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Open Access Article
1 - Are the Decline of Rationality and Lack of Break with the Foundations the Reason of Historical Backwardness? Review and Criticism of Javad Tabatabai’s Theory
Saeed AttarThe present paper is a review and critique on Javad Tabatabai’s theory, “Decline of Iran”, via the classification system of theories based on Saussure’s binary oppositions. The system of classification is based on three binary oppositions that ar MoreThe present paper is a review and critique on Javad Tabatabai’s theory, “Decline of Iran”, via the classification system of theories based on Saussure’s binary oppositions. The system of classification is based on three binary oppositions that are nation and state, internal factors and external factors as well as the subjective and objective approach. By using the descriptive-analytic methodology, the paper shows that Tabatabai’s theory is a subjective- internal- nation-based. Although the theory emphasized on the internal factors but in fact the reason of decline of Iran seems to be related to the Seljuqs Turks and Mongols invasions. These are the reasons for ruling of prejudice that caused the losing of balance between reason and religion as well as the decline of rationality. The failure of his theory is its subjective approach and denial of objective approach in analyzing the subject. Although Tabatabai’s theory is a serious conceptual theory, there are some inner contradictions, putting emphasize on external factors with an objective approach as well as neglecting of social realities; so, it is not able to explain Iran historical backwardness. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Discourse of High-Performance Architecture: A Method to Understand Contemporary Architecture
Mohammadjavad MahdavinejadArchitecture criticism is a multidiscipline topic which usually related to level of success in meeting a prosperous architecture, or at least meeting the designers’ aims and objectives. The criticism procedures should satisfy the needs of all the stakeholders who partic MoreArchitecture criticism is a multidiscipline topic which usually related to level of success in meeting a prosperous architecture, or at least meeting the designers’ aims and objectives. The criticism procedures should satisfy the needs of all the stakeholders who participate in architectural design process. Criticism has a lot to do with a wide range of tangible and intangible issues such as environmental, social, technical, economic, aesthetic and fictional issues. Therefore performance-based criticism is an approach to evaluate architect's success in meeting aims and objectives of all the stakeholders who might be interested in the project. It is essential to explain that the level of architectural performance is effected by “context”. Moreover high-performance architecture might be crystalized through the relationship of form and content. This paper is to make a framework for discourse of high-performance architecture in order to shape a Method to understand contemporary architecture. As well as make a substantive model to criticize strength and weakness on contemporary architecture, especially contemporary architecture of developing countries such as Iran. Contrary to much of conventional approaches, architecture criticism not only study building beyond the way it performed but also prefer to analyze hidden dimensions of architectural design process. Theoretical framework of the paper is based on understanding architecture as a comprehensive discourse. Assumption of the research indicates that architecture is a matter of discourse and comprehensive meaning of high-performance architecture might be understood by adopting the relationship between architecture and architect as a critical discourse. It is essential to describe performance-based design as way to meet demands and expectation of all the stakeholders in architectural design process, especially in programing and planning phase. The research methodology of the paper is based on discourse analysis theory in order to explain the relationship between architecture and context as matter of understanding the level of performance. Moreover the research methodology aims at revealing socio-cultural, ultramundane, intangible and psychological characteristics of “architecture” rather than tangible and physical issues. The results of the paper show that a comprehensive approach toward architecture criticism includes five categories of all-inclusive and interdisciplinary strategies such as: 1- Relation to Context: high-performance architecture has to crystalize a meaningful learning from nature. The interrelationship of performative characteristics of architecture, recombinant materials and socio-cultural aspects of design. 2- Process-Based Approach: Understanding the level of performance is to concentrate on process in order to meet stakeholders’ demands and objectives. 3- General Welcoming: Performance-based design has a lot to do with collective mind. 4- Recriticizing Critics of Critics: Architecture might be read in contemporary discourses. Architects sometimes have their own approach toward architecture criticism which might be called designerly way of knowing and doing which works as a new style of architectural criticism. 5- Redevelopment of Future Discourse: New architectural technologies such as digitalism, mathematical architecture etc. are about to shape a new paradigm for future architecture. Based on theoretical developments future legacy in architecture is in need of a kind of futuristic discourse. It is essential to redevelop future discourse in programming architecture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - The Model of Criticism Application for the Use of Precedents in Architecture Design and Training
Elham Mehrdoust Ahmad Aminpoor Hamid NadimiOne of the activities that designers and design students usually do in their design process is using the precedents and similar projects and buildings. Design precedents are solutions attained in prior design problems which partially or generally can be used in the prob MoreOne of the activities that designers and design students usually do in their design process is using the precedents and similar projects and buildings. Design precedents are solutions attained in prior design problems which partially or generally can be used in the problem at hand. An overview of prior studies demonstrates that appropriate use of precedents can increase the creativity of students, although there is the risk of surface adaptation and copping. To prevent this risk, it is important to find tools and methods which could help students and designers to use precedents methodologically and concentrate on fundamental feathers on them. One of these tools is architecture criticism. Since the purpose of architecture criticism, mostly is comprehensive cognition and understanding of the architectural works, using criticism can be helpful in understanding of design precedents. This study tries to find an approach among the presented ones in architecture criticism which can aid the student to achieve the concept of the precedents and understand them in the best way. This paper studies the references in the context of criticism and precedents by the descriptive-analytic method. Then, proposes a model to criticize the precedents and understanding them in a better way. The proposed model includes three steps: diagnosis the specific quality of precedents, discovering the causing factor of those qualities and finally achieving the generalizable patterns. To explain and make these steps clearer it can be said that as many studies which were done on criticism just describe the buildings and less focused on analysis of them, also because the designers use the precedents to generalize the result of it to their designs, it can be proposed that in the first step the designers try to diagnose the specific quality of precedents and then try to discover the causing factor of those qualities. It can be suggested that there are two ways to diagnose the specific quality of precedents; first through the question that there is in the new problem, that means the problem which the designer tries to find a solution for it, cause him or her to refer to precedents. Second through the observation and searching on the precedents that can reveal the specific qualities of them. The diagnosis of these qualities has two results; first cause the designers to ask questions to find the causing factor of those qualities (second step) and second with exact study and finding the answer of those questions and also by making those qualities simple, the generalizable patterns can be reached (third step). It can be added that this kind of confronting with precedents does not mean that the systems that present some criterion for architecture criticism or are based on some of the theories are not useful. These systems can help the designers to find the specific properties and qualities of precedents more simple. It can be noted that at the end of this process some relative understanding of precedents can be reached which can be in the form of some drawings or written scripts Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - The relationship between visual factors of urban space and behavioral patterns (study site: Shahrdari square, Rasht, Iran)
Ameneh Kamvarshalmani simin hanachiCity as a live and dynamic creature can have important function at meeting mental and psychological needs of people but due to improper growth of population with urban development of cities and many problems, urban managers have paid attention to the physical aspects of MoreCity as a live and dynamic creature can have important function at meeting mental and psychological needs of people but due to improper growth of population with urban development of cities and many problems, urban managers have paid attention to the physical aspects of cities and to some extent have neglected psychological and mental effects of cities’ skeleton on citizens. This paper is based on a qualitative research considering the relationship between visual factors of urban spaces and behavioral patterns of consumers from these spaces aimed at identifying favorable and unfavorable visual factors of urban spaces and also regarding visual perception and behavioral pattern of citizens at urban spaces. In this relation it was tried to answer the question that whether the existence of visual factors of urban space affects citizens’ behavior and encourages especial behavior or prevent appearance of some behaviors? For achieving this goal after reviewing basic concepts and hypothesis related to the project and writing analytic model of the research and also collecting data through two methods of direct observation (behavioral mapping) and indirect observation (questionnaire); data extracted by considering a case sample in Rasht city and its skeletal analysis through pathology of wall, floor, furniture and green space. For analyzing data, the correlation statistic method has been used and the relationship between variables and hypothesis of the research has been tested by chi-square test and by using SPSS software. Finally regarding the importance of the research, some suggestion for strengthening social interaction at studying site and procedures have been presented for favorability of visual factors to prepare conditions for changing some behavioral patterns of citizens and on the one side it has been tried to consider visual aspects of mentioned urban space a lot so that by outstanding some visual factors of these spaces, create the condition for appearance of new behavioral space at studying space. The significant point is that in studying area due to the significance of placement function, behavioral patterns are more resulted from this function that in suggestions the urban space have ben emphasized. Finding shows that urban space that is far from its main function is a functional problem and by paying attention to the point that we know city as a live creature the existence of this problem means that there is a kind of skeletal disorder in city and in this state with the existence of skeletal disorder we cannot merely rely on the manifestation of beauty. Therefore regarding the point that firstly visual factors of urban space affects behavioral pattern of citizens and secondly the type of function of; urban space can affect the degree of citizens’ attention to surrounding visual factors and the existence of social life at urban cities is emphasized. The important point that is observed at the research was that citizens use a space properly while there is factors for their attraction to the considered space that regarding visual factors of the space and the degree of citizens’ satisfaction of these characteristics is important. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - The Qualitative Analysis on Contemporary Approaches toward Architectural Training in Iran
Reza Naghdbishi Shahindokht Barghjelveh Seyed Gholamreza Islami Hamed Kamelnia -
Open Access Article
6 - A Comparative Study on Critical Rational View in Habermas and Poper’s Thoughts
Jahangir Bagheri Ilkhchi Manhnaz NazelianPopper and Habermas’ political thoughts are formed based on the relationship betweenrationality and criticism to an extent that, despite their differences, the two elements playkey roles in their notions. Popper views rationality as a whole, and beside rejecting H MorePopper and Habermas’ political thoughts are formed based on the relationship betweenrationality and criticism to an extent that, despite their differences, the two elements playkey roles in their notions. Popper views rationality as a whole, and beside rejecting Habermas’historicity and antagonizing, he has rational and irrational totalitar. On the other hand,Habermas criticizes the uniqueness of scientific methods and emphasizes on the epistemologicaldifferences. Now the question is that: Considering rationality and criticism as twomain elements of Habermas and Popper’s thoughts, what are the similarities and differencesin their views?Our hypothesis is that the presence of rationality and criticism in both Popper and Habermas’thoughts has led to similar results regardless of the different mindsets they favoured.The present paper aims to demonstrate how Habermas and Popper reached the same resultsin site of two different ideologies they belonged to. The method applied here is comparative.The results may be used in academic and political milieu, civil institutions like politicalparties and directing politicians. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Analysis of Effective Cultural Components on Political Development of Iran (Second Pahlavi Era)
Mohammad Heydarpourklidsar -
Open Access Article
8 - Developing a Dialogic Accounting Framework in the Green Accounting Consequences: Changing the Positivist Accounting Paradigm
Ensieh Hossein Pooran Hasan Valiyan Mohammadreza AbdoliChanges in any field of science will lead to greater dynamics of the functions of that field. Accounting, as one of the areas based on social processes, is no exception to these changes and in order to promote interaction with the needs of stakeholders one can expect th MoreChanges in any field of science will lead to greater dynamics of the functions of that field. Accounting, as one of the areas based on social processes, is no exception to these changes and in order to promote interaction with the needs of stakeholders one can expect the achievement of an integrated and interactive perception between the pillars of the accounting profession with social dimensions due to such changes. Dialogic Accounting as changes resulting from perceptual and social contexts can have pervasive values such as the positive consequences of green accounting from a social and competitive point of view. The Purpose of this research is developing a Dialogic Accounting Model in the Green Accounting Consequences of Capital Market Companies. In this research, which considered methodologically in terms of the nature of the problem and the purpose of the research, the method of data collection was survey-correlation and the research tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population in this study is the managers of the accounting department as a subset of the financial and administrative deputy of the top 50 companies of the Tehran Stock Exchange in 2020-2021. Considering that accounting managers in capital market companies with titles such as Chief Stock Officer or Chief Accountant are in the organizational chart of capital market companies, a total of 96 people participated in this section, which according to this statistical population, which was less than 100 The census criterion was used to select the research participants. Partial least squares analysis (PLS) also used to fit the model. The results showed that Dialogic Accounting has an impact on the Green Accounting Consequences of capital market companies. The results show the development of the Dialogic Accounting Model as a basis of the system in the social context and by transferring the level of capital market expectations as the input of the system and its combination with accounting knowledge occurs as a system process, it can lead to green accounting consequences as a system output. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - The role of student movement in development of public sphere (A case study of Iran society 1921-2006)
Seyfollah Seyfollahi Mohammad Jafar Firouzi -
Open Access Article
10 - The Methodology of Justification and Critique in Sadrian Theosophy
عبدالعلی موحدیOne of the major issues in modern methodological discussions isthe method of justification in different schools of thought, whichwas formerly called “the why of justification”, that is, the reasonwhy something is justified. Defying the limiting methodologies MoreOne of the major issues in modern methodological discussions isthe method of justification in different schools of thought, whichwas formerly called “the why of justification”, that is, the reasonwhy something is justified. Defying the limiting methodologies ofhis predecessors in justification, Mullā Sadrā makes methodologicaluse of his intuitive findings, on equal footing with demonstrativesyllogism. He resorts to methods of mystics in justifying thetranscendent theses in his philosophy. Moreover, in listing the basicpropositions, next to the first principles of the past philosophers, healso includes intuitive propositions acquired through the faculty ofillumination.Since Mullā Sadrā sought to found a novel system of thought, heconcerned himself with analyzing and criticizing otherphilosophers, employing logical methods in dealing with theirprinciples, arguments, and conclusions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - The Logic of Situation and its Appliance to Literary Criticism and Theories
رهبر اشنوئی محمودزادهMuch has been said in discussions concerning literary criticism fromthe position of the writer and the reader deciding the type of theexisting readings and claims in criticisms. But the problem is that theidentity of the writers and readers of various texts are not prec MoreMuch has been said in discussions concerning literary criticism fromthe position of the writer and the reader deciding the type of theexisting readings and claims in criticisms. But the problem is that theidentity of the writers and readers of various texts are not preciselydefinite and determined in a way we could be able to establish ourcritic claims. How could we deal with such a problem and what mightbe the solution to it? The concepts such as “the real individual”,“typical individual” and the broader concept of “the logic of situation”have been applied here to find a solution to this problem and all thesediscussions have become an introduction to Roland Barth's “the deathof the writer” theory. And here Roland Barth's viewpoints can bechallenged. A study of Barth's theory according to the concept of “thelogic of situation” can lead us to results contradictory with those ofBarth's. In fact, the work done here in this article is that the theory of 'the death of the writer' has been applied to that theory itself; that is, theconsequences of Barth's theory have been studied independent from hisown intentions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Atonement in Paul’s Theology: Criticism of the Religious Scholars
محمد علی ayazi Hamideh AmiryazdaniAtonement has been considered as one of the basic teachings of Paul, which is elaborated mostly in Galatians and Romans. This fundamental teaching gradually took an integrated shape and became an essential part of Anselm and Aquina’s thoughts. In the modern period MoreAtonement has been considered as one of the basic teachings of Paul, which is elaborated mostly in Galatians and Romans. This fundamental teaching gradually took an integrated shape and became an essential part of Anselm and Aquina’s thoughts. In the modern period, changes in theological views and considering Paul as the interpreter and second founder of Christianity has made the contemporary thinkers to reconsider the issue. In fact, after the formation of historical criticism and demythologizing, atonement as a fundamental teaching was reconsidered by Christian thinkers. The present study tries to deal with the views of contemporary theologians with historical critical approach, such as Thomas Micheal, Philip Queen and Micheal Golder. Beside these theologians, the views of some contemporary Muslim thinkers such as cAllāmeh Tabāãabā’Ê and Rashid Reza, who have direct refrence to Christian texts, is also considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Comparative Analysis of Shame in Vis and Rāmin, Khosrow and Shirin
Faezeh Eftekhari Roozbahani Mohammad Ali Shafaei Masoumeh Khodadadi Mahabad Mojtaba Ansari ShahidiThe characters of a lyrical poem depict human emotions that originate from individual and society’s heart. (sense of) Shame has always been one of the most important emotional elements in Iranian culture as well as romantic relationships. The reflection of this th MoreThe characters of a lyrical poem depict human emotions that originate from individual and society’s heart. (sense of) Shame has always been one of the most important emotional elements in Iranian culture as well as romantic relationships. The reflection of this theme leads to the formation of all kinds of shame, each of which leads to different reactions. In this research romantic relationships are studied by comparison of two poems "Vis and Rāmin" and "Khosrow and Shirin", in two different time periods (before Islam and after Islam), while conceptual analysis of shame reflection and selection of keywords are analyzed as well. The results of the study show that the type of shame is different in these two poetries and while having different contexts, it also appears differently in the performance between lover and beloved, which is carefully analyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Social Critique of "Neighbors" and in Comparison with Lukács’s Theory
Elaheh Poloei Monireh Ahamad Soltani Mohammad Homayoun SepehrDuring Mohammad Reza Pahlavi’s reign, the amount of oil sales to other countries increased and the country's financial situation improved compared to last years, and as a result, the purchase of paper, book publishing, etc. increased. On the other hand, strictness MoreDuring Mohammad Reza Pahlavi’s reign, the amount of oil sales to other countries increased and the country's financial situation improved compared to last years, and as a result, the purchase of paper, book publishing, etc. increased. On the other hand, strictness and censorship are less than Reza Shah's era. Therefore, during the second Pahlavi regime, storytelling became more popular and writers who were influenced by the conditions of society, began to create stories that express the conditions of society and the historical events of that period. One of these stories is "Neighbors" which describes the situation in southern (cities of) Iran at the time of the nationalization of oil. In this book, the political and social conditions of that period, the people’s lives and their thoughts and ideas and aspirations and problems, financial and cultural poverty and even the hidden layers of human life are expressed and the role of the Tudeh Party in creating this political movement is mentioned indirectly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - A Comparative Study on Creativity Literature and Modern Hermeneutics Emphasizing Martin Heidegger’s Ideas
Leila Ahmadzadeh Afzal Sadat Hosseini Dehshiri Mohsen Imani NaeeiniHermeneutics went beyond the interpretation of religious texts and stepped into the field of various sciences such as history, art, economics, political science and psychology, followed by education by developing specialized disciplines in the academic centers of the wo MoreHermeneutics went beyond the interpretation of religious texts and stepped into the field of various sciences such as history, art, economics, political science and psychology, followed by education by developing specialized disciplines in the academic centers of the world. The main purpose of the present research is to compare the creativity literature and modern hermeneutics by emphasizing Martin Heidegger’s viewpoints. The method of the research is analytical. Proximity to the abovementioned issue, questioning and thinking, criticism and the quality of comprehension in the learner indicate the relationship between modern hermeneutics and creative learning. Raising interest in education in the learner, preparing educational programs, creating scientific interests in the learner and making mutual understanding between the instructor and the learner are some of the goals that can be designed on the basis of hermeneutics for creative learning. In modern hermeneutics, creative learning is given importance and the process is such that a subject must first be agreed upon and critiqued in order to create a quality of understanding in the learner. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - A comparative study of the "feeling of inferiority" theory and ways to deal with it based on Adler's individualistic psychology In the poems of Iranian and Arab women poets (Simin Behbahani, Ghade Alsman)
zahra karimi sepideh sepehri arezo shomali oskoei elahe hajihaPsychoanalytic criticism is a new and visionary criticism in which the researcher or critic aims to reveal hidden aspects or different behavioral angles and psychological signs in a given work, whether literary or... to analyze the personality of the writer, artist or f MorePsychoanalytic criticism is a new and visionary criticism in which the researcher or critic aims to reveal hidden aspects or different behavioral angles and psychological signs in a given work, whether literary or... to analyze the personality of the writer, artist or fictional characters.Individualistic psychology was founded by Alfred Adler and one of the theories in this individualistic psychology is the theory of inferiority. In this article, which is done in a descriptive-analytical way based on document analysis and the method of library studies, the poems of two contemporary Iranian and Arab poets (Simin Behbahani, Ghadeh Al-Saman) are analyzed and examined based on the theory of inferiority complex based on Adler's individualistic psychology. Placed. The results of the research show that the feeling of inferiority in the poems of Simin Behbahani and Ghade Alsman was due to gender discrimination in the society, and the most important components and indicators that can be found in the poems based on Alfred Adler's individualistic psychology to deal with the feeling of inferiority These two female poets saw, including the mechanisms of superiority, social interest, despair and loneliness, isolation and withdrawal; Glory and protest and love. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - A Comparative Study of the Marxist Components of Jani Gal by Ebrahim Ahmad and the Daughter of a Peasant by Mahmoud Etemadzadeh
Bahar Kazemi Badrieh GhavamiMarxist critique is a form of literary criticism that speaks to the relationship between society and literature. In Marxist critique, literature is analyzed on the basis of the historical conditions that created it. Therefore, for Marxist critique, it is necessary to kn MoreMarxist critique is a form of literary criticism that speaks to the relationship between society and literature. In Marxist critique, literature is analyzed on the basis of the historical conditions that created it. Therefore, for Marxist critique, it is necessary to know its historical background. With the occupation of Iran, Iraq and the Kurdistan region after the First World War by the Allied forces and Russia, a current dominates Persian and Kurdish literature, which is influenced by many of their writers. Marxism and Communism put Russia. Iranian society during and after World War I due to the inefficiency of the ruling system involved in problems such as; Poverty, the existence of a class system and the pressure on the people by the government of the time, Iraqi Kurdistan has long been a place of conflict with the government and the central government of its time to seek an independent government and government, Kurdish nationalist thought in Iraqi Kurdistan Also, the influence of the Iranian and Iraqi Kurdistan societies on the communist and Marxist currents after the First World War provides the ground for examining the works of the authors of Persian and Kurdish literature and their influence from these currents. In this study, the Marxist critique of the novel by Jani Gal and the Daughter of a Peasant, which; It can be said that in Persian and Kurdish literature, both works are among the first social realist stories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - A Study on Nizami’s Khosrow & Shirin and Jamil ibn Ma'mar’s Divan from Feminism School Viewpoint
Reyhaneh Sardar Ali Ganjiyan Khonaari Ebrahim DibajiWomen have always had special status in various cultures and in all eras and their statuses have changed according to each era’s culture and tradition. In the history of Iran after Islam which was coincided with Umayyad civilization and culture, woman had remarkab MoreWomen have always had special status in various cultures and in all eras and their statuses have changed according to each era’s culture and tradition. In the history of Iran after Islam which was coincided with Umayyad civilization and culture, woman had remarkable role and two mentioned cultures owned obvious differences and similarities in the field of women’s cultural and social status partially. Khosrow & Shirin by Nizami was an iconoclast work in spite of an ancient background. On the other hand an Arab poet (Jamil ibn Ma'mar) – in Arabic literature –lived in an era in which women had no specific value; but the abovementioned poet paid special attention to women and their values in his poetries whose works aid us to study the aforesaid subject in Nizami’s Khosrow & Shirin and Jamil ibn Ma'mar’s Divan comparatively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - A Comparative Study of Ahmad Shamloo and Ahmad Matar
Javad Kaboutari Masoumehh Bakhshi Zade Hossein ArianAhmad Matar – the famous Arab poet – has versed his poetries in conflict with the majorities, thoughts and acts. The reader witnesses his objections and revelation against the cruel and traitorous government; the exact method can be seen in Ahmad Shamloo's p MoreAhmad Matar – the famous Arab poet – has versed his poetries in conflict with the majorities, thoughts and acts. The reader witnesses his objections and revelation against the cruel and traitorous government; the exact method can be seen in Ahmad Shamloo's poetries. The similarities in their poetries made us to study their poetries based on their attitudes comparatively. The personage theory has been chosen among critical approaches; while it is of special importance among psychologists. The present research studies the abovementioned poetries based on the famous psychologists' theories. According to Freud's theory on triad traits – id conflicts, ego and super ego – the applied psychiatric mechanisms are recognized in order to solve the conflicts. The method is descriptive – analytical and librarian. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - The Comparative study of three stories by Moniro Ravanipour: Kanizu, Gypsy by the Fire, The Drowned
Shahrooz Shahdin Abolqasem Amir Ahamdi Ali Eshghi SardehiMoniro Ravanipour – one of the most successful Iranian contemporary authors – whose method is magical realism and by imitating Colombian Gabriel García Márquez writing method succeeded to create precious works to the world and Iran's literature MoreMoniro Ravanipour – one of the most successful Iranian contemporary authors – whose method is magical realism and by imitating Colombian Gabriel García Márquez writing method succeeded to create precious works to the world and Iran's literature such as Kanizu, Gypsy by the Fire and The Drowned by inspiring "A Hundred Year of Solitude". On the other hand she is also known as Folklore author because of working on folkloric literature and creating real scenes as well as applying proverbs, allusions and native phrases. This article initially introduces Moniro Ravanipour and her ideas and works then studies magical realism in Persian literature followed by structuralism and content – based criticism in three novels: Kanizu, Gypsy by the Fire and The Drowned Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - A Study on Naas Surah German Translations Based on Eugene Nida's Theory
Seyyed Saeed Firouz Abadi Zahra EbrahimiThe Revelation Books have been translated by different translators and by various reasons through the history. Holy Quran is most important source for recognizing Islam which has been revealed to Mohammad by Lord. The need to Quran translation has always been felt in al MoreThe Revelation Books have been translated by different translators and by various reasons through the history. Holy Quran is most important source for recognizing Islam which has been revealed to Mohammad by Lord. The need to Quran translation has always been felt in all eras because of the four million German language Muslims all around the world. Thus the present article studies three famous Quran's German translations by Friedrich Rückert, Adel Theodor Khoury and Rudy Paret based on Eugene Nida's Theory by focus on Naas Surah. The article also studies the translators' motivations, method and their custody in lexical and syntax Arabic structure in translation. The future mistakes or errors in translations could be avoided by determining the weak and strong points of the abovementioned translation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Comparative Study of Ridicules in Ahmed Mattar and Nasim –e Shomal's Poetries
Mohsen Khoddami Mohammad JannatifarIn spite of short time life of comparative literature in Eastern countries, it could progress and develop remarkably. Today researching views tend more towards finding the similarities between the works of art in different regions of the world. In this regard valuable r MoreIn spite of short time life of comparative literature in Eastern countries, it could progress and develop remarkably. Today researching views tend more towards finding the similarities between the works of art in different regions of the world. In this regard valuable researches has been done comparatively. The present survey compares Nasim – e shomal - constitutional era poet - and Ahmed Mattar's – famous Iraqi poet – poetries. Since both poets criticize the adversity of their era by applying various method such as allusion, implicit, paradox ant etc. It is attempted to analyze the commonalities and their strategies to contend against autocracy and injustice are studied as well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - COMPARISON OF TWO HEROES IN THE SCHOOL OF DEPTH MYTHOLOGICAL CRITICISM, FREYDUN & THESEUS
Behruz AtooniIt is more logical and mature to pay attention to the more important aspect of mythological comparisons which is comparative mythological criticism so that we will focus not only on the similarities of two or more mythological characters but also criticiz MoreIt is more logical and mature to pay attention to the more important aspect of mythological comparisons which is comparative mythological criticism so that we will focus not only on the similarities of two or more mythological characters but also criticize and report on them. The present article brings two mythological Iranian and Greek heroes “Freydun” and “Theseus” to the school of depth mythological criticism and studies their similarities to five levels and then reviews each of these five levels in depth and finally discusses these levels as archetypes and formula for making heroes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Historical Development of Comparative Literature
Francois Jost Alireza AnoushirvaniThis paper studies the historical development of comparative literature as an academic discipline from the Middle Ages to modern times. It starts with the development of national languages which results in the emergence of national literatures during the Renaissance. Th MoreThis paper studies the historical development of comparative literature as an academic discipline from the Middle Ages to modern times. It starts with the development of national languages which results in the emergence of national literatures during the Renaissance. The author emphasizes the fact that diversity is wealth and that variety is the spice of intellectual life. This is at the heart of comparative literature that there is oneness and unity beyond all appearances. The author, then, continues with a short survey of comparative literature in France and Germany, and lists the comparative periodicals which were published in Europe and America since the 19th century. The author concludes that comparative literature, which is increasingly expanding all over the world, promises to become a prominent and valid approach to literature and criticism in future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Social criticism in Sepehri's Poetry and the Comparison to Basic Science
Javad Qorbani Alireza Iranbakhsh Amir Hossein Mahouzi The present article studies people and the society's view in Sepehri's "The Eight Books" and enjoys the application of basic science (mathematics, geology, biology, chemistry and physics) in order to make more efficiency in his words. Thus the criticism of pe More The present article studies people and the society's view in Sepehri's "The Eight Books" and enjoys the application of basic science (mathematics, geology, biology, chemistry and physics) in order to make more efficiency in his words. Thus the criticism of people's attitudes and behavior as well as social events are studied and the words and basic sciences influences are surveyed. The findings show that Sepehri's critics are of scientific aspect and he enjoyed scientific words, concepts and expressions in some cases and sometimes his views are emotional or mystical; but finally these views contain informative messages for the society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Content Criticism of Some of Collete's and Forugh FarrokhZaad’s works
Faranak Ashrafi Farnaz ArfaizadehComparative Literature is one the most important literary branches which studies similar or different aspects of authors' or poets' works, in order to help these works be better understood. Sidonie Gabrille Colette, the French wirter, and Forugh Farrokh Zaad, the Irania MoreComparative Literature is one the most important literary branches which studies similar or different aspects of authors' or poets' works, in order to help these works be better understood. Sidonie Gabrille Colette, the French wirter, and Forugh Farrokh Zaad, the Iranian poet, although have been grown in two different cultures, have created some contents which are comparable in terms of content criticism. Does feminine writings have special characteristics? To answer this question, we have studied and reviewed the works of these two women, one of them an author and the other one a poet, who have been grown in two different cultures. In their various works we faced some contents which are present repeatedly in works of these two great women. Regret of past, love to nature, depression for mother and birthplace, feeling of solitude and tendency to isolation are some of common contents in thoughts of these two thinkers. In this study, in addition to studying the concepts mentioned above, we have reviewed special hidden feminine feelings in these works as well. Manuscript profile -
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27 - A Comparative Study of Sylvia Plath and Forugh Farrokhzad in the Light of Showalterian Feminist Viewpoint
Shahrokh Hekmat Hamideh DolatAbadiThe present study is a cross-cultural survey of American Sylvia Plath’s and Iranian ForughFarrokhzad’s poetry in the light of Showalterian feminist viewpoint. Elaine Showalter believes that analyzing women’s works according to the male-c MoreThe present study is a cross-cultural survey of American Sylvia Plath’s and Iranian ForughFarrokhzad’s poetry in the light of Showalterian feminist viewpoint. Elaine Showalter believes that analyzing women’s works according to the male-constructed theories would result in mere imitation of male discourse and consequently mere silence of women even in evaluating their own works. Thus, she presents a female framework i.e. Gynocriticism. The present writers are to scrutinize some Plath’s and Farrokghzad’s poems according to the above-mentioned framework and come to the conclusion that both poets reject the pre-established norms of patriarchal literature. As two avant-garde poets, they create a literature of themselves on the basis of their female entity and experience. Manuscript profile -
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28 - One Anecdote, Several Narrations A Comparative Review of the Story, Death Angel (Azrael) Looking at a Man... in Mathnavi and Other Sources
Karīmbakhsh SajjādīThe present article compares one of the anecdotes of Mathnavi (Death Angel (Azrael) looking at a man...) with some other resources in order to explain the advantages of Molānā’s narration in comparison to them.The present article compares one of the anecdotes of Mathnavi (Death Angel (Azrael) looking at a man...) with some other resources in order to explain the advantages of Molānā’s narration in comparison to them. Manuscript profile -
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29 - Rhetoric Aesthetic Criticism by a Comparative Approach on Arabic & Persian Eloquence
Habibollah Jadidol Eslami Hamideh Jamal ZahiThe common aspects which have existed between Iranians and Persians in different fields such as poetry, literature and music – and more important the religious language and the connection made by Islam between them – caused a wide relation, interaction and m MoreThe common aspects which have existed between Iranians and Persians in different fields such as poetry, literature and music – and more important the religious language and the connection made by Islam between them – caused a wide relation, interaction and mutual effects. One of the manifestations of the mutual effect in Islamic culture is undoubtedly in the field of eloquence or better to say Persian and Arabic aesthetics. Thus this paper intends to express some of these literary effects and affects from aesthetic criticism point of view and then study them comparatively. Accordingly, some vague and challenging common expressions such as allegory, simile and etc. Manuscript profile -
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30 - A Study of Intellectual Motifs in T. S. Eliot and Adonis’s New Critical Approaches
Reza Mohammadi Asghar Moulavi Nafchi Hossein ShamsabadiT. S. Eliot’s peculiar symbolism is professionally distinctive. Eliot bases the atypical language of poetry on paradox, irony, ambiguity, myth, and symbol; and achieves objective and tangible imagery in an exclusively unexpected method, consequently intertwining s MoreT. S. Eliot’s peculiar symbolism is professionally distinctive. Eliot bases the atypical language of poetry on paradox, irony, ambiguity, myth, and symbol; and achieves objective and tangible imagery in an exclusively unexpected method, consequently intertwining sensibility and emotion. This multifarious method relies on Eliot’s theory of the objective correlative, which he applied to the Waste Land. The objective correlative firstly relies on the de-characterization of the author, this being the cornerstone of new critical methodology, and sees poetry as an independent and self-sufficient phenomenon that should be in turn analyzed through such internal and essential criteria as complexity, ambiguity, and textual cohesion and coherence in order to study textual unity and integrity. Secondly this theory is closely associated with symbolism both as a literary technique and school. Thirdly, there is the incorporation of tradition in poetry which reflects the neoclassical orientation of this theory. Adonis is among those poet-critics who have indirectly been impressed by Eliot’s theory of the objective correlative. Adonis, like Eliot, believes that poetry is not an expression of character but instead an escape from personality and character. Thus the speaker should look at past poems from a historical point of view, that is, he or she should absorb and digest the prior poem. Therefore, the poet should adopt a language different than the language of science and philosophy. Part of this peculiar language comprises of symbolism. This study attempts to first elucidate Eliot’s theory of the objective correlative, second to investigate its corresponding precepts and principles in Adonis’s poetic theory, third to highlight instances of this theory in the works of Eliot and Adonis’ contemporaries, and last but not least this study will discuss the status of Eliot and Adonis as the pioneers of New Criticism in the English and Arabic traditions respectively. Manuscript profile -
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31 - Comparative Criticism of Feminism in the Works of Shahrnush Parsipur and Marguerite Duras
Muhammad Khosravi ShakibShahrnushParsipur and Marguerite Duras are two contemporary Iranian and French writers who share some similarities in their works due to the facts such as being a woman, a writer, an intellectual, living in a twenty century world and having experienced di MoreShahrnushParsipur and Marguerite Duras are two contemporary Iranian and French writers who share some similarities in their works due to the facts such as being a woman, a writer, an intellectual, living in a twenty century world and having experienced different feminist approaches and living in the East. The question is then what are these similarities? The research hypothesis based on the question is then liberal love, magical realism, breaking traditions and uprising against the current status of women, challenging false beliefs and superstitions and criticizing the present male chauvinist rules and regulations. Manuscript profile -
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32 - Analysis of Savoji’s “Jamshid and the Sun” Based on Prop’s Theory
Ebrahim Vasheghani Farahani Leila Hashemian Maryam RahmaniMorphological analysis is a central technique in structural criticism. In this analysis, the critic seeks to discover relationships among the structural constituents of a tale. It was first introduced into literary criticism by Vladimir Prop under the influence of Ferdi MoreMorphological analysis is a central technique in structural criticism. In this analysis, the critic seeks to discover relationships among the structural constituents of a tale. It was first introduced into literary criticism by Vladimir Prop under the influence of Ferdinand de Saussure’s structural linguistics. Prop based his work on the actions of the characters in fairy tales and, after analyzing these actions and their functions, he found out that all the tales follow similar structures which can be generalized to explain the tales of various peoples over the world. Such analysis reveals that the characters of different tales, regardless of apparent differences, have constant specific functions according to their role in the tale. The present paper is an attempt at the structural analysis of the tale of “Jamshid and the Sun”, which is one of the most successful lyric tales of Persian literature, and at the study of the functions and their order in each role to determine the degree to which to these functions conform to the roles and self-actions in the story. Manuscript profile -
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33 - A study of Water in of Gaston Bachelard's literary criticism method (With an approach to Kasaie Marvzi)
Behrouz Hassan NezhadGaston Bachelard (1884-1962) who was an epistemologist. philosopher of science and one of the early French structuralists, had created a new method in speech recognition and oration. Poets and writers' depiction has a root in four main elements - water. fire, soil and w MoreGaston Bachelard (1884-1962) who was an epistemologist. philosopher of science and one of the early French structuralists, had created a new method in speech recognition and oration. Poets and writers' depiction has a root in four main elements - water. fire, soil and wind. Majdeddin Abolhassan or Abu Isaac Kasai Marvazi is one of the poets offorth and early fifth centuries. His poems are simple and fluent the concepts are almost objective. tangible and natural. In fact, Kasai is a painter in poetry. Although on ly three hundred of his poetry remains. we can understand his approach to nature especially to water. The present article tries to study the nature elements in Kasai poetry as a traditionalism poet and utilize the literary criticism method of Gaston Bachelard and his ideas in this field. Manuscript profile -
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34 - An Analysis on Forough Farrokhzad's Poetries Based on Archetype
Masoud Pakdel Azadeh SotoudehThe most important expression of Jung's psychoanalysis school is "Archetype". Archetype is instinctive and congenital thoughts and tendencies to the behaviors that human do based on predetermined patterns; in other words they are the images which enter the human's uncon MoreThe most important expression of Jung's psychoanalysis school is "Archetype". Archetype is instinctive and congenital thoughts and tendencies to the behaviors that human do based on predetermined patterns; in other words they are the images which enter the human's unconscious. These thoughts and tendencies represent in religions, myths and literary works. Forough is one of the Iranian famous poets whose poetries are full of archetype because of the sufferings and grieves in her life. The achived outcomes of the present research show that archetypes such as Great Mother, re-born, love and hero are frequently applied in her poetries' hero and Great Mother are more manifestef amongst all. Archetypes denouments many knots and aids the beauthy of the poetry. For instance by understanding love pattern, we realize that love would not be faded in time from Forough's viewpoint; it's immortal and eternal; does not know time and place. Manuscript profile -
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35 - An introduction to imagology Introducing a literary and artistic criticism
Bahman Namvar MotlaqHuman relationships form based on team and individual view points and studying these viewpoints from different aspects are the imagology’s job. This important scientific subject which is the subject of different scientific fields is of special importance in the co MoreHuman relationships form based on team and individual view points and studying these viewpoints from different aspects are the imagology’s job. This important scientific subject which is the subject of different scientific fields is of special importance in the comparative literature. The present article aims to introduce imagology with the literary and artistic criticism and it defines this subject as well as studying for and against ideas. Manuscript profile -
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36 - Comparative Study of Beowulf and Shahnameh from the Ancient Travel Point of View
Darioush HayatiThe present article initially attempts to express a summary on the importance of the myth, its concept, and its relationship with epic and then studies two great epic works – Shahnameh & Beowulf which are the second and third famous epic ones in the world afte MoreThe present article initially attempts to express a summary on the importance of the myth, its concept, and its relationship with epic and then studies two great epic works – Shahnameh & Beowulf which are the second and third famous epic ones in the world after “The Iliad & Odyssey of Homer” from religious and woman point of view. Although the abovementioned novels are from two different nations, cultures and histories, the similarities are more obvious rather than the differences. Both stories are very similar and comparable in religious views, ancient traveling symbols and epic heroes and little similarities about women. Manuscript profile -
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37 - A Sociological Reading of Akbar Radi’s Melody of the Rainy City and Edward Bond’s The Fool
Sima Farshid Ronak AhmadzadiThe Melody of the Rainy City written by the renowned Iranian playwright Akbar Radi and The Fool written by the controversial British dramatist Edward Bond are discussed in the present article by drawing on sociological criticism to illustrate the similarities MoreThe Melody of the Rainy City written by the renowned Iranian playwright Akbar Radi and The Fool written by the controversial British dramatist Edward Bond are discussed in the present article by drawing on sociological criticism to illustrate the similarities of these playwrights’ outlooks. Both writers are highly concerned with social injustice in the capitalist systems and believe that people’s economic situation determines their way of life, thoughts and behavior. In spite of cultural differences emerging out of living in two different social contexts, Radi and Bond share some ideas over the social problems induced by capitalism, therefore depict such problems as social inequality and the suppression of low classes by the owners of wealth and capital in capitalist societies. They also demonstrate the dependence of people’s behavior and mindset on their social status, and the functioning of ideology and different social institutions in sustaining the power of those who possess money and rule over the society. Manuscript profile -
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38 - A Critical Comparative Analysis of the Character and Statusof Two Ladies in Love;”Helen” in Iliad’s Odyssey and “Manijeh” in Firdaust’s Shahenameh
Muhammad Reza Nasr Esfahani Leila Mir MojarrabianThe great Greek and Iranian epics, “Iliad” and “Shahnameh”, could be studied and compared from different perspectives. One perspective here could be female characters namely Helen the beauty queen and ManijehBanou, Bijan’s lover. Helen is d MoreThe great Greek and Iranian epics, “Iliad” and “Shahnameh”, could be studied and compared from different perspectives. One perspective here could be female characters namely Helen the beauty queen and ManijehBanou, Bijan’s lover. Helen is described by Homer as the most beautiful woman of the world and the wife of Menlaswho falls in love with Paris the son of king Periam the king of Troy and escapes with Paris to Troy after robbing the royal treasury. This prepared the ground for exhausting war between Greece and Troy. Manijeh on the other hand is the daughter of the king of the land of Turan who is in love with Bijan the Iranian brave man and marries him. While Bijan is in trouble she accompanies him to cooperate with the Iranian champion Rostam. Both of these ladies are princesses but one leaves the husband and children for the lover while the other leaves the royal family to stay with the husband. Manuscript profile -
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39 - A Comparative Study of the Critical Ponderations of Qudāme-bin-ja`far, Aristotle and Plato
Abbās MadaniQudāme-bin-Ja`far is one of the brilliant critics of the Abbasid era who applied Aristotle and Plato’s considerations in his critical ponderations and the present article discusses the main reasons which caused the literary men after him to follow h MoreQudāme-bin-Ja`far is one of the brilliant critics of the Abbasid era who applied Aristotle and Plato’s considerations in his critical ponderations and the present article discusses the main reasons which caused the literary men after him to follow his way. Manuscript profile -
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40 - Mozaffar Al Navab and Ali Akbar Dehkhoda’s Satire
Tahereh GoudarziIran and Iraq have had a common destiny according to their political, geographical and religious situations during the twentieth century. They are known as oilfield countries and the foreign and west countries have always had a covet look to them. During the past centu MoreIran and Iraq have had a common destiny according to their political, geographical and religious situations during the twentieth century. They are known as oilfield countries and the foreign and west countries have always had a covet look to them. During the past century, the intelligentsias of these societies have started to criticize the political and social situation of the country which has been caused the combination of social criticism and political issues. Great poets and literati were emerged in that era who have expressed their reforming messages with a new form regarding the mentioned issues. Mozffar Al Navab – an Iraqi poet – and Ali Akbar Dehkhoda – an Iranian poet – were two of these literati and intelligentsia. Manuscript profile -
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41 - A Critical Study of the Translation of Thirty Lyrical Couplets of Hafiz by Ibrahim Amin Al-Shawarebi: A Linguistic Approach
Ali GhahremaniAs a literary-mystical figure, Hafiz Shirazi has been the focus of attention among many poets and literary figures in the Arab world. The employment of such mystical terms as celestial love, cloak, wine, etc. by the Arab poets in their poetry shows the influence of Hafi MoreAs a literary-mystical figure, Hafiz Shirazi has been the focus of attention among many poets and literary figures in the Arab world. The employment of such mystical terms as celestial love, cloak, wine, etc. by the Arab poets in their poetry shows the influence of Hafiz’s thought on the Arab literature. Ibrahim Amin Al-Shawarebi, as an Arabic translator, paved the ground for the familiarization of the Arabs with the Hafiz’s Divan. The Translation of Hafiz’s lyrical poems into Arabic language by Ibrahim Amin Shawarebi is an example of a felicitous and beautiful one in the poetic translation. In this respect, Al-Shawarebi based his work on the translation of Hafiz’s sonnets into prose. In this study, the researcher aims to analyze and criticize his (Ibrahim Amin Shawarebi) translations in the light of linguistic criticism, perception, and understanding through the descriptive and analytical methods. The results showed that there are some misunderstandings in Al-Shawarebi’s translations, although he did his best to provide a careful and meticulous work. Many of these problems originate from the translator’s negligence of the extra linguistic factors, his little attention to the cultural elements of the source language, basing his translation of Persian vocabularies on the linguistic structure of Arabic language, and his ignorance of hidden puns behind the Hafiz’s word. Manuscript profile -
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42 - A Study on Effect of Seasons’ Psychology on Artistic Creation of Ahmad Shamloo & Forough Farrokhzad
Mojtaba Asgharnasab Ibrahim EqbaaliMany intelligentsia and literati have studied poets and authors’ works by various approaches; ipso facto different methods of literary criticism for content analysis and finding hidden and unknown valuable literary works are created. By a perceptive viewpoint, sea MoreMany intelligentsia and literati have studied poets and authors’ works by various approaches; ipso facto different methods of literary criticism for content analysis and finding hidden and unknown valuable literary works are created. By a perceptive viewpoint, seasons’ changes footprint would be found in authors and artists’ works. Ahmad Shamloo and Forough Farrokhzad are famous contemporary poets who were remarkably, psychologically and emotionally affected by seasons and related elements. Thus the present paper aims to study the psychological effects of seasons on artistic works’ creation. It also enables us to survey Shamloo and Farrokhzad’s content analysis psychologically. Precise study of the mentioned works show that effect of seasons and related elements such as various colors, coldness and warmth have great manifestation on both poets’ creativity. Manuscript profile -
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43 - A study on Imam Sajjad’s Personality in Farzadaq According to Gordon Allport's Viewpoint
Mansoureh Sadat Taleb Alhaq Fariborz Hosseinjanzadeh Mohammad JafariPraise is one of the poetic purposes by which poets introduce themselves and their beloved to the people to keep in memories. Farzadaq is one of the poets of the Umayyad era who has been known as a Shiite poet throughout history. He dedicated his ode in p MorePraise is one of the poetic purposes by which poets introduce themselves and their beloved to the people to keep in memories. Farzadaq is one of the poets of the Umayyad era who has been known as a Shiite poet throughout history. He dedicated his ode in praise of Imam Sajjad who was a contemporary with him and introduced Imam's character. Farzadagh's method in the mentioned ode is very close to Gordon Allport's theory in the field of psychology. Thus this paper decides to compare and contrast Farzadagh's personality style in Meymeh's ode with Gordon Allport's theory. Psychology as one of the humanities branches is subject to the relevant literature in many respects and the need for joint research between two categories is felt. In this article the author examines the ode's text of Meymeh by Farzadagh with a psychoanalytic critique approach which is known as the eulogy of Imam Sajjad in order to achieve the main purpose of the poet amongst all literary lexicons. Manuscript profile -
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44 - A Study and Critique of the Narrations of Adam’s Story with the Theme of Israʼiliyyat in the Interpretive Approach of the Monhaj Al Sadeqin
Mina Shamkhi Mohammad Javad NajafiNumerous Israʼiliyyat which had entered the field of Islamic culture found their way to commentaries by the beginning of compiling commentaries era and Shiite commentaries were not immune to this phenomenon, The first question in this article is what was the method of S MoreNumerous Israʼiliyyat which had entered the field of Islamic culture found their way to commentaries by the beginning of compiling commentaries era and Shiite commentaries were not immune to this phenomenon, The first question in this article is what was the method of Shiite commentators’ confrontation and its roots. It can be said that the approach of Shiite commentators to Israeli narrations has not been the same. The origins of the interpretive approach to accepting such narrations can be: one, avoiding examining the authenticity of narrations and the other avoiding semantic analysis and presenting them for definite narrative and rational reasons. The present study is a library method that has studied the mentioned issue based on Quran and hadiths with a qualitative approach and applying documentary and textual analysis methods. The Shiite commentary "Monhaj al-Sadeqin fi ilzam al-Makhlefin" was written by Mullah Fathullah Kashani and followed by commentary of Abu al-Futuh Razi, it is the best and most comprehensive Persian commentary ever written according to some scholars. In the above interpretation, the Israeli narrations are seen to be studied. Manuscript profile -
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45 - Validation of the Hadiths of the Virtues of Preserving the Quran in Shia Sources
zahra chenani mina shamkhi ghasem bostaniNumerous hadiths about the preservation of the Qur'an, the value and status of preservers, which have encouraging themes and motivate believers to memorize and recite the Qur'anic verses and act on it, have been found in the Shi'a narrative sources of infallible Shi'a. MoreNumerous hadiths about the preservation of the Qur'an, the value and status of preservers, which have encouraging themes and motivate believers to memorize and recite the Qur'anic verses and act on it, have been found in the Shi'a narrative sources of infallible Shi'a. These narratives are collected in most narrative and commentary societies. But the authenticity of these narrations and therefore the validity of their texts are not the same, and no general verdict can be made. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method, gathering information in a library-based manner, focusing solely on Shiite sources, focusing its study on the most important hadith societies and looking briefly at the history of this science and the developments it has gone through. , Has examined this, and shows that although some of the virtues of preserving the Qur'an are correct in content or in the authenticity of their document, this is not a reason for their correctness and relies solely on the document or text for correction. A news does not mean that it is correct. Whether or not the correct document is incorporated into the correct text may either imply unacceptable meaning or disagree with texts that have stronger truth implications. There were such problems in the hadiths studied that made them inaccurate and difficult to accept. Of course, although most of the hadiths of the virtues of preserving the Qur'an were weak, the Shi'a hadiths are legally bound to do so. Manuscript profile -
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46 - Examining the aesthetics of Al-Muzzammil and Al- Muddaththir surahs on the based of formalist critique
kaveh rahimi Hossein abavisaniFormalist criticism as the most prominent critical areas of the 20th century is one of new methods of criticism the main focus of which is the appearance of literary texts. This article is based on the school of formalism after examining the amount of literature the sur MoreFormalist criticism as the most prominent critical areas of the 20th century is one of new methods of criticism the main focus of which is the appearance of literary texts. This article is based on the school of formalism after examining the amount of literature the surahs are Al-Muzzammil and Al- Muddaththir And from the point of view of the principles of that criticism it seeks to diccover the beauty of the mentioned surahs and he is trying to provide a clearer view of the apparent wonders work and their effects in conveying meaning to the audienc. The importance of this essay is trying to prove that religious texts especially surahs Al-Muzzammil and Al- Muddaththir although they seek specific concepts but according to the school of formalism they are not devoid of literary beauties. This research has studied the form and content of Suras Muzzammil and Muddaththir descriptively- analytically based on the principles and foundations of the school of formalism And with the aim of discovering the formal components and explaining the degree of the verses and its role in conveying the content and influencing the Manuscript profile -
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47 - Multivalent and precise verses and experts in knowledge from Imam Ali's point of view
Reza Rostami Zadeh Majid KhazaieMultivalent and precise verses are among the most important issues in Quranic subjects which have always been a matter of dispute and argument by Islamic scientists and interpreters; almost twenty different ideas and views about the concept and evidence of Quranic multi MoreMultivalent and precise verses are among the most important issues in Quranic subjects which have always been a matter of dispute and argument by Islamic scientists and interpreters; almost twenty different ideas and views about the concept and evidence of Quranic multivalent and precise verses and the position of experts in knowledge have been offered: some of them can be criticized and some are similar or the same. The present article tries to study the background of the abovementioned subjects shortly and provide the Islamic scientists' as well as ImamAli's view about multivalent and precise verses. Manuscript profile -
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48 - Re-reading the hypothesis of proof with the hypothesis of the evolution of types and its relation with the approach of Holy Quran
Hamid RezaniaExplaining the relationship between science and religion has a particular importance to many thinkers; Although many of the controversies involve only Christianity, some of the scientific achievements have challenged the common beliefs of other religions. Like Darwin's MoreExplaining the relationship between science and religion has a particular importance to many thinkers; Although many of the controversies involve only Christianity, some of the scientific achievements have challenged the common beliefs of other religions. Like Darwin's claims about the creation of man who considers his origin not in the soil but in the humanoid animal, and almost interprets the process of creation in a completely different way, it can be considered a challenge to the heavenly religions. Unfortunately, so far, no comprehensive research has been conducted on the Qur'an's view of how living beings were created; To find out whether the Qur'an considers creation as repulsion or gradual and evolutionary? In this article, as appropriate, the hypothesis of the evolution of types and critique of the principles and conflicts between science and religion, which is thought to be Darwin's hypothesis and his followers, and the proposed solution to resolve the conflict based on the view of experts are discussed. The issue of conflict between science and religion with the emergence of Darwinism took different forms in which scholars have various reflections in it; in the meantime, the claim of this article is that the proof or non-proof of it cannot be attributed to the Qur'an with certainty. Manuscript profile -
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49 - Tafsir-al-Mizan and criteria of criticism
Seyed Reza Moosavi Meysam TaramTafsir-al-Mizan has been able to explain many ambiguities from the divine verses by use of' 'Qoran by Qoran commentary" and drawing out divine purposes by virtue of compatible verses and dedicate one of the most incomparable commentaries to the world of Islam.One of the MoreTafsir-al-Mizan has been able to explain many ambiguities from the divine verses by use of' 'Qoran by Qoran commentary" and drawing out divine purposes by virtue of compatible verses and dedicate one of the most incomparable commentaries to the world of Islam.One of the prominent features of " Alrnizan" is Allame Tabatabaei.s criticism methods in comparison to the commentary of the other commentators that in this article the writer has tried to investigate the criticism types by studying more than half of the book.Allame Tabatabaei has criticized the other cornmentator.s outlook and commentative traditions by use of criteria such as.incompatibility with the appearance of the verses.incompatibility with the top and bottom of theverses.use of verse order.use of syntax and etymology rules.use of history.recognizing the origin of the verses (from Mecca and Medina) and critisising absolutism of experimental science. In this text it has been mentioned to Allame.s view point in the case of "Qoran language" as the basic subject in the commentary and criticizing the other views and also to . 'the lack of reasonability of Qoran appearance" that I by mistake.t has been ascribed to all narrators. Manuscript profile -
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50 - Intertextuality of Poetries by Akhtal with Holy Quran
Hamid Motevallizadeh Naeini Reza Afkhami Aqda Rahmatollah Heidari Maneshintertextuality is one of the important topics in literary criticism, a theory in order to read the literary text more deeply and achieve its unspoken. According to this theory, any text, consciously or unconsciously, is the birth and re-reading of pre- or contemporary Moreintertextuality is one of the important topics in literary criticism, a theory in order to read the literary text more deeply and achieve its unspoken. According to this theory, any text, consciously or unconsciously, is the birth and re-reading of pre- or contemporary texts. The Holy Quran is one of the texts with which the poems of many poets have been linked; One of these poets is the famous poet of the Umayyad era, who has used Qur'anic interpretations and concepts in his poems in a very artistic and creative way and has made his poems extremely attractive and effective. The present study aims to explain the types of Quranic intertextual examples by Akhtal by analytical – descriptive method to analyze the types of intertextual relationships in the poems extracted from him with the Quran. Review of Akhtal poems prove that sometimes he uses the content or meaning of a verse or verses from the Holy Quran as his source of inspiration, and sometimes he uses Quranic verses in the structure of sentences and music of verses, and sometimes he refers to Quranic stories to his literary work as an attribute of holiness and permanence. Manuscript profile -
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51 - Analysis and Criticize of Dr. Soha’s Theory on Doubt of Discrimination of Women in Understanding Verse 32 of Nisa Surah
Hasan Khalili Sadra Alipoor Reza Mirzaee Maleki Yousef Moqaddasithe word "discrimination" has always been considered by groups of people in society, the feelings of discriminators have struggled with discrimination and inequality in various ways. The issue of gender discrimination has been a focus of concern in the past and has inte Morethe word "discrimination" has always been considered by groups of people in society, the feelings of discriminators have struggled with discrimination and inequality in various ways. The issue of gender discrimination has been a focus of concern in the past and has intensified with the growth of feminist schools over the past decades. In the past few years, a person nicknamed Dr. Soha, by writing the book "Critique of the Qur'an" and publishing it in real and virtual websites, has created suspicions that all kinds of discrimination, including discrimination against women, are allowed in the Qur'an. The focus of this article is the Qur'anic response to the "suspicion of discrimination against women" which Soha attributed to the Qur'an based on verse 32 of Nisa Surah. This article, which uses the method of content analysis and organized library studies, while responding to this suspicion, has concluded that the suspicions created by Soha, has fundamental forms and the verses of the Qur'an have fought against all forms of discrimination and injustice and explained just programs for humanity, especially in social and family relations. Manuscript profile -
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52 - Meta-poetry in Contemporary Arabic Poetry
hosein taktabar Rewaa MaawnaThis article aims to show that the poet is the son of his environment, and his tools and poetic themes must stem from that environment, whether he likes it or not. Our goal is to study the civilizational development and its impact on the poet's thought and the impact of MoreThis article aims to show that the poet is the son of his environment, and his tools and poetic themes must stem from that environment, whether he likes it or not. Our goal is to study the civilizational development and its impact on the poet's thought and the impact of social, political and economic life, that most of the poetry was speaking about the life lived by the poet and the extent of its impact on the poet and society in general.We also note that the study of concepts, terms and meanings has dominated a wide area in Arab and non-Arab criticism, and each group is interested in presenting the juice of their thought about a specific meaning.In this article, we relied on the thematic, semantic and semiotic approach, on a careful consideration of the deep, not superficial, transformations taking place in Arabic poetry, which can be included in the section of modernity. Poetry and how to choose poetic tools and how to use themThis thesis is distinguished from others in that it dealt with metacharism by addressing Arab poets from several countries and different social conditions, cultures and religions that had not previously been collected in similar previous studies.The findings of this thesis in studying several fields of poets of the modern era by renewing the language in the light of a new experience and a new understanding of the poet's life and experience. Manuscript profile -
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53 - The development of children's literature in the three decades following the Islamic revolution based on historical criticism
Maryam Alkhatib Ali Asghar BabasalarThe Literature, in its development journey, is subject to historical, social and cultural conditions, and children's and adolescent literature in Iran is no exception. After the Islamic Revolution, children's literature expanded and became more popular. More attention w MoreThe Literature, in its development journey, is subject to historical, social and cultural conditions, and children's and adolescent literature in Iran is no exception. After the Islamic Revolution, children's literature expanded and became more popular. More attention was given to criticism of children's literature. The historical criticism or Biocritical is considered one of the important theories in literary criticism because any literary work is linked to historic conditions. Therefore, we aim to analyze the works of five authors of this literature during the three decades that followed the Islamic Revolution. This is based on the opinions of major critics who adopted this method of criticism, such as Ditchz, Guerin, Emami, Zarin Kobb, etc. Based on the descriptive-analytical approach, we show the impact of historical events on the development of children's literature in the first three decades that followed the revolution. The results show that historical events and special circumstances have affected the writers' lives, and this influence was reflected in the text and content of their stories. The Revolution and war affected the first decade stories. The second decade's stories reflected the economic and social issues left by the war. The third-decade stories turned to a world more specialized in childhood literature. This world is characterized by creativity, beauty, imagination, and learning. Manuscript profile -
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54 - A Research on Al Jedariyah Ode by Mahmoud Darvish Stylistic from Russian Formalism Point of View
Rasool Balawi Alireza SheikhianiStylistic is a branch of modern linguistic which surveys and analyzes the literary styles and technical methods. Formalism school is one of important modern approaches in stylistics. Russian formalisms believe that only the style (frame) can determine the meaning and th MoreStylistic is a branch of modern linguistic which surveys and analyzes the literary styles and technical methods. Formalism school is one of important modern approaches in stylistics. Russian formalisms believe that only the style (frame) can determine the meaning and the concept of the context. Mahmoud Darvish – Palestinian poet – is one of the poets who worked in modernism style. He could present his thoughts and concepts in an attractive and gorgeous structure. This article studies Al Jedariyah ode which presents frame and content simultaneously. The present paper attempts to depict the vocal and verbal criteria of the mentioned ode in descriptive – analytical method from Russian formalisms point of view. The most important outcome of the survey is that the stated ode presents itself in the most beautiful frame and format. Darvish was trying to develop the formalism style and that's why various rhythms and rhymes could be found in his ode. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - An Analysis on Taha Hussein’s Discourse in his “With Abu al-ʿAla in his Prison” Book
Narjes Tohidifar Saeed AsadiDiscourse is the most important humanistic interpretation of relationship between himself and the world. Egyptian Taha Hussein enjoys various methods of discourse in his works pleasantly which is manifested in his book titled “With Abu al-ʿAla in his Prison” MoreDiscourse is the most important humanistic interpretation of relationship between himself and the world. Egyptian Taha Hussein enjoys various methods of discourse in his works pleasantly which is manifested in his book titled “With Abu al-ʿAla in his Prison” specifically. The subject of the mentioned book is literary criticism but the author does not continue in accordance with the subject; he tries to enter Abu al-ʿAla’s prison and understand his situation deeply. Taha enjoys the melodious addressing method as well as psychological criticism which motivated readers’ emotions and encourages them to keep on reading on the other hand. The present research attempts to survey the discourse application quality and its various methods in the abovementioned book with descriptive – analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - A Study on Chicago Novel by Alaa Al-Aswany Based on Big Reality Theory by György Lukács
Mahmoud Reza Tavakkoli Mohammadi Mohammad Ali AzarshabNumerous ideas and theories on literature have been studied in contemporary era. Many theorists of this field believe in the relationship between literature and other sciences specifically social sciences, psychologies and political sciences. György Lukács w MoreNumerous ideas and theories on literature have been studied in contemporary era. Many theorists of this field believe in the relationship between literature and other sciences specifically social sciences, psychologies and political sciences. György Lukács was affected by Marxist ideas and thoughts of Karl Marx and propounded literature’s social criticism. According to this theory in the studying process, the attention shouldn’t be paid exclusively from its literary viewpoint, but also the critic of the literary work should study the literary work in order to discover the relationship between literature and society. Lukács’s theory is based on form and content criticism and he determines some criteria for it: social content, sample, reality and cause and effect relation. Lukács called reality in his theory “Big Reality” in this field and some characteristics proposed for it: actual reality or victory of reality, critical reality and literature publicity. The present research which is based on descriptive – analytical method, intends to study “Chicago” novel by Alaa Al-Aswany – contemporary Egyptian author – based on Lukács’s “Big Reality” theory and describe his success. The results show Al-Aswany could study some social issues relating Egyptian intellectuals who live abroad (Egypt); but he interferes his own viewpoints and ideologies and kept aloof of what Lukács calls “Big Reality”. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Jabra and Short Story
Hussein Shams Abadi Mohammad JahanbinThe present article studies the short stories by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra the Iraqi writer who was born in Palestine. He is among the neo-writers of Arabic literature concerning poetry, translation, criticism and novel. His collection “Ergh and other Stories” is MoreThe present article studies the short stories by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra the Iraqi writer who was born in Palestine. He is among the neo-writers of Arabic literature concerning poetry, translation, criticism and novel. His collection “Ergh and other Stories” is one of his first experiences in story writing. His stories seem to be an introduction or a conclusion to his novel which was inspired by romantic literature and mixes romanticism, realism and symbolism. Jabra writes from the breadth of his imagination until reality is revealed. Manuscript profile -
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58 - A Study on hope and Dissappointment in "ذاکرة الجسد" Novel by Ahlem Mosteghanemi based on Social Criticism
Reza Nazemian Reza Jalili Gilandeh"ذاکرة الجسد" is a realistic novel in a way the author is affected by Algerian society in writing it, the present article decides to study hope and disappointment elements by emphasizing social criticism in the mentioned novel. Thus it tries to discover the relationship More"ذاکرة الجسد" is a realistic novel in a way the author is affected by Algerian society in writing it, the present article decides to study hope and disappointment elements by emphasizing social criticism in the mentioned novel. Thus it tries to discover the relationship between the society and literature and to find out the effect of literature on Algerian society. Disappointment manifests in three frameworks in the novel: failure in love, inappropriate political and social conditions and cultural poverty in a way that the author criticizes cultural and social conditions as well as unfair division of income in Algeria. On the other hand “Khlid Bin Toubal” the main character of the novel prefers inattention to bad and disappointing news while his inattention makes him disappointed completely and finds out Algeria’s problems and challenges after his country’s dependence. Manuscript profile -
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59 - Literary Criticism in the Abbasid Era
Mohammad Bagher AlhosseiniThe Abbasid Era has been the period of florescence of the Islamic culture and civilization. Literature was of great contention in this era.The present article studies the relationship between translation and literary criticism which resulted in changes in the basic theo MoreThe Abbasid Era has been the period of florescence of the Islamic culture and civilization. Literature was of great contention in this era.The present article studies the relationship between translation and literary criticism which resulted in changes in the basic theories of literary criticism by critics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Critical Criteria in Seven Elements of Poetries (Comparative Analysis)
Mohammad Etemadi Rahim Ansari PourSince the expressed ideas in poetry creation and the image forms in reader's mind are not enough to rise up the poetry to the highest point, western critics consider seven features and facts for poetries which then entered Arabic critics; thus the artistic aspect could MoreSince the expressed ideas in poetry creation and the image forms in reader's mind are not enough to rise up the poetry to the highest point, western critics consider seven features and facts for poetries which then entered Arabic critics; thus the artistic aspect could be manifested in the best way. Obviously these features are different in each poem and poet's taste; while they are different from person to person or even from one society to another. The mentioned features stand beside seven elements which are language of poetry, artistic experience, poetic emotion, effort's level, complexity degree of poetry, music and form balance and the application of these features determine the goodness of a poem. The method of the present paper is analytical – descriptive. Manuscript profile -
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61 - Classicism and Renaissance; Challenges and Achievements
Sadat Ashkevar Seyed SoleymanClassicism is the first literary school that emerged in Europe after the great scientific movement in the 16th century A.D. and tried to revive the old literature of Greece and Latin considering the technical and humanistic themes in that era. Literary societi MoreClassicism is the first literary school that emerged in Europe after the great scientific movement in the 16th century A.D. and tried to revive the old literature of Greece and Latin considering the technical and humanistic themes in that era. Literary societies like Divan and Apolo in the east and the society of writers and Andolosian group in the west in opposition to the classicism of Baroodi, Shoughi, Manfalooti, and others to make literature and poetry independent, and relying on the internal coherence, experience, poetic image and nature centered. such views revolved the mentalities towards poetry and literature greatly that the emergence of literary schools like romanticism, symbolism, realism and the emergence of new poetry in all its types were of its results. Manuscript profile -
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62 - A Goldmannian Structural Study of Al-Hayy al-LatiniNovel
Hamed Sedghi Abdollah Hoseini Ansar SalimiNezhadThe present article studies the different aspects of Paris in the Lebanese novel in general and in Suhayl Idris’s Al-Hayy al-Latini in particular as a sample. This study examines the protagonist and al-Idrisi’s views of Paris as a beautiful western city and MoreThe present article studies the different aspects of Paris in the Lebanese novel in general and in Suhayl Idris’s Al-Hayy al-Latini in particular as a sample. This study examines the protagonist and al-Idrisi’s views of Paris as a beautiful western city and as one of the symbols of civilization and culture in modern Arabic literature. Whether the world is considered to be a psychological model or the symbol of a collective wholeor even a behavioralexample, all these concepts rely in their different forms on the necessity of analyzing man’s behavior and outcome based on a holistic view.This article attempts to apply the Romanian Lucien Goldmann’s views of external and foreign worlds to Suhail Idris’s views in Al-Hayy al-Latini. In sum, it could be concluded that Idris in this novel belongs to progressive socialism and reflects rebellion and insurgence through the protagonist all through the novel. Manuscript profile -
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63 - Cultural criticism of Nizar Qabbani based on Abdullah Mohammed Alghazami method
Waleed saedi nasabCultural Criticism is one of the new – emerged schools amongst the post – structuralism schools. This school was born in 1964 and initially by the Birmingham group but its spread goes back to 1991. The present paper attempts to introduce this school as MoreCultural Criticism is one of the new – emerged schools amongst the post – structuralism schools. This school was born in 1964 and initially by the Birmingham group but its spread goes back to 1991. The present paper attempts to introduce this school as well as studying it from one of the outstanding critics' point of view - Abdullah Mohammed Alghazami – and criticizing some of Nizar Qabbani's works. Manuscript profile -
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64 - Literary Criticism: Preference and Comparison
Meysam TaromDue to the existence of different criticism criteria in different eras, the critics have applied different and sometimes opposing methods in literary criticism. The present article studies the popular methods of literary criticism and the evolution of one special method MoreDue to the existence of different criticism criteria in different eras, the critics have applied different and sometimes opposing methods in literary criticism. The present article studies the popular methods of literary criticism and the evolution of one special method which has been called preference in some era and comparison in some other era. Manuscript profile -
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65 - Sociology Applications of “Cloudy Years” and “The Grapes of Wrath” Emphasizing Formative Criticism
Leila Soltani Abdolhossein Farzad Amirhossein MahoziFormative and structuralism criticism approach by Lucien Goldmann (1913-1970) is contemporary anthropocentric issues. This theory tries to discover hidden predominant rules on all human relations. The main aim of Goldmann by criticism is achieving work’s ideology MoreFormative and structuralism criticism approach by Lucien Goldmann (1913-1970) is contemporary anthropocentric issues. This theory tries to discover hidden predominant rules on all human relations. The main aim of Goldmann by criticism is achieving work’s ideology and it’s relation with a specific social group. “The Grapes of Wrath” novel by John Steinbeck criticizes injustice and inequality in America’s labor society and economic crisis and depression. The mentioned novel owns many similarities with “Cloudy Years” novel by Darvishian which has precise viewpoint to poor classes in Reza Khaan era focusing labor literature and sociological damages in order to reform poor people’s lives. The main difference between “Cloudy Years” and “The Grapes of Wrath” is the complete description of problematic characters’ lives which is not in “The Grapes of Wrath” and just part of their lives are brought. Thus “Cloudy Years” is an expressive document of the proletariat life in delicate era of pre Islamic revolution battle. “Cloudy Years” expresses long and hazardous path of needy people and the way they become informed; since the heroes of “The Grapes of Wrath” are at the beginning of their class understanding. Manuscript profile -
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66 - Mythical Beinamatni in Amal Danghal,s poem
Hosien Mirzaie Seyed Ebrahim Arman‘’Beinamatni’’ is one of the subjects which was known by the name of ‘’Tazmin’’. This new concept was offererd Julia Kristipha .She took this concept from the concept of polyphony which the Russian critic and thi More‘’Beinamatni’’ is one of the subjects which was known by the name of ‘’Tazmin’’. This new concept was offererd Julia Kristipha .She took this concept from the concept of polyphony which the Russian critic and thinker, Michael Bachtin, observed it. Eventually Beinamatni becamed widespread and as a new critical phenomenon was taken into consideration and was spread about in the literature of Europe. Following the publicity of this new literal phenomenon in the West,Arabian literary men also observed it after getting more familiar with the literature of Europe. If we observe the origin of this new critical subject in Arabic literature, we will find out this subject is a new term of the old literal and critical phenomenon. Amal Danghal is one of the literary men who enjoys this critical subject a lot. Beinamatni in the poem of Amal Danghal is cliché and influencial element.For he enjoys mythical Beinamatni and explains the realities of his time.This research considers the subject of Beinamatni, the mythical Beinamatni and its usage in the poem of Amal Danghal. Manuscript profile -
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67 - Saadi’s Cultural Discourse in his Ideology Towards Ancient Iran’s Culture
Leyla Miri Asghar DadbehSaadi and his thoughts have always been the focus of critics. One of the aspects of criticism that can acquaint the audience with the thoughts and sources of Saadi's thinking is the cultural-oriented criticism which is based on the cultural components used in the texts MoreSaadi and his thoughts have always been the focus of critics. One of the aspects of criticism that can acquaint the audience with the thoughts and sources of Saadi's thinking is the cultural-oriented criticism which is based on the cultural components used in the texts according to the date of composition of the literary work. In Saadi's literary works, three intellectual sources can be found, all of which being powerful and effective. The first is the origins of ancient Iran and Saadi's attention to pre-Islamic Iranian culture, the second is the progress of Islamic wisdom that the great theologians and sages of the Islamic world such as Imam Mohammad Ghazali influenced Saadi. His third thought can be considered as the progress of Iranian mysticism, which is aimed at softening the ascetic ether and creating a poetic ether in dealing with doctrinal topics and beliefs. Saadi was greatly influenced by Ferdowsi in his pre-Islamic Iranian ideas. In this research, we have shown how Saadi used the symbols of ancient Iran in his works and how he could create a new discourse in praise of the wisdom and glory of pre-Islamic Iran at a time which historical attention to the mirrors and personalities of ancient Iran was considered a kind of blasphemy. This research relying on the principles of cultural criticism, seeks to understand why among the poets and artists before the seventh century, Saadi paid the most attention to Ferdowsi. Manuscript profile -
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68 - Analysis of the archetype of the hero’s journey in the “Gol and Nowruz” according to the Joseph Campbell approach
Mohammad Pashaei Mehtarloo Ebrahim Eghbali Rashid AsadiIn the book “The Hero with a Thousand Faces”, Joseph Campbell introduces the hero’s journey archetype by examining various mythical stories in all over the world. He believes that in all stories, the hero’s journey follows a constant paradigm. In MoreIn the book “The Hero with a Thousand Faces”, Joseph Campbell introduces the hero’s journey archetype by examining various mythical stories in all over the world. He believes that in all stories, the hero’s journey follows a constant paradigm. In this research, this paradigm is investigated besides other archetypes including shadow, old wise man, anima and other mythical symbols in the book “Gol and Nowruz”. Examining this verse based on the Joseph Campbell approach is a new reading of this lyrical narrative. Although, Nowruz’ journey is done apparently to reach the beloved, in fact, it is considered a religious journey. Nowruz gets marry to Gol, as a Christian girl, by converting her to Islam after reaching her and returns to his country by uncovering the veil of ignorance. This journey introduces the hero as a universal figure, so that the society accepts him eagerly. He owes his immortality to the values that grants them to the society. Manuscript profile -
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69 - A review of self-criticism in Saadi's works
Mohammad Amin Rajbi Reza Sadeghi Shahpar Shahrooz Jamaliself Criticism is the tendency to self-evaluate in which a writer, whether a writer or a poet, evaluates his attitude, personality, and even his work. In literary point of view, self-criticism helps the poet to present his work in a more desirable way and to add to its Moreself Criticism is the tendency to self-evaluate in which a writer, whether a writer or a poet, evaluates his attitude, personality, and even his work. In literary point of view, self-criticism helps the poet to present his work in a more desirable way and to add to its richness; because self-criticism provides the owner with a better insight into possible and necessary changes as well as the achievements of the work. In this article, we intend to examine self-criticism in Saadi's works. For this purpose, in the first part, we will have a brief look at criticism and self-criticism, and in the second part, poems by Saadi are criticized and analyzed based on this method. In this analysis, it is examined what kind of motivations Saadi uses. How spontaneity and other motivations are crystallized in Saadi's works. This research has been done by descriptive analysis and based on library studies and the results show that Both types of self-criticism are seen in Saadi's works. Emotions and feelings, expressing literary skills and expressing Saadi's incapacity and inability with his language, are the most important components of Saadi's spontaneity in self-criticism and human factors and external environment are the causes of his other self-motivation in his critique. Manuscript profile -
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70 - Investigating the Characteristics and Forms of Femininity or Feminine Dialect in Jaleh Ghaem Maghami's Poetry
Maryam BeyckFeminine dialect, feminine writing, and feminine style, or in general the feminist movement is a self-conscious movement that seeks to persuade women to emancipate themselves from the domination of the male-dominated intellectual and linguistic system of society and ask MoreFeminine dialect, feminine writing, and feminine style, or in general the feminist movement is a self-conscious movement that seeks to persuade women to emancipate themselves from the domination of the male-dominated intellectual and linguistic system of society and asks them to liberate themselves and their desires, and explore their hopes and aspirations as an active part of human society. Jaleh Ghaem Maghami is considered by most researchers to be one of the founders of women's literature. Her poems are full of feminine perspective and mentality, and even the anonymous rendition of her poems, would immediately attract the reader’s attention to its female authority. Jaleh's emphasis on her gender in her poetry reflects her efforts to introduce femalehood to society and to change social representation of women. The emergence of the constitutional movement caused a great change in the minds of Iranians. This event revealed its impact in two ways. First, it led to the improvement of literacy, and the necessity of a literature that was accessible to all and that its themes were relevant to the lives of the masses. Second, the extensive connection with the West became more prominent due to the emphasis on the themes of freedom, homeland, nationality, and political and social criticism of poetry and literature. In this research, the author has tried to identify the signs in Jaleh’s Divan in a descriptive-analytical way and with a library method, which distinguishes her female poems from male poems and refers to those works as a distinct female writing style. Manuscript profile -
