno Hillary Onyango Christopher AsherThe purpose of this study was to investigate the role of extension services in enhancing effectiveness of out growers’ credit system in Kisumu County, Kenya. The study specifically sought to determine whether public and private extension services play a significan MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the role of extension services in enhancing effectiveness of out growers’ credit system in Kisumu County, Kenya. The study specifically sought to determine whether public and private extension services play a significant role in enhancing effectiveness of out-growers’ credit system among smallholder sugarcane farmers. A total of 110 small scale farmers were randomly selected for the study. A closed ended questionnaire was used to collect data from farmers. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The findings indicated that both public and private extension services were insignificant in enhancing effectiveness of out growers’ credit system. Further, the findings indicated that there was no significant difference between public and private sector in provision of extension services. The findings suggest that for out growers’ credit system to be effective in terms of creation of awareness about credit, accessibility, timely supply of credit, supervision of credit and provision of extension advice on credit utilization, both public and private extension services should be intensified and coordinated to avoid duplication. The results also suggest that sugarcane factory extension division should be strengthened just like in the coffee and tea sub-sectors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
228 - Extraction and analysis of lineaments in west Alborz area using SRTM 90m data and GIS
Godratolah Farhoudi Jafar Rahnamarad Mohammad Tayebi -
Open Access Article
229 - Depositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of the Fahliyan Formation: surface sections of Bidkhon and Khartang and subsurface sections of Nar-2 and west Aghar
Sara Maleki Khosro Khosrowtehrani Hossein Asilian Yagob Lasemi -
Open Access Article
230 - Exploring Human Capital Management Model in WestOil and Gas Exploitation Company
Alireza pouraskari Hassan Rangriz Alireza Islambolchi Ali A sghari SaremThe purpose of this study is to investigate human capital management in the West Oil and Gas Exploitation Company. This research is an applied development in terms of purpose and quantitative in nature. The statistical population of the present study consists of officia MoreThe purpose of this study is to investigate human capital management in the West Oil and Gas Exploitation Company. This research is an applied development in terms of purpose and quantitative in nature. The statistical population of the present study consists of official employees working in the West Oil and Gas Exploitation Company, whose number is equal to 985 people and 388 of them are available by non-probability method and a researcher-made questionnaire based on quality stage has been used. . The collected data were analyzed using specialized statistical software including SPSS25 and SmartPLS3 and structural equation modeling method. The findings of the present study showed that the identified causal factors have a significant relationship with human capital management in the West Oil and Gas Exploitation Company. Also, the relationship between human capital management and strategies, and strategies have a significant relationship with outcomes. The relationship between contextual and intervening factors and strategies has also been confirmed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
231 - The Effect of Strategic Thinking Components of Managers on their Learning from Organizational Errors in the Municipalities of West Azarbaijan Province
Rasoul Ranjbarian Mahmood Reza NaeimiStrategic thinking with the community causes a better understanding of managers and employees of the organization, more communication, and interaction between employees and managers, and causes more productivity of employees. The present study was conducted to determine MoreStrategic thinking with the community causes a better understanding of managers and employees of the organization, more communication, and interaction between employees and managers, and causes more productivity of employees. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of managers' strategic thinking components on their learning from organizational errors in the municipalities of West Azarbaijan province. In terms of the practical purpose, in terms of the data collection method, the present study is descriptive of the correlation type. The statistical population of the present study is mayors, and managers of various departments, including public service managers, security managers, motor park managers, and technical managers of municipalities of West Azarbaijan province. They formed in 2022, and their number is 186 people, and the sample size in the survey method based on Cochran's formula was 126 people. The data collection tool was standard questionnaires. Cronbach's alpha was used to check the reliability, so Cronbach's alpha coefficient for managers' strategic thinking variable and organizational errors was equal to 0.863 and 0.833, respectively; The reliability results for all dimensions were reported to be greater than 0.7. SPSS software was used for data analysis. The results of the hypotheses test showed that the strategic thinking of managers and the influence of its components have a significant effect on their learning from organizational errors in the municipalities of West Azarbaijan province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
232 - Tsunami Propagation in Arabian Sea and Its Effect on Dwarka City of Gujarat, India
Vikram M. Patel H.S Patel A.P Singh -
Open Access Article
233 - Relationship between Organizational Climate and Librarians'''' Occupational Burnout: Case Study of Public Libraries in Western Azerbaijan
Mousa yaminfirooz zahra Karmikhani Ma’asoume MohammadiObjective: This study aimed to determine the current status of organizational climate and occupational burnout among librarians working in public libraries located in Western Azerbaijan province in Iran and the possible relationship between them. Method: This applied st MoreObjective: This study aimed to determine the current status of organizational climate and occupational burnout among librarians working in public libraries located in Western Azerbaijan province in Iran and the possible relationship between them. Method: This applied study was an analytical survey. Research population included all librarians working in public libraries located in Western Azerbaijan, Iran. For data collection, Climate Quall Questionnaire and Meslesh''s Occupational Burnout Questionnaire were used for measuring organizational climate and occupational burnout, respectively. In descriptive statistical level, mean, SD, tables and charts were used and for testing research hypotheses, correlational test and one-sample t-test were applied. Results: The mean rates of organizational climate and occupational burnout were 176.77±41.31 and 51.35±17.18 from views of the librarians, respectively. The mean rates of librarians'' occupational burnout were not significantly different by their gender, working length, and academic level. The mean rates of organizational climate were not significantly different among librarians by their academic levels. This difference was significant by their working length (p Conclusion: There was no significant relationship between organizational climate and occupational burnout. This study can be considered as one of the first studies on relationship between organizational climate and occupational burnout from views of librarians working in public libraries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
234 - Political Thought of Fardidian Circle
جواد خزعلی جلال درخشه -
Open Access Article
235 - The Khazar region; How much Trouble for Iran?
Kamal Pouladi -
Open Access Article
236 - Iran's Regional Role and Russia-US Rivalry in West Asia
Ali Eskandari Jahangir Karami -
Open Access Article
237 - Measuring Socio-Political Participation on Political Trust in the Elections of West Azerbaijan Province from 2011 to 2019
Behnam Heydarpour Faramarz Mirzazadeh Ahmad Beygloo Abdulrahman Hassanifar -
Open Access Article
238 - Convergence Evolution in West and Southwest Asia and Iran's Position in it
Farzaneh Karimi Jahangir Karami -
Open Access Article
239 - The Place of Tradition and Modernity in the Works and Thought of Dariush Shayegan before the Islamic Revolution of Iran
Ehsan Ayoobi Fereshteh Sadat Etefagh Far Amir Dabiri Mehr Mohsen Asgari Jahaghi -
Open Access Article
240 - Examining the concept of modernity in the thought of Dariush Shayegan and Seyed Hossein Nasr
Ehsan Ayoobi Fereshteh Sadat Ettefagh Far Amir Dabiri MehrThe contrast between tradition and modernity has always been criticized throughout the history of political thought, and many thinkers have presented their views in this field in the Western and Islamic worlds. Meanwhile, the concept of modernity in the thought of Dariu MoreThe contrast between tradition and modernity has always been criticized throughout the history of political thought, and many thinkers have presented their views in this field in the Western and Islamic worlds. Meanwhile, the concept of modernity in the thought of Dariush Shayegan as a free thinker and Seyed Hossein Nasr as a traditional thinker and theorist is examined in this research. The theoretical framework of the research is a combination of Carl Gustav Jung's collective psychoanalysis and other hermeneutics theories. This research aims to answer the question, what is the approach of Dariush Shayegan and Seyed Hossein Nasr in facing modernity? The findings of the research also indicate that Dariush Shayegan as an Iranian thinker and intellectual underwent important changes during his intellectual life, and for this reason, his early views have very significant differences with his later opinions. On the other hand, Seyed Hossein Nasr, like Shayegan, is an ardent critic and opponent of modernity, and he believes that reforming religion leads to the deconstruction of religion and that there is no end except secularism and anti-religion. But his full-length defense of religious pluralism makes it difficult to make a final judgment about his thoughts. The method of descriptive analytical research and the method of collecting data is documentary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
241 - ساختارشناسی چند واژه در شاهنامه: ایرانی شرقی و شمال غربی رقیه کریم زاده نقشینه
Roghayeh Karimzadeh Naghshinehفارسی که زبان جنوب غربی است، نه تنها شامل گویشهای مختلف پارتی و شمال غربی است بلکه از زبانهای ایرانی شرقی، بهویژه از زبان سغدی، وامهای بسیار گرفته است. وامواژههایی که بر اثر تماس و برخورد عمیق اقوام و ملّتهای مختلف ایجاد میشوند، در همهی زبانها، پدیدهای عادی ب Moreفارسی که زبان جنوب غربی است، نه تنها شامل گویشهای مختلف پارتی و شمال غربی است بلکه از زبانهای ایرانی شرقی، بهویژه از زبان سغدی، وامهای بسیار گرفته است. وامواژههایی که بر اثر تماس و برخورد عمیق اقوام و ملّتهای مختلف ایجاد میشوند، در همهی زبانها، پدیدهای عادی به شمار میروند. وجود واژگان ایرانی شرقی و شمال غربی در زبان فارسی، فقط وابسته به روابط عمیق اقوام سغدی و پارتی نبوده است، بلکه خلق زبان و ادبیّات فراگویشی، از علل اصلی آن به شمار میرود.شاهنامه فهرست واژگان اساسی ایران شرقی و شمال شرقی را به یادگار گذاشته است که البتّه بخشی از آن، درطی دورههای گوناگون از نظام زبان خارج شدهاند و فقط در سطح فرهنگهای لغات، آثار کتبی و منابع باقی ماندهاند؛ یعنی، کاربردی بسیار محدود و غیر فعّال دارند. این مقاله، با استفاده از روش درزمانی، همزمانی و تطبیقی به ساختارشناسی واژههای زیر پرداخته است:الف- واژههای ایرانی شرقی:-Āvāza,- FaƔfūr,- Tāl ō māl,- SitēƔ,- Faž,- RāƔ,- uƔd,č- Zēvar,- ĀƔāz, -āƔāz idan, - Butfōz,- Sangsār,- Rež,- žiƔār,- kās,- yāfa,- ĀruƔda,- PasēIJīdan/. Pasečīdan,- lanIJ و -Alfanĵidan.ب- واژههای شمال غربی:-Āžīr, -Žāla,- Žerf,- žiyān,- Bahr,- Sipihr,- Hužīr,- Herbod,- Zafar,- Barzan, -Zam,- Burz,- Andarz,- Taham,- Sipenj,- Sipāh,- yala,- yāra,- yawa,- yazidan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
242 - تجزیه و تحلیل پسااستعماری ترجمۀ فارسی به انگلیسی اشعار برگزیده توسط آرتور جی آربری
Maliheh Molaei Seyyed Shahabeddin Sadati Shahin Ojaghalizadehکارکرد ترجمه طی چند قرن گذشته گستردهتر شدهاست و علاوهبر جنبههای زبانی، عوامل ایدئولوژیکی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی و سیاسی نیز فرایند ترجمه را تحتالشعاع قرار دادهاند. از آنجائیکه ترجمه صرفاً عملی خنثی و زبانی نیست و به مدت طولانی، ابزاری کمکی برای ابرقدرتها به حساب میآم Moreکارکرد ترجمه طی چند قرن گذشته گستردهتر شدهاست و علاوهبر جنبههای زبانی، عوامل ایدئولوژیکی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی و سیاسی نیز فرایند ترجمه را تحتالشعاع قرار دادهاند. از آنجائیکه ترجمه صرفاً عملی خنثی و زبانی نیست و به مدت طولانی، ابزاری کمکی برای ابرقدرتها به حساب میآمد تا بر ملتهای ضعیفتر تسلط یابند، پس رابطۀ بین متن اصلی و ترجمۀ آن مستلزم بررسیهای فراوان از رویکرد پسااستعماری میباشد. بدیهی است که ارتباط مهمی بین "پسااستعمارگرایی" و "ترجمه" وجود دارد و بسیاری از مترجمان و نویسندگان پسااستعماری، مولفههای فرهنگی خود را در آثارشان منتقل کردهاند؛ از اینرو، این مقاله به تجزیه و تحلیل پسااستعماری ترجمههای انگلیسی پنج شعر فارسی به ترجمۀ "آرتور جان آربری"، شرقشناس مطالعات پسااستعماری، میپردازد تا جایگزینی یا عدم جایگزینی مفاهیم غربی به جای مضامین شرقی از سوی مترجم مشخص گردد. در این راستا، ترجمههای انگلیسی مورد نظر از کتاب گلچین ترجمۀ اشعار: ویرایش ای جی آربری (1387) و اشعار فارسی مربوطه از کتابهای گوناگون جمعآوری شدهاند. نتایج حاصل از تجزیه و تحلیلها حاکی از آن است که مترجم در ترجمۀ برخی از مضامین خاص اشعار فارسی، هویت شرقی-ایرانی را نادیده انگاشته و در نتیجه، رنگ و بوی غربی به اشعار بخشیدهاست. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
243 - The Role of Metaphorical Language in the Critical Discourse Analysis of Western Political Texts
Ali Akbar Farahani Zohreh Adeli Jam -
Open Access Article
244 - The Nostalgia of the Soul in "The Hymn of the Pearl" and "Exiled in the West"; A Comparative Study
