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Open Access Article
1 - Analysis and investigation of crimes related to medicine and treatment by medical and pharmaceutical professionals
Samira tajkhorasaniMedicine, as a basic and fundamental component in the treatment and cure of diseases, has always had a privileged position in the strategic plans of governments, and in the light of that, on the one hand, progressive countries and large pharmaceutical companies in the w MoreMedicine, as a basic and fundamental component in the treatment and cure of diseases, has always had a privileged position in the strategic plans of governments, and in the light of that, on the one hand, progressive countries and large pharmaceutical companies in the world have their political and economic interests over treatment. Patients in need have concentrated and despite the availability of medicine, for various reasons some of the world's people are unable to obtain the medicines they need, and on the other hand, profit seekers and the international drug mafia are trying to dominate the medicine distribution system in different countries. They are different. One of the tasks of the governments and those in charge of the pharmaceutical affairs of the country is to provide the health, treatment and pharmaceutical needs of different members of the society. Is. Success in this sector depends on various factors, including: the existence of clear, precise and comprehensive laws and regulations that are in line with the existing conditions and the power of the country's executive forces. The existence of a structure appropriate to the existing situation of different parts of the country so that the laws can be implemented in a correct and precise manner. Existence of caring, experienced and motivated forces, far away from financial concerns, to implement the developed policies well. If a part of this process is defective and inefficient, it will cause problems to other parts and the overall goals will fail. In the current research, the author intends to focus on medicine and describe the system that governs it, to deal with the issue of crimes related to medicine and treatment from the point of view of legislators, executive directors and investigating judges with the aim of identifying existing problems and obstacles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - A comparative study of the effects of environmental crime components on the behavior patterns of citizens in Shiraz city (case study of regions 2 & 6)
Maryam HaghpanahThe occurrence of anomalies, particularly crime, poses a significant challenge impacting both the appeal of urban public spaces and their environmental characteristics. Therefore, obtaining accurate knowledge about environmental features and devising appropriate plannin MoreThe occurrence of anomalies, particularly crime, poses a significant challenge impacting both the appeal of urban public spaces and their environmental characteristics. Therefore, obtaining accurate knowledge about environmental features and devising appropriate planning measures is crucial. This falls within the purview of planners, who are tasked with spatial and behavioral planning, followed by effective management.In this context, the current study aims to comparatively examine the factors influencing criminal behavior in areas with varying levels of safety within Shiraz city. To achieve this objective, the research employs descriptive-analytical and survey methods to collect necessary data, which is subsequently analyzed using T-test and regression analysis. The results reveal that, considering economic, social-cultural, and policing-management indicators, Regions 2 and 6 in Shiraz city exhibit no significant differences. However, when examining physical indicators, a notable distinction between the two regions becomes apparent. Analyzing citizens' opinions underscores the effectiveness and superiority of police-based approaches in addressing crime.Furthermore, a comparison of the physical components of the two regions demonstrates a significant disparity, emphasizing the importance of environmental design approaches alongside legal and policing strategies in areas prone to criminal activities in Shiraz. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - An Optimization K-Modes Clustering Algorithm with Elephant Herding Optimization Algorithm for Crime Clustering
Farhad Soleimanian Gharehchopogh Sevda Haggi -
Open Access Article
4 - Penal Consequences of Under Supervise of Activities on Clients in the Instagram Social Network
babak pourghahramani SINA JAHANARA As technology evolves and viraling of many applications among people, Instagram has been able to overcomes to the other competitors and also becomes to the one of the most popular communicational applications. Attendance and activities of various persons in the More As technology evolves and viraling of many applications among people, Instagram has been able to overcomes to the other competitors and also becomes to the one of the most popular communicational applications. Attendance and activities of various persons in the Instagram social network regardless of the act, gender, culture, etc… qualifications can eventuate the penal consequences. The consequences that clients are ignorant in some cases therefore, the purpose is to conduct a probe of penal consequences of supervising activities on clients in the Instagram social network in library methods. In the further of the essay we will try to give a juridical description and content analysis based on legal and logical methods in order to obtain the best opinions and also to determine the existing ambiguities and recognizing the real palace of the subject and displaying it. We are also about to try the way of presenting the subjects of research includes theoretical aspects, as well as practical and applied aspects. In fact in producing and gathering it has been tried to with utilizing of analytical methods and library resources, despite limited resources in this field, opinions of jurists (internal & foreign) in every fields which is related to same title, has been collected and as far as possible, by referring to their books and articles, the issues studied and also prevailing practical procedures in this regard should be stated. The result of research declared that with due attention to functions of Instagram proceeding of clients in some cases are against them and sometimes against others within both cases it can bring penal consequences. Some consequences that they have considered as a criminal act in common and special low with existing essay despite checking essence and functions of Instagram it will check the penal consequences of activities from clients in the mentioned network. Also, while examining various laws, although the relationship between cyberspace and the real environment is undeniable, the effects of virtual social networks such as Instagram are more destructive than the real environment; therefore, these two issues cannot be put in the same format and stricter penal laws need to be applied to this environment. Of course, this requires strengthening the cultural and social infrastructure, rational management and monitoring of users' activities on social networks, synchronization and improving the performance of other information and communication technologies with this new technology Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Female Criminology in Relation with Cyberspace and Cybercrime
MohammadSajjad Sajjadi Abbas Sheikholeslami Mohsen Vahedian Azimi Mohsen MalekanIntroduction: Considering the difference in the type and number of crimes committed by women, the growth of cyber space in the last decade and women trend toward online businesses, its more physical security and its availability for everyone, this issue is considered as MoreIntroduction: Considering the difference in the type and number of crimes committed by women, the growth of cyber space in the last decade and women trend toward online businesses, its more physical security and its availability for everyone, this issue is considered as one of the biasing factors of omen crimes.Methods: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted on all computer crime documents divided by year. Data analyzed using SPSS18 software.Results: The study showed that women’s cyberspace crime ratio to the total women’s crime in comparison with total cyberspace crime ratio to total crime was 1/3 and 0.6 respectively (almost double) in the four years of study. The proportion of women’s cyber crime out of total cybercrime was 16.6% and women’s total crime out of total crime was 7.5%. Moreover, the maximum crime was related to fraud and minimum was related to hacking. There were no significant difference between other crime patterns. Conclusion: The lack of significant differences between honor crimes (unauthorized access, hacking, publication of lies and publication of obscene images) with other crimes in this study indicates that women's crimes are in conflict with their feminine role (motherhood and wife) to be less harmful the family system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - An Explanation on the Role of Physical Elements of Environment in the Security of Residential Complexes (Case study: Hamedan Residential Complexes)
Sara Jalalian Farah Habib Kianoush Zaker HaghighySecurity is one of the main necessities of every society. From early Prehistoric cave-dwellers to medieval and modern cities, the organization of settlements has always tended to provide security as major human needs. Two different approaches is used in describing the c MoreSecurity is one of the main necessities of every society. From early Prehistoric cave-dwellers to medieval and modern cities, the organization of settlements has always tended to provide security as major human needs. Two different approaches is used in describing the concept of security; first, security in its objective form which in this dissertation tries to research about it, and it refers to maintenance of people life and property, it is related to crime prevention. In second approach, security refers to subjective concept. The hypothesis of this research is based on this issue that with using results of current researches in the field of relationship between environment and human behavior, it could be possible to formulate a model for crime prevention and improvement of security in building complexes. Universal approach of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), is used as fundamental theory of this article. It is a different approach to preventing crime and can be said that the design and re-design of an environment may reduce crime opportunity. Four factors in this approach including surveillance, accessibility control, territoriality and image is used as important physical factors in security of residential complexes. Qualitative and quantitative approaches are used in two different parts of this research. In first part, qualitative approach is used for reviewing literature by context analysis and then with interpretation approach and comparative analysis method, this part of research tries to investigate the environmental factors in security of residential complexes. In second part, quantitative method is used for identification of physical elements which affects security in residential complexes of Hamedan. This step results in formulating a model by using interviews and questionnaires. For analyzing the conceptual model, the study used structured equity model by questionnaires in Likert scale answers. The results of analysis are interpreted by descriptive-analytic method. The results show that some physical elements are working through social elements and then affect security. The results of this article shows that some of physical features which are important in security issue, such as lighting, opening , body form, and green space are related to building complexes’ security. The results show that there is not any significant relationship between fence and gate and security of studied samples. Investigation about research findings shows that the physical features of fences and gates and behavioral habits of people as a cultural factor, are of the most important reasons of fading of fences and gates roles in securitization of Hamedan residential complexes. The results show the importance of residential complex periphery context in relation to complex security regarding the existence or the lack of appropriate physical context and the type of adjacent land-uses. The results introduce three level of major, median and minor in relation to building complexes security. City region, situation of building complexes in city and cultural factors are addressed in major level of security researches in building complexes. Urban fabric in median level and physical elements and environmental elements in minor level are addressed in security researches in building complexes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Environmental Review in Renovating Dilapidated Urban Areas to Increase Local Security (The Case of Nematabad, 19th Municipality of Tehran)
Hadise Asgari Tafreshi Bahman Adib Zade Mojtaba Rafiyan Seyed Ebrahim Hooseini Physical, economical, social Inattentiveness beside vanished sense of attachment have prepared way for social harms in dilapidated areas. Thus, one of the primary objectives in residential or commercial architecture is preservation of “peace and safety&rdqu More Physical, economical, social Inattentiveness beside vanished sense of attachment have prepared way for social harms in dilapidated areas. Thus, one of the primary objectives in residential or commercial architecture is preservation of “peace and safety” which can solely be achieved through the expansion of physical “security”. Researches have shown that the proper design and effective use of the built environment can lead to a reduction in both the opportunity for crime and fear of crime. Through their involvement in design can influence the creation of safer neighborhoods and communities. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) approach may pave the way for alleviation and prevention of urban crimes, including dilapidated ones, by using general elements such as mixed land use, provision of predictable routes, proper urban lighting, creation of defensible spaces, etc... . CPTED is part of a comprehensive approach to crime prevention. By emphasizing modifications to the physical environment, it complements community-based policing, Block Watch, and social programs that address some of the root causes of criminal behavior. There are four primary obstacles to the adoption of CPTED. First is a lack of knowledge of CPTED by environmental designers, land managers, and individual community members. For this reason, allocating substantial resources to community educational programs are often required. The second major obstacle is resistance to change. Many specifically resist the type of cooperative planning that is required to use CPTED. Beyond that, skeptics reject the research and historic precedents that support the validity of CPTED concepts. The third obstacle is the perception that CPTED claims to be a panacea for crime that will be used to displace other more traditional approaches rather than a small complementary tool in deterring offender behavior. The fourth obstacle is that many existing built areas were not designed with CPTED in mind, and modification would be expensive, politically difficult, or require significant changes in some areas of the existing built environment. CPTED works best when fully supported by the community. Other key partners include: neighborhood residents: who can make their communities safer through participation in the development and implementation of CPTED-based strategies for crime prevention new home buyers: who can ask for a home built to CPTED principles apartment building managers: who can organize the safety of tenants elected officials: who can encourage the integration of CPTED principles into official plans, zoning by-laws and development permits police officers: who can conduct CPTED assessments in existing neighborhoods and review applications for new developments insurance companies: who can offer discounts for safe designs Nematabad as a dilapidated urban area with vast abandoned lands has crucial problems in terms of crime rate and its spread throughout public areas. Therefore, the present paper with collection of existing data for given area and certain questioners filled out by residents that processed via GIS and SPSS as comprehensible graphic maps, tries to explore complex areas and categorizes their specifications, in addition to introducing their generative factors and the environmental design approach to regularize these areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Analysis of residential complexes with the approach of space syntax in terms of mass crime (Case Study: Shiraz Residential complexes)
ali akbar heidari Neda Gashtasebi -
Open Access Article
9 - Identifying the Environmental Factors Contributing to the Occurrence of Crime and Anomic Behavior (Case Study: Urban Deteriorated Spaces of Borazjan City)
Shideh Shakouri Asl Jahanshah Pakzad -
Open Access Article
10 - A study of the effective ecology on committing drug related crimes in Arak county
samira golkhandanA study of the effective ecology on committing drug related crimes in Arak countyAbstractStudying the relationship between the ecology and crime commitment is an excellent topic in criminology. Between ecology and committing crime, there is such a relationship that ecol MoreA study of the effective ecology on committing drug related crimes in Arak countyAbstractStudying the relationship between the ecology and crime commitment is an excellent topic in criminology. Between ecology and committing crime, there is such a relationship that ecology can provide opportunities for crime commitment. In this article, through applying a descriptive-analytical method and proposing three hypotheses regarding the relationship between drug-related crimes and the physical, economic and social characteristics of the ecology, the stability of the description of crime commitment was studied in 18 neighborhoods of Arak County. Results indicated that there is a significant relationship between crime hot spots and the physical (lighting and access routes of the neighborhood), economic (poverty and low income), and social (unemployment) characteristics of the ecology. Also, despite population displacement in neighborhoods with high rates of crime commitment, there is no change in crime rates and concentrations.Keywords: Ecosystem, Drug-related crimes, Lighting, Penetration, Poverty, Unemployment Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Effects of the spread of corruption on earth to economic crimes based on the specific characteristics of these crimes
Ali Asadi Amir Mohammad Sedighiyan Ali Zare MehrjerdiEconomic crime is one of the new concepts of modern society, which in terms of its threats to the stability and security of societies, traditions and values of democracy, moral values and justice, sustainable development and the rule of law, has become increasingly worr MoreEconomic crime is one of the new concepts of modern society, which in terms of its threats to the stability and security of societies, traditions and values of democracy, moral values and justice, sustainable development and the rule of law, has become increasingly worrying. A.A. has considered such crimes as a major example of corruption on earth earth, economic crime, civil rights, repression, criminal law. Knowing the specific characteristics of such crimes in terms of the act committed, their contexts, scale, specific characteristics of the perpetrators, as well as their victimology, is a necessary condition for adopting a prudent criminal strategy against them. The criminalization of widespread disruption of the country's economic system is cited as an example of corruption on earth in Article 286 of the Islamic Penal Code adopted in 2013. The present descriptive-analytical study shows the lack of proportionality between the effects on the legislator's adopted approach and the nature of economic crimes; Despite the professionalism of the perpetrators of economic crimes and their use of complex methods, the approach adopted by the legislature is not capable of criminal deterrence; Consequences such as violations of economic rights and citizenship and criminal repression are also inconsistent with the nature of economic crimes. It seems that a deliberate confrontation with economic crimes, more than anything else, instead of resorting to the most severe criminal repressive tools, requires a differential approach to the investigation, as well as anticipation and application of various criminal, administrative, civil and correctional executions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Crimes against humanity in Myanmar and the need to criminalize it in Iranian law and the need to criminalize it in Iranian law
sajjad rahmati Jamal Begi babak poorgahremaniCrimes against humanity are crimes that occur at the national and international level, the basis of its criminalization is the protection of human rights, and it includes crimes that violate human values and international rules. And the reason for its criminalization is MoreCrimes against humanity are crimes that occur at the national and international level, the basis of its criminalization is the protection of human rights, and it includes crimes that violate human values and international rules. And the reason for its criminalization is the international criminal protection of society's interests and legal principles that are respected by the international community. In order to deal with crimes against humanity, international organizations have compiled the statute of the International Criminal Court so that there is an executive guarantee for the crimes committed. Most governments have criminalized these crimes in their criminal laws. However, it is not foreseen in the criminal laws of Myanmar, but the examples of crimes against humanity are counted in it. In the criminal law of Iran, there is no independent criminalization in this case, and the perpetrators of crimes against humanity are prosecuted according to the statute of the International Criminal Court. Therefore, this article seeks to examine crimes against humanity in Myanmar's criminal law and the necessity of the crime. It is modeled on Iranian law, and the research method is descriptive and analytical, and information gathering is phishing. The method of carrying out the research was qualitative and the findings of the research indicate that crimes against humanity are not criminalized independently in the law of Iran and Myanmar, but in Iranian law, examples include; Murder, rape, illegal detention, torture have been criminalized. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - The Effect of Type, Importance and Location of Crimes on Not Reporting of Committed Crimes to Criminal Justice Authorities
Ali Safary Sahar SeifiOne of the most important problems that every criminal justice system is faced with is the problem of unreported crimes to criminal justice authorities. The results of surveys carried out in different countries show that various factors affect the rate of reported crime MoreOne of the most important problems that every criminal justice system is faced with is the problem of unreported crimes to criminal justice authorities. The results of surveys carried out in different countries show that various factors affect the rate of reported crimes and lead to unreporting crimes. In this paper it is intended to analyse three of these factors including type, importance, and location of crime. While victims have a high tendency to report property crimes they refuse to report sexual crimes. Therefore in most countries unreported sexual crimes are more than others. Sometimes, there are victimless crimes, which mean they don’t have any real and identifiable victim. When these kinds of crimes committed, for different reasons such as lack of awareness of victim from the committed crime there is no complainant to report crime and we can see unreported crime in a high level. When a crime against the physical integrity of individuals occurs or a significant loss of life and property results from the crime or the offender uses from fatal instruments in committing crime people tend to report crimes. Location of crimes has also a significant impact on the rate of unreported crimes. The results of the researches show that when crimes are committed in public places, people's willingness to report crime is different when compared with crimes committed in private places. To adopt an efficient criminal policy in order to fight and prevent crimes, a maximum awareness of the quantity and quality of crimes and victimization in society, specially accurate and reliable statistics are needed. Therefore to identify the factors of not reported crimes and providing suitable solutions to reduce the rate of not reported crimes can contribute to the success and credibility of the criminal justice system and related institutions. It also helps criminal policy to adopt appropriate and effective measures to reduce the phenomena of crime and delinquency. or-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} One of the most important problems that every criminal justice system is faced with is the problem of unreported crimes to criminal justice authorities. The results of surveys carried out in different countries show that various factors affect the rate of reported crimes and lead to unreporting crimes. In this paper it is intended to analyse three of these factors including type, importance, and location of crime. While victims have a high tendency to report property crimes they refuse to report sexual crimes. Therefore in most countries unreported sexual crimes are more than others. Sometimes, there are victimless crimes, which mean they don’t have any real and identifiable victim. When these kinds of crimes committed, for different reasons such as lack of awareness of victim from the committed crime there is no complainant to report crime and we can see unreported crime in a high level. When a crime against the physical integrity of individuals occurs or a significant loss of life and property results from the crime or the offender uses from fatal instruments in committing crime people tend to report crimes. Location of crimes has also a significant impact on the rate of unreported crimes. The results of the researches show that when crimes are committed in public places, people's willingness to report crime is different when compared with crimes committed in private places. To adopt an efficient criminal policy in order to fight and prevent crimes, a maximum awareness of the quantity and quality of crimes and victimization in society, specially accurate and reliable statistics are needed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Investigating stock market violations and crimes in Iran and the United Arab Emirates
Mohammad Kamali naser ghasemi Behzad RazavifardJust as identifying violations and crimes in the stock exchange is important, in the next stage, the process and manner of dealing with such violations and crimes is important because by identifying the weaknesses and strengths in dealing with these  MoreJust as identifying violations and crimes in the stock exchange is important, in the next stage, the process and manner of dealing with such violations and crimes is important because by identifying the weaknesses and strengths in dealing with these matters, we can realized its effectiveness. In dealing with disputes in the market, the jury and in the violations section of the Committee to investigate violations and in the field of crimes are the judicial authorities. This study aims to review the process of dealing with violations and crimes of stock exchanges and securities in Iran and the United Arab Emirates and to evaluate its strengths and weaknesses. Basically, the system of dealing with violations and crimes related to the stock exchange is very important in order to effectively support these guarantees in different countries, among which, a comparative study of the system of investigating crimes and violations in Iran and the United Arab Emirates is the subject of research . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Piracy and Marian Terrorism Perception on International Treaties
Jaafar Kousha Farhad ShayganUnlike piracy and slave trade that were as the first instances of international crimes and world jurisprudence in combination with prosecuting and punishing those who committed them, there are some other international committed crimes in marines that have recently attra MoreUnlike piracy and slave trade that were as the first instances of international crimes and world jurisprudence in combination with prosecuting and punishing those who committed them, there are some other international committed crimes in marines that have recently attracted the attentions of world community. Amongst different kinds of crimes according to the degree of importance as mentioned above and how the world copes with them by entering into the international treaties, two items of important crimes such as piracy, armed robbery against ships with marine terrorism have been considerably noticed. The spread of treaties to cope with the crimes mentioned above in territories beyond states’ jurisprudences were mainly focused on these discussions. This paper has also discussed the four conventions of Genoa (1958), marine laws (1982), Rome convention (1988) and attached protocol on navigation security accompanied by other international documents and those of regional and reciprocal documents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Dominance of Iranian criminal codes in overseas offences based on Imams-related Jurisprudence and national security
Mohammad MalmirThere are some crimes carried out against national security and others by expatriateIranians. Moreover, some crimes are done by foreigners which are associated withour country. Carrying out some of these crimes can endamage our homeland andexternal security. This study MoreThere are some crimes carried out against national security and others by expatriateIranians. Moreover, some crimes are done by foreigners which are associated withour country. Carrying out some of these crimes can endamage our homeland andexternal security. This study tries to describe that establishing all national criminalcodes related to all expatriate Iranians' crime is neither logical nor practical.Actually, our national criminal codes can be established only about few overseascrimes done by expatriate Iranians or foreigners against our national security.Consequently, the criminal codes should be established on just some specialoverseas crimes. On the one hand, the purpose of Iranian criminal codes dominancein some overseas offences is implementation of canon laws, and on the other hand itis providing the national security. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Family Factors and Criminality: A Study of Inmates at Correctional Facilities in South-West Nigeria
Olufemi Adeniyi Fawole Ebenezer Bayode Agboola Tomisin Adedunmola Akangbe Habeeb Abdulrauf Salihu -
Open Access Article
18 - A Study on the Effect of Domestic and Foreign Mass Media on the Rate of Awareness of Citizenship Rights
Ali Hashemianfar Sayyed Naser Hejazi Mojtaba Arezi Habil Heydarkhani -
Open Access Article
19 - Addiction and Crimes in Iran
Mastooreh Sedaghat Tahereh Mirsadoo Golnareh Ghorbanloo Seyed Makan Sedaghat -
Open Access Article
20 - A Sociological Approach to the Women's Perception of Fear of Crime in Urban Spaces
Soheila Sadeghi Fasaei Zahra Mirhosseini -
Open Access Article
21 - The Effect of Immigration on Criminal Phenomena
Mohammad Jafar Saliqeh Abdul Karim Shah Heydar -
Open Access Article
22 - Using GIS to Analyze Twenty-Two Years of Homicides from 1990 to 2012 in the State of Minnesota
Neema Mohseni Dallas Drake Ladan Hoveida -
Open Access Article
23 - Cyber Risk Exposure and Prospects for Cyber Insurance
Ismaila Adeleke Ade Ibiwoye Folake Olowokudejo -
Open Access Article
24 - Evaluating the structure of crime prevention in the judiciary with a look at the teachings of jurisprudence
Teymor yousefi mehdi sheidaeianArticle 4 of the constitution emphasizes the teachings of the Islamic Shariah in establishing rules and activities of the state. Since, in the jurisprudential perspective, the issue of crime prevention has been emphasized in various forms without the use of modern-day l MoreArticle 4 of the constitution emphasizes the teachings of the Islamic Shariah in establishing rules and activities of the state. Since, in the jurisprudential perspective, the issue of crime prevention has been emphasized in various forms without the use of modern-day legal terms, such as the introduction of forbidden, obscenity barriers, and the prohibition of evil, thus citing paragraph 5 of Article One hundred and fifty. And the six constitutions make one of the tasks of the judiciary appropriate to prevent crime. Our studies show that the structure and decisions of the judiciary on crime prevention are shaped by cultural and social prevention, situational prevention, security and law enforcement, judicial prevention, The public prevention, and civil participation. Research findings indicate that despite the success of this device in establishing the organizational structure of crime prevention, there are serious challenges and significant short comings in this field in the social field. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Examining some crimes against a person with a vegetative life and jurisprudential solutions for it
Ahmad Ansari Abdolali Tavajohi Jaber GHaredaghiToday, as a result of the progress of medical science as a special custom in the diagnosis of living human beings, different views have emerged regarding the common custom and traditional beliefs. The result of this issue is the recognition of human life and death; Beca MoreToday, as a result of the progress of medical science as a special custom in the diagnosis of living human beings, different views have emerged regarding the common custom and traditional beliefs. The result of this issue is the recognition of human life and death; Because if we believe that death occurs due to the stopping of the heartbeat, it does not include the cases caused by the stopping of brain activity, and the basis and difference of views regarding the change of life and death of humans is not believing in any of these theories. Nevertheless, people with stable plant life conditions need attention and drafting protective laws to protect the rights of these people, and society's perception of whether these people are alive or dead will bring legal and criminal effects and judgments for them. . And it seems that these people are considered living human beings and benefit from all the rights of living human beings. This article aims to examine the jurisprudential solutions regarding plant life and to clear some ambiguities regarding the concept of plant life. For this purpose, in order to avoid different interpretations and grievances, as well as to create supportive-social conditions, we need to formulate laws and enter support organizations to protect the rights of people with vegetative life as best as possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Principles and Evolutions of Twelver Shia Jurisprudence about Urgency
Rasoul Jalali Rahmat Farahzadi (corresponding author) Abdoreza FarhadianUrgency is one of the secondary titles in Shia jurisprudence, because of which the primary ruling is removed, and urgency is sometimes in action and sometimes in abandonment. In other words, urgency refers to being forced to do an act voluntarily with lack of heart sati MoreUrgency is one of the secondary titles in Shia jurisprudence, because of which the primary ruling is removed, and urgency is sometimes in action and sometimes in abandonment. In other words, urgency refers to being forced to do an act voluntarily with lack of heart satisfaction or complete deprivation of free will. Urgency is the fear of unbearable loss in relation to an act or abandonment. Urgency is a state in which, despite the fact that there is no threat from the outside, a pressure from inside forces him to do something that he is not completely willing to. That is, although he has the will to do it, but this will is not accompanied by inner satisfaction. A person who is forced to sell his house to treat his child is an example of urgency. In this case, he does it against his inner desire and in an emergency, but with will and intention. The jurists have discussed the issue mainly in the book It’amhu va Ishrabhu. The roots of urgency are reluctance, Taghiya, loss and necessity. In this article, we will examine the views of the jurists and the developments of this issue from the past until now using descriptive-analytical methods. The goal is to identify the reasoned and justified point of view among jurists. The result of the article shows the superiority of Ayatollah Khoi's point of view compared to other jurists. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - مبانی تکرار و تعدد جرم در جزای نقدی نسبی
Nader Heydari reza ranjbar alvar olya rahim vakilzadeAccording to the last part of Note 3 of Article 19 of the Islamic Penal Code and the unanimous ruling No. 759 dated 4/20/1396 of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Iran, the punishment of a relative fine (proportional or variable) is considered a seventh-degree punish MoreAccording to the last part of Note 3 of Article 19 of the Islamic Penal Code and the unanimous ruling No. 759 dated 4/20/1396 of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Iran, the punishment of a relative fine (proportional or variable) is considered a seventh-degree punishment.If the crimes subject to a relative monetary penalty are different, according to paragraphs b and p, the punishment is determined according to the value of the subject of the crime (such as contraband or drugs) and if the crimes committed are not different and are subject to paragraph A. M. 134 of the Islamic Penal Code, only A punishment will be determined in proportion to the most serious crime committed and the corresponding punishment.In general, the punishments for repeating the crime are not subject to relative monetary punishment and these punishments are based on the provisions of Article 137 of the Islamic Penal Code. In the face of special laws (such as the law amending the law against smuggling of goods and currency), the same ruling of the special law is the criterion of action.According to Article 125 of the Islamic Penal Code, for participating in crimes that are subject to a relative monetary penalty, the punishment of each partner is the punishment of the independent agent (in proportion to the total subject of the crime) and only the benefit of the perpetrator at the time of examining the degree of attribution of the accused behavior to the perpetrator in order to determine Cooperative behavior is considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Implementing the criminal policy of Islamic and Iranian criminal law in financial crimes of government employees