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71 - The Analysis of Shafii Kadkanii’s Poetry in the Light of Critical Aesthetics of Frankfurt School
Arezoo Hoseinpor Kamran Pashaei Fakhrei Parvaneh AdelzadehPersian contemporary literature is unique in the history of Iranian literature cosidering its deep social and political views and the diversity of its anthropological approach. The writers and poets of this era along with the other members of society criticesed th MorePersian contemporary literature is unique in the history of Iranian literature cosidering its deep social and political views and the diversity of its anthropological approach. The writers and poets of this era along with the other members of society criticesed the ugly aspects of society, and literature, which had been unable to criticise due to social hierachies prior to that time, was acting like a weapon to gain freedom as an efficient tool to express political and social criticisim. M. Reza Shafi Kadkani is an eminent contemporary poet and has mixed Nimaii poem with a social commitment and critical view. Critical theory has become more scientific and concentrated with the advent of Frankfurt school. The present study aims to analyse the poems of Shafi Kadkani based on the theory of Critical aesthetics of Frankfurt School. The approach, taken by Shafii, toward the quality of the link between art and society, is critical. According to Frankfurt school, this approach is quite observable in the genuine modern art. In accorandance with this appraoch, the modern art, needles to be inferiorized to depict the social realities and trapped in the extremist entertainment, denies the status qua indirectly. Based on the results, in the poems of Shafii , the interrelation of critical art to society appears in the best possible way. Criticisim utilizing certain ways such as naturalism, symbolism, certain critical contexts and ..etc is salient in his art. In addition to these critical concepts in his poems, it has given an ability to criticize his poems politically as well as socially. Manuscript profile -
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72 - Sociological Criticism of the Short Story Collection Scattered Memories by Goli Taraghi
Mansooreh Bagheri Mazraeh Abdol Reza Modarres ZadehThe sociological criticism of literature is a scientific discipline which initially tries to extract social issues through the literary works by focusing on the content. The contemporary Hungarian thinker, George Lukacs, made major changes in this discipline. In L MoreThe sociological criticism of literature is a scientific discipline which initially tries to extract social issues through the literary works by focusing on the content. The contemporary Hungarian thinker, George Lukacs, made major changes in this discipline. In Lucien Goldmann's genetic structuralism approach, based on Lukacs’s views, the aesthetic techniques of the text in parallel with it’s content are studied and the overall structure of the story and the structures of society that story developed in, correspond to each other. With regard to the fact that intended research field of the present research is social novel, this article is going to deal with the short story in a descriptive-analytical way with genetic structuralism approach and by the case of study of Scattered Memories by Goli Taraghi, and seeks to explore how society is represented in the imaginary world of a short story collection. The results show that although none of the stories happened at the same time, this book approximately is in line with the events of Iran milieu after the revolution and after the war, in content and form. Moreover, by expressing the consequences of prejudice in the first decade of the revolution and the consequences of modernity in the second decade, it implicitly, invites the audience to pluralism and to avoid luxury. Manuscript profile -
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73 - Analysis of Symbolic Characters in Oppositions Based on Sociological Criticism in Hafez's Poetry
Seyyed Mahmoud Seyed SadeghiDisagreeing means inconsistency and expression of words and sentences that are signs of dissatisfaction. If the opposition is rooted in socio-political anomalies, then the "opposition" is someone who takes on the role of fighting injustice and social corruption, especia MoreDisagreeing means inconsistency and expression of words and sentences that are signs of dissatisfaction. If the opposition is rooted in socio-political anomalies, then the "opposition" is someone who takes on the role of fighting injustice and social corruption, especially among powerful groups in society, and using the opportunities that exist in the hand of power. Due to his criticism of social condition, Hafez is deemed amongst the poets of disagreement who utilizes symbolic words to take side with ethico-social norms. In his social, anti-readings he challenges the religious hypocrites who are corrupted. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze symbolic characters as one of the characteristics of intellectual style in opposition to social readings of Hafez's poetry, which has been done using a descriptive-analytical method. The result of this research shows that Hafez has been able to show one of his critical tricks in opposing the existing government by employing various personalities. Manuscript profile -
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74 - Nostalgia and intellectuals’ Complaints from the System of the Existence in the Mirror of Persian Literature
Mozhde ShafieOne of the signs of nostalgia and resentment of scholars and rationalists about the system or the order of existence of their time is their complaints reflected in the mirror of literature. Criticism of lack of an appropriate social status proper to one's knowledge and MoreOne of the signs of nostalgia and resentment of scholars and rationalists about the system or the order of existence of their time is their complaints reflected in the mirror of literature. Criticism of lack of an appropriate social status proper to one's knowledge and art, nostalgia for poverty, lack of freedom of speech and action to express scientific and philosophical views, ignorance of citizens, etc., whose speech is constantly accompanied by projections such as attributing difficulties to the sky, rooted in Zarwani culture and is referred to as Destiny, implying the the will of God Almighty. Almost nobody admires the corruption, hypocrisy and coercion that dominates these poets’ social milieu. Therefore, occasionally the rationalists fail to grasp order and discipline in the universe. Some wise people have examined the issue through the lens of wisdom and philosophy, and some from the perspective of religion and mysticism. It is a pity that the role of men of power and statesmen is less well-addressed regarding these shortcomings. Some have called it the religion of the sea and others have labelled it as the law of whirlwind. The author of this article tries to study (descriptive-analytical) some of the annoyances of the artists and to point out their origins. Manuscript profile -
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75 - A Formalistic Analysis of Three Sonnets of Shams
Jaleh Akhtaryar Azar Fatemeh Emami Maryam ArjmandRussian formalism is one of the most influential approaches of literary criticism that examines literature from a linguistic perspective. The formalist approach often looks at the forms of literary texts and believes that it is the literary forms that carries meaning an MoreRussian formalism is one of the most influential approaches of literary criticism that examines literature from a linguistic perspective. The formalist approach often looks at the forms of literary texts and believes that it is the literary forms that carries meaning and meaning is nothing but the connections between the formal components of the word.In this article, the researcher has studied three lyrics of Rumi from the perspective of Russian formalism based on the theory of Jacobsen and Grammon in a descriptive-analytical method. It is worth mentioning that Rumi has created tones in the lyrics through repeated words, symmetry, imagery, metaphor, expression, pauses, emphasis and etc., which interact with the emotional dimension of the work. The role of structural art, which is one of the principles of formalism, has an aesthetic aspect in Rumi's lyrics and has led to innovation in the construction and form of verses in order to become richer and more artistic through harmony, de-familiarization, anomaly, metaphorical and figurative images. Manuscript profile -
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76 - A Critique of the Short Story "General Amnesty" by Bozorg Alavi in the Light of Sociological Theory of Emile Durkheim's Punishment
Leila Khayatan Farzaneh Yousef Ghanbari Nasim Khajehzadeh Masoud KheradmandpourBozorg Alavi is one of the greatest contemporary novelists who has played a significant role in the development of short stories in contemporary literature. In all his stories, he has critically addressed various issues of society. One of Alavi’s short stories is MoreBozorg Alavi is one of the greatest contemporary novelists who has played a significant role in the development of short stories in contemporary literature. In all his stories, he has critically addressed various issues of society. One of Alavi’s short stories is the story of “general amnesty”. In this story, the author depicts the social realities and changes of that time. In this research, an attempt has been made to adapt the issues criticized in this story to Durkheim's sociological theory of punishment. Emile Durkheim thinks about punishment that punishment has the function of integrating society. In his view, when a crime occurs, the values and morals of society are violated. As a result, society feels threatened and reacts. Punishment is the emotional and natural reaction of society to the defect of collective values. In this research, the author intends to study the short story "General Amnesty" by Bozorg Alavi based on Durkheim's sociological theory of punishment in an analytical-descriptive and library method. The results show that although punishments change over time their origins will not change. From this point of view, the change of punishments is, in a way, the adaptation of the punishment to the collective conscience of the time. In fact, as society changes, so does punishment. Manuscript profile -
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77 - Mythological criticism of the novels Heavenly Kingdom and Yakolya and Her Loneliness
Fateme Heydari Saman Khani EsfandabadPsychology as a science indicates that the suppressed wishes of a writer and his daily unfulfilled dreams could be realized in his works, but these works are narrated through symbols and motifs as well as myths. The restructured myths, however, find new meanings due to MorePsychology as a science indicates that the suppressed wishes of a writer and his daily unfulfilled dreams could be realized in his works, but these works are narrated through symbols and motifs as well as myths. The restructured myths, however, find new meanings due to the time they are used, and so reflect different themes and interpretation of life. In this way they bear an intellectual aura. Each generation receives and interprets the myths in accordance with his needs, motivations and ideological beliefs. The post-coup (August, 19th, 1953) generation of writers deal mostly with themes of war, suffering, sin and death, indicating that the individuals or the society experiences a significant crisis of being. In stories of Heavenly Kingdom and Yakolya and Her Loneliness the recurring theme of death wipes out the pleasant and delightful living of characters. Bahram Sadeqi and Taqi Modarressi substitute, in a surrealistic style, the usual with the unusual, and make the strange and supernatural consequences familiar. Weir and bizarre events appear quite conventional and customary in their illusory world. Believing in individualism and the then social suppression drives the intellectual writers of these two stories refer to the burden of a difficult life derived from specific socio-historical conditions as mythical pains of human beings. Archetypal approach on the background of mythological criticism has a literary work interpreted as a prototype or archetype, and this research studies the above-mentioned stories via an archetypal approach. Manuscript profile -
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78 - Study of Humor in the Works of Ali Akbar Dehkhoda
Iraj Mehraki Somayeh Beidaqi -
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79 - Rhyme and Anadiplosis
Ali Hossein Razani -
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80 - A sociological look at Kaleem Kashani's poetry based on developmental criticism
Farhad Tahmasebi Mojtaba DastjerdiThis article has been written with the aim of formative critique of Kaleem Kashani's poems. Essen is a method of critique of Goldman's special method in the sociology of literature, which is also known as literary sociology. Parallel to the social context of the poet's MoreThis article has been written with the aim of formative critique of Kaleem Kashani's poems. Essen is a method of critique of Goldman's special method in the sociology of literature, which is also known as literary sociology. Parallel to the social context of the poet's contemporary society, the study and relationship of each of them with what can be seen in that society as a social problem has been explained and explained. One of these issues is the change of the official religion of the country from Sunni to Shiite. Economic prosperity and individualism can be mentioned. Traces of which can not be seen in historical and social books related to the Safavid era, such as the decline of social trust and the formation of social distance are in this category. Manuscript profile -
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81 - Analysis of Ashura`s sonnets in Jame-Daran
Katauon Habibi koobra nodehi Ashura event is a great epic in human history. The poets always have explained the different aspects of these event and have impressed their sensations about it. One of these poets in persian literature is Saeed Biabanaki from contemporary period. In More Ashura event is a great epic in human history. The poets always have explained the different aspects of these event and have impressed their sensations about it. One of these poets in persian literature is Saeed Biabanaki from contemporary period. In this study, his sonnets about Ashura have been investigated in terms of artistic techniques based on " Jamedaran " book. Studying this anthology indicated that poet have illustrated some concepts such as Imam Hossein's wronged, martyrdom and thirst using imager factors; while symbolism and metaphor are topsides. In this study the sonnets of this poet about Ashura have been investigated based on Jamedaran book. Assessments of this book show that Biabanaki have dedicated most of his poem to Aba'abdollah anh his companions innocence and martyrdom. The most outstanding of Ashura's sonnet themes in Jamedaran book are about Aba'abdollah which these themes are based on historical events. The poet have presented the wisely analysis of Ashura event using arctic tricks. Manuscript profile -
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82 - A social criticism of Ali Ashraf Darvishian’s novel titled ‘‘Cloudy Years”
abdolhossin farzad saba Pejmanfar -
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83 - Study and Analysis of Socio-criticism in Aṭṭār Nīšābūrī’s Moṣībat-nāma Based on B. F. Skinner’s Approach
Maryam Elahizadeh Abdolmajid MohagheghiCo-existence and sympathy with the public is one of the most illuminated aspects of Iranian-Islamic mysticism. The outstanding mystics of Iran considered their blessedness to be dependent on the whole human beings’ health and expressed their desires and ideals nee MoreCo-existence and sympathy with the public is one of the most illuminated aspects of Iranian-Islamic mysticism. The outstanding mystics of Iran considered their blessedness to be dependent on the whole human beings’ health and expressed their desires and ideals needed to reach their own intended utopia through direct and indirect commentaries. Aṭṭār Nīšābūrīas one of these great mystics is a prominent figure in socio-political criticism. His couplets are replete with allegorical, caustic and dauntless criticism aimed at rulers and other groups of society. The analysis and typology of Aṭṭār’s criticism and discovering his intentions of using criticism are explored in the present research. The researchers believe that the time whenAṭṭār lived had been to a large degree turbulent and disordered, and that he, in writing Moṣībat-nāma (Book of Travail), had sought to criticize the ruling class, the greedy and worldly-minded, the religious dogmatists, and the hypocrite. The researchers have referred to B. F. Skinner’s hermeneutic approach in order to test their assumptions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Sociological analysis of Del Koor's novel by Isma'il Fasih
saman khani esfand abad Mah NazariThe sociology of literature is the study of literary texts from a sociological point of view that illustrates the relationship between literature and social elements. In fact, this type of analysis examines the interplay between literature and society. A different readi MoreThe sociology of literature is the study of literary texts from a sociological point of view that illustrates the relationship between literature and social elements. In fact, this type of analysis examines the interplay between literature and society. A different reading of literary work is a two-way process between author and reader. It is important because literary traditions seek for absolutism of meaning, a one-dimensional view that the modern man does not tolerate, and in some way disgusts the reader. But critiques based on sociology as a new analysis make the reader's mind link to different aspects of the text's aesthetics. To this end, the novel by Isma’il Fasih Del Koor, which covers various prominent periods of Iranian history, including the years of Pahlavi rule and the constitutional revolution(Enghelabe Mashrouteh), has been critiqued sociologically to illustrate the relation of literature to the environment and social classes of that era. In this study, we first outline the theories of critique of sociology of literature and categorize sociological components from Goldmann, Lukacs, Bakhtin, and Escarpit's viewpoints and then apply them to the context of the author's intended community so that we can understand the life style of people, classes Different societies, especially the weak and low-income classes, their occupations, women's social status and their deprivation, historical issues, social infrastructure, lack of health, prevalence of diseases and famines, use of traditional medicine in lieu of up-to-date treatments, social injuries , Poverty, Prostitution, Rape, Violence, Usury, Acid Spraying, Religious Beliefs, Popular Beliefs Yeah, we better understand the superstitions of that era and ... It should be noted that this research has been done by "descriptive - analytical" method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Criticism of Literary Critics
ahmad zakeri Saman Khani EsfandabadCriticism based on semantics and admission of meaning multiplicity results in a link between the reader’s mind and diverse aspects of a text aesthetics; this correct understanding of a text induces a reader to read more and enjoy more. More reading also is a two-w MoreCriticism based on semantics and admission of meaning multiplicity results in a link between the reader’s mind and diverse aspects of a text aesthetics; this correct understanding of a text induces a reader to read more and enjoy more. More reading also is a two-way process between the author and the reader whose result is a society with an elevated culture that thinks correctly and admits criticism. Contrary to this new attitude, literary traditions look for meaning absoluteness, a one-dimensional view that modern human doesn’t tolerate it, and if this kind of criticisms and literary texts become popular, a reader becomes reluctant, and passive. Then, the reader seeks, through learning criticism stages and complying with its scientific frameworks, to read more works and enjoy aesthetic and literary pleasure. As the reader encounters with emotional conflicts and lack of a healthy criticism tone, he will search for simpler and quicker ways for enjoying and entertainment and this is a major failure for a culture and art of a nation. In deconstruction school, certain tasks have been determined for reader and author that result in dynamics of literary works production and reading and inattention toward them will result in nothing but the fall of a literary and art society. This article attempts analytically to identify causes of reluctance to read literary works through a literary criticism approach. Manuscript profile -
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86 - The Method of Discourse Analysis in Sohrab Sepehri’s Poetry
Mahdi Sharifian -
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87 - The Attitude of the Son from the Father (Rustam and Zal in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh) from the Viewpoint of the Ancient Criticism of the Pattern
Bahareh yazdanian amiri mahmoud tavoosi Amir Hoseyn MahoziIn the ancient critique, a model based on what the Swiss psychologist Carl Gusta Yong. For example, the old wisdom, itself, Anima and Animus, a shadow that introduces several examples for its variants. In my mythological culture, Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the most significa MoreIn the ancient critique, a model based on what the Swiss psychologist Carl Gusta Yong. For example, the old wisdom, itself, Anima and Animus, a shadow that introduces several examples for its variants. In my mythological culture, Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the most significant written work for the introduction of mythology, and as a result of inquiring into various aspects of it, is based on the opinions of the scholars in all sciences. This article focuses on the extent and the reasons for the effect of Zal on Rostam, as well as on the influence of Rostam on his father, in view of his mythological origin in the mythological history of Persian literature based on Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, from the viewpoint of the ancient critique of the pattern. The old patterns of wisdom, shadows, and self are more effective than other examples in father and son. There is no particular maximum in this regard, although significant research has been done on mythology, ancient patterns, and shahnameh. Research methodology is library based on content analysis. Manuscript profile -
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88 - Cases of Keeping Silent of Female Characters in Persian Literature: A Survey
Ataollah Koupal -
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89 - Analyzing feminism and of the novel "Heart of Steel" by Moniro Ravanipour based on Yung's individuality psychoanalytic criticism
fereshteh naseri We achieve pure contents and elements by a deep attitude and survey among contemporary Persian literature novels which they contain a wide spectrum of various relationships and occasions due to having unique fiction components. Among them, the novel "Heart of Stee More We achieve pure contents and elements by a deep attitude and survey among contemporary Persian literature novels which they contain a wide spectrum of various relationships and occasions due to having unique fiction components. Among them, the novel "Heart of Steel" by Moniro Ravanipour includes unique features in order to be analyzed based on the theorists' viewpoint due to having faminism and social occasions and to undermine the women's hidden layers of mind psychologically. Hence, we decided to survey and analyze the proud myth personality in the novel "Heart of Steel" as the main personality of the novel based on Yung's psychoanalytic criticism in the present research, in order to comprehend what arrangements Ravanipour has utilized in her word structure and in processing the fiction personality and how much her word has been able to achieve the absolute individuality by utilizing conscious and unconscious elements and also unique symbols such as: dictator, horseman, Orange tree, the doll old woman and old daughters, and etc., to create unity among multiple dimensions of personality so that it can be surveyed and criticized based on Freud's psychoanalytic viewpoint. Manuscript profile -
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90 - Intertextuality Criticism of Two Literary Works: Bustan and Qabousnameh
Fatemeh EmamiBased on the intertextuality approach, in the field of literature, a new text is not formed as it is considered as an intertextuality of the texts before it. The theory of intertextuality is concerned with the relationship between the texts; a relationship recurrent in MoreBased on the intertextuality approach, in the field of literature, a new text is not formed as it is considered as an intertextuality of the texts before it. The theory of intertextuality is concerned with the relationship between the texts; a relationship recurrent in literary works. The theorists in this field, such as Kristeva and Barthes, argue that there is no pure text and all the texts have already existed , and only the narrator is different. This article seeks to study and analyze The Bustan of Saadi and Qabousnameh of Onsor al-Ma’ali in order to explain the commonalities and recurrent elements of these two significant literary works and stress the point that, according to the theory of intertextuality that states that no text is original, in terms of content. Hence The Bustan of Saadi is a reflection of the texts before itself, including Qabousnameh of Onsor al-Ma’ali, which is the aim of this research. Manuscript profile -
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91 - Feminist Criticism of Simin Daneshvar's Novels: 'Wander Island' and 'Wander Cameleer'
Azaheh Poursaddami Ebrahim Arman Maryam Amir ArjmandThe women presence in the process of social movements have been alwaysan important event. One of the manifestations of these social movements is the activities of novelist women in different societies of the modern and non-modern worlds. SiminDaneshvar is one of the pio MoreThe women presence in the process of social movements have been alwaysan important event. One of the manifestations of these social movements is the activities of novelist women in different societies of the modern and non-modern worlds. SiminDaneshvar is one of the pioneers of Iranian storytellers who dealt too much with women problems in her writings. In this article the researchers try to depict Daneshvar's feminist tendencies and the causes of such tendencies in her selectet novels. The research deals with the problem by use of descriptive-analytic method. The results of the research show that the writer by writing in feminist framework reflects her painful view of masculinistsociety, and at the same time is in search of her lost identity and to find a way to scape from mistake beliefs about the gender and her inner wanders. In fact, she uses feminism as a bridge to discover her ultra-feminist abilities. This research in its new findings seems to be a novel research. Manuscript profile -
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92 - Multiple Beginnings and its Relation to the Novel in the Story of “Endama Tashikh al-Zeab” by Jamal Naji
Reza Nazemian Majid BayatiThe beginning of the novel is the gateway to its world. So this may cause some novelists to stop writing their own novels; because starting a novel is one of the most difficult things about writing a story. The beginning of a story can guide the reader into its world, i MoreThe beginning of the novel is the gateway to its world. So this may cause some novelists to stop writing their own novels; because starting a novel is one of the most difficult things about writing a story. The beginning of a story can guide the reader into its world, if it is engaging and encouraging. So the first scene of the story can play a huge role in encouraging the reader and communicating with the text; because the beginning of the story is the bridge between the novelist and the reader. This research intends to examine the beginning of the novel based on its initial scene and it focuses on the techniques that the novelist used in the beginning of his novel. Although research on the beginning of the novel has had a prominent place in contemporary research on the novel, this field requires more effort to show the importance of the novel's beginning and to pay attention to its constitutive elements. The beginning of the novel “Endama Tashikh al-Zeab” has special potentials that draw our attention to it. The importance of this research is that it attempts to pay attention to the beginning of the story and its elements and examine the extent of connection of novel's beginning with the novel itself as an interconnected system and a text in the structural perspective. Therefore, this study deals with the first scene of the novel and draws attention to the relationship between the novel and its beginning. The results of this study show that the narrator has used techniques in this novel that those techniques have overcome on the modern novel and he has put the characters at tipping point of his attention to show a world full of contradictions. The narrator uses a polyphonic technique in this novel to avoid the traditional monotony. Manuscript profile -
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93 - Reading the novel afsāna al-Nedāhat (The Myth of Nedāha) of Ahmed Khaled Tawfiq with the emphasis on Goldman's genetic structuralist Criticism
Reza Mirzaei Alireza SheikhiSocial criticism is an attempt to highlight the relationship between society and literature, and creating a mutual ties between them. Ahmed Khaled Tawfiq is one of the pioneers of horror literature in Arabic. He wrote in 1990s a huge collection in horror genre. This col MoreSocial criticism is an attempt to highlight the relationship between society and literature, and creating a mutual ties between them. Ahmed Khaled Tawfiq is one of the pioneers of horror literature in Arabic. He wrote in 1990s a huge collection in horror genre. This collection called the "Supernatural", was helpful to his famous. From a social view point, Tawfiq dealt in supernatural series and especially in Afsana al-nadaha, with some of the issues of the Egyptian rural society in the last century. This article tries to reveal social aspects of the novel Afsana al-nadaha, within a descriptive-analytical method and relies on Lucien Goldman's genetic structuralist criticism. In this novel Ahmad Tawfiq Khalid examines the secrets of Egyptians backwardness and their encounter with new sciences in their progress periods and believes that the most important social problems in Egyptian rural society concerns poverty, superstitions and lack of education. The writer believes that the reform in rural society will be achieved through the education of people. Tawfiq expresses social pains and tries to inform his addressees of social consequences of superstitions and concerns related to the encounter of the society with the rapid advances in sciences. Manuscript profile -
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94 - A Semiotic Study of the Ode Kalimāt li al-Vatan (Words for fatherland) by Tawfiq Ziād on Peirce Theory
Ali Pirani Abdollah Hosseini Hossein Abavisani Habibeh ZareiThe poems of Tawfiq Ziād are blended with signs and symbols that multiplied the charism of resistance poems, and their emotional feeling have influences on the addressees. The signs in Tawfiq’s poems are accompanied by the images of fatherland love that can convey MoreThe poems of Tawfiq Ziād are blended with signs and symbols that multiplied the charism of resistance poems, and their emotional feeling have influences on the addressees. The signs in Tawfiq’s poems are accompanied by the images of fatherland love that can convey the main message of the poem. Applying Peirce's semiotic model in the criticism of resistance poems in addition to analysis and decoding these poems, can be effective in understanding the thoughts of this great poet. So, the present article tries to analyze in an analytic-descriptive method the characteristics of the ode Kalimāt li al-Vatan (Words for fatherland) by Tawfiq Ziād from semiotic approach based on Pierce theory that is on the triad of icon, index and symbol basis. This article intends to make clear that what sort of aesthetic signs are used by Tawfiq Ziād, the contemporary Palestinian poet, and how he used aesthetic signs to influence the addressees, as well as to reveal how we can reach hidden aspects of the poet's thoughts in using signs and codes in the light of semiotic, interpretative and semantic criticisms. This article shows that Pierce semiotic theory is an appropriate pattern for research in modern poems and is more powerful than the traditional rhetorics in terms of interpretation. Furthermore, due to the nature and type of resistance poems that are composed in the atmosphere of tyranny and suffocation, their signs are implicit and mysterious. In this ode the symbolic signs are more than iconic signs and indces. Manuscript profile -
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95 - Comparative analysis of a sonnet from ʽĀlemi of Dārābjerd with a sonnet from Saʽdī based on formalistic criticism
Azam Bazgiralvar Mahmood Tavoosi Maryam Amirarjmand Fatemeh EmamiExploring literary texts and critiques of such works has been always a subject of literary criticism. Formalism that from now on referred to as 'new criticism' emerged in 20 century. The literary texts analysis in this school was done solely through form and structure b MoreExploring literary texts and critiques of such works has been always a subject of literary criticism. Formalism that from now on referred to as 'new criticism' emerged in 20 century. The literary texts analysis in this school was done solely through form and structure based on linguistics. The authors of this paper intend to study and present a sonnet of Sa'adi (deceased in ah 690) as well as a sonnet of Mirza Sohrab of Darabjerdi with the pen name of (deceased in ah 975), from formalist criticism viewpoint in an analytic-descriptive method. After studying both sonnets and sources associated with formalist criticism, they concluded that the vocabulary used with negative connotation, music (exterior, lateral, and internal) as well as rhetorical figures and figures of speech in the two texts has significant role in conveying the meaning and content proposed by Sa'adi and of Darabjerd considered Sa'adi's style and language in his sonnets and has been successful in inducing his intended meaning of distress (hozn and andooh) from the sepration (hijrān), that is well influenced from the form and structure of Sa'adi's sonnets. Manuscript profile -
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96 - A Jungian Archetypal Criticism of 'adrakha al-nessian' (Overtaken by Oblivion) by Sana al-Sha'lān
Samaneh Moosapoor Yusef Hadi pour Sayyed Ebrahim ArmanArchetypal criticism of Jung is one of the most important contemporary literary criticisms. Archetypes were first presented by Carl Gustav Jung, with reliance on the research in the fields of psychology, anthropology, religion, and history of civilizations. Jung defines MoreArchetypal criticism of Jung is one of the most important contemporary literary criticisms. Archetypes were first presented by Carl Gustav Jung, with reliance on the research in the fields of psychology, anthropology, religion, and history of civilizations. Jung defines archetypes as the universal mental images existing within the individual and collective sub-conscience and named their representations as the myth. The novel 'adrakha al-nessian' (Overtaken by Oblivion) is written using postmodern techniques and includes literary techniques such as: stream of consciousness, impressionism, and traveling in time. This novel narrates the story of a young red hair and red face girl, who has been raised in a nursery from the very beginning. As the story progresses, she faces many problems and, in the end, the author depicts her at the age of 60. By reading this story, we notice the obvious presence of many psychological aspects. Al-Sha'lan's works have always been included within the list of best literary works in both national and international ceremonies, and we can also witness the existence of archetypes within this novel. This paper, using the descriptive-analytic method and the psychological criticism approach, tends to examine the archetypes effective in the mentioned novel. As the results demonstrate, archetypes such as: Anima, the old sage, and self, have affected the flow of occurrences in this novel, helping to create the proper form and theme of narration. Manuscript profile -
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97 - The Problem of Identity Crisis in the Post-Colonial Criticism: Clarifying the Constituents of Identity Crisis in the Narrative Analysis
Boshra Jazayerirad Faramarz Mirzaei Khalil Parvini Hadi Nazari MonazamIdentity and identity crisis is the basis of post-colonial critique deals with ego-other polemics or colonized-colonialist confrontation and its consequences on the colonized identity crisis. Identity and dependency are introduced widely in a post-colonial novel and sto MoreIdentity and identity crisis is the basis of post-colonial critique deals with ego-other polemics or colonized-colonialist confrontation and its consequences on the colonized identity crisis. Identity and dependency are introduced widely in a post-colonial novel and story writers raised repeatedly the consequences of east-west confrontations on post-colonial identity in their works, because communicate with 'other' awakes the sense of dependency to identity in individuals and leads them to an independent and distinct identity. The 'other' from eastern perspective is the colonialist west that tries constantly to destroy their identities. The contemporary Arab novel dealt greatly with the ideals and issues of the society including the identity. So, it deserves to mention that the identity crisis and its reflections in the modern story writing which is caused by east-west confrontations. Thus, considering the importance of the 'identity crisis' in post-colonial criticism and the frequency of its introduction in Arabic stories, the present study relied on the components of post-colonial criticism, descriptive-analytic method, as well as application of deduction, accuracy and comparative reading intended to present new indicators to the analysis and reading identity crisis in novels. The indicators consist of six components: self-abasement complex; westernization; schizophrenia; castration anxiety; alienation backwardness and violence. By application of these components and examining the amount of each one in the story, understanding the identity crisis becomes easier and more accurate. Manuscript profile -
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98 - Representation of Adler's inferiority complex in the main character of Eylul's novel entitled "birds of September"
Zahra Farid Saeedeh Farid Farzaneh RahmanianPsychological criticism is considered as a new filed in which critic analyzes and investigate the hidden angles and psychological signs present in the characters in a literary work based on the principles of psychological theories in order to prepare the text for better MorePsychological criticism is considered as a new filed in which critic analyzes and investigate the hidden angles and psychological signs present in the characters in a literary work based on the principles of psychological theories in order to prepare the text for better analysis. The present study intends to analyze the personality of “Mena”- the narrator and protagonist present in a novel called “The Birds of September” written by Emili Nasrallah- a prominent Lebanese Writer. The novel narrates the failure and rejection of women of the Lebanese rural community including Mena and feeling inferiority, anonymity, and loneliness among them. Based on the Descriptive-Analytical method and within Adler's Individual psychological framework, this research aims to study the main feature of this theory, namely “Inferiority Complex”- and what reasons made her Mena's personality as well as the reflection of this feeling in her behaviors and compensation mechanism. Findings suggest that social environment and strict customs especially the dominant view of the father, the failure of love, and poverty have caused a feeling of inferiority in Mena. To overcome such feelings, she resorts to imaginary and incorrect methods such as using imagination and escaping from the reality of society and family which finally result in regretting, disappointing, and experiencing a sense of anonymity Manuscript profile -
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99 - Content and Statistical Analysis of Articles in the Quarterly Rays of Criticism in Arabic and Persian from the First Volume to 23
Mahin Hajizadeh Masoud Bavan Pouri Maryam DaryanavardAs articles and other scientific products are growing at an accelerating process in Iran and the world, there is an urgent need for standards to evaluate and compare scientific publications. This will be achieved through scientific assessment, Science that benefits from MoreAs articles and other scientific products are growing at an accelerating process in Iran and the world, there is an urgent need for standards to evaluate and compare scientific publications. This will be achieved through scientific assessment, Science that benefits from information analysis. The academic Quarterly of Rays of Criticism in Arabic and Persian is considered as one of the most important journals in the field of Arabic language and literature in Iran which has been published in 27 volumes. This Quarterly has published 179 articles from 345 writers with distinguished university degrees and 44 universities and educational institutions. The subject of 45 articles, which means 25/13percent ison Persian literature and this contradicts the purpose of the Quarterly, which relied on Persian literature to identify it to Arab countries.This study focused on a statistical and analytical study of the number of authors of articles and their degrees and the extent of cooperation between them and the centers and institutions which cooperate in the quarterly. In this study, descriptive statistics method has been used. It means, Average,frequency and percentage are calculated, then the results are presented in charts and graphs.The research instrument is a statistical survey using SPSS version 16. The following results are obtained:50 articles were written individually, 129 articles were written jointly, Which 91 of these joint articles were written by the authors from the same university and 38 articles written by the authors from different universities.HadiNazari has the most articles with 7 papers. Half of the articles are devoted to criticism and analysis of texts. 34 articles were written by the editorial board with an average of 18/9, which is acceptable. Manuscript profile -
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100 - A Comparison of Woman's Position in "Vays & Ramin" and "Bijan & Manijeh" Poems from Feminist Viewpoint
Esmaeel Hakemi Raziyeh Zavarian Finding a way into the woman's world and investigating on her personality and temperament has always attracted the attention of scientists, philosophers and scholars in each era. Understanding woman's role and position in the human's complementary process r More Finding a way into the woman's world and investigating on her personality and temperament has always attracted the attention of scientists, philosophers and scholars in each era. Understanding woman's role and position in the human's complementary process requires continuous investigations and researches to clarify the ambiguities and problems that have led to prejudices about her and have introduced her as "Eternally Guilty". In the ancient Iran, we see wise and smart women that not only do not get angry with contempt, and indifference, but also they have shown such a reaction that has shocked all political, cultural, legal and social structures governing the society. Vays is one of those women. The goal of this study is to present her real personality and determination by which she could resist against the destiny that had been determined for her by others. Efforts are made in this paper to address woman's position in the ancient Iran by considering two poems, namely "Vays & Ramin" by "Fakhredin As'ad Gorgani" and "Bijan & Manijeh" by "Ferdowsi" and to investigate the main characters of the poems, i.e., "Vays" and "Manijeh" in order to compare woman's role from feminist viewpoint by considering the setting of the two stories which goes back to Ashkanid era. Research method is of library type. The subjects were collected by referring to the resources and were described through analysis and reasoning. Manuscript profile -
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101 - Characteristics of Female Sonneteers during Andalus Era in the Light of Modern Psychological Criticism
Abbas Eqbali Faezeh Pasandi Abundance of skillful Poetesses in ode writing is one of the features of literature history during Andulus era. Hence, a great deal of Andalusian poems appertain to poetesses; The poems are of features like delicacy, accuracy, elegance and development. This is cl More Abundance of skillful Poetesses in ode writing is one of the features of literature history during Andulus era. Hence, a great deal of Andalusian poems appertain to poetesses; The poems are of features like delicacy, accuracy, elegance and development. This is clear that the basic characteristics of such poetic experience is derived from poetess's skill in representing ancient meanings with a modern method that differs from dominant meanings in traditional poems. Also nature of Andalusian land has led the poetess to use its clear and sensible elements in her poem. When the poetess sonnetizes, she clarifies her captivation and all great meanings which is considered as a female's nature. In addition, she intensively wishes in her poetic experience to make her poem distinct and different from others, far from her rivals' eyes and just with her own delight and enthusiasm. The present article introduces sonnets of Andalusian poetesses as a mirror of their psychological attitudes as well as including textual features derived from imagination which has in fact psychological origin based on modern psychological criticism in addition to studying Andalusian women's poetic approach with emphasis on poetesses like Bothayneh Bint AlMutamid, Zeynab Almerieh, Qamar Jarieh Ibrahim, Uom Al'ala Albint Yousuf, Veladeh Albint Almostakfi. This study also clarifies that poems of Andalusian poetesses with chastely love have psychological characteristics like pain of Love, nostalgia, lack of will, Nirvana, masochism. In contrast, permissible lyric poems are with features like sexuality, affront and precision. Manuscript profile -
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102 - Intertextual analysis of the tale "the porter with girls" in the Qajar Manuscript of Thousand and One Nights, based on the Bertrand WestphalGeocriticism
mohammad parsanasab mohammad ali rajabi bahador bagheri nafiseh alsadat abdolbaghaeeThe theory of intertextuality is one of the major discoveries of the twentieth century that investigates the network connection between the texts, and so far has proceeded the new approaches in human science and specially literature and art through various methods by ma MoreThe theory of intertextuality is one of the major discoveries of the twentieth century that investigates the network connection between the texts, and so far has proceeded the new approaches in human science and specially literature and art through various methods by many researchers. In Geocriticism of Bertrand Westphal in the Post-structuralism period, as one of the important approaches of this pervasive knowledge, intertextuality deals with the importance of space, place and geography in literary-artistic works. Until now, the role of geography hasn't grown to such an extent in the formation of knowledge. Sann'y-al-Molk's Qajar Manuscript of Thousand and One Nights in Golestan palace is considered as one of the unique illustrated versions in the world which has a special intertextual position in pre-text conversations and images. This version is also in interaction with theoretical and methodological principles of Bertrand Westphal that has an important irony and interdisciplinary position in geocriticism. By considering this approach and selecting seven interwoven tales of "the porter with girls" which have been portrayed with fifteen images of pictorial narratives of Sann'y al-Molk in the mentioned version, as well as analyzing the position of intertextuality in different periods of its emergence, the present article analyses this literary-artistic work in the field of geocriticism of Westphal. Writers have paid attention to the analytical-descriptive approach and its application in analyzing the text and the figures. Qajar's Manuscript of Thousand and One Nights of Sann'y al-Molk is a polyphonic work with a human-cultural boundless geography which has been talking to us with the two layers of text and figure. Manuscript profile -
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103 - The Analysis of the Concept of Poetry from Rafeyi and Oghad’s Viewpoints
Hamed Sedghi Hamed Fashi Analysis of critical views to figure out poem’s meaning usually ignites critical disagreements and numerous discussions because, mostly, in any juncture by any poet and textual critic, a special definition is produced. On the&n More Analysis of critical views to figure out poem’s meaning usually ignites critical disagreements and numerous discussions because, mostly, in any juncture by any poet and textual critic, a special definition is produced. On the other hand, a poem is the heart of art with spiritual quality that this quality will link it to human spirit and so any artist, as a human, has his own spirit. So this would cause that anyone, depending on his spiritual manner gives a different definition than others over poem. The other dimension of this feature is poem’s multilateral aspect because human spirit isn’t a one- dimensional phenomenon. Therefore, whatever linked to spirit can’t be one dimensional and lately leads to complication and hardens the normative logical definition of poem. Thus many contemporaneous literary men try to give a definition based on their experience by contemplating on their own poetic observation. We have chosen two poets who are authoritative at criticism as well ,to give a deep, new and different definition of poetry. In this research we aim to practice by analyzing two Arab critics views concerning each poem's definition, context of poetry, with giving public sight about this artistic phenomenon, with a special analysis of critics' books with thematic analysis of Rafeyi and Oghad’s verse and prose literature, to make a new design for poem’s definition by pivoting their opinion, and judging their literary controversy in artistic dimension as far as we can. According to research, a poem is a phenomenon including innate, divine, sensible sentiment, efficient notion, musical words, in both critics' opinion. Manuscript profile -
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104 - A Sociological Criticism of the Novel Curse of the Land by Jalal Al-e- Ahmad
Ali Ganjian Rezvan JamshidianSociology of literature has relation with sociology on the one hand and and the literature on the other hand. Delving into the relation between literature and society forms basis of socialogical criticism of the literature. This approach focuses mainly on the stru MoreSociology of literature has relation with sociology on the one hand and and the literature on the other hand. Delving into the relation between literature and society forms basis of socialogical criticism of the literature. This approach focuses mainly on the structure and content of literary work and its relationship with society and interactions of literature, society and reflection of social issues through author's intellectual, belief and social views are investigated in a literary work. This article is to criticize and study the novel Curse of the Land by Jalal Al-e-Ahmad from sociological perspective. The theme of the novel is consequences of Land Reform Law and enterance of technology into Iranian villages. The author portrays properly status of different groups of rural community in this work after enforcing Land Reform Law and losing traditions and invasion of modernism. He expresses political and social issues from position of a social critic and makes interaction between society and the novel by artistic expression. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Criticism and Study of theTwo Colors Red and Green in Poems of Nazik Al-Malaika
Ali Piranishal Zohre Naemi Khadije Hashemi The color is the most striking element in forming sensory images of old and contemporary poets. Poets have used colorful words to objectify poetic images and to discover and explain the relationship between poetic images. Indeed Nazik Al-Malaika use More The color is the most striking element in forming sensory images of old and contemporary poets. Poets have used colorful words to objectify poetic images and to discover and explain the relationship between poetic images. Indeed Nazik Al-Malaika uses different colors to interpret thoughts, emotions and feelings. Due to the importance and beauties of red and green in the poems of Nazik Al-Malaika, this article studies and criticizes these colors and their implications in his poems. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic and statistically based. Colors represented her emotions, grieves and joys ;However in some delicate cases, she has taken advantage of non-genuine position of colors and converted one color to another one as an element of beauty and induction of political and social concepts.. The poet’s great attention to colors, different meanings, symbolic implications and their beauties show that she has had an intelligent look at the moments of life and the nature around her. She was impressed by events, social and political changes and the selection of red shows his interior desire toward effort and implies referents like love, liberty and modesty . The selection of green after red is a symbol of hope, life and desire and fulfillment of desires. Manuscript profile -
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106 - The Analysis of Nirfana in the Sonnet "Afif" (Chaste) Based on Modern Psychological Criticism with a Case Study of Aboobakr Mohammad Davood Esfahani
Roohollah Sayyadinejad Faezeh PasandiSonnet "Afif" found existence during Abbasid period, in spite of presence of Sufi poets and on top of them Mohammad Davood Esfahani known as Zaheri who went beyond physical sensation and lived with a pure and holy love. This sonnet was the result of unaffected Islamic e MoreSonnet "Afif" found existence during Abbasid period, in spite of presence of Sufi poets and on top of them Mohammad Davood Esfahani known as Zaheri who went beyond physical sensation and lived with a pure and holy love. This sonnet was the result of unaffected Islamic education in which religious teachings immingled with human spirit which resulted in chastity and virtue. Among most important features of this sonnet is "Nirfana" which had great influence on Arabic poetry progress because it created a distinct poetic purpose and in addition to maintaining classic poetic methods it was influenced by Islamic civilization and other cultures of that time. The aim of this study is to reveal some characteristics of spiritual nurturing being common among Buda, Sufi and importance of mystic life and its position in these two religions and to discover scientific methods and tools to accommodate it with keeping away from sensual desires and moving toward divine essence as well as investigating Nirfana's thought in the sonnet "Afif". Death, pain, lack of will, inner tension, and masochism are some of its most important elements. Therefore, exact investigating of this poet's poems will reveal its technical value and chaste approach in studying this distinct poetic aspect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Divan Literary Society: The Growth of Literature and Criticism in Twentieth Century
Seyed Soleiman AshkvarThrough a detailed investigation in the contemporary Arabic literature during 20th century it can be inferred that literature and art has developed remarkably towards innovation and away from imitation. It is natural that this lunge has not occurred overnight. In fact, MoreThrough a detailed investigation in the contemporary Arabic literature during 20th century it can be inferred that literature and art has developed remarkably towards innovation and away from imitation. It is natural that this lunge has not occurred overnight. In fact, in literature no change is feasible without the proper and sufficient background. These backgrounds provide the new tendencies and dimensions in literary arena. Among these the impact of Divan literary society as followers of some special schools is undeniable. As the pioneer of inventiveness and novelty Divan literary society has achieved vehement thoughts such as horizontal and vertical cohesion of the poem, personal poetic experiences ,poetic formalism, freedom of interpretation, the originality of conscience,etc through a comprehensive analysis and speculations on contemporary western literature as well as the pure Arabic literature. The Society paved the way for the emergence of new literature regardless of some failure at the outset and opened up a new literature, incomparable to the past. On the road to success, some other literary societies in West and East cooperated to wear the tattered coat of imitation off the weary body of literature and poetry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - The Criticism of the Explanations of the Muallaqat (synchronized study
Somayeh Hasan Alian sayyedmohammadreza IbnorrasoolConsidering the importance of Muallaqat in Arabic literature, as well as its importance in the various sciences of language , literature, grammar and also containing many of the Jahelliah words a great number of commentators paid attention MoreConsidering the importance of Muallaqat in Arabic literature, as well as its importance in the various sciences of language , literature, grammar and also containing many of the Jahelliah words a great number of commentators paid attention to them. In the present study, it is intended to study the critical method of commentators in their explanations of the Muallaqat, descriptive - analytical method being employed. The results of the study reveals that commentators paid attention to criticism although it isn’t much. And their critical views are focused on technical levels (Dictionary, phonetics, syntax, rhetoric) and semantic level. Manuscript profile -
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109 - Critical- Analytical Study ofMarounAbboud's views about Abbas Mahmoud Al-Aqqad's poems
Jamal TalebiAbbas Mahmoud AL-Aqqad is considered as one of illustriouspersonalities of Arab world in contemporary era. He is said to be of great works in social, political, religious and literary areas and does not ignore to compose poem and has published about ten poetic divans. T MoreAbbas Mahmoud AL-Aqqad is considered as one of illustriouspersonalities of Arab world in contemporary era. He is said to be of great works in social, political, religious and literary areas and does not ignore to compose poem and has published about ten poetic divans. There are hot critical views about his poetry and the critics are divided into three groupspros and cons and moderate. Famous Lebanese critic,Maroon Abboud, is the toughest opponent of his poetry and heridicules and criticizes his poems in a harsh way. Studying the poetry of Abbas Mahmoud Al-Aqqad,it is clear that Abboud's views are far from scientific spirit and constructive criticism;they are in restraints of categoriesbeing dominant in criticism of Arab world in twentieth century. In studying the poetry Aqqad says “I do not compare him with Naji, Abushadi, Taha, Seirafi, Khafif, Bashar Fars,SalehJaudat,ZakiMobarak and anyone who has engaged in composing poetry in Egypt. All of them even ZakiMobarakare better than him.” Accordingly, it is necessary for us to study and criticize Abboud'sopinionsand thoughts fairly and impartially and to showreal face of Aqqad'spoetry especially in "al-Karwan gift", "vahyAl-Arba'aeen" and "AberSl-Sabil" distinguished in terms of innovation, subject orientation, unity and integration of the ode. The main finding of this study is that in many cases Abbouddoes notobservefair judgment and is influenced by personal and group interests althoughin some cases his criticism is fair and right. This is due to the fact that competition among critics in Arab world, particularly in Egypt and Lebanon in the twentieth century led the criticism towards bigotry and away from true scientific spirit Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - The Impact of the West on the Contemporary Arab Literary Criticism
Hassan Majidi Mohammad AhmadniaTranslation is of the most striking manifestations of contemporary Arabic literature.This phenomenon in contemporary Western criticism of the discussions that influenced this effect is due to communication and connection with the Arab literature and West. & MoreTranslation is of the most striking manifestations of contemporary Arabic literature.This phenomenon in contemporary Western criticism of the discussions that influenced this effect is due to communication and connection with the Arab literature and West. Contemporaneous cash and cash schools, especially schools Divan Court are external factors affecting research. But the important point is that despite all these effects a society is required that is dynamic culture. Americas since time is not on the cash flows, Arab heritage did not forget the new methods of cash from their roots and the old nobility was not isolated. Manuscript profile -
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111 - A Criticism on Style Deviation Theorists
Mohammad Hadi Moradi Majid Ghasemi The term “stylistics” has started with the emergence of linguistic research at the first decades of twentieth century. Charles Bally (1865-1947), is the founder of modern stylistics in the French School, and is a substitute for Sau More The term “stylistics” has started with the emergence of linguistic research at the first decades of twentieth century. Charles Bally (1865-1947), is the founder of modern stylistics in the French School, and is a substitute for Saussure at the Linguistics Department of University of Geneva. Stylistics is a sort of criticism process that reveals the aesthetic bases of literary works. One of the most prominent kinds of stylistics is deviation; it is some kinds of variety and alteration which enhances text’s value. Deviation is a technique of communicating between creator and recipient, because this technique reveals the capability of creator in using the hidden part of language to convey the message to the recipient with its all stylistic value. So style deviates from the norm to reveal the objectives that normal language is not able to convey. But some theorists believe that the style is nothing more than deviation. This article tries to criticize this opinion by using examples from poetry and holy Quran. Manuscript profile -
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112 - Investigation and Interpretation of Sohrab Sepehri's Hasht-ketab(Eight-Volumes) in the Light of Mathematics
Javad Qorbani Alireza Iranbakhsh Existence of words and concepts of basic sciences including mathematics, geology, biology, chemistry and physics in the poetry causes many form and conceptual rises and falls for which further investigation and criticism are necessary. Science always accompanies More Existence of words and concepts of basic sciences including mathematics, geology, biology, chemistry and physics in the poetry causes many form and conceptual rises and falls for which further investigation and criticism are necessary. Science always accompanies with accuracy and science introduction into poetic and literary area will also involve it in accuracy and give it more depth. Sometimes it helps having right understanding of poetry and sometimes hides and codifies it and makes its understanding more difficult. Mathematics is considered as one of basic sciences and penetration of its words and concepts in poetry area causes some evolutions in its content, form and understanding rate which is investigable. This research aims to investigate relation between mathematics and literature and influence of mathematics entering poetry considering Hasht Behesht by Sohrab Sepehri and also influence of this science on understanding rate of poetry in addition to extracting all mathematical words and concepts from Sepehri’s poems. For authors, introduction of mathematical concepts and words into Sepehri’s poetry has been very effective and in most cases it has played an important role like creating brevity, imagination and imagery and giving accuracy to the poetry. Although entrance of these words has sometimes increased poetic richness and made its concept deeper and more influencing, it has caused complexity of poetic understanding such that if this possible complexity and constraint removes, understanding and comprehension of the poetry will be more productive. Manuscript profile -
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113 - Structural Criticism of Allama Seyed Mohammad Hossein Fadlallah Poems with Emphasis on Several Poetic Odes in Fi darub Alsab'aein Divan
Sayyed Mohammad Mirhosseini Elham MaryamiThe work Fi Darub Alsab'aein by Sayyed Mohammad Hossein Fadl- allah has dedidated a superiority and importance to itself applying classic and new odes with a mystical and emotional language for visiting God and a deep thinking about what has been obtained during the lif MoreThe work Fi Darub Alsab'aein by Sayyed Mohammad Hossein Fadl- allah has dedidated a superiority and importance to itself applying classic and new odes with a mystical and emotional language for visiting God and a deep thinking about what has been obtained during the life. What has worked in transferring the poet's message is form and structure of the odes. Structuralism is an effort to discover new signs and to understand inner relations of the work. In this study we aim to investigate existing bases related to structuralist criticism in several odes of the Divan in addition to offering a description of Allama's life, his poetic talent and introducing the Divan. For this reason we focus on two linguistic layers of the poem; outside layer is same poetic rhythm and rhyme, phonetic, verbal and synthactic structures and median layer is poetic images, sign and symble which have been explained with examples. In this study, we try to consider a kind of union between structure and content of the work and to offer a more accurate understanding and perception of its poems and their messages. Manuscript profile -
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114 - A Sociological Analysis of Naguib Mahfouz's Works with a Close look at The Novel Children of Gebelawi( Owlade Haratana)
Abdol Ghasem Torabi Seyyed Hossein SeyediThe formation and creation of every work of art is influenced by social milieu. The sociological criticism is an attempt to reveal the relationship between society and literature. The science of sociology started during nineteenth century and great authors such as MoreThe formation and creation of every work of art is influenced by social milieu. The sociological criticism is an attempt to reveal the relationship between society and literature. The science of sociology started during nineteenth century and great authors such as Madame de Stael, Hippolyte Taine, and great philosophers and thinkers such as Marx, and Hegel developed it more comprehensively. Undoubtedly novels and stories are influenced by social conditions and the society is also influenced by these works. Thus there is a mutual relationship between a literary work and society. Naguib Mahfouz is one of the authors who has paid attention to different social aspects. This paper which approaches his works based on sociological criticism –with a close look at Children of Gebelawi- tries to deal with social problems and shows that his works have affected the improvement of the Egyptian society. Manuscript profile -
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115 - The Social Criticism of Literature (Birth and Evolution)
Azade montazeri Mohammad Khaghani Mansoureh ZarkoubCertainly there is a strong relationship between literature and society and this is what the ancient philosophers and scientists have repeatedly referred to in the theories such as Theory of "Mimesis" and theory of "Reflection" and other ideas.The sociology of lit MoreCertainly there is a strong relationship between literature and society and this is what the ancient philosophers and scientists have repeatedly referred to in the theories such as Theory of "Mimesis" and theory of "Reflection" and other ideas.The sociology of literature is one of the main ways in literary studies founded by Marxist dialectic. This study is an attempt to explain the social critique of the literature on descriptive analytical methods and to attribute the thoughts and opinions that have been raised in relation to literature and society. After investigating the theory of "Mimesis", Marxist dialectic theory will be discussed and finally, Lukacs and his followers' theory will be studied due to the fact that there is no contradiction between the sociology of literature and personal literary creations since investigating of literal works without concerning its social context is impossible. Manuscript profile -
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116 - The"Beshriia" Ode and its Verse Persian Translation from Musical Point of View
Mohammad Rahimi Narges GanjiThe "Beshr ibn Avana"s poetry called "Beshriia ode" has been translated to Persian poetry by the contemporary Iranian poet "Mohammad Hossein Shahriar". And he has tried to communicate all aspects of the text into the target language. One of the most im MoreThe "Beshr ibn Avana"s poetry called "Beshriia ode" has been translated to Persian poetry by the contemporary Iranian poet "Mohammad Hossein Shahriar". And he has tried to communicate all aspects of the text into the target language. One of the most important aspects of the poetry is the Music lyrics that we see "Shahriar" transmitted it beautifully. This study tries to make a comparison between translation and the original text.The most important finding of this research is to show that the Music lyrics in two Persian and Arabic poetry helped poets to express thoughts in the best way, as sometimes we see that music and lyrical space suit in the best form sometimes accompanied with saga and pride. Manuscript profile -
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117 - An Educational-Psychological Investigation of the King and the Bondmaid Story in Masnavi Ma’navi based on the Structural Model
Abolfazl Ghanizadeh Majid Sarmadi Fatemeh Koupa Ali MohammadzadehStory is the representation of human life where the reader attempts to find his or her whereabouts, to reach it, and to flee from it. Story has a rich number of codes and once they are unfolded, their interpretation would be of great significance for interpreting human MoreStory is the representation of human life where the reader attempts to find his or her whereabouts, to reach it, and to flee from it. Story has a rich number of codes and once they are unfolded, their interpretation would be of great significance for interpreting human life. Once any embedded code is taught, its richness is extended. In this article we try to encode the story of the King and the Bondmaid of Masnavi Ma’navi. Our objective is to reveal the form and content of the story taking the structural model as well as pursuing an educational goal. It is argued that the description of the different scenes of the story, and a closer look at the bitter and yet sweet psychological taste of the story will indisputably add something to the readers’ impression and insight. In general, this study is new in its approach and we hope to provide a novel, satisfying article for scholars and researchers. Manuscript profile -
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118 - The Effectiveness of Compassion Focused Therapy on Depression and Self Criticism of Female University Students
maryam shariati najmeh Hamid Esmaeel Hashemi ShaykhShabani Kiumars beshlideh Ali MarashiThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of compassion-based therapy on depression and self criticism of female students. This study employed a semi-experimental method and used a pre-test, post-test and follow up design with experimental and control groups. MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of compassion-based therapy on depression and self criticism of female students. This study employed a semi-experimental method and used a pre-test, post-test and follow up design with experimental and control groups. The population included all female students of university of Farhangian in Ahvaz in 2014 (1393-94s.c.). From among 200 students who were registered to participate in the study, 40 students who had received one standard deviation above the mean in the test of depression, were selected randomly and assigned in the experimental (20 students) and control (students) groups. The tools of this study were Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, et al, 1996) and Levels of Self-Criticism Scale (Thompson, 2004). The experimental group received 8 sessions of the compassion-based therapy. The analysis of covariance showed that compassion-based therapy decreased students’ depression and self criticism (internalizing self-criticism and comparative self-criticism). (P<0.0001). These results significantly persisted after follow-up period. It was then concluded that compassion-based therapy can be used by psychologist as a new and effective method to decrease depression and female students’ self-criticism. Manuscript profile -
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119 - The effect of cognitive distortion on self-criticism mediated by personality traits in the students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran
dariush mehrafzoon nemat sotodeh asl Shahrokh Makound HosseiniThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive distortion on self-criticism mediated by personality traits in students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran. The method of this research is correlation and its statistical population is the students of Is MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive distortion on self-criticism mediated by personality traits in students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran. The method of this research is correlation and its statistical population is the students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran in 1399. The research sample was 350 people who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data collection tools were self-critical questionnaires, cognitive distortion and personality traits. The method of data analysis is structural equation modeling. The results showed that the model has an acceptable fit with the data. The results also showed that personality traits and cognitive distortion significantly predict self-criticism. Cognitive distortion has a significant direct effect on self-critical prediction. The indirect effect of cognitive distortion on self-criticism is mediated by positive and significant personality traits. Also, the subscales of extroversion, agreement, openness and conscientiousness have a significant negative effect on self-criticism and neuroticism has a significant positive effect on self-criticism. According to the results obtained in this study, it can be used to reduce self-criticism by reducing cognitive distortions. Manuscript profile -
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120 - Mythological Analysis and Criticism of the Mystical Poems of Faghir Basir Al-Din Shirazi (Case Study of Vahid Nameh) Based on a Post-environmental Approach in Art
Roham Amirpour Amraee Mohamad Reza Sharif Zadeh Abolfazl Davoudi Roknabadi Pezhman DadkhahStatement of question: One crucial aspect of contemporary art analysis lies in the widespread adoption of environmental criticism. This approach consistently seeks to identify historical connections between the appearances of nature and art, contributing to their mutual MoreStatement of question: One crucial aspect of contemporary art analysis lies in the widespread adoption of environmental criticism. This approach consistently seeks to identify historical connections between the appearances of nature and art, contributing to their mutual enhancement. For instance, consider a poem by the poet Basir al-Din Shirazi that describes a province in Iran with a once distinctive vegetation cover, now diminished. Through this method, we can ascertain the contemporary adaptations and discern that the reduction of a particular element (such as a pine tree) may be linked to the increased occurrence of floods in the region. However, this study aims to delve deeper, fostering a more profound understanding of our ecological impact. Purpose: Beyond environmental correlations, this research endeavors to introduce a new creative dimension to the realm of art. It explores a specific sub-part, employing an alternative approach to the literature and mystical conduct of Zahabiyeh. Research method: This study employs a descriptive-analytical method, combining qualitative and practical information gathered from both library and field resources. Conclusion: Finally, our research reveals that, despite a human-centered epistemological focus, our understanding of mythology and its symbolism is integral. This comprehension serves as the key to connecting and applying previously acquired knowledge, contributing to a more concrete understanding. Manuscript profile -
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121 - Position Of Recognition and Ways to Achieve in the Eyes Of Mullasadra According to the Book Titled Kasrul Asnaam-e-Jahelliah
Ali Ein Aliloo Jabbar MoradiA group of theologians disbelieve in wisdom to be a trustworthy instrument to achieve the desired perfection and exploring different aspects of existence. For using reason and causal evidences, they resort to love and recognition and take these two precious stones that MoreA group of theologians disbelieve in wisdom to be a trustworthy instrument to achieve the desired perfection and exploring different aspects of existence. For using reason and causal evidences, they resort to love and recognition and take these two precious stones that are stemmed from the polished and pleasant heart coming from the life ascetics as their guests. Those theologians who picked out love for wisdom are called mystic. Using the ladder of heart and the two wings of love and recognition, mystics step up to approach the divinity and achieve their real felicity and desired perfection. Mysticism is also misused just like any other ways. Pro mysticism persons have written books and articles to show the true image of the excellent thought under the façade of suspicion and distractions so as to introduce a balanced and non-extremistic way. Mullasadra is an advocate and wayfarer of the mystic journey who wrote the book “Kasrul Asnaam-e-Jahelliah” to reveal the true principles of mysticism and declare the distractors wrong methods. This paper tries to explore the thoughts of this mysticaccordingly. Manuscript profile -
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122 - Philosophical and Mystical Analysis Of Necessity and Possibility in Selected Lyricsby Beedel Dehlavi
Leili Abbassi Montazeri Hossein ArianOne of the essential characteristics of literature, apart from the mental and spiritual rejoice, includes the fundamental and general principles of various sciences and interdisciplinary issues as a whole. In this regard, the philosophical debates such as the reality an MoreOne of the essential characteristics of literature, apart from the mental and spiritual rejoice, includes the fundamental and general principles of various sciences and interdisciplinary issues as a whole. In this regard, the philosophical debates such as the reality and origin of the world and heavens, continuity and cause, as well as the genesis and creation of creatures and created ones and the like, is of utmost importance within the past and present words of orators and composers. Especially once these issues are investigated mystically and metaphysically in a way that their relationship with the special worldview of mystics and Sufis is analyzed. Beedel Dehnavi is one of the few poets who have achieved his own style in poetry through the combination of philosophical foundations as well as mystical and educational mysticism, thereby his own remarks deserves reflection and scrutiny. He has supposed poetry to be the reflection of philosophy and philosophical consideration, and despite the mystics' ideas over the inability of words to convey meaning, he has well been able to draw the picture the realities in the form of difficult and rare Indian style metaphors and terminologies. This paper tries to analyze and study over the existence and non-existence philosophical and mystical roots within ten selected lyrics out of his own Divan-e-Ghazaliyat (Anthology of Lyrics). In fact, it is tries to analyze the special and exclusive worldview in combination with the two topics of philosophy and mysticism, especially involving necessity and possibility Manuscript profile -
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123 - The “Other” in Attar’s Tazkirat al-Awliya
Mohammad Reza Haji Agha BabaeiOne of the important aspects of studying any narrative text is the presence of other (non-main) influential characters and factors in the text, collectively referred to as the Other. The concept of the Other is broad and includes human characters and non-human elements MoreOne of the important aspects of studying any narrative text is the presence of other (non-main) influential characters and factors in the text, collectively referred to as the Other. The concept of the Other is broad and includes human characters and non-human elements such as nature or supernatural issues. Attar's Tazkirat al-Awliya is one of the most prominent mystical texts in which the biographies of mystics and their experiences and virtues are presented. Studying this book from the point of view of the concept of the Other, we realize that an āref (mystic) is confronted with various factors in his mystical journey, and this is what leads to the mystic's existential transcendence and a better understanding of his "self". In the book, the Other appears in the form of God, other mystics, ordinary people, Satan and the mystic's own ego, animals, and objects, each of which, in a special way, seeks to inform the mystic or inform others of his position. From this point of view, what we understand in the study of Tazkirat al-Awliya that although the Other stands in opposition to the mystic’s self, we do not witness any conflict between the mystic and the Other; rather, all these confrontational relationships make the mystic aware of his position, and the Other assumes a guiding function. Manuscript profile -
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124 - Bidel Dehlavi’s View on Hypocrisy and Hypocritical Characters
Akramssadat Borghaei Sabet Abdoreza Modarreszadeh Asghar DadbehBidel Dehlavi is influenced by the mystical teachings of Sheikh Nizamuddin Aoliya and for this reason he pays attention to religion and mysticism in his poetry, and his poems are full of moral and human concepts and values. In addition as a free poet and critic, he has MoreBidel Dehlavi is influenced by the mystical teachings of Sheikh Nizamuddin Aoliya and for this reason he pays attention to religion and mysticism in his poetry, and his poems are full of moral and human concepts and values. In addition as a free poet and critic, he has criticized the behavior of believers and by criticizing that behavior which has been called hypocrisy. He tried to discover the religious truth and life through a free thought and those who have used religion as means of hypocrisy. They have used hypocrisy and have kept people busy and the market for there is hot and in the eyes of the people it is popular and sometimes not acceptable to expose their demagogues and more importantly in terms of the foundation of thought and understanding of existence his words a religious world and he looked at the world through the lens of religion and religions understanding and gave meaning to life and his words can open a spiritual path for man who is a prisoner of material and machine civilization in this age the way to get a head is love mysticism and moral virtues. Manuscript profile -
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125 - Formalist criticism of a mystical lyric by Rumi
fatemeh moradiRumi's poems have a special place as one of the main pillars of Persian poetry, and their importance is not hidden from anyoneSo far, much research has been done about Shams's sonnets, but the examination of these sonnets, with a formalistic view, can reveal other dimen MoreRumi's poems have a special place as one of the main pillars of Persian poetry, and their importance is not hidden from anyoneSo far, much research has been done about Shams's sonnets, but the examination of these sonnets, with a formalistic view, can reveal other dimensions of these poems.In formalist criticism, the form of the work is the basis of aesthetic analysis to reach the meaning hidden in the work, meaning that the creator of the work does not even intend.One of the beautiful sonnets of Sham's Divan is a sonnet with the message "O heart, what have you thought of for the excuse of those faults" which has been tried in this research to depict a corner of the beauty and elegance of this sonnet. The beauty that is hidden in the appearance of speech and syntactic composition and the arrangement and the music of words, has given the sonnet a unique depth and richness Manuscript profile -
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126 - Foregrounding in Akhavan-Sales’ Poetry
hamid samsaam nazanin sheykh zadehMehdi Akhavan-Sales is no doubt one of the most eminent poets of the post-Nima era. His poetry, in the words of most scholars in the Iranian contemporary literature, is a poetical and artistic blend of the Persian traditional poetry and the neo-Nimaic poetry. Akhavan-Sa MoreMehdi Akhavan-Sales is no doubt one of the most eminent poets of the post-Nima era. His poetry, in the words of most scholars in the Iranian contemporary literature, is a poetical and artistic blend of the Persian traditional poetry and the neo-Nimaic poetry. Akhavan-Sales is the epitome of the generation of poets who are not only committed to the society and its developments but also whose poetry enjoys a unique literary enrichment. He is, indeed, a poet who both minds the literary form and attends closely to the content of his poem. Therefore, many have tried to discover and study the various aspects of Akhavan-Sales’ literature by reading his poetry over and over. Literary criticism, which is considered to be an important field of the modern literature, comprises multiple areas. One is foregrounding, which acts as one form of reading literary works. Foregrounding is the employment of language elements in a manner in which the mode of expression draws attention and is unconventional and non-automatic, rather than automatic. This definition gives a general description of the literary criticism style. In the word of the scholars, foregrounding is realised in two ways: deviation and extra-regularity. Akhavan-Sales’ poetry is replete with both deviation and extra-regularity. Deviation normally includes the levels of phonology, lexis, syntax, and semantics; extra-regularity usually deals with the novel words. In this type of foregrounding, we impose some norms on the conventional language. The reader of this article will get familiar with some of the reasons for Akhavan’s greatness and the secret of his poem’s impressiveness. Manuscript profile -
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127 - A Look at Attar’s Critical Approach
batool fakhr eslam Attar’s dynamic mysticism is not inconsiderate of man’s destiny. Attar, in his poems, has a special critical attitude and criticizes the society, the rulers, and the evil and satanic features that endanger the human identity. The present research foc More Attar’s dynamic mysticism is not inconsiderate of man’s destiny. Attar, in his poems, has a special critical attitude and criticizes the society, the rulers, and the evil and satanic features that endanger the human identity. The present research focuses on Attar’s most important critical views in political, social, and cultural areas in a descriptive-analytic way. Compared to other mystics, Attar seems to have paid more attention to social weaknesses and criticized them. Manuscript profile -
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128 - Psychology of language and the linguistic of psyche in the story of Rostam and Sohrab
reza ashraf'zadeh ali Roohbakhsh mobasseryEvery Literary work formed in the language field and Languageincludes a system of many different concepts. In fact, a literary work isformed in a text, but it's concepts are resulted from an action out of text.in the text, on the one side deals with man's mind and on th MoreEvery Literary work formed in the language field and Languageincludes a system of many different concepts. In fact, a literary work isformed in a text, but it's concepts are resulted from an action out of text.in the text, on the one side deals with man's mind and on the other sidedeals with the external world. Sometimes, the words are associated withone's mind and form his unconscious mind. Unconsciousness is the basisof psychology and linguistic and in a word, it is the basis of thephilosophy of aesthetics. This point for making clear the unconsciousnessand finding that it is the result of action and reaction of mind andlanguage.Because of this reason, linguistic based on psychology has animportant role in making known a literary work to the society and to theauthors as well.The most important achievement of this research is, identifying andcriticizing of linguistic mistakes in "Rostam and Sohrab" and ponderingthe poet's sincere believes and his social disappointment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - Critique and Plot Analysis of the Novel "Soiree of Hyenas" by Masoumeh Afrashi
Shahin GhasemiThe aim of the present study was to criticize the plot and type of narrative in a novel called "Soiree of the Hyenas" by "Masoumeh Afrashi" based on new models of structuralism and narratology. The research design was descriptive-analytical. In the descriptive part, dat MoreThe aim of the present study was to criticize the plot and type of narrative in a novel called "Soiree of the Hyenas" by "Masoumeh Afrashi" based on new models of structuralism and narratology. The research design was descriptive-analytical. In the descriptive part, data was obtained through documents and librarary and in the analytical part, the “soiree of hyenas” novel was studied. First, a brief history of structuralism and narratology in fiction was introduced and then two models of communication (linking and breaking) in plot structure were discussed. The results of critique and analysis of the plot structure and type of narrative in the novel based on research theories showed that a similar pattern could be drawn for it, because a value (ultimate goal) called human responsibility fulfilment and defending Islam and the homeland was observed. Also, the "sender" was not always a character, but sometimes an inner feeling and force played the role of a character that arised from religious beliefs, and no worldly reward or external character was involved in this and the sender's force was impersonal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - A Feminist Critical Approach to the Sonnets of Simin Behbahani
ساره TarbiatFeminism has been a social movement that, like other developing schools in the West, first took shape in arts and literature, and it then contributed to the social and political issues through literary works. Therefore the concentration on the role of women has turned i MoreFeminism has been a social movement that, like other developing schools in the West, first took shape in arts and literature, and it then contributed to the social and political issues through literary works. Therefore the concentration on the role of women has turned into one of the most serious subjects in the contemporary poetry. Within this context a sonneteer like Simin Behbahani emerged in the contemporary literature and changed the attitude of the society towards women, and depicted women in a way that it had never been noticed in the preceding Persian sonnets. The most important works Behbahani has done is that she has presented women in a way that they would talk for themselves and gain the power of expression.Thus an attempt is made in this article by the author to analyze few important sonnets of the above-mentioned poet in order to display women’s role in the social life. Manuscript profile -
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131 - Feminism in the collection of "The Tent of Night" by Mohammad Sadeq Chubak
najmah hashemi Ali Reza Shabanloo Abdul Hussein FarzadFeminism as a social movement, on the one hand, is rooted in the new Western perspective on man and man's definition, on the other hand, invasion of the honor, dignity and rights of women after the Renaissance, especially in the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries. Iran' MoreFeminism as a social movement, on the one hand, is rooted in the new Western perspective on man and man's definition, on the other hand, invasion of the honor, dignity and rights of women after the Renaissance, especially in the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries. Iran's relationship with the Western world and their familiarity with the different cultural and social status of women in Europe and the United States, and the creation of intellectual views on women, provided the most important areas for the formation of the feminism in Iran. The authors of the course in search for uncover the fact that the situation of women in society was something different from that of the European women, and the image of the life and position of European and Western women was more like a dream than reality. Mohammad SadeghChubak, as the writer of that time, instead of paying attention to the world of extreme or slow-moving idealist feminists, spoke to the realities of society and depicted the real status of women. Women of his stories are women of an intellectually educated, or they are not sensitive posts and positions, but are real and belo women to the middle and lower middle class of society, who often have to live in a lord's house to provide their own living needs, or in a dressing room Stuffs and Dead saltines houses and brothels make up for a small amount of income every tricks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Parvin Etesami’s Poetry: A Cognitive Reading and Critical Discourse Analysis
mohammad irani Naser MalekiWords and their relations have always been a considerable point among the critics especially those who are specialized in the cognitive poetics. This branch of literary studies is, more than anything, concerned with the similarities and relativities between things and t MoreWords and their relations have always been a considerable point among the critics especially those who are specialized in the cognitive poetics. This branch of literary studies is, more than anything, concerned with the similarities and relativities between things and to re-acknowledge their super-structure patterns. Naturally, this is attainable only by analyzing the literary texts. Analysis of the texts itself is also inter-connected with speech act of the author or the poet, and the inductive act among readers. Perceptions of these concepts can be found in two ways of speech and epilogue that each causes other’s line of actions. Hence, it can be asserted that every literary text is an objective re-exposing of discourse analyses which are available in every society. The researchers of the present study, assuming that the above assumptions are exemplified in Parvin Etesami’s poems, seek to examine the cognitive poetics and discourse analysis in some of her poetic vocations. The researchers of this article try to show the instances of cognitive poetics and discourse analysis in Parvin Etesami’s poems. The findings of the study show how the textual structure of language can show the hidden power relation and its misuse, hegemony, and social inequality. Manuscript profile -
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133 - Psychoanalytical criticism of “ermiya novle” one of the Holy defence stories according to jacqes lacan theory
hesam ziaeeErmiya is one of the subjective and complicated Holy defense novels. In this novel, the main character (Ermiya) is in conflict with the post war world and the condition of the city after his returning from war front. This is the point that can be analyzed according to J MoreErmiya is one of the subjective and complicated Holy defense novels. In this novel, the main character (Ermiya) is in conflict with the post war world and the condition of the city after his returning from war front. This is the point that can be analyzed according to Jacques Lacan’s psychoanalysis theory. Lacan divided the psyche of man to Imaginary order and Symbolic order. Imaginary order is related to the first year of lifetime and Symbolic order is about the time when the child begin to learn language and his/her contact with symbols and social norms.Ermiya is like people who can’t deal with contents of Symbolic order and they prefer to be in Imaginary order and unconsciousness. This research aims to study Ermiya’s character according to Jacques Lacan’s theory. Experiencing psychosis, stream of consciousness and sectional traveling between Imaginary order and Symbolic order are the outcomes of not being compatible with Symbolic order. Manuscript profile -
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134 - Critique of Jung's Old Model in the Story of the King and the Essence of Ur
azadeh ebrahimipour moslem nadalizadeArchetypes are common images in the human subconscious memory and conscience that show the common manifestations of that period in each era, and recognizing their changes and transformations can increase our view of deep cultural, moral and religious currents in histori MoreArchetypes are common images in the human subconscious memory and conscience that show the common manifestations of that period in each era, and recognizing their changes and transformations can increase our view of deep cultural, moral and religious currents in historical periods. In his works, Jung mentions several archetypes, and considers each of them individually and in general connection as one of the most meaningful manifestations of the collective psyche ﻲ psycheﺗoh; It is one of the intertextual conditions of education and fluency. The most important reason is that. Editing is made clearer to the reader bﻳ,'s study of Jung's archetype by the famous Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung ﺑﺎ in a story from the sixth book of Masnavi There is a direct connection between psychology and Masnavi. Archetypes are common images in the human subconscious memory and conscience that show the common manifestations of that period in each era, and recognizing their changes and transformations can increase our view of deep cultural, moral and religious currents in historical periods. In his works, Manuscript profile -
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135 - An Analysis into Homay's journey to China in Homay and Homayoun poems by Khaju Kermani based on the ancient theory of the "The Hero's journey" by Joseph Campbell
Parvane fereydooni morteza razaghpoorArt and literature have a special place in Campbell's mythology, which is one of the most important study objects. Single myth is one of the mythological methods in the field of literature and art, both in the field of creation and in the field of understanding. Critics MoreArt and literature have a special place in Campbell's mythology, which is one of the most important study objects. Single myth is one of the mythological methods in the field of literature and art, both in the field of creation and in the field of understanding. Critics turn to a single myth to understand the works created in this way. Campbell has been more involved with literature than any other art. The ancient model of Hero's Journey by Campbell is written on three general lines of narrative- separation, arrival, and return, along with seventeen sub-categories, which ultimately pave the way for the hero's psychological development.The present study is a analytic-comparative study that was conducted in the statistical population of Homay and Homayoun poems, and analyzed Homay's journey to China based on Joseph Campbell's "Hero's Journey" theory. And the result of the study indicates that at the end of the journey, the hero has reached a psychological development and self-knowledge and gained identity. Manuscript profile -
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136 - Psychological Analysis of Olduz Storytelling Characters and Crows Relying on Freud, Jung and Adler Theory
fereshte ahmadi yuosef nikrouzThe works of children's literature in poetry and prose like the literary works of adults can be studied and studied from various aspects. Children's stories in narrative are usually simple and easy to understand, but the infrastructure can be full of psychological and i MoreThe works of children's literature in poetry and prose like the literary works of adults can be studied and studied from various aspects. Children's stories in narrative are usually simple and easy to understand, but the infrastructure can be full of psychological and interpretable points in the field of psychology. Children's literature is a good platform for indirect discussion of psychological issues; Because the subconscious addresses the child and prepares him to face the outside world by substituting positive and negative psychological issues. Psychological critique is one of the branches that can provide many clues to understand and solve the problems of a work, along with other methods of critique. in this article first, an introduction about the position of psychological critique and the presentation of experts' opinions in this regard were presented, then the scientific background of research and research has been done. The following is a summary of the story of the oldoz and the crows; And after explaining Freud, Jung, and Adler, we have separately critiqued the psychological analysis of the characters in the story. The results of this study show that Freud's views such as defense mechanisms, Jung archetypes and concepts of the inferiority complex are crystallized in the characters of the story according to Adler's theory. This critique suggests that there is a capacity for psychological critique in the depths of children's stories, especially in the story in question, and that this type of critique can be used to understand the depths of their personalities. Manuscript profile -
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137 - An Archetypal Reading of Forough Farrokhzad's "The Wind Will Take Us Away" from the Perspective of Northrop Frye
Seyed Reza EbrahimiIn his Anatomy of Criticism, Northrop Frye argues that the mythical mode is the most abstract and stylized of all literary modes. Frye uses the seasons in his archetypal schema, aligning each season with a literary genre. He argues that a hero's life mimics the cycle of MoreIn his Anatomy of Criticism, Northrop Frye argues that the mythical mode is the most abstract and stylized of all literary modes. Frye uses the seasons in his archetypal schema, aligning each season with a literary genre. He argues that a hero's life mimics the cycle of the yearly seasons, with comedy aligning with spring, romance with summer, tragedy with autumn, and satire with winter. Critics consider Forough Farrokhzad's "Another Birth" collection to be the manifestation of her intellectual and poetic evolution cycle, endowed with a profound look and thought about the myth of creation. One of the notable poems in this collection is "The Wind Will Take Us Away". Using Northrop Frye's Archetypal criticism, this study aims to investigate the transformation in the vision and thought that the poem presents in the archetypes expressed with the concepts of the seasons. The findings show that the subject of the poem, passing through the love myth and romance of her life and entering the field of the winter myth, achieves understanding, awareness, and new experiences, making a thoughtful expression of the concept of love. This transformation can be found in the transformation of the concept of love, which passes from a physical, transitory concept associated with destruction and coldness, to a heavenly and eternal sphere that is comforting, warm, and life-giving. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Critical Analaysis On Poems Ahmad Shamlou
Farzad Balal Gholamhosein Gholamhoseinzadeh Ghodratolah TaheriTill now, many researches in the forms of papers and books in the field of investigation and analysis of Ahmad Shamlou's poems have been written. In the present research, in the meanwhile by showing the historical path of written researches and investigation of their fo MoreTill now, many researches in the forms of papers and books in the field of investigation and analysis of Ahmad Shamlou's poems have been written. In the present research, in the meanwhile by showing the historical path of written researches and investigation of their formation sources, it was going to criticize and analyze the construction and contents of the written books and the eminent papers which have been combined in this field. The research method in this thesis is descriptive-analytical. The conducted investigations show that with formation of the Shamlou's style of poetry and his attention towards social and human issues, more researches have been formed in the field of poet's poems; so that within 1375-1385 it has a peak. Also, the obtained results show that from total of 303 papers which have the subject of investigation and analysis of the poet's poem have been written, 9 percents in the press, 8 percents in the research-scientific journals and 83 percents in scientific (review-propagational) have been published and distributed, also within the written papers, the research-scientific papers have a special importance and credit in comparison with the papers which have been published in the press and scientific journals (review-propagational), which among the most important reasons of this, explicit and clear language of writers in the mentioned papers, the mentioned issue-based researches, staying away from general statement and exact saying of details in this sort of papres can be mentioned. Among the researches which have been written in the form of book, "Travel Through Fog" written by Taghi Pournamdarian, "Amirzadeye Kashiha" written by Parvin Salajeghe, "Finger and Moon" written by Ain.Pashaei and "Poem of our Age" written by Mohammad Hoghoghi have special importance and credit and are popular among readers; this has caused many re-publication of the mentioned books in various eras. the reasons of importance and credit of the mentioned works can be summarized: 1-fluent and clear of writers in subjects and issues; 2-hesitate from general statement and exact saying of details; 3-illuminating of dimensions and various angles of construction and content of poet's poem. Manuscript profile -
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139 - Comparative Study of Characterization and Theme in Missing Slouch and The Grapes of Wrath
Sayed Reza EbrahimiEconomical predicaments have always been a suitable basis for social changes and transformations. Literary authors who have not recognized themselves apart from people and society‟s progress for change have tried to record the social events and serve their duty as a so MoreEconomical predicaments have always been a suitable basis for social changes and transformations. Literary authors who have not recognized themselves apart from people and society‟s progress for change have tried to record the social events and serve their duty as a social writer. The important point in studying the relationship between literature and society is similarities in which different authors from different cultures have responded the same reaction to the similar social upheavals. White Revolution in Iran, for example, and its unsuccessful results has been depicted by Mahmud Dollatabadi, famous Iranian novelist. He shows a realistic literary account of this social-economical change to reflect its unsuccessful consequences in his novel Missing Slouch. On the other hand, John Steinbeck, well-known American novelist and literature noble prize winner, has written a novel in a very critical period of American history called The Great Depression. His novel is one the best literary record of this social-economical process. Social, economical and political similarities of these two events, White Revolution and The Great Depression, prove the similar way of thinking and approaching among writers to mirror the hidden realities of their society. Also, it proves the collective unconscious of human beings in dealing with ups and downs. This paper aims at, first, studying the common social and political origins of above mentioned events. Second, the common themes and characterization in Missing Slouch and The Grapes of Wrath are studied from Marxist point of view to prove the similarities found in two novels resulted from the common viewpoint and collective unconscious of the writers. The paper focuses on appreciating common themes, similarities in creating and developing the characters, changes in traditional structure of social unions to show the role of literature in recording and illustrating social processes. Manuscript profile -
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140 - Parvin Etesami’s Poetry: A Cognitive Reading and Critical Discourse Analysis
mohammad irani naser malakiWords and their relations have always been a considerable point among the critics especially those who are specialized in the cognitive poetics. This branch of literary studies is, more than anything, concerned with the similarities and relativities between things and t MoreWords and their relations have always been a considerable point among the critics especially those who are specialized in the cognitive poetics. This branch of literary studies is, more than anything, concerned with the similarities and relativities between things and to re-acknowledge their super-structure patterns. Naturally, this is attainable only by analyzing the literary texts. Analysis of the texts itself is also inter-connected with speech act of the author or the poet, and the inductive act among readers. Perceptions of these concepts can be found in two ways of speech and epilogue that each causes other’s line of actions. Hence, it can be asserted that every literary text is an objective re-exposing of discourse analyses which are available in every society. The researchers of the present study, assuming that the above assumptions are exemplified in Parvin Etesami’s poems, seek to examine the cognitive poetics and discourse analysis in some of her poetic vocations. The researchers of this article try to show the instances of cognitive poetics and discourse analysis in Parvin Etesami’s poems. The findings of the study show how the textual structure of language can show the hidden power relation and its misuse, hegemony, and social inequality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Social Criticism in Attar's Musibat Nama
Farah Sarbaz BarazandehThe purpose of this paper is to survey social criticism in Attar's Musibat Nama and to evaluate historical and social damages in the sixth and seventh centuries and social criticism of that period in Attar's major book, Musibat Nama. Farid ad din Mohammad ebne Ebrahim N MoreThe purpose of this paper is to survey social criticism in Attar's Musibat Nama and to evaluate historical and social damages in the sixth and seventh centuries and social criticism of that period in Attar's major book, Musibat Nama. Farid ad din Mohammad ebne Ebrahim Nishapuri, top Iranian mystic and critic, is still considered by literary scholars after seven centuries. People of all time involved social issues such as damages, disorders, disturbances and depravities. These issues have not been hidden from Attar's view and he has addressed them in Musibat Nama. Attar has used satire which is a social and critical view to express social abnormalities and to aware people of its consequences. He was trying to preserve the culture and national identity of Iran by expressing dominant values of society. He knew himself from the ordinary people and was speaking in the form of anecdotes which is understandable to various classes of society. Study of Attar's work from this view helps dynamics of society in terms of sympathy and awareness of people. Manuscript profile -
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142 - A Sociological Criticism on “Safar” (Traveling) Novel
Jamal Adhami Parviz Jahangiri Chenor DidariThe present article offers a sociological criticism on “Safar” novel. The sociological criticism as an important approach in sociology of literature , studies interaction between novel and society, as well as, the effect of them on ea MoreThe present article offers a sociological criticism on “Safar” novel. The sociological criticism as an important approach in sociology of literature , studies interaction between novel and society, as well as, the effect of them on each other. First persian novels since constitutionalism era to the contemporary period, there has been a specific connection between structure and content of Persian novel and Iranian society. With more complex dominant relationship in Iranian society including social, political and cultural spheres, structure of Persian, structure of Persian novel has oriented to a critical realism. In the “safar” novel , as a literary work that is result of transition period changes, the author by choosing the life of an ordinary family in suburb area, shows tragic dimensions of this social class influenced by those transformations. So in this study firstly we are going to refer to dominant theories on sociological criticism and give an theoretical explanation on society changes based on “safar” novel based on documentary method. Manuscript profile -
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143 - Evaluating the Views and Ideas of Hakim Nasir Khusraw Qbadyany about Poetry, Speech and Eloquence
Sharare Elhami Reza Borzoei Mitra OzayriOne of the bases to evaluate the syncretism of scholars who used their own initiative and innate talent to particular expansion and innovation in the style of Persian poetry is considering the views and opinions of such scholars in the subject of the dignity and venera MoreOne of the bases to evaluate the syncretism of scholars who used their own initiative and innate talent to particular expansion and innovation in the style of Persian poetry is considering the views and opinions of such scholars in the subject of the dignity and venerability of speech and eloquence. Such scholars present their views and opinions in their syncretism and works in the subject. This can provide new view and more and better understanding with their thoughts and works based on the literary criticism in their era. It is because the scholar descriptions about poesy and perfect speech and the definitions introduced for the compare the speech and eloquence along with their recommendations and guidance declares the criteria to make comparison between perfect speech and poor one and also to recognize capable poet. In fact, this actuality indicates the principal norms of criticism in Persian literary and approves that in spite of some claims; literary criticism has primeval background and Persian poems used to criticism long ago and this was an advantage of Persian literary. Hakim Nasir Khusraw Qbadyany is one of the well-known orators with a individual style of Persian poetry who has been able to create a new movement and a great development of Persian poetry, by relying on the strength of his poetic and authoritative talent and based on a new view at the subject of language and its relation to human and existence, achieved foremost changes in cognitive and literary structure to create poets and orators. He created a special style of poetry to look at poetry altitude and the objective of eloquence that famous poets such as Sanai, Nizami, Rumi and Attar continued his style to make progress on the status of oratory. This study aimed to evaluate the ideas and beliefs of Nasir Khusraw at the subjects of poet, speech, poesy and eloquence in term of explanations, descriptions and his recommendations in these regards in different point of views and to introduce the principal norms of literary criticism in his opinion. Manuscript profile -
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144 - Structure analysis of plot of Tahmuroth story
Jahangir safari amir fathiNarrative is the best method for report real in series of events. In the ready research the plot of Tahmuroth story (from Shahname-Ferdosi) as a member of incorporator, was analysis by the view point of some structuralists. In this story, first the stable situation is i MoreNarrative is the best method for report real in series of events. In the ready research the plot of Tahmuroth story (from Shahname-Ferdosi) as a member of incorporator, was analysis by the view point of some structuralists. In this story, first the stable situation is in working. In the days of Tahmuroth king ship, the tranquility envelop all around the country. Afterwards the happen mishap and this primary situation changes to undesirable. Tahmuroth started to righteous and courtesy and since bureau saw the complete calm of people, ill temper persuaded them to in refusal of his precept and discharge him of majesty. After Tahmuroth known their plans, the war happened and the bureau failed. Afterwards after that the hero get at to his target, a stable situation create. This condition happens in this story one time. The target of election this subject is adaptation this theoris on this kind of literary(story). Manuscript profile -
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145 - Structurally Criticism of Parvin E'tesami’s Poem
Mohammad Amir Obeydinia Taher LawzheIn order to investigate and analyze a literary work, one should consider the whole work's components and phenomena in its totality to reach the destination as well as getting familiar with content and message it conveys. The fact why a literary work forms depends on thi MoreIn order to investigate and analyze a literary work, one should consider the whole work's components and phenomena in its totality to reach the destination as well as getting familiar with content and message it conveys. The fact why a literary work forms depends on this important factor that, basically, what kinds of meanings exist in the text and secondly what the relationship among different components are. We also take this issue into consideration that how readers can understand the text meaning that is, reader must be able to explain the quality of meaning comprehension of the text. However, it is clear how structuralism deals with literary texts. It analyzes the literary message based on form and structure which consists of both meaning and form and so as to access it one should begin with the analysis of voice and morpheme to end with the investigation of general structure. This kind of criticism for recognizing one valuable literary work is of much importance, so basically writers of this essay intend to investigate the laws related to structural criticism in Parvin E'tesami's poem, the great contemporary poet, to know whether the poet has had the power and capability to reach the aim of conveying the message to addressees. In present text the research procedure is library based. We deal with Parvin's odes, considering two very important issues in structural criticism, e.g. structural infringement and semiology. We want to know which special message can be understood among Parvin's odes that are apparently various and different with the same meanings. With this in mind our understandings of her poems can be more exact, besides we deeply become aware of the capability of the great poet in composing her pure poems. Manuscript profile -
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146 - Social Criticism in Saeb'/poetry
Layla Hashemian Fariba RashidiThe policy and the way of dealing with people and the society affain is one of the abssessions of the poets the importance of the subject has Cased the poets to pay attention to this subject in their works. Sa'di in Gulestan and Bustan, Onsor Al-Ma'ili in Ghabosnameh an MoreThe policy and the way of dealing with people and the society affain is one of the abssessions of the poets the importance of the subject has Cased the poets to pay attention to this subject in their works. Sa'di in Gulestan and Bustan, Onsor Al-Ma'ili in Ghabosnameh and zein Ali-AbedinMaraghei in EbrahimBeiy'sTravelayue have mentioned som part of of the rulers'policy in the form of social novels. Sa'eb is one of the biggest writed of the India style in the loth century (A.H.) His themes in sonnets using have made him one of the biggest literary higures in Iran. He had a s// close attention to the political and social conditions of his age. He has critized the politizations and given thern some pecces of advice this article presents some examples concering his social and political criticisms. Manuscript profile -
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147 - Sayyid Qutb and Persian poetry (Reflecting his appreciations regarding Hafez and Khayyam's poetry)
Marziyeh nadafi Seyed ahmad hoseyni kazeroni Shams alhajeyeh ardalani Davood yahyaeiSayyid Qutb is one of the prominent figures of the twentieth century. He is considered as a religious and political intellectual, and his views regarding literature and poetry is subject to consideration. Studying Hafez and Khayyam poetry, he has critically studied thei MoreSayyid Qutb is one of the prominent figures of the twentieth century. He is considered as a religious and political intellectual, and his views regarding literature and poetry is subject to consideration. Studying Hafez and Khayyam poetry, he has critically studied their poem and believes that these two Persian literary figures can be classified among mystical poets. Hafez, in general, is poet with great wit and humor mixed whit romantic ideas and occult knowledge, and Khayyam, according to him, is a grieved Sufi and poet searching for the lost truth failing to find a ray of light in darkness. Sayyid Qutb's appraisals on the one hand indicates the degree of familiarity with the Iran's literature and culture and, on the other hand, reveals his detailed studies concerning the great poets of Iran. This paper aims at considering his critical appraisals and appreciation regarding two Iranian poets. Manuscript profile -
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148 - Sayyid Qutb and Persian poetry (Reflecting his appreciations regarding Hafez and Khayyam's poetry)
Faroogh NematiSayyid Qutb is one of the prominent figures of the twentieth century. He is considered as a religious and political intellectual, and his views regarding literature and poetry is subject to consideration. Studying Hafez and Khayyam poetry, he has critically studied thei MoreSayyid Qutb is one of the prominent figures of the twentieth century. He is considered as a religious and political intellectual, and his views regarding literature and poetry is subject to consideration. Studying Hafez and Khayyam poetry, he has critically studied their poem and believes that these two Persian literary figures can be classified among mystical poets. Hafez, in general, is poet with great wit and humor mixed whit romantic ideas and occult knowledge, and Khayyam, according to him, is a grieved Sufi and poet searching for the lost truth failing to find a ray of light in darkness. Sayyid Qutb's appraisals on the one hand indicates the degree of familiarity with the Iran's literature and culture and, on the other hand, reveals his detailed studies concerning the great poets of Iran. This paper aims at considering his critical appraisals and appreciation regarding two Iranian poets. Manuscript profile -
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149 - An Analysis on “Malakoot” Story by Bahram Sadeghi based on Psychoanalytic Approach
Roghayeh Hashemie Taghi PournamdarianPsychoanalytic theory refers to the definition and dynamics of personality development which underlie and guide psychoanalytic in the field of literary criticism. First laid out by Sigm MorePsychoanalytic theory refers to the definition and dynamics of personality development which underlie and guide psychoanalytic in the field of literary criticism. First laid out by Sigmund Freud, this approach has used literary works as good examples of explaining psychological teachings. Freud declared literary text as the symptom of writer’s disorder providing the ability of psychoanalytical review. Freud’s views were so influential that some of literary schools of that time, including surrealism, increasingly considered themselves debtors of psychoanalytical thoughts, in artistic approach. Bahram Sadeghi’s story titled Malakut is a surrealistic and psychological story analyzed on the basis of psychology of characters. Two of the strong elements of the story are the concepts of death and thinking. The concept of death which is considered as an opponent element with eternity gives a meaning to the actions and behavior of characters. This paper reviews the history of classic psychology and its connection with literature, generalities and definitions through the looking glass of Freud’s psychoanalyst views, summery of the story and analysis of characters as potential selves of the author himself. Manuscript profile -
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150 - A Book Review and Critical Study on Bahr al-Ferasat
Nayer Vafaei Ali Mohammad Sajjadi Jalil Tajlil Esmaeil HakemiValaBahr al- Ferasat book is one of the valuable and unknown literary works of Obeid Allah KhishkiCheshti whom is one of the Persian Arifs and Language writers from Indian subcontinent in eleventh Century of Hijri. This book is one of his prose literary works w MoreBahr al- Ferasat book is one of the valuable and unknown literary works of Obeid Allah KhishkiCheshti whom is one of the Persian Arifs and Language writers from Indian subcontinent in eleventh Century of Hijri. This book is one of his prose literary works which explains and interpret poems of KhajehShirazi .The manuscript of this work is edited by the writer of this article thus with the perusals done on this manuscript, we tried to inspect the advantages and disadvantages of that, so this investigation is aimed to inspect in content Criticism way with this aim the first privileges and beauties with showing evidence from the text of the book, mentioned and then defects that. In all things wherever is necessary we explained other details existed in Divan of Hafiz. Manuscript profile -
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151 - "Justification" or "Refutation" a Stady the Role of experience in Experimental Science
Mohammad hossein GanjiDistinguishing empirical knowledge from non-empirical knowledge is one of the important issues of epistemology.The criterion for distinguishing "science" from non-empirical knowledge actually goes back to determining the role of experience in science. The traditional an MoreDistinguishing empirical knowledge from non-empirical knowledge is one of the important issues of epistemology.The criterion for distinguishing "science" from non-empirical knowledge actually goes back to determining the role of experience in science. The traditional and inductive view considers the role of experience to confirm scientific statements.From this point of view, a scientific theorem is a theorem that can be confirmed and finally proved by an experimental method. The famous philosopher of science, Karl Popper, at the beginning of the 20th century, proposed the criterion of "falsifiability" as a criterion for distinguishing "science" from other types of knowledge.In the present article, the author tries to reveal the epistemological result of his opinion by referring to some of the criticisms that have been made to Popper's theory, that in experimental science, neither definite proof nor definite refutation is possible. This important point is an emphasis on the hypothetical nature of experimental science. Manuscript profile -
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152 - Personality psychology Components Based on Jung’s View in Anecdotes of Saadi’s Bustan
mahmoud sadeghzadeh Leyla Dehghan BanadakiBustan is the whole body of the ethical, humane, and idealistic society of Saadi, in which he describes human social behaviors. By providing practical strategies for improvement of human behaviors and relationships, he addresses many problems and mental and emotional co MoreBustan is the whole body of the ethical, humane, and idealistic society of Saadi, in which he describes human social behaviors. By providing practical strategies for improvement of human behaviors and relationships, he addresses many problems and mental and emotional conflicts of the people of the society at that time and even the present time. He has taken the advantage of the effective tool of anecdote and used the characters as the most important factors in forming the anecdotes in order to deliver his ethical and humane messages. The goal of psychology is also recognition of the aspects of human character as well as presentation of strategies for his more growth and self-awareness. In this study, we have criticized the behaviors of the characters of Bustan’s anecdotes in a descriptive, analytical, and quantitative way according to Jung’s theory of personality psychology. We have first identified the compatible and investigable anecdotes based on Jung’s view on personality psychology; then, the components of personality psychology of the main characters in those anecdotes have been analyzed, investigated, and assessed in chapters, respectively; and the results are shown in the form of table and graph. According to the investigations, among the nineteen investigable anecdotes based on Jung’s view on the personality psychology, the components of introverted personality type with eight anecdotes and about 42% were more frequent than other views of Jung. Manuscript profile -
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153 - Comparative Study of the Prosody System in Persian and English Languages
meysam ebrahimi Dr.hasan delbari Marziye Rahmati Inthe cognitive system of a poem, some features are based on the essence of the poem, such as the key element of emotion, and some are related to the knowledge of the poem, such as Meter, melody, rhyme, and imagination. The science of prosody is one of the litera More Inthe cognitive system of a poem, some features are based on the essence of the poem, such as the key element of emotion, and some are related to the knowledge of the poem, such as Meter, melody, rhyme, and imagination. The science of prosody is one of the literary sciences that talks about how to create Meter and its types, as well as the special techniques of poetry. The main body of this research consists of a description of the prosodic system in Persian and English languages in which a comparative study of prosody science in Persian and English languages has been studied by library method and case study based on the American school of comparative literature. These two languages are similar in some idiomatic definitions such as Meter, pronouns and fragmentation, and some poetic powers in the pronouns of the two languages can be equated with different names, but in terms of their differences, the subject of pronouns in Persian must be regularly and accurately considered. And its awkwardness in English, the type of weight of the poem in two languages (quantitative Persian extension and continuous multiplicative English), the existence of three short, long and long syllables in Persian and two accented and unstressed syllables in English, especially the difference in the illustrated pattern of these syllables, number He pointed out the branching Meters and the more melodious Persian Meters than the English Meters. Manuscript profile -
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154 - Psychological Analysis of Farhad and Shirin Poem by Vahshi Bafghi Using Freudian Defense Mechanisms
sattar abdollahpour Arash Moshfaghi GHOLAMHOSEIN javanmardDefense Mechanisms constitute the most important components of Freudian Psychoanalytical Theory. For Freud, all people strive to realize their wishes, which if they fail to, they will sustain mental pressure and use defense mechanisms to encounter their mental pressures MoreDefense Mechanisms constitute the most important components of Freudian Psychoanalytical Theory. For Freud, all people strive to realize their wishes, which if they fail to, they will sustain mental pressure and use defense mechanisms to encounter their mental pressures. The Farhad and Shirin Divan poetry by Vahshi Bafghi has an immense capacity to investigate Freudian defense mechanisms and can be examined from a psychological angle. This descriptive-analytical research concerns with a psychological analysis of the Farhad and Shirin Divan poetry by Vahshi Bafghi using Freudian defense mechanisms, answering the question “Which defense mechanisms are used by the characters of this divan to reduce and overcome mental harms? Findings suggest that these characters, like other people of the society, resort to defense mechanisms, especially fantasy and projection by the time of failure and distress, in order to overcome anxieties and reduce their internal turmoil. Manuscript profile -
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155 - Analysis of the main characters in the Candide novel by Voltaire based on the theory of Abraham Maslow
Hadiseh Adhami sayadmahaleh Hamideh Adhami sayadmahaleh Fictional characters are repetitions of real characters and based on the characterizations of the novelist, the story information more documentary than information that people show up. Special needs of the characters create instability, and humans in a particula More Fictional characters are repetitions of real characters and based on the characterizations of the novelist, the story information more documentary than information that people show up. Special needs of the characters create instability, and humans in a particular environment embody many of their own rules and inner angles. Stories have also become the subjective reflections of particular human lives, so they can be based on psychology theories of all fictional characters and human characters in particular. One of these theories is the humanist psychologist Abraham Maslow. The hierarchical needs of the Maslow encompasses his ideas and can be based on the theory of human beings and explain with it. Candide is the most famous novel of Voltaire that can be analysed by the theory of Abraham Maslow. Based on the results of this study, we can see that in all the characters, including candid, Cunégonde Pangloss, Old Lady, Martin and Cacambo; overcome psychological needs and then belongingness and love needs. Because of the problems and corruption of the Voltaire time society the most characters around candide were initially not qualified to cultivate their hidden talents to flourish; so the heroes of this novel are often introverted, isolated, psychotic and defeated. They spent a lot of time and have worked hard to achieve their full potentials and self-actualization. Manuscript profile -
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156 - Studying the anecdote: “Roman Merchant’s son and the city of dumbs” written in “Hasht Behesht (Eight Heavens)” by Amir Khosro Dehlavi based on Joseph Campbell’s “The hero’s journey” myth pattern
mahbobeh poraga Dr.ramin sadeginejad Dr.maryam mohammadzadeh Joseph Campbell, American mythologist, according to the viewpoints of Gustave Young, has dealt with hero’s journeys in different cultures and has proposed a pattern for such journeys in his book entitled: “multi-thousand facet hero”. This patter More Joseph Campbell, American mythologist, according to the viewpoints of Gustave Young, has dealt with hero’s journeys in different cultures and has proposed a pattern for such journeys in his book entitled: “multi-thousand facet hero”. This pattern has many sufficiency elements to analyze literary works. The book “Hasht Behesht (Eight Heavens)” by Amir Khosro Dehlavi is one of the works that can be compared with the pattern proposed by Joseph Campbell. The present research has dealt with investigating the anecdote: “Roman Merchant’s son and the city of dumbs” in a book written by Amir Khosro Dehlavi called “Hasht Behesht (Eight Heavens)”. The results showed that there has been a complete correspondence between all elements in this story and the pattern posed by Joseph Campbell except the two elements of “meeting the God or the lady or return to childhood joys” mentioned before the stepping of the hero in “tests’ roads”, reported in introduction and the step: “receipt of help from outside” before the stage called: “passing through the threshold level of heavenly life into the normal world” in the return part which are presented by Campbell as a probable period. Manuscript profile -
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157 - Sialkooti Mel Varasteh's critical views on informing Al-Saadin about Sirajuddin Arezoo's views
Shahla Mahmoodian kobra nodehi hasanali abbaspoor esfedenSialkoti Mel Varasteh is one of the Persian poets and writers of the subcontinent in the twelfth century AH. Informed Al-Saadin is one of the pious works on the subject of rhetoric. In this work, he has expressed the relevant points in detail and his accuracy and detail MoreSialkoti Mel Varasteh is one of the Persian poets and writers of the subcontinent in the twelfth century AH. Informed Al-Saadin is one of the pious works on the subject of rhetoric. In this work, he has expressed the relevant points in detail and his accuracy and detail in writing Al-Saadin is remarkable and important. In this work, he has referred to rhetorical books and the opinions of contemporary and earlier thinkers and has provided opinions about them as for or against. One of the people who is mentioned a lot in this work is Sirajuddin Arezoo. Arezoo has been a literary critic and has works criticizing the poems of others. Of course, it has also been criticized by some people. Varasteh always calls him good and with titles such as Siraj Al-Muhaqiqin and Siraj Al-Mudaqiqin; In some cases, however, he وی rejects his views.. In this article, we will look at some examples. The independence of opinion, وسی extensive knowledge and extensive pious study , is clearly evident in his critical views on the rhetorical works before him, as well as in the views of great thinkers such as Sirajuddin Arezoo. Manuscript profile -
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158 - Analyzing the Intellectual Evolutions of Architectural Design during the Pahlavi Era
Samaneh Soltanzadeh Masoud Yousefi Tazakor Iman Raeisi Mostafa Kiani -
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159 - Intertextual Relationships in the Contemporary Architecture of Iran During 1961-1977
Maziar Ghaseminia Hossein Soltanzadeh -
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160 - The effectiveness of parent management training on mother-child relationships and self- criticism mothers of children with intellectual disability
سمیه تکلوی Mehdi JahangiriThe aim of study was to investigate the effectiveness of parent management training program on mother-child relationships and self- criticism mothers of children with intellectual disability. This study is a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test in two g MoreThe aim of study was to investigate the effectiveness of parent management training program on mother-child relationships and self- criticism mothers of children with intellectual disability. This study is a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test in two groups (experimental and control) respectively. The population consisted of all mothers of children with intellectual disability (care centers and special schools) Pars Abad city in 1395 that 30 individuals were selected by convenience sampling method and were replaced in two experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. Parent-Child Relationship Scale and levels of self- criticism were used to collect data. The experimental group received 8 sessions of 60-minute of parent management training and a control group remained with no intervention. The data analysis was performed by MANOVA. . The hypothesis of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of parent management training program on mother-child relationships and self- criticism mothers of children with intellectual disability. Results showed that parent management training programs enhance the mother-child relationship and its components and reduce self-criticism and its components in mothers of children with intellectual disability. As a result, it can be stated, parent management training program can be an efficient method to improve mother-child relationships and self-criticism decline in mothers of children with intellectual disability. Manuscript profile -
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161 - Contradiction Between Religion and Modernity in the Thinking of Secular Intellectuals of Constitutional Revolution Era: Comparison of Akhoundzadeh with Malkam khan
Saeed Gazrani Reza AminiIn Qajar era and on the eve of the constitutional revolution, we see extensive communications between Iran and the West on the one hand, and emergence of a new social group challenging the clergy, on the other hand. This group consisted of intellectuals who had an impor MoreIn Qajar era and on the eve of the constitutional revolution, we see extensive communications between Iran and the West on the one hand, and emergence of a new social group challenging the clergy, on the other hand. This group consisted of intellectuals who had an important role in introduction of reform thoughts and promoting constitutional revolution in Iranian society. In this article, modernity and its historical background will be reviewed firstly, and then, the standpoints of two prominent secular intellectuals of the time - Mirza FathAli Akhoundzadeh and Mirza Malkam khan Nazemoldowleh - towards modernity and religion will be analyzed. Manuscript profile -
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162 - The Examination of Formalization of Assignment with the Approach of Al-Orwato Al-Wousqa Point of View
Seyyed Ali Jabar Golbaghi Masouleh Abbas Ali Soltani Mohammad Taghi FakhlaeiThe written literature of the Shiite jurisprudence shows that some jurisprudential conducts are disputable among scholars of jurisprudence with regard to formidable uses of assignment for various commercial and economical transactions in the contemporary world. The famo MoreThe written literature of the Shiite jurisprudence shows that some jurisprudential conducts are disputable among scholars of jurisprudence with regard to formidable uses of assignment for various commercial and economical transactions in the contemporary world. The famous scholars of jurisprudence know that assignment is a contract including proposal and acceptance while others consider it as a unilateral right. This article deals with the criteria and criticism of these two points of view and clarifies that assignment meets the capacity of being contract based on transactors' will to be utilized as a proposal and acceptance or unilateral right. Manuscript profile -
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163 - Analyzing the Character of Female in Sendbad nameh, Samak-e-Ayar and Bakhtiar Nameh on the Basis of Feminist Criticism
Farzad RostamiThe poets and men of letters have long been concerned with “woman” and its characteristics. Many narrators and authors have discussed this issue considering its different existential aspects. The works such as Samak-e-Ayar, Bakhtiar name and Sendbad nameh ar MoreThe poets and men of letters have long been concerned with “woman” and its characteristics. Many narrators and authors have discussed this issue considering its different existential aspects. The works such as Samak-e-Ayar, Bakhtiar name and Sendbad nameh are the works in lyric literature which are written in prose and have analyzed “woman” as a character in tales. The present analytic – descriptive paper studied and compared “woman” in the aforementioned folk tales. The result showcased a positive attitude towards “woman” in Samak-e-Ayar because of enjoying Iranian Cultural themes. Secondly, Bakhtiar name contained more reasonable and positive instances. Finally, Sendbad nameh had a more negative attitude because of being shadowed by Hindu culture and tradition. Manuscript profile -
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164 - vahshiye bafghi Psychoanalytical criticism sharhe parishani
Kayomarth khanbabazadeIn his work “sharh-e- parishani”, VahshiyeBafghi explains his amorous relationship with his beloved. According to Freud’s Unconsciousness Theory, the poet ‘unconsciously’ elicits words and sentences unwittingly From his ‘unconscious&r MoreIn his work “sharh-e- parishani”, VahshiyeBafghi explains his amorous relationship with his beloved. According to Freud’s Unconsciousness Theory, the poet ‘unconsciously’ elicits words and sentences unwittingly From his ‘unconscious’ or ‘Id’ which reveals both his ‘Id’ and ‘inner self’ to us. However, the poet tries to control his ‘unconsciousness’ completelyand conceal the reality of his ‘inner self’.As Freud has told,in this way he sends his desires to his ‘unconsciousness’ and pays for being civilized. Following this track, the poet sometimes justifies his sliptonguesthrough alluding to an old and sacred story. Vahshi’s efforts i.e. the conflict between ‘consciousness’ and ‘unconsciousness’ has led to an internal conflict in his poem which continues up to the end of the poem, and the poet is not able to release himself from this conflict and cannot come to a conclusion absolutely. That is why he pours out his heart to the beloved in order to soften his heart and come to terms with him. Manuscript profile -
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165 - An Inquiry to the Meaning of a Verse of Hafez
Mehdi Tadayyon Seyed Ali Mahmoudi Lahijaniحافظ اگر سجدة تو کرد مکن عیب کافر عشق ای صنم گناه نداردThis verse is one of the verses that seem complex and ambiguous in terms of meaning. Many commentators misinterpreted the meaning of the verse, which rooted in the lack of observation of the exact meaning of the com Moreحافظ اگر سجدة تو کرد مکن عیب کافر عشق ای صنم گناه نداردThis verse is one of the verses that seem complex and ambiguous in terms of meaning. Many commentators misinterpreted the meaning of the verse, which rooted in the lack of observation of the exact meaning of the composition "unbeliever to love", which has caused most commentators have referred to the general meaning of the verse and they did not interpret the key phrases. Therefore, most of the descriptions of this verse are not based on correct logic and reasoning, and some commentators have repeated the same mistakes of their predecessors. Accordingly, this question is raised that what is the meaning of this verse based on the prevailing thought of Hafez's sonnets? This article is focused on reviewing the critiques of the verse and their critique. Based on the meaning of the combination of "unbeliever to love" in Persian literature, it can be seen that the beloved blamed Hafiz for prostrating to others than god, and in response, Hafiz considered the infidel of love innocent of any sin and error; Because this mistake and sin arise by the lover. Manuscript profile -
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166 - The Textual Criticism of the Storyology of King Jamshid
Hasan Zolfaghari seyede Ziba BehroozOne of the popular Persian folk tales in the Qajar era is Malek Jamshid, Asef Spell and Crystal Bath, which is the last remaining Persian mythological tradition by Naqib al-Malak. It is one of the rare folk tales that the author has. The author of this book and Amir Ars MoreOne of the popular Persian folk tales in the Qajar era is Malek Jamshid, Asef Spell and Crystal Bath, which is the last remaining Persian mythological tradition by Naqib al-Malak. It is one of the rare folk tales that the author has. The author of this book and Amir Arsalan are the same, but Malek Jamshid has been less known due to Amir Arsalan's fame. The difference between these two books is due to the audiences; Malik Jamshid's audience is general but that of Amir Arsalan is specific. This study aims to familiarize the literary people with this less known story, its literary and social dimensions, and textology of it. Therefore, while introducing the story and its narrator, Mohammad Ali Shirazi, known as Naqib al-Mamalik, and introducing the manuscripts editions and making a report of the story, we try to deal with this work from three perspectives: first, linguistic and literary aspects; second, the narrative aspects and themes of the story, and third, the social aspects. Examining the literary and social dimensions of the story, in addition to revealing some aspects of life in the Qajar era, manifests the thoughts and ideas of people of that era and their tastes and entertainments. The purpose of this article is, thus, to introduce one of the Iranians’ fictional legacies in an era very close to the constitution and literary developments. Manuscript profile -
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167 - Aesthetic Analysis of the Kalidar by Mahmoud Dolatabadi from the Perspective of a New Criticism
Elham FatahiThe study of the nature of beauty in various fields is the subject of "aesthetic" knowledge, which includes philosophy of beauty, beauty psychology, philosophy of art and art criticism. From an aesthetic point of view, it can be said that the main function of beauty is MoreThe study of the nature of beauty in various fields is the subject of "aesthetic" knowledge, which includes philosophy of beauty, beauty psychology, philosophy of art and art criticism. From an aesthetic point of view, it can be said that the main function of beauty is to create emotional harmony between man, nature and society. According to modern literary criticism, the only work in which the function of aesthetics - which proves that literature is an art - predominates - is a literary work. Discovering and adapting these new aesthetic features to Kalidar's novel will lead to understanding and receiving the artistic richness and discovering the literary institution of this work. The abundance of images, the organization of spoken music and repetitive human themes, the literary level of this novel is closer to the artistic standards of this literary theory. Manuscript profile -
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168 - Examining Aburiyeh's method in the analysis of Abu Hurairah's narrations.
mosa mosazadeh feyzollAh akbari dastak tahmine parsayi mohammad-hossein tavanaie sarh dineCriticism and refinement of the Hadith of Sir Nasara can be considered as one of the most important hadith research efforts of foreign scholars throughout the history of the Islamic tradition. And since he is the narrator of a large part of the hadith books of Sunnis, A MoreCriticism and refinement of the Hadith of Sir Nasara can be considered as one of the most important hadith research efforts of foreign scholars throughout the history of the Islamic tradition. And since he is the narrator of a large part of the hadith books of Sunnis, Abu Hurairah, who, according to the scholars of the science of men and hadith, narrated more than all the companions of the Prophet , To prove with historical evidence Abu Hurairah was not like other Companions, both in terms of being ahead in Islam and his motivation for believing in the Prophet and following the goals of the Prophet after his death, in order to acknowledge the conclusion he has reached that the role Abu Hurairah is falsifying the hadith.Mahmoud Aburiah is one of the contemporary Egyptian hadith scholars who authored the book "Muhammadi tradition in the passage of history" and "Abu Huraira Sheikh Al-Madirah" while examining the cognitive history of Islamic hadith of a number of its narrators, he did a documentary and textual criticism of Abu Huraira's traditions and using the criteria such as matching the hadiths with the Qur'an and the Sunnah, the non-contradiction of the hadiths with reason, and what has been proven by science has emphasized the fakeness of some of his hadiths. Based on this, this article tries to describe and analyze the data Hadith scholar to analyze and scientifically evaluate the position of Abu Hurairah and his narrations in the scale of criticism of Mahmoud Aburiah. Manuscript profile -
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169 - Anti-colonialism of Bakhtiaries With Emphasize Poem of "Rasurrection of Masjedsoleyman" By Darab Afsar Bakhtiari
Shabnam Hatampour Bita BabayeeradDiscovering oil in 1908 and establishing first oil well of the Middle East in the homeland of Bakhtiaries, Masjed Soleyman, have influenced that area and paved the ground for the British colonial presence in this area. Although native Bakhtiari wanderers early worked as MoreDiscovering oil in 1908 and establishing first oil well of the Middle East in the homeland of Bakhtiaries, Masjed Soleyman, have influenced that area and paved the ground for the British colonial presence in this area. Although native Bakhtiari wanderers early worked as the work forces in the oil facilities, they soon understand intelligently that they were seized for the colonialists' goals. The sense of oil ownership of their homeland, patriotism, and their disloyalty to the Pahlavie's government strengthen their distrust to the imperialists. This paper has considered anti-colonialism aspects in dialectical poem of Masjed Soleyman Resurrection, the most popular poem between Bakhtiaries, with sociological viewpoint. The result of this paper is as follows: Speech of the presence of colonialism and using oil of their ancestral land. Speech of the injustice of employers in deal with natives. Declaration of the lost generation. Declaration of the Pahlavi government. Manuscript profile -
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170 - Explanations and analysis of local poems seyyed mohammad seyyed
maryam taherzadehSeyyed Mohammad Seyyed was a capable poet of Behbahan, his Persian poetries are mentioned with a serious tone in the book, "seyyed`s knapsack" and his humorous poems are in Behbahani's dialect compiled in a book called "seyyed`s words". This book of "seyyed`s words" amo MoreSeyyed Mohammad Seyyed was a capable poet of Behbahan, his Persian poetries are mentioned with a serious tone in the book, "seyyed`s knapsack" and his humorous poems are in Behbahani's dialect compiled in a book called "seyyed`s words". This book of "seyyed`s words" among the people of Behbahan has a privileged position. The poet in this book addressed the problems of the people and the city of Behbahan considering the local dialect and its satire language. Some of poetic themes of this book aren't limited to the Behbahan community in general and public affairs in this research. Several poems were selected from this book and after reading and analyzing their contents, these poems are examined from the viewpoint of social critiques. Based on the classification of research methods, this research was conducted using content analysis and library method. In the final section, conclusions and researcher's views are presented. Manuscript profile -
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171 - The Role of the Ghulāt (Extremists) in the Formation of Sab’at Aḥruf Traditions
Mohammad Etrat DoustOne of the specialized topics in the field of Quranic sciences and is the theory of the multiple revelation of the Holy Quran based on the Sab'at Aḥruf traditions (which claim that the Quran was revealed in seven different readings). Apart from the necessity to identify MoreOne of the specialized topics in the field of Quranic sciences and is the theory of the multiple revelation of the Holy Quran based on the Sab'at Aḥruf traditions (which claim that the Quran was revealed in seven different readings). Apart from the necessity to identify the context on which they were issued from the Prophet (peace be upon him), what is of great importance and has caused a great deal of controversy among the Shiite scholars, is the fact that such traditions also exist in Shia works which support this theory, There are some traditions with the same concept coming from Imam Sādiq and Imam Bāqir. Since these narrations seem to contradict the other narrations of Imams about the Qur'an and that it was reveled in a single reading, and considering the fact that such traditions provide the basis for the belief in the distortion of the Qur'an among the Shiites, this study attempts to, by using both criticism and Sandy analysis and considering the historical discourse prevailing in the era of Imams Sādiqain (AS), reveal the reasons for issuing these narratives and their relationship with the socio-religious currents of the early days of Islam and explain a new view to understand such narrations. Considering the activities of the Extremists, their motivation for discussing the Qur'anic controversy, and how Aḥl al-Bayt (AS) was exposed to these false ideas, are among the topics discussed in this article. Manuscript profile -
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172 - The Archetypal Analysis of Yusuf's Dream Based on Semitic Symbols and Myths
zahra mohagheghianOne of the most important analytical areas in the study of the literary text of the Holy Qur'an is Archetypal analysis that interprets and explains the contents and concepts of this sacred text in relation to the psychological and cultural structures of its audience. Th MoreOne of the most important analytical areas in the study of the literary text of the Holy Qur'an is Archetypal analysis that interprets and explains the contents and concepts of this sacred text in relation to the psychological and cultural structures of its audience. This approach has been mostly influenced by Karl Gustav Jung's theories of the collective unconscious and archetypes, and is regarded as one of the most important approaches in contemporary literary criticism. The purpose of this study is to explore the dream of Yusuf (AS) with the help of this approach and discuss its archetypal angles. The main question in this study is whether the dream of Yusuf (AS) can be studied from the perspective of analytical psychology and the archetypal critique approach, as mentioned in the Qur'an or not; and whether it can be Interpreted and understood why they have been used or not. It is probable that the prostration of the sun and the moon and the stars have been derived from the central core of archeology that can be seen in mythology. If so, what this verse recounts, though it is a dream, reveals the collective spiritual truth of the people of the time of Yusuf (AS). Manuscript profile -
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173 - Distortion in the Narration of "Taqtuluhu al-Fi'ah al-Bāghiyah" (He will be killed by the rebel group) by Ṣahih al-Bukhāri
Jalal Rezayi Tiji seyed Mohsen MusaviThere are several motives for distorting the hadith in the religious sources of Sunni Muslims, and one of them is to eliminate the slips and mistakes of the companions of the Messenger of God (PBUH) and the disputes between them. In Ṣahih Bukhāri, there is a hadith in w MoreThere are several motives for distorting the hadith in the religious sources of Sunni Muslims, and one of them is to eliminate the slips and mistakes of the companions of the Messenger of God (PBUH) and the disputes between them. In Ṣahih Bukhāri, there is a hadith in which the Messenger of God (PBUH) uttered a sentence about ‘Ammār ibn Yāsir and prophesied his future with the phrase "Taqtuluhu al-Fi'atu al-Bāghiya" (He will be killed by a rebellious group) according to this prediction, ‘Ammār ibn Yāsir would be martyred by a rebellious group. This phrase does not appear in some printed versions of Ṣahih Bukhāri today. This article seeks to answer the questions that, first of all, whether the phrase in question existed in the text of the narration of Ṣahih Bukhāri from the very beginning or not? And secondly, is there a reason to prove the distortion of the phrase in some versions? According to the studies, this phrase was removed from the text of the hadith by Bukhāri, and later it was included in the text of the book in some versions. Manuscript profile -
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174 - 'A'isha and Traditions of the Companions: The First External Criticism of Hadith
yahya Mirhoseini kamal sahraei ArdakaniAisha, the wife of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), is known as one of the most important transmitters of Hadith in terms of quantity, due to her long life with the Holy Prophet (PBUH), her great influence among the companions, and the meeting of many of her followers. In addit MoreAisha, the wife of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), is known as one of the most important transmitters of Hadith in terms of quantity, due to her long life with the Holy Prophet (PBUH), her great influence among the companions, and the meeting of many of her followers. In addition to narration, she also played a role in understanding and criticizing Hadith; To the extent that she was considered one of the serious critics of narrations. Aisha, who introduced herself as one of the most knowledgeable in the tradition of the Prophet (PBUH), also dealt with the pathology of narrations. Some of these refinements are related to the identity and totality of the Hadiths, which are called external criticism in textual criticism. This descriptive study deals with her efforts in this field; The one that was later categorized in the science of Hadith with the term Ja'l wa Waḍ' (forgery), and was also included in the discussions of the ‘Ilal al-Hadith (problems of Hadiths). Criticisms can be expressed in this classification: confronting the entry of Arab superstitions, confronting the myths of neighboring regions, confronting false citations, correcting narrations about religious rulings, as well as opposing narrations that could weaken the position of women in society. The result of the article, in addition to showing the role of Aisha in the critique of Hadith and her verbal and practical confrontation with the narrations that some of the companions quoted inappropriately from her point of view, can show the first rules in the field of Hadith criticism. Manuscript profile -
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175 - Methodology of Allāmah Sayyed Mortezā ‘Askari in the Historical Critique of Narrations
fatemeh kasraee Majid maaref Maliha al-Sadat Seyyed Reza DulabiContemporary thinker Sayyed Mortizā ‘Askari, realizing the dangerous harms that the forged hadiths have inflicted on Islam, tried to understand and purify the narrations in various fields such as Sira, Rijal, theology and Quranic sciences. Among the criteria which MoreContemporary thinker Sayyed Mortizā ‘Askari, realizing the dangerous harms that the forged hadiths have inflicted on Islam, tried to understand and purify the narrations in various fields such as Sira, Rijal, theology and Quranic sciences. Among the criteria which the contemporary hadith researchers determine for evaluating hadith authenticity, he benefited greatly from the element of reliable history. Through an analytical study of history and with a clear religious insight into the narrations, he revealed the truths that had been hidden from the eyes of many scholars and responded to many questions posed by orientalists and opponents. Reflecting on his works, it is obtained that his method was based on the isnad and content of hadiths. In his method of external criticism; discovering the degree of honesty and truth-seeking of the historian, restoring the narrator's credibility in addition to studying the chain of narrators, validating the book, were the elements which he considered, and in his way of internal critique; consolidation of the text, ensuring the accuracy of the narration, forming the family of the hadith, recognizing the meaning of the words in the narration and paying attention to the evolution of meanings and sectarian prejudices, were taken into account. Manuscript profile -
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176 - Historical Trend of Writing "al-Mowzuat" Books in Shiite Hadith: A Case Study of the Validation of AbuHurayrah Hadiths in the Scale of Criticism of Sharafuddin al-Āmilī
Feyzollah Akbari DastakTradition, as the second brilliant source of Islamic theology during its existance, has always been exposed to serious and dangerous harms and threats, the main root of which should be its various and effective and unique capacities and functions in explaining and moder MoreTradition, as the second brilliant source of Islamic theology during its existance, has always been exposed to serious and dangerous harms and threats, the main root of which should be its various and effective and unique capacities and functions in explaining and modernizing the basic knowledge of Islam in the fields of insight, value, and action. According to history, the approach of the phenomenon of fabricating and forging hadiths should be considered as one of the most important and damaging harms to the body of Islamic hadiths, in which some people, intentionally and with the motive of distorting and intentionally damaging religious foundations, fabricate hadith. The hadith scholars of the two Islamic sects, in different periods, by defining several methods and criteria, criticized and refined the documents and texts of the narrations, and extracted and purified the hadiths of the subject on their agenda, including Allama Sheikh Sharafuddin Ameli, who wrote the book. Abu Hurayrah, with a scholarly, innovative and non-biased approach, and has criticized the Isnads and texts of a number of selected Abu Hurayrah narrations by applying the seven criteria of Quran, Sunnah, authentic hadiths, intellect, history, science and natural laws as well as the problems within the text, He has proved the falsity of all of his narrations. The present article seeks to explain the methods and criteria of Allama Sharafuddin Ameli in criticizing the hadiths of Abu Hurayrah in the above-mentioned book. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - Validation of Hadith Sources Using the Thematic Analysis Method (A Case study of the Book Kifāyatul Athar)
Mohammad Etrat Doost sayed Mostafa GahariThe Prophet’s (pbuh) Hadiths are one of the valuable sources in explaining the basics of Islam and its true interpretation. In the meantime, the hadiths that were issued in expressing the virtues and position of the Ahl al-Bayt (as) have a special value and positi MoreThe Prophet’s (pbuh) Hadiths are one of the valuable sources in explaining the basics of Islam and its true interpretation. In the meantime, the hadiths that were issued in expressing the virtues and position of the Ahl al-Bayt (as) have a special value and position, and it is necessary to study and examine them more carefully. A major part of these hadiths is collected in the book "Kifāyatul Athar of the Texts of the Twelve imams" written by Khazāz Rāzi, which unfortunately has been neglected throughout the history of Islam, and some even consider its hadiths to be weak. In this article, in order to validate the text and content of the hadiths of this book, using the thematic analysis method, we have tried to extract the themes and categories of the hadiths of this book and explain the network of their themes. The results of the research indicate the extraction of 575 basic themes from the 125 hadiths quoted in this book, which can be classified into five categories of organizing themes and two overarching themes: "explaining the general position of the Ahl al-Bayt (as)" and "introducing prominent imams". In the first part, the name, number and general characteristics of Ahl al-Bayt (as) are introduced; in the second part, some characteristics of prominent Imams such as: Imam Ali, Imam Hassan, Imam Hussain, Imam Mahdi and Lady Fatimah Zahrā (Peace be upon them) has been introduced, that the report of these cases is stated in the article. Manuscript profile -
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178 - The Evaluation of Hawting’s Methodological Viewpoints within the Domain of the Historical Literary Criticism of the Qur’ān
Hasan Rezaee Haftadur mohammad dargahzade safar nasirianNowadays, the precise and principled understanding of the orientalists’ viewpoints and their research methods in studying the Qur’ān as well as the scientific criticism of these viewpoints based on robust religious and intellectual principles are undeniable MoreNowadays, the precise and principled understanding of the orientalists’ viewpoints and their research methods in studying the Qur’ān as well as the scientific criticism of these viewpoints based on robust religious and intellectual principles are undeniable necessities. Literary criticism is a critical method that has been applied by the orientalists to the qur’ānic studies. One of the scholars that has used this method – of course via an intertextual approach – to study the qur’ānic verses is Gerald Hawting, the British Qur’ān researcher. Hawting’s literary criticisms against the Qur’ān are in three directions, namely the appearance of the Qur’ān in a sectarian atmosphere, the dialectical nature of the qur’ānic verses, and the temporal lateness of the Qur’ān compared to its audience. These three dimensions can be rejected based on the intellectual and narrative reasons, as follows. First, the mere connection of the Islamic world with the monotheistic religions that had appeared before it is not a reason for the effectiveness of those religions on the appearance of the Qur’ān. Moreover, unlike other sacred Scriptures, the Qur’ān does not have a human nature and its text involves various types of miraculous qualities such as eloquence, sublimity of meaning, and freedom from any disagreement in expression. All these wonders derive from its divine and non-human nature. ... Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - An introduction to the knowledge of stratification of hadith texts: typology, contexts and methods
mohaddeseh ghaderi ahmad zarezardini yahya MirhoseiniResearchers in the field of hadith, along with traditional methods, need new and more accurate methods to recover authentic hadith texts and find distortions and additions in hadiths. One of these methods is the layering of texts. In recent decades, this method has been MoreResearchers in the field of hadith, along with traditional methods, need new and more accurate methods to recover authentic hadith texts and find distortions and additions in hadiths. One of these methods is the layering of texts. In recent decades, this method has been looked at more seriously. But the void of stratification in the field of hadith sciences is very noticeable. Therefore, the present essay deals with the typology and investigation of the reasons for the emergence of different layers on narrative texts. The current research deals with the rereading of narrative texts in the form of stratification with a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research indicate that various reasons, such as the mixed description of the text, the fact that it has two authors, assembling, create multi-layeredness in the texts, and paying attention to the time, language, place and style of expression that governs the text in identifying different layers. can be useful. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - Criticism of the article "Planet and Star" by Paolo Konitch
ali tardastAbstract: The scientific references of the Holy Quran have long been of interest to Muslim and non-Muslim Quran scholars, especially Orientalists. It seems that their extensive studies are based on scientific assumptions that have not yet been fully confirmed. In the a MoreAbstract: The scientific references of the Holy Quran have long been of interest to Muslim and non-Muslim Quran scholars, especially Orientalists. It seems that their extensive studies are based on scientific assumptions that have not yet been fully confirmed. In the article "Stars and Planets" by Paulo Konitch, he mentioned several verses about stars and planets and the seven heavens, but on the other hand, alienation from Scientific issues and lack of proper understanding of the appearance of the verses and ignoring linguistics and words in the interpretation and explanation of the verses have led to wrong conclusions. With the use of interpretive knowledge and the evolution of the precise tools of experimental and definitive science, the secrets of the divine verses and their wonders are revealed, and a correct insight and understanding of the verses of the Holy Qur'an emerges. In this article, an attempt has been made to criticize this orientalist's point of view. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - Criticism of Jung Sharaf
vahid barzegarJung Sharaf is a collection containing the poems of poets from the 5th century to the end of the 10th century, written by Abd al-Rahman bin Sharaf. This collection can be divided into several parts, firstly, the sonnets written by poets of the 9th and especially the 10t MoreJung Sharaf is a collection containing the poems of poets from the 5th century to the end of the 10th century, written by Abd al-Rahman bin Sharaf. This collection can be divided into several parts, firstly, the sonnets written by poets of the 9th and especially the 10th century. Another part of this collection includes Jami's sonnets, which have been included in the edition in a special way due to the scribe's attention to Jami, and the final part contains the poem of Yusuf and Zulikhai Jami. The importance of this war lies in the choices of the writer, who has the poetic taste of the 10th century people in his heart, the existence of poets that we do not know about, examples of special poems, including a poem with an Indian line, and examples of this kind have added to the importance of the topic. . In this research, we try to examine this war from the point of view of stylistics and literary criticism and to analyze the writer's perspective in the selection of poems. Manuscript profile -
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182 - The Sociological Criticism of a Collection "Koorsorkhi by Alieh Ataei"
Mansooreh Bagheri Mazrae Farzaneh HeydariThis research is trying to review the anthology named Koorsorkhi written by Alieh Ataei based on sociological criticism and genetic structuralism method. Lucien Goldman ,the theorist in this field, founded the method of genetic structuralism based on George Lukac’ MoreThis research is trying to review the anthology named Koorsorkhi written by Alieh Ataei based on sociological criticism and genetic structuralism method. Lucien Goldman ,the theorist in this field, founded the method of genetic structuralism based on George Lukac’s views in sociology of literature.In this critical approach, the structure and content of the literary work is studied in relation to the structures of the society that story developed in. Alieh Ataei is an Iranian- Afghan writer who published Koorsorkhi. This book is driven from her life which can be the representative of Afghan immigrants’ life.The method in this research is descriptive- analytical and the results show that the auther , more than anything else, has discussed the identity crisis of Afghan immigrants She blamesas eastern and western powers and the passivity of Afghan men for the endless problems of Afghanestan. Manuscript profile -
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183 - A window of social criticism in the poems of Vahshi bafghi
Mahdi SadeghiVahshibafighi is one of poets of the Safavid era, who is especially important because of his special style of rhetoric and realism. In this essay, with the aim of social criticism of Bafaghi's poems, descriptive, analytical and testimonial methods are discussed in his p MoreVahshibafighi is one of poets of the Safavid era, who is especially important because of his special style of rhetoric and realism. In this essay, with the aim of social criticism of Bafaghi's poems, descriptive, analytical and testimonial methods are discussed in his poetry. Although the savage is full of love and romance in his poems, at the same time, he talks about various topics such as: "pain and suffering caused by the disordered state of society, social poverty, the situation of different classes, the effects of the environment and climate on him, the state of social phenomena , is clearly visible. By examining the poems of Bahweh, one can get to know the attitude of Safavid rulers towards different classes, the view of Bahweh and society towards these rulers, the prevalence of honesty or hypocrisy in the society, the atmosphere and political atmosphere that prevailed in that period. Manuscript profile -
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184 - Narrative grammar in the story of Dej Bahman based on the theory of Algirdas Grimas
Mahboobeh Zamani Boroojeni asghar RezapoorianNarrative research is one of the methods of literary criticism that researchers in the field of literature have been busy with. One of the methods of analyzing narrative texts is Grimas' narrative theory entitled "narrative grammar". By using this narrative pattern, it MoreNarrative research is one of the methods of literary criticism that researchers in the field of literature have been busy with. One of the methods of analyzing narrative texts is Grimas' narrative theory entitled "narrative grammar". By using this narrative pattern, it is possible to analyze the types of stories and measure the compatibility or non-compatibility of the stories with Grimas's narrative theory and find the elements in the text. The story of Bahman fortress is one of the magical stories of Shahnameh. In this article, which is taken from the author's doctorate thesis entitled "narrative grammar in the magical stories of the Shahnameh based on the theory of Algirdas Grimas", the researcher intends to criticize this story based on the narrative theory of Algirdas Grimas with the help of the findings of the said thesis. Measure the grimace with it. Manuscript profile -
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185 - Comparing and contrasting on "like a thirsty pot" poem (An analysis based on New Criticism)
Hojjatollah RabieiThis article seeks to use the proposed new critique method to study the poetry of " sabue teshne ...The Thirsty cebu" by Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, while explaining some of the key words and components underlined by the new critique, such as "tension" , "Subject" and "aironi MoreThis article seeks to use the proposed new critique method to study the poetry of " sabue teshne ...The Thirsty cebu" by Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, while explaining some of the key words and components underlined by the new critique, such as "tension" , "Subject" and "aironi ", to use them as an applied critique of this poem. Aiming to this , by reading precisely the poetry and examining the contradictions and inconsistencies and referring them to the main line of the poem, how the effect is configured. In this process, the audience is introduced step-by-step through a practical action critique from the perspective of new critique. The result of this research is that the components of the work are organized in harmony with each other and with the internal unity, and beyond the contradictions, poetry is the integrity and unity of organism. Manuscript profile -
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186 - Analyzing the theory of "social interest" in Forough Farrokhzad's poems based on Alfred Adler's individualistic psychology
Khadijeh Fooladi Applying scientific-literary theories in criticizing literary texts and reading them is a method that is very popular and used in research recently due to its solid and analyzable method and style. Psychological theories have a special and More Applying scientific-literary theories in criticizing literary texts and reading them is a method that is very popular and used in research recently due to its solid and analyzable method and style. Psychological theories have a special and valuable place among different fields that can be discussed around literary texts. Individualistic psychology was founded by Alfred Adler and one of the theories in this individualistic psychology is the theory of social interest. In this article, which is done in a descriptive-analytical way based on document analysis and the method of library studies, the poems of Forough Farrokhzad are analyzed and investigated based on the theory of social interest based on Adler's individualistic psychology. The results of the research show that the social interest in Forough Farrokhzad's poems is very strong in paying attention to his fellow men, especially women. The component of despair and loneliness in his poems makes it possible to consider him as an isolated personality type. Forough is a poet whose desired perfection is to reach a world where his fellows, especially the women of the society, are in safety and peace. In general, it can be said that the social interest in the existence of Forough is summarized in the effort to create better conditions for their fellows, especially women. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - Literary value (a suggestion in critic)
majid dadfar amin yaghoobiThe current essay is an effort to proffer a critical method based on concrete and measurable criterion. Formalists believe that literary language is a peculiar sort of language that is fore grounded by formal elements. Accordingly, it seems that all elements of this lan MoreThe current essay is an effort to proffer a critical method based on concrete and measurable criterion. Formalists believe that literary language is a peculiar sort of language that is fore grounded by formal elements. Accordingly, it seems that all elements of this language are recognizable and descriptive. To determine the literariness of a text, initially its formal elements must be designated and ascertained. Then, concerning the alienation of these elements to atomized language, literary value of each element is stipulated in comparison with the others. Subsequently, the total literary levels of the applied elements in the text must be considered as a measure to delimitate literary level of the whole text. Besides the mentioned cases, this critical method suggests subjective and measurable strategies to study a text in three fields: consistency, creativity and variance. Deliberately proposing the text literary value in a sentence or verse, by referential sentences, this method contemplates and ponders these factors: consistency, creativity and variance. Manuscript profile -
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188 - An analytical look at Mohtsham Kashani's poetry with a satirical approach and social criticism
Azadeh FadakarThe fluidity of humor is such that without taking into account the time, place, cultural and linguistic conditions, it cannot be assumed as a single and fixed element. In Persian literature, due to the lack of attention of the writers and poets of the past to compile th MoreThe fluidity of humor is such that without taking into account the time, place, cultural and linguistic conditions, it cannot be assumed as a single and fixed element. In Persian literature, due to the lack of attention of the writers and poets of the past to compile the basics of humor and disregard for today's interpretation. According to scientific theorizing about humor, the principles and approaches of humor can only be understood and mapped by studying their works. From the oldest Persian literary texts to today, depending on the conditions that were said before, many pieces of literary works can be classified as humor. In this article, Mohtsham's humor has been looked at with an analytical view, and thoughtful results have been obtained from the poetry of this religious poet. The research method in this article is descriptive analysis. Manuscript profile -
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189 - Formalistic criticism on Arash the Archer Anthology of Siavash kasraie
masoomeh mohammadiOne of the methods for review of literary texts is formalistic glance to worksliterature. this way, Meanwhile, close delaminating on the components andelements of the text, relying on frequency and connections between literary figureor form components are checked. The a MoreOne of the methods for review of literary texts is formalistic glance to worksliterature. this way, Meanwhile, close delaminating on the components andelements of the text, relying on frequency and connections between literary figureor form components are checked. The authors of this paper a briefintroduction contains information about the life and poetry of Siavash kasraie, byformalistic looking, while reviewing elements of Arash the Archer text, try inthree major fields : A - aspects of language, b - rhetorical aspects and (c) - anarrative poem the coordination or lack of coordination among its componentstheir system. This long poem is important from different aspects of language,grammatical, stylistic, morphological, syntactic, semantic, musical, rhetorical,literary, political, social, and show its values, requires a careful examination of allaspects such as the way of author, have adopted. Manuscript profile -
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190 - The morphology of the desert text of Dr. Ali Shariati
Fazlollah Rezaei Arardani Gholamreza Hatefi ArdakaniThe book "Desert" is one of the "literary-lyrical" and introverted works of Aye Shariati. In writing "Desert" based on the fluid flow of the mind, he has tried to appear as a literary and artistic text. Descriptiveness, sentimentality, and the use of literary works, inc MoreThe book "Desert" is one of the "literary-lyrical" and introverted works of Aye Shariati. In writing "Desert" based on the fluid flow of the mind, he has tried to appear as a literary and artistic text. Descriptiveness, sentimentality, and the use of literary works, including similes, metaphors, and guarantees, are the predominant features of the text of the Desert.This literary research, with the aim of educating teachers, is the ninth lesson of Persian book 3, the twelfth grade of the second theoretical middle school, entitled Kavir, has been the focus of research and has studied that lesson in three areas: "linguistic, literary and intellectual". . The research method is descriptive along with the analysis of research findings. In addition, by examining the linguistic and literary elements and their arrangement and order, in various fields, such as historiography, lexicography, grammar and grammar, slang, lexicography, word-writing, word-writing, word-writing Has been paid. Manuscript profile -
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191 - Some points in poetry criticism
Amin YaghoobiWhat causes the formation of the poem is the form; Form industries and how they are used at the level of language show the level of its literacy. But the form alone does not guarantee the durability of the works. The present study aims to provide some points related to MoreWhat causes the formation of the poem is the form; Form industries and how they are used at the level of language show the level of its literacy. But the form alone does not guarantee the durability of the works. The present study aims to provide some points related to poetry criticism. This research is based on the fact that in criticizing the works, one should pay attention to important issues such as: sound and uniform language, lack of stylistic anxiety, the way of using formal industries and fairness in criticism. It should also be noted that not every work can be criticized. There are many works that do not get the privilege of criticism. Therefore, to criticize a work, a minimum level should be considered. It should also be kept in mind that the mere use of literary arts does not create art. Manuscript profile -
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192 - Morphology of the short story Yad fi al-Qabar by Ghassan Kanfani based on the theory of Vladimir Propp
Ezzat Mollaebrahimi Parastoo Bahmani AlvaresThe story can play an influential role in conveying various political, social, cultural, economic concepts. Contemplation in stories and accuracy in the sequence of events in it helps the audience to better understand its concepts. Examining the narrative structure of t MoreThe story can play an influential role in conveying various political, social, cultural, economic concepts. Contemplation in stories and accuracy in the sequence of events in it helps the audience to better understand its concepts. Examining the narrative structure of the short story will reveal the hidden relationships in its infrastructure and reveal the structure and form of the story better. One of the prominent methods of examining fictional texts is the analysis of the structure of stories from the morphological point of view of Vladimir Propp - a famous Russian anthropologist and linguist. Although Propp has defined certain functions for fairy tales, this model can be adapted to other types of stories. What, Propp's systematic mind was constantly seeking to structure the stories and put them in a certain framework. The current research aims to evaluate and analyze and explain the short story. Manuscript profile -
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193 - Technical Term Network and Its Applications in Textual and Manuscript Studies Case-Study: Examining Arithmetic Sources in the Islamic Era (from 11th to 18th centuries AD)
Fatima SaadatmandTechnical Term Network (TTN) is an innovative method to find similarities among texts by matching technical and scientific terms used in them. This model, inspired by and built based on the semantic network of linguistics, is effective in finding the primary sources of MoreTechnical Term Network (TTN) is an innovative method to find similarities among texts by matching technical and scientific terms used in them. This model, inspired by and built based on the semantic network of linguistics, is effective in finding the primary sources of a book and recognizing the identity of an unknown text. The treatises of mathematics and especially arithmetic ones are very similar to each other due to their logical structure; this issue sometimes causes faults in identifying the title and author of the work, especially if the copy is acephalous, i.e. missing the beginning of the text, mistaking some original Persian texts for translations, or confusing works with similar content in cataloging manuscripts in such a way. In many cases, the mentioned inaccuracies have been repeated by the researchers who rely on the information of the indexes. This research aims to introduce a new method in the classification of texts and manuscripts, especially arithmetic sources in the Islamic period (5th-13th centuries AH/11th-18th centuries AD), in order to take a novel approach by means of a targeted search instead of adapting the total content of the texts, to criticize their sources and recognize their identities. Manuscript profile -
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194 - Analysis of the archetypes of "shadow and wise old man" in Ziauddin Nakhshabi's Tuti Name
Zakiyyeh Dastmard محمود حیدری Alireza ShanazariTuti Namah is a lyrical allegorical prose work by Ziauddin Nakhshabi the mystic of the 8th century AH, who migrated from Khorasan to India. This story is told in the style of "One Thousand and One Nights" and with the story-within-a-story method. Since the main theme of MoreTuti Namah is a lyrical allegorical prose work by Ziauddin Nakhshabi the mystic of the 8th century AH, who migrated from Khorasan to India. This story is told in the style of "One Thousand and One Nights" and with the story-within-a-story method. Since the main theme of many of these works is the conflict between good and evil, happiness and misery, and the author in these stories is looking for a moral result for the audience, it is assumed that these characteristics are on the one hand with the teachings of Muslim mystics and The austerities and worships that they impose on the rebellious soul in their mystic behavior and on the other hand, are consistent with the archetypes of the shadow and the wise old man in the eyes of Jung. The upcoming research is based on qualitative content analysis and with a psychoanalytical criticism approach, in order to prove this hypothesis and answer these questions, how the folk stories of Tutı Nameh can be adapted to the two mentioned archetypes and how these archetypes in the completion of the collective unconscious process and reaching perfection effective? The result indicates that these archetypes are clearly evident in the arguments between Parrot and Khojasteh. Khojasteh's insistence on sexual pleasure and the parrot's warning to her are a manifestation of the relationship between the ego and the reassured soul, which can be analyzed with the archetypes of "shadow" and "wise .... Manuscript profile -
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195 - A Study on three lytics of Sanaee based on Formalistic criticism with emphasis on Grammont and Jakobson opinions
Mahmoud Bashiri tahereh khagehgiriFormalistic criticism is an approach which was in progress in Russia in 1915 – 1930. This field of literary criticism study literature from the point of view of linguistics . In this approach , a literary work is considered to be a linguistical subject . The from MoreFormalistic criticism is an approach which was in progress in Russia in 1915 – 1930. This field of literary criticism study literature from the point of view of linguistics . In this approach , a literary work is considered to be a linguistical subject . The from and shape of literary work is the base for aesthetic analysis and the only way for reaching to the hidden meanings . Some theorists of this approach are Roman Jakobson Boris Aknolem and Victor skolofsky . They were association members of linguistics at that time . The purpose of this research is to study three lyrics of Sanaee based on this approach with emphasis on Grammont and Jakobson opinions. The results show that by using a forma listic approach the hidden meanings of a literary work is accessible without knowing the structure of the society, historical issues or even the psycholigical charater of the writer. Manuscript profile -
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196 - Introducing and criticizing some of Sufi's didactic and educational methods up to the sixth century
احمد امین اعظم سیامک دستجردیRealization of the law and the way of reaching the truth without the guidance of someone who has gone this way is not possible. Some Sufi masters who have reached this status or are somewhat close to it because they have taken the responsibility for educating others. Fo MoreRealization of the law and the way of reaching the truth without the guidance of someone who has gone this way is not possible. Some Sufi masters who have reached this status or are somewhat close to it because they have taken the responsibility for educating others. For this purpose they have used various educational and training practices. This study is in the response to the question of what these educational methods are and how they have used. After introducing some of the educational methods of Sufi masters with regard to prose mystical sources up to the sixth century, some anecdotes associated with each method have discussed and they have been criticized. It should be noted that few researches have been done related to this issue. It can be concluded that despite differences in teaching methods of Sufi masters, there had been same training patterns among them such as: question and answers, punishment, traveling and expelling from the spiritual environment, paying attention to positive behavior of other great men in different schools, lack of attention to their bad behavior, etc….. Paying attention to the capacity of disciples and ultimately the motivation and desire to learn are also of remarkable points in Sufi teachings. Posing these issues as a small part of Sufi's educational situation is one of the significant moral and educational fields. Apart from the issue of presenting a teaching history it can be considered as a recommendation to custodians of the current education community. Manuscript profile -
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197 - The act of ending in the story with a didactic literature approach
Ali Mohammadi arezo BaharvandGenerally speaking, the narrative action of a story is determined through two states of beginning and ending. Although these two elements play important roles in the subjects of modern writing story, in articles and speeches related to farsi writing story nearly no atte MoreGenerally speaking, the narrative action of a story is determined through two states of beginning and ending. Although these two elements play important roles in the subjects of modern writing story, in articles and speeches related to farsi writing story nearly no attention has been paid to them. In Farsi writing story we see too much negligence concerning story enduing in comparison to story beginning. The act of ending in different fields of arts ranging from cinema music, painting, and archetecture to story and poetry have been the center of attention for an artist. However, in the field of the theories of criticism the term of ending isn't an old one. In farsi speeches and articles specially in the field of story and narration you won't find any independence article about ending. However, among global articles especially in the field of literature the subject of ending is among the frequently used ones in literary criticism. Many prose and verse masterpieces of farsi literature have didactic aspects that is, the main aim of story teller is to express the result, therefore there is a logical relation between the story and the result taken from it. In the present article, the envestigation of ending in the classic narration (story, anecdot fable) and modern story and its relationship with the story plot have been examined. The attempt in this article is to investigate the historical course of this element and its semantic evolution from critics' point of view. Manuscript profile -
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198 - Different aspects of social criticism in Seyfodin Mohammad Farghani's Divan
zahra dorry zaynab hadiSeyfodin Mohammad is considered to be on of the political and social poet in Mongol period.Since he is a poet and learned person, and away from courtier and materials belongings,he had investigated and criticized not only ethical- social abnormalites in the societ MoreSeyfodin Mohammad is considered to be on of the political and social poet in Mongol period.Since he is a poet and learned person, and away from courtier and materials belongings,he had investigated and criticized not only ethical- social abnormalites in the society but also political issues,Moreover,by harsh and biting tune and boldness and bravery which is appreciatable, He carefully examined the behavior of all elasses of people from governer to dervish . In this paper, different dimensions of social criticism of Farghani has been investigated. Manuscript profile -
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199 - Content analysis of Nafsat-al-Masdur
محمد حکیم آذرThe main subject of the present study is morality and moral issues in Nasavi’s Nafsat-al- Masdur. Attempts have been made to touch on moral themes and origins of theoretical aspects of moral-educational teachings of Zeydari Nasavi, and to recognise the writer&rsqu MoreThe main subject of the present study is morality and moral issues in Nasavi’s Nafsat-al- Masdur. Attempts have been made to touch on moral themes and origins of theoretical aspects of moral-educational teachings of Zeydari Nasavi, and to recognise the writer’s viewpoint towards issues such as justice, bravery, honesty, trusteeship, fear, hypocrisy, and lie. The relationship between Nasavi’s moral theory, which has quenched with The Qur’an and Islamic tradition like many other writers and his contemporary literary scholars, and the situation with which the writer is dealt the Mongolian invasion has been sought for in this study. The results show that Nasavi, in reporting his own personal affairs has functioned as a reporter of historic events at the Mongolian era unintentionally and has evolved the literary type of autobiography from a personal level to the human level. He has mourned for the death of virtue and praised for those little shades of good deeds by a few of his contemporaries. Manuscript profile -
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200 - دستیابی به اجماع برای مسائل روش شناختی در تکنیک دلفی
زهرا گودرزی عنایت عباسی همایون فرهادیاندلفی یک روش قدرتمند است که به دنبال پاسخ به سوالات مناسب است. هدف از این مقاله ارائه یک بازبینی کلی از روش دلفی به عنوان یک روش تحقیق است. این مقاله با بررسی 41 مورد مطالعات مجله آموزش کشاورزی در سالهای 1981 تا 2013 و 2 مطالعه مجله علم و صنعت کشاورزی، شایستگی علمی روش د Moreدلفی یک روش قدرتمند است که به دنبال پاسخ به سوالات مناسب است. هدف از این مقاله ارائه یک بازبینی کلی از روش دلفی به عنوان یک روش تحقیق است. این مقاله با بررسی 41 مورد مطالعات مجله آموزش کشاورزی در سالهای 1981 تا 2013 و 2 مطالعه مجله علم و صنعت کشاورزی، شایستگی علمی روش دلفی را مورد بررسی قرار می دهد. نتایج نشان داد که اجماع کلی در مورد استفاده از شاخص ها در دورهای (راندهای) مختلف روش دلفی وجود ندارد، اما توجه به فراوانی استفاده از این شاخص ها در مطالعات مختلف، تعداد کارشناسان پانل بین 10 تا 20 نفر، استفاده از روش نمونه گیری هدفمند برای انتخاب اعضای پانل، استفاده از دلفی با سه دور(راند)، طراحی یک سوال در دور (راند) اول، استفاده از شاخص های انحراف معیار و میانگین برای گذر از دور (راند) دوم به دور سوم و سطح اجماع 70 درصد در حال حاضر برای دستیابی به اجماع متخصص در دور سوم پیشنهاد شد. Manuscript profile -
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201 - Environmental History as a Model of Eco-Criticism in Gregory’s The Other Boleyn Girl and Virgin Earth
Atieh Rafati Saeed Yazdani (Corresponding author) Fatemeh AzizmohammadiEco criticism is the study of the relations between the physical environment and literature. It involves an earth-centered approach to literary studies. The subject of eco criticism takes between nature and culture, explicitly the cultural artefacts of language and lite MoreEco criticism is the study of the relations between the physical environment and literature. It involves an earth-centered approach to literary studies. The subject of eco criticism takes between nature and culture, explicitly the cultural artefacts of language and literature. . As Hughes (2009) debates, even though eco-criticism has become a field in literary theory and in the extensive landscape of environmental history and cultural ecology, it could benefit from an enhanced frame work. Environmental History is relevant to numerous things, the history of the mutual relations between human race and remnants of nature. Cultural Ecology, on the other hand, is based on the interaction between man, culture and environment. It describes the roots of peculiar cultural type which characterize specific cultural space. This research attempts to analysis the Philippa Gregory’s The Red Queen based on the features of environmental history and cultural ecology as an eco-criticism hybrid model. In her novel, Gregory tries to define the true history and surrounding of Margaret Beaufort’s life who became the mother of the first Tudor’s king (Henry VII). First, with the reference to the features of environmental history and cultural ecology a model of analysis will be structured. Then, the analysis of Gregory’s novel based on these features will be indicated. Finally, the results of the analysis will be discussed to confirm how it can be implied as a novel’s approach to literary theory. Manuscript profile -
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202 - The Study of Ideological Manipulation in Persian Translations of Noam Chomsky’s Media Control Based on Farahzad’s Translation Criticism Model
Shokoufeh Amiri Abdollah Baradaran -
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203 - بررسی بازآفرینی و تاریخ گرایی نو از نظر ایدئولوژی آلتوسر در ترجمه های گلستان سعدی
Elham Ehterami امیر مرزبانهدف از این تحقیق مطالعه چهار ترجمه از کتاب گلستان سعدی در طی قرون 19 , 20 و 21 در انگلستان میباشد تا بتوان تاثیر ایدئولوژی غالب در انگلستان را بر ترجمه این اثر مهم بررسی کرد. این چهار ترجمه عبارتند از گلادوین (1806), برتون (1888), پلاتس (1904) و تکستون (2008) که بر اسا Moreهدف از این تحقیق مطالعه چهار ترجمه از کتاب گلستان سعدی در طی قرون 19 , 20 و 21 در انگلستان میباشد تا بتوان تاثیر ایدئولوژی غالب در انگلستان را بر ترجمه این اثر مهم بررسی کرد. این چهار ترجمه عبارتند از گلادوین (1806), برتون (1888), پلاتس (1904) و تکستون (2008) که بر اساس بازآفرینی و تاریخ گرایی نوین از نظر ایدئولوژی آلتوسر انجام شده است. این یک تحقیق کمی و کیفی می باشد که طی آن 30 حکایت از گلستان سعدی به روش هدفمند انتخاب و مورد تحقیق قرار گرفت. تمام موارد مورد نیاز از این چهار ترجمه استخراج و با کتاب اصلی مقایسه و سپس بر اساس فرمول کا اسکوئر مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج به دست آمده حاکی از این است که به طور کلی هیچ تفاوت معناداری بین ترجمه های مورد نظر وجود ندارد, اگر چه بیان این مطلب ضروری است که تفاوت های زیادی بین یکا یک موارد استخراج شده وجود دارد که خود می تواند دلیل محکمی بر وجود یک ایدئولوژی پنهان در ترجمه ها باشد. به این صورت که, تکستون در ترجمه خود از بیشترین موارد بازآفرینی استفاده کرده است و گلادوین از بیشترین ایدئولوژی آلتوسر. Manuscript profile -
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204 - Parody: Another Revision
Mohammad Reza Sadrian -
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205 - Applying the Tensive Model to Ferdowsi's Rustam and Sohrab and Its Translation by Arnold
shiva olfat Kourosh Akef -
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206 - A Micro- and Macro-Level Descriptive-Analytical Study of Translation Criticism in Iran: Are We Moving within a Framework?
Mir Saeed Mousavi Razavi Morteza Gholami -
Open Access Article
207 - Dialogue or Power of Text Jāmi's Understanding of Ibn al-Fārid's Wine-Poems (Khamriyyat)
Seyyed Hossein Seyyedi Saeedeh MomayyeziAudience-centric views provide new approaches to the study of literary texts, especially old ones. Horizon and circumstances of a contemporary reader are different from those of an old text author. A reader will be able to study an old text well when considering differe MoreAudience-centric views provide new approaches to the study of literary texts, especially old ones. Horizon and circumstances of a contemporary reader are different from those of an old text author. A reader will be able to study an old text well when considering different interpretations of it. The main question of the present research is whether contextuality and individuality can influence one's perception of a subject. Affection and emotion are two major elements of wine-poems (khamriyyat) of Ibn al-Fārid. Abd ar-Rahmān Jāmi has addressed these two issues in Ibn al-Fārid's poetry and has revived his poetry. By using descriptive-analytical method, the essay tries to examine Jāmi's views on Ibn al-Fārid's poetry. Coherence is a characteristic of Ibn al-Fārid's poems. In his poems, we move from wine-drinking to eternal intoxication. To understand the concept of wine, one must study all of his poems. But in Jāmi's poetry, we cannot find this consistency, and every single bit of his poetry can be studied alone. Manuscript profile -
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208 - The Process of Individuation of Homāy in the Story of Homāy o Homāyun Based on Jungian Individuation Theory
Mortezā Bālār Hamidrezā Farzi Rostam AmāniNowadays, “archetypal criticism” or “mythical criticism” is one of the most important and the most widely used methods of contemporary literary criticism which studies the nature and characteristics of archetypes and their roles in literature. My MoreNowadays, “archetypal criticism” or “mythical criticism” is one of the most important and the most widely used methods of contemporary literary criticism which studies the nature and characteristics of archetypes and their roles in literature. Mythical criticism has originated in Jung's thoughts and generally, it is done by referring to his ideas. Based on the Jungian individuation theory, the present article tries to study the romance of Homāy o Homāyun by Khāju Kermāni. In this story, Homāy, the hero begins his journey to China to reach Homāyun (anima). The journey of the hero to China, as the base of the story, is a symbol of process of individuation and of his search for self-knowledge. By activation of anima and announcing the message of continuity and unity in the hero's conscious realm, the process of individuation of Homāy who is a young and inexperienced prince begins, and by guidance of the wise old man and eliminating difficulties and shadows and flexibility of persona, his conscious and unconscious are coordinated and finally, the process of individuation and self-knowledge achieves successfully. Manuscript profile -
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209 - The Archetype of Death and Rebirth in the Works of Badi Saqour and Shafiei Kadkani: A Comparative Study
Gholāmrezā Pirouz Parināz BāgheriArchetypes are rooted in the depths of collective unconsciousness; some of them, beyond the geographical boundaries, are present in the minds of all men. The present article, by using analytical-comparative method, attempts to exmine "the archetype of death and rebirth" MoreArchetypes are rooted in the depths of collective unconsciousness; some of them, beyond the geographical boundaries, are present in the minds of all men. The present article, by using analytical-comparative method, attempts to exmine "the archetype of death and rebirth" in the poems let the Pigeon sleep by Syrian poet, Badi Saqour and in the Praise of Pigeons by M.R. Shafiei Kadkani. The issue of death and rebirth in these poems can be studied in three ways: a: The poet's focus is more on the subject of death. b: Death and rebirth occur in a balanced manner. c: More attention is paid to the subject of rebirth. The most important findings of this study are as follows: Many of the poems in these two collections are based on the balance between death and rebirth. In other his poems, Badi Saqour focuses more on death; but, Shafiei Kadkani emphasizes more on the issue of rebirth. Manuscript profile -
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210 - The Masculinity of the Golden Calf; An Analysis Based on Archetypal Criticism
Zahrā Mohagheghiyān The story of the Golden calf is one of the most important stories of the Holy Quran which is also mentioned several times in the Torah. Along with many questions about the story, what is important is the reason for choosing the calf from a variety More The story of the Golden calf is one of the most important stories of the Holy Quran which is also mentioned several times in the Torah. Along with many questions about the story, what is important is the reason for choosing the calf from a variety of totemic animals. Why does Samiri choose a calf among all animals? Why is the calf represented as masculine in the Holy Quran? Basically, what is the purpose of telling the story and alluding to a male calf in the verses of the Holy Quran? By exploring the cultural beliefs of Mesopotamian and Semitic people, in the present article, first, the attempt is made to examine the features of calf in terms of its ritual and symbolic importance. Then, the semantic context of the Qur'anic verse referring to the gender of the calf is examined. The article uses archetypal criticism and Jungian ideas with an analytical and comparative approach to the Holy Quran and The Holy Scripture. Findings of the study indicate that the masculinity of the calf is a theme with a special meaning and is used as a rejection of some customs of the Age of Ignorance about the sanctity of natural objects. Since attention to gender did not play much role in the Abrahamic religions, so in later periods it was not raised. Manuscript profile -
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211 - The Story of Sheikh Sanān in Mantiq-ut-Tayr of Attār: A Mythical Criticism Based on the Theory of Rite of Passage
Masood Hasani Farhād Doroudgariān Ali Pedrām Mirzāei Ayoob Morādi"Rite of passage " refers to rituals such as birth, puberty, initiation, death, etc. in ancient societies that have a mythical structure. The theorists of ‘rite of passage’ believe that the mythical structure of these rituals follows a single pattern. By usi More"Rite of passage " refers to rituals such as birth, puberty, initiation, death, etc. in ancient societies that have a mythical structure. The theorists of ‘rite of passage’ believe that the mythical structure of these rituals follows a single pattern. By using analytical-descriptive method, the present article attempts to investigate the degree of conformity of the structure of ritual myths with the spiritual journey (Suluk) and behavior of Sheikh Sanān in Mantiq-ut-Tayr of Attār. Emphasizing the ritual nature of Sufism, the present study, while offering a psychoanalytic interpretation of each stage of Sheikh Sanan's mystical passage, shows that the narrative structure of the story is consistent with the four-stage model of theory of "rite of passage" (separation, crisis, transition and reincorporation). Manuscript profile -
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212 - Traditional Rituals of Sistan and Some of Their Mythological Themes: An Analysis
mohammad fatemimaneshRituals are an integral part of the culture and history of the people of Sistan, an Iranian tribe, which has been uniquely expressed through their religious, ethnic, and tribal beliefs. Based on the mythological, anthropological, historical, and psychological characteri MoreRituals are an integral part of the culture and history of the people of Sistan, an Iranian tribe, which has been uniquely expressed through their religious, ethnic, and tribal beliefs. Based on the mythological, anthropological, historical, and psychological characteristics of the Sistani people, their rituals set them apart from other Iranian tribes. Furthermore, these rituals have been depicted in the ancient tales of this region, serving as the foundation for various literary analyses. The purpose of this research is to explore the rituals portrayed in the stories of the people of Sistan and analyze their underlying themes using a descriptive-analytical approach, combined with the critical lens of myth criticism. Extensive studies confirm that Sistani narratives encompass a range of rituals, with notable examples including blood drinking, the myth of Oushidar, incestuous marriages, witchcraft, and mourning ceremonies. Many of these rituals originated from the ancient Iranian and Zoroastrian cultures, as well as the customs and practices of ancient tribes like the Scythians, eventually becoming deeply ingrained within the Sistan region's populace. Manuscript profile -
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213 - Touba and the Meaning of Night: A Mythical Criticism
Khadijeh Bahrāmi RahnemāMythological criticism is an effective tool for examining early ideas, historical events and human ideals throughout history, and through it can be traced the actions of ancient humans. Various areas can be explored, including mythical criticism, in Touba and the Meanin MoreMythological criticism is an effective tool for examining early ideas, historical events and human ideals throughout history, and through it can be traced the actions of ancient humans. Various areas can be explored, including mythical criticism, in Touba and the Meaning of Night, a novel by Shahrnush Parsipur. The aim of the present research is to study the components of mythical criticism in Touba and the Meaning of Night by using descriptive-analytical method. The results indicate that in the novel, there is a direct and significant relationship between women and the elements of nature, which has given direction and meaning to the mythological actions of women. For example, by using the symbolic and archetypal concept of water, it is possible to explain the placement of Munesan next to the fountainhead and Leila next to the pond, who, respectively, seek to achieve fertility and the process of individuation. We can also mention the influence of the Epic of Gilgamesh on Touba and the Meaning of Night; because Touba, like Gilgamesh, uses the archetype of journey to achieve self-examination and perfection. Manuscript profile -
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214 - The Mythological Signs in Yet, madly Divānehvār
Naarges BāgheriMyths are always deeply connected with literature and can affect the form and structure of a literary work in addition to its meaning. Examining and analyzing the mythological relations of a literary text play an important role in explaining its meanings and concepts. B MoreMyths are always deeply connected with literature and can affect the form and structure of a literary work in addition to its meaning. Examining and analyzing the mythological relations of a literary text play an important role in explaining its meanings and concepts. By using analytical-descriptive method, the present study attempts to investigate the mythological signs of the novel Yet, Madly... by Shiva Arastooee. The study of the novel, based on a mythological reading, shows that form and content of it have been affected by the myths. The myth of Shiva is added to the novel to expand its concepts and to shape and drive the narrative forward. She appears as a woman who dances around the clock, adjusting the rhythm of the novel with her movements and deciding what story to tell at what time. Also, in the novel, various signs and symbols such as names (Shiva, the god of the three heads, ...), places (water reservoir, Pandora's box, Palmyra, ...) and concepts such as death and writing are presented as meaningful units of a mythical discourse. Manuscript profile -
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215 - Mythological Analysis of the Story of Bahram & Azadeh Based on Northrope Frye’s Theory of Mythos of Fall; The Case of Study: Enameled Ceramics of Ilkhanid Period
yaqub talebi Bahman namvar motlaghOne of the main approaches in contemporary literary criticism is the archetypal approach. Northrop Frye, The foremost theorist of archetypal criticism, argues that the mythological archetypes appear in a variety of literary texts and the corresponding genres for the fou MoreOne of the main approaches in contemporary literary criticism is the archetypal approach. Northrop Frye, The foremost theorist of archetypal criticism, argues that the mythological archetypes appear in a variety of literary texts and the corresponding genres for the four seasons are as follows: The mythos of spring: comedy; The mythos of summer: romance; The mythos of fall: tragedy; The mythos of winter: irony. Frye believes the tragedy focuses on a single hero who passes through the six phases - from innocence to falling - in his/her life and finally calm prevails in the atmosphere. The present article, by a descriptive and analytical approach, attempts to study the motifs of enameled ceramics of Ilkhanid period based on Northrope Frye’s theory of archetypal criticism. These motifs depict scenes from the story of Bahram & Azadeh (as narrated in Shāhnāmeh). The results show that the visual narrative of the story is based on the form of the mythos of fall and the genre of tragedy and convey a special political and social message to its audience. Manuscript profile -
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216 - The Analysis of Characters and Mythological Concepts in Symphony of the Dead
soheyla sheykhloo Hamidreza Ardestani rostami Ismail AzarOne of the components in Persian novels is the use of mythological-archetypal elements and themes. In the present article, by using a descriptive-analytical method, an attempt has been made to study the mythological components in Symphony of the Dead of Abbas MoreOne of the components in Persian novels is the use of mythological-archetypal elements and themes. In the present article, by using a descriptive-analytical method, an attempt has been made to study the mythological components in Symphony of the Dead of Abbas Maroufi. The author has deliberately used myths which indicates his awareness of the myths and symbols of Iran and the world, and religious, national and ethnic culture. The main theme of the novel is murder and fratricide, and is nurtured by the myth of Abel and Cain, but Maroufi has used various myths that can be divided into three categories: the myths of Shahnameh (Siyāvash, Iraj, Bijan and Manijeh etc.), mythical animals (phoenix, crow, wolf, butterfly, fish) and mythological concepts (creation, dualism, catharsis, mandala, plant animism, etc.). These concepts cover a very wide range of topics, so in the present article, only the concepts that have been less addressed in other studies are considered. Manuscript profile -
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217 - The Poem of Manley: An Analysis Based on Jung's Archetypal Criticism
nahid tirandaz abolalghasem esmaeil pour Abdolhosein FarzadThis research deals with the analysis of Manely, a long poem composed by Nima Yooshij, based on Jung's archetypal criticism. Archetypal (mythological) criticism is one of the new approaches in contemporary literary criticism, which engages the archetypes with a psycholo MoreThis research deals with the analysis of Manely, a long poem composed by Nima Yooshij, based on Jung's archetypal criticism. Archetypal (mythological) criticism is one of the new approaches in contemporary literary criticism, which engages the archetypes with a psychological perspective on myths and shows their role in literary works. On this basis, in contemporary literature (poetry), myth and archetype are somehow tied to psychology (based on the theory of Jung). In the poem, Manley refers to a mythological hero who, through an introspective journey, by passing from "ego" to "self", achieves "individuality", and by this transformation, he becomes distinguished from others. Also, Manely's actions can be adapted to some the stages of archetype of hero, including exploration and learning. In Manley, the archetypes of death and rebirth, the wise old man and water gain meaning in connection with the myth of the hero. The findings of the research show that Manley, the main character of the story, is a person who came from the lower class of the society and with the help of the wise old man, attains a true self-knowledge and returns to the society in harmony with nature. Manuscript profile -
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218 - The Genealogical Values of Vegetative Reason and the Growth of "Kin Plant" in Shānāmeh Based on Archetypal Criticism; The Case Study: The Myth of Siavash and Kei-Khosrow
pegah mahmoudi Nedā MounzaviThe approach of archetypal criticism, which has its foundation in anthropology, is interdisciplinary in nature. This method is particularly prominent in the study of epic works, such as Ferdowsi's Shānāmeh, due to the deep-rooted archetypes and mythological foundations MoreThe approach of archetypal criticism, which has its foundation in anthropology, is interdisciplinary in nature. This method is particularly prominent in the study of epic works, such as Ferdowsi's Shānāmeh, due to the deep-rooted archetypes and mythological foundations present in these texts. The collective unconscious plays a dominant role in great mythological and mystical works, as evidenced by the presence of motifs such as the repetition of cosmic processes, rituals, gods, and supernatural elements. As a result, these texts, and particularly Shānāmeh, are highly suitable for the analysis of archetypal elements. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the archetypal connection between plants and humans in myths, specifically focusing on the stories of Siavash and Kei-Khosrow. This research employs a descriptive-analytical method and utilizes Jung's critique of archetypes to analyze the archetypal and genealogical aspects of the vegetative reason. The findings of this research indicate that the "Kin plant" (coral plant or Erythrina corallodendron) that grows from Siavash's blood is a symbol of the archetype of human reason and plant descent of man, which is manifested in the existence of Kei-Khosrow. Manuscript profile -
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219 - Psychomythology in Dramatic Literature; A Case Study: Examining Bahram Beyzai's Mythological Views Based on Gilbert Durand's Mythological Criticism
behrouz avazpour Elham EbrahimiNaqani The present research aims to apply Gilbert Durand's mythological criticism to Bahram Beyzai's dramatic works, including playwrights and screenplays, in order to uncover the underlying mythological pattern. The task was accomplished by utilizing the method of mytho More The present research aims to apply Gilbert Durand's mythological criticism to Bahram Beyzai's dramatic works, including playwrights and screenplays, in order to uncover the underlying mythological pattern. The task was accomplished by utilizing the method of mythological analysis. It involved carefully studying the author's significant work, and identifying the principal sub-myth present in his works. In addition to analyzing the text and metatext (such as exploring the sub-myth present in other works by the author, studying his personal-professional life, and assessing his personal complex), a psychometric approach was employed to uncover his personal and extra-personal myth. The findings of the research indicate that the principal sub-myth in Beyzai's works revolves around several key themes: studying the past to shape the future, battling against oppression and ignorance that hinder the growth of the homeland's fertility, and being willing to sacrifice oneself if necessary to achieve this fertility. Furthermore, the priority of life over death and femininity as the source of life are significant aspects of this sub-myth. Beyzai's personal complex, described in the language of Jacques Lacan, involves a fixated state and difficulties transitioning from the imaginary to the symbolic realm. Lastly, his personal myth can be associated with the goddess Anahita. Manuscript profile -
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220 - Analysis of mythological beliefs in Sistani's stories and legends
mohammad fatemimaneshMythological beliefs are a set of views that have a lifetime throughout human history and are the source of many customs and traditions that modern humans have adjusted their interactions and relationships with others based on. These mythological beliefs, which are very MoreMythological beliefs are a set of views that have a lifetime throughout human history and are the source of many customs and traditions that modern humans have adjusted their interactions and relationships with others based on. These mythological beliefs, which are very important from an anthropological point of view, have been manifested in many sociological, artistic and literary fields, and one can easily find their signs among various human phenomena. Among the areas that are one of the main manifestations of mythological beliefs are native and local legends and stories; Elements that require serious attention due to their close relationship with myths; A problem that has been taken into consideration in this research and based on which the author has tried to analyze the mythological beliefs in Sistani's stories and legends by descriptive-analytical method. The results of this research show that beliefs such as belief in duality and conflict of opposites, sanctity of sleep and dreams, Farah Yazidi, belief in Utopia and sanctity of the bones of the dead are among the most important mythological beliefs in Sistani's stories and legends. They are the result of the unbreakable connection of the people of Sistan with the ancient culture of ancient Iran and also the Scythian culture. Manuscript profile -
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221 - The Animus in Epic Myths: A "Mythological Criticism of Depth" Approach
بهروز اتونی According to Carl Gustav Jung, The Archetypal themes (like creation and death) and images (like mountain and numbers) are rooted in basic archetypes. The self, the shadow, the anima, the animus, and persona are the main archetypes. In "mythological criticism of More According to Carl Gustav Jung, The Archetypal themes (like creation and death) and images (like mountain and numbers) are rooted in basic archetypes. The self, the shadow, the anima, the animus, and persona are the main archetypes. In "mythological criticism of depth", it is necessary to use these archetypes for analyzing and decoding of myths. In literature and literary critical texts, they are not analyzed from mythological criticism point of view. The present article tries to study the function of one of these archetypes, namely the animus, in epic myths, especially Shāhnāmeh, from mythological criticism point of view. Manuscript profile -
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222 - The Animus in Epic Myths: A "Mythological Criticism of Depth" Approach
Behroz AtoonīAccording to Carl Gustav Jung, The Archetypal themes (like creation and death) and archetypal images (such as mountain and numbers) originate from basic archetypes. The self, the shadow, the anima, the animus, and persona are the main archetypes. In "mythological critic MoreAccording to Carl Gustav Jung, The Archetypal themes (like creation and death) and archetypal images (such as mountain and numbers) originate from basic archetypes. The self, the shadow, the anima, the animus, and persona are the main archetypes. In "mythological criticism of depth", it is necessary to use these archetypes for analyzing and decoding of myths. In literature and literary critical texts, they are not analyzed from mythological criticism point of view. In the present article, the author tries to study the function of one of these archetypes, namely, the animus, in the epic myths, especially Shāhnāmeh, from mythological criticism point of view. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
223 - Symbolism of Cave in the Works of Mowlānā Jalāl-al Din Balkhi
مریم حسینی A psychological study of Mowlānā Jalāl-al Din Balkhi's Ghazals (Odes) reveals the fact that some of these odes indicate the poet's great understanding of Conscious-and unconsciousness. Mowlānā's "Superego" gains life upon his visit with Shams-e Tabrizi. This vis More A psychological study of Mowlānā Jalāl-al Din Balkhi's Ghazals (Odes) reveals the fact that some of these odes indicate the poet's great understanding of Conscious-and unconsciousness. Mowlānā's "Superego" gains life upon his visit with Shams-e Tabrizi. This visit is the ignition for a series of poetic experiences. Using the psychological approach and the concept of "supergo", in the present article an attempt is made to show the symbol of cave in the works of Mowlānā Jalāl-al Din Balkhi, Persian poet and mystic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
224 - The Archetypes in the Works of Ghazaleh Alizadeh: A Critical Approach
نرگس باقری مصطفی موسوی راد The female characters in the stories of Ghazāleh Alizādeh have some common salient features that have been turned them into myths or quasi-myths. These features are as follows: having good and bad features of Satan and Angel, being simultaneously child and old, More The female characters in the stories of Ghazāleh Alizādeh have some common salient features that have been turned them into myths or quasi-myths. These features are as follows: having good and bad features of Satan and Angel, being simultaneously child and old, having magical female power as well as spiritual wisdom, and being symbol of spiritual inspiration. Since there is a close link between mythical and psychological criticism, hence both have impact on individual’s personality. On the other hand, the archetypes like instincts have an effect on human behavior and also contribute to the formation of personality. The present article, by considering these points, tries to analyze the features of female characters in Alizādeh’s works. The research shows that Alizādeh appeals to mythical symbols and creates one-sided images, exoteric and unknown characters, and shows an abnormal relation between dream and fact. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
225 - An Analysis of Archetype of Hero's Journey Based on Campbell’s & Jung’s Thoughts
Mohammad Tāheri Hamid Aghājāni Based on Carl Jung’s thoughts, Joseph John Campbell (1904 –1987), proposed the theme of “hero's journey” that opened a new horizon in archetypal literary criticism. Campell’s ideas in archetypal criticism can be used in comparing an More Based on Carl Jung’s thoughts, Joseph John Campbell (1904 –1987), proposed the theme of “hero's journey” that opened a new horizon in archetypal literary criticism. Campell’s ideas in archetypal criticism can be used in comparing and analyzing stories, especially archetypal epic ones. The seven labors of Rostam (Haft-Khane Rostam) in Shāhnāmeh can be studied from Campbell’s point of view. Rostam had to pass the seven labors (Haft-Khan) to save Iranian commanders upon his father’s command, Zal. In this journey, besides obtaining material and spiritual gifts, Rostam reaches self-discovery and spiritual perfection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
226 - Awareness of Death in the Story of Mattie and Grandpa
Narges Bāgheri Sharooz HamidiMattie and Grandpa, by Roberto Piumini, is a symbolic story for children with theme of death. When the main character of the story (Mattie) confronts with his grandpa's death, he begins a ritual journey in order to gain awareness of mysteries of death. In the journey, h MoreMattie and Grandpa, by Roberto Piumini, is a symbolic story for children with theme of death. When the main character of the story (Mattie) confronts with his grandpa's death, he begins a ritual journey in order to gain awareness of mysteries of death. In the journey, he finds his individuality, strengthens himself and discovers the rebirth. Based on analytical psychology and archetypal criticism, the present article tries to study his journey. In an emotional space, the symbolic system of the story uses symbols as psychic and dynamic energy with effective materials and child-like imagination. Decoding of the symbols shows that Mattie is a symbol of a hero, the grandpa as the wise old man, river represents life, and the left side of river as unconscious; where discovering the mystery of death means to be the goal the journey. The journey is done in a full day and this is supposed to be the symbol of perfection and perfect cycle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
227 - Archetypal Critique of Banu Goshasp Nama
Khadijeh Bahrāmi Rahnamā Mahmood TāvoosiOne of approaches in critique of literary texts is archetypal criticism that is rooted in depth-psychological criticism. Based on thoughts of Carl Gustav Jung, that approach studies the different kinds of archetypes that rest in unconscious. According to Jung, due to a MoreOne of approaches in critique of literary texts is archetypal criticism that is rooted in depth-psychological criticism. Based on thoughts of Carl Gustav Jung, that approach studies the different kinds of archetypes that rest in unconscious. According to Jung, due to a common and general experience, mythical themes are repeated in all generations. Banu Goshasp Nama, a Persian epic composed of 900 verses by an unknown poet from the 11th or 12th century, demonstrates different archetypes. Banu Goshasp is an ideal "mother archetype" that overcomes obstacles and realizes her individuality. By fighting with her inner shadows, hunting and battling with her Aniran suitors, she fulfills her personality and gains self-recognition. The present article is to criticize Banu Goshasp Nama from archetypal critique point of view, based on the thoughts of Jung and archetypes like shadow and mandala and process of individualizing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
228 - Akhavan Sāles’ Ghesseh-ye Shahr-e Sangestan: An Archetypal Critical Approach
hamidreza farziArchetypal literary criticism is a type of critical theory that interprets a literary text by focusing on myths and archetypes. In this paper, based on archetypal literary criticism, the poem of Ghesseh-ye shahr-e sangestan (the tale of the petrified city), composed by MoreArchetypal literary criticism is a type of critical theory that interprets a literary text by focusing on myths and archetypes. In this paper, based on archetypal literary criticism, the poem of Ghesseh-ye shahr-e sangestan (the tale of the petrified city), composed by Mahdi Akhavan Sāles (1928-1990), is interpreted and analyzed. For this purpose, the archetypes of hero, death and birth, Pire Dana (wise old man), shadow, self, and archetypal symbols such as tree, cave, mountain, valley, spring, well, and the number seven are considered as main concepts. In this poem, the central archetype is “the hero-savior”, and the other archetypes are explained with respect to the main one. Also, other subjects were entertained at two phases; first, the behavior, departure, and salavation of the hero and second, the movement, separation and return in the poem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
229 - The Mythical Analysis of Suvashun: the 1953 Iranian Coup D ' état
Mohammad Alijāni Hoseinalī Qobadī Saeed Bozorg BigdelīDuring the history, political and social events have always influenced myths. One of the most important contemporary events which has influenced political, social, cultural and literary structures of Iran is the 1953 coup d'état in the country. After the coup d'& MoreDuring the history, political and social events have always influenced myths. One of the most important contemporary events which has influenced political, social, cultural and literary structures of Iran is the 1953 coup d'état in the country. After the coup d'état, Iranian contemporary novelists, by avoiding direct expression, used an ambiguous, symbolic and mythical language for expressing social problems and informing the masses and intellectuals. Suvashun, written by Simin Dāneshvar (1921 –2012), is one of the most prominent Persian novels which by using national and religious myths, reflects the social and intellectual state of Iranian people after the 1953 coup. Dāneshvar recreates the mythical characters, narrations and situations and combines them with Islamic and Iranian ones. By using descriptive and analytic methods, based on mythical criticism, this article tries to study the reflection of myth in Suvashun. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
230 - Mythic Analysis of Dard-e Siāvash; Reconsideration of 1953 Iranian Coup d’état in the Light of Myths
Hoseinali Qobādi Saeed Bozorq Beiqdeli Mohammad AlijāniIn the passage of time, the myths influence and are influenced by the social and political events occurring at the present time. In the contemporary history of Iran, 1953 Iranian coup d’état as one the most impressive contemporary events inclined Iranian wr MoreIn the passage of time, the myths influence and are influenced by the social and political events occurring at the present time. In the contemporary history of Iran, 1953 Iranian coup d’état as one the most impressive contemporary events inclined Iranian writers and novelists to notice to myths that are reflection of unconscious of Iranian people after the coup. EsmāilFasih’s Dard-e Siāvash (The Pain of Siavash), as one of the prominent novel, points to prevailing tendency to myths in those days. Employing descriptive-analytical method and mythological criticism, the present article tries to consider the themes existing in mythical literature and the resonance of the myths in the novel. The research shows that based on his personality, social situation and intellectual climate, the writer recreates characters, narrations and mythic spaces relying upon the story of Siavash in Shāhnāmeh. Esmāil Fasih designates the time of death of the hero of the story, Siavash, on 19 August 1953 (28 Mordad). By doing so, the writer identifies the hero with Mosaddegh and refers to the role of hero-killing among Iranians. In other words, he generalizes the space of the story to the whole history of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
231 - Feminist Critique in Eight Short Persian Stories
Pantea NabianThe author analyzed eight short Persian stories written by men writers on the basis of Josephine Donovan's Feminist theory to show the position and role of the women in these stories. Four stories were chosen among the works of Sadiq Hedayat and the other four stories w MoreThe author analyzed eight short Persian stories written by men writers on the basis of Josephine Donovan's Feminist theory to show the position and role of the women in these stories. Four stories were chosen among the works of Sadiq Hedayat and the other four stories were selected among the works of Al-ahmad. The author wants to illustrate that men as writers show women in cliche roles as objects, tools and dependent creatures not as a complete, independent women, in the world of males also investigates that there was not any humanitarian or supportive stance to display women, In the patriarchal world of these writers. Conclusions showed that both of the writers as influential Iranian writers in their cultural-social and traditional structures of their stories gave stereotypical roles to women and passive human-beings, playing secondary roles to satisfy patriarchal needs and requirements, and finally they passively give up in men’s world. Both of the theory and practice of the author were fully satisfied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
232 - Analysis of intertextual theory in the field of Arabic literary criticism, translations provided from it and introduction of elders in this Field
sajad arabi hamidreza gholamiThe concept of intertextuality was introduced in 1982 by Siza Qasim in an article called “Paradoxical view in contemporary Arabic stories” in the discourse of contemporary Arabic criticism. This theory was accom pained by different reactions from Arab MoreThe concept of intertextuality was introduced in 1982 by Siza Qasim in an article called “Paradoxical view in contemporary Arabic stories” in the discourse of contemporary Arabic criticism. This theory was accom pained by different reactions from Arab critics and they have provided different translation of it, and have different views and same have theorized about this and they raised view that had hot been raised in this field until then.In the present study, an attempt is made to study and analyze intertextual theory in the field of Arabic literary criticism by descriptive-analytical method, and to examine the most important efforts and works of authors in this field in the Arab world. The results show that the efforts of contemporary Arab critics on intertextuality have taken two trends so far which are: The first is to refer to the field of ancient criticism and adapt this theory to the critical heritage, and the second is to suffice with the new form of intertextual theory without referring to the ancient heritage of literary criticism.Contemporary Arab critics have made great strides in both practical and theoretical terms, Their efforts and achievements in this field and other new theories show this. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
233 - Marxist criticism with the analysis of Sawareh Ilkhanizadeh's poems
bahar kazemi jamal ahmadiMarxist is a form of literary criticism about the relationship between society and literature. In Marxist criticism, the basis of literature analysis is the historical conditions of the creator. Hence, for the Marxist crititic, knowing the historical backgro MoreMarxist is a form of literary criticism about the relationship between society and literature. In Marxist criticism, the basis of literature analysis is the historical conditions of the creator. Hence, for the Marxist crititic, knowing the historical background is highly important. occupation of Iran and the Kurdistan region after World War I A current dominates Kurdish literature, which influences many Kurdish writers and intellectuals under the influence of Marxism and Communism. Savare Ilkhanizadeh (1316-1354) is one of the prominent poets of contemporary Kurdish poetry in the 40s and 50s. Like many intellectuals of that time, he was influenced by the ideological currents of his time. According to the requirements of his time, Saware has chosen symbolic language for his poems. He tries to express his thoughts in a mysterious language. In this research, which was carried out by descriptive-analytical method, using library sources, it is tried to analyze the components of Marxist criticism in his poetry, while examining the symbolic language of his poems. The results indicate that the political and social conditions of Saware's time had an impact on his poems and these poems were a means of expressing his thoughts and ideology, which are Marxist-socialist thoughts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
234 - Environment in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry; From Familiarity and cohabitation to dissolution
Enayatollah Daraei Effat Najar NobariThe history of showing nature in Persian literature is as long as the history of literature. Since the 20th century, man's view of nature has changed, which led to the emergence of ecologism and, as a result, the formation of "Ecocriticism". In this criticism, the relat MoreThe history of showing nature in Persian literature is as long as the history of literature. Since the 20th century, man's view of nature has changed, which led to the emergence of ecologism and, as a result, the formation of "Ecocriticism". In this criticism, the relationship between literature and environment is examined. The purpose of this research is to investigate how nature is represented in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry; How are the pleasant or unpleasant phenomena of nature, as well as the gender-oriented representation of nature in her poetry? The research method is a combination of ecocriticism and rhetoric. The presence of nature is different in two periods of Forough's poetry. In the first period (captive, wall, rebellion), she looks at nature from the outside (in the form of similes and metaphors and rarely in animism and symbols). In the second period (Rebirth and let's believe the beginning of the cold season), nature is symbolic and alive. Forough identifies herself with nature and plants her hands in the garden. The pleasant natural phenomena in Forough's poetry indicate the lofty ideals of man; Like the sky and stars (superiority and awareness), birds (liberation and happiness), earth and plants (fertility and abundance), water and rain (purity and tenderness) and fire (love and passion). In her poetry, mud, rock, stone (indifference), night, snake, crow (reprehensible and talkative) and wind (death and inexistence) are represented in an unfavorable way. Forough reproduces the patriarchal historical and mythological culture. she represents the man like the sky, moon, sun and rain in a lofty, bright, warm, active, pure and purifying way; While the woman is shown as small, weak, receptive and polluted like a bird, earth, fields, dew, rocks and mud. Forough's poems are against the views of feminists. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
235 - Reviewing and Criticizing Three Contemporary Translations (a case study of Elahi Qumsheii, Fooladvand, Ayati)
Ibrahim Fallah Masoomeh Shamsi poorThis article entitled as reviewing and criticizing three contemporary translations, presents a case study of Surah Al-Naba` with the aim of trying to explain correct Quranic concepts from the source language to the target language as humanly, and also review its impact MoreThis article entitled as reviewing and criticizing three contemporary translations, presents a case study of Surah Al-Naba` with the aim of trying to explain correct Quranic concepts from the source language to the target language as humanly, and also review its impact in Quranic addressee. It uses a library method and lexical and interpretive resources to have more accurate and appropriate translation. Work method in this research is as follows, by using descriptive- analytical method and collecting data by phishing method and also with the aim of achieving a more accurate translation, it seeks to made an investigation in the technical-literary pathology of the three translations. Research results showed that in comparing three mentioned translations, the translation of Mr. Fooladvand has a better conformity and fluency with the sacred texts of Holy Quran than other translations and also seems more appropriate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
236 - Structuralism Critique and Content Analysis of Vali-e-Dasht-e-Bayazi poems
Latifeh Salama tbavilLiterature can be analyzed from different views and stylistic analysis of literary works is scientific approach in criticism. In this article the poems of Vali as a poet from Vasoukht school in tenth century has been analyzed based on structuralism. In this kind of crit MoreLiterature can be analyzed from different views and stylistic analysis of literary works is scientific approach in criticism. In this article the poems of Vali as a poet from Vasoukht school in tenth century has been analyzed based on structuralism. In this kind of criticism emphasizes on construction literary works and structuralism as a way in analysis. Putting up on the side lines the life of poet and author. In this research at the beginning has been pointed out the structuralism and then has been introduced poet and his poems in three levels: Phonetic , Lexical and Syntactic since recognition of poet’s thoughts without looking themes of his poets in impossible in the following has been reviewed his poets by content analysis method. The aim of this article is the recognition of his poetic style in expression of concepts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
237 - Elements of literary meta-criticism in the works of Sharif Mortazdha
Mohammad Amin Taghavi Fardoud Ali SaberiSayed Mortadha Alamolhoda was a Theologian, jurist, commentator, thinker on Islamic issues, literary man and a critic. He wrote various books about mentioned fields but he has not been studied from the prospective of literature as well as his other specialties. The only MoreSayed Mortadha Alamolhoda was a Theologian, jurist, commentator, thinker on Islamic issues, literary man and a critic. He wrote various books about mentioned fields but he has not been studied from the prospective of literature as well as his other specialties. The only works done about his literary works are a few books and articles. In this article, the author aimed to consider meta-criticism in his works by studying his literary and critical works. The issue of meta-criticism is one of those arguments which is expressed in the critical society just recently. by studying the collection of his works, we could come to understanding that Sayed Mortadha had written most of his literary critical notions in his three works of 'Amali', 'al-shahab', teyfol- khial'. He had promoted his knowledge by clarifying the critical notions, prevalent in his era, and also by means of theories of critical and literary theorists such as, "Jahiz", Ibn Qotaybah" "Amidi" and … . He also had proceeded to criticize some theories and critical notions of his time by using his other specialties; in other words he had used criticism of criticism or "meta-criticism" on those critical theories such as, vocab and conception, figures of speech, equilibrium and … and he had used his specific techniques in analyzing, studying and interpreting literary works. He had also sometimes theorized about critical issues and suggested a new style of criticism in criticizing literary works. Manuscript profile -
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238 - Criticism of the translation of the book of stylistics
-- --This article examines and criticizes the translation of Paul Simpson's book on stylistics, which was translated into Persian by Nasrin Faqih Malek Marzban and published by Al-Zahra University. In this book, Simpson has looked at stylistics with a new approach. In this a MoreThis article examines and criticizes the translation of Paul Simpson's book on stylistics, which was translated into Persian by Nasrin Faqih Malek Marzban and published by Al-Zahra University. In this book, Simpson has looked at stylistics with a new approach. In this article, we examine the translation of the book from four perspectives: appearance and form, structure, content and language. In the external and formal criticism, we deal with the weight, volume and cut of the book, page layout, diagrams, font and letter size, binding and binding, paper and cover material, cover and back cover design, and in the structural criticism of the system special book classification; In the content criticism of the translation features and in the linguistic criticism, we examine the grammatical or editorial signs, the use of wrong verbs, prepositions and pronouns, double writing, recording of unusual forms of declaration. Content evaluation is more focused on checking the accuracy and correctness of translation and equivalent choices. The existence of editing and writing problems, weakness in equivalent options, double writing and in many cases lack of translation are the weak points of this book. The book of stylistics opens new intellectual horizons for Persian readers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
239 - The effectiveness of positive psychology training on perceived support and self-criticism in women heads of households
Fatemeh Torkashvand Fatemeh Sadat Zahedi Mahshid izadiThe purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of positive psychology training on perceived social support and self-criticism in women heads of households. Materials and methods: The method of this research is semi-experimental. The statistical popula MoreThe purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of positive psychology training on perceived social support and self-criticism in women heads of households. Materials and methods: The method of this research is semi-experimental. The statistical population of this research includes all female heads of households in District 6 of Mashhad city, whose number is equal to 250 people. The sample of the present study includes 30 women heads of households who were selected voluntarily and available and randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups. The training group was trained and after the completion of the sessions and 2 months after the training, both groups answered the questionnaires. To measure the variables, Zimet et al.'s perceived social support questionnaires (1988) and Thompson and Zurov's (2004) self-criticism level scale have been used. Findings: The findings show that positive psychology training was effective on the perceived social support and self-criticism of female household heads (P<0.05). Discussion: From the findings of this research, it can be concluded that positive psychology training can reduce self-criticism and increase perceived social support in women, as a result, it can improve quality of life, life satisfaction, and mental and psychological well-being. increase in these people. Manuscript profile -
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240 - The effectiveness of positive psychology training on perceived and critical self-support in female-headed households
fatemeh torkashvand fatemehsadat zahedi Mahshid izadiThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of positive psychology training on perceived social and self-critical support in female-headed households. Materials and Methods: The method of this study is quasi-experimental. There are 250 of them. The sa MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of positive psychology training on perceived social and self-critical support in female-headed households. Materials and Methods: The method of this study is quasi-experimental. There are 250 of them. The sample of the present study includes 30 female-headed households who were selected voluntarily and available and were randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups. The training group was trained and after the sessions and 2 months after training both groups. They answered the questionnaires. Perceived social support questionnaires of Zimet et al. (1988) and Thompson and Zoroff (2004) self-critical levels scale were used to measure the variables. Results: The results show that positive psychology training on perceived social support. And self-criticism of female-headed households was effective (P <0.05). Discussion: From the findings of this study, it can be concluded that positive psychology education can reduce self-criticism and increase perceived social support in women. The result can increase the quality of life, life satisfaction and mental and psychological well-being in these people. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
241 - Studying the Stories of " The Makhzanol Asrar " from Nezami Ganjavi with Incipient Structural Critical Approach by Lucien Goldmann
Fatemeh Hajati Bardmili Ziba EsmailiAbstract Lucien Goldmann introduces every literary work as a meaningful structure which is under the impact of its socio-economic problems in its own time. The true creator of a work is not an individual but the representative MoreAbstract Lucien Goldmann introduces every literary work as a meaningful structure which is under the impact of its socio-economic problems in its own time. The true creator of a work is not an individual but the representative of the social group which the creator is one of its creative member. The Makhzanol Asrar has three distinct parts, each of which has meaningful structure. This research studies the current problems of its time with library method and descriptive-analytic approach about Nezami's military stance on the contemporary problems.To attain this aim, we initially explain the fundamental implications of incipient criticism of Lucien Goldmann, later on the stories which are investigable are selected and in two-level process they are explained; that's, having grasped the internal structure of each story, the generality of the work together with the comprehensive foundations of the time of composing are connected with each other and adducing to the historical resources the results of the studies showed that the view point of mystic-protesting of social groups of military was deviated from the fundamental social reality of its time and chaotic situation from the feudalism in Iran in the era of the Saljuques ( injustice, cruelty, massacre , plunder and leading the policy toward religion ) has encompassed the soul of the stories of the Makhzanol Asrar like a halo. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
242 - An Analysis on the Anima Archetype in the Lyric Poem of "Mehr and Moshtari" from Assar Tabrizi
Vida Rekab Arash Moshfeghi Gholam Hossein JavanmardAbstract Dealing with the internal conditions of the characters and its symbols is of the important traits of the lyric poetry. This internality has close relationship with the archetypes posed in psychology which include anim MoreAbstract Dealing with the internal conditions of the characters and its symbols is of the important traits of the lyric poetry. This internality has close relationship with the archetypes posed in psychology which include anima and animus. Based on the Jung theory, the archetypes of anima are the portrayal of feministic morality and approach in masculine gender and by the experience of race throughout the history. This approach in its various forms, has manifested itself in the lyric poem of Mehr and Moshtari from Assar Tabrizi ( 8th c ). Mehr, as a beloved, has extensive function in the development of the story; but in some occasions her feministic morality has made her distinct from other characters. And also, Moshtary, with ambiguous behavior approaches much to feministic character. In this research, which has been done by descriptive-analytic method, by taking advantage of library technique, we have tried to study and analyze these phenomena. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
243 - Analysis of the Heterogeneous Image in the Novel " After the End " by Fariba Wafee
Fariba Rahimi Nasser Alizadeh Khayyat Arash MoshfaghiAbstract A feministic approach, first established in 1929 by British Virginia Woolf with " Her Own Room " book, has opened up a great discussion in the contemporary period, especially in the context of MoreAbstract A feministic approach, first established in 1929 by British Virginia Woolf with " Her Own Room " book, has opened up a great discussion in the contemporary period, especially in the context of political, ideological and social movements in the form of novels. The novelist's feministic ideas are mainly with a tendency to liberal belief that gender in the life of human beings, is a determining factor which shapes the social and economic status of individuals. Fariba Wafee, as a liberal female feminist in his works, especially the novel After the End, constantly speaks of imprisonments, nostalgia and ambiguity in her novel . It can be interpreted as the traditional woman's image . In this paper, having reviewed the novel of " After the End " its main features and the flow of feminism are laid out in the view of the critiques. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
244 - Pragmatic Critical Approach to Didactic Literature in Contrast with Ethics and Politics (based on the Kalileh and Demneh)
Rasool KazemzadehAbstract The Kalileh and Demneh, in comparison with other cooperative texts, has an important stance in the critical discussion of the day; and because of its didactic principles and numerous fictional molds and dialogues has MoreAbstract The Kalileh and Demneh, in comparison with other cooperative texts, has an important stance in the critical discussion of the day; and because of its didactic principles and numerous fictional molds and dialogues has appealed the critics' ideas to itself. Pragmatism is a view point which uses the practical results of ideas as a criterion of values and their correctness. We have tried in this essay by descriptive-analytic method, and by looking at the context of the Kalileh and Demneh as the main source of document, and referring to the daily critical discussions evaluate the lingual narrative of the story and avoid the segmentation of all sentences in having the final subsumption. What with superficial criticism, poses the negative characters of the story as anti-value, fades in contrast to " good and evil " and replaces itself with morality and value results. Kalileh and Demneh, in reality, talks about the social and ethical condition of his time and its teachings are somewhat adapted with machiavellism and pragmatism which has production like humanism . Studying the narrative structure of the stories shows that the substance of the story is the dominant speculation of the main idea of the fiction and although in the first view the sub-structure of the story is pragmatic, by looking at the atmosphere of the story and the dialogues dominating the layers of the fiction and conclusion we cannot attribute pragmatic or machiavellism to it. Manuscript profile -
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245 - The Artistic Quality of Rhetorical Structures in the Newly Found Work from Fathollah Aref
Mohammad Reza Amir Khani Dehbalaee Ahmad Reza YalamehaAbstract The subject of this research is to study and evaluate the application of crafts of rhetorics and their criticism in the newly found work from Fathollah Aref, the poet of the 10th century and the composer of The Shahna MoreAbstract The subject of this research is to study and evaluate the application of crafts of rhetorics and their criticism in the newly found work from Fathollah Aref, the poet of the 10th century and the composer of The Shahnameh in the court of Soleiman Ghanuni. One of the specifications that distinguishes one literary work from the other is the kind of its utility from its rhetoric structure which are illustrated by the writer in different ways. Regarding the epic genre of this poetry, Aref tries to create his poetry in higher or the same rank of the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi. In the discussion of rhetorics, he sometimes succeeds and the other times fails. Aref's most significant craft in this work is the sensitive expression in the description of the scenes and the choice of similarity in a different atmosphere in a distich. Aref, by posing ironic expressions and in an unexpected manner , unveils his praised one (criticizes him) . Expression together with authority, and questioning in the excellency of the abstract of the book are of his outstanding and successful crafts. Manuscript profile -
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246 - Psychoanalytical Criticism on the Propounded Features in the Bayhaghi History based on the new Psychological Schools of Freud, Rogers, Maslow, and Adler
Sara Mohammadi Arash MoshfaghiAbstract Bayhaghi's history is of the valuable and profitable works which its writer has used his whole craft to create a lasting source. Contracting ideas and thoughts of various characters have been used in it. Abulfazl Bayh MoreAbstract Bayhaghi's history is of the valuable and profitable works which its writer has used his whole craft to create a lasting source. Contracting ideas and thoughts of various characters have been used in it. Abulfazl Bayhaghi was a savant and sharp-witted man who had the acts and behaviors of the politicians under his scrutiny vision. Psychoanalytical criticism of literary texts is a new scientific approach among the literary and artistic works. The Bayhaghi history, with having different players who work with harmony, make possible this criticism and studying for this research which are beneficial in psychology of the characters in Bayhaghi's era in the period of the Ghaznawid's dominance by utilizing the modern psychologic science theories and the ideas of great people like Freud, Adler, Rogers, ans Maslow to find out the reason of some events and inefficiencies which led to the decline of the Ghaznavid kingdom. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
247 - The Sociological Criticism of the Short Story Collection of " The Acrid flavor of Persimmon from Zoya Pirzad
Mansoureh Bagheri Mazra'e Abdorreza Modarres Zadeh Fatemeh HaydariAbstract The book of " The Acrid Flavor of Persimmon " from Zoya Pirzad was published in 1376 and appealed profound attention. The purpose of this research is the sociological criticism of this work and studying and revealing MoreAbstract The book of " The Acrid Flavor of Persimmon " from Zoya Pirzad was published in 1376 and appealed profound attention. The purpose of this research is the sociological criticism of this work and studying and revealing of the imaginative stories of this collection. The sociological criticism of literature is one of the applied methods in the analysis of literary texts, especially the novel which studies the correspondence of social and aesthetical structure of the story. In criticizing of this work we based our activity on the tenets of Gyorgy Lukacs, the founder of this field and the incipient of structuralistic method of Lucian Goldman. The results attained through the analytical-descriptive method show that the main concern of Pirzad, in the illustration of woman's feature in society and peregrination of developmental root starts with consciousness and ends in transformation of her social stance. She, as a realistic writer, has been able to show the re-entering of modernity to Iran after world war II, The change of values, the gap between the generations, the increase of women's share in social activities and the transformation of Iranian society as a whole; the process which led to the basic alteration in the second half of the 70th. It is also emphasized that this type of criticism has its necessary methods to analyze and interpret the Persian short story. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
248 - Criticism of the archetype of the Hero in the story of Jamshid and Khorshid based on the View Point of Jung and Campbell
Behnaz Ali Mirzaee M. Jalaloddin Kazzaz iAbstract Joseph Campbell, based on Jung ideas and by introducing the archetype of the hero's travel, has opened a new door in the criticism of the archetype and showed that the hero's travel in the narrative works of different MoreAbstract Joseph Campbell, based on Jung ideas and by introducing the archetype of the hero's travel, has opened a new door in the criticism of the archetype and showed that the hero's travel in the narrative works of different people, follow the similar pattern.Campbell's pattern includes the three sections of departure, attainment and return. Therefore, the writers of this article want to investigate the story of Jamshid and Khorshid from Salman Savaji based on the archetype and unimyth of Campbell . Jamshid, with the response to a mysterious call, to understand himself and his internal anima and with the guidance of old wiseman sets off a difficult journey and traverses the hard stages and finally joins Khorshid and returns to China; and in this way brings prosperity to his homeland . Besides the remission of this world, Jamshid attains a kind of self awareness and this is the harmony with the speculation of " the archetype of the hero's travel ". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
249 - The political system and the question of Quranic point of view
Ali Mottaghi Mohammad Hadi Mahdavi Ali Fallahi Seifodin Ahmadreza TavakoliIn order to reduce the error of the brokers and improve the quality of the operation and improve the reliability coefficient in the good performing of tasks in various contemporary societies, the utility of supervision, review and accountability of brokers has been prov MoreIn order to reduce the error of the brokers and improve the quality of the operation and improve the reliability coefficient in the good performing of tasks in various contemporary societies, the utility of supervision, review and accountability of brokers has been proven. In this regard, the main question is why people have a right to oversee the functions of their government and their agents, and if they are criticized and protested, they will express it and change things. What is the point of view of the jurisprudence? The author of this research, by referring to some related sources, verses from the Quran, and narrations from the Infallibles (as) and thinkers ... and by citation and analysis, outlines how to monitor and review the performance of agents by the citizens, and to this It has been concluded that this method, if provided in accordance with jurisprudence, is called to bring more efficiency to the Islamic system. And can play a more important role in presenting the pattern of the Shi'a Islamic system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
250 - Analyzing the anthropological roots of ecological criticism
mehdi khosravi Maryam Mahmoodi Parisa ِDavariFollowing the emergence of modernism and the serious damages of the 20th and 21st century to nature as the habitat of humans and the danger of its destruction, researchers in the field of ecological criticism literature introduced it as a new science. An approach that d MoreFollowing the emergence of modernism and the serious damages of the 20th and 21st century to nature as the habitat of humans and the danger of its destruction, researchers in the field of ecological criticism literature introduced it as a new science. An approach that deals with the relationship between literature, art and nature and their mutual influence, so that maybe by focusing on this issue, considerations regarding the preservation and protection of the habitat by the human society can be considered. Although human action and behavior changes with the transformation of the social structure system and under the influence of the philosophy of looking at life, but what causes a friendly or competitive relationship with nature, becoming unique or superior to it, has roots in the human psyche that are more primitive and more fundamental than superstructures. In this article, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical way, an attempt has been made to investigate the root of damage to nature, which has caused the formation of ecological criticism. Components such as fear of nature, animism of nature, the existence and presence of the maternal descent system, and finally modernity, each of which has determined the limits, limits, why and how of the relationship and behavior at a specific time, and of course the role and relations of power in this influence and impression can also be is attention Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
251 - Analysis of the evolutionary path of a hero’s character in a romantic heroic tale from the viewpoint of psychological criticism based on the case study of the tale of Bizhan and Manizheh
masoumeh sadeghiAnalysis of the evolutionary path of a hero’s character in a romantic heroic tale from the viewpoint of psychological criticism based on the case study of the tale of Bizhan and Manizheh *Ma’someh Sadeghi Assistant Professor, Persian Literature, G MoreAnalysis of the evolutionary path of a hero’s character in a romantic heroic tale from the viewpoint of psychological criticism based on the case study of the tale of Bizhan and Manizheh *Ma’someh Sadeghi Assistant Professor, Persian Literature, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran Date of reception: 97/2/15 Date of acceptance: 98/6/12 Abstract In psychological criticism character is the main focus of the research. According to this approach, hero’s character in Bizhan and Manizheh which is a romantic tale is studied and analyzed in terms of psychological principles to prove the hypothesis that far from the romantic aspects, this genre of stories revolve around the journey the hero undertakes to reach his superior self or his ideal self. This research is based on the descriptive analytic method. Bizhan experiences the darkness of the unconscious by falling into a well, then feeling of guilt prepares the ground for his perfection; a path which begins with an exile in a dark well which is a symbol for the dark side of Bizhan’s self whose deliverance necessitates a procedure such as a psychological cure to transform the darkness of the within into the brightness which consciousness and freedom brings forth. As a result Bizhan himself together with Manizheh who is a symbol of his id, pays the price of his guilt with the most enduring tortures in order to gain his freedom. His final trial is a symbol of this advancement. * . sadeghi2002@yahoo.com Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
252 - Artistic and literary analysis of dream in the text and the painting of the tale “Tus sees Siavash in a dream” from the perspective of criticism of imagination devised by Gaston Bachelard
hamideh hormati Roya Rezapour MogaddamArtistic and literary analysis of dream in the text and the painting of the tale “Tus sees Siavash in a dream” from the perspective of criticism of imagination devised by Gaston Bachelard *Hamideh Hormati Assistant Professor, Persian Literature, Fa MoreArtistic and literary analysis of dream in the text and the painting of the tale “Tus sees Siavash in a dream” from the perspective of criticism of imagination devised by Gaston Bachelard *Hamideh Hormati Assistant Professor, Persian Literature, Faculty member, Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran **Roya Rezapour Moghadam Faculty member, Faculty of Islamic Art, Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran Date of reception: 96/8/27 Date of acceptance: 97/10/19 Abstract Gaston Bachelard, epistemologist, critic, philosopher, recognized as the prime structuralists of France had pioneered a new style of criticism based on the analysis and interpretation of artistic and literary images. Having based his criticism on the four elements, he believed a great deal in material imagination of the poet and its connection with the unconscious and phenomenological issues. From his epistemological perspective, dream and poetic imagination through the four elements and in terms of mythological archetypes for obvious and obscure reasons find material manifestations. In order to accept the literary role as well as invoking the feelings of the audience dreams appear with dual images. Analysis and interpretation of the material imagination and this duality respectively unravels the mystery of the text. The tale of “Tus sees Siavash in a dream” is one of the ten narratives in shahnameh which was painted beautifully in Shah Tahmasb’s Shahnameh as a unique example of portraying dream world of the poet be materialized in the Persian painting. This article is an attempt to represent the ancient connection between literature and art, painting in particular from the view point of material imagination using Bachelard’s ideas regarding poet’s imagination and its correspondence with the painting only to determine the standpoint of four elements in Ferdowsi’s imagination and how they found expression in terms of words and images, also to reveal to what extent they correspond with Bachelard’s criticism of imagination in poetry and painting. According to the findings it can be said that the poet and the painter had made use of Bachelard’s material imagination and dialectic duality in creation of their works. * . hormati@tabriziau.ac.ir ** . rezapour@tabrizau.ac.ir Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
253 - A research on the manner Ferdowsi utilized sources based on the comparison between the tale of Homay and Dara in Shahnameh, Ghurar al- siyar, and Nihayat al-arab
hamed safiA research on the manner Ferdowsi utilized sources based on the comparison between the tale of Homay and Dara in Shahnameh, Ghurar al- siyar, and Nihayat al-arab *Hamed Safi PhD Graduate, Persian Literature, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran Date of MoreA research on the manner Ferdowsi utilized sources based on the comparison between the tale of Homay and Dara in Shahnameh, Ghurar al- siyar, and Nihayat al-arab *Hamed Safi PhD Graduate, Persian Literature, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran Date of reception: 97/1/20 Date of acceptance: 97/2/19 Abstract The final section of Bahman’s sovereignty in Shahnameh deals with Homay’s conception by his father Bahman. According to Ferdowsi’s narrative and in accordance with Pahlavi teachings Bahman unites with Homay makes her his successor and orders that the born child should be the future king. Sassan, Bahman’s son witnessing the event, leaves town and goes to Neyshabour, marries there and names his son Sassan too. Nihayat al-arab shares this narrative as well. According to Saalebi’s narrative also Bahman marries Homay who bears him a child. After Bahman’s death Homay assumes the throne. Comparing Ferdowsi’s narrative of this tale with the other two sources show that all three narratives have common source. On the other hand the difference in Shahnameh’s narrative with the other two texts goes back to the style of narration Ferdowsi adopts and the way he utilizes his sources. Based on this research Ferdowsi’s utilization of his source is a heterogeneous one. By combining two narratives, Ferdowsi narrates the tale in a way which is more dramatic and capturing. In fact Ferdowsi takes each event from a different source and in order to have a more coherent sequence of events he adds certain incidence to the tale. * . hamed 19s2003@yahoo.com Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
254 - The analysis of the metamorphosis of dragon in Garshasp’s adventures based on archetypal criticism
Hooshang Mohammadi afsharArchetypal criticism is one of the interdisciplinary approaches in contemporary literary criticism. Carl Jung sees literary heritage and common experiences in different cultures in the collective unconscious and believes the reason for the cultural similarities am MoreArchetypal criticism is one of the interdisciplinary approaches in contemporary literary criticism. Carl Jung sees literary heritage and common experiences in different cultures in the collective unconscious and believes the reason for the cultural similarities among nations lies in the common archetypes shared. The purpose of this type of criticism is the analysis and evaluation of literary works and ancient narratives should the work lend itself to this genre of criticism. The main purpose of metamorphosis is the presentation of symbols, and signs which intend to reveal the psychological states of man and seeks to explain and reveal ambiguous mysteries of the existence in mythologies via the archetypes. The purpose of this article is to analyze and evaluate all types of metamorphosis of monsters who are dragons in origin in Garshasp’s adventures. Among the antiheros with whom Garshasp, archetypal hero in Avesta fights only dragon like viragos metamorphosed as fairies or appalling monsters were investigated from the Jungian critical perspective employing library approach and descriptive analytic method. The results obtained show that these demonic creatures despite their differences in appearance are in fact regarded as the metamorphosis of the dragon within the hero, or the hero’s anima. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
255 - Archetypal criticism of Shahriar -nameh according to Jung’s Theory
abolghasem ghavam mozhgan hasanpoorArchetypal criticism is one of the remarkable approaches in literary criticism which deals with variety of archetypes in literary texts. Shahriar -nameh is counted among heroic epic texts after Shahnameh and deals with the destiny of Shahriar the son of Borzu.&nbs MoreArchetypal criticism is one of the remarkable approaches in literary criticism which deals with variety of archetypes in literary texts. Shahriar -nameh is counted among heroic epic texts after Shahnameh and deals with the destiny of Shahriar the son of Borzu. After close inspection of this work, outstanding archetypes are drawn out and analyzed according to Jung’s theory. In this epic the hero in order to attain individuality has to overcome obstacles. At first he fights his own shadow and starts a challenging journey. Along the way a wise man accompanies him to guide him through the dangerous path. Demonic forces such as demons and dragons which are the manifestations of shadow appear on the path whom Shahriar fights. Also he passes successfully from the haunting and fantastic places. Next, he encounters a beautiful enchanting mistress and a witch, manifestations of his own anima in the epic with whom he struggles. Sistan is regarded as the representative of stream consciousness from where Shahriar’s journey begins, then after experiencing individuality and perfection in the land of unconsciousness (India) he finally returns to his own family regaining his consciousness and in this way completes the loop of individuality connecting its end to the beginning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
256 - Verse Styli sties in the th Century
Sayyed Ziaoddin SajjadiThis is the second part of Sayed Ziaodin sajjadi deceased proffessor's essay which the first part was published in the previous number of the magazine was about two poets of the th century, Anvari and Jamaladdin Esfahani. In this essay first we are going to survey t MoreThis is the second part of Sayed Ziaodin sajjadi deceased proffessor's essay which the first part was published in the previous number of the magazine was about two poets of the th century, Anvari and Jamaladdin Esfahani. In this essay first we are going to survey the most salient characteristics of Anvari's style in his elegy, lyric poems, quatrains, according to his taste in words and combination, poem's rhythme, rhyme and line, and also content of his poems and its main subjects. Jamaladdin Esfahani is introduced with literary ~ritics' point of views, innuences, elegy's style, rhythme, rhyme and line, rhetorical Figures that he applied and also the information that's found in his poetry, his lyrics and quatrains. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
257 - The analysis of the quality of the awakening of the hero within in character of Seyavash and Kay Khosrow based on the theory of Pearson- K. Marr
Mohammad Javad Assarian Sayyed Ali Ghasemzadeh Mohammad Hossein SardaghiWithout a doubt Shahnameh is a universal text whose humane ethical system goes far beyond the race and geographic barriers. Hence it is not surprising to see the rare capacity of Shahnameh to accommodate so many characters and to attribute world symbols and human MoreWithout a doubt Shahnameh is a universal text whose humane ethical system goes far beyond the race and geographic barriers. Hence it is not surprising to see the rare capacity of Shahnameh to accommodate so many characters and to attribute world symbols and human character archetypes to them. This research is based on the psychological and archetypal approach used by Carol S. Pearson and Hugh K. Marr in the theory of “Awakening the hero within” and Joseph Campbell’s theory in “The hero’s journey”. Descriptive analytic method was used to prove the above theories in life stories of Seyavash and Kay khosrow in Shahnameh. The result of this analysis seems to suggest that their lives begin with the archetype “orphan” becomes intrinsic in them despite the changes brought about in their characters and in their life condition, this archetype almost evolves symbolically with death in Siayvash. The outward and objective expression of this evolutionary transformation and awakening is manifested in Kay Khosrow in the form of “sage” archetype which leads to his awakening. Therefore the process of Ferdowsi’s characterization from Seyavash to Kay Khosrow both from the aspect of cycle of life and death ( Plant god and martyre in Seyavash’s being to fertility goddess and life in Kay Khosrow’s being) and the quality of the here’s journey are complementary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
258 - The criticism and study of the two archetypes of the anima and the animus in Banu Goshasp Nameh
Khadijeh Bahrami Rahnama Mahmud Tavousi Mehdi MahooziThe versified Banu Goshasp Nameh has its root in the collective unconsciousness of the Iranian nation. This work lends itself to the Jungian analytic psychological approach which is highly regarded in the literary criticism. The purpose of this research is to analyze an MoreThe versified Banu Goshasp Nameh has its root in the collective unconsciousness of the Iranian nation. This work lends itself to the Jungian analytic psychological approach which is highly regarded in the literary criticism. The purpose of this research is to analyze anima and animus in the psyche of the characters of the verse. These two factors have great impact upon the creation of events and happenings in the story and provide ample grounds for conflicts among the story characters. One comes across the anima in Faramarz, Shideh, Tamartash, Banu Goshasp’s Indian suitors and Iranian heroes. Animus archetype is found in Banu Goshasp. These two archetypes have motivated the story characters to do different actions. This article aims to study the factors in creating the anima and animus based on the Jung theories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
259 - Content Analysis and Criticism of Makhzan al-asrar
Khorshid NourouziMakhzan al-asrar is the first of the fifth treasures of Nezami Ganjavi whose enormous semantic ambiguities and sophistications challenged many scholars to comment and interpret its verses. In this article attempt is made to criticize and analyze the contents of co MoreMakhzan al-asrar is the first of the fifth treasures of Nezami Ganjavi whose enormous semantic ambiguities and sophistications challenged many scholars to comment and interpret its verses. In this article attempt is made to criticize and analyze the contents of commentaries written on this masterpiece. In addition to familiarizing the reader with the complex verses of this Masnavi, compiling and evaluating different shades of meanings explained by the commentators, correcting the errors made in the paraphrasing of some verses, selecting the most correct meaning of verses, and also recognizing the source of discord between commentators’ point of views reflected in their commentaries on Makhzan al-asrar are purposes of this article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
260 - The Study of Paradoxical ideas in the poetry of Naser Khosrow
Batool Karbasi AmelParadox is a European term which has entered the Persian literary discussions in the contemporary period and it has been defined as paradoxicality and in two poetic and conceptual contexts can be studied. Mostly what is today comes under paradoxicality in Persian MoreParadox is a European term which has entered the Persian literary discussions in the contemporary period and it has been defined as paradoxicality and in two poetic and conceptual contexts can be studied. Mostly what is today comes under paradoxicality in Persian literature and poetry is the poetic context referred to as figures of thought and is considered as a literary device. However our concern in this article is not of this genre and it should be called merely paradox. We have criticized and assessed the paradoxes, conflicts of ideas, beliefs, and claims of poets in this article. Therefore discussions in this article are regarded within the domain of literary criticism, an area which is rarely appreciated in our literary research whereas more attention should be devoted to analysis, interpretation and evaluation of works of literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
261 - A search into the pathology of social classes in Ghaznavid and Seljuq era through the works of Naser Khosrou and Sana’i
Kobra NodehiNo doubt nations throughout the centuries have experienced many ups and downs according to their political, social, cultural and religious states. The holy Koran points to their decline as forth: “And when we wanted to destroy a nation, we command the MoreNo doubt nations throughout the centuries have experienced many ups and downs according to their political, social, cultural and religious states. The holy Koran points to their decline as forth: “And when we wanted to destroy a nation, we command the rich and pleasure seekers (when they disobeyed) and continued debauchery, the God’s absolute order was carried out on them, we shall destroy them” (Asra, 16). Having in mind the meaning of this verse, when a society becomes corrupted, corruption runs into all its classes and social relations and nothing is exempt from its raid. Under such conditions, insecurity emerges in all social institutions and instead of unity and cooperation they stand in opposition and in conflict with each other and certainly won’t have the desired function. It is exactly at this point that the existence of social critics and brilliant thinkers who by giving awareness to different classes of people, point to vices, corruptions and shortcomings in a society play an important role in influencing people at large to react against decadence, bad policies, oppression, and miseries. Criticism and analysis of social classes from Naser Khosrou’s and Sanai’s point of view as brilliant thinkers and critics is the purpose of this article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
262 - Analysis of Approaches of Theory of Post-post Modernism Criminology
Vahid Zarei Sharif Maryam PoorbaghiPost-post Modernism Criminology or Trans Modernism Criminology surveys the effective factors in crime occurrence depends on the expanded theoretical subjects from Modernism Criminology meditation following Post Modernism Criminology with criticism from criminological ap MorePost-post Modernism Criminology or Trans Modernism Criminology surveys the effective factors in crime occurrence depends on the expanded theoretical subjects from Modernism Criminology meditation following Post Modernism Criminology with criticism from criminological approaches of Modernism and Post Modernism as the end of Modernism meditation. In this research, we follow to find the response of this question that how are the approaches of Post-post Modernism Movement of thought in dealing with the phenomena of crime, criminalization and discovering the causes of crime occurrence? even the answer to other question based on that whether Post-post Modernism Criminology in preventing from crime and correction of an offender besides criticism to Modernism and Post Modernism Criminology, access its critical objects? This research with analytical and descriptive method, has surveyed the old theories of criminologists and data of valid scientific internal and external law articles and has searched the obstacle criminalization, intentional crime, two-dimensional absolutism, objectivism, religionist, alienation and rationalism are principal factors of Post-post Modernism Criminology in contrast with essentialism, unaware mind of Trans Modern offender, rationalism, mentalism, nihilism, self-depended reason and formalism are fundamental elements of Modernism and Post Modernism Criminology, besides the comparative study of mentioned measures determines the relative success of Trans Modernism Criminology in achievement of critical purposes. Furthermore, the necessity of perception in approaches Post-post Modernism Criminology about solving legal vacuum and determining judges’ liberties in the status of legislation or interpretation of law, adjudicate or implementation of verdict in criminal courts that has dominant role in assumption of preventive or punitive dispositions in opposition with criminal phenomena. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
263 - The Mediating Role of Anger Rumination and Self-Criticism Rumination in Relationship between Disaffection and Marital Violence
Mona Kochaki Amirhendeh Ahmad Karbalayi Mehrdad SabetBecause of the detrimental consequences, marital violence should be attended and prevented through social, educational, and legal policies. Research has addressed disaffection as a factor for distress and turmoil in marital relationships. The aim of this study is to det MoreBecause of the detrimental consequences, marital violence should be attended and prevented through social, educational, and legal policies. Research has addressed disaffection as a factor for distress and turmoil in marital relationships. The aim of this study is to determine the mediation role of anger rumination and self-criticism rumination in the relationship between disaffection and marital violence. Therefore, in a descriptive correlational study, 250 residences in Tehran were selected through a multistage randomized sampling method and tested for conflict resolution tactics, marital disaffection, anger rumination, and self-criticism rumination. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling which displayed that disaffection with mediation of anger rumination can predict marital violence (Z= 2.037, β= 0.2626). However, disaffection with mediation of self-criticism rumination doesn’t predict marital violence (Z= 2.037, β= -0.0664). Results of the presented study signify that anger rumination motivates people to engage in violent behavior to regulate negative feelings resulted from disaffection. Manuscript profile
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