nasrin vakilian FATEMEH LAJEVARDI ABOLGHASEM ESMAILPOUR MOTLAGH Belief in the descent of the soul to the material realm and its return to its higher state and homeland is the core of the teachings of the Gnostic School as well as Islamic mysticism. This belief is manifested in two allegorical stories: “The Hymn of the Pe More Belief in the descent of the soul to the material realm and its return to its higher state and homeland is the core of the teachings of the Gnostic School as well as Islamic mysticism. This belief is manifested in two allegorical stories: “The Hymn of the Pearl” and “Exiled in the West: The Mystical Narration of Shihab Al-Din Suhrawardi's Recital of the Occidental Exile” The former is a reflection of Gnostic epistemological thoughts and the latter being an expression of Suhrawardi's intellectual-philosophical system. By a comparative analytical approach and using library method, the present article tires to decipher these two stories to depict the basic worldviews of Gnosticism and Suhrawardi through these two treatises, to reread the commonalities and differences between them, and in this way, achieve achievements by comparing and intertextually examining the two stories. Despite the great intellectual differences between these two worldviews, the findings of the research show many commonalities. Among the common themes of two stories, we can refer to spiritual nostalgia, East-West worldview, the presence of an old man and a spiritual guide, being informant, as well as the symbolic and mythological structure of both stories. Themes such as the return and the second birth, the Divine intervention in all things, and the non-dualistic worldview, that are referred in Exiled in the West, are the differences between the two stories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
245 - The Reflection of Ghorbat al-gharbiyah in Masnavi Manavi
Elyās Nourāyī Maryam AsadiyānThe issues of separation from higher world, spiritual nostalgia and return to origin have been expressed with symbolic language in allegorical texts of Iranian-Islamic mysticism. One of the most important texts is Sohravardi's Ghorbat al-gharbiyah (the Occidental MoreThe issues of separation from higher world, spiritual nostalgia and return to origin have been expressed with symbolic language in allegorical texts of Iranian-Islamic mysticism. One of the most important texts is Sohravardi's Ghorbat al-gharbiyah (the Occidental exile). Sohravardi proposes the concept of "the Occidental exile" in a utopian and an idealistic geography. By using descriptive-analytical method, the present article tries to study this concept in Masnavi Manavi of Jalāl al-Din Rūmi and to show his hermeneutic and mystical apprehensions with regards to Sohravardi's allegories. The research shows that how Sohravardian terms like ideal east and west, utopia, corps astral, being imprisoned in tenebrous well and mystical journey (suluk) to the east and higher world, all have been manifested in Masnavi Manavi. Doing so, it reveals that the common source of these two scholars, is, Quranic hermeneutic. They interpret the tales and allegories of Quran and indicate that the man can obtain his/her divine and luminous identity and understand that his/her true place is not the material world, and must resort to intuition and purification. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
246 - Cloning and expression of UreB-Omp18 recombinant protein from Iranian H. pylori strain
hassan seyyedhamzeh safar farajnia Mohammad Kargar Farshid Kafilzadeh Behzad baradaranBackground & Objectives: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is accepted of chronic gastritis. Among the diagnostic methods, serological tests are widely available and relatively sensitive to detect H. pylori infection. However, the low specificity limits MoreBackground & Objectives: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is accepted of chronic gastritis. Among the diagnostic methods, serological tests are widely available and relatively sensitive to detect H. pylori infection. However, the low specificity limits its application. The present study was aimed for designing, cloning and expression of UreB - Omp18 protein from Iranian H. pylori strain as a promising diagnostic candidate with high specificity.Materials & Methods: After extraction of genomic DNA from focal Helicobacter pylori strain, ureB and omp18 genes were amplified by primers designed for these genes by PCR reaction and cloned into pET-22b expression vector after enzymatic cleavage. The expression of the resulting recombinant protein was induced by IPTG and purified with high purity by affinity chromatography. The antigenic properties of the purified recombinant protein were confirmed by Western blotting.Results: In this study, two ureB and omp18 gene fragments were amplified by PCR as 597 and 479 bp fragments, respectively, and cloned as a hybrid fragment in the pET-22b vector. The expression of the recombinant protein in E. coli BL21 (DE3) appeared as a fragment of about 60 kDa on SDS-PAGE and was purified by Ni-NTA column. Western blot results of purified chimeric antigen with sera of H. pylori infected patients showed the antigenic properties of the recombinant protein.Conclusion: In the present study, for the first time, the recombinant UreB-Omp18 protein was produced from the native strain of Helicobacter pylori, which can be a suitable candidate for designing a Helicobacter pylori diagnostic kit in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
247 - Instances of Cultural Exchange between Arab and Western Literature
Ali SaberiLiterary interactions, as a means of cultural exchange, were established between the Arab and Western writers and poets in two different steps; the first step was embracing of the literary works of oriental writers and poets in the West; such works as a Thousand and One MoreLiterary interactions, as a means of cultural exchange, were established between the Arab and Western writers and poets in two different steps; the first step was embracing of the literary works of oriental writers and poets in the West; such works as a Thousand and One Nights, Panchatantra, Maqamah, and musical structure of Arab poem were imitated in the West, thereby forming a bridge between Eastern and Western literature. And the second stage was imitation of Western literature by Arab writers, which resulted in the emergence of new literary genres in Arab literature; playwriting, epic poetry, short story, and modernist poetry, as well as modern literary schools that were unprecedented in the Arab literature so became popular among Arab literary writers. Such cultural interaction has always resulted in development and flourishing of literature of different nations in the world, so much so that the world literature can be said to be the product of a process of ongoing exchange between different nations. Artistic interactions have long been one of the means to establish cultural exchange between different nations; of arts, literature, as a branch of verbal art, has plays a significant role in such an auspicious interaction. It is obvious that flourishing of world literature and cultural richness of the nations is indebted to such beautiful human art. Therefore, this paper tries to study the cultural interactions between Western and Arab literature in two steps: effect of Arab literature on Western literature and vice versa with a view to different literary genres. Although there were many works by writers and criticisms that were relevant to this study, the focus here was on those effects in literary works that are considered as innovation in the influenced literature, but as imitation from perspective of the influencing literature. However, such influence can be a cultural exchange, which can fertilize the influenced literature. In this paper, effects of Arab literature on Western and vice versa are studied in two steps. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
248 - Reading stories symbolic of the West in "Persian sugar" Mohammad Ali Jamal Zadeh and "om Hashim Qandil yahya haghe
Reza NazemianMohammad Ali Jamal Zadeh and yahya haghe in Arabic and Persian literature, especially short stories are MyRvnd of Pshgaman DastanNvysy. Although not among the authors linked, but at the same time between the two has led DastanHayshan content is somewhat closer togeth MoreMohammad Ali Jamal Zadeh and yahya haghe in Arabic and Persian literature, especially short stories are MyRvnd of Pshgaman DastanNvysy. Although not among the authors linked, but at the same time between the two has led DastanHayshan content is somewhat closer together. The central issue in Dastan "Persian sugar" from JmalZadh and "I Hashim Qandil" Hazrat Zainab Yahya chandelier right in the eye-eat, MsylhY confrontation of East and West. In fact, the authors intend to cultural ByHvyty readers and suggest the abandonment of Eastern SntHay and replace them with JlvhHay to criticize the West. Although the authors at the end of the reconciliation of East and West RsydhAnd but early fascination with respect to the appearances of material civilization and the people of East FrngyMaby well KshydhAnd image. This article is an important symbol of the confrontation between East and West JlvhHay story and decrypts the show. In addition, the outstanding elements of fiction such as personality, viewpoint, setting and theme DastanHa DrvnMayh and the main axes of the pains. Religion, sex, language, dress and symbols of the main topics discussed in this article. Manuscript profile -
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249 - An Analysis of the process of Formation and Importance of the Problem "the Origin of Ideas and Concepts" in the New Age of Western Philosophy
ahmad hamdollahiThe question of "the origin of ideas and concepts" is one of the most important issues in the new age of Western philosophy. In this article I have attempted to provide an analysis of the process of formation and importance of this issue during this period. I have shown MoreThe question of "the origin of ideas and concepts" is one of the most important issues in the new age of Western philosophy. In this article I have attempted to provide an analysis of the process of formation and importance of this issue during this period. I have shown in this analysis: The first step in the formation of this problem was the presentation of the Idea of innate ideas by the rationalists of new age, which is due to some of their metaphysical foundations and views, rather than answering an explicit and independent question called "the origin of ideas and concepts". At this stage, although the question of "the origin of ideas and concepts" has been raised in some way, it has not yet emerged as a serious and independent issue. In the second step, John Locke with the aim of rejecting of the Idea of innate ideas, for the first time explicitly and directly raising the question of "the origin of ideas and concepts" and discussing it seriously and in detail. Leibniz's re-defense of innate ideas against Locke's attacks, has led to the explicit formation of dualism of Rationalism and Empiricism for the first time, and thus making this debate particularly important. In the third and final step, Hume, by linking the fate of very important issues such as the possibility of Science and Metaphysics to the question of "the origin of ideas and concepts", makes it a matter of immense value that it never had before. Manuscript profile -
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250 - Eastern Wisdom and Mysticism from the Viewpoints of Iqbāl lāhūrī
مسعود سرحدی عزیزالله سالاریDepending on his own intellectual system, Iqbāl stresses the eastern wisdom of eastern people and Muslims and challenges the western schools of thought including materialism and nihilism. His philosophy is composed of reasoning, mysticism, Quran, Hadith, love, spiritual MoreDepending on his own intellectual system, Iqbāl stresses the eastern wisdom of eastern people and Muslims and challenges the western schools of thought including materialism and nihilism. His philosophy is composed of reasoning, mysticism, Quran, Hadith, love, spiritual concern, self-consciousness, awakening, passion and includes transcendental theory and action. He believes that the western rationality must be regarded in terms of technique and information and it is empty of deep view and intuition. Iqbāl mentions that achievement of western culture and civilization leads to the development of technical reason and destruction of soul. Western wisdom has developed on the ruins of oppressed world and its satanic and demonic reason is accompanied by tyrannical and aggressive plans. This process has led to the transformation of original cultures of oppressed people and the destruction of eastern knowledge, spirituality and religious belief. For this reason Iqbāl ardently asks eastern Muslims to be attached to their own tradition, strength and knowledge, the knowledge that leads to salvation and truth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
251 - Identification of Influential Factors on Divergence in South West Area of the Asia
samere yaghobi Ezzatollah ezzati Ebrahim rominaSouth west Asia countries encompasses multifarious political, cultural, religious, economical and ideological challenges which they lack pervasive regional structure in order to pace in terms of dealing with the problems and existent challenges and thus in this current MoreSouth west Asia countries encompasses multifarious political, cultural, religious, economical and ideological challenges which they lack pervasive regional structure in order to pace in terms of dealing with the problems and existent challenges and thus in this current paper, in respect of regional divergence in south west Asia, substantial question will be arisen that " which influential factors are there on the divergence in south west area of the Asia?"The required data of the investigation are collected through field and library method and statistical analysis methods in the library part are descriptive and statistical and in the part of field method, one sample run t test is used.The findings indicate that the factors as backing of Saudi Arabia invasion to Yaman by western countries and committing war crimes by this regime, the efforts of trans-regional powers to promote Iran's terrorism project, the spread of radical nationalism among the Arabs, Kurds, …and aimed at strengthening the separatism spirit, different conceptions like: jihad in the Islamic world, controversy over the right to exploit border rivers and common water resources,…are the most considerable factors on divergence in south west area of the Asia. Manuscript profile -
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252 - The Geoeconomics of French Foreign Policy in the Context of West Asian Geopolitical Rivalry and its Implication for Franco-Iranian Relationship.
Ali Sabbaghian Mohsen JALALIAs IR scholars have long recognized, the alignment with foreign actors has been particularly relevant for regional balance in the West Asian power relations and in the same way, France is among the powers that has always been taken into consideration in the West Asian e MoreAs IR scholars have long recognized, the alignment with foreign actors has been particularly relevant for regional balance in the West Asian power relations and in the same way, France is among the powers that has always been taken into consideration in the West Asian extra-regional alliance strategies. Besides that, over the past two decades, economic leverages has gained momentum in IR including in cross-regional Geostrategic alignments and are employed as an important foreign policy tool. So the main question of this article is how the Geo-economics have shaped French foreign policy within the context of West Asian geopolitical rivalry and what have been the consequences for Iran? Supposing that the region's vast commercial, financial and arms market have been evolved into Geo-economic leverages, ready to influence the foreign policy behavior of major trans-regional powers, this paper examines the use of these leverages in the context of Saudi-Iranian cold war and demonstrates that how this trend has paved the way for Franco-Iranian foreign policy confrontation on multiple regional issues.Current studies suggest that, in addition to the bipolar atmosphere surged from Saudi- Iranian conflicts, the Spillover of the region's crises into Europe and the US “Pivot to Asia” strategy, among others, are major contextual components determining France interventions in West Asia. The results of this study indicate that the aggregation of economic levers in the camp of Iran's regional rivals has conferred certain competitive geopolitical advantages and has affected French foreign policy options while adding to the fragility of Franco-Iranian relations. Manuscript profile -
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253 - Russia's balancing acts in the 2014 Ukraine crisis
Ali Mousaei Enayatollah Yazdani Mohammadali basiriSince the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine has always been the scene of Russia-West competition due to its identity, geopolitical, geo-economic and economic importance, and has witnessed serious conflicts and various political-security crises. The 2014 Ukraine cris MoreSince the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine has always been the scene of Russia-West competition due to its identity, geopolitical, geo-economic and economic importance, and has witnessed serious conflicts and various political-security crises. The 2014 Ukraine crisis, which began with Russia’s pressure on Ukraine to refuse to join a free trade agreement with the European Union, eventually led to the annexation of the Crimean peninsula to the Russian Federation could also be considered in the context of the same competitions between Russia and the West. A competition that not only started the crisis and annexed Crimea to Russia; Rather, it sharply increased tensions between Russia and the West. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to answer the questions that why did Russia decide to annex the Crimean peninsula to the Russian Federation, and what effect did this annexation have on the balance of power in the Black Sea region? In this article, with a qualitative method and analytical approach, the research questions in the conceptual context of the balance of threat theory have been examined using library resources. The findings of the article show that the elimination of threats from Ukraine's possible membership in the European Union against Russia's security and national interests has been the reason for Russia's decision to annex Crimea to the Russian Federation. This annexation has also changed the balance of power in favor of Russia vis a vis the West in the Black Sea region. Manuscript profile -
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254 - Status measurement of civil society, human rights and environmental rights in West Asia with an emphasis on neo-regionalism
nesa zahedi hannaneh darashtiNeo-nationalism and new criteria for regionalization (West Asia Regional or Formal? Based on the new literature, new-regionalism should be distinguished from the geographic or geographical division of science. Here we define the region as follows: A group of countries MoreNeo-nationalism and new criteria for regionalization (West Asia Regional or Formal? Based on the new literature, new-regionalism should be distinguished from the geographic or geographical division of science. Here we define the region as follows: A group of countries whose joint political project is more or less explicit and active in integrating into globalization. That is, both of these trends are tied to the flux of the transformation of the global structure. In the new-regionalism literature, geographic or even economic dimensions are undermined, and their functions are important? The main question of the article is that considering conceptual developments in the dimension of neo-nationalism as a way of understanding in understanding the global structure of the present, is the use of the term "region" to Western Asia to be a scientific criterion. The hypothesis of the paper, based on the analysis and explanation methods, considers the transition of the neo-nationalist literature to the use of geographic or even economic criteria in the establishment of the regions, the primary and basic presuppositions of the formation of the region depends on the realization of the factors of the movement towards polarization. Manuscript profile -
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255 - The challenges of the dual competing axis of resistance-axis of compromise in the reorganization of order in the region of Southwest Asia
mohammad mahmoodikiaThe dynamic nature of the developments in the Southwest Asia region, as well as the formation of new security polarizations in it, adds to the complexities of the future order and patterns of cooperation and conflict in this strategic region. The dual formation of the r MoreThe dynamic nature of the developments in the Southwest Asia region, as well as the formation of new security polarizations in it, adds to the complexities of the future order and patterns of cooperation and conflict in this strategic region. The dual formation of the rival axis of resistance and the axis of compromise is one of the most prominent manifestations of the order-making trends in this region. The outcome of which can lead to the formation of a new geopolitical order with different rules of action. This research seeks to investigate the effects of these new patterns of relations between regional actors (problem statement). Using a combined method of elite interviews and thematic analysis (research method), the researcher seeks to provide an answer to the main question of the research: What are the strengths and weaknesses of the rival dualism of resistance and compromise in the reconstruction of the regional order? A detailed understanding of how the said bipolar affects, requires knowing how the power is distributed in the region, the depressing features, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of each of the mentioned axes (research question). In this research, 58 themes in understanding the changes in the components that shape the action environment, 78 themes in explaining the challenges of resistance and 114 themes in explaining the challenges of compromise have been counted (research findings). Manuscript profile -
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256 - Conflict between West and Russia in the Shape of Orange and Blue Revolutions in Ukraine
Habibollah AbolhassanShiraziWith appearance of the Orange Revolution in Ukrainein2004, although the political system did not change however a shift of power with in the government occurred by the "Regions of Ukraine" party on the blue revolution in 2010 under the pro-Russian leadership of "Yanakvv MoreWith appearance of the Orange Revolution in Ukrainein2004, although the political system did not change however a shift of power with in the government occurred by the "Regions of Ukraine" party on the blue revolution in 2010 under the pro-Russian leadership of "Yanakvvych" and was replaced by the common West led way of "Purshnkev" and "Tymoshenko". This shift of power thatwasviolentonce again showed the gapbetweentheEastUkrainewho is pro-Russian andWestUkraine who are thepro-union membershipinEurope andhavingclose relationswithAmerica in further shape. Western countries andRussia havesoughtto attractUkraine.But whileMoscow considered NATO's presence andEuropean Union in its bordersas a threatandis willing topayenormouseconomic and political expenses in order toprevent this from happening, butEuropeanUnion is notprepared topay fortheabsorptionof this country. It seemsKievinsupportoftheEuropeanUniontowardsRussiahaslost hope andwantedWashington presence which hasatougherstancetowardUkraine's crisis.This paperis also attempting todescribetwoblue andorangerevolutionsin Ukraine,the roots of theconflictsexistingin the countryatthree national, regionalandinternational levels andthecompetitivenessof the West andRussiain Ukrainewillbe reviewed andanalyzed. Manuscript profile -
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257 - Russian Foreign Policy Approach from 1991 to 2011
Ahmad Bakhshayesh ArdestaniPrime Minister of Great Britain Winston Churchill said in 1939 that "I cannot forecast to you the action of Russia. It is a riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma". Some of the Iranian political elites consider Russia as an un-reliable ally for Iran whichlargely MorePrime Minister of Great Britain Winston Churchill said in 1939 that "I cannot forecast to you the action of Russia. It is a riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma". Some of the Iranian political elites consider Russia as an un-reliable ally for Iran whichlargelyoverlapsthatofChurchillspokeinPersian culture. Since the dissolu7on of Soviet Union in 1990s and the rise of Russia, Moscow has been experiencing three foreign policy orientations: “cooperative approach to the West”, “integrated approach to the West” and “look east policy”. Indeed, NATO’s military intervention in the formerYugoslav and ignoring the interests of Russia lead this country with a new compe77on in its foreign policy against the Western countries in 1999. This article deals with the Russian foreign policy outlooks to win the West’s legitimization as the second great power in the world. Western Countries particularly united States are not interested in recognizing Russia as the world’s second great power. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
258 - Neo-regionalism and New Regional Criteria: Status Measurement of Civil Society, Human Rights and Environmental Rights in West Asia
hannaneh darashti nesa zahediBased on the new literature, new-regionalism should be distinguished from the geographic or geographical division of science. Here we define the region as follows: A group of countries whose joint political project is more or less explicit and active in integrating into MoreBased on the new literature, new-regionalism should be distinguished from the geographic or geographical division of science. Here we define the region as follows: A group of countries whose joint political project is more or less explicit and active in integrating into globalization. That is, both of these trends are tied to the flux of the transformation of the global structure. In the new-regionalism literature, geographic or even economic dimensions are undermined, and their functions are important?The main question of the article is that considering conceptual developments in the dimension of neo-nationalism as a way of understanding in understanding the global structure of the present, is the use of the term "region" to Western Asia to be a scientific criterion. The hypothesis of the paper, based on the analysis and explanation methods, considers the transition of the neo-nationalist literature to the use of geographic or even economic criteria in the establishment of the regions, the primary and basic presuppositions of the formation of the region depends on the realization of the factors of the movement towards polarization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
259 - Confrontation of Shiite and Salafi Brotherhood Discourse on Traditional West Asian Security Arrangements within the Analytic Framework of the Copenhagen School
morteza shirody Ahmad Reza Shah AliThe present work seeks to provide a descriptive-analytical approach to a realistic analysis of the competing nature of the (Shiite) discourse of opposition to the Salafist and Brotherhood discourses in the strategic domain of West Asia. So the question that the authors MoreThe present work seeks to provide a descriptive-analytical approach to a realistic analysis of the competing nature of the (Shiite) discourse of opposition to the Salafist and Brotherhood discourses in the strategic domain of West Asia. So the question that the authors of this study is trying to answer is why is the impact of the (Shiite) discourse on the West Asian security order in the face of the Salafist and Brotherhood discourses evaluated? The hypothesis raised by this question is that in recent years, the discourse of Shiite resistance to Salafist and Brotherhood discourse has succeeded in bringing the Islamic and revolutionary countries present in the West Asian strategic field in form, method, slogan and in The goal is to influence. The choice of revolutionary Islam as the ideology of struggle and resistance, the attempt to achieve Islamic rule, and the role of intellectual currents in different layers of Islamic societies are examples of the profound effects of (Shiite) discourse on this area. To this end, in order to maintain the political structure of the countries of the region and subsequently to prevent the maximization of the growing power of the discourse, the Salafist and Brotherhood discourses have sought to maximize the discourse of the (Shiite) resistance. This, in turn, has led to the proxy war and sometimes to the hidden discourse between the two mentioned discourses and, of course, to the detriment of the Salafist and Brotherhood discourses. Manuscript profile -
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260 - Western-Russian Relations in the Shadow of Ukraine's Developments 2014
Abbasali Zendehbudi Shahrooz Ebrahimi Mahnaz GoodarziAbout three years ago, Viktor Yanukovych the President of Ukraine fled the country following massive anti-government protests. Following these developments, during which the Kremlin-backed president was ousted, Russia intervened in eastern Ukraine and after the referend MoreAbout three years ago, Viktor Yanukovych the President of Ukraine fled the country following massive anti-government protests. Following these developments, during which the Kremlin-backed president was ousted, Russia intervened in eastern Ukraine and after the referendum, the Crimean peninsula was annexed to this country. Developments in Ukraine (2014), which led to the crisis in the Crimean peninsula, change the geopolitical outlook of Post-Soviet Eurasia, undermine regional security and created a major challenge in United States-Russia relations. Therefore, it is important to answer the question: what impact of Ukraine's developments (2014) has had on Russia-West relations? The United States and the European Union responded by imposing sanctions on Russia, so that, according to some analysts, the Crimean crisis has become the greatest crisis between Russia and the West after the Cold War. The present article, by using a descriptive-analytical method, attempts to examine the effects of Ukraine's developments on West-Russia relations. Manuscript profile -
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261 - Obama’s Foreign Policy in the West of Asia and North Africa Until 2015
Mohammadjafar Javadi Arjmand Amin Parhizkar Ehsan KhezriAbstract Although Most of Critics of Barack Obama‘s Regional strategy believe that Obama lacking a strategy point of view. This reasoning looks completely wrong. When Obama sat on presidential seat he believed that high volume reduction of military commitments and MoreAbstract Although Most of Critics of Barack Obama‘s Regional strategy believe that Obama lacking a strategy point of view. This reasoning looks completely wrong. When Obama sat on presidential seat he believed that high volume reduction of military commitments and political investment in Middle East is one of the vital and important profits of United States. Engrossing of Iraq and also widespread war against terrorism has faced United States lots of problems, particularly in time of recession. Adjusting presence of United States in this region was not only limited to reduction of its physical appearance in Middle East, but also it includes restraint policy, as Syria, Libya and Yemen has proved that. It means United States take steps back in conflicts of region and give more safety to its allies for more responsibility they take. This study show that Obamas has followed this policy, continuously and he resists strongly against efforts is made to stop this policy. Although it is not in favour of everyone in Washington, but it is a clear and comprehensive strategy which has made Obama to take serious proceedings for issues he thought they are important just as national security; the issues such as Iran nuclear program, Palestine-Israel conflicts, Iraq war and specially recent changes in Region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
262 - Investigating the Determinant Factors and Processes in the West Asian Security Order Based on the Omni-Balancing Theory
mohammadreza dehshiri Hossein ShahmoradiIn this paper, the determinant factors and processes in the West Asian region are investigated in three areas of structures, actors, and processes as interconnected and interrelated items. The theoretical framework of the research is based on the Steven David''s Omni-Ba MoreIn this paper, the determinant factors and processes in the West Asian region are investigated in three areas of structures, actors, and processes as interconnected and interrelated items. The theoretical framework of the research is based on the Steven David''s Omni-Balancing theory, asserting that governments not only consider external military threats in their own security calculations, but also address domestic dangers. After reviewing the structures affecting the security order of the region, the writers explain the role of extra-regional, sub-national/non-state and state actors. Then, processes affecting the security order of West Asia will be examined with emphasis on identity differences, poverty and inequality, water crisis and Islamism. The article then focuses on regional patterns of regional security in West Asia, including Puzzle and Chess patterns, which put actors involved in the security equitations of the region in a state of perplexity. The paper concludes that due to the uncertainty and unpredictability of regional dynamics, the lack of a regulative principle, the plurality and diversity of actors and finally the fluid process, it would be difficult to predict the future of regional order and security. In such a situation, it seems that the ultimate solution would be initiatives such as security networking and a strong region. The research method is descriptive-analytic and documentary and reliable internet based sources have been used to collect the information. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
263 - Impact of Barjam on Iran's Position in West Asian Equations
Kabak Khabiri Manouchehr MohammadiMultilateral agreements among countries of the world relating to challenging issues it usually leads to the role of the parties in the developments after such agreements. A comprehensive joint action plan had for Iran such a tool decree as long as Iran will be Isolated MoreMultilateral agreements among countries of the world relating to challenging issues it usually leads to the role of the parties in the developments after such agreements. A comprehensive joint action plan had for Iran such a tool decree as long as Iran will be Isolated with effort plan to build nuclear weapons, with this agreement, it became an effective player in international bargaining. The Barjam was more than a decade of tension and ineffective negotiations with the Western side. In the atmosphere of post Barjam, Iran officially entered the economic club and regional and world politics. This article seeks to answer this question that Iran's engagement with the international community in the post Barjam what has influenced the role of the country in West Asia and the world? This paper examines the hypothesis that Iran is in the aftermath of the Barjam exit from a previously controlled position and play as an active actor in regional crisis management and this has led to a shift in the balance of power in the region to the detriment of Saudi Arabia and Turkey. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
264 - Role of EU’s Normative Power in Western Balkans
احمد نقیب زاده حسین تفضلی مهدی نیکخواه قمی Abstract European Union is one of most important international actors that wants in addition to expanding its economic influence, emerge as a major international power and in this regard, especially after the Maastricht Tre More Abstract European Union is one of most important international actors that wants in addition to expanding its economic influence, emerge as a major international power and in this regard, especially after the Maastricht Treaty has taken important step towards increasing its international political weight. After the formation of the European Union, issue of its formation as a whole was discussed in political and academic circles and different views were introduced. Normative power approach which was introduced by Manners, created new literature in international scene and at the same time prompted supporters and opponents. On the other hand, Western Balkan region, which mainly consists of former Yugoslavia countries, has particular importance for European Union. Geographical proximity, historical and cultural commonalities and the shared border areas have created grounds for development of relations between the two sides. Therefore, in this article, the question is what is the impact of European Union’s normative power on countries of Western Balkan? What Instruments European Union has used and what challenges facing it? In addition to theoretical dimension of research and measures and applied policies, this paper believes that the relative stability of this unstable region and its alignment with the West is due to European Union’s normative power. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
265 - Study on Applicability of Amity Treaty of 1955 for Propounding the Case in the ICJ in Regard to the Western Sanctions against Iran
Seyed Hassan Mirfakhraei Sadegh PiriAbstract The Amity treaty between Iran and the United States of America was signed in 1955. Since the Treaty creates rights and obligations for both parties and referring the cancellation or termination of the treaty by any of the parties has not been executed or submi MoreAbstract The Amity treaty between Iran and the United States of America was signed in 1955. Since the Treaty creates rights and obligations for both parties and referring the cancellation or termination of the treaty by any of the parties has not been executed or submitted, as well as the claims of the two sides also referred to the International Court of Justice(ICJ), therefore, this treaty could be applicable for different legal cases at present and in the future inevitably. In this article we will try to investigate the provisions of the Treaty and the Vienna Convention as well as the International Court of Justice in the cases of Iran and America accordingly, mentioning the fact that this treaty has the ability to come into force in the cases involved between the two parties. Subsequently we shall try to state the American typology of sanctions against Iran, Showing that these sanctions are in violation of the provisions stated in the Treaty of Amity according to the treaty rights, and therefore can be discussed at the International Court of Justice. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
266 - The Reasons of the Emergence of New Diplomacy in the Evolving World System
Ruholamin SaeidiIn recent decades many of rules, principles and procedures which dominates the interactions of international actors have changed dramatically due to a transition from Westphalian order to post Westphalian order in world system. In response to the changes of global arena MoreIn recent decades many of rules, principles and procedures which dominates the interactions of international actors have changed dramatically due to a transition from Westphalian order to post Westphalian order in world system. In response to the changes of global arena, new diplomacy has emerged with different forms like media diplomacy, public diplomacy, track two diplomacy and virtual diplomacy. Understanding the reasons of the emergence of new diplomacy is very important and can be influential in determining foreign policy’s course of action.This article tries to investigate the reasons of the emergence of new diplomacy in the changing world system and proposes three factors as a hypothesis: declining of the role of sovereign states as a consequence of the growth of non-governmental actors, remarkable advancements in information and communication technologies and the enhancement of public opinion status. The results of this article can offer guidelines for directing Iran’ foreign policy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
267 - Russia and America's Foreign Policy toward the Syrian Crisis
Garineh keshishyan Siamak SaiyarAbstract Globalization is the major difference between today and previous era. Having an international economy which is sign of globalization could have a significant impact in expanding technology and transferring it to other developing countries which in turn resultin MoreAbstract Globalization is the major difference between today and previous era. Having an international economy which is sign of globalization could have a significant impact in expanding technology and transferring it to other developing countries which in turn resulting in asset and financial exchanges. An indication of globalized economy is perceived in efforts of international companies to elaborate and expand their transactions in order to connect their economy and countries where removing legal barriers lead to free economy. The geo-economical position of Iran in south west Asia as an energy distributor and its role could be regarded as a ring in international economy for effective investment in the region. Therefore, by establishing economic fundamentals, improving the production and enhancing oil industry and its connected enterprises growth of economy takes place. Without no doubt parameters such as contribution in distribution, developing technology, transferring resources, improving GDP and growth of other factors of development will move Iran’s economy toward a dynamic one. In this article, the effect of economy globalization in south west Asia with respect to Iran’s Geo-economical position was studied where converging approach was applied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
268 - Neo Pluralism as a New Post Westphalian State in the International System
Mansour Salehi Mohammad TohidfamOne of the most important terms of political science is the concept of state. Governments in the international system are in contact with each other and all face difficulties. Since politics is always in the midst of political and realities, it has tried to provide solu MoreOne of the most important terms of political science is the concept of state. Governments in the international system are in contact with each other and all face difficulties. Since politics is always in the midst of political and realities, it has tried to provide solutions to these problems in international relations. These solutions are regulated in the form of patterns for the government's mechanism in dealing with the problems. Our main question in this research is that "what mechanisms do the neo-pluralism government present in dealing with the post-cosmopolitan international system?" Using Springer's research approach, this research attempts to identify major issues of international relations in the present era and to provide solutions at the level of government analysis. According to Sprig's research approach, the crisis has always been the point where the solution to the crisis is to be presented. As always, theories of the "government" have been developed in this manner. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
269 - Drought Monitoring Using MODIS Land Surface Temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Products in Semi-Arid Areas of Iran
Elham Rafiei Sardooi Ali Azareh Hadi Eskandari Damaneh Hamed Skandari Damaneh -
Open Access Article
270 - Comparison of the Islamic Resistance Front and the Imperialism System in Western Asia,
younes khodaparastThe main purpose of this article is to compare the Islamic Resistance Front and the American imperialism regime in West Asia. In the analysis of the subject, we use the comparative method with the tools of Laclau and Mouffe discourse analysis theory. In response to this MoreThe main purpose of this article is to compare the Islamic Resistance Front and the American imperialism regime in West Asia. In the analysis of the subject, we use the comparative method with the tools of Laclau and Mouffe discourse analysis theory. In response to this hypothesis, it is proposed that the two models in question have different perceptions, perceptions and definitions of the computing system and are fundamentally different in the areas of leadership, strategic alliance, computing system, unity, method and goals. According to the research hypothesis, the research results indicate that in terms of conceptual and affirmative computing system in these two models, except in some cases, are different and different. Therefore, the strategy of active resistance and legitimate defense of the strategy of the Resistance Front against the strategy of the imperialism system means; the strategy of interventionism, aggression and a thousand wounds is to change the calculation system and disrupt the computational system of Iran and the Islamic Resistance. Essentially, America's imperialism rhetoric in West Asia by strengthening the Resistance Front "and" costly geopolitical interventions and reducing US tactical success due to regional crises, increasing interventionism, expansion of unilateralism and endless wars in the Asia Western regional environment is inevitable Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
271 - Presenting a paradigmatic model of sports identity among taekwondo players in West Azerbaijan province
Nabiollah Motallebi Mohammad Rahim Najafzadeh Jafar Barghi Moghadam Hamid JananiFor athletes and people who are actively involved in sports, sports identity is a valuable part of their existence that can fulfill their sports identity needs by participating in sports. Sport identity increases with the level of involvement in sport, and a strong spor MoreFor athletes and people who are actively involved in sports, sports identity is a valuable part of their existence that can fulfill their sports identity needs by participating in sports. Sport identity increases with the level of involvement in sport, and a strong sport identity is positively related to sport achievement as well as to higher motivation and competitiveness. The general aim of the research is to present a paradigmatic model of sports identity among taekwondo players in West Azerbaijan province. In terms of the method of a qualitative research, it is of the type of basic theory. The studied community includes members of the Taekwondo Board of West Azarbaijan province, education committees and trainers with national degrees of West Azarbaijan province. Sampling was done by snowball method and continued until theoretical saturation. After implementing the interview texts, selective coding, axial and open codes were extracted and analyzed using MAXQDA software. Finally, a paradigm algorithm was presented. Based on the findings, the paradigmatic pattern of sports identity among taekwondo players in West Azerbaijan province was composed of 4 categories (identification with sports team, sports technical identity, sports social identity and sports moral identity), 8 secondary concepts and 39 primary concepts. The qualitative research paradigm was presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
272 - Development of a structural model of sports identity in taekwondo athletes of West Azerbaijan province
Nabiollah Motallebi Mohammad Rahim Najafzadeh Jafar Barghi Moghadam Hamid JananiSports identity is a type of social identity that refers to the belonging of a group of athletes to a specific discipline. Sports identities are a valuable part of a person's feeling. A strong sports identity can cause the motivation and discipline necessary for an MoreSports identity is a type of social identity that refers to the belonging of a group of athletes to a specific discipline. Sports identities are a valuable part of a person's feeling. A strong sports identity can cause the motivation and discipline necessary for an athlete's continuous attendance in training as well as success at high levels of sports. The statistical population includes taekwondo athletes of West Azarbaijan province with at least 2 years of experience in the provincial league, which included 2100 people based on the documented statistics of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of West Azarbaijan province. The sample size was calculated based on Cochran's 324 formula and selected based on simple random sampling. questionnaire was confirmed based on the criteria of Fornell and Larcker, the divergent validity of the questionnaires; Also, composite reliability (Dillon-Goldstein coefficient) was acceptable. SPSS and SmartPLS software were used for data analysis. The results showed that the effect of identification with the sports team (with a regression coefficient of 0.30 and a critical ratio of 18.48), technical sports identity (with a regression coefficient of 0.36 and a critical ratio of 2.00), social sports identity (with a regression coefficient of 27 0.0 and critical ratio 19.22) and sports moral identity (regression coefficient 0.30 and critical ratio 2.38) which are outside the range of ±1.96 and also due to obtaining a significance level smaller than 0.05 , is positive and significant on sports identity in taekwondo athletes of West Azarbaijan province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
273 - Stock price prediction using artificial neural networks on lowest price range data
Bahman Ashrafijoo Nasser Fegh-hi Farahmand yagoub Alavi matin Kamaleddin RahmaniToday, one of the most important challenges in the capital market is stock price prediction. Stock price data represents a financial time series whose trend is very difficult to predict due to its characteristics and dynamic nature. One of the most recent methods used i MoreToday, one of the most important challenges in the capital market is stock price prediction. Stock price data represents a financial time series whose trend is very difficult to predict due to its characteristics and dynamic nature. One of the most recent methods used in predicting financial time series is ANN with back propagation of error. In this article, artificial neural networks based on three different Levenberg-Marquardt learning algorithms, scaled conjugate gradient and Bayesian regularization were used to predict the stock market based on the data of the lowest price range as well as the 30-minute data of the stock market index and compared their results together. We compare. All three algorithms provide a 99.9% estimate using the lowest price range data. But when using 30-minute data, the estimation accuracy decreases to 96.2%, 97.0%, and 98.9% for Levenberg-Marquarat algorithm, scaled conjugate gradient, and Bayesian regularization, respectively, which compares with the results Obtained by using the data of the lowest price range, the accuracy of the prediction is significantly reduced. Finally, the optimal neural network is compared with the regression method to determine that the results of the ANN in complex nonlinear time series are more efficient than linear methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
274 - Integrated Dodder (CuscutacampestrisYuncker)management in Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Fields in Miandoab
naser Jafarzadeh Hossin NajafiIn order to study of integrated dodder management in Sugar beet, which is spreading in sugar beet field, an experiment was conducted in Azarbayejan-gharbi province in Iran in 2015- 2016. Treatments were seed bed preparation times as main plots, planting date as sub plot MoreIn order to study of integrated dodder management in Sugar beet, which is spreading in sugar beet field, an experiment was conducted in Azarbayejan-gharbi province in Iran in 2015- 2016. Treatments were seed bed preparation times as main plots, planting date as sub plots and application of different doses of Propizamid (SC50 :1000, 1250 and 1500 gai.ha-1) and Ethofumesate (SC50: 750, 1000 and 1250 gai.ha-1) as sub-sub plots arranged as split-split factorial plot based randomized complete block design. Dodder dry weight and contamination level were evaluated at 30 days after herbicide application and sugar beet root yield was evaluated in the end of experiment. Seed bed preparation time had no significant effect on dodder dry weights. Results indicated that the contamination of level of dodder (EWRC) in the first planting date (39.3%) was less than the second planting date (44.8%). Results also showed that dry weight of dodder in the first planting date was less than the second planting date (49%). The highest root sugar beet yield was obtained from seed bed preparation time in autumn and spring, and planting date in 14 April and also using propyzamid herbicide as 1250 gai.ha-1. Contamination of level of dodder average was less in applied of propyzamid (36.2%) than the Ethofumesate (47.8%). The results of this experiment, as a whole, showed that planting of sugar beet in the 14 April, and also application of propyzamid as 1250 gai.ha-1 for dodder control can be recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
275 - شیوع آلودگی و آسیب شناسی عفونت با سستود روده ای در گربه ماهی آب شیرین در سدهای مخزنی آذربایجان غربی، ایران
ساسان دلبسته میاندوآب داریوش آزادیخواه امیر امنیت طلبدر مطالعه حاضر در مجموع 180 قطعه S. glanis (60 ماهی برای هر منطقه) از مخازن سد ارس ، مهاباد و زرینه (شهید کاظمی) جمع آوری شد. شیوع فصلی عفونت Siluris glanis در سدهای ارس ، مهاباد و زرینه به ترتیب به ترتیب بهار (60، 56، 59 درصد)، تابستان (70، 66.5، 69 درصد) ، پاییز (63.3 Moreدر مطالعه حاضر در مجموع 180 قطعه S. glanis (60 ماهی برای هر منطقه) از مخازن سد ارس ، مهاباد و زرینه (شهید کاظمی) جمع آوری شد. شیوع فصلی عفونت Siluris glanis در سدهای ارس ، مهاباد و زرینه به ترتیب به ترتیب بهار (60، 56، 59 درصد)، تابستان (70، 66.5، 69 درصد) ، پاییز (63.3، 66، 64 درصد) و زمستان (45 ،39، 41 درصد) بودند. حداکثر شدت آلودگی (Mean ± SE) سستود روده ای پروتوسفالوس اسکولاتوس در سدهای ارس (0.5 ± 6.61)، مهاباد (0.61± 5.82) و زرینه (0.56 ± 5.7) در تابستان تعیین شد. تعداد این انگل در فصول مختلف از 1 تا 17 بود. شیوع و شدت عفونت در تابستان و زمستان با سایر فصول تفاوت معنی داری داشت (0.05> p). تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها نشان داده است که میزان آلودگی در ماهیان مبتلا بیشتر به فصول بستگی دارد. همچنین، اختلاف معنی داری در آلودگی به این انگل بین گربه ماهی نر و ماده وجود نداشت. همچنین، مطالعه پاتولوژیک نشان داد که چسبندگی اسکولکس به روده Siluris glanis باعث آسیب های مکانیکی به آن می شود. طبق نتایج ، آلودگی گربه ماهی آب شیرین به Protocephalus osculatus از شیوع بالایی در منطقه مورد مطالعه برخوردار است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
276 - Investigation of Cosenza Mutation in Patients with Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) in North West of Iran
Omolbanin Javadi omoalbanin Javadi Habib Onsori habib onsori -
Open Access Article
277 - Investigating the Four Personality Types of A and B and C and D Physical Education Managers based on Psychological Theories and How to Treat Them
Mostafa Mostafapour Mozafar Yektayar Mojghan Khodamoradpour Meisam AllahmoradiThe purpose of the current research is to determine the relationship between the four personality types of physical education managers in the northwest of the country and deal with them for successful communication. The statistical population of this research was made u MoreThe purpose of the current research is to determine the relationship between the four personality types of physical education managers in the northwest of the country and deal with them for successful communication. The statistical population of this research was made up of 140 physical education specialists and it was found that the statistical sample is representative of the statistical population and the sample was selected as a whole. Data were collected using two surveys on personality type (reliability 0.89) and attitudes towards successful communication (reliability 0.85). This study describes the type of correlation and its use in the real world. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods (Smirnov, Levin and Pearson correlation coefficient, analysis of variance and t-test) were used for data analysis. The findings of this study indicate that the four personality types and the effective communication of managers have a positive and significant relationship. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
278 - The Biosystematics Study on Testudo graeca in the North Western Iran
نسیم هزاوهIn order to find out diversity of Testudo graeca populations in the north western of Iran, 30 adult females were studied in East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan Provinces from April 2008 to April 2010. The natural history of specimens is presented. Forty morphome MoreIn order to find out diversity of Testudo graeca populations in the north western of Iran, 30 adult females were studied in East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan Provinces from April 2008 to April 2010. The natural history of specimens is presented. Forty morphometric characters in three populations have been measured. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) exploited three means components. The components expressed 80.32%, 4.38% and 3.22% changes, respectively. Dispersion of Specimens based on components showed that all populations are placed closed to each other. Discriminant Factor Analysis (DFA) educed two meaningful Factors that expressed 53.6 % and 46.4% changes. Dispersion of Specimens based on Factor 1 and 2 demonstrated that all populations were separated, distinctly. It seems that habitat differences, geographical and ecological situation are the reason for this separation. Cluster analysis showed all of populations were placed in a same cluster, but one of specimens of West Azerbaijan was placed in separate branch. So this interesting finding can be inferred by new form. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
279 - The Efect of Adding Prebiotic, Synbiotic and Phytobiotic Supplements in the Diet on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Apparent Digestibility of Nutrients and Some Blood Parameters of Fattening Zell Lambs
Mehdi Saravani Mohsen Hajipour Kaveh Jafari Khorshidi Seyed Makan Mousavi Kashani Parvin ShawrangIn this study, the effect of adding prebiotic, synbiotic and phytobiotic supplements in the diet on growth performance, carcass traits, apparent digestibility of nutrients and some blood parameters of fattening Zell lambs was investigated. For this purpose, 24 Zell male MoreIn this study, the effect of adding prebiotic, synbiotic and phytobiotic supplements in the diet on growth performance, carcass traits, apparent digestibility of nutrients and some blood parameters of fattening Zell lambs was investigated. For this purpose, 24 Zell male lambs with an avrage age of about 5 months and an avrage weight of 25.4±0.50 were used for 90 days. The experimental treatments included 1- control group (no supplement), 2- treatment containing 2 g of A-Max prebiotic supplement, 3- treatment containing 4 g of Biomin IMBO synbiotic supplement, and 4- treatment containing 6 g of Bioherbal phytobiotic supplement per head of lamb per day. The growth performance results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental treatments in the fattening weight, dry matter intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). The highest weight at the end of the fattening period, dry matter intake and daily weight gain were observed in the treatment of 4 g of synbiotic supplement. The treatment with 6 g of phytobiotic supplement had the lowest feed conversion ratio. The highest apparent digestibility of dry matter, NDF and ADF was observed in the treatment of 4 g of synbiotic supplement (p < 0.05). The results of some blood serum parameters showed that there was a significant difference in the concentration of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and blood urea nitrogen between the experimental treatments (p < 0.05). The highest concentration of glucose was in the treatment of 4 g of synbiotic supplement, the lowest concentration of cholesterol was in the treatment of 6 g of phytobiotic supplement. Blood urea nitrogen had the lowest concentration in the treatment of 4 g of synbiotic supplement. The treatment with 4 g of synbiotic supplement had the highest hot carcass weight, hot carcass percentage, cold carcass weight, cold carcass percentage, thigh percentage and shoulder percentage (p < 0.05). The present research showed that the addition of 4 g of synbiotic supplement in the diet improved the growth performance, valuable parts of the carcass and the apparent digestibility of nutrients in fattening lambs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
280 - Investigating the Effect of Local Probiotics Strains on β-Amyloid Brain Biomarker in Induced Alzheimer’s-Disease Wistar Rats
Ehsan Asghari Jafari Maryam Ghobeh Hanieh Jafary Parichehr YaghmaeeOne of the most important causes of global population decline is the overgrowth of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease characterized by the extracellular accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in the hippocampus. Probiotics are microscopic MoreOne of the most important causes of global population decline is the overgrowth of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease characterized by the extracellular accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in the hippocampus. Probiotics are microscopic organisms that are important for maintaining and improving human health. This study aims at assessing the effect of two probiotic strains, including Bifidobacterium longum and Limosilactobacillus reuteri on Aβ42 gene expression, the count of amyloid plaques, and neurogenesis in the brain of Alzheimer's disease rat models. First, two probiotic strains were isolated, purified and identified from traditional yogurt, and the rats were grouped as follows: thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. The control group underwent any surgery with no special treatment. The other groups underwent surgery and after being injected by Aβ42, they were divided into the sham group receiving water (probiotics solvent) and the two experimental groups receiving 2.5 x 109 CFU of Bifidobacterium longum and Limosilactobacillus reuteri strains. Finally, Aβ42 gene expression, the count of amyloid plaques, and neurogenesis were assessed in the brain of Alzheimer's disease rat models. In the brain of induced Alzheimer’s disease rats, neuron death occurred and the number of amyloid plaques increased significantly (p<0.001). Also, Aβ42 gene expression was increased in their brains. Meanwhile, treatment with both probiotic strains notably improved all of these symptoms. Therefore, the use of both Bifidobacterium longum and Limosilactobacillus reuteri probiotic strains seem to be effective in the recovery and treatment of Alzheimer's disease which certainly requires more investigations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
281 - The Frequencies of Post-Colonialism in Mohammad Taghi Bahar's Poetry
Seyyedeh Gohar Nourbakhsh Abdolhossein FarzadAbstract The extensive presence of colonialism and its dominance over half of the world population and their residence might have been the reason and motif for the study of post-colonialism. This theory was formed by Edward Sa MoreAbstract The extensive presence of colonialism and its dominance over half of the world population and their residence might have been the reason and motif for the study of post-colonialism. This theory was formed by Edward Saeed and his book " the Orientalism ". Different post-colonialism frequencies and reaction against colonialistic ideology and the destruction of the superiority of East and West are seen in the Iranian modern poetry. This descriptive-analytic paper is to survey the appearance of phenomenon of post-colonialism in the poetry of Maleko-shoara Bahar. The studies show that most of his ideas about his defiance, and fighting against colonialism and his ideas about motherland, identity, freedom, liberty and internal autocracy embedded in the literature of post-colonialism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
282 - Providing a Model of Economic Development Governance (Case Study: West Azerbaijan Province)
Ismail panahi Vahid Araei Mina Jamshidi....governance at the macro level shows how much the government uses public resources for the public benefits. Therefore, the provinces of the country, as an administrative agency and supervisor of government approvals at the level of each province, should use a suitabl More....governance at the macro level shows how much the government uses public resources for the public benefits. Therefore, the provinces of the country, as an administrative agency and supervisor of government approvals at the level of each province, should use a suitable model for good governance. The present article aims to provide a model of economic development governance in West Azerbaijan province. This article is a fundamental research that has been conducted with mixed research method and based on deductive-inductive reasoning. The statistical population of this study includes theoretical experts (professors of public administration) and experimental experts (managers of West Azerbaijan). Sampling has been done in a non-probabilistic and purposeful manner. Data collection tools are semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. The theme analysis method has been used in order to analyze specialized interviews. Also, the identified indicators have been validated by fuzzy Delphi method. Finally, the final model of the research is presented with a structural-interpretive method. Research data analysis was done in the qualitative phase with MAXQDA software and in the quantitative phase with Matlab and MicMac software. The results showed that the components of "improving economic policies" and "transparency of information and economic measures" directly affect the “anti-corruption” and "public accountability". Likewise, anti-corruption and accountability has an impact on "economic development" and "citizen satisfaction", and so economic development governance can be achieved. If the managers of West Azerbaijan province follow the presented economic, social and cultural principles, it will be possible to achieve the goals and achieve the benefits of economic development governance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
283 - The Role of Arabic Language and Literature in the Transfer of Islamic Culture and Civilization to Andalusia
enayatolah fatehinejad mohammadhossein ashrafThe subject of this research is the expression of the role of Arabic language and literature in the transfer of Islamic culture and civilization to modern Spain (Islamic Andalusia). This mapping began since 92 AH, the beginning of the Muslim presence in this land, and l MoreThe subject of this research is the expression of the role of Arabic language and literature in the transfer of Islamic culture and civilization to modern Spain (Islamic Andalusia). This mapping began since 92 AH, the beginning of the Muslim presence in this land, and lasted for nearly 8 centuries. What was transferred to Andalusia as a heritage of Islamic culture and civilization during this period is in the form of written works and oral narrations, which are often translated into Arabic and its use requires the familiarity of Andalusians with this language. In this article, based on descriptive-analytical method, the main question has been what is the role of Arabic language as a bridge between Islamic culture and civilization in the East and Christian Spain in the West? According to the findings of this study, Islamic culture and civilization spread in Andalusia during the 8th century, especially in the first centuries of Islam, where almost all of its content could be transmitted in Arabic and only in this language. As a result, the Arabic language became important to both the people of Andalusia and the rulers for the transmission of religious teachings as well as the connection of Andalusians with the government. Subsequently, steps were taken to address the existing needs, such as the establishment of schools, libraries, and the transfer of scientific resources and scholars from the East to Andalusia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
284 - Populus leaf-miner Phyllonorycter populifoliella (Treitschke) (Lep.: Gracillariidae), a new host of Cirrospilus talitzkii Bouček (Hym.: Eulophidae)
Somayeh Sadeghi Hosseinali Lotfalizadeh Shahzad Iranipour Helen AlipanahThis study was conducted in 2009 in some parts of Shahindezh (south of Azarbaijan-e Gharbi, Iran) in order to indentify parasitoids of Populus leaf-miner Phyllonorycter populifoliella(Treitschke)(Lep.: Gracillariidae). Sampling program was performed in Mahmud-Abad MoreThis study was conducted in 2009 in some parts of Shahindezh (south of Azarbaijan-e Gharbi, Iran) in order to indentify parasitoids of Populus leaf-miner Phyllonorycter populifoliella(Treitschke)(Lep.: Gracillariidae). Sampling program was performed in Mahmud-Abad region weekly. A parasitoid wasp, Cirrospilus talitzkii Bouček (Hym.: Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae) was identified that is reported for the first time on Populus leaf-miner. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
285 - Hymenopterous parasitoids associated with rose gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) at the north of West-Azerbaijan province: Composition of species and their seasonal changes
Robabeh Mohammadi Hosseinali Lotfalizadeh Shahrokh Pashayi-RadRose is an economically important ornamental plant worldwide. This plant is attacked by gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) that make galls within which some inquline parasitoid species inhabit. The main purpose of this study was identification of these parasitic wasps MoreRose is an economically important ornamental plant worldwide. This plant is attacked by gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) that make galls within which some inquline parasitoid species inhabit. The main purpose of this study was identification of these parasitic wasps and studying their abundance at the northern parts of West-Azerbaijan province (Iran) during the growth season in 2010. In this study 14 parasitoid species were identified belonging to six families; Eulophidae, Eupelmidae, Eurytomidae, Pteromalidae, Torymidae (superfamily Chalcidoidea) and Ichneumonidae (superfamily Ichneumonoidea). The community composition and temporal frequency distribution of these species are given. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
286 - Seroepidemiologic survey onWest Nile Virus, Equine Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine Arteritis Virus and Influenza A Virus in the stables of Tehranand Alborz province
,A Badiei ,A Shaghayagh R. Sadri S.M irsaeedi Farahani, ,M Loghmani ,P Hosamy ,A. Ahmadi رامین Balali, ,A Jamali ,F MoosakhaniA seroepidemiological study to detect the presence of the antibodies against West Nile Virus(WNV), Influenza AVirus, Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIA) and Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) was done in Tehran and Alborzprovince, Iran from April 2011 to July 2012. The object MoreA seroepidemiological study to detect the presence of the antibodies against West Nile Virus(WNV), Influenza AVirus, Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIA) and Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) was done in Tehran and Alborzprovince, Iran from April 2011 to July 2012. The objective of this study was to determine the serological statusof the most important viruses in horse. Serum samples were collected from stable horses throughout TehranandAlborzprovince. Out Of 126 samples, 3 (2.38%), 1 (0.79%), 37 (29.36%), 85(67.46%) were seropositive for WNV,EIA, EAV and Influenza A Virus, respectively. The results revealed that antibodies against WNV, EIA and EAVwere present in Tehran and Alborz province; meanwhile,previous exposure to WNV, EIA and EAV might nothave occurred in Iran due to low percentages ofWNV and EIA seropositive cases and medium percentage ofEAV seropositive results. Seropositivecases of WNV, EIA and EAV were as same as other reports. Since highpercentages of Influenza A seropositive results, the agent is likely circulating in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
287 - Histopathological study of Lipoidosis (fatty change) in rainbow trout farms of West Azerbaijan province
داریوش Azadikhah, علی Nekuie Fard, امیر Amniyat Talab, امین Khodadadi, رستا Azizi, نیما BehbudiLiver is the main organ in fat metabolism and its ability in storing and metabolism of extra fat available infeedstuff is, in rainbow trout this ability is limited so the extra fat of feedstuff can be piled up in liver and leadto Lipoidosis. In this study 120 rainbow tr MoreLiver is the main organ in fat metabolism and its ability in storing and metabolism of extra fat available infeedstuff is, in rainbow trout this ability is limited so the extra fat of feedstuff can be piled up in liver and leadto Lipoidosis. In this study 120 rainbow trout from western Azerbaijan’s rainbow trout farms during fall andwinter were randomly selected and put into four different weight groups (below 50-50to150-150to250and above250gr) for the analysis of Lipoidosis disease.after biometric experiments the fshes were autopsied and aftersampling and tissue stabilizing in formaldehyde the pathological sections of 135 samples of suspicious liver wereprepared in 5micrometer diameter and colored by two methods of PAS and H&E (for determining fat).In liversaffected by Lipoidosis the penetration of fat into hepatocyte was seen as clear vacuoles so that after PAS coloringtheir fatty nature was confrmed because they were not colored. The results show that by an increase in weight.(weight group above250gr) the rate of Lipoidosis increase too, the study histopathological sections in affectedlivers other damages like focal Lymphocytosis low to acute bleeding, dilation of central veins and increaseof melanomacrophage focuses as well as Lipoidosis were seen. By noticing the high outbreak of this disease inweight group above 250gr whish has also the probability of economic losses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
288 - Seroepidemiologic survey on West Nile Virus, Equine Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine Arteritis Virus and Influenza A Virus in the stables of Tehran and Alborz province
S.M Mirsaeedi Farahani آریا Badiei علیرضا Shaghayagh رویا Sadri مهدی Loghmani پیمان Hosamy احمد Ahmadi R. Balali علیرضا Jamali فرهاد MoosakhaniA seroepidemiological study to detect the presence of the antibodies against West Nile Virus(WNV), Influenza AVirus, Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIA) and Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) was done in Tehran and Alborzprovince, Iran from April 2011 to July 2012. The object MoreA seroepidemiological study to detect the presence of the antibodies against West Nile Virus(WNV), Influenza AVirus, Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIA) and Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) was done in Tehran and Alborzprovince, Iran from April 2011 to July 2012. The objective of this study was to determine the serological statusof the most important viruses in horse. Serum samples were collected from stable horses throughout Tehran andAlborz province. Out Of 126 samples, 3 (2.38%), 1 (0.79%), 37 (29.36%), 85(67.46%) were seropositive forWNV, EIA, EAV and Influenza A Virus, respectively. The results revealed that antibodies against WNV, EIA andEAV were present in Tehran and Alborz province; meanwhile,previous exposure to WNV, EIA and EAV mightnot have occurred in Iran due to low percentages ofWNV and EIA seropositive cases and medium percentage ofEAV seropositive results. Seropositivecases of WNV, EIA and EAV were as same as other reports. Since highpercentages of Influenza Aseropositive results, the agent is likely circulating in Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
289 - Reform of government public system and its authority in the globalization process With an emphasis on the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran
فرامرز عطریان محمد مهدی غمامیWith the arrival of the twenty-first century, public system, national governments were the result of the Treaty of Westphalia has evolved browsing, and its exclusive authority in favor of a world order being created and lost human values addressing. Nation - state indic MoreWith the arrival of the twenty-first century, public system, national governments were the result of the Treaty of Westphalia has evolved browsing, and its exclusive authority in favor of a world order being created and lost human values addressing. Nation - state indicators seventeenth century, now in its elements in different ratios have been changes in terms of uniqueness. The changes of governments to monopolize decision-making domestic and international system of international law to nationals along with other international actors has become. The nationality of variables that sometimes the integrity of a nation - state to re-examine gives and Its intended to impose order and limitations, particularly due to questions of human rights and peace have faced. These reforms in process of building the state on the basis that it "globalization" can be named is an analysis and study. In this paper, authors legal analysis will respond to the question, "In the process of globalization, the construction requirements imposed on State and how to identify existing challenges, take advantage of opportunities?". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
290 - The reasons for the hegemony of West conflict among Iranian intellectuals, 40s and 50s Abstract
Mohammad Sohrabi abas salehiWest conflict is one of the most important approaches in the eyes of Iranians to the West in the contemporary era and gradually developed into a dominant discourse has become. Attitude pessimistic to the West in the 40s and 50 of the district social forces opposed to th MoreWest conflict is one of the most important approaches in the eyes of Iranians to the West in the contemporary era and gradually developed into a dominant discourse has become. Attitude pessimistic to the West in the 40s and 50 of the district social forces opposed to the status quo, especially intellectuals and the elite national and religious in the form of a Rvaytprdazy difference with the West to life metaphorical continued for a discourse against power, reproduction and grounds were Ghrbstyzy discourse. A review of the political phenomena, their analysis is based on discourse analysis. This article first examines the reasons for anti-hegemonic discourse among intellectuals in the West 40 and 50 According to Laclau and Mouffe as one of the most important and richest theories in the field of discourse analysis. This article attempts to reason Ghrbstyzy hegemonic discourse among intellectuals decade of 40 and 50. According to Laclau and Mouffe as one of the most important and richest examine theories in the field of discourse analysis. The main question is Mouff According to Laclau articulation of concepts, processes and deploy identity discourse in the 40s and 50s Ghrbstyzy How did it happen? Basic assumption is that according to nativism, Islamic fundamentalism and Iranian historical skepticism in the West, against the forces of the status quo had a direct impact on the spread of West conflict in Iran. Accordingly Islamism and nativism as the main evidence Ghrbstyzy discourse and concepts and other things around it have been articulated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
291 - Change of identity tenets in Turkey's foreign policy and its regional effects in the middle East
ali nikokar Mahnaz GoodarziWith arrival of Justice and Development Party serious alterations occurred in Turkey's foreign policy and the country's Policy in the Middle East moved towards opposition than cooperation. The changes in Turkey's political and social contexts and the country's emphasis MoreWith arrival of Justice and Development Party serious alterations occurred in Turkey's foreign policy and the country's Policy in the Middle East moved towards opposition than cooperation. The changes in Turkey's political and social contexts and the country's emphasis on layers of identity. Brought about ideological tensions that necessitate the investigation of changes in Turkey's identity tenets in the Middle East and it's regional effects. This study argues that Justice and Development Party's application as identity tenets in the Middle East entangles the country in ideological games that it has little in common with; and from another perspective, with a read of Islamism the country enters a rivalry field with Iran and Saudi Arabia each of which represents a part of it's identity (Sunni and Shiite) and from another aspects the two countries have opposite and common benefits. Thus, Turkey's presence in the Middle East brings about more complication in the regional equations and more disagreement in policies; and intensities ideological rivalries. This study was carried and according the Constructivist theory, the research method was descriptive –analytical; and the data were collected through library research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
292 - The approach of Iran's traditional and reformist intellectuals to Orientalism in the horizons of modernity
ali baliBackground and purpose: In Iran, from the second half of the nineteenth century onwards, while the modernist intellectuals who are familiar with the western culture, mainly look at modernization with the view of interaction and tolerance, and even tolerate its scientifi MoreBackground and purpose: In Iran, from the second half of the nineteenth century onwards, while the modernist intellectuals who are familiar with the western culture, mainly look at modernization with the view of interaction and tolerance, and even tolerate its scientific and technological achievements, looked at the phenomenon and function of modernity and the vanguard of renewal with a view of error and opposition and considered it as an example of westernization. This essay tries to answer the question, "What was the quality of the intellectual confrontation of Iranian dissidents with regard to Orientalism and the arrival of modernism in the course of the 20th century?"Methodology: The methodological approach of this research is comparative and analytical and based on library sources.Findings and results: Modernity in its nature promoted the propositions of individuality, civil freedom and the importance of law. It seems that the approach of Iranian intellectuals to Orientalism was twofold; parallel to the fascination of some progressives towards the West and the manifestations of modernity, who considered westernization from head to toe as a necessity for the development and progress of society; At the same time, Iran's traditionalist intellectuals considered the first group's point of view to be xenophobia, westernization, and a colonial conspiracy and denied any interaction and tolerance with the West. It seems that during the years leading to the Islamic Revolution, the discourse of the later group became more influential and remained the dominant discourse of Iranian society for many years. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
293 - The Sociological Legitimacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran within the framework of Identity Policy
Behrang Taheri mohammad tohidfam Seyed Mostafa AbtahiIdentity Policy, with a focus on antagonism toward the West and the United States, is one of the most important sociological sources of legitimacy in the Islamic Republic of Iran. This policy is not only the result of the political management of this system, but also is MoreIdentity Policy, with a focus on antagonism toward the West and the United States, is one of the most important sociological sources of legitimacy in the Islamic Republic of Iran. This policy is not only the result of the political management of this system, but also is the product of a historical process that began with the delegitimization of the Pahlavi regime, followed by the establishment of the Islamic Republic. This article examines the historical context of the formation of Identity Policy based on conflict with the west and its impact on creating political legitimacy in the Islamic Republic. Findings of the research indicate that within the framework of Identity Policy, the Islamic system has aligned its ideological interests with the historical experiences of the Iranian society in relation to foreign authoritarian interventions, then created a legitimizing policy that, beyond jurisprudential, philosophical and legal reasons, has been able to attract a wide range of society. This result negates some comments about one-sided legitimization by ideological systems. The research is conducted with a qualitative and historical approach, by using David Beetham's analytical model of political legitimacy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
294 - Critique of the two perspectives of Western democracy and religious democracy from the perspective of Iranian intellectuals
davuod khoshbavarDemocracy and democracy are among the topics that are discussed in many scientific and even political circles, now the question arises whether there is a difference between Western democracy and religious democracy? Different views of Islamic thinkers in the affirmation MoreDemocracy and democracy are among the topics that are discussed in many scientific and even political circles, now the question arises whether there is a difference between Western democracy and religious democracy? Different views of Islamic thinkers in the affirmation of religious and Islamic democracy, including the Imams of the Revolution, Shahid Motahari and several other religious leaders, are considered, who believe in religious democracy because in a society full of religious people value Religious beliefs play an essential role in the public sphere of society. In common democracies, the common denominator is the participation of the people through the method of representation and referendum, and on the other hand, those who believe in secular or Western democracy, Religious democracy is considered as a combination of two words, democracy and religion, and it is not considered as an original, independent concept and definition, and it is considered to have various ambiguities, or religion is considered to limit the principle of democracy, because in their opinion, religion with Democracy cannot be summed up and it is an imposed, artificial and unattainable word like Mohammad Reza Darvish who believes in liberal democracy. While many Islamic theorists do not consider the term religious democracy as a compound word, but a single truth in the essence of the Islamic system. That is, if a religion is to be formed on the basis of religion, it is not possible without the acceptance of the people. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
295 - Deterrence pattern networks of the Islamic Republic of Iran in West Asia: A case study of the Yemeni Ansarullah movement
ghasem emamirad kayhan barzegar Mehdi Zakarian AmiriLayered and multidimensional threats that threaten the lives of political units in sensitive geographical areas have persuaded them to form a network-centric alliance to protect their own land and the interests of themselves and their allies. Lay a layer of actors on th MoreLayered and multidimensional threats that threaten the lives of political units in sensitive geographical areas have persuaded them to form a network-centric alliance to protect their own land and the interests of themselves and their allies. Lay a layer of actors on the agenda not only at the state level but also on a transnational scale. One of the basic pillars of Iran's defense strategy is the design and application of a fundamental and security-building approach called foreign defense with the ultimate goal of protecting the country's national security in West Asia. The pursuit of this strategy at the beginning of the formation of the revolution was mainly defined as the observance of the mission and the religious and revolutionary motivation to support the liberating currents, but in recent decades, and especially after the wave of awakening. Islam, the scope and activity of takfiri groups, the growing threat to the United States and its allies, and the coalition system of rival countries, including the Saudi and UAE regimes, often serve as a prudent and necessary approach to consolidation. Partitioning and directing has led to a network of powerful indigenous forces that are at the same time in line with the goals, security and interests of the regions of Iran and the Islamic world as a whole. Yemen's Ansar al-Islam, which plays a key and decisive role in the developments in Yemen today, is one of the prominent forces during the operation of this network. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
296 - The Impact of Anti-Western Discourse on Iran-Russia Relations
محمدجواد پورحسینیThe covert and overt rivalry between Russia and the United States continued in the years following World War II.The breakaway countries of the Soviet Union are among the centers of strategic rivalry between the two countries.On the one hand, the United States has exerte MoreThe covert and overt rivalry between Russia and the United States continued in the years following World War II.The breakaway countries of the Soviet Union are among the centers of strategic rivalry between the two countries.On the one hand, the United States has exerted its influence and dominance in these republics within the framework of its grand goals.On the other hand, this US strategy has threatened Russia's political and economic interests in the region And that is why Russia is trying to prevent the expansion of the US presence in the region by creating a buffer zone Iran's anti-Westernization in recent years includes Iran's nuclear activity, Iranophobia, Western psychological warfare against Iran And the very nature of Iran-Russia anti-Westernism has led to mutual relations in recent years in the form of a crisis in Syria And support for the government of Bashar al-Assad, which exists in the form of conflict with the West It has well reflected the expansion of relations between the two countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
297 - New Multi-National Companies and Developing South
Saeed MirtorabiThe role of multi-national companies on global capitalization and trade is a familiar phenomenon for developing issues and knowledgeable ones and international trade experts. The positive and negative effects of these companies’ activities on the current of develo MoreThe role of multi-national companies on global capitalization and trade is a familiar phenomenon for developing issues and knowledgeable ones and international trade experts. The positive and negative effects of these companies’ activities on the current of developing in south have been focused by various intellectual ones and an extensive literature in this field has been produced. Nevertheless, has seen a new and growing kind of direct foreign investment that its origin is south countries and along this, a new kind of multi-national companies have been appeared that are named new multi-national companies. This paper is trying to examine the effects of these new players’ activities on the development view in south. This paper shows that the new multi-national companies have significant differences to western multi-national companies and the rise and developing activity area of these companies, from different aspects, is considered a positive change on the current of developing south low-paid countries. The main claim of this paper that is presented as a hypothesis is the new multinational companies in total have positive impact on the opportunities of attracting foreign investment as a result developing in south countries for increasing the volume of foreign investments in the world, giving variety to the methods of interesting and having more cultural similarities to south countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
298 - Review of the regional security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 13901400
Fazlollah Rezvantalab hojjatollah darvishpour محمد علی خسرویIn this article, according to the special and strategic geo-economic conditions of Southwest Asia and the Middle East, the regional security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which have always played a decisive and influential role in the security arrangements o MoreIn this article, according to the special and strategic geo-economic conditions of Southwest Asia and the Middle East, the regional security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which have always played a decisive and influential role in the security arrangements of this region, have been investigated. This research aims to explain and understand Iran's regional security policies in 1390-1400 AH, which can be a basis for determining the country's security policies against security threats in the region and addressing the question that Iran's regional security policies In this decade, according to the environmental threats, what principles have been established? has investigated the issue, and in this regard, this hypothesis is proposed that Iran's policies are focused on the main areas of strengthening and supporting the resistance front and expanding all-round relations with neighboring countries and trying to reduce the presence and influence of the United States in the region. Bari Buzan region has benefited. In order to collect data, library documents and existing books and using news and analytical websites have been used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
299 - Examining individuals' social, economic and psychological consequences in earthquake (case study: victims in the western part of Kermanshah)
sima parshoo sayed naser hejazi asghar mohamdiEarthquake is one of the phenomena that, when it occurs, the society faces many dangers and disturbances. Iran is one of the countries that faces numerous and large faults in its wide area. This research was carried out with a sociological approach, with the aim of inve MoreEarthquake is one of the phenomena that, when it occurs, the society faces many dangers and disturbances. Iran is one of the countries that faces numerous and large faults in its wide area. This research was carried out with a sociological approach, with the aim of investigating the social, economic and psychological consequences of the survivors of the West Kermanshah earthquake and with the survey method. The statistical population includes all people over the age of 18 in the cities of Sarpol Zahab and Salas Babajani. Cochran's formula was used to determine the statistical sample (600 people), and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect information. Data analysis was also done using PLS and SPSS statistical software in two parts, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The findings showed that, the occurrence of an earthquake on all research variables with (sig=0.001) at the alpha level of 0.05 on the sense of social security, social responsibility, adaptability of citizens, social solidarity with others, determinism, sense of economic security, Job changes, mental health, resilience and duty-oriented towards God have an effect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
300 - On Shahnameh’s Mazandaran once more The battle of Iran and Mazandaran (East and West) the main ground for Persian epics
kamran arzhangiThe predominant theme of Persian epics after Shahnameh is the description of the battles between Iran and Mazandaran. Apparantly in this regard Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh is an exception since it describes the most battles of the Iraninans with the Turanians.  MoreThe predominant theme of Persian epics after Shahnameh is the description of the battles between Iran and Mazandaran. Apparantly in this regard Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh is an exception since it describes the most battles of the Iraninans with the Turanians. There are numerous comments about the reason behind why the central battle in Shahnameh belongs to Iran and Turan, yet the main discussion in this research is concerned with the epics other than Shahnameh. Eventhough epic geography is totally distinct from the real geography and the fictional geograhy is a psychological symbolic geography which is except for the names has no connection with the real geography, however the study of the fictional geography tells us that Mazandaran in Shahnameh must be located roughly in the west. Relying on the evidence collected from different texts this research shows that in most Persian epic texts with the exception of Shahnameh, the main battle of Persians is with the people of Mazandaran and Turanians have no significant role. Mazandaran based on the above evidence is roughly located in the west which is a symbol of darkness according to the Persian epic literature and is set against brightness (Iran), therefore Mazandaran cannot be located in the territory of India (east).. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
301 - The standpoint of Babylon in Persian mythological beliefs and its manifestation in Persian Literature
Najmeddin JabbariIranshahr is the common name of the lands in Iran’s terrain recognized in Persian mythology and in Pahlavi texts as the land of light and the territory of Ahuramazda. This idea is repeated in geography books in the Islamic era and in Persian literary texts.& MoreIranshahr is the common name of the lands in Iran’s terrain recognized in Persian mythology and in Pahlavi texts as the land of light and the territory of Ahuramazda. This idea is repeated in geography books in the Islamic era and in Persian literary texts. The result of this view regards Iranshahr as a center for the ancient world which is sacred and should remain intact from the invasion of evil doers. On the other hand, Babylon had been an immense influential civilization in Mesopotamia rising after Summerians and had a great impact on other civilization of Middle East and North of Africa and in particular influenced Europe by its astronomical beliefs. After Cyrus’s capture of Babylon and its incorporation into Iran’s soil, it had been always regarded as part of Iranshar, a fact reflected also in geographic texts. Regarding this issue, Babel like Iran should be seen as a sacred and auspicious land, yet according to Iranian’s beliefs Babylon is assumed a place where demons and sorcerers arise and certain Iran’s miseries proceeds from this place and this is contrary to all the positive attributes given to Iranshahr. Using descriptive analytic approach in this research it is argued that since Babel is located in the west of Iran’s mythological geography where the sun sets, therefore according to cult of Mithras, its adherents believe that such strategic position had brought ominous outcome for the western lands, Babylon included. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
302 - Investigation of Reformism and Modernism from Farrokhi’s standpoint (1267-1318)
Mahmood Sadegh zadehThe concept of Reformation and modernism is one of the main, wide scope and diverse subjects in constitutional period and intellectuals and constitutionalists each had a certain impression of it which later caused conflicts and created many historical, cultural and poli MoreThe concept of Reformation and modernism is one of the main, wide scope and diverse subjects in constitutional period and intellectuals and constitutionalists each had a certain impression of it which later caused conflicts and created many historical, cultural and political problems. Farrokhi Yazdi, considering his political tendencies and his thoughts and his harsh critical style, seriously believed in fundamental reform, revival of ideas and acquisition of western science and technology and in his political fights this has been his constant preoccupation. Thus, the most frequent subject matter in his editorials was concerned with direct criticism against the dogmatic regime, and flimsy parliament, also reform, idealism, and modernism. As yet not a single research has been done on this aspect. Attempt is made in this article to criticize and investigate Farrokhi’s viewpoints on Reformation and Modernism based on the result of reviewing and analysis of newspapers, editorials, and his poetry from the following perspectives: A- Obstacles and problems on a way to Constitutionalism, Revolutionary Reforms B- Necessity for Revolutionary Reforms and influential factors involved C- Modern Approaches and acquisition of western science and technology Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
303 - Fables and tales in European Literature (Victorian Age- 19th Century)
Fereshteh NaseriIn this article attempt is made to point out briefly the following subjects: The impact of Old Persian Literary works such as Thousand and one nights on European Literature Formation and development of a bond between the west and the East, as well as discussing the inf MoreIn this article attempt is made to point out briefly the following subjects: The impact of Old Persian Literary works such as Thousand and one nights on European Literature Formation and development of a bond between the west and the East, as well as discussing the influential factors involved Interchange of cultures, Occidental Literature meets Oriental Literature Introducing great literary figures of the Victorian Age and their works inspired by the Oriental Literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
304 - On Recitation of Moulana Jalal al-Din Mohammad Balkhi’s works in the West
Mohammad Jafar MahallatiThis article is an attempt to present a brief report regarding new poetry recitation of Moulana’s works in the west. These recitations which are on the increase both quantitatively and qualitatively often lead to insights and visions which are quite new to e MoreThis article is an attempt to present a brief report regarding new poetry recitation of Moulana’s works in the west. These recitations which are on the increase both quantitatively and qualitatively often lead to insights and visions which are quite new to eastern readers and Farsi speakers. In Parts, this article is devoted to the manner in which the popularity of the name Rumi in modern life of the western world was gained andhow fast Moulana has reachedsuch new heights of popularity is further revealed to the reader along with providing references. Manuscript profile
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