Hamidreza Sedighnejad Rahim Ekrami Karam JanipourAbstract :Government employees and agents as the executive arm of the government may commit crimes in line with their job duties that cause Weakening or depriving the public of trust in governments, so in this study, while examining the nature of these crimes, we seek t MoreAbstract :Government employees and agents as the executive arm of the government may commit crimes in line with their job duties that cause Weakening or depriving the public of trust in governments, so in this study, while examining the nature of these crimes, we seek to implement the criminal policy of Islamic and Iranian criminal law in the financial crimes of government employees.This research has been done in terms of practical purpose and in terms of collecting information by documentary method and by studying valid laws and sources and the obtained information has been analyzed descriptively-analytically.A progressive criminal policy seeks to minimize the criminal phenomenon or, ideally, to remove it from society. The realization of this important issue depends on the use of the facilities, capacities and pillars of society, and the effective and efficient participation of civil society in this regard can have a huge and tremendous impact on its realization. Iran's criminal policy in the legislative, judicial and executive types in relation to specific crimes of government employees is of the type of government repression. But the criminal policy of Islam, which is based on a religious and doctrinal view and is inferred from the Qur'an and hadiths, in the face of corruption, contrary to repressive models that seek the participation of civil society to suppress, seeks to take advantage of the participation and role of civil society for rehabilitation and It is a correction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Necessities and obstacles of using the secret operation of entrapment in the economic crime of money laundering
Mohammad Pirani Asghar Abbasi Ali GhorbaniBackground and purpose – Economic crime have led to destructive effects and negative economic consequences for the country. Special characteristics, including low visibility, high dark figure, dynamism, wide scope of danger, and special information make detection MoreBackground and purpose – Economic crime have led to destructive effects and negative economic consequences for the country. Special characteristics, including low visibility, high dark figure, dynamism, wide scope of danger, and special information make detection of these crimes difficult. Thus, secret entrapment operations can be considered as a suitable solution to fight against this type of crimes. However, the lack of recognition of the necessities of and obstacles to the enforcement of secret entrapment operations for economic crimes will cause doubts both in the enforcement or non- enforcement of these operations as well as in the public’s minds, making them unoptimistic towards the nature of such operations. This study attempts to answer the questions that: “what are the main obstacles and necessities of the enforcement of the secret entrapment operations for the economic crime of money laundering?” and “how can these necessities and obstacles be explained?”Methodology – This study is descriptive-analytical and has investigated and analyzed the above-mentioned questions using the library and note-taking methods.Findings and results –While explaining the necessities and obstacles of the enforcement of a secret entrapment operation for the economic crime of money laundering, this study can be successful on the one hand for guiding the police, designers and operators of secret operations in the enforcement of secret entrapment operations, and on the other hand, increase the public's trust in the police and judicial system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - The Jurisprudential Criterion of Changing the Hadd of Theft to Ta’zir for Children, While Considering the Effective Social Factors in Committing a Crime
Mostafa Hassanpour Mohammad Jafari Harandi (Corresponding Author) Tayebeh ArefniaIn the Islamic legal system, young age is considered one of the factors that mitigate criminal liability, and jurists consider puberty as one of the common conditions of obligation. As a result, a child who has committed a crime which has caused hadd (punishment) is not MoreIn the Islamic legal system, young age is considered one of the factors that mitigate criminal liability, and jurists consider puberty as one of the common conditions of obligation. As a result, a child who has committed a crime which has caused hadd (punishment) is not considered to be deserved to Hudud or Qisas (punishments or retaliation in kind). In the penal regulations of Iran, the lack of criminal liability of minors has been explicitly accepted, but at the same time, in crimes with non-ta’zir punishments, educational and punishment measures have been established for them, which in the last part is against the principle of lack of criminal liability of minors. In this regard, in addition to paying attention to the explanation and matching the opinion of experts in the field of Sharia with the minors penal regulations in the field of converting the hadd of theft to Ta'zir, the effective causes of children's delinquency can be checked and evaluated. Most of the studies and researches that are carried out on the axis of social structure, focus on correcting the behavior and thought of this particular group and analyze the effective factors in the deviation or guidance of this age group. Perhaps the most important reason for the special attention of specialists and experts to this issue is the effective role that children will play in the future structure of society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - The need to criminalize usury as an economic crime
saeed saeedmirzai abdolvahid Zahedi seed reza hosseiniAbstractThere have been many researches about usury, but none of them mentioned the damage that this crime causes to the economy. Therefore, in this research, we are trying to prove the necessity of criminalizing usury as an economic crime. In this article, using the de MoreAbstractThere have been many researches about usury, but none of them mentioned the damage that this crime causes to the economy. Therefore, in this research, we are trying to prove the necessity of criminalizing usury as an economic crime. In this article, using the descriptive-analytical research method, we come to the conclusion that usury can cause the growth of the inflation rate and between money markets and goods markets and markets. A separatist economy There have been many researches about usury, but none of them mentioned the damage that this crime causes to the economy. Therefore, in this research, we are trying to prove the necessity of criminalizing usury as an economic crime. In this article, using the descriptive-analytical research method, we come to the conclusion that usury can cause the growth of the inflation rate and between money markets and goods markets and markets. A separatist economy that disrupts the investment and production system, which is one of the clear examples of the crime of disrupting the economic system, so it is necessary to recognize it as an economic crime.that disrupts the investment and production system, which is one of the clear examples of the crime of disrupting the economic system, so it is necessary to recognize it as an economic crime.Key words: Islamic contracts, usury, economic crime Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Situational Prevention of Theft in Natural Disasters and Crises
Amir Ahmadi Rouzbeh Masoud Ghasemi (corresponding author) Rouhollah ForouzeshThe application of a set of non-criminal measures is called crime prevention. In this regard, this application ruins the intention of crime and criminal and in a way, increases the cost of committing a crime and ultimately leads to the potential criminal's withdrawal fr MoreThe application of a set of non-criminal measures is called crime prevention. In this regard, this application ruins the intention of crime and criminal and in a way, increases the cost of committing a crime and ultimately leads to the potential criminal's withdrawal from committing a crime. One of the crimes that increases during natural disasters and crises is theft. Therefore, in order to deal with it and re-establish social, economic security and peace of mind of the victims, crime prevention measures should be taken into consideration. This article aims to examine and provide preventive measures for the crime of theft in natural disasters and crises. This study is one of applied research in terms of purpose and nature, and its research method is Delphi and qualitative interview method. Furthermore, the data collection tool of this research is a researcher-made questionnaire, and its statistical population is a number of experts, elites, lawyers, etc., who have been evaluated. Situational crime prevention usually manifests itself through breaking one of the links in the chain of causes and events that can be neutralized and causes the crime to occur. The cost of situational prevention is much lower than the criminal punishment of criminals, and reducing the opportunity can be useful in deterring criminals from crime and fear. This kind of prevention includes a wide range of activities and measures to deal with theft. Eliminating ideal situations for the occurrence of crime, predicting safe places to store important and relief items, increasing checkpoints at the entrance and exit of crisis-hit cities, using electronic equipment for control and monitoring in accident-affected areas, etc. are effective during natural disasters and crises in the prevention of theft. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - The Perspective of Trying to Mislead and Qsamh in Jurisprudence and Legal
Fariba Afzali QadiOne of the most important juristic rules of the Penal Code has also referred to the rule is trying to mislead and Qsamh. This paper estimates the lexical terms, law and literature scholars have tried to speak to him the way of the Penal Code have to check the rights and MoreOne of the most important juristic rules of the Penal Code has also referred to the rule is trying to mislead and Qsamh. This paper estimates the lexical terms, law and literature scholars have tried to speak to him the way of the Penal Code have to check the rights and Islamic criminal law. And comparative basis to examine the gaps in this regard is more pronounced. More research is an important issue in the importance of blood and breath. This is an issue that is important to further investigate the importance and population Dma’ that you can easily swear by Qsamh and 50 times the murder warrant issued for someone? However, after reviewing the jurisprudence and legal documents can be achieved to the conclusion that it is not sufficient to prove Qsamh and besides trying to mislead and influential figures in the evidence warrants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Religious Jurisprudence Study of the Effects of Crime Repetition on Punishment in Hodod Issues with Emphasis on Feiz Kashani Views in Mafatih al Sharayeh
Abbas Taghvai Hossein Saberi Hossein Naseri MoghadamOne of the important issues in religious jurisprudence subjects is the role of crime repetition in punishment aggravation and alteration which is indicated in some punishment one by one, not publicly and separately, but in new legal text, it is indicated separately and MoreOne of the important issues in religious jurisprudence subjects is the role of crime repetition in punishment aggravation and alteration which is indicated in some punishment one by one, not publicly and separately, but in new legal text, it is indicated separately and in relation jurisprudence is indicated as the aggregative factors. Most of the juris consults have used these punishment issues in their punishment sentence one by one separately, although some believes to the similar role of the repetition in the form of punishment in some crimes. The main subject in this article which is disputable is the role of repeated crime punishments in changing the ascertated punishment to the execution sentence which the most jurisprudence is agreeing with. Some differences, and as we know with reviewing of the development of this issue according the opinions of the early jurists up to the contemporary jurists and finally adaptation of the early and later jurists opinions with one of the forward thinking jurist. In 11 centuries AD named Molla Mohsen Feiz Kashani in Mafatih al Sharayeh can be illustrative of special and delicate view in Shiite legal history and its developments which are changed to an important and single issue in contemporary rights. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Criminal Responsibility of Blind Killer in Imamieh Jurisprudence and Iran Rights
Raziyeh Amini Sediqeh Hatami Ali MohamadiyanNemesis or lack of nemesis of blind is one of controversial issues in Islamic jurisprudence. Some jurisconsults believe that blind against intentional killing, is not and cited reasons for this idea, in this research, we try to offer proper analysis about jurisprudence MoreNemesis or lack of nemesis of blind is one of controversial issues in Islamic jurisprudence. Some jurisconsults believe that blind against intentional killing, is not and cited reasons for this idea, in this research, we try to offer proper analysis about jurisprudence and right verdict blind by checking documents of these groups of jurisconsults. One of the results of this discussion is this fact that referred reason of adverse is two narrations that have many problems. This includes presence of and lack of obstacle, scoff in narrations document, thematic conflict of two narrations, proving two syntactic readings that leads to different meaning reading. According to authors, also these narrations cannot prove acclaim of these jurisconsults, because these narrations are without acclaim and in spite of presence of generalities and signifiers on killing sanctity and proving nemesis in intentional supposition, jurisconsult doesn’t need to these two narrations. For rights, about this, explicitly these are no assertion. It seems that ruler satisfied with same generalities and absolutes of nemesis in intentional killing and doesn’t know blindness solely as criminal responsibility and justifying crime, and by considering practices appearances, conceives anybody as responsible of his intentional consequences and results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - The Relation of Crime and Sin in Iran’s Legal System
Seyd Mohamadreza Ayati Hamze Esfandiyari“Crime” and “sin” are among the words used in everyday language assynonyms and interchangeable words. However, in the field of law,particularly Iran’s law, they are looked into differently. As far as history isconcerned, and since Iranian l More“Crime” and “sin” are among the words used in everyday language assynonyms and interchangeable words. However, in the field of law,particularly Iran’s law, they are looked into differently. As far as history isconcerned, and since Iranian law is under the influence of religious thought,there is a certain distinction between the two terms. Sin is a behaviourcontrary to divine or religious commands and prohibitions. However, crime isa legal term applied to modes of behaviour the prohibition of which is statedin law, no matter whether they are forbidden in divine law and religion or not.Following this attitude, if a certain mode of behaviour is forbidden in terms ofjurisprudence and divine law, but not prohibited in law, it is considered a sin.However, it would not be liable to prosecution in terms of law.Following the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran, thisapproach was considered deviation from religion. Thus the article 167 of theI.R.I constitution has removed the monopoly of criminalization from the law.So in default of law, judge is bound to refer to authoritative jurisprudentialsources or valid decrees (Fatwas). This attitude suggests the identity of sinand crime in Iran’s contemporary legal system.Hence, not only the prohibited acts stated in statutes are consideredcrimes, but those stated in jurisprudential sources are also liable toprosecution.Although this view involves a kind of precaution and suggests concernfor application of religious precepts and regulations, it is contrary to theintents of Divine Law as far as foundations are concerned. It also facesnumorous problems in terms of practice. So it seems impossible to findsolutions to these problems, And this attitude is not consistent with themodern process of legislation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Analysis of Jurisprudence Spy
Zahra GhodsiSpying is a bond of crime that of criminology in both of traditional and computer.by this matter that any social aren’t excepting to use of spying but security of countries necessitating paying more attention to this topic. Sometimes this crime being mixed with tr MoreSpying is a bond of crime that of criminology in both of traditional and computer.by this matter that any social aren’t excepting to use of spying but security of countries necessitating paying more attention to this topic. Sometimes this crime being mixed with treachery to country that make difficult to distinguish them from each other and make difficulty science of low. This research of dimension Islamic jurisprudence and legal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Criminalizing by Quran and Rationality
Vahab DaneshPazhouCriminalization is a process whereby legislators with regard to the basic norms and values of society and relying on its foundations; prohibit behaviors anddetermines criminal sanctions for them. The Quran also commands norms for managing individual and society, and p MoreCriminalization is a process whereby legislators with regard to the basic norms and values of society and relying on its foundations; prohibit behaviors anddetermines criminal sanctions for them. The Quran also commands norms for managing individual and society, and protect the human value and criminalized behaviors detrimental to the fundamental interests of the masses. Criminalization of the Koran is assessable in support of human values and fundamental interests of society that story ofconsistent with the Rationality and compliance with human rights. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Social Supervision in Islam
Hadi Mirzaei BarziImpossible crime is an inchoate offence which the occurrence of result is impossible because of absence of matter or absence of necessary legal conditions or using inadequate equipment and results to non-existence of target crime. Occurrence of impossible crime shows me MoreImpossible crime is an inchoate offence which the occurrence of result is impossible because of absence of matter or absence of necessary legal conditions or using inadequate equipment and results to non-existence of target crime. Occurrence of impossible crime shows mens rea of perpetrators of it and these perpetrators does not have less criminal mind than the people who commit the complete crime. Although, the original crime doesn't happen, it's obvious that the perpetrators haven't obeyed the law. Impossible crime is a crime which has been considered in Iran Law and has amounted to different decisions. Criminal Code 1370 provoked the conflict and most of jurists believe that the Law doesn't mention the impossible crime. But the criminal Law 1392 under the title of attempt finishes the conflicts. Although, this is not considered as an invention this statute because the mentioned Article, with little difference, is a comeback to Criminal Law 1352. Entrance to execution operations and impossibility of target crime are actus reus of the impossible crime. Contrary to the most of jurists view, in this crime there is no need to finish the executive operations and it can be stopped in the half way. In accordance to Iran Law, and not in England Law, the impossible crime in crimes which there actus reus is an omission can be occurred. Moreover, essential of occurrence of an impossible crime is existence of intention. About punishing or not punishing the perpetrator of an impossible crime different views are taken. However, the mention countries Law believe in punishing the perpetrator of an impossible crime. It is necessary to be considered that the punishment should be diminished to complete crime, and due to this in Iran Law an impossible crime is tantamount to an attempt and it is punishment is less than a complete crime. English Law also considered the impossible crime as an attempt but the punishments are the same. However, in all two countries Law it is necessary that the attempt be punishable in order to punish the impossible crime. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Clarification importance of accounting education students in computer science, related offenses, and observe professional ethics
Ramezanali Royaee Jamal Bahry Sales Asgar PakmaramNews about fraudulent practices in accounting in recent years, as one of thecommon news media have been public. The accounting profession due to publicpressure emphasizes the importance of observance of professional ethics has to start.Therefore some of the Board and pr MoreNews about fraudulent practices in accounting in recent years, as one of thecommon news media have been public. The accounting profession due to publicpressure emphasizes the importance of observance of professional ethics has to start.Therefore some of the Board and professional associations of accounting, computerscience necessity of continuous education and professional ethics standards andtraining have emphasized the relevant part of major units to obtain degrees andcertificates Hsabdray, have been considered necessary. Most fraudulent accountingpractices currently are the computer crime. So, students should be compared todifferent types of accounting fraud, including computer crimes, and how to preventand be aware of their diagnosis. This article about the level of computer knowledgeand training needed to introduce several floors of the Computer Crimes andtechnological tools to prevent and detect this crime, provides useful material.Diversity and multiplicity of computer crimes, and tools for diagnosis and preventionof their size is the number of perpetrators of these crimes.Finally, this paper as a combination of four training courses for accountingstudents prepare for their professional careers in the field familiar with the principlesof programming languages and databases, computer crimes and observe professionalethics, offers. These four courses are as familiar with the principles of programminglanguages and database applications, especially accounting, accounting informationsystems (AIS), to prevent and detect fraud (Accounting Law) and professionalaccounting ethics. As these four courses, which are used together, during theaccounting profession and accounting students face ethical decisions and fraudulentevents, tools provides Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Investigating the relationship between the educational styles of teenagers and delinquent youths in preventing the occurrence and repetition of crimes in the correctional center
mohammad diba sanaz baradariThe aim of the current research is to investigate the relationship between the educational styles of teenagers and delinquent youths in preventing the occurrence and repetition of crimes in the correctional center (case study of Yasouj city). This research was carried o MoreThe aim of the current research is to investigate the relationship between the educational styles of teenagers and delinquent youths in preventing the occurrence and repetition of crimes in the correctional center (case study of Yasouj city). This research was carried out by a survey method. The statistical sample of this research is 120 teenagers in the correctional center of Yasouj city. The researcher-made questionnaire for preventing the occurrence and repetition of crime and the parenting styles questionnaire of Bamrind (1991) were used.Data analysis was done using SPSS 25 and SmartPLS 3 statistical software.In the present study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability were used to measure the reliability of the questionnaires, and average variance index was used to measure the validity of the questionnaires, and Vagar'sFornell and Larcker's validity were used. The research findings indicate that the relationship between permissive and authoritarian parenting styles has a positive and direct relationship with crime prevention and recidivism, while the relationship between assertive parenting style and crime prevention and recidivism is negative and indirect.The results obtained from the coefficient of significance indicate the significant effect of permissive, authoritarian and decisive educational styles with the prevention and repetition of crime. Considering that there is an indirect relationship between the prevention of crime and the commission of a crime, therefore, the correctional center in Yasouj city should focus on the mental development of teenagers and realistically explain the results of committing a crime to teenagers and its impact on the life of a teenager. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Explaining Cultural-managerial Factors Affecting the Increase of Social Crimes Resulting from the Physical-spacial Development of Tehran (Case of Study: 19th District of Tehran)
Mehdi MokhtarpourToday, the issue of urban security is one of the most important issues in the cities. Several factors are effective in creating a safe city. An effective factor in urban security is crime prevention and social maladministration. According to studies, social factors such MoreToday, the issue of urban security is one of the most important issues in the cities. Several factors are effective in creating a safe city. An effective factor in urban security is crime prevention and social maladministration. According to studies, social factors such as poverty, unemployment, social disparity, high rates of young people create a susceptible and prone to crime and behavioral abnormalities, but social factors are not the only determinants of social crime and social abnormalities. Physical design and physical structure play an important role in the development or prevention of crime and abnormalities. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to explain the cultural-managerial factors affecting the increase of social crimes resulting from the physical-spacial development of the 19th district of Tehran. The tool used in this research to measure the characteristics is a questionnaire that has been answered by citizens selected through sampling. The statistical population of this study is citizens of the 19th area, which includes 244350 people. According to the Cochran formula, the number of samples needed for this project is 384. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - A Sociological Approach to the Penal Populism Phenomenon
Fatemeh dehdarzadeAdopting a penal populist approach by the criminal justice administrators and policymakers has been one of the most important damages the different systems of criminal justice have been faced with in the recent decades. By reviewing all the available literature on the i MoreAdopting a penal populist approach by the criminal justice administrators and policymakers has been one of the most important damages the different systems of criminal justice have been faced with in the recent decades. By reviewing all the available literature on the issue and, using descriptive-analytical methods and library studies, the present research tried to study the penal populism phenomenon through a sociological approach. In other words, as its most important objective, the present research is concerned with explaining and analyzing sociological contexts leading to the formation of penal populism. The findings showed that different sociological contexts help in rising penal populism phenomenon in a criminal justice system and criminal policy - from which public ignorance, undeniable impacts of mass media, and ever increased public fear of crime can be mentioned as the most important ones. It seems that, controlling or decreasing social contexts which result in penal populism require ever more increasing of mass awareness, optima and consistent management of mass media, and ever more use of criminological and sociological findings in the process of fighting crimes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - sports function in opening offenders with cognitive community approach
hassan babaee بهرام gh امیرمسعود امیرمظاهری زهرا علی پور درویشی معصومه shOne of the basic strategies in the crime prevention system is social reintegration. The one who commits an abusive behavior must re-enter the community through receiving appropriate trainings and acquiring necessary skills along with obtaining the acceptance of society. MoreOne of the basic strategies in the crime prevention system is social reintegration. The one who commits an abusive behavior must re-enter the community through receiving appropriate trainings and acquiring necessary skills along with obtaining the acceptance of society. There is a close relationship between social reintegration, resocialization and obtained social acceptance of the offenders. The unacceptance by the society is often the main reason of returning offenders to prison.From the legal aspect, social reintegration process is one of the responsibilities of the judiciary, but besides the intra-organizational issues, reoffending and returning to prison has also individual, psychological, economic, social and cultural bases. Enjoying high-quality programs in the crime prevention area and its continuity is the key point in resocialization of offenders which must be seriously under consideration. By developing various groups, providing opportunities for their membership, social reintegration has shifted from a narrow, closed circle around the individual to a wider range of volunteer groups. Having a membership or dependency on sport groups provides the opportunity of social reintegration.In the current field study, a large number of books and articles have been used in order to collect and analyze the impact of physical exercises on social reintegration of the offenders, using various scientific techniques, such as survey and also questionnaire data collection. It was found that there is no relationship between physical exercises and reoffending, tendency to violence, addiction, and suicide; this suggests that in case of increasing physical exercises, these mentioned issues will show a decrease. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Explaining Cultural-managerial Factors Affecting the Increase of Social Crimes Resulting from the Physical-spacial Development of Tehran (Case of Study: 19th District of Tehran)
Mehdi Mokhtarpour Ali Manteghi FasaieToday, the issue of urban security is one of the most important issues in the cities. Several factors are effective in creating a safe city. An effective factor in urban security is crime prevention and social maladministration. According to studies, social factors such MoreToday, the issue of urban security is one of the most important issues in the cities. Several factors are effective in creating a safe city. An effective factor in urban security is crime prevention and social maladministration. According to studies, social factors such as poverty, unemployment, social disparity, high rates of young people create a susceptible and prone to crime and behavioral abnormalities, but social factors are not the only determinants of social crime and social abnormalities. Physical design and physical structure play an important role in the development or prevention of crime and abnormalities. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to explain the cultural-managerial factors affecting the increase of social crimes resulting from the physical-spacial development of the 19th district of Tehran. The tool used in this research to measure the characteristics is a questionnaire that has been answered by citizens selected through sampling. The statistical population of this study is citizens of the 19th area, which includes 244350 people. According to the Cochran formula, the number of samples needed for this project is 384. The findings show that there is a meaningful relationship between the two variables of cultural creativity and the rate of social crime, and with the increase of cultural creativity, the rate of social crime rate decreases. There is a meaningful relationship between the two variables of cultural performance and the incidence of social crime, and with the increase in cultural performance, the rate of social crime rate decreases. There is a meaningful relationship between the two variables of cultural freedom and the incidence of social crime, and with the increase of cultural freedom, the rate of incidence of social crimes decreases. There is a significant relationship between the two variables of social management style and the incidence of social crimes and with the improvement of social management style, the rate of social crimes is decreasing and there is also a significant relationship between the two variables of economic management style and the rate of social crime, and with Improving the economic management style reduces the incidence of social crimes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Investigating the Effect of Social Compensation Components on Reducing Mass and Inactivity in Informal Settlements Case Study of District Khat4 hesar Karaj
mohsen RAHIMI bahman kargarSecurity is one of the basic needs of human life, which, after physiological needs such as food and water, is in the second place human needs "crime" and "crime" in today's societies that annually affect the lives of thousands of citizens as a social problem Comes with MoreSecurity is one of the basic needs of human life, which, after physiological needs such as food and water, is in the second place human needs "crime" and "crime" in today's societies that annually affect the lives of thousands of citizens as a social problem Comes with serious threats and violence against people and their assets, in fact, creates a significant panic in the community Regarding the situation of informal settlements regarding the crime of these settlements, special conditions have been established, including these settlements, Khat4 hear Karaj, except for areas with many problems in the area of crime and security, in order to ensure security in these areas and to prevent the spread of insecurity in Close cities need to provide Social security in the area of the 4th Corridor is considered as one of the critical areas in the informal settlements. After collecting the questionnaires, the results were analyzed and analyzed using SPSS software SMARTPLS. Results show that the components of participation, education, security, justice, flexibility Interactions, and others Resilience in social situations to reduce crime in the neighborhood is Khat4 hesar Karaj. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Analisis of the spatial distribution of crime in the regions in Tehran
B. Mohsenzadeh A. Faraji-radProblem: One of the specification and problems of cities especially in Iran as the problem of crime and social deviances. Tabriz as one of the county's metropolitans and its special problems is not an exception either. Different sciences have have studied it from the st MoreProblem: One of the specification and problems of cities especially in Iran as the problem of crime and social deviances. Tabriz as one of the county's metropolitans and its special problems is not an exception either. Different sciences have have studied it from the standpoint of urban and its influential elements among which urban ecology is the most important. Method: The present research by Using the library, documentary and geodesic studies through preparing questionnaire and interview with 4129 prisoners of Tabriz Prison, in winter 2014 and statistic pattern of 291 people through Kokral formula, the results has been analyzed in the regions using other information (location, area, population). Findings: The results of the research specifies the distribution and intension of the crime and shows that since places are located on transit roads the drug trafficking is more and since district 6 is in suburban area, the social and cultural issues are more effective, in district 8 since it is located in center of the city and population density is more, has more crime rate and districts 1 and 4 because of their special condition has the least rate of crime. The approved hypothesis could be generalized to statistical society Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Study of Effective factors on Ghetto and its reflex considering Urban Services Applications (The Case study: Yazd city)
Mehri Heidari Noshahr Asghar NazaryanThe characteristics of Third World urbanization is inharmonious and inequality.Significant proliferation of the wealth and on the other hand, minorities who live inpoverty are considered as frustrations in urban policy. Ghetto results frominharmonious development and ma MoreThe characteristics of Third World urbanization is inharmonious and inequality.Significant proliferation of the wealth and on the other hand, minorities who live inpoverty are considered as frustrations in urban policy. Ghetto results frominharmonious development and malfunctions of urban system. Urban applicationsinfluence social and economic classification, and when settlers in ghetto feel that theyare unable to improve their social and economic situation, it causes a deprivation forthem and forces them to commit offenses. This study investigated the causes shapingghettos in the city of Yazd in terms of the indices of education, health, culture,business, sport, green space and social reflections from it. With regard to thecoefficient of functions and urban services in ghettos and nearby, it is inferred thatabove mentioned factors affect forming ghettos and there is a relationship betweenghetto and underdevelopment. Based on linear regression, there is also a significantrelationship between ghettos and unfair distribution of services and underdevelopment.In addition, the results from the cluster model suggest that the settling in aneighborhood, besides lack of services and functions, other factors were alsoconsidered. The other finding of this study has been about social impact of ghettos.Based on the finding, the relatively low-income unemployed people commit morecrimes and there is no significant relationship between immigration and socialoffenses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Crime agaist Tourists in Tourism Destinations Case Study:Tehran Metropolise
Azita Rajabi Marzieh KhanmohammadiTourism is a very delicate and sensitive industry especially in relation with safetyand security matters in different national,regional and international levels. Every kindof security incidents such as :crime against tourists ,war,riots and terrorism will causeirrecover MoreTourism is a very delicate and sensitive industry especially in relation with safetyand security matters in different national,regional and international levels. Every kindof security incidents such as :crime against tourists ,war,riots and terrorism will causeirrecoverable damage to the industry.Control and providing the security of tourists and prevention of crime againstthem,not only boots their reliability but also by reducing their concerns for providingtheir physical and financial security,make them enjoy their trip and travel further.Tehran city includes one forth of urban population of the country (the mainpopulation centers) and arrival and departure place of the most incoming tourists toIran, so it is playing the main role in managing tourism destinations in the country.Therfore, security incidents and crime agaist tourists can destroy tourism industry inseveral occasions.The goal of this article is surveying security issues and crime against tourists intourism destinations.The methods of this research is descriptive- analystic and the aimis practical. the results and findings of the research shows that social andenvironmental security in Tehran city is not in proper level ,and like many othermetropolises the crime rate is high. therefore, Tehran city is not in a proper securitysituation for developing tourism industry at present time.So it seems some extrememeasures should be taken to improve tourism industry in the under study city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Identifying Effective Factors in preventing the Occurrence of Environmental Crimes in Urban Communities
Habib Akbari Noodeh Davood Dadashnejad Delshad Morteza BaratiIntroduction and purpose: Protection of the urban environment is one of the main concerns of city managers. The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize the effective factors in preventing the occurrence of environmental crimes in the cities of the country MoreIntroduction and purpose: Protection of the urban environment is one of the main concerns of city managers. The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize the effective factors in preventing the occurrence of environmental crimes in the cities of the country. Method: The current research is of applied type, which was conducted by survey method and using a panel of experts (63 people). A structured interview was used to list the factors and components. Also, the hierarchical method (AHP) was used to prioritize the factors. The software used in this research was SPSS, 19 and Expert Choice. Findings: The effective factors were "legal/legal", "educational/cultural" and "management". Also, 12 components were identified as micro factors. The highest weight belongs to the component "transmitting environmental teachings from elementary ages" (0.918) and then to the component "proportioning punishment to environmental crimes in terms of severity and type" (0.886). Finally, the component "Segregation of organizational duties and strengthening of the educational body in related bodies" with a weight of (0.422) was the least important component. The final weight of the three factors showed that the "educational/cultural" factor with a weight of 0.411 has the most importance, followed by the "legal/legal" factor with a weight of 0.332 and then the "management" factor with a weight of 0.303 have been Conclusion: The main priority in the solutions adopted to prevent the occurrence of environmental crimes is educational and cultural solutions, followed by legal and legal aspects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Environmental terrorism centered on armed conflict in the light of international criminal law
behrooz sepehri nourooz kargari Mohammad Ashouri ghassem ghassemiEnvironmental terrorism is a violent behavior that with the intention of depriving the peace, order and security of human societies, by targeting the environment, endangers human life and health and environmental security and whenever at the same time with Conflicts Arm MoreEnvironmental terrorism is a violent behavior that with the intention of depriving the peace, order and security of human societies, by targeting the environment, endangers human life and health and environmental security and whenever at the same time with Conflicts Armed and on the part of one of the parties to the conflict, it causes extensive and irreparable damage and not only endangers the health and life of the contemporary generation, but also endangers the health of future generations and deprives the healthy of environment. Therefore, reviewing strategies to deal with such events is the main purpose of current research. The present research has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner and in the form of citations through the use of library and electronic resources including books, articles, dissertations, regulations and international documents in Persian and English languages. The only way to fight with this criminal phenomenon is to bind the parties to the conflict to the norms and regulations related to international humanitarian law and to criminalize the violation of such regulations, in order to control the violence of the conflicting parties within the limits of international regulations. Violation of such regulations will result in criminal prosecution charges of "international crimes" or "serious crimes of international importance." Although Article 5 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court 1998 does not forecast environmental terrorism as an international crime, but because of the profound and irreparable harmful effects on human life and health and the health of the environment and the possibility of spreading such effects to remote areas. And even to future generations, international legal doctrine and documents recognize environmental terrorism as an acute example of terrorism and its importance in the line of international crimes and the effects of international crimes on it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - COMPONENTS AND CHALLENGES IN CODIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME INDICES AS AN INTERNATIONAL CRIME
maryam jambozorg Mansour Pournouri Seyed Abbas Poorhashemi Davoud Hermidas BavandThere is no doubt that protection of environment is considered as the most critical need of human being for achievement of better qualities of life and realization of sustainable development goals in the 21st century. This is involved with numerous challenges, since the MoreThere is no doubt that protection of environment is considered as the most critical need of human being for achievement of better qualities of life and realization of sustainable development goals in the 21st century. This is involved with numerous challenges, since the contemporary human still lives on the basis of irregular development and preference of personal short-term interests rather than long-term ones. Although several international regulations have been ratified for the protection of environment in the second half of the 20th century and after the establishment of Stockholm Conference, most of the regulations in international environmental law which aimed to prevent environmental pollution and degradation could only address the compensation for the environmental damages. However, the intensity of environmental disasters in today's world is to the extent that the need for performing more decisive actions is seriously felt; actions which could prosecute those who produce environmental pollution and degradations as criminals. This study attempts to investigate the challenges which criminalization is internationally faced and to highlight the effective and mostly positive components in codification of environmental crime indices. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Examining the Lighting Situation in Reducing Urban Crime with an Emphasis on the CPTED Approach The area of study: Kianpars – Ahvaz
Parviz soleimanimoghadam setare dinyariBackground and Objective: Urban spaces are the environment of human life and its activities. Crimes are committed as a destructive social phenomenon by man in these spaces. Among the major problems in urban spaces that affect the quality of life and the sense of securit MoreBackground and Objective: Urban spaces are the environment of human life and its activities. Crimes are committed as a destructive social phenomenon by man in these spaces. Among the major problems in urban spaces that affect the quality of life and the sense of security of citizens is the occurrence of urban crime, and factors such as urban planning, design, sprawl and social –economics, play an effective role in its occurrence or deterrence. Kianpars neighborhood can always face dangers like urban crime, depending on its location.Method: This article is a descriptive-analytic one. In the descriptive section, statistics and information extracted from the Statistical Yearbook, the supreme court of the Khuzestan and police department of the study area were used. Finally, for analyzing the data, GIS and SPSS softwares have been used to analyze the relationship between the two factors of crime incidence and brightness levels Within the Kianpars area.Findings: Investigations show that criminals act reasonably well in choosing the time and place of the crime and select the most appropriate and least risky locations and areas that are poorly lit for criminal activity and there is an inverse relationship between crime and light.Discussion and Conclusion: Overall results show that out of 275 crimes in public and private spaces, 200 cases occurred in the optical range No.1 with the least amount of light and 19 cases occurred in the optical range No.4 with the highest brightness, indicating a significant and inverse relationship between the amount of light and the crime number, as well as studies show that poor lighting in Kianpars has led to a decrease in security and incidence of some urban crime, and overall the lighting system in the study area has been assessed as inefficient and inconsistent with the CPTED principles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - The Environmental Duties of States in Space Tourism
soheyla koosha Mojtaba Ansarian Maryam DehghaniNowadays we are confronting with development of different kinds of space activities, the increase of space debris and pollution of the environment of outer space and the Earth due to space tourism. The other thing is that with the increase of the human intentions to spa MoreNowadays we are confronting with development of different kinds of space activities, the increase of space debris and pollution of the environment of outer space and the Earth due to space tourism. The other thing is that with the increase of the human intentions to space tourism, we can confront with more pollution of outer space. Therefore, studying the environmental duties and responsibilities of states who are the executer of space tourism is inevitable. Not with standing that outer space treaty and liability convention establishing comprehensive and acceptable rules for identification of states international duties, but there are some ambiguous points about protecting the environment of space. As these documents did not develop or revised with the development of this technology during these years specially the environmental pollution of space activities and space tourism. This article by using the descriptive- analytical method of research is about to answer this question that what is the environmental duties of states for safeguarding of space tourism? The aim of this article is giving some legal solution for prevention of the Earth and outer space pollution by quoting responsibilities of states with respect to space tourism and preventing from committing the environmental crimes thereof. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Conceptual Modeling of Environmental Factors Influencing the Security Residential Complexes (Case Study: Residential Complexes of Hamedan City)
Sara Jalalian Farah Habib Kianoush Zaker HaghighyBackground and Objective: Security is one of the essential necessities of every society. Research in security issues, is a field which facilitates improvement of quality of life in residential spaces, especially in residential complexes. The assumption in this research MoreBackground and Objective: Security is one of the essential necessities of every society. Research in security issues, is a field which facilitates improvement of quality of life in residential spaces, especially in residential complexes. The assumption in this research is that it could be possible to develop a model on the basis of interrelation between environment and human being and then use it for preventing crime as an anomic behavior. Method: In a qualitative approach, the context analysis is used for developing a background in crime prevention through environmental design, and then with interpretation approach and using comparative analysis method, it is attempted to investigate the environmental factors affecting the security of residential complexes. Observation, interview and questionnaire are used for data gathering. Conclusion: The findings of research are presented in a complicated model of the environmental factors affecting security issues. This model shows that socio-economic factors and then physical factors which lead to natural surveillance, access control, territoriality and image, have important roles in security improvement in residential complexes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Financial crimes; Model design and explanation With grounded theory Method
Ali Reza Amerian Ebrahim Chirani mohammadhasan gholizadeh seyed mozaffar mirbargkarThe purpose of this study is to design a model for financial crime. This research has a qualitative approach and is based on the theory of data foundation or grounded theory. The data are collected using semi-structured deep interview techniques. 20 experts and experts MoreThe purpose of this study is to design a model for financial crime. This research has a qualitative approach and is based on the theory of data foundation or grounded theory. The data are collected using semi-structured deep interview techniques. 20 experts and experts including faculty members of universities and managers who have at least 15 years of financial affairs have been selected through targeted sampling and snowball technique. The validity of this research was evaluated by the interviewees and then by the professors and confirmed. Reliability test has also been used to test the reliability of the test. The reliability of the interviews conducted in this study is 86%, and since this is above 60%, the reliability of the coding is confirmed. For data analysis, the continuous comparison method has been used during the three stages of open, axial and selective coding. Qualitative findings have been analyzed by MAXQDA software and, finally, a paradigm model of financial crimes is explained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - An Analysis of Financial Crimes in Iran Using Structural Equation Modeling
Ali Reza Amerian Ebrahim Chirani Mohammadhasan Gholizadeh Seyed Mozaffar MirbargKarThe increasing spread of financial crimes and the irreparable economic, and even social and cultural damage they cause, clearly illuminates the necessity of research and analysis in this area and to investigate the causes of such crimes. Therefore, the main issue in thi MoreThe increasing spread of financial crimes and the irreparable economic, and even social and cultural damage they cause, clearly illuminates the necessity of research and analysis in this area and to investigate the causes of such crimes. Therefore, the main issue in this research is the spread of financial crime and its concerns in Iranian society. The researcher seeks to understand financial crime economically and not from a sociological or criminological perspective. Therefore, the overall purpose of the present study is to design and test a model to explain and predict the causes of financial crime to prevent financial deviations. In this regard, a hybrid research approach was used which used the qualitative stage of the theory of grounded theory or the grounded theory and in the quantitative stage the descriptive-survey method. The qualitative findings were analyzed by MAXQDA software and at the end of the qualitative phase the conceptual model of financial crime was extracted. In the quantitative phase, the model was validated using partial least squares structural equation modeling with PLS software. Model fit indices indicate that the data fits well with the conceptual model. In other words, quantitative data fits well with the conceptual model of research and confirms the qualitative data. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Restorative Mechanisms against Environmental Crimes in Iran’s Criminal Justice System
Fatemeh dehdarzadeAs a criminal phenomenon, environmental crimes require provisioning reactive strategies by administrators of criminal justice system. Restorative mechanisms as a considerable part of reactive strategies and their statuses in the criminal justice system are of subjects l MoreAs a criminal phenomenon, environmental crimes require provisioning reactive strategies by administrators of criminal justice system. Restorative mechanisms as a considerable part of reactive strategies and their statuses in the criminal justice system are of subjects less studied analytically. Using descriptive-analytical methods and library data, the present research explained and evaluated restorative mechanisms against environmental crimes in the present Iranian criminal justice system. The results showed that although in the present Iranian criminal justice system and regarding environmental crimes restorative mechanisms don’t function as criminal and suppressive mechanisms, this doesn’t mean that criminal legislator has ignored them altogether; in fact, some strategies can be explained and evaluated including environmental mediation, provisioning restorative function for NGOs, damages awarded by courts as some complementary for criminal punishments, and also legal assistance for the victims of environmental crimes. Despite the fact that Iranian criminal legislator considered partially the restorative mechanisms against environmental crimes, some faults can be seen in implementing these mechanisms among which more important ones include limited intervention by NGOs in the preferring process and participating in hearings, approving by the head of the judiciary the names of NGOs authorized in performing these duties, making non-mandatory the environmental liability insurance for the future professions, lack of legal regulations on compensation funds for environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Analysis of Crimes against the Environment in Relation to National Security and Public Order; Challenges and Solutions
sarah ziadkhani SADEGH SALIMI ABDULALI GHAVAMNational security can be discussed as a very important phenomenon, and one of these areas is the environmental issue, which has caused the formation of new debates under the title of environmental security. The numerous characteristics of environmental damage that have MoreNational security can be discussed as a very important phenomenon, and one of these areas is the environmental issue, which has caused the formation of new debates under the title of environmental security. The numerous characteristics of environmental damage that have irreparable effects have caused this category to become a significant influence in jeopardizing national and international security and to face a serious risk to sustainable development. Green Crime has endangered the national security with its characteristics. By recognizing one of the anti-green crimes under the title of crimes against security, Iran's legal system has paid attention to the fact that environmental crimes can endanger national security in some cases. However, in other dimensions, the anti-green crime has not had a coherent criminal policy in the areas of criminal law, which is proposed to be achieved in the form of differential criminalization. This research, using descriptive-analytical method, will firstly describe the green belt and environmental security, and then, from a legal and criminological point of view, it will investigate the impact of the green belt on national security and environmental security, and will discuss the challenges and solutions in this field. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Providing Solution for Increasing Security in Residential Areas through Environmental Design, case study: five neighborhoods of Bojnord
Mahsa Zamiri Azadeh Sharifi NoghabiBackground and Objective: Security is considered as one of the main qualities of desirable urban spaces. Researches show that social and economic factors do not affect security independently. But the design as well as the physical layout of space can also be very much MoreBackground and Objective: Security is considered as one of the main qualities of desirable urban spaces. Researches show that social and economic factors do not affect security independently. But the design as well as the physical layout of space can also be very much involved in committing or not committing crimes. The aim of this study is to identify the environmental factors affecting occurrence of crime in these neighborhood and then in the next step to provide solutions in order to increase their security. Materials and Methodology: To do so, the present study examines five neighborhoods of Bojnord; which all of them are located in the range of informal settlement and peripheral tissue. In this study, descriptive research has been used in order to collect needed data and recognize the characteristics of the neighborhood in terms of security. Analytical research like correlation and logistic regression and SPSS software have been utilized to investigate the influential rate of factors and the relationship between these components and the security of residential areas. Results: The results show that by designing landscapes and using environmental graphic issues, crime tending would be decreased. Although build green spaces in neighborhoods and improve their quality could increase the social relationships cause to decrease the crime opportunity. Discussion and Conclusion: By these results, the study suggest that considering the role of graphical design in designing neighborhoods could decrease crime that might be happening and make the secure community. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Investigating the degrees of premeditated murder based on the psychological element with emphasis on Quranic texts
Hamidreza Dejan Mehdi Sabooripour Mahmoud Ruh Al-Amini Seyed Mehdi Ahmadi MousaviIn Iranian legislative systems, unlike other legal systems, the classification of murder is not recognized. Now the important question is, how can combine the "standard criterion" that is the criterion in "acting typically causing murder another" with the personal crite MoreIn Iranian legislative systems, unlike other legal systems, the classification of murder is not recognized. Now the important question is, how can combine the "standard criterion" that is the criterion in "acting typically causing murder another" with the personal criterion based on "perpetrator awareness and attention"? The answer is that materially and externally, the perpetrator's action should not be based on a certain criterion, i.e, from the point of view of a "normal person", in most cases, it leads to the murder of another, and unintentional murder, but also from a psychological point of view, should be found that he was aware of this. In this article, while analyzing the concept of jurisprudential and classical premeditated murder, we examined its degrees according to the severity of criminal intent and concluded that the type of grading is both effective in the amount of punishment and it can be in accordance with the principles of criminal justice. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - THE JURIDICAL AND LEGAL STUDY OF “AGHELEH”
Rohoolah AfzaliOne of the important issues in Islamic Law is the issue of “Agheleh” and and its responsibility in atonement and paying blood money. The term “Agheleh” is rooted in the Arabic word “Aghl” which means hindering and stopp MoreOne of the important issues in Islamic Law is the issue of “Agheleh” and and its responsibility in atonement and paying blood money. The term “Agheleh” is rooted in the Arabic word “Aghl” which means hindering and stopping and is a title colloquially given to a person who takes the responsibility of compensating for the blood money instead of the person who has committed the crime. This people will be the male maternal or paternal next of keens as they are to be inherited. Some conditions should be met for the “Agheleh” to take the responsibility of paying the compensation. These details are studied in the present article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - The Effect of Imprisonment on Repetition Prevention Focusing Quranic Doctrines
Mojgan Kasiri Iraj Goldoozian Davoud KaramiSerious attention to problems and difficulties resulted of prison is vital and important which needs cooperation and collaboration of triple forces as well as society and the prisoner himself. Therefore the aim of all penal systems was and is to reduce imprisonment and MoreSerious attention to problems and difficulties resulted of prison is vital and important which needs cooperation and collaboration of triple forces as well as society and the prisoner himself. Therefore the aim of all penal systems was and is to reduce imprisonment and eliminating its fatal effects in recent years; acts and law legislation and various rulebooks, holding numerous seminars and frequent workshops are proofs. Thus the present research is compiled by the aim of studying the role of prison in preventing crime repletion emphasizing Quranic doctrines and the method is descriptive – analytical. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Quran’s view on blood money (Diyah) and its calculation in the current era
Mahmood Aghajani Nadali Ashouri Ahmad Abedini Mohamad Ali HeydariThis research aims to present a method for blood money’s (Diyah) calculation and pricing in the current era. Verse 92 of surah Nesa and its revelation bespeaks of the principal of Sharia and paying the Diyah. Diyah’s amount is determined at any time after re MoreThis research aims to present a method for blood money’s (Diyah) calculation and pricing in the current era. Verse 92 of surah Nesa and its revelation bespeaks of the principal of Sharia and paying the Diyah. Diyah’s amount is determined at any time after reconsideration of societies’ and the victim’s interests by the Islamic ruler. In early Islam, the six main affairs of Diyah were confirmed, although most of religious judicial fines in the past were based on the Camel, Dirham and Dinar and when determining Dirham and Dinar, narrations and therefore it seems that in the current era, it is only cash that is the basis for getting the Diyah. This research also benefits from religious quotations and narrations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - An Analysis on Quranic Bsics of Criminalization of Environmental Crimes
Abouzar Salari Far Seyyed Mahmoud Mir Khalili Seyyed Doraid Mousavi MojabEnvironmental crime is a combination of harmful behaviors which damage the environment directly or indirectly. In religious sources as well as Holy Quran harmful behaviors to the environment has been condemned. Mighty Allah ignores any behavior which damages the environ MoreEnvironmental crime is a combination of harmful behaviors which damage the environment directly or indirectly. In religious sources as well as Holy Quran harmful behaviors to the environment has been condemned. Mighty Allah ignores any behavior which damages the environment. Since any behavior which results in damage or destruction is known as corruption, thus it would be punished and penalized. On the other hand the environment and natural sources are known as Allah’s beauty samples and symbols. Although Holy Quran does not express the type of punishment for the environment’s destructors in any Verses, according to the ignorance of the mentioned behavior it deserves punishment and penalize. Manuscript profile -
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66 - Social Control Theory Concerning Quran and Narrations (Emphasizing Cooperation and Support)
Nafiseh Motevalli Zadeh NaeeniIslam is a holistic religion which considers all individual and social aspects of human life. The territory of Islamic learnings and rules is not limited to individual issues. Attention to social aspects is also advised by Islam strongly. Commonality and solidarity in I MoreIslam is a holistic religion which considers all individual and social aspects of human life. The territory of Islamic learnings and rules is not limited to individual issues. Attention to social aspects is also advised by Islam strongly. Commonality and solidarity in Islamic nation and making relationships between individuals are the most important Islamic learnings. This paper studies cooperation and support in Quran and discusses their effects on individual's behavior controls in an Islamic society. The most discussed issues in Islamic learnings are to promote virtue and prevent vice. The role of cooperation and support in social control is ignored based on studied Quran verses and narrations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Legal Aspects of General Ethics and Virtue in Cyber Space by Quranic Approach
Nafiseh Nekoui Mehr Atfeh Hosseini Fard Masoud Rae’iOne of the developing values in Islamic societies, is to take care of general ethics and virtue in various conditions. It is obvious that proper and useful operation of cyber space needs considering specific norms which ignoring them would result in harms that some may MoreOne of the developing values in Islamic societies, is to take care of general ethics and virtue in various conditions. It is obvious that proper and useful operation of cyber space needs considering specific norms which ignoring them would result in harms that some may counted as crime and could terminate in punishment. According to increasing statistics of the files relating to such type of crimes as well as improper definition of applicability, the present paper studies performance guarantee of such crimes by analyzing articles number 14 and 15 of computer crimes by applying librarian method. The main outcome of the research is that the most important prevention ways are education, emotions, controls and power. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Criminal liability of legal persons in cyber theft
احمد مرادخانی سید محسن رضوی اصلCyber theft is among the crimes that occur in cyberspace, and although the substantive conditions and constituent elements of a crime, no different from the traditional theft, but the difference in the crime, distinguishing the two types is stealing from each other. The MoreCyber theft is among the crimes that occur in cyberspace, and although the substantive conditions and constituent elements of a crime, no different from the traditional theft, but the difference in the crime, distinguishing the two types is stealing from each other. The perpetrators of Internet piracy as well as other crimes can be both natural and legal persons. The perpetrators of Internet piracy as well as other crimes, can be both natural and legal persons and the issue of criminal liability of legal persons in the Penal Code Act of 1392 explicitly accepted, in the computer crimes law in Articles 19 to 23 Has been studied and It is seen that in this law, penalties far more severe than the punishment prescribed for the legal person designated for the theft of computer and internet is a real person. and It is seen that in this law, penalties far more severe than the punishment prescribed for the legal person designated for the theft of computer and internet is a real person. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Examine ways to prevent of Internet Robbery
احمد مرادخانی سید محسن رضوی اصل سید محمدمهدی احمدی سید حسن عابدیان کلخورانEven though syber space has its own important and vital role, it’s also the place of opportunists. One of these crimes is stealing of information and data of others. Prevention strategies will be effective in preventing and reduction of such these crimes especiall MoreEven though syber space has its own important and vital role, it’s also the place of opportunists. One of these crimes is stealing of information and data of others. Prevention strategies will be effective in preventing and reduction of such these crimes especially by those who are not professional criminals. Social and situational prevention methods are among the influencial ways to reduce internet robbery. Even though these principles are taken from traditional rules but readjustment of them by the conditions of internet robberies can be useful in reduction of crime in syber space. Even though syber space has its own important and vital role, it’s also the place of opportunists. One of these crimes is stealing of information and data of others. Prevention strategies will be effective in preventing and reduction of such these crimes especially by those who are not professional criminals. Social and situational prevention methods are among the influencial ways to reduce internet robbery. Even though these principles are taken from traditional rules but readjustment of them by the conditions of internet robberies can be useful in reduction of crime in syber space. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Judging on Nahjolbalaghe
بتول مغفوری فرسنگی سید محمد مهدی احمدیso that the Nahj ol Balaghe be picked to be addressed .Ali Noorani , that the Prophet said : , " light noted Mjalskm Ali ibn Abi Talib . " and the discovery of behavioral patterns Ali fact is clear to us is how to know , how he was and how to live and how we should be . Moreso that the Nahj ol Balaghe be picked to be addressed .Ali Noorani , that the Prophet said : , " light noted Mjalskm Ali ibn Abi Talib . " and the discovery of behavioral patterns Ali fact is clear to us is how to know , how he was and how to live and how we should be . Nahj ol balaghe the light is bright and valuable discussions of practical issues that are crucial Not only are only theoretical asp To their parliaments in the name of Ali ( AS ) that the Prophet said luminous : " Light Mjalskm mention Ali ibn Abi Talib . " and the discovery of behavioral patterns Ali fact how being clear ects but also the model of the Prophet's Sira and the day . to us how to live and then to know how and how we should be . Manuscript profile -
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71 - The effect of psychologist of school developmental crime prevention(with emphasis of Islamic teachings)
shahrdad darabi mahdieh pakravan naminThe desirable effects of crime prevention strategy to punishment in countries that benefit from a fair and efficient criminal policy seeks to eliminate the factors creating the offense or intervention in precriminal situational , has led to proactive response in crimina MoreThe desirable effects of crime prevention strategy to punishment in countries that benefit from a fair and efficient criminal policy seeks to eliminate the factors creating the offense or intervention in precriminal situational , has led to proactive response in criminal policy of governments is prioreties and have relative support. However although on the one hand welcomed by increasing government of crime prevention models ,But on the other hand the need to protect the fundamental freedoms citizens and normative legal cover necessary preventive measures in the form of prevention law makes more than ever before ,the law of prevention in the field of criminal policy as an independent profession, is composed of a series of regulations wich determine the institutions ,limits and boundaries , regulations governing and necessary sanctions in violation of the regulation governing sanctions on the crime prevention strategy Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Philosophical Foundations reluctance to fulfill crime
Somayeh Rahimian Guar Reza faniIn the scientific study of law, there are two methods, one of which is to examine the basis and the other to analyze its nature and function. In the study of the nature and function of the legal system, knowledge of the general structure is obtained, which is the recogn MoreIn the scientific study of law, there are two methods, one of which is to examine the basis and the other to analyze its nature and function. In the study of the nature and function of the legal system, knowledge of the general structure is obtained, which is the recognition of the result and outcome of the historical origins and history of its formation. So that the lack of mastery in the historical root and the formation of a legal meaning of its functional meaning is questioned and its effects can be excluded from its exact form. This procedure is the mission of the philosophical analysis of law, which historically focuses on the roots of the definition of words on legal meanings. The philosophy of law tells us essentially what rules and how to enter the law. The philosophy of reluctance in Iran and other countries has a precedent that acknowledges or rejects the effects of reluctance in realizing the crime as one of the factors justifying criminal responsibility.Accordingto the historical and philosophicalbackground of the legal entity, there is a reluctant direct effect on the realization of the crime, as well as on the punishment and non-punishment of the accused Manuscript profile -
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73 - Oath taking and its role in proving crime from the view point of jurisprudence and Iranian statute law
َAhmad porghasemi Esmat al-Sadat Tabatabaei LotfiQasāmah, i.e. Oath taking, is an approved procedure in the Islamic fiqh and law, which is applicable both to verify and nullify the crime in the case of invalidity or lack of crime proofs. The legitimacy of oath taking is based on the Islamic traditions and considering MoreQasāmah, i.e. Oath taking, is an approved procedure in the Islamic fiqh and law, which is applicable both to verify and nullify the crime in the case of invalidity or lack of crime proofs. The legitimacy of oath taking is based on the Islamic traditions and considering its prohibitive force in concern with concealed murders or unjustified accusation, it has been approved and established for immunity of the society and acting cautiously in regard with the lives of the people. The oath taking procedure was proposed by the jurists and it was approved in the criminal law with minor changes in 2013 and it includes issues such as the domain of usage, the quality of performing oath taking, number of oaths in voluntary and involuntary murders and in crimes other than murder, validity or invalidity of repeating oaths to achieve the threshold, repeating oath taking in case of involvement of multiple parties, the characteristics of the ones to take oath and the manner of oath taking. In the criminal law of 2013, a period of three month has been considered for oath taking by the claimant or the accused. Manuscript profile -
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74 - Explain how to investigate crimes against chastity in Iranian jurisprudence and criminal law
Gholamali Nasiri Rashid Ghadiri Maryam Naghdi Kamran GhodousiThis research has been descriptive-analytical in which the principles and rules governing the investigation of crimes against chastity in jurisprudence and criminal law have been examined. Islam's criminal policy on these crimes is based on strictness in proving, coveri MoreThis research has been descriptive-analytical in which the principles and rules governing the investigation of crimes against chastity in jurisprudence and criminal law have been examined. Islam's criminal policy on these crimes is based on strictness in proving, covering up, and preventing the crime from being revealed by the wrongdoer, the people, and the judge, which is based on the Shari'a's emphasis on preventing the spread of prostitution. This policy includes crimes against chastity. In formulating the criminal procedure of 1392, the legislator has placed the principle on the prohibition of research and has specified the cases of research license. According to the law, the investigation of these crimes should be done directly in court due to the spread of prostitution, but in the judicial procedure, it is observed that in some cases, this investigation is carried out in the prosecutor's office. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - The Jurisprudential-Legal Principles of Iran's Criminal Policy to Combat Water Crimes
Farzaneh Moradi Farzaneh Moradi Seyed Mahmood Mirkhalili Shahrdad DarabiWater Crimes are those whose "water resources" are both surface and underground; More precisely, any behavior (whether verbal or verbal) that in some way leads to the destruction, destruction, pollution or infliction of any damage or damage to water resources and is pun MoreWater Crimes are those whose "water resources" are both surface and underground; More precisely, any behavior (whether verbal or verbal) that in some way leads to the destruction, destruction, pollution or infliction of any damage or damage to water resources and is punishable by law, It will be entitled "Water Crimes". Obviously, the basic philosophy of criminalization of water crimes is to protect these resources, given their vital role in various aspects of human life and to act in accordance with the basic human contract for the formation of society, namely the "social contract". Despite the acceptance of the need to use the capacity of all different sciences toconserve water resources and to utilize the knowledge of criminal policy and to measure the extent to which existing criminal policy is available in the country against water offenses, we have no choice but to carefully examine the existing criminal policy. And there is no doubt that the study of this matter requires a preliminary examination of its foundations. Given the supreme position of jurisprudence and the law as the basis for the criminalization of these crimes, this article will deal with the legal and legal foundations of this important issue. Manuscript profile -
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76 - Crime Prevention Rights in Religious and Jurisprudential Doctrines
Soheila Ebrahimzade Shahrdad Darabi Vahid NekonamThe purpose of the present study is to review crime prevention rights in religious and jurisprudential doctrines. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that the true religion of Islam, in addition to giving priority to preventing sin compare MoreThe purpose of the present study is to review crime prevention rights in religious and jurisprudential doctrines. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that the true religion of Islam, in addition to giving priority to preventing sin compared to mere punishment, presents valuable doctrines to sustain human dignity and to respect people's privacy while taking preventive measures. Paying attention to these doctrines will guarantee sustenance of the citizens' fundamental rights in the process of criminology prevention. Manuscript profile -
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77 - Criminal Policy of Islamic Jurisprudence in the Field of Political Crime
Mansur Torkashvand Abbas Ali Heidary Mahmood Gauom zadahSince no comprehensive research has been done on the criminal policy of Islamic jurisprudence in the field of political crime, so research in this case is necessary and necessary. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the views of Islamic jurists on the cri MoreSince no comprehensive research has been done on the criminal policy of Islamic jurisprudence in the field of political crime, so research in this case is necessary and necessary. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the views of Islamic jurists on the criminal policy of Islam It is a political crime and the most important question is: What measures has Islamic jurisprudence taken for political crimes? Fornication is apostasy, espionage and moharebeh, which in the crime of gardening, the jurists believe in ta'zir, and the perpetrator of fornication is either killed or imprisoned by the ruling order, and in the crime of apostasy, the natural apostate man is killed, but the national apostate man repents. Failure to do so is killed and the apostate woman is not killed and imprisoned until she repents and the perpetrators of moharebeh and corruptors on earth are punished in jurisprudence, execution or crucifixion or amputation of the right hand and left leg or denial and in case of spying The jurists have ordered the punishment of a spy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - An Investigation of the Effects of Alternative Sentences to Imprisonment for Financial Crimes; in Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh) and Iranian Law Considering Other Countries’ Experiences
Effat BabaeiThe purpose of the present study is to explore the effects of alternative sentences to imprisonment in the case of financial crimes from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh) and Iranian law considering other countries’ experiences in this regard. The me MoreThe purpose of the present study is to explore the effects of alternative sentences to imprisonment in the case of financial crimes from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh) and Iranian law considering other countries’ experiences in this regard. The method of study is descriptive analysis and the results showed that since Hadd (limitation) punishment also includes financial crimes, there is no possibility to change or mitigate the sentence. However, the exploration of jurisprudential rules relevant to changing Hadd to Ta’zir and/or exemption of imprisonment as a sort of Hadd show that turning the punishment can be executed for the first offenders in this field. The important principle in the criminal rights called the equality of punishments is also observed by this plan and thereby the worst blow is struck against the violator managers. A survey of the legal cases in other countries having executed the same plan confirmed the positive effects of this measure. Of course, it is emphasized that in case of crime repetition, the main sentence of imprisonment and/or even capital punishment must be executed for them as it is advised in Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh). Therefore, it is suggested to the judiciary chiefs and lawmakers in the country to take necessary measures for the official acknowledgment of the above-mentioned plan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - A Comparison between the View of Imāmiah Fiqh and the Four Schools of Thought about Dissection of the Corpse
Mohammad Mehdi Habibi Alireza Asgari Seyyed Hasan AbedianThe purpose of the present research is jurisprudential study of dissection of the corpse condition in Imāmiah Fiqh compared to the four schools of thought. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that the Sunnis have also admitted dissection o MoreThe purpose of the present research is jurisprudential study of dissection of the corpse condition in Imāmiah Fiqh compared to the four schools of thought. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that the Sunnis have also admitted dissection of the corpse according to requirements. The Shāfe’is hold the closest view to Imāmiah Figh about dissection of the body. The Māleki school has adopted stricter views with respect to corpse corruption. The Hanbalis believe that transportation of the corpse from a city to another for dissection is forbidden. The Hanafis have allowed a limited time for dissection after which the dead body must be buried. Therefore, it is concluded that except in exceptional circumstances, Imāmiah Fiqh and the four schools of thought have common views about dissection of the corpse. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - The role of the Crimean Prince in the content-making of poetry of Khorasani style poets
maryam dianatkhah Abolqasem RadfarOne of the important features of the poetry of Khorasani style poets is the use of vocabulary and scientific terminology and their utilization for theatricalization. Khorasani style poets began to use various sciences such as astronomy, medicine, botany, zoology and min MoreOne of the important features of the poetry of Khorasani style poets is the use of vocabulary and scientific terminology and their utilization for theatricalization. Khorasani style poets began to use various sciences such as astronomy, medicine, botany, zoology and mineralogy. In this article, the vocabulary, terminology, similes, metaphors, and themes made with some of the Crimean-like craters (Diamond, Piroozheh, Zar, Zomar, Oghigh, Lal, and Ruby) are reviewed and the scientific and literary issues raised about This Crimean ruin is analyzed in the vaults of Rudaki Samarghandi, Ferdowsi Tusi, Farrokhi Sistani, Eleanori, Manouchehri Damghani, Fakhroudin Asad Gorgani, Asadi Tusi and Naser Khosrow Ghobadi, and with the ancient scientific books of ancient mineralogy, including military jewelery, the oldest jewel The letter is in Persian in 592 AH. Ah After Al-Jamir Abourihān Exterior, Jame Al-ulum (Sattani), the oldest encyclopedia in which the science of al-Jawahr is scientifically independent, is written by Abu al-Jawahir and Al-Nefais al-Ta'ayeb, written by Abolqasem Abdullah Kashani, and by the name of the Ilkhani script and other works. Has been adapted. Manuscript profile -
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81 - Mysticism and Preventing Crimes
علی اعظم رفیعنژادIn the past centuries, human communities utilized religious laws to purify persons and people out of deviation and to remove delinquencies and to fight against crimes. But with the latest development in technology and sciences, since laws were not renovated and didn’t g MoreIn the past centuries, human communities utilized religious laws to purify persons and people out of deviation and to remove delinquencies and to fight against crimes. But with the latest development in technology and sciences, since laws were not renovated and didn’t get along with everyday needs, the human orented materialistic and benefit-seeking viewpoints based on gaining more and further enjoyment overcome various majors of law. In today society, the one who is prone to mysticism and people are inclined toward the core and heart of religion should use the energy for different fields of law, especially preventin crime and other social vulnerabilities and offering necessary solution. Manuscript profile -
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82 - A Comparative-Historical Study of the Role of the Emergence of Urban Space in the Prevention of Theft Crimes (Case Study: Samen District of Mashhad)
Hadi Sarvari farid bashian Seyede Elahe Rezvanian -
Open Access Article
83 - Determine the Factors Associated with Delinquency Women in Cyberspace, with an Emphasis on Internet Addiction
Zinat Sadat Marashian Seyed Saeed KashfiThe aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with delinquency women in cyberspace, with an emphasis on Internet addiction in the city of Ahvaz. The sample consisted of 200 people from the community which were selected by available sampling. To measure t MoreThe aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with delinquency women in cyberspace, with an emphasis on Internet addiction in the city of Ahvaz. The sample consisted of 200 people from the community which were selected by available sampling. To measure the variables of coping strategies questionnaire Ayati factors that influence crime and Kimberly Young's Internet Addiction Test was used. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation and multiple regressions were used. The results showed that there was Significant positive relationship between Economic poverty of family and Internet Addiction, Bad friends and Internet Addiction, Leisure activities and Internet Addiction, social problems of family and Internet Addiction in women.But there was Significant negative relationship between Family adherence to religion and Internet Addiction. Also regression analysis showed that Among the predictors, bad friends, Economic poverty of family, social problems of family can predict the trend of the Internet in women . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Armed Hostilities and Violence against Women and Children from International Regulations Point of View
H. A. Moazanzadegun M. A. Heidari امین NikomanzariThe armed hostility in the present age is one of the most important issues in international and domestic affairs. The world is almost facing civil and international war every day. Preventing such conflicts depends on the development of democracy and respect for human ri MoreThe armed hostility in the present age is one of the most important issues in international and domestic affairs. The world is almost facing civil and international war every day. Preventing such conflicts depends on the development of democracy and respect for human rights and the rule of law in various dimensions. Despite the wars stimulating factors, women and children have always been suffered the most injuries of the wars in different forms based on historical documents. One of the women urgent international problems is the systematic rape against women and children in armed disputes that aimed ethnic cleansing and carried on by brutality. Certainly decisive and serious confronting by the international community could have prevented such inhumane actions .The most important crimes were mentioned in this article referring the international documents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Causes and Effects of Sexual Crimes against Women in Iranian Criminal Law Perspective
منصور Attasheneh A. H. Nasiri-Nia یوسف Ebrahimi-NasabToday, violence against women and their abuse are committed in a variety of ways, the most complicated and severe type of which is sexual crimes that are increasingly overgrown. Human societies are dipped into the whirlpool of corruption due to leaving their heavenly le MoreToday, violence against women and their abuse are committed in a variety of ways, the most complicated and severe type of which is sexual crimes that are increasingly overgrown. Human societies are dipped into the whirlpool of corruption due to leaving their heavenly learned lessons; yet they barely think of religious solutions. Perhaps, the same phenomenon applies to Islamic countries, as well. Although – due to religious, cultural and social conditions - the issue of sexual crimes commitment including sexual abuse of women is more limited in these countries compared to other ones and in particular western countries, the essence of committing such crimes implies social and cultural damages which should be radically fought against, making use of religious approaches and social control model of the religion and especially Islam criminal policy. A glance at respective statistics indicates social harms and deviations; however, it has not still surrounded the whole society. Undoubtedly, the violence against and sexual abuse of women are considered as one of the different social deviations, major disturbing factors of cultural, social, regulatory and disciplinary security of the societies, and that is why different legal systems adopt particular solutions, strategies and measures to control, handle and eradicate it. In the meantime, Islamic legal system and the criminal policy adopted, takes severe action against sexual deviations in general and sexual violence and abuse in particular. The author of this paper intended to provide a quick overview and description of juridical rulings and the penalties prescribed in Iranian criminal law and Syrian criminal law by proposing a definition for sexual violence and abuse while specifying different types of them so as to offer suitable legal suggestions as well as to determine the related legal gaps. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - The consequences of changing the gender of couples in issues of Qisas and diyāt
Sayyed mohammad HoseiniAim: Since in the Islamic legal system, men and women are retaliated against each other, the main purpose of the present study is to answer the question: what effect does a change in the gender of the criminal or the victim have on Qisas and the amount of diyā? Method: MoreAim: Since in the Islamic legal system, men and women are retaliated against each other, the main purpose of the present study is to answer the question: what effect does a change in the gender of the criminal or the victim have on Qisas and the amount of diyā? Method: This research applies the descriptive-analytical method and analyzes the arguments of Imamiyyah jurists. Findings: The findings of this study indicated that in the issue of diyā, gender change does not make any difference in the diyā that was determined as the responsibility of the person before this, but diyā after gender change is calculated according to the new gender. Regarding Qisas, if a woman commits a crime that requires retribution before changing her gender, gender change does not affect her Qisas. But if the perpetrator of the crime is a man and next of kin of the slain person asks for his Qisas, he must pay the difference in diyā, and after that the sentence of the murderer will be executed. If there is a delay in the execution of the sentence of Qisas and the gender of the killer is changed to a woman, then there are two possibilities for Qisas. Conclusion: According to the correct probability, after the gender change, the murderer's sentence, which was proportional to his gender, will be proportional to his new gender. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Explaining the impact of social capital on crime tendency:Meta-analysis of researches
Taha Ashayeri Hamidreza Taammoli Tahereh Jahanparvar Samira Bagherui DinAbadi Elham AbbasiThe main purpose of the research is to evaluate the impact of social capital on the tendency to commit crime (research articles published in the authoritative scientific quarterly). The research method is meta-analysis (quantitative software for combining the effect siz MoreThe main purpose of the research is to evaluate the impact of social capital on the tendency to commit crime (research articles published in the authoritative scientific quarterly). The research method is meta-analysis (quantitative software for combining the effect sizes of independent and dependent variables), the sample size is 16 research documents, the analysis unit of articles in the time period of 2005 to 2022 is a deliberate (non-probability) sampling method. After identifying the value of the correlation coefficient, sample size and significance level (provided it is significant), the year and the authors of the research, they were entered into the cma2 program and while estimating the effect of individual studies, the overall effect size.The results show that social capital has an inverse and significant relationship with crime tendency. The components of social capital show that social trust with a value of 49%; religious affiliation (33 percent); Social support (36 percent) has the highest impact; social cohesion (29 percent); Local participation (23%) has a moderate effect and environmental belonging has the least effect with a value of 19%. The above results show that a total of 16 above researches have been able to explain 0.37 (random) of the changes in crime tendency through social capital, as much as one change in the amount of social capital, 3 tenths of the changes in the crime tendency occur and with its increase, the probability of committing a crime decreases among the investigated groups. Tendency to crime among students (0.586) is more affected by the amount of social capital than all groups. Tendency to crime among men (0.39) is more than women (33%) and physically; Physically and psychologically, men have a greater tendency to commit crimes compared to women. There is a significant relationship between the level of development of the province and tendency to crime, and its value is equal to 11%. Meanwhile, the amount of tendency to commit crime is higher in developed provinces (30%) and less in developing (21%), medium and low-developed provinces (14%). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Strategic policy on reducing the rate of urban crimes in the informal settlements of Yasouj city, a case study (Madavan Sefali, Belhazar and Mehrian)
sam hejazinia majid rahimi ali shamsoddiniIn recent years, the city of Yasouj has grown a lot in terms of physical and economic aspects and has been open to immigration, the most development is in the surrounding settlements of the city of Yasouj, and the increase in the phenomenon of marginalization is evident MoreIn recent years, the city of Yasouj has grown a lot in terms of physical and economic aspects and has been open to immigration, the most development is in the surrounding settlements of the city of Yasouj, and the increase in the phenomenon of marginalization is evident. On the other hand, these settlements have affected the security of the city of Yasouj. Another goal of this research is to identify the factors affecting crime in the surrounding areas of Yasouj city and its effect on crime planning in order to reduce and solve urban crimes through social engineering and cultural empowerment of residents along with people's participation with a local approach. The current research is descriptive-inferential in nature and academic research (developmental-applied) in terms of its purpose, and it examines these effects with the focus of community-oriented policy on reducing the occurrence of urban crimes in the peripheral settlements of Yasouj city. The findings of this research show a direct relationship with a high percentage between crime planning and crime factors such as: poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, inefficient management, ethnic differences and their reduction through community-oriented empowerment with an emphasis on social engineering, awareness raising, foundation building and rail laying by the authorities. It represents locality through the comprehensive participation of local residents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - The study of factors affecting the level of fear of crime in residential neighborhoods, a study on scarcity trap theory (Case study: Ahwaz city)
Rostam SaberifarThis study seeks to determine which factors exacerbate the fear of crime and what components can limit or completely neglect this problem. This is a survey method that compares crime fears and their individual and neighborhood factors among Ahwaz neighborhoods. The data MoreThis study seeks to determine which factors exacerbate the fear of crime and what components can limit or completely neglect this problem. This is a survey method that compares crime fears and their individual and neighborhood factors among Ahwaz neighborhoods. The data were collected from a sample of 4 residents of different areas of Ahwaz city using a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that despite the different effects of the studied variables among different neighborhoods, among individual variables, gender had a significant relationship with fear of crime and women reported more fear of crime than men, And this was also the case for non-Arab ethnicity living in these areas. Other individual variables (age, education, income, and home ownership) had no significant relationship with fear of crime. On the other hand, neighborhood-related variables, including inattention, neighborhood attachment, neighborhood quality, and neighborhood crime perception were significantly associated with crime fear. In the multivariate regression, only the inferior variable entered the model and was able to explain 21% of the dependent variable changes. As in the findings of this study, witnessing vulgarism is one of the important factors in fear of crime. Thus, it seems that the satisfaction of the neighborhood decreases the fear of crime. Among the neighborhood related variables, neighborhood characteristics, sense of belonging to it, the view of people toward Police, and understanding of crime and vulgarism were reported to be meaningfully related to the fear of crime at all and worriment of crime against belongings and persons (not the sense of security). The point of view toward neighborhood and ownership of the home, did not show to have meaningful relationship with the fear of crime. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Money laundering in sport is evidence of hidden corruption; the need to provide solutions to prevent it
Taha Razmara Nariman Fakheri Ramin Poursaid PoursaidOne of the most important examples of corruption; Money laundering is a criminal phenomenon. And the field of sports because of the desire of people to play a role, popularity, public interest and investment in it; It is a good breeding ground for the spread of this hid MoreOne of the most important examples of corruption; Money laundering is a criminal phenomenon. And the field of sports because of the desire of people to play a role, popularity, public interest and investment in it; It is a good breeding ground for the spread of this hidden corruption (money laundering). The research method was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-correlational nature which was performed by field method. Data were collected using a version of a semi-standard questionnaire whose face validity and content were determined by experts and its reliability was determined based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The statistical population of the study consisted of official experts in the field of sports and members of the National Sports Law Association. 160 samples were selected by simple random sampling. Software packages (SPSS) and (Excel) were used to process and analyze the data. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that there is a significant relationship between all independent and dependent components. Also, using the Friedman ranking test, the dimension (customer suspicious transaction report) with the rank (4.85) and the average (19.98) and the dimension (training of employees of sports organizations) with the rank (1.23) and the average (6.413), respectively, have the most and the least effect. (Importance) in preventing the crime of money laundering. Therefore, it seems that a combination of all the variables used is appropriate to prevent money laundering in sports organizations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Investigating the relationship between perceived knowledge and protection motivation in the field of cybercrimes and the mediating role of internet trust in athletes of the country's premier volleyball league
Ehsan Karimi Kazem Cheragh BirjandiThe purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived knowledge and protection motivation in the field of cybercrime and the mediating role of internet trust in athletes of the country's premier volleyball league. The research method is descrip MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived knowledge and protection motivation in the field of cybercrime and the mediating role of internet trust in athletes of the country's premier volleyball league. The research method is descriptive and was conducted in the field. The statistical population of the research included all athletes of the country's top volleyball league in 1402, 300 people. According to Morgan's table, the sample was 169 people, and the sampling method was available . The research tools included Raju et al.'s Perceived Knowledge Questionnaire (2015), Anderson et al.'s (2010) Standard Cybercrime Protection Motivation Questionnaire, and De Jong et al.'s (2007) Standard Internet Trust Questionnaire were used. The results of the research showed that the perceived knowledge has a significant relationship with the motivation of protection in the field of cybercrimes and internet trust in the athletes of the country's premier volleyball league. Also, Internet trust plays a mediating role in the relationship between perceived knowledge and protection motivation in the field of cybercrimes in the country's top volleyball league athletes. According to the results, it is suggested that in order to reduce cybercrimes in athletes and increase trust in the opportunities available in cyberspace, first acquire the knowledge of its effective use. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Identification and prioritization of updated social crimes in sports spaces and places of the country using AHP and TOPSIS methods
Habib Akbari Noodeh Davood Dadashnejad Delshad Morteza BaratiThe purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize common social crimes in sports spaces and places in the country. This research is of an applied type, which was conducted by a survey method and using a panel of experts (45 people). Two hierarchical methods (AH MoreThe purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize common social crimes in sports spaces and places in the country. This research is of an applied type, which was conducted by a survey method and using a panel of experts (45 people). Two hierarchical methods (AHP) and TOPSIS were used for prioritization. Spearman's rank test was also used. The results show that twelve social crimes are common in sports environments, which are classified into two light and heavy categories. The weight of light crimes has been estimated higher than serious crimes, which indicates the possibility of more occurrence of this type of crimes (0.456 vs. 0.388). 3 items are the same in both AHP and TOPSIS methods. In this way, the crime of "not paying attention to the regulations established in the sports environment" has the highest rate in sports spaces and places, and the crime of "conflict leading to murder in the sports environment" has the lowest rate of occurrence in sports environments. . According to the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient obtained for light and heavy crimes (95.3% and 88.2%, respectively), it is clear that there is a high correlation between the two methods used both in general and in detail. This shows the high degree of coordination between the results obtained from the two methods used for prioritization in this research. In general, Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Basics of Social Prevention in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran
laleh akefi امیر ایروانیان امیر پاکنهادAbstract Crime prevention is one of the main strategies in criminal policy which has been always paid attention for the purpose of controlling the criminal activity. The significance of this strategy is so considerable that the prevention of crime has been officially r MoreAbstract Crime prevention is one of the main strategies in criminal policy which has been always paid attention for the purpose of controlling the criminal activity. The significance of this strategy is so considerable that the prevention of crime has been officially recognized beyond the Acts of Parliament i.e. constitutional law. Economic, social and cultural roots cause the emersion of the crime problem which the social prevention method seeks to identify and neutralize. This method is one of the best and most effective methods. Because fighting the cause is always better and more effective than fighting the effect. Social crime prevention is a strategy that in its current, simultaneously, with the recognition the basic social, economic and cultural rights of the citizen, prevention programs are enacted. The occurrence of prevention has requirements. Providing the basic rights such the right to engage in work, the right to adequate housing, the right to social security, the right to education and etc. are of these requirements. This article investigates the issue of social prevention of crime and its context in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran using descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile -
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94 - A comparative and native study of the theory of social control of crime with Islamic principles with emphasis on the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran
samira tajkhorasani Gholam Hossein Masoud mohsen shekarchizadehDesirable indigenous humanities for Iran are sciences and methods that are the product of scientific activities based on the culture, beliefs and needs of Iranian society and are aimed at solving the problems and problems of Iranian society. Therefore, the issues should MoreDesirable indigenous humanities for Iran are sciences and methods that are the product of scientific activities based on the culture, beliefs and needs of Iranian society and are aimed at solving the problems and problems of Iranian society. Therefore, the issues should be designed locally or the ideas should be localized in a proper way and appropriate to the culture and religion of the country, so that the desired result can be obtained from them. The meaning of localizing the theory of social control of crime (Hirschi) is to benefit from the policies and measures derived from these theories in the field of crime prevention and control. The purpose of localization of this theory is to localize the theory, because the theory does not belong to one's own country and it was formed based on the problem of other countries and proceeded based on the belief and cultural foundations of that country and provided a solution, in this case it should be Let's give it a native appearance to be localized, but its essence will not change. As a result, in the localization of this theory, we should take the general frameworks and directions from Islam and place the spirit and essence of Islamic teachings as the core of human and social sciences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Legal analysis of police traps and traps in the detection of economic crimes
Mohammad Pirani Asghar Abbasi Ali GhorbaniBackground and purpose: Economic crimes are one of the most important issues in our world, which are committed in the context of today's life due to the abuse of intelligence and talent. In these crimes, where trickery and concealment have played a significant role, the MoreBackground and purpose: Economic crimes are one of the most important issues in our world, which are committed in the context of today's life due to the abuse of intelligence and talent. In these crimes, where trickery and concealment have played a significant role, the discovery of the crime is a very difficult and dangerous matter, therefore, the use of traps and police traps can be an important way to discover this category of crimes. But not knowing the pitfalls and traps can waste law enforcement resources and cause the economy of covert operations to fail. This article aims to answer the question that what are the most important police traps and traps in economic crimes and how can these traps and traps prevent the budget from being wasted in such secret operations.Methodology: This article is descriptive-analytical and has investigated and analyzed the above-mentioned question using the library and survey method.Findings and results: This article, while explaining the types of pitfalls and traps in the two economic crimes of money laundering and bribery, can on the one hand guide the police, designers and operators of covert operations in the implementation of a covert operation in a way that causes No wastage of resources to apply the law and on the other hand, to provide more trust of the people to the police and judicial system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Constructivist analysis of crimes against government lands
mehdi Rabie abbas sheikhoeslami majid fouladiyanDrawing the concept of "crime" is the starting point of the path of criminal thought. In fact, the image of crime presents other fundamental concepts of criminology (such as criminality and etiology) and the system of criminal policy (such as justice, criminology, and p MoreDrawing the concept of "crime" is the starting point of the path of criminal thought. In fact, the image of crime presents other fundamental concepts of criminology (such as criminality and etiology) and the system of criminal policy (such as justice, criminology, and prevention). According to the theory of social constructivism, crime can be considered a social phenomenon that is not outside the human mind and has an independent objective existence, so what is considered a crime will vary depending on who describes it. Was; Therefore, in interpersonal relationships, we are faced with constructing a social reality of crime.This article takes a mediocre view of social constructivism from the concept of crime and uses the theory of "social reality of crime", which believes that the application of criminal law and the definition of criminal behavior and the development of appropriate behavioral patterns and the construction of criminal perception, product It is the action of shareholders who try to secure their personal and group interests by influencing the criminalization process. The reality of the criminalization process in the field of state lands in Iran has been discussed and analyzed. The study of the formal discourse of criminal policy actors using descriptive-analytical research method and detailed discussions of the National Assembly and the Islamic Consultative Assembly has shown that at least in the field of land crime in the Iranian criminal justice system, constructivist theory on the criminal process and the mentality of its actors It clearly rules. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - The paradigmatic model of realizing the blood culture of peace in line with peace and compromise and reducing crime among ethnic groups
Ahmad Abbasi Darehbidi tayebeh zareie Maryam MohebbipourThe phenomenon of "peace blood" is one of the methods of peace and compromise and one of the important solutions in order to reduce crime and maintain unity and cohesion among ethnic groups. The purpose of the present research is to investigate the fields of realizing t MoreThe phenomenon of "peace blood" is one of the methods of peace and compromise and one of the important solutions in order to reduce crime and maintain unity and cohesion among ethnic groups. The purpose of the present research is to investigate the fields of realizing the blood culture of peace in human interactions in the direction of peace and reconciliation between ethnic groups and crime reduction. The approach of interpretative-constructive research and its qualitative method is based on data theory as the foundation for data analysis. Sampling is available and among people with master's degree and above in a theoretical way due to data saturation. In order to collect data, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 22 elites of Kermanshah province. The findings of the research included 340 primary concepts, 67 sub-themes and 18 main themes, the core category of which is "realization of the blood culture of peace" according to causal conditions (4 themes), contextual conditions (5 themes), intervening conditions (4 theme), strategies (4 themes), consequences (2 themes) were created and the final model of the research was presented. Manuscript profile -
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98 - Investigating Iran's legal and judicial criminal policy in the field of economic crimes with an emphasis on Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law
Mehdi Dida Salameh Abolhasani Naghmeh farhoudIn the upcoming research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to examine Iran's legislative and judicial criminal policy in the field of economic crimes, with an emphasis on Iran's jurisprudence and law. Economic crimes have a complex nature and today it has b MoreIn the upcoming research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to examine Iran's legislative and judicial criminal policy in the field of economic crimes, with an emphasis on Iran's jurisprudence and law. Economic crimes have a complex nature and today it has become an acute problem at the national and international level, which in case of lack of control can challenge the efficiency, legitimacy and even the survival of governments in addition to political, economic, social and security consequences. . In order to solve this pervasive problem, in the first step, it is necessary to identify all the dimensions and characteristics of economic crime, and after being aware of this important factor, it must be carefully identified from the jurisprudential and legal point of view. The criminalization of economic crimes is one of the tools and mechanisms of the criminal policy of every country in dealing with crime and economic deviations; If it is not based on a reasonable and logical policy and solid foundations, not only will it not give the desired result, but it will also cause many economic and social problems. The judicial criminal policy of economic crimes is the core of the country's criminal policy, and Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Innovations in Iran's Criminal Justice Policy on Bank Guaranteed Crimes
Seyyed mohamad Saadatmehr Ali Saffary Abbas Tadayyon -
Open Access Article
100 - The Effect of Creativity and Innovative Techniques of Police Knowledge on Crime Prevention and Detection
Gholamhossein Biabani Rohollah RohzadeAbstract Background: The effect of creativity and innovation on crime prevention and detection causes police to play a very important role and helps police to implement their objectives using creative and innovative methods in confronting criminals. In fact, creativity MoreAbstract Background: The effect of creativity and innovation on crime prevention and detection causes police to play a very important role and helps police to implement their objectives using creative and innovative methods in confronting criminals. In fact, creativity is the basis and pillar of police updated status and only by applying creativity can police identify their various issues. Aim: This article is intended to determine what effects the creative and innovative knowledge has on police missions in preventing and detecting crimes and it seeks to ascertain whether the police can directly benefit from innovative knowledge or utilize the present technology. Research Method: The method used in this article is of applied type from quality or nature point of view and it is of descriptive – analytical type. Findings: The police have spent four periods which is the first new police approach to enter the innovative domain of community policing whose methods are different and often face changes in the course of time. But the more innovative changes happen more often in police, the more positive and benefits it will offer for the society. Police innovations can be divided into four categories such as planning, executive, technical and strategic. Conclusion: Since 1980s police have been able to apply more innovative knowledge in their missions which not only it has saved time but it has also reduced the process of crime prevention and detection and in addition, by using computers, police have been also able to predict the occurrence of crimes in the future through various computerized crime analysis models in regard to crime hot spots in order to counter them and to take necessary measures to fight against them. Therefore; innovation and creativity contribute to normally saving 130 million Euros worth of police time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - The effect of in intelligence strategy to detection willingness to exploit criminal information in pursuit and discovery of crime by emphasizing the moderating role of creative detectives
Gholamhossein Biabani Mojtaba SotoudehPurpose: Detectives have the task of detecting crimes, and this is not the case for detectives to exploit innovative criminal intelligence strategies to prosecute and detect crimes, which can be the basis of strategic criminal intelligence innovation, optimization of cr MorePurpose: Detectives have the task of detecting crimes, and this is not the case for detectives to exploit innovative criminal intelligence strategies to prosecute and detect crimes, which can be the basis of strategic criminal intelligence innovation, optimization of criminal intelligence functions, reorganization of criminal intelligence, The criminal information system is the redesign of criminal intelligence reporting and its implementation in accordance with the detective's missions, operations and operational plans. This study aims to investigate the impact of strategic innovation on detectives' willingness to exploit criminal information in the pursuit and discovery of crime by emphasizing the moderating role of creative detectives. Methodology: The present study is of applied nature and in terms of survey type. Using Cochran's formula, the number of individuals for the Criminal Intelligence Detectors sampling was 73, and the number of 384 Detectives for sampling; and were selected by stratified random sampling. Strategic Innovation Researcher Questionnaires, Criminal Intelligence Desire, and Creative Intelligence Questionnaires were used. The validity of its content was evaluated by experts and its construct validity by factor analysis. The reliability of the study was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and partial least squares analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Results: The path coefficients for the main hypothesis and sub-hypotheses were 0.221, 0.554, 0.968, 0.927, and 0.548, respectively, and the t values were 2.202, 2.461, 2.748, The values of t for these parameters were greater than 1.96 and 2.227 and 2.271, so all hypotheses are confirmed by 0.95. Results: Creative detectives have a moderating role in the impact of strategic innovation on detectives' willingness to exploit criminal intelligence functions. Optimizing criminal intelligence functions, reengineering the criminal information approach, reforming the criminal information system, redesigning criminal intelligence reporting have a significant impact on detectives' willingness to exploit criminal information given the moderating role of creative detectives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Digital currency scaling with innovation in information data synthesis
Mahdi Nazari oloum Amirhosein Yavari Reza MoazenPurpose: This research is conducted with the aim of determining the mass of digital currencies and tries to express a new point of view for the mass measurement of virtual currencies by combining the information data available in the real space and the virtual space.Met MorePurpose: This research is conducted with the aim of determining the mass of digital currencies and tries to express a new point of view for the mass measurement of virtual currencies by combining the information data available in the real space and the virtual space.Method: In terms of the type of research, the current research is an applied research, and in terms of the implementation method, it is a mixed research method with two qualitative research methods (with thematic analysis technique) and quantitative method (with survey technique). The statistical population is the qualitative part of elites and experts, and the statistical population is the quantitative part of cryptocurrency crime detection experts. The data collection tool in the qualitative part is a semi-structured interview with the snowball sampling method to achieve theoretical saturation, and the tool for collecting the quantitative part is a questionnaire whose validity and reliability have been confirmed before implementation through face validity and Cronbach's alpha. Thematic analysis research data were analyzed by coding method and quantitative data using spss software.Findings: The findings of the research show that the three main categories of structure, decision-making and information are effective on the dependent variable of the research, i.e. the massing of virtual currencies.Results: It is concluded that the most important indicators of the comprehensive system of criminalization of digital currencies are the development of guidelines and guidelines for criminalization of digital currencies, and there are traces of money laundering through digital currencies and the identification of information and cyberspace agents that cause criminalization of virtual currencies in The research is clearly visible. These cases are important factors of disorder and disturbance in economic security, and failure to extract a model for these currencies, its economic consequences will be irreparable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - A study and analysis of the concept of religious experience in the works of Theodore Dostoevsky With an approach to the novels "Crime and Punishment" and "Karamazov Brothers"
azade hoseiniy ARASTOO MIRANI mohammadali mirIn his works, Dostoevsky reflects on his religious experiences and describes most of his doctrinal and ideological views in them. Thus, the subjects the author deals with, as well as the characters he creates, are all used to explain his religious beliefs. Religious exp MoreIn his works, Dostoevsky reflects on his religious experiences and describes most of his doctrinal and ideological views in them. Thus, the subjects the author deals with, as well as the characters he creates, are all used to explain his religious beliefs. Religious experience comes in many forms, but a look at the novels Crime and Punishment and The Karamazov Brothers shows that Dostoevsky was only interested in its interpretive nature. His interpretive experience was created by two external factors (invitation to Christianity by his grandfather and monks) and internal (solitude with himself in prison in his youth). He first learned this interpretive experience in an imitative and traditional way, but later demonstrated it in the form of representations of critical and challenging ideas. He visibly recognized the shortcomings of the church as the main institution of religion in Russia, and based on his interpretive experience, addressed them in the language of a figure named Pavlovich. Dostoevsky's goal was not destructive and stemming from psychological entanglements, but to justify such criticisms in order to improve the beliefs and religious conditions of the people. This article has been compiled with reference to library sources and descriptive-analytical method and it deals with the basic issue of how Dostoevsky's religious experiences evolved in the mentioned novels. The main question of the research is what is the most important religious experience of Dostoevsky in these two novels? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - Investigation of effective environmental factors in preventing theft Case study: Shahroud city
hossein jiba mohammad rohani moghaddam, maryam aqai bejestani,The urban environment has different effects on urban spaces and citizens 'lives, the most important of which is the increase in crime and the decrease in citizens' sense of security. The phenomenon of theft and urban insecurity is somehow related to the order and securi MoreThe urban environment has different effects on urban spaces and citizens 'lives, the most important of which is the increase in crime and the decrease in citizens' sense of security. The phenomenon of theft and urban insecurity is somehow related to the order and security of the country and due to the psychological and physical damage to the lost property, leads to insecurity in society. One of the strategies to prevent crime and consequently theft is to prevent crime through environmental design and attention to the geographical environment of crime. The purpose of this study was to investigate the environmental conditions in the occurrence of theft. The research method was descriptive-analytical based on library and field studies. Findings of the study emphasize the importance of the role of location in Shahroud in the amount and frequency of robbery. It shows that the role and effect of the body and physics of cities and the proper design of urban spaces and biological complexes have had a direct impact on crime reduction and prevention. Therefore, considering the relationship between defenseless spaces and the crime of theft, by reducing defenseless spaces and paying attention to the crime scene and proper design of the environment, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of some crimes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Assess the Level of Security in Informal Settlements (Case Study: Hakim Nezami Neighborhood-Urmia)
Nima Bayramzadeh Zakaria Ahmadyan Abbaszadeh Shiva Yaser Mostafazadegan Henareh,The purpose of identifying crime hotspots is to classify and assess security by reducing crime prevention through environmental design, and given that this is more pronounced in informal settlements, this research has been studied in Hakim Nezami neighborhood of Urmia. MoreThe purpose of identifying crime hotspots is to classify and assess security by reducing crime prevention through environmental design, and given that this is more pronounced in informal settlements, this research has been studied in Hakim Nezami neighborhood of Urmia. The present article is descriptive-analytical and applied. The method of data collection has been done in two ways: documentary and field. The statistical population is all the residents of Hakim Nezami neighborhood of Urmia, which according to the statistics of 1397, is 33,000 people, of which 379 people have been selected according to Cochran's formula and stratified random method. Data analysis has been done both quantitatively and qualitatively, in the quantitative dimension of statistical methods and in the qualitative dimension, the results of field observations and interviews have been analyzed. Examination of the results shows that using the neighborhood spatial data, the security of the western part is better than the eastern part of the neighborhood. According to the questionnaire data, the components of Natural Surveillance, Natural Accsess Control, Maintenance and support activities are in a higher position than the average level and the component of Territorial Reinforcement is in a lower position than the average level. This indicates the average level of security in this neighborhood. Also, according to the results of Friedman test, the component of Maintenance was in the first rank and the component of Territorial Reinforcement was in the last rank, which requires the adoption of strategies to maintain and increase security in this neighborhood. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - The Relationship between the Restriction of Apostasy and the Claimant of Imamate
Mohammadali Arabameri Mohammadrasoul Ahangaran Maryam AghaeibajestaniBased on strong intellectual and narrative evidence, Imamiyyah considers Imamate as a divine position and believes that belief in twelve Imams is generally one of the wisdoms of religion, and since Imamate is part of the principles of religion, the claim of Imamate cont MoreBased on strong intellectual and narrative evidence, Imamiyyah considers Imamate as a divine position and believes that belief in twelve Imams is generally one of the wisdoms of religion, and since Imamate is part of the principles of religion, the claim of Imamate contradicts this matter and it is apostasy from religion. This article is written in a library method. The main question is: what extent the legislator has considered for the claimants of Imamate? The main purpose is to determine the extent of apostasy for the claimants of Imamate with the opinion of the legislator. The main hypothesis is that the legislator has set a limit for the claimants of Imamate. Results show, citing cases such as the reasons for apostasy, the reasons for the necessity of enjoining the good and forbidding the evil, the reasons for the necessity of the rules of ta'zir, the claim of Mahdism faces punishment and the amount of this punishment depends on the scope of the plaintiff will have. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - The Position of Responsibility and Compensation in the Light of Quasi-Criminal Law in the Penal System of Iran and the United Kingdom
MohammadReza Golpayegani Nasrin Mehra Mohammad Ali Mahdavi Sabet Ali SafariThis article aims to examine the criminal system of Iran and the United Kingdom regarding compensation for unintentional crimes. The question of the present article is about compensation for unintentional crimes in Iranian and British law, which was analyzed using a des MoreThis article aims to examine the criminal system of Iran and the United Kingdom regarding compensation for unintentional crimes. The question of the present article is about compensation for unintentional crimes in Iranian and British law, which was analyzed using a descriptive analytical method and was investigated using a library method. The results of the article showed that in the criminal system of Iran, the rights of victims of quasi-crime do not have a proper place, and in the legislative policies, the compensation of their losses is not paid much attention, but in the criminal system of the United Kingdom, there are comprehensive regulations regarding the compensation of victims of quasi-crime. In Iran's courts, compensation for non-intentional crimes is done after proving the violation of a legal provision as a result of carelessness or recklessness, and in the courts of the United Kingdom, compensation is done after proving the violation of a legal obligation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - The Role and Responsibilities of Local Governments in Criminal Areas
Touhid Vosoughi Morteza Najizade Zavareh Mansour RahmdelTouhid Vosoughi[1] Morteza Najizade Zavareh[2] Mansour Rahmdel[3] Abstract: The principle of confidentiality of documents, information and arbitral awards is a privileged feature of arbitral tribunals, if this property is not guaranteed the parties may be unwilling to d MoreTouhid Vosoughi[1] Morteza Najizade Zavareh[2] Mansour Rahmdel[3] Abstract: The principle of confidentiality of documents, information and arbitral awards is a privileged feature of arbitral tribunals, if this property is not guaranteed the parties may be unwilling to dispute this process. Although the jurisdictional laws and regulations of some countries have recognized the principle of confidentiality, this has not been addressed in Iranian law. This descriptive-analytical research seeks to address the ambiguity that the process of arbitration is private or confidential and that confidentiality is more of an ideal or a fact, as well as whether it has any exceptions. The findings of the present study indicate that the confidentiality is relative and directly related to the obligations of the parties to the dispute and the third parties involved in the arbitration process. The basis for identifying the degree of confidentiality requires explicit agreement between the parties to the arbitration agreement, and this rule has some exceptions [1] PHD student, department of law and politic science, Islamic Azad University of Saveh branch [2] Associate professor, department of law, Islamic Azad university of Saveh branch, Iran [3] Associate professor, department of law, Islamic Azad university of Saveh branch, Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Investigating the Criminal Age of Children and Adolescents in the Iranian and British Legal System
Seyedeh Amaneh Bani Hashemi Kohanki Mojtaba Farahbakhsh Shadi Azimzadeh Ahmad RamezaniSeyedeh Amaneh Bani Hashemi Kohanki[1] Mojtaba Farahbakhsh,[2] Shadi Azimzadeh,[3] Ahmad Ramezani,[4] Abstract: Criminal responsibility means the ability to attribute crime to persons and the possibility of imposing penalties on them. Intellectual maturity is a measure MoreSeyedeh Amaneh Bani Hashemi Kohanki[1] Mojtaba Farahbakhsh,[2] Shadi Azimzadeh,[3] Ahmad Ramezani,[4] Abstract: Criminal responsibility means the ability to attribute crime to persons and the possibility of imposing penalties on them. Intellectual maturity is a measure of intellectual growth, focusing on understanding the traditions of religion for children and adolescents under the age of 18.The age of puberty, which is considered to be a phase of sexual development in religious jurisprudence, is considered the basis of any responsibility. Criminal responsibility is a trait that always accompanies a person and has nothing to do with the crime. These consequences can only be imposed on anyone who has the power to impose them. Since the level of responsibility and punishment of the offender should be commensurate with his or her level of understanding and intelligence, there has been less punishment in the history of children according to their perception. Full criminal responsibility requires complete understanding. Therefore, a person who has a defective understanding must lack full criminal responsibility. [1]. PhD Student of Criminal Law and Criminology, Department of Low, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, banihashemi2011@gmail.com [2]. Assistant Professor at Shahed University of Tehran, mo.farahbakhsh@yahoo.com. [3]. Assistant Professor at South Tehran Branch,Islamic Azad University, azimzadehshadi@gmail.com. [4]. Assistant Professor at University of Science and Culture of Tehran, ramezani@usc.ac.ir Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Investigation of Internet Fraud in Iranian Cybercrime Law and Cybercrime
Mehdi Abdipour Keshavarz Abbasgholi Ansari Hamid SheshgolMehdi Abdipour Keshavarz[1] Abbasgholi Ansari[2] Hamid Sheshgol[3] Abstract Internet fraud in terms of expanding its scope and especially its complexity in cyberspace has caused widespread changes in human life. Although general measures to counteract with variety of fr MoreMehdi Abdipour Keshavarz[1] Abbasgholi Ansari[2] Hamid Sheshgol[3] Abstract Internet fraud in terms of expanding its scope and especially its complexity in cyberspace has caused widespread changes in human life. Although general measures to counteract with variety of fraud methods are roughly the same, with differences in the various methods of fraud, the use of appropriate method is necessary. Part of coping strategies requires creation of understanding of computer use and the awareness of individuals and organizations about possible negative consequences of computer systems and naturally after that, permanent monitoring of computer systems and security plans are needed. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of fraud in social security and computer crime law. The research method of current study is descriptive and analytic. In this study, with an analytical perspective, definitions, types and distinction of computer fraud has been investigated. Finally, suitable strategies for counteracting were introduced. [1] - PhD student in Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Islamic Azad University, karaj Branch, Karaj, Tehran, Iran, Mahdi.abdipour1359@gmail.com [2] - Assistant Professor Member of the faculty of law, faculty of law and political Science, Islamic Azad University,Takestan Branch, Takestan, Iran, Bebaran@yahoo.com [3] - Assistant Professor, Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan Branch, Zanjan, Iran, r.hamid_sheshgol@yahoo.com Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Application of Theory of Punishment Objectives in Islamic Penal Code
Kiomars Monjezi Shahram Mohammadi tayebe bizhani ahmad fallahiThe subject of this research is theorizing the purposes of punishment in the Islamic Penal Code of Iran. The main question of the research is what are the effects of criminal law theorizing on criminal policy in Iranian law? The hypothesis of the article is that based o MoreThe subject of this research is theorizing the purposes of punishment in the Islamic Penal Code of Iran. The main question of the research is what are the effects of criminal law theorizing on criminal policy in Iranian law? The hypothesis of the article is that based on the theory of criminalization, decriminalization and impunity have been done and the interventions of criminal courts should be reduced in favor of other means. The results show that the theory of criminalization of the degree of harm to the victim and the degree of its ability to blame, constitutes the nature of the severity of the crime and on the same basis can be determined both in the legislative stage and in the judicial stage, proportional. Committed crime and punishment. The legislature should use non-criminal responses, remedial, compassionate mechanisms that seem more effective in this regard. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data is collected in a library method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - A Hybrid Geospatial Data Clustering Method for Hotspot Analysis
Mohammad Reza Keyvanpour Mostafa Javideh Mohammad Reza Ebrahimi -
Open Access Article
113 - Evaluation of the Sociological Components of a Recent Decade of Cinema with the Approach of Social Anomalies
Masoud Jabbari Reza Dorostan Neda Masrori JanatIn the Field of Society, Factors Such as Emotional Rupture, Fattening of the Urban Middle Class and Weakening of the Family Foundation, have Increased Social Anomalies and Increased Crime. The Spread of Western Culture and the Creation of Cultural Dichotomy, the Disappe MoreIn the Field of Society, Factors Such as Emotional Rupture, Fattening of the Urban Middle Class and Weakening of the Family Foundation, have Increased Social Anomalies and Increased Crime. The Spread of Western Culture and the Creation of Cultural Dichotomy, the Disappearance of Traditions, the Increase in Divorce Rates, the Normalization of Drug Use, are just a few Corners of the False Culture That Cinema has Brought to Society. This Study Seeks to Find the Productive Role of Iranian Cinema in Social Anomie. The Research Method was Descriptive-Analytical in the Shadow of Statistical Analysis and was Generalized by Library Studies, Film Analysis and Questionnaire. The Analysis Method is Based on the Analysis of Cinematic Works, Multivariate Regression Test and the Technique of Semantic Differentiation and Output of "SPSS" Software. Statistical Samples of this Study were Randomly Selected from the Elite and Ordinary Citizens. Findings from the Study Show the Impact of Cinema on Issues Such as Norm-Breaking, White Marriage, Divorce, Infidelity, Asylum and Immigration. The Highest Prevalence of Crime Statistics in Cinema is in the Field of Criminal Offenses With 31%, Financial Crimes with 20% and Sexual Crimes with 14%, Respectively. According to the Research Findings, the Results Show that not Paying Attention to the Mentioned Factors in the Social Context Can Lead to Sociological Anomalies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Investigating the role of neighborhood-based police on crime rates in Golestan province with emphasis on the role of law enforcement companies
َAbdolreza Bayari Abolghasem Heidarabadi Ali RahmaniThe main purpose of this article is to identify the reduction in the incidence of crime through the deployment of neighborhood-based police in neighborhoods, passages, organizations and companies. By recognizing this goal, the success rate of these companies can be asse MoreThe main purpose of this article is to identify the reduction in the incidence of crime through the deployment of neighborhood-based police in neighborhoods, passages, organizations and companies. By recognizing this goal, the success rate of these companies can be assessed. For this purpose, Parsons functional functional theories, social disorganization theory and social control were used as a theoretical framework. The research method is survey. The sampling method is multi-stage cluster and the sample size according to Cochran's formula is 358 people. Data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis using SPSS software. The questionnaire has a formal validity and the alpha value of the variables of satisfaction with law enforcement companies (0.858) and the amount of crimes (0.712) is very high and has good reliability. The test results show that the average of crimes before and after the implementation of the neighborhood police plan is 3.99 and 2.34. There is a negative and inverse relationship between the duration of the establishment of the neighborhood police and the level of satisfaction with the neighborhood police with the crime rate. The higher the level of satisfaction is with the neighborhood-based police, the lower the crime rate. Conversely, the lower the satisfaction of the neighborhood police, the higher the crime rate. About 34.6% of the changes in crime rates are explained by the variables of neighborhood police deployment duration and satisfaction rate and the highest impact has the neighborhood police satisfaction. The result is that by increasing the quantity and quality of neighborhood-based police, it is possible to reduce the incidence of crime in urban areas. The test results show that the average of crimes before and after the implementation of the neighborhood police plan is 3.99 and 2.34. There is a negative and inverse relationship between the duration of the establishment of the neighborhood police and the level of satisfaction with the neighborhood police with the crime rate. The higher the level of satisfaction is with the neighborhood-based police, the lower the crime rate. Conversely, the lower the satisfaction of the neighborhood police, the higher the crime rate. About 34.6% of the changes in crime rates are explained by the variables of neighborhood police deployment duration and satisfaction rate and the highest impact has the neighborhood police satisfaction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - Criminological study of crimes against security of state in perspective of criminal sociology
Salar Sadeghi Abbasali AkbariCrimes against the security of the state are crimes that directly intend to harm the security of society or the state and seek to destroy the foundations of sovereignty. The spread of such crimes in recent decades has led to a security-oriented penal policy, and consequ MoreCrimes against the security of the state are crimes that directly intend to harm the security of society or the state and seek to destroy the foundations of sovereignty. The spread of such crimes in recent decades has led to a security-oriented penal policy, and consequently security-oriented criminology has emerged that considers offender dangerous and doesn’t consider any right for him/her. The main issue is that what are the effective factors in the occurrence of these crimes and its preventive measures? The objectives of this study are to explain the various social, cultural and political factors as well as to provide preventive measures. In commission of these crimes, numerous social, cultural and political factors can play role that is necessary to notice them in order to prevention or reducing of these crimes. The most important of these factors are injustice, discrimination, and repressive attitudes and one of the most important ways to prevent such crimes is to ensure the rights and freedoms of individuals and the administration of justice in society. The research method in this article is descriptive and analytical. The present article seeks to study the social etiology and criminal and non-criminal strategies of prevention of crime against security by adapting to criminal sociology, classical and critical criminology theories as well as to school of zemiology and the teachings of restorative justice - with emphasis on Iranian criminal law. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Study of considered Criminal Policy toward State crimes in perspective of Sociology of law
Salar Sadeghi Hassan MovassaghiWhile state are in charge of maintaining order and security and justice in society, they may sometimes become the factor of insecurity and disorder, in which case state crime occurs. State crimes are criminal and anti-social acts committed by states and state agencies a MoreWhile state are in charge of maintaining order and security and justice in society, they may sometimes become the factor of insecurity and disorder, in which case state crime occurs. State crimes are criminal and anti-social acts committed by states and state agencies against their own citizens. Countering with state crimes committed in society is the responsibility of states, but countering with crimes committed by states themselves is a challenging issue. Because there is no superior power to power of state. In this case, people and civil society can also counter with state crimes, which can be violent or non - violent. According to these issues, this article tries to investigate various criminal, judicial, and participatory criminal policies through criminal and non-criminal strategies with these crimes and evaluating these strategies with emphasis on Iran's criminal policy. The effective operation of the legislative and judiciary through criminalization and fair trial and the activities of public and non-governmental bodies, Violent and peaceful protests of the people and restorative justice are ways to deal with state crimes that have been analyzed in this article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Organized crime of women trafficking and assessment of the international law provisions orientation
Hassan MovassaghiWhen human ignored the kind and wise creator for a short moment and picked up the forbidden fruit which Satan had introduced it as the elixir of immortality, it was not assumed that humanity has placed himself in the detrimental situation and begun oppression and ignora MoreWhen human ignored the kind and wise creator for a short moment and picked up the forbidden fruit which Satan had introduced it as the elixir of immortality, it was not assumed that humanity has placed himself in the detrimental situation and begun oppression and ignorance on mankind. The goal of this research was to familiar with organized crime of women trafficking and assessment of the international law provisions in fighting with this moral issue. The research methodology was documentary and secondary analysis technique and finally, the efficacy and effectiveness of these plans examined referring to the findings. The results showed that, the modern life dream, various discriminations on women in most of human communities, lack of confidence in women and their distance from sustainable development and most importantly lack of priority of fighting with women trafficking as violations of international human rights are the reasons for increase of this violent and criminal trade in the third millennium. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - Social Factors Affecting the Intensity of Crimes among the Women in Uromiah Prison (Women's Section.)
Hossein Banifatemeh Zeinab Baghery RaoofAlthough according to Durkheim, a certain rate of social deviances in any society is normal, and in spite of the fact that social harms and abnormal behavior may have psychological and biological origin, or they may result from personality disorders or personal characte MoreAlthough according to Durkheim, a certain rate of social deviances in any society is normal, and in spite of the fact that social harms and abnormal behavior may have psychological and biological origin, or they may result from personality disorders or personal characteristics, yet social deviance as an abnormal behavior is a completely social phenomenon and several factors can affect its formation. Social deviance in the present day society of Iran is a structural issue and a consequence of social disorder. Therefore, it will increase in the future. With regard to the statistics on the growth of social damages in Iran and the important role and position of women and the crimes (deviances) related to women, This research aims to find out the social factors affecting the intensity of the women's crimes in Uromiah Prison. The research type is survey. The research population includes all the 108 women prisoners in the women's section of Uromiah Prison. Because of the limited number of the population, sampling was not carried out. The research device is a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity of which was determined by face value and factor analysis, and the reliability was measured by Cronbach, s Alpha. Data analysis was carried out using Spss software. The results indicated that there is a signifant relationship between the rate of anomy, religious beliefs, association loith unfit peers and family problems, and crime intensity among the women. The result of multiple regression showed that among the above-mentioned factors, association with unfit peers and religious beliefs remained within the regression model and in sum made up 26% of the women's crime intensity variance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - The role of social factors in women's tendency to crime in Tabriz prison
Mahmood Elmi Nematollah Tagavi Solmaz KazemifardThe present study aims at investigation the role of social factors in the tendency of women to crime in Tabriz prison in 1388. The theories used in this study are: Hirsch's control, David Matzo's inhibition and neutralization, Sutherland's differential companion, Parson MoreThe present study aims at investigation the role of social factors in the tendency of women to crime in Tabriz prison in 1388. The theories used in this study are: Hirsch's control, David Matzo's inhibition and neutralization, Sutherland's differential companion, Parsonez's Anomy and social non organizational. The method of the study is non experimental and comparative. The participants are 50 women in Tabriz prison and 50 normal women out of prison which are chosen by random sampling. The validity of the study is determined by content validity and the reliability was estimated by Cronbach's alpha is more than 0.7 for all of the variables. The obtained results from dependant t-test revealed that, there is a significant difference between religious adherence, behavioral disorders' of friends and behavioral disorders' of family of women in the prison and normal women of the city. But there is no difference in family control methods of women in the prison or in the city. Generally it can be concluded that among the most effective social factors, low religious adherence, high behavioral disorders of friends and family are significant in the tendency of women to crime. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - The role of social and family factors associated with the prisoners’ returning to prison
Mohammad Yagoubi Mahmood ElmiThe overall objective of this research is to determine social and family factors associated with the prisoners’ returning to prison. The population of this study is all prisoners who commit crimes more than one time and have been introduced to Tabriz prison. Their MoreThe overall objective of this research is to determine social and family factors associated with the prisoners’ returning to prison. The population of this study is all prisoners who commit crimes more than one time and have been introduced to Tabriz prison. Their number is 160 people and the sample size of 120 people is determined based on Morgan table. Research samples were selected using simple random sampling. In this study, cross-sectional survey research method used and the data collection method is based on a survey research methods. A questionnaire used to collect data. In this study, there is a relationship between the community acceptance and returning to prison and also, there is a relationship between the family acceptance and returning to prison. In addition, there is a relationship between the job skills and returning to prison and finally, there is a relationship between the labeling and returning to prison. The results show that if the released prisoners are under the protection and care of families and are accepted by the society without any label and also with appropriate job skills, the possibility of returning to prison will be reduced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - The examination of social factors associated with the propensity to commit crimes in in ten districts
Javad Ali Akbarpour Firouz RadIn most cities of the world, ordinary crimes are the serious threat to human beings personal integrity and his assets. Too much occurrence of the crime in urbane environments is not only inconsistent with the tenets of social order, but also, brings heavy losses, the lo MoreIn most cities of the world, ordinary crimes are the serious threat to human beings personal integrity and his assets. Too much occurrence of the crime in urbane environments is not only inconsistent with the tenets of social order, but also, brings heavy losses, the loss of economic resources, frustrated citizens and general deterioration in the quality of life. This research conducted to examine the social factors associated with the propensity to commit crimes in ten districts in Tabriz. The population of the study is all people residents in 10 districts of Tabriz (1494998) and 1216430 people above 15 years old among whom 384 people were selected using Cochran and random sampling methods. The research method is survey and a questionnaire used to collect data. The results are as follows: there is relationship between poverty and tendency to commit crime as 0.547, between religiosity and tendency to commit crime as -0.617, between population density and tendency to commit crime as 0.296, between offenders’ population density and tendency to commit crime as 0.569, between family turmoil and tendency to commit crime as 0.705, between availability of facilities and spaces for recreation and sport and tendency to commit crime as -0.578, between age and tendency to commit crime as -0.113. Also, the regression results show that, family turmoil (0.353), religiosity (0.2230) and poverty (0.244) variables have the highest influence on the tendency to commit crime. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Cultural Deviance and Its Determinants among Tabriz City’s High School Boys
Mohammad Abbaszadeh Mohammad Bagher Alizadeh Aghdam Tavakkol Aghayari Hir Esmaeil Najafzadeh NakhjevanloCultural deviance is one of threatening factors regarding social order and security. On the one hand, cultural deviance can pave the road for other types of crimes and misbehaviors and peoplein the stage of socialization and interact with other friends and peers, has it MoreCultural deviance is one of threatening factors regarding social order and security. On the one hand, cultural deviance can pave the road for other types of crimes and misbehaviors and peoplein the stage of socialization and interact with other friends and peers, has its desired place among sociological studies. This study attempts to quantify the cultural deviance and its determinants among teenagers. This study is a survey which utilizes questionnaire as a data gathering tool. Among all Tabriz high school boys in the educational year of 2012-2013, a sample of 354 students are selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method. Findings indicate that, the level of cultural deviance is totally low among the respondents. Also, Correlation analyses showed that, among independent variables, cultural deviance of peers, educational performance, and family control have statistically significant relationships with dependent variable. Regression analysis indicates that, employed model could explain around 44 percent of the variations in cultural deviance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Studying the role of police crime prevention on Tabriz citizens’ security feeling
Saeed Soltani Bahram Leila Danesh Rogayyeh AlinejadToday, police crime prevention is one of the fundamental factors in strengthening security. Security feeling is one of the most striking necessities of human being which results in growth and development. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the MoreToday, police crime prevention is one of the fundamental factors in strengthening security. Security feeling is one of the most striking necessities of human being which results in growth and development. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the police crime prevention and security feeling among Tabriz citizens. The method of this study is survey and the population of it, is citizens of Tabriz in 2014. The findings show that, there is a positive relationship between the police crime prevention and security feeling among citizens of Tabriz. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between security feelings with each of the following variables: understanding the performance of police, responsibility and police interaction with government organizations. The results of multivariate regression analysis showed that, the variables mentioned above, could explain 37% of variances of Tabriz citizens’ security feeling variable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - Social factors associated with crime rates of women in Tabriz prison.
Hussein Banifateme Ramin BabainezhadThe present study was to determine the social factors related to the rate of crimes of women who were detained in Tabriz prison. Variables of social control, cultural poverty - precedence of delinquency in adolescence - precedence of previous offenses - violence against MoreThe present study was to determine the social factors related to the rate of crimes of women who were detained in Tabriz prison. Variables of social control, cultural poverty - precedence of delinquency in adolescence - precedence of previous offenses - violence against women at home and the unsuitable friends are the independent variables of the study. The variable was considered as the main research question is the extent of crime of women. The population consisted of 100 women prisoners of whom 79 were selected randomly according to Cochran's formula. The design of the present study was co relational survey and the researcher-made questionnaire was used for collecting data. The results showed that crime rate in women are related to precedence of delinquency, a precedence of previous offenses and violence against them at home. But there is no relationship between social control, unsuitable friends and cultural poverty and the crime rate of women in Tabriz prison. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - Marginalization and delinquency and social worker’s practical solutions about local development in order to resolve the problems of social marginalization.
Jafar Ebrahimi Mir Farhad Sadigh Mohammadi This article is about the phenomenon of marginalization and delinquency, and it is also to provide practical social work solutions. Studies show that there is a relationship between social marginalization and crime and delinquency. Finally practical social w More This article is about the phenomenon of marginalization and delinquency, and it is also to provide practical social work solutions. Studies show that there is a relationship between social marginalization and crime and delinquency. Finally practical social workers solutions about local development presented in order to resolve the problems of social marginalization and thereby reducing crime and delinquency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - The Role and Influence of Criminological Findings on the Evolution and Creation of Some Special Issues in Iranian Criminal Law
foad arabi Ali yosefzadeh mohamadreza shadmanfarCriminology is a branch of criminal science that aims to scientifically and objectively analyze the causes and factors of biological, psychological and social emergence of crime, to prevent crime and to correct and treat criminals. The legislator has influenced the form MoreCriminology is a branch of criminal science that aims to scientifically and objectively analyze the causes and factors of biological, psychological and social emergence of crime, to prevent crime and to correct and treat criminals. The legislator has influenced the formulation and adoption of related criminal laws and derived from the teachings of criminology in the field of sanctions and punitive damages, and to some extent the doctrines of criminology have entered into such laws. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role and influence of criminology findings in the development of some issues of criminal law by looking at the laws, penal provisions of Iran and familiarity with numerous criminal changes in this area. The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical. The main question of the research is whether criminal investigations have been effective on Iranian criminal law? The results of the research show that although criminal law has affected many aspects of criminal law, due to the features of punitive punishment, qisas and diyat, and the conditions for the confirmation and execution of relevant offenses and the execution of punishment, the above-mentioned teachings No attention has been paid to Islamic theological thinkers in their efforts to institutionalize and update them in light of the achievements of the day of criminology Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - Etiology of banking crimes and preventive social and jurisprudential strategies
hoseein Beigi Jamal Beigi fatemeh ahadiDue to inflation and sanctions, as well as people's dependence on banks, the issue of banking crime policy-making and strategies to prevent and combat those crimes has been of particular importance in the international and domestic dimensions, to the extent that the Fin MoreDue to inflation and sanctions, as well as people's dependence on banks, the issue of banking crime policy-making and strategies to prevent and combat those crimes has been of particular importance in the international and domestic dimensions, to the extent that the Financial Action Task Force and even banks International Settlements, in accordance with these standards, rank banks and their respective styles in countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to study the etiology of banking crimes and to provide social and jurisprudential preventive solutions. The main question that the present study seeks to answer is what are the causes of banking crimes and what are the preventive social and jurisprudential solutions in this regard? The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and is written based on documents and library resources. In this regard, the causes of bank crimes, rooting out and preventive social and jurisprudential strategies have been investigated. The findings of the study indicate that some environmental and social factors are involved in the occurrence of banking crimes and criminal policy with a focus on criminalization to eliminate the roots of banking crimes is not useful and instead community-based and growth-oriented social prevention strategies and the same Preventive jurisprudential solutions such as increasing resurrection, belief in God and holding congregational prayers, as well as teaching jurisprudential and religious rules to banking network personnel, adapting banking to Islamic jurisprudence and adding a religious supervisor to the country's banking structure are beneficial. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - nvestigation of Cyberc Robbery Punishment in Iranian Law
Seyyed Mohsen Razavi AslBy development of internet and its effect on different parts of human life, different crimes happen in this context and one of them is robbery. Internet robbery is stealing of other’s data by computer on the web and it has three special bases of robbery which are MoreBy development of internet and its effect on different parts of human life, different crimes happen in this context and one of them is robbery. Internet robbery is stealing of other’s data by computer on the web and it has three special bases of robbery which are robber, victim and stolen. The general elements are material, logical and spiritual. So this kind of robbery has no basical different with traditional robbery and the only difference is the environment and way of doing crime. So we can say that internet robbery has the same laws like traditional robbery. In Iran, There is a common and special relation between computerize robbery and internet robbery. As any internet robbery is a computerize crime but not any computerize robbery an internet kind. Evidence show that even though internet robbery is a crime but its complexity and variety made it difficult to legislate proper rules because of that only article 12 is dedicated to internet robbery and it’s very limited and silent in some cases like robbery hadd. More over in internet robbery retributory responsibility for juridical characters is possible and it’s accepted in Iran c Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - Legal jurisprudential approach to developmental crime prevention in Iran
niusha ghahramani afshar Ghodratollah Khosroshahi Mohammadreza ShademanfarDelinquent kids and teenagers suffer from a wide range of problems including economic, cultural and family-related ones. Identification of the major factors behind their incompatibilities and delinquencies, and the adoption of appropriate personal and public preventive MoreDelinquent kids and teenagers suffer from a wide range of problems including economic, cultural and family-related ones. Identification of the major factors behind their incompatibilities and delinquencies, and the adoption of appropriate personal and public preventive measures in the society, among susceptible members and groups, and among groups prone to delinquency play crucial, direct, and undeniable roles in minimizing crime rates among these people. Developmental crime prevention refers to interventions in delinquent or susceptible kids’ and teenagers’ developmental phases with the purpose of preventing such delinquent behavior from becoming endemic or routine in future. This approach is forwarding to recognize risk factors and omit those on the otherhand by reinforcement supportive factors, facilitate sociability process and weakening the possibility of delinquency. Drawing upon laws in Iranian legislative system along with teachings of Islam for the education and rearing children on the part of parents and teachers and other individuals dealing with vulnerable and harmful cases could play an instrumental role in developmental crime prevention from incompatibility, delinquency, and delinquency victimization. In this regard, the present study is aimed to describe the significance of and underpinnings behind developmental crime prevention from the jurisprudent and legal viewpoints and analyze developmental crime prevention solutions in light of these perspectives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Crime ignore the new Iranian Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure effects
Mehdi SoleimaniAbstract: When a criminal commits a crime he should be, principally, prosecuted, judged and punished. This rule has some exceptions. For example in forgivable crimes, punishment depends on private plaintiff's decision (opinion). Other important exceptions of crime ignor MoreAbstract: When a criminal commits a crime he should be, principally, prosecuted, judged and punished. This rule has some exceptions. For example in forgivable crimes, punishment depends on private plaintiff's decision (opinion). Other important exceptions of crime ignorance are discussed in unchaste crimes field. In these crimes, due to some reasons such as society interest, preventing spread of prostitution and prohibitions, the legislator proceeds on the issue of crime and as a feature of Islamic criminal policy ignorance following juridical resources. Considering importance of the issue in preserving chastity it has been discussed both in code of criminal procedure and Islamic Penal Code. Paying detailed attention to substantive and procedural law, some principles can be explored in the field of crime ignorance including: principle of crime ignorance in the field of unchaste crime and its absence in other crimes and etc. The aim of current study is to investigate such principles and their exceptions with critical analysis.Key words: crime ignorance, unchaste crimes, spreading prostitution, Islamic Penal Code, procedure code Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - the Rule of Dara’ and the and the rule of its application
نجمه نبوتیThe Rule of Dara’ is one of the most important rules of criminal jurisprudence, which has been established in the Islamic penal code and is also enforceable in the Iranian criminal law. The rule has been explicitly adopted by the legislator since the 2013 amendmen MoreThe Rule of Dara’ is one of the most important rules of criminal jurisprudence, which has been established in the Islamic penal code and is also enforceable in the Iranian criminal law. The rule has been explicitly adopted by the legislator since the 2013 amendments to the Islamic Penal Code. The purport of this rule is that, if there is any doubt or ignorance about the judgment of subject (examples of confusion) on behalf of the accused or any doubt about the attribution of criminal act on the behalf of the judge or about the conditions of criminal responsibility, the criminal responsibility and punishment are no longer under consideration. The present research seeks to articulate the concepts of the rule of Dara’ and the criterion of confusion and doubt about the three elements of crime; in this way, it states the cases in which the existing confusion results in the application of the rule of Dara’. It should be noted that in the Islamic jurisprudence, the basis of the criterion of confusion is the rule of Dara’ which has many channels. The "confusion" also refers to the confusion in practice the owner of which can be a judge or a defendant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - The Impacts of New Penology Effects on Iran's Criminal Justice System; with a Look at Jurisprudential Teachings
Ali Davoudi Salestani Seyyed Hossein Hashemi shahrdad darabiNew Penology is an approach based on evaluative justice, that is, by applying the crime risk management to the community, it classifies criminals and thus applies the cost-benefit management model. New Penology implies a rigorous dual punishment policy and detention. In MoreNew Penology is an approach based on evaluative justice, that is, by applying the crime risk management to the community, it classifies criminals and thus applies the cost-benefit management model. New Penology implies a rigorous dual punishment policy and detention. In the field of jurisprudence, punishments have been discuss in the context of jurisprudence, qesas, diat and ta'zir; since in our society most offenses are of the ta'zir type, so there is a good jurisprudential capacity to adopt a new dual criminality policy in order to avoid .this path can be applied to the cost-benefit management model. Our research has shown that the Iranian criminal justice system has been trying to adopt an approach to avoiding the enormous costs of imprisonment since the year 2013 by adopting the general principles of Islamic penal law and applying risk criteria in the system of punishment ratings and incorporating social punishments into the legal literature. . A change that, despite its inherent functionalism, faces challenging aspects such as populism and security is in the interpretation of ris Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Study of crime risk management approach from the perspectives of Imami jurisprudence, Iranian criminal law and international criminal law
جلال الدین حسانی seyedmahmoud mirkhalili Mohammadreza Nazarinejad KiashiCrime is a natural phenomenon in society and one of the approaches available against it is called the crime risk management approach. This research, which is written by descriptive-analytical method, seeks to study the position of this approach in Imami jurisprudence, I MoreCrime is a natural phenomenon in society and one of the approaches available against it is called the crime risk management approach. This research, which is written by descriptive-analytical method, seeks to study the position of this approach in Imami jurisprudence, Iranian criminal law and international criminal law. In the crime risk management approach, the risk level of each of the crime categories is assessed and the appropriate criminal responses are implemented. Discrimination, delinquency, identifying the roots of moral corruption, enjoining the good and forbidding the evil, as well as predicting severe punishments, are some of the symptoms of this approach from the perspective of jurisprudential teachings. Substantive criminal law also reflects its in the framework of grading and determining Ta'zir punishments, issuing a Ta'zir sentence in case of non-execution of Qisas, prohibiting the implementation of mercenary criminal institutions towards high-risk perpetrators, determining the aggravated qualities of crimes, etc. Criminal security agreements, specialized criminal proceedings and urgent proceedings are also the most important platforms for implementing the crime risk management approach in the formal structure of criminal law. The criminalization of major international crimes, the severe penalties in the Statute of the Court, and the African challenge of the Court are examples of this approach in the field of international criminal law. This study has found that the crime risk management approach is clearly evident in each of the domains of Imami jurisprudence, Iranian criminal law and international criminal law. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Jurisprudential and legal feasibility of abolishing the death penalty for the crime of disrupting the economic system in Iranian law with an emphasis on judicial procedure in Iranian law.
jebraeil nozohor anahita seifi reza faniThe death penalty is considered to be one of the most challenging legal issues, as some legal systems have abolished this punishment under the influence of international and regional human rights documents, but some still apply it to serious crimes and there is a consen MoreThe death penalty is considered to be one of the most challenging legal issues, as some legal systems have abolished this punishment under the influence of international and regional human rights documents, but some still apply it to serious crimes and there is a consensus on its general abolition worldwide. not achieved Therefore, according to the importance of the death penalty, this research with a descriptive and analytical method does not answer the question, is there a possibility of abolishing the death penalty in the crime of disrupting the legal system of Iran? The findings of this research show that the legal basis for criminalization and the imposition of the death penalty in the said crime is based on the general title of corruption in the land and does not have reasonable jurisprudential standards. In addition, the judicial procedure also faces challenges such as ambiguity in the cases, inconsistency of legislative criminal policy with judicial criminal policy, limitation of fair trial standards and defendants' defense rights. The result of this research shows that in terms of jurisprudential and legal rules and principles, including the principle of caution in temperature, the rule of law, the principles governing criminal law and the need to pay attention to human rights standards, the death penalty as a repressive criminal response should be an exception and limited to the most important cases and should not expand its scope with a wide interpretation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - The Role of Easy and Fast Access to the Court in the Normative Expansion of Local Jurisdiction in Cybercrime (Islamic Jurisprudence and Legal Analysis)
Esmaeil Baghban babak pourghahramani Fatemeh AhadiUncertainty of territory and borders in cyberspace causes many problems in the field of criminal jurisdiction; Issues such as the multiplicity of places where the crime was committed and, consequently, the multiplicity of jurisdiction in this space and the precise deter MoreUncertainty of territory and borders in cyberspace causes many problems in the field of criminal jurisdiction; Issues such as the multiplicity of places where the crime was committed and, consequently, the multiplicity of jurisdiction in this space and the precise determination of the crime scene are clear examples of this. One of the most important issues to be considered in this area is the determination of a competent local authority to investigate crimes committed in the area. The main question of the present study is how to of easy and fast access to the court can make it possible to exercise this competence in cyberspace. This article, with the help of the descriptive-analytical method and induction in domestic, international and Islamic jurisprudential standards regarding the jurisdiction of courts in Iran, tries to provide a solution to expand local jurisdiction in this field. The results of the research show that the new methods of dealing with cyber crimes, including electronic proceedings and taking into account the same legal conditions with the international community and creating a judicial system with global jurisdiction,can solve the challenges of applying local jurisdiction in cyber crimes and facilitate and speed up the proceedings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - An analysis of the role of environmental crimes in national security; jurisprudential, legal and criminological approaches
Sarah Ziadkhani Sadegh Salimi Seyed Abdolali GhavamA threat to national security is an action or a series of events that seriously threatens the quality of life of the residents of a country or the scope of authority of a government or private units belonging to a country in choosing policies in a more or less short per MoreA threat to national security is an action or a series of events that seriously threatens the quality of life of the residents of a country or the scope of authority of a government or private units belonging to a country in choosing policies in a more or less short period of time. It is extremely dangerous. National security can be discussed as a very important phenomenon, and one of these areas is the environmental issue, which has caused the formation of new debates under the title of environmental security. The numerous characteristics of environmental damage that have irreparable effects have caused this category to become a significant influence in jeopardizing national and international security and to face a serious risk to sustainable development. This research described the important concepts of the study with a descriptive-analytical method, and then it examines the impact of the green belt on national security and environmental security from a legal, jurisprudential and criminological point of view. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - The role of Istihab in the Issue of National Lands with Emphasis on Pastures and Related Legal Punishments
Abbas Ghasemei Hamied EivazeiThe purpose of the present research was to investigate the role of Istihab concerning the national lands with emphasis on pastures and related legal punishments. Istihab is considered as one of the widely used practical principles in the laws of the Islamic Republic of MoreThe purpose of the present research was to investigate the role of Istihab concerning the national lands with emphasis on pastures and related legal punishments. Istihab is considered as one of the widely used practical principles in the laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is derived from jurisprudential inferences. Regarding this principle, it can be mentioned to deal with doubts about the ruling for certainty in the implementation of the regulations. According to the principle of acceptance, the Iranian legislator has based the legislative policy on the basis of certainty. Therefore, it is obligatory to use the above-mentioned principle regarding the application of the old ruling over the new one in times of doubt. Accordingly, in the current research, we seek to express this principle in the laws related to dealing with the usurpation of national lands and crimes against it, taking into account the possibility of a person's ownership of the claimed lands. Our method in this article is based on the library method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - The spread of corruption on earth to economic crimes: their contexts and challenges
Ali Asadi Amir Sedighiyan Ali ZArePredicting widespread disruption in the country's economic system as an example of corruption on earth in Article 286 of the Islamic Penal Code adopted in 1392, it is necessary to study the context of this procedure in legislation related to economic crimes and analyze MorePredicting widespread disruption in the country's economic system as an example of corruption on earth in Article 286 of the Islamic Penal Code adopted in 1392, it is necessary to study the context of this procedure in legislation related to economic crimes and analyze the challenges. Although the adoption of this procedure in previous special laws such as the law of punishment of disruptors in the country's economic system is unprecedented, but its use in the Islamic Penal Code as the mother law has doubled the need to explain and analyze the components. Regardless of the lack of reliable foundations for criminalizing corruption on earth in the view of book commentators and Imami and public jurists, the study of the legislature's implications for the extension of this novel criminal title to economic crimes suggests the prevalence of populist and instrumentalist views in criminal law. With economic crimes. Influenced by these views, it has caused major challenges such as adopting repressive approaches and not paying attention to the specific characteristics of economic crimes and their perpetrators. Attaching the security label of a corruptor on earth to an economic defendant and reducing the ability of criminal defendants to direct the case to a fair trial on the one hand and facilitating the escape of the perpetrator from the legal punishment due to the unwillingness of the judiciary to use life imprisonment and consequent deterrent punishment. On the other hand, it is part of the corrupt sequence of the above-mentioned challenges. Prudent crimin Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - The approach of the International Criminal Court regarding the criminal immunity of high-ranking government officials
javad Hoseymikhah karam janipour ghavam karimiThe immunity of high-ranking government officials from the domestic courts of other countries has led to various international procedures and approaches to immunity, responsibility, the formation of mixed criminal courts, and the use of UN Security Council capacities to MoreThe immunity of high-ranking government officials from the domestic courts of other countries has led to various international procedures and approaches to immunity, responsibility, the formation of mixed criminal courts, and the use of UN Security Council capacities to establish criminal courts between Has created a special international. In parallel with the escalation of large-scale international crime, especially during World War II and the subsequent establishment of the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals, the principle of immunity of high-ranking government officials from international crime faced many challenges, culminating in Considered the formation of criminal courts related to the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda and finally the adoption of the Rome Statute to establish the International Criminal Court. Although the legal and judicial procedure of the Court indicates the non-acceptance of immunity arising from official position due to the commission of international crimes, but the descriptive-analytical study of this issue shows the existence of serious challenges and limitations before the Court in performing its legal duties. They can be attributed to the role of political considerations, incompatibility in rulings with acts committed, non-cooperation of member states in cooperating with the Court for various reasons, limitations on the jurisdiction and type and timing of acts committed, as well as restrictions on the relationship between the Court and The UN Security Council noted. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Judicial-Lawful Survey of Recidivism by Emphasizing on Article 136 of IPC
yousef noraeiOne of the general aggravating circumstances in all crimes is the repetition of crime. Iranian legislator, neither before the Islamic Revolution nor after that, had explicitly passed any provision about crimes entitled divine punishment. It was in the Article 136 of the MoreOne of the general aggravating circumstances in all crimes is the repetition of crime. Iranian legislator, neither before the Islamic Revolution nor after that, had explicitly passed any provision about crimes entitled divine punishment. It was in the Article 136 of the Islamic Penal Code, adopted on April.21, 2013, that the repetition of such crimes came to be approved. This Article says that: "If a person commits a crime entitled divine punishment in three times, and in each time he is punished, his sentence in forth time will be death penalty." Contrary to this rule which is taken from the opinion of the most celebrities of Islamic jurists, there are at least two other opinions the first, is the death penalty in third time, and the second, is the lack of permission for the death penalty Manuscript profile -
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141 - Juridical-Logical Analysis of Obligatory- Statutory Provisions in Action Stopping according to Cited Relation
fazlooah Foroghi Amir Bagherzadehgan Mohammad MirzaeeWorldly element of crimes is almost doing by action and the subject is possibility of crime commitment by stopping action in disputing issues between jurists and lawyers and the main disputing point is non originative existential percept(action) from naught percept (sto MoreWorldly element of crimes is almost doing by action and the subject is possibility of crime commitment by stopping action in disputing issues between jurists and lawyers and the main disputing point is non originative existential percept(action) from naught percept (stopping action) and difficult proving of causality relation between criminal results and stopping actions in these cases; With different opinions analysis, this paper is trying to find an empowered opinion in obligatory- statutory provisions of action stopper by jurists and comparing it with the idea of Islamic Republic of Iran. The question is that does crime prove to be true with stopping action in particular conditions? Undoubtedly, action stopper committed crime and deserves to punish; the sentence of him will run after obtaining the cited relation in the conception and causality relation in its specific concept as a standard of guaranty can be run, too. But in proving, the certainty of cited relation is combining with hassle in this situation and yet this subject is not denying the guarantee of him. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - The Place of Logical Usages in Criminal Jurisprudence
mojtaba javidiThe logical usages is the practical way or mental opinion of all the rational people all over the world, regardless of their spatial, temporal and religious differences, which find it useful and good in dealing with a phenomenon. There are two general views about the cr MoreThe logical usages is the practical way or mental opinion of all the rational people all over the world, regardless of their spatial, temporal and religious differences, which find it useful and good in dealing with a phenomenon. There are two general views about the criteria of validity of logical usage: first, instrumental validity and second, per se validity. The validity of new usages is based on second view. Although logical usages are used by jurists in criminal jurisprudence but it seems that it should has more important role in criminal jurisprudence. Some of its applications in the criminal jurisprudence are: the definition of “Herzâ€(protected), what is robbed needs to be property, the criterion of Roshd (growth), the mere criminal intent has no punishment, the community needs to regulate, impose criminal penalties and restrict freedom, financial penalties as a kind of “Tazirâ€(punishment). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Acquittal Principle in Theological Thinking and the Presumption of Innocence in European Thinking
ali ghorbani jafar movahediNoticing the freedom and security of people underlies all principles which European law determines for this reason in European thinking, presumptions and principles guarantee personal rights and freedom. This kind of thinking has created a person-based system in which a MoreNoticing the freedom and security of people underlies all principles which European law determines for this reason in European thinking, presumptions and principles guarantee personal rights and freedom. This kind of thinking has created a person-based system in which all principles circle around the person on the other hand, in Islamic law school of thought, all principles circle around the existence of God, so the kind of thinking here is God-given in other words, it is God who determines all principles, these principles may be in accordance to personal rights and freedom or contrary to it. Having this in mind, how can one say that the acquittal principle in Islamic Law, which has a theological background and is based on God-based thinking, has similar bases, functions, and domains to the presumption of innocence in European criminal law having a European background and based on a person-based thinking. So each of these concepts leads to the creation of a different hearing process such that the acquittal principle will no longer have the expected applications and in another hearing process the presumption of innocence may have no application at all. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Feasibility study of "forgiveness" of possible contagion due to crim
Hamid Masjedsaraei Hasan Poorlotfalah Reaz ElhamiThe Islamic Penal Code has been silent on the possibility of a "pardon" of Johnny by Majniyah against the possible future spread of the crime of intentional assault. Reference to authentic Islamic sources and fatwas indicates that the present issue is the sour MoreThe Islamic Penal Code has been silent on the possibility of a "pardon" of Johnny by Majniyah against the possible future spread of the crime of intentional assault. Reference to authentic Islamic sources and fatwas indicates that the present issue is the source of disagreement among jurists, so that the well-known jurists, mainly because such an amnesty requires our removal, do not consider it correct and remove the guarantee from They do not know the next infection. The second view considers such an amnesty to be a valid will, which is valid and effective for up to one-third of the diyat, and more than one-third of which is subject to the permission of the heirs. In contrast, some other contemporary jurists, without justifying this pardon by will, have absolutely ruled that such an amnesty is correct, which, in turn, guarantees the removal of any further contagion for Johnny. The present article, with its descriptive-analytical method, while re-reading the jurisprudential principles of the proposed views and using the available documents and approvals, has considered the third promise to be defensible. The proposal of the present article is that the legislature, with the aim of creating the unity of judicial procedure, by adding a legal article, to give legal validity to the "correctness of pardon from contagion and non-guarantee of life Manuscript profile -
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145 - Investigating the role of public institutions in disclosure to prevent crime
Hadi Hajian Saeed Ebrahimi mohammad mahdi zareiAbstract The occurrence of crime entails numerous economic and social costs and depreciation the facilities of the judiciary. Despite global statistics, more than forty percent of Infractions in the world are detected by the public. In developing countries, including I MoreAbstract The occurrence of crime entails numerous economic and social costs and depreciation the facilities of the judiciary. Despite global statistics, more than forty percent of Infractions in the world are detected by the public. In developing countries, including Iran, the unique capacity of the people has not been used properly. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer this question with a descriptive-analytical method What is the role of private and juridical persons in disclosure and Can they make a disclosure that will fulfill their religiously and customarily duty and their disclosure will not lead to defamation, absenteeism and spreading lies? Which while explaining the cases, such results have been obtained that effective disclosure based on public monitoring can be before any violation and crime. The practical assumption of this case is that it is necessary to notice about the imminent appointment of unqualified people in some positions or to approve a plan to build a project in the forest context and to monitor the people and issue a warning. Manuscript profile -
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146 - A critique of the Islamic Penal Code's approach to classifying the punishment of accomplices of a crime on the assumption that the degree of guilt or effect varies.
SHahrouz Nourouza ebrahim ghodsiAfter committing the crime or crimes, in order to determine responsibility, some theorists the degree of fault and other, degree of risk that committed in substantiation the result of criminal have been considered. Hence, two theories of liability based on the degree of MoreAfter committing the crime or crimes, in order to determine responsibility, some theorists the degree of fault and other, degree of risk that committed in substantiation the result of criminal have been considered. Hence, two theories of liability based on the degree of fault and risk will be investigated. The aim of this research is to determine a justice system of responsibility in case of differences in the degree of fault and risk. However, after establishing or proving liability, whether in theory of fault or risk, in case of meeting some factors, there are two views we face: the theory of equality of liability and the theory of distribution of liability based on degree of fault and risk. Legislators in determining the types of penalties ranging from Diahs, unfixed penalties (tazirat), Qisas (death penalty) and fixed penalties (hoduds) have complied with the equality theory. But generally this research has argued in favor of the theory of liability distribution based on degree of fault or risk. This research with analytical method to examine the issue and to accept the proposed approach is resorted to the Quran, Rational practice (Sire oqala) and Principles Governing the Punishment. Manuscript profile -
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147 - Study of the Social Aspect of Intentional Crimes against Physical Integrity in the Islamic Jurisprudence and the laws of of Islamic countries with Emphasis on the Iranian Law
Ruhollah Akrami Masoud HeidariThe intentional Crimes against physical integrity are among the crimes in which the private aspect is very colorful due to the direct harm to individuals. Therefore, the retribution as the main penalty like the blood money is given to victim or his/her parents. This iss MoreThe intentional Crimes against physical integrity are among the crimes in which the private aspect is very colorful due to the direct harm to individuals. Therefore, the retribution as the main penalty like the blood money is given to victim or his/her parents. This issue has led some to ignore the separate right to punishment for society. In Islamic jurisprudence and consequently in the regulations of Iran, the discussion of the legitimacy of the ta'zir of the perpetrator in in case of retribution, the subject of the social aspect of crime, had become one of the challenging issues after the victory of the Islamic Revolution. In the Islamic Penal code adopted in 2013, by enacting general provisions in Article 447, has tried to regulate the ta'zir of the crimes in a disciplined manner, although the amount of ta'zir, especially in the case of physical crimes less than murder, is very ambiguous. In other Islamic countries, too, the social aspect of the crime has been recognized. In the present article, with a descriptive analytical method, this issue has been studied in a comparative manner according to the jurisprudential principles which indicated the strength of the position of identifying the social aspect of intentional crimes in perspective of jurisprudential documents. In addition in our legal system, the punishment of social aspect in murder according to Article 612 of the Book of Ta'zirat, and Physical crimes less than murder, if they are examples specified in Article 614 or committed with a weapon, will be determined in accordance with this article, otherwise alternative punishments of imprisonment will be imposed. Manuscript profile -
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148 - Examining the objections of the rule of multiple punishments regarding the deputy and the director of crime in fifth and sixth degree criminal offenses from the perspective of legislative policy and rules of criminal law
SEYYED MOHAMMAD SADEGH HOSSEYNI Jalalaldin GHasiMultiplicity of crimes is one of the aggravated factors for punishment. In the Islamic Penal Code passed in 2013, has intensified the punishment of the person who committed several first to sixth degree crimes that its result is the execution of the most severe punishme MoreMultiplicity of crimes is one of the aggravated factors for punishment. In the Islamic Penal Code passed in 2013, has intensified the punishment of the person who committed several first to sixth degree crimes that its result is the execution of the most severe punishment from numerous convictions. On the other hand, the legislator did not predict intensification of punishment in seventh- and eighth-degree crimes and predict the rule of summation of punishments in the both degrees. Also, the punishment of accessary in one to two degrees lower than the punishment for the committed crime. If a person assists in two or more fifth- or lower-degrees crimes, his punishment increase from the main perpetrator. So, the purpose of this article is checking the objectives that the punishment of accessary is more severe than the main perpetrator. In this article at first, we investigate the articles about multiplicity of crimes and assistance in crime and different assumptions in the degrees of custodial crimes. Also, we explore the consultative theories in this issue. At the end the result is when check the procedural unity votes and consultative theories that have common criteria with this issue and according to priority analogy, we conclude that the punishment of the crime assistant cannot be more intense than the main perpetrator. Also, the justice and fairness confirm the theory. However, there is legal objection in this context and the only solution is correction of related articles in the Islamic Penal Code. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Criminalization of Informed False Statement in Iranian Law
Jamal Bayghi Sayyd Reza MosaviJudicial justice is one of the biggest goals of any judicial system, which has been raised as a value in legal systems. The concern of Islam is also evident in the implementation of justice and the establishment of justice based on Sharia standards in this field. On the MoreJudicial justice is one of the biggest goals of any judicial system, which has been raised as a value in legal systems. The concern of Islam is also evident in the implementation of justice and the establishment of justice based on Sharia standards in this field. On the one hand, the implementation of judicial justice requires the participation of citizens in providing timely and correct information about the occurrence of a crime, and on the other hand, it requires accurate and fast actions of the judicial system. Any action that delays the discovery of the crime and the identification of the accused and leads to the misleading of the judges handling the case and the escape of the accused from the clutches of justice, or leads to the reduction of their role in the occurrence of the crime, or makes innocent people into suspects. to accuse, it will put the execution of justice in a halo of ambiguity, and finally the order and security and public interests of the society will be under threat. Finally, in this research, using the descriptive and analytical method, it is concluded that false statements, in addition to bad consequences in the process of handling cases and delaying the proceedings, cause people's skepticism towards the judicial system, Iran's legislator except in cases Especially due to the lack of an independent chapter with the name of crimes against judicial justice, special attention has not been paid to the crime of informed false statements as a crime against judicial justice, and the need for a new look at the criminalization of false statements in line with the implementation of judicial justice. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Legal Analysis of the Time`s Role in Occurrence of a Crime, Determining a Penalty and its Execution
Yavar Jalaeyan Saleh Mehdi momeni Ali Reza Sabrian Mohammad Rouhani MoghadamThis present paper has been written for the purposes of knowledge and evaluating the importance of the time`s role in committing a crime according to the legal view point; its data is collected by documentations method, and its data analysis is used wi MoreThis present paper has been written for the purposes of knowledge and evaluating the importance of the time`s role in committing a crime according to the legal view point; its data is collected by documentations method, and its data analysis is used with descriptive-analytical way. While examining the points of strength and weakness of the existing criminal statutes on the subject matter, it will be tried in this research to discuss the area of the concept of time requirements, its effect on the validity of penal code, lapse of time, analysis of relationship between time and criminal liability, the influence of time element on the punishment process and manner of adaptation a punishment to the time requirements, finally considering the relationship of time with some causes of punishment abolition. The results of this study states that the phenomenon of time and its requirements play a part, sometimes as a causative or procuring factor of a crime from a criminological perspective, and occasionally, its role is as a condition for the realization of the physical element of the crime, mitigating or aggravation of criminal liability and the factors of commutating, modifying, suspending or delaying the punishment from the criminal perspective. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - Role of Religious Institutions in Preventing Crimes (Challenges and Solutions against it
Hassan HajitabarToday, in Islamic societies, especially in Iran, one of the most important social institutions for the promotion of Islamic culture is religious institutions. These institutions are molded in a society in the form of governmental and official organizations, as well as n MoreToday, in Islamic societies, especially in Iran, one of the most important social institutions for the promotion of Islamic culture is religious institutions. These institutions are molded in a society in the form of governmental and official organizations, as well as nongovernmental and popular ones. One of the main tasks of these institutions is to prevent crime through combating factors and processes, or situations and circumstances that are effective in the occurrence of crime and social abnormalities, by direct sampling of the teachings of the Islamic religion (Holy Quran and the Infallible Sunnah (AS)). Therefore, religious institutions can play a significant role in providing the moral and social prosperity of a society by drying up the roots, factors and situations that have an impact on crime, while Iran's lawmaker is also subject to various laws and regulations, including in Article 106 of the fourth economic, social and cultural development act of 2004 which approved the role of religious institutions. But nevertheless, these institutions have faced a number of legal and practical barriers and challenges to address this challenge and obstacles, and to provide the necessary and appropriate solutions. To confront them, it is more and more felt that these challenges and strategies have been addressed in this paper. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - Interference of members injures money (diyet) on Islamic law and jurisprudence
Siamak Jafarzadeh Omolbanin Allah MoradiIn the new punishment of law, for any unwarranted or deliberate crime is Diya, but Does Diya also be multiplied by the multiplicity of crimes committed, or are a Diyat paid for all crimes? In diya interference Diego smaller damage in the damage absorbed is greater and t MoreIn the new punishment of law, for any unwarranted or deliberate crime is Diya, but Does Diya also be multiplied by the multiplicity of crimes committed, or are a Diyat paid for all crimes? In diya interference Diego smaller damage in the damage absorbed is greater and the multiplicity of crimes against the Islamic Penal Code of the plurality of interference diyah and is considered something exceptional. The law limited materials related to interference diya mainly from Tahrir Imam Khomeini (RA) is adapted In rare cases, interference report on atonement and atonement in the report is accepted by the legislator. In this paper, due to the differences in the issues of interference and interference crimes diya and allocating the articles of the Penal Code Act 1392 to this topic After reviewing different forms of interference or non-interference in accordance with law and the rulings of Islamic law diya Shiites and Sunnis have tried to obscure aspects of the law is clear Article 543 of the Penal Code interference condition created as a result of injuries unit, and units of real damage being located in a single or multiple injuries the customary unit is considered the And the above-mentioned stipulations is considered to be interference. The laws on conflicts of interest if the interest is vested with the member and the member’s interest in the ongoing crime of interference is known to be eroded and other forms of interference are also not mentioned. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - Analysis of the Requirements of Progressive Principles of Human Rights in the Performance of Bailiffs with a Look at the Islamic Jurisprudential Principles
Mohammad Ali Ezzati ali reza saybani Mohammad Mehdi SaghianObserving Human Rights is one of the main obligations of the institutions affiliated with the criminal justice system. In this system, bailiffs are representatives tasked with detection of a crime. These officers are required to observe the principles of Human Rights wh MoreObserving Human Rights is one of the main obligations of the institutions affiliated with the criminal justice system. In this system, bailiffs are representatives tasked with detection of a crime. These officers are required to observe the principles of Human Rights when detecting a crime. The principles of Human Rights which should be observed regarding the defendants at the stage of crime detection include: respecting the rights of the detainee, infrastructure optimization, the principle of respect for the dignity, honor and personality of individuals, the principle of respect for the freedom of individuals and the prohibition of arbitrary detention of defendants, and the principle of respect for privacy. In addition, respecting the rights of detainees include: observing the principle of the legitimacy of criminal interrogation, the right to have an attorney from the beginning of the proceedings, and consideration of the presumption of innocence at the stage of crime detection. In addition to Islamic jurisprudential principles and sources, some international treaties have been signed in this regard, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), which contains the doctrines outlined in Islam. In addition to incorporating these principles into the Constitution under Articles 22, 27, 37, 38, etc. The Iranian legislature has addressed this issue in ordinary laws, including both substantive and procedural law. The Code of Criminal Procedure incorporates these principles by making significant adjustments in their foundations and elements. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - The Legal Jurisprudential Position of Reluctance in Crimes against Physical Integrity in the Criminal Law of Iran and France
Seyyed Ebrahim Ghodsi Abdollah ParasteshIn Iranian jurisprudence and law, the issue of reluctance to commit crimes against physical integrity is different from French law. In Iranian law, reluctance to kill is not permissible for murder in the opinion of most jurists, but reluctance in a crime affects the mem MoreIn Iranian jurisprudence and law, the issue of reluctance to commit crimes against physical integrity is different from French law. In Iranian law, reluctance to kill is not permissible for murder in the opinion of most jurists, but reluctance in a crime affects the member and retribution is directed at the reluctant. In reluctance to commit a crime on a member, the fact is that the person threatened by the soul and the subject of the crime is a member has been effective, but if the person threatened by the soul and the subject of the crime is also a member, it has been silenced in jurisprudence and law. We conclude that the threat to the soul or limb must be higher than the subject of the crime in order for reluctance to be effective. Therefore, we came to the conclusion that what is not a license for murder is the order to kill, not reluctance to kill, and in the case of murder, the person in charge has the intention, will and full authority to carry out the order. The French Penal Code, enacted in 1992 (effective 1994), legislates reluctance to commit murder in the context of generalities and Article 2-122; The article considers reluctance as a general rule in all current crimes and states that the perpetrator has no criminal responsibility. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - The Jurisprudential and Legal Investigation of Criminal Policy of Iran in the Criminalization of Not Registering Marriage
Abdolhosseyn Rezaei RadThe criminalization of not registering marriage has been one of the challenging ‹experienced so many ups and downs up to the present time. The last legal element of this crime is article 49 of Iran's Family Protection Law which has determined penalty for men who MoreThe criminalization of not registering marriage has been one of the challenging ‹experienced so many ups and downs up to the present time. The last legal element of this crime is article 49 of Iran's Family Protection Law which has determined penalty for men who do not register their permanent marriage officially. This study aims at matching this article with religious standards and investigating its coordination with legal principles, rules, and the deterrence of this law. Hence; first of all, it criticizes this part of article 49 of Iran's Family Protection Law by jurisprudential and legal evidences and represents reasons, ‹the biography of infallible Imams›, ‹the necessity of facilitating marriage›, ‹the conflict between law and other laws›, and ‹not enough deterrence and defeat the purpose› to confirm the disagreement of this part of article with religion and then it jurisprudentially and legally criticizes the most important reasons confirming this law which are ‹maintaining the rights of third parties›, ‹protecting the realm of family› and ‹preventing other family crimes›. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - Ali Ibn Abitaleb’s Opinion about Prescribed Punishement and its effect in Islamic Penal Code
valiollah malakoutifar Ali SarebannezhadWhen human being was bron, desire for perfection was born with him. Due to neglect of prophets' teachings some people sought their perfection in achieving material things and it resulted in profiteering from each other. Inevitably some of them became oppressor and MoreWhen human being was bron, desire for perfection was born with him. Due to neglect of prophets' teachings some people sought their perfection in achieving material things and it resulted in profiteering from each other. Inevitably some of them became oppressor and the others oppressed, then conflict between them began. Sometimes the oppressors suppose they are right and the oppressed are wrong. But continuous and ceaseless efforts of God ministers – the prophets – resulted in training eminent and outstanding humans who help people in their relations with God and expanding Justice. One of these remarkable men is the offspring of kaaba and our prophet's favorite, commader of the faithful Ali Ibn Abitaleb (PBUH), all whose life's dimensions are full of miraculous and extraordinary behaviours. Doubtlessly, criminal discussions are one of important resources in Islamic Jurisprudence. Criminal section of Islamic Jurisprudence discusses Four discussions as followings; the prescribed punishments, crimes, Blood money, and chastisement for offences. Collecting views relating to these discussions can be a good scientific wealth for authorities on Divine law. Islamic law legal views of commander of the faithful, Ali Ibn Abitaleb, is unique and miraculous; That is because he uses Quran and Tradition and also benefits from the fact that our prophet (PBOH) has prayed for him that God guide her heart for sound judgement; morever he has had a close companionship with our prophet from his childhood till he passed away; and finally, his intelligence, smartness, exactness, and his deep knowledge is unique and miraculous. Our Prophet has said "Ali is the best of you in Judgement". The above mentioned reasons show that he was better than Abubakr O'mar and O'sman in all cases and particularly in Judgement; that they sought Ali's advice in their affairs confirms this Fact. O'mar always said "if there was not Ali, O'mar died". Because of these reasons the results of these views are permanent and perpetual. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - Punishment of Abetment of the Type of "imsak" in Shiite Jurisprudence and Criminal Law of Iran
Aboulfazl Alishahi Ghalahjoughi Esagh KaremiOne of the special instances of abetment in crime against individuals is "imsak" or holding a person to enable a third party to kill him; of course it is not only the crime of killing in which "imsak" is regarded as abetment in a crime, but it can also be found in such MoreOne of the special instances of abetment in crime against individuals is "imsak" or holding a person to enable a third party to kill him; of course it is not only the crime of killing in which "imsak" is regarded as abetment in a crime, but it can also be found in such crimes as kidnapping, theft, assault and battery, unlawful imprisonment and arrest. Although the punishment of abetment in crime is in general included in Articles 127 and 128 of the Islamic Punishment Law, "imsak" in murder cannot be an instance of these two articles, because the beginning part of Article 127 states that the punishment under this article includes the crimes for which no penalty has been determined in Sharia and law, while in Sharia the punishment of the abetment in murder has been determined and Shiite jurists have regarded "life imprisonment" as the punishment for the abetment in murder. Logically speaking, too, a striking difference in punishment applicable to different examples of abetment is not justifiable; therefore a unique precedent must be practiced. This research is a fundamental study with an analytical-descriptive methodology. The main question is what strategy would be suggested for carrying out a punishment in abetment-related crimes, especially abetment in murder. This research, upon a review of the viewpoints of jurists and lawyers about the nature of "imsak", has come to the conclusion that the crime of "imsak" is of the type of crimes related to private rights and is therefore forgivable and negligible. Moreover, the views of those who have proposed special punishment for abetment in murder by the legislator have been more strongly justified. Therefore, in order to disambiguate the case in order to prevent the issuance of different verdicts for the similar offence and with regard to the necessity of the accord of all laws and regulations with Islamic principles, by virtue of the Fourth Principle of the Constitutional Law, the punishment of "life imprisonment" for the abetment in a deliberate murder is suggested to be included as a single article in the Islamic Punishment Law. Manuscript profile -
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158 - Interference Decrees in the Crimes Subject of lex talionis (Qisas) Envisaged under Islamic Penal Code Adopted in 2014
Elnaz Minoei Babak PourghahremaniOne of the notable innovations in the Islamic Penal Code Adopted in 2014 concerns its attention to ‘Interference of Crimes’ which is known as the ‘Interference of Reasons’ under Islamic Jurisprudence denoting different and various intentional cri MoreOne of the notable innovations in the Islamic Penal Code Adopted in 2014 concerns its attention to ‘Interference of Crimes’ which is known as the ‘Interference of Reasons’ under Islamic Jurisprudence denoting different and various intentional crimes perpetrated with a single or multiple strikes by the criminal to the victim. The mentioned law, over the 2nd chapter of the Book of lex talionis (Qisas), elaborates the issue of ‘Interference of Crimes’ aiming to obviate the legal vacuum. Although in the occurrence of crimes the main prevalent principle is non-interference of reasons but, in some specific cases the interference of reasons has been accepted as such that whenever multiple crimes are perpetrated by the criminal against the victim through a single strike, interference of reasons has happened, when various crimes occur through various strikes and the interference of reasons happens if the strikes are done consecutively; otherwise, no interference of reasons is envisaged. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - Jurisprudential Study of the Time of Calculation of Compensation for Late Payment in Administrative Offenses of Rejection of Monetary Property
Ali Akbar Youssefi rad Seyyed Hossein Sadat Hosseni Ramazan DehghanIn criminal offenses with restitution of property, such as robbery and fraud, if found guilty of the said crimes and attributed to the accused, in addition to the sentence of legal punishment, the accused is also sentenced to restitute property of theft and fraud by law MoreIn criminal offenses with restitution of property, such as robbery and fraud, if found guilty of the said crimes and attributed to the accused, in addition to the sentence of legal punishment, the accused is also sentenced to restitute property of theft and fraud by law. If the plaintiff files a claim for delayed payment of damages along with a criminal complaint, given that there may be several times in criminal cases (1. Time when theft or fraud was committed; 2, Time for filing a complaint in the court; 3. Time of final verdict), the court will sentence the accused to pay damages for the loss of value of the money, called delayed payment, at a specific time. According to Article 522 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which considers the claim to be the basis for delay payment in the above cases, one of the abovementioned times will be selected as the claim. However, it can be added that since Article 522 considers the basis of calculation to be the time of claim, should the liability determined so that the time of claim may be regarded as the basis of calculation. Whenever liability has not yet been determined or the accused refuses crimes (robbery and fraud), and on the other hand, the amount of debt is still uncertain, should the time of filing a complaint be the basis of calculating delayed payment or one of the abovementioned times should be the basis of calculations? It seems that the time for calculating delayed payment of crimes with restitution of money is the time when theft or fraud was committed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Legal challenges against the principle of legality of crime and punishment in Iran in the light of Imamiyah jurisprudence standards
seyyed Ebrahid Ghodsi Mosayyed GHadami AzizabadSince Islam is a religion of mercy, punishing people without informing them of his commands and orders is against the mercy and dignity that God has placed in the nature of mankind. The conclusion is that in Islamic jurisprudence, especially Imamiyah jurisprudence, many MoreSince Islam is a religion of mercy, punishing people without informing them of his commands and orders is against the mercy and dignity that God has placed in the nature of mankind. The conclusion is that in Islamic jurisprudence, especially Imamiyah jurisprudence, many principles and foundations are available to the people from the side of the jurists and their inferences from jurisprudential sources regarding the prohibition of the punishment without notification and notice, such as "shamefulness of punishment without the declaration of law", "the presumption of innocence" etc. The purpose of this notice in modern criminal law is to ensure the peace of mind and preserve the human dignity of accused persons, so that in the shadow of this principle, on the one hand, they will not be condemned without reason and only based on suspicion and the other hand, their punishment under the disobedience of the judges should not be more than what they deserve. The scope and content of the principle of notifying the obliges of their obligations to punish them in Imamiyyah jurisprudence are certainly clearer and more comprehensive than the principle of legality of crime and punishment because the principle of stating the obligation is not only about issuing it but also about receiving it while in law, the principle of awareness is placed on the issue of law. In the criminal law of Iran, although this principle has been accepted in principle despite the rich source of Islamic jurisprudence, in several cases, especially in the Islamic Penal Code approved in 2013 and the regulations of the courts and special clerical courts approved in 1990 amended in 2005, it has been conspicuously ignored Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - The "amnesty" feasibility study is a possible spread of crime
Hamid Masjedsaraei Hasan POurlotollah reza elhamiThe Islamic Penal Code has been silent on the possibility of a "pardon" of Johnny by Majni Alayh against the possible future spread of the crime of intentional assault. Reference to authentic Islamic sources and fatwas indicates that the present issue is the source of d MoreThe Islamic Penal Code has been silent on the possibility of a "pardon" of Johnny by Majni Alayh against the possible future spread of the crime of intentional assault. Reference to authentic Islamic sources and fatwas indicates that the present issue is the source of disagreement among jurists, so that the well-known jurists, mainly because such an amnesty requires our removal, do not consider it correct and remove the guarantee from They do not know the next infection. The second view considers such an amnesty to be a valid will, which is valid and effective for up to one-third of the diyat, and more than one-third of which is subject to the permission of the heirs. In contrast, some other contemporary jurists, without justifying this pardon by will, have absolutely ruled that such an amnesty is correct, which, in turn, guarantees the removal of any further contagion for Johnny. The present article, with its descriptive-analytical method, while re-reading the jurisprudential principles of the proposed views and using the available documents and approvals, has considered the third promise to be defensible. The proposal of the present article is that the legislature, with the aim of creating the unity of judicial procedure, by adding a legal article, to give legal validity to the "correctness of pardon from contagion and non-guarantee of life". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Challenges of the institution of oath; Possibility Refusal Replacement In Iran Criminal Law
Abolhasan Mojtahed Solaymani Maryam AghahpourOne of the evidence of proving mass in the Iranian criminal system is several. Given the constraints that encounter problems in order to prove crime, providing an alternative to the institution seems vital. One of the alternatives that can play a role as several, is the MoreOne of the evidence of proving mass in the Iranian criminal system is several. Given the constraints that encounter problems in order to prove crime, providing an alternative to the institution seems vital. One of the alternatives that can play a role as several, is the Emirates of judiciary (scientific evidence), which due to the advancement of science, has a certain position among other evidences. Jurisprudential reasons are also certified by the legitimacy of the judiciary, and it is one of the valid ways in the implementation of justice. According to the notation of the proof of criminal proof, the evidence of proving crime in al-Nas, particularly the crime against the physical integrity of individuals, the advancement of science and techniques and the existence of scientific and accurate methods such as fingerprinting, faculty, biology, science, reference to the expert and likewise, the judicial emirate can be benefited from the proof of crime as an alternative. The present study relies on the sources of jurisprudence, seeks to explain this alternative. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Employee Creativity with the Mediating Role of Workplace Spirituality: A Case Study of Qom Preventive Police Staff
sayyad Darvishi Ebrahim Davoodi DehaghaniTransformational leadership, workplace spirituality and employee creativity are important issues in organizational management. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of transformational leadership on employee creativity with the mediating role of workpl MoreTransformational leadership, workplace spirituality and employee creativity are important issues in organizational management. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of transformational leadership on employee creativity with the mediating role of workplace spirituality. The present applied study was a descriptive-correlational one, conducted with a sample of 135 prevention police managers of Qom Disciplinary Command. Stratified simple random sampling method was used to select the sample. To collect the data, three standard questionnaires, including Bass et al. (2003), Torrance (1963) and Milliman et al. (2003) and to analyze the collected data, correlation coefficient tests, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were employed. The reliability of the instruments was checked using Cronbach's alpha and the validity of all components of the questionnaire was verified first through the formal method and then the confirmatory factor analysis. The findings showed that transformational leadership, has a positive direct effect on workplace spirituality (0.61) and on employee creativity (0.73) at a significant level of 0.001. Also, it was found that transformational leadership through workplace spirituality has an indirect significant effect (0.49) on employee creativity. Additionally, the results indicated that transformational leadership through workplace spirituality explains 0.31 of the changes in employee creativity at a significant level of 0.05 and therefore the application of transformational leadership style for the police managers of Qom Disciplinary Command is suggested to promote workplace spirituality and employee creativity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - Investigating the causes of crime in the periphery of Sari and ways to prevent it
Akbar Darvishi Mohammad Barani Taghi Bakhtiari -
Open Access Article
165 - Gender and Crime: An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory among Youth in Babol (A City in Northern Part of Iran)
Ali Asghar Abbasi Asfajir -
Open Access Article
166 - Relationship between Social Capital and Crime (Case study: Prisoners of Tehran Prisons)
Masoud Heidari -
Open Access Article
167 - Identifying and microzonation the Armed robbery centers in Ahwaz city
maryam azadbakht noahed sajadian Morteza nematige ali shojaian: The aim of this study is to identify and locate the Armed robbery centers in Ahwaz in1393. To investigate and microzonation of crimes Hotspot in Ahwaz, three models have been used: kernel, Kriging and Directional Distribution is used. In the following, The deviation More: The aim of this study is to identify and locate the Armed robbery centers in Ahwaz in1393. To investigate and microzonation of crimes Hotspot in Ahwaz, three models have been used: kernel, Kriging and Directional Distribution is used. In the following, The deviation of this crime in overlap with Religious centers and marginalized neighborhoods and restry texture, It has been done. The results of the kernel model, showed that the Regions that have highest armed robbery are, 2, 6 and 8, in The kriging model 4 and 6 and1, But in Directional Distribution model And The average center hotspot located At the center point of the city, That is the same At the junction of three urban regions 1, 2 and 4. The findings of these results show that the highest spatial extent of crime is in Marginalization and The restry texture neighborhoods such as Hesirabad, Koi Seyyed Khalaf, Nizzat Abad, Mallashiyeh and Alawi Koi. The Results of overlapping with Religious centers Also show that Frequency and focus of this religious centers, decreases the rate of crime With a lot of intensity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - Providing a Crime Prevention Model in Tehran's 5th District in Iran based on the CPTED Approach
Mohammadreza Fardin sirous shafaghi hasan beykmohamadi zohreh rajabiUrban design plays an important role in creating the security or insecurity of urban living space. Cities that have not been found to have the correct design principles may have crime rates over other cities. In addition, environmental factors can increase the chance of MoreUrban design plays an important role in creating the security or insecurity of urban living space. Cities that have not been found to have the correct design principles may have crime rates over other cities. In addition, environmental factors can increase the chance of committing a crime for criminals. In this study, the physical and environmental factors influencing crime commitment in the 5th district of Tehran were studied. Thus, by identifying and analyzing the environmental factors affecting the security of the region 5 of Tehran through field surveys (based on the CPTED approach), solutions were introduced that would have a significant effect on the security and control of the area. The CPTED approach is a design approach based on which the design of the appropriate and targeted design of the human environment is made, designers can reduce the opportunity for crime and crime and improve the quality of life. For this purpose, the Garden of Fayez neighborhood located in this area was selected as sample and spatial analysis was carried out on it. Old and traditional texture, inappropriate scale and building height, poor visual quality (improper use of color, light and design), are some of the most important physical and environmental factors in Tehran's 5th District, which can be criminal behavior Increase in this area. Analysis of the research showed that in addition to the various difficulties and bottlenecks in the city, the study area is due to some special social, economic and cultural conditions suitable for anti-social activities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - Affecting Factors on the crime rate increase in the informal settlements(Case study: pakdasht city)
masoume pazoki Davood Shaikhi Mokhtar YourdkhaniMarginalized has made urban management encountered with a major challenge in the current era. Because on the one hand, it provides the background of committing crimes, and on the other hand, view of the city has been ugly due to the mushrooming increase of informa MoreMarginalized has made urban management encountered with a major challenge in the current era. Because on the one hand, it provides the background of committing crimes, and on the other hand, view of the city has been ugly due to the mushrooming increase of informal settlements, Hence it can be said that, marginalization will make the city face challenges in terms of aesthetic and security due to abnormal behavior which are emergent of population critical load. This study seeks to identify the influencing factors in crime rate increase in the informal settlements of PAKDASHT. The research method is descriptive – analytical and the data collection methods included questionnaires and interviews. The statistical sample included 62 people residents of informal settlements in PAKDASHT, experts and some city officials. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and parametric tests (ANOVA, T-test and Step-wise Regression) were used in order to determine the significant evaluation of affecting factors in the crime increase in the informal settlements. Regression test results show that there is relationship between all of research factors (sub structural, economic, social, cultural, structural, legal institutional and security) and an increase in crime. According to this test, all components of the study are significant at alpha level 0.05, But the economic factor has the most value (0.974) and the legal factor has the least value (0.935). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - Application of CPTED Theory reducing urban crimes
Azita RajabiThe theory of CPTED (Crime Prevention through Environmental Design) can be used to prevent crimes in public and private man-made areas in the city by making a proper plan of a residential or work buildings. This theory is based on this idea that the “perpetration MoreThe theory of CPTED (Crime Prevention through Environmental Design) can be used to prevent crimes in public and private man-made areas in the city by making a proper plan of a residential or work buildings. This theory is based on this idea that the “perpetration of crimes springs from opportunities for crime”. Therefore, it considers proper ways in reducing chances for committing crimes through a special planning in confronting crimes. The present article studies the features of this theory and attempts through suitable planning to create suitable residential areas in open and closed areas and minimize the perpetration of crimes. By using this theory, one can exploit methods based on expert planning and minimize the crimes instead of resorting to acquired methods of confronting insecurity in the urban space. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Economic Investigation of the Crime and It's Inter-Provincial Spillover Effects in Iran: A Spatial Panel Approach
mohsen mehrara Ehsan mohammadian nikpeyAbstract This study investigates the effects of economic and social variables on crimes in Iran by using provincial panel data during 2000-2010. Spatial econometrics is used to study the crime both in space and spillover effects in the model. Research findings suggest MoreAbstract This study investigates the effects of economic and social variables on crimes in Iran by using provincial panel data during 2000-2010. Spatial econometrics is used to study the crime both in space and spillover effects in the model. Research findings suggest that spillover effects caused led by the crimes in provinces are significant in the investigation period. Therefore, any change in crime rate will affect the province and the neighbors by the spillover effects or contagion across boundaries. Furthermore, the results indicate that economic variables of "Income and Industrialization index" and social variables of "Marriage to Divorce Ratio", "Urbanization Ratio" and "Population Increase" all have significant and important effects on the crime along the country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - The Effect of Crime on the Development Convergence of the Provinces of Iran: An Application of Spatial Econometrics
Seyed Aziz Arman VAHID KAFILI Hasaan Farazmand Hosein MoltafetThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of crime deterrence (Internal Security) on the convergence of development between the provinces of Iran (during the period 1375 to 1390, respectively). Estimation of convergence equation inspired by Solo- Swan neocl MoreThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of crime deterrence (Internal Security) on the convergence of development between the provinces of Iran (during the period 1375 to 1390, respectively). Estimation of convergence equation inspired by Solo- Swan neoclassical growth theory and using spatial econometrics indicates that while there is no a significant deterrent effect of crime index on the speed of development, convergence of development between the provinces of Iran occur. The existence of convergence among provinces, indicates the success of regional development policy in reducing regional inequality. Non-significant impact of crime in the development process could be due to the huge role of government in the development process and also the lack of enough threshold of crime density for the provinces of Iran. It is recommended that as in the past, regional development policies regardless of the crime density in the provinces continue and this insignificance, lack of seriousness in controlling crime and the causes of crime politicians not to follow. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - Situational Measures to Prevent Cybercrimes in in the Light of the Dominant Pathology
amin amirian farsaniConsidering the huge changes that have been happening in the field of technology and the various revolutions that we have witnessed in the field of information and communication technology in the last few years, and considering the positive function of this technology, MoreConsidering the huge changes that have been happening in the field of technology and the various revolutions that we have witnessed in the field of information and communication technology in the last few years, and considering the positive function of this technology, it is sometimes observed that some profit-seeking and opportunistic people try to abuse the users and to create a series of problems by learning and having the necessary skills. The cyber space provides new and highly advanced opportunities for breaking the law, as well as the potential to commit conventional and classic types of crimes in unconventional and very new ways so that the cyber criminals can do whatever they want and have in their mind in this zero and one galaxy. Considering this issue, the present study aims to explain the status of the situational prevention of cybercrimes in the light of the dominant pathology. Through the descriptive and analytical research methodology the current research has reached this important achievement that preventive measures such as restricting or denying access, regulatory measures, licensing measures, anonymizing tools, and encryption can be helpful in situational prevention of crimes in the cyberspace. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - Imbalance Between Cybercrime Punishments with Some of the Corresponding Traditional Crimes
hojjatallah fathiDue to the expansion of cyberspace users, the types of cybercrime have increased day by day and the manner of occurrence of these crimes has become more diverse and advanced. Noting inconclusion of or inefficiency of the criminal laws governing the traditional cri MoreDue to the expansion of cyberspace users, the types of cybercrime have increased day by day and the manner of occurrence of these crimes has become more diverse and advanced. Noting inconclusion of or inefficiency of the criminal laws governing the traditional crimes, many of the countries worldwide, including Iran, has opted for legislation and enactment of special laws regarding cybercrimes. One of the principles of criminal law is the proportionality of the crime and the punishment and the balance between the punishments in similar crimes. The question that the present article seeks to answer is ‘whether a balance has been abided by between the punishments determined for similar crimes in the traditional and cyber space?’. The research method in this article is descriptive and analytical in terms of collecting library resources and in terms of its content. A comparative study of the punishments for traditional theft and cyber theft, traditional fraud and cyber fraud, and encouraging corruption and prostitution in the traditional space and cyberspace, indicates that the principle of proportionality of crime and punishment and the balance of punishments in similar mentioned crimes have not been observed. Punishments for similar cyberspace crimes are far lighter than the same crimes in the traditional environment, which seems to have no legal justification and requires a review and amendment of the law. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - A Study of the Role of Environmental Factors in Committing Crimes by the Cyberspace Users: A Case Study of the Youth in Shiraz
azadeh dehghanfar Amir Paknahad Amir IrvanianThe anonymity and low cost of cyberspace make it a unique environment. Due to this characteristic and the widespread influence of cyberspace among young people, it is particularly pertinent to examine the impact of environmental characteristics on crime. Following the t MoreThe anonymity and low cost of cyberspace make it a unique environment. Due to this characteristic and the widespread influence of cyberspace among young people, it is particularly pertinent to examine the impact of environmental characteristics on crime. Following the topic, the research aims to investigate how environmental factors and features may influence young cyberspace users' criminal behavior. In order to conduct the present applied research, the researchers utilized the survey method. This study investigated cyberspace users aged 18 to 35 living in Shiraz. The researchers selected 300 people on random sampling basis and developed a questionnaire to conduct the study. SPSS-26 software and descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson Correlation Coefficient) were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that the correlation between encouraging environmental factors and rate of crimes committed by the mentioned group of cyberspace users is meaningful. Therefore, the more intensive the environmental factors that encourage crime, the higher the crime rate are observed. Furthermore, the calculations indicate that deterrent factors are significantly correlated with crime. An increase in deterrent factors can contribute to the reduction of crime. Taking into account the characteristics of cyberspace and the intensification of factors that encourage crime, special attention should be paid to developing and modifying appropriate software platforms. Furthermore, increased parental interaction with their children and establishing indirect controls can also reduce the rate of crime among the mentioned group. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - Criminological Explanation of The Influence of Lived Experiences on The Strengthening of Criminal Tendencies in Cyber Space Subject of Study: Great Tehran Prison (Fashafouye)
Gelavizh Sheikholeslami vatani Mohhamad Ashouri Nasrin Mehra Mohammad Ali MahdaviSabetIn the process of evolution from thought to criminal action, what happens to a cyber-criminal in his/her initial or continuous desire to commit a crime is the strong criminal tendency and the lack or, in some case,s weakness of the deterrents that cause him not to join MoreIn the process of evolution from thought to criminal action, what happens to a cyber-criminal in his/her initial or continuous desire to commit a crime is the strong criminal tendency and the lack or, in some case,s weakness of the deterrents that cause him not to join the society. This gradual process, which concentrates on risk components in different age periods based on three basic components including learning patterns and learned lessons, suppressed childhood experiences and memories and finally the lack of family and social bonds, will be studied in this paper. Therefore, the present research, employing causality perspective, explains how the social forces (family, friends, culture, environmental conditions, poverty, etc.) can be effective in creating a criminal identity? An approach that aims to achieve practical results tested a range of variables in the light of theoretical criminological foundations on the statistical population of cyber-criminals to be able to achieve a causal cognitive model based on the most important factors influencing their criminal course. Variables that often cause the appearance, continuity and stability of cybercrimes are acquired and learned and that the human nature (inheritance) play insignificant role the formation of cyber crimes. Hence, the current research, which is a collective and phenomenological research, is descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method, and in terms of purpose is practical. The statistical population of this research consists of a group of convicts of Great Tehran Prison (Fashafouye) who are serving their sentence in the said prison. The findings describe the fact that the propensity for cybercrime and movement towards it is not a single event but a product of a gradual and staggered process. It is worth mentioning that the statistical calculations were done using SPSS22 software and based on descriptive-inferential statistics (by applying the multivariate regression equation method). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - Imbalance Between Cybercrime Punishments with Some of the Corresponding Traditional Crimes
ali armanBackground and purpose: The emergence of the Covid-19 has threatened physical and mental health and has negatively affected the economy of all countries in the world as well as the people’s daily life. All countries of the world have imposed restrictions such as t MoreBackground and purpose: The emergence of the Covid-19 has threatened physical and mental health and has negatively affected the economy of all countries in the world as well as the people’s daily life. All countries of the world have imposed restrictions such as travel, quarantine, school closures, social distancing measures. In the current situation, information and communication technologies and cyberspace play a significant role in establishing communication between the people. Most of the countries in the world use remote working systems and online mechanisms of education letting students and staff stay and work from their homes. There has also been a very high demand in activities such as telecommuting, electronic health care systems, food delivery and online shopping. The cyberspace criminals have taken the Covid-19 Pandemic as an opportunity to launch attacks against financial interests and promote their nefarious purposes.Findings: During the outbreak of the Covid-19, ransomware, phishing attacks and botnets have targeted the banking systems, personal virtual space education, health care and resources such as the confidentiality of patient records which have endangered privacy and have compromised the confidentiality and integrity of data. People are falling prey to cyber-attacks through Covid-19 related content.Results: In this article, several important cyber security threat methods that existed or could occur during this pandemic have been examined. We have also discussed the concerns in the midst of this privacy-centered pandemic and finally examined some of the ways to deal with these threats. Abidance by the ways and methods revealed through this research will enable the people to keep safe in the cyber space to a noticeable degree. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - A Survey on Preventive Approaches (Culture-Oriented Management) Of Cyberspace and Its Effect on the Occurrence of Election Violations and Crimes and the Options Governing the Political System of Iran
Hamid reza Norouzian mostafa malaki Dr. Seyed Mohammad Reza Mousavi FardNowadays the cyberspace acts as a double-edged sword in all social realities and, therefore, it can be regarded either as an opportunity or as a threat. If the government does not follow a clear plan, it can easily distort its healthy and competitive environment in some MoreNowadays the cyberspace acts as a double-edged sword in all social realities and, therefore, it can be regarded either as an opportunity or as a threat. If the government does not follow a clear plan, it can easily distort its healthy and competitive environment in some special events such as elections. In this research we aim to take a documented and substantiated look at the issue with the purpose of helping in preventions of election crimes and damages. With a descriptive and analytical approach and through the documentary methodology by using library and internet data, in this article we seek to find an answer to the question of what is the role of cyberspace in the indirect management of elections and that how the election crimes and violations caused by the same could be countered with. According to the authors, the role of cyberspace in the hidden management with destructive approaches of election violations and crimes is undeniable and that the solutions such as: defining the cultural code of professional ethics of election campaigns in cyberspace, considering the time of the election as an aggravating factor of electoral crimes in cyberspace and, finally, the comprehensive election law and its consolidation for more accurate monitoring etc. are among the solutions to reduce such threats. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - An Analysis of the FATA Police Structure in the Light of the Theory of the Left Realist Criminology
fatemeh ahadi Mehrdad TeymouriThe theory of left realist criminology proposes the square of crime to prevent crimes, and discusses the square design of crime accentuating the point that all four aspects of victim, offender, state agencies (e.g., the police), and the public must be considered in orde MoreThe theory of left realist criminology proposes the square of crime to prevent crimes, and discusses the square design of crime accentuating the point that all four aspects of victim, offender, state agencies (e.g., the police), and the public must be considered in order to deal with crime in a comprehensive way. Therefore, due to the occurrence of crimes in cyberspace, which is within the jurisdiction of the FATA police, the present research has been carried out. The present study uses library documents and resources and descriptive and analytical methods to analyze the structure of FATA police in the light of the teachings of the theory of left realist criminology. The findings and results of this study indicate that the FATA police, as a state agency with a proper executive and law enforcement function as well as supportive structure and using the theory of left realist criminology, has the ability to have a significant preventive share of crime. Also, according to the left realist criminology, the influence of subculture in cyberspace and the creation of class distance through cyberspace, which increases the sense of deprivation in society, play a role in committing crimes. Therefore, considering the pivotal role of the police in the approach of the theory of the left realist criminology in prevention of crime, it is necessary to eliminate the identified deficiencies and detriments in order to prevent crime in cyberspace. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - Metaverse and Its Impact on Lifestyle
Mohsen Mahmoudi Salar SadeghiMetaverse, as an emerging technology and the next generation of the internet which enjoys noticeable special and quite new features including its unlimited and simultaneous communication possibility in virtual reality, promises undeniable positive effects on the human l MoreMetaverse, as an emerging technology and the next generation of the internet which enjoys noticeable special and quite new features including its unlimited and simultaneous communication possibility in virtual reality, promises undeniable positive effects on the human lifestyle in the fields of medicine, economics, and education. It also brings with itself some negative outcomes including new types of crimes, impersonation and privacy breach risks. Therefore, management of lifestyle in such a new environment is necessary from technical and content point of view. In this regard, defining interactive protocols and standards and explaining the legal aspects of such a space and the contents produced therein as well as strengthening of governance in this areas seem to be among the most important challenges and tasks that the policymakers and legislators encounter. Considering such points, ensuring cyber security and privacy, identifying possible risks in the metaverse, strengthening governance with a balance of security and freedom in the metaverse, and informing and educating people through the media will be necessary for users in using the metaverse appropriately Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - A Feasibility Study of Crime Prevention in the Dark Web
Zahra Rahpeik Hassan alipourThe dark web is an invisible part of the cyber space like an iceberg floating in the ocean, only the tip of which is visible and main and threatening part of the same invisible to the authorities. The first challenge of the dark web is the impossibility of identifying i MoreThe dark web is an invisible part of the cyber space like an iceberg floating in the ocean, only the tip of which is visible and main and threatening part of the same invisible to the authorities. The first challenge of the dark web is the impossibility of identifying it in order to apply preventive measures as such that the issue of prevention, cyber threat, is behind the veil of ambiguity. The uncontrollability and lack of environmental boundaries is another challenge for crime prevention in the dark web. Finally, the arrangement of suitable solutions for this environment is proposed as the third aspect of crime prevention challenges. Using library and internet resources, this article tries to deal with the challenges of crime prevention on the dark web from the perspective of the prevention platform, the issue of prevention, and the preventive solutions. The results of the research reveals that the possibility of applying preventive measures in the form of intervening in situations that cause crime in the deep web is ruled out and that the use of defensive strategies to minimize cyber threats and focus on social preventive and early preventive measures instead of situational prevention is what that needs to be considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - A Deconstructive Elaboration on the Ratio of Crime to “Body-Psyche-Culture” in the Context of Cyber Lifestyle
Ayyub Yussefpour NezamiThe present sociological/criminological interpretive exploration has been done with the aim of showing the necessity and method of research in the mentioned field and has the form of "research programs" (in the sense of Lakatoshi). The researcher, with an understanding MoreThe present sociological/criminological interpretive exploration has been done with the aim of showing the necessity and method of research in the mentioned field and has the form of "research programs" (in the sense of Lakatoshi). The researcher, with an understanding of the lifestyle in two dimensions pre-cyber and cyber, in the comparative background of the biological dimensions of crime in pre-cyber (traditional, modern) and cyber (post-modern, etc.) criminology, by adopting the deconstruction method and triangulation technique, has tried to provide an understanding of a combinatory (socio-psychobiological) concept of crime (especially cyber). By relying on the data of neurology/neurology and communication of every contemporary human act (criminal/non-criminal) with modern applications (necessary in the digital/online life context) "hand-eye-brain", attempts have been made in formulating a contemporary and combinatory view of the organization and phenomenon mechanism of crime in the modern (cyber) system. This study, as an explanatory entry on the recognition of the hybrid (cultural-biological) foundation of cybercrime, with a preventive purpose and in the context of restorative justice, has also tried to reflect on the educational/educational needs of children and teenagers in the context of Cyber lifestyle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
183 - Sense of Security in Women Based on Structural Design of Seifiyeh Park
Sonbol Hatami Sara JalaliyanAbstractThe expansion of cities and the growth of populations have led to alteration of urban structures and disturbance of the balance between the urban form and the natural environment which was once the initial bedrock of human settlements. This has been followed by MoreAbstractThe expansion of cities and the growth of populations have led to alteration of urban structures and disturbance of the balance between the urban form and the natural environment which was once the initial bedrock of human settlements. This has been followed by an increase in people’s need for new public and natural places to spend time and relax. In modern cities, parks are constructed to create balance between animate and inanimate urban textures and to provide urban citizens with places to gather and commune with nature.This has sparked a number of studies about these crimes and the possible ways to prevent criminal behaviors in these environments. This study aims to evaluate the security of women in Seifiyeh Park in the Iranian city of Malayer. The methodology of this research is qualitative-quantitative in the form of context analysis and case study. The required data were collected from the statistical population in the study area with the help of questionnaires based on the Cochran formula. The collected data were then analyzed by T-test and regression. The results of this study can help officials protect women against insecurity and aggression in parks and help pave the way for women’s constant presence in these environments without fear of harassment. The goals of this study are evaluation of said park’s design based on the crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) approach, examining its relationship with the amount of security and sense of security and investigation of the relationship between security and women’s participation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - Prevention of Green Crimes with Approaches of Critical Criminology
ahmad pourebrahim Receive Date: 2023/05/29 Revise Date: 2023/08/12   More Receive Date: 2023/05/29 Revise Date: 2023/08/12 Accept Date: 2023/09/10 Abstract Crimes against environment are applied to measures that under specific conditions, resulted in pollution, destruction or damage to epitomes of environment. The importance of prevention of these crimes is because of that, there is direct relationship with healthy of human beings. Furthermore, should be added that with globalization of economic and cultural processes, the crisis of environmental damages is reflected in more pervasive level that in this approach, at first, the green criminology started to work with a kind of pessimistic view about this kind of subjects and prevention of environmental crimes and being critical is the most important factor of green criminology. Since environment is noticed as a value and legal expediency, in recent decades, so prevention of related crimes with them is so important. Most countries performed special criminal system in this matter; so this important subject in forming legislative criminal policy about protection from environment is possible to study and survey. Each wise person with comprehension of these threats, will understands that the solution is exclusive to prevention from continue of destruction and protection of environment; furthermore, in this research, will try to survey green criminology and effect of its findings in criminal law of Iran in prevention of environmental crimes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
185 - Criminalization of goods and currency smuggling in Iran and its juridical and legal foundations
babak pourghahramani Sonia Alizadeh.samehThe problems caused by smuggling can be solved according to the factors that cause it. In jurisprudential texts, the phenomenon of trafficking has not been considered as an independent crime. However, according to the jurisprudential sources of the general titles that t MoreThe problems caused by smuggling can be solved according to the factors that cause it. In jurisprudential texts, the phenomenon of trafficking has not been considered as an independent crime. However, according to the jurisprudential sources of the general titles that the phenomenon of trafficking is included in, the independent criminalization of the phenomenon of trafficking can be applied. Ta'zeer considers behavior that does not have Shariah limits to be punishable. Therefore, due to the silence of this issue in mahramah gains, it can be determined by examining jurisprudential sources that smuggling is a forbidden economic act and its perpetrator deserves punishment. Therefore, the rule of maintaining the system can be considered as the reason for the Sharia and legal criminalization of goods and currency smuggling. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - Zemiology; The Case Study of The Consumers’ Rights (The Challenges and Solutions)
Adnan omrani far mahdi sheydaeiyan yegane birangZemiology is a nascent school that emerged from the heart of the revolutionary criminology and it has based it’s mission on the social pathology of criminal phenomena in the broader concept instead of reliance on the narrow concept of crime. Now, the main issue is MoreZemiology is a nascent school that emerged from the heart of the revolutionary criminology and it has based it’s mission on the social pathology of criminal phenomena in the broader concept instead of reliance on the narrow concept of crime. Now, the main issue is that whether the school of zemiology with social pathology approach can identify and present a solution to the damages of the consumer’s rights as an original foundation of the economical market? The writers believe that with the complexities of the damages caused to the rights of consumers, the teachings of the zemiology can remove the challenges of the concept of crime with instructions such as; Examining the extension of the damage, the hidden entry of the damage, the long distance from creation to appearance,the ignorance of victimization, and the difficulty of assignability. This research with a descriptive-analytical method comes to the conclusion that the teachings of zemiology can cover the inadequacies of the consumer’s rights in the direction of supporting by presenting solutions and economical pathology, physical-psychological and moral pathology in the society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - Identification of Dimensions and Components of the Criminal Policies in Different Stages of the Proceedings of Economic Crimes
Morteza Rezaei Mahmoud Qayyumzadeh Hossein Khosravi Amir MolamohammadaliThe influence of criminal populism in the field the economic crimes policy-making has caused that the strict emotional, diurnal and criminal incident-based policies will be approved and implemented while these programs have not been scientifically evaluated. Upcoming ar MoreThe influence of criminal populism in the field the economic crimes policy-making has caused that the strict emotional, diurnal and criminal incident-based policies will be approved and implemented while these programs have not been scientifically evaluated. Upcoming article in examining the populist criminal policies in different stages of the proceedings of economic crimes with the aim of reducing such criminal policies achieved this conclusion that adopting the immediate , short-term and propagandistic criminal policies and programs , focusing on the strict criminal responses, emphasizing on the exhibitive aspects in the trial and execution of the sentence, defamation of the convicts by disclosing their identities, creation of untimely organizational structures and the dominance of the media discourse over control policies are from most important manifestations of criminal populist policies in Iran. Adopting populist policies in dealing with economic crimes has consequences such as: policy-making with the aim of gaining public acceptance, inflