Evaluating the antibiotic resistance pattern of Salmonella isolated from a number of laying poultry flocks in the northwest of the country during 2021 and investigating its relationship with the performance of the mentioned farms
Subject Areas :
Veterinary Clinical Pathology
Zahra Mahdavi
1
(
D.V.M. Graduate, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University,
Tabriz, Iran.
Tabriz, Iran.
)
Adel Feizi
2
(
Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
)
younes anzabi
3
(
Asistant Professor, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, , Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
)
Received: 2022-10-19
Accepted : 2023-03-01
Published : 2023-01-21
Keywords:
performance,
Salmonella,
Laying,
Antibiotic resistance,
Northwest of Iran,
Abstract :
Infection with the Salmonella genus of bacteria causes chronic and acute diseases in poultry leading to significant economic losses to the poultry industry. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern of Salmonella serotypes isolated from a number of laying poultry flocks in the northwest of the country and to investigate its relationship with the performance of those farms. Eighty samples were taken from 20 flocks suspected of salmonellosis .The samples were cultured in selective and differential cultures of Salmonella. After isolation of Salmonella serotypes, the antibiogram test was performed to determine the antibiotic sensitivity. In order to check the performance of suspicious flocks, the history of the flock was obtained and the amount of mortality and production drop was calculated by statistical methods.The results indicated that 40% of the flocks were positive in terms of the presence of Salmonella, with 30% of the flocks affected by Salmonella gallinarum, 5% by Salmonella enteritidis, and 5% by concurrent presence of both Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella gallinarum. The highest antibiotic sensitivity of Salmonella serotypes was recorded from fosfomycin and danofloxacin with a frequency of 100% and soltrim with a frequency of 78.6%. The highest antibiotic resistance was observed against erythromycin with a frequency of 75% and chlortetracycline with a frequency of 53.6%. Based on the results, there was a statistically significant difference in the amount of flock mortality and production drop between Salmonella negative and Salmonella positive herds (p<0.05). Also, more vigilant use of antibiotics is required due to the high levels of resistance shown by Salmonella against various antibiotic drugs.
References:
Akbar, A. and Anal, A.K. (2013). Prevalence and Antibiogram Study of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus in Poultry Meat. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 3(2): 163-168.
Amirmozaffari, N., Rahmani, Z. and Iesazadeh, K. (2013). Evaluation of the Level of Contamination with Salmonella spp. in Red Meat, Chicken, and Domestic and Industrial Eggs Produced in Talesh City and Assessment of Their Antibiotic Resistance Pattern, Iran. Journal of Qom University Medical Seiences, 7(5): 60-65. [In Persian]
Barrow, P. and Lovell, M. (1988). The Association between a Large Molecular Mass Plasmid and Virulence in a Strain of Salmonella pullorum. Microbiology, 134(8): 2307-2316.
Barrow, P.A., Simpson, J.M., Lovell, M.A. and Binns, M.M. (1987). Contribution of Salmonellagallinarum Large Plasmid toward Virulence in Fowl Typhoid. Infection and Immunity, 55(2): 388-392.
Christensen, J., Olsen, J., Hansen, H. and Bisgaard, M. (1992). Characterization of Salmonella enterica Serovar Gallinarum Biovars gallinarum and pullorum by Plasmid Profiling and Biochemical Analysis. Avian Pathology, 21(3): 461-470.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2015). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 23th Informational Supplement, M100-S25, CLSI document. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, Pennsylvania, pp: 44-50.
Diep, B., Barretto, C., Portmann, A.C., Fournier, C., Karczmarek, A., Voets, G., et al. (2019). Salmonella Serotyping; Comparison of the Traditional Method to a Microarray-Based Method and an in Silico Platform Using Whole Genome Sequencing Data. Frontiers in Microbiology 2554: 10.
Duffy, G., Cloak, O.M., O'sullivan, M.G., Guillet, A., Sheridan, J.J., Blair, I.S., et al. (1999). The Incidence and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Salmonella spp. on Irish Retail Meat Products. Food Microbiology,16(6): 623-631.
Ezatpanah, E., Moradi Bidhendi, S., Khaki, P., Ghaderi, R., Seyedan Jasbi, E. and Moghtadaee Far, S. (2013). Isolation, Serotyping and Antibiotic-Resistance Pattern of Isolated Salmonella from Chicken of Arak. Iranian Veterinary Journal, 9(2): 88-96.
Graziani, C., Busani, L., Dionisi, A., Lucarelli, C., Owczarek, S., Ricci, A., et al. (2008). Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium from Human and Animal Sources in Italy. Veterinary Microbiology, 128(3): 414-418.
Humphrey, T. (2000). Public-Health Aspects of Salmonella Infection. Salmonella in Domestic Animals, 1(1): 245-263.
Im, M.C., Jeong, S.J., Kwon, Y.K., Jeong, O.M., Kang, M.S. and Lee, Y.J. (2015). Prevalence and Characteristics of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Commercial Layer Farms in Korea. Poultry Science, 94(7): 1691-1698.
Jafari, R.A., Fazlara, A. and Dalirannia, A. (2006). An Investigation into Salmonella Contamination of Native Hens'eggs in Ahvaz. Scientific-Research Iranian Veterinary Journal, 2(2): 58-63. [In Persian]
Mdegela, R.H., Yongolo, M.G., Minga, U.M. and Olsen, J.E. (2000). Molecular Epidemiology of Salmonella Gallinarum in Chickens in Tanzania. Avian Pathology, 29(5): 457-463.
Mouttotou, N., Ahmad, S., Kamran, Z. and Koutoulis, K.C. (2017). Prevalence, Risks and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella in Poultry Production Chain. Current topics in Salmonella and Salmonellosis, IntechOpen, World's First Open Access Book Publisher 1: 215-234.
Myint, M., Johnson, Y., Tablante, N. and Heckert, R. (2006).The Effect of Pre-Enrichment Protocol on the Sensitivity and Specificity of PCR for Detection of Naturally Contaminated Salmonella in Raw Poultry Compared to Conventional Culture. Food Microbiology, 23(6): 599-604.
Organization, W.H. (2001): Who Surveillance Programme for Control of Foodborne Infections and Intoxications in Europe:Report. Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine, pp: 121-135.
Pande, V. V., Gole, V. C., Mcwhorter, A. R., Abraham, S. and Chousalkar, K.K. (2015). Antimicrobial Resistance of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Isolates from Egg Layer Flocks and Egg Shells. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 203: 23-26.
Parry, C.M. (2003). Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Salmonella enterica. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 16(5): 467-472.
Poppe, C., Irwin, R.J., Forsberg, C.M., Clarke, R.C. and Oggel, J. (1991). The Prevalence of Salmonella Enteritidis and other Salmonella spp. Among Canadian Registered Commercial Layer Flocks. Epidemiology and Infection, 106(2): 259-270.
Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Leonard, F.C., Hartigan, P., Fanning, S. and Fitzpatrick, E. (2011). Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease. John Wiley & Sons, pp: 88-100.
Rastgar, H., Ghahramani, M.H., Halaj-neyshabouri, S.H., Jalali, M., Anjarani, S. and Khosrokhavar, R. (2008). Isolation and identification of salmonella Typhimurium in milk by Conventional and PCR methods. Journal of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, 3(10): 45-52. [In Persian]
Roberts, T., Tompkin, R. and Baird-Parker, A. (1996). Microorganisms in Foods 5: Microbiological Specifications of Food Pathogens. Chapman & Hall, pp: 615-649.
Roy, P., Dhillon, A.S., Lauerman, L.H., Schaberg, D.M., Bandli, D. and Johnson, S. (2002). Results of Salmonella Isolation from Poultry Products, Poultry, Poultry Environment, and Other Characteristics. Avian Diseases, 46(1): 17-24.
Shapouri, R., Rahnema, M. and Eghbalzadeh, S. (2009). Prevalence of Salmonella Serotypes in Poultry Meat and Egg and Determine Their Antibiotic Sensivity in Zanjan City. The Quarterly Journal Of Animal Physiology and Development, 2(6): 63-71. [In Persian]
Swayne, D.E., Mcdougald, L., Nolan, L.K., Suarez, D.L. and Nair, V. (2013). Diseases of Poultry. 13th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Iowa, USA, pp: 251-256.
Van Den Bogaard, A.E., London, N., Driessen, C. and Stobberingh, E.E. (2001). Antibiotic Resistance of Faecal Escherichia coli in Poultry, Poultry Farmers and Poultry Slaughterers. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 47(6): 763-771.
Wales, A., Breslin, M., Carter, B., Sayers, R. and Davies, R. (2007). A Longitudinal Study of Environmental Salmonella Contamination in Caged and Free-Range Layer Flocks. Avian Pathology, 36(3): 187-197.
_||_
Akbar, A. and Anal, A.K. (2013). Prevalence and Antibiogram Study of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus in Poultry Meat. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 3(2): 163-168.
Amirmozaffari, N., Rahmani, Z. and Iesazadeh, K. (2013). Evaluation of the Level of Contamination with Salmonella spp. in Red Meat, Chicken, and Domestic and Industrial Eggs Produced in Talesh City and Assessment of Their Antibiotic Resistance Pattern, Iran. Journal of Qom University Medical Seiences, 7(5): 60-65. [In Persian]
Barrow, P. and Lovell, M. (1988). The Association between a Large Molecular Mass Plasmid and Virulence in a Strain of Salmonella pullorum. Microbiology, 134(8): 2307-2316.
Barrow, P.A., Simpson, J.M., Lovell, M.A. and Binns, M.M. (1987). Contribution of Salmonellagallinarum Large Plasmid toward Virulence in Fowl Typhoid. Infection and Immunity, 55(2): 388-392.
Christensen, J., Olsen, J., Hansen, H. and Bisgaard, M. (1992). Characterization of Salmonella enterica Serovar Gallinarum Biovars gallinarum and pullorum by Plasmid Profiling and Biochemical Analysis. Avian Pathology, 21(3): 461-470.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2015). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 23th Informational Supplement, M100-S25, CLSI document. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, Pennsylvania, pp: 44-50.
Diep, B., Barretto, C., Portmann, A.C., Fournier, C., Karczmarek, A., Voets, G., et al. (2019). Salmonella Serotyping; Comparison of the Traditional Method to a Microarray-Based Method and an in Silico Platform Using Whole Genome Sequencing Data. Frontiers in Microbiology 2554: 10.
Duffy, G., Cloak, O.M., O'sullivan, M.G., Guillet, A., Sheridan, J.J., Blair, I.S., et al. (1999). The Incidence and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Salmonella spp. on Irish Retail Meat Products. Food Microbiology,16(6): 623-631.
Ezatpanah, E., Moradi Bidhendi, S., Khaki, P., Ghaderi, R., Seyedan Jasbi, E. and Moghtadaee Far, S. (2013). Isolation, Serotyping and Antibiotic-Resistance Pattern of Isolated Salmonella from Chicken of Arak. Iranian Veterinary Journal, 9(2): 88-96.
Graziani, C., Busani, L., Dionisi, A., Lucarelli, C., Owczarek, S., Ricci, A., et al. (2008). Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium from Human and Animal Sources in Italy. Veterinary Microbiology, 128(3): 414-418.
Humphrey, T. (2000). Public-Health Aspects of Salmonella Infection. Salmonella in Domestic Animals, 1(1): 245-263.
Im, M.C., Jeong, S.J., Kwon, Y.K., Jeong, O.M., Kang, M.S. and Lee, Y.J. (2015). Prevalence and Characteristics of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Commercial Layer Farms in Korea. Poultry Science, 94(7): 1691-1698.
Jafari, R.A., Fazlara, A. and Dalirannia, A. (2006). An Investigation into Salmonella Contamination of Native Hens'eggs in Ahvaz. Scientific-Research Iranian Veterinary Journal, 2(2): 58-63. [In Persian]
Mdegela, R.H., Yongolo, M.G., Minga, U.M. and Olsen, J.E. (2000). Molecular Epidemiology of Salmonella Gallinarum in Chickens in Tanzania. Avian Pathology, 29(5): 457-463.
Mouttotou, N., Ahmad, S., Kamran, Z. and Koutoulis, K.C. (2017). Prevalence, Risks and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella in Poultry Production Chain. Current topics in Salmonella and Salmonellosis, IntechOpen, World's First Open Access Book Publisher 1: 215-234.
Myint, M., Johnson, Y., Tablante, N. and Heckert, R. (2006).The Effect of Pre-Enrichment Protocol on the Sensitivity and Specificity of PCR for Detection of Naturally Contaminated Salmonella in Raw Poultry Compared to Conventional Culture. Food Microbiology, 23(6): 599-604.
Organization, W.H. (2001): Who Surveillance Programme for Control of Foodborne Infections and Intoxications in Europe:Report. Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine, pp: 121-135.
Pande, V. V., Gole, V. C., Mcwhorter, A. R., Abraham, S. and Chousalkar, K.K. (2015). Antimicrobial Resistance of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Isolates from Egg Layer Flocks and Egg Shells. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 203: 23-26.
Parry, C.M. (2003). Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Salmonella enterica. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 16(5): 467-472.
Poppe, C., Irwin, R.J., Forsberg, C.M., Clarke, R.C. and Oggel, J. (1991). The Prevalence of Salmonella Enteritidis and other Salmonella spp. Among Canadian Registered Commercial Layer Flocks. Epidemiology and Infection, 106(2): 259-270.
Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Leonard, F.C., Hartigan, P., Fanning, S. and Fitzpatrick, E. (2011). Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease. John Wiley & Sons, pp: 88-100.
Rastgar, H., Ghahramani, M.H., Halaj-neyshabouri, S.H., Jalali, M., Anjarani, S. and Khosrokhavar, R. (2008). Isolation and identification of salmonella Typhimurium in milk by Conventional and PCR methods. Journal of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, 3(10): 45-52. [In Persian]
Roberts, T., Tompkin, R. and Baird-Parker, A. (1996). Microorganisms in Foods 5: Microbiological Specifications of Food Pathogens. Chapman & Hall, pp: 615-649.
Roy, P., Dhillon, A.S., Lauerman, L.H., Schaberg, D.M., Bandli, D. and Johnson, S. (2002). Results of Salmonella Isolation from Poultry Products, Poultry, Poultry Environment, and Other Characteristics. Avian Diseases, 46(1): 17-24.
Shapouri, R., Rahnema, M. and Eghbalzadeh, S. (2009). Prevalence of Salmonella Serotypes in Poultry Meat and Egg and Determine Their Antibiotic Sensivity in Zanjan City. The Quarterly Journal Of Animal Physiology and Development, 2(6): 63-71. [In Persian]
Swayne, D.E., Mcdougald, L., Nolan, L.K., Suarez, D.L. and Nair, V. (2013). Diseases of Poultry. 13th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Iowa, USA, pp: 251-256.
Van Den Bogaard, A.E., London, N., Driessen, C. and Stobberingh, E.E. (2001). Antibiotic Resistance of Faecal Escherichia coli in Poultry, Poultry Farmers and Poultry Slaughterers. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 47(6): 763-771.
Wales, A., Breslin, M., Carter, B., Sayers, R. and Davies, R. (2007). A Longitudinal Study of Environmental Salmonella Contamination in Caged and Free-Range Layer Flocks. Avian Pathology, 36(3): 187-197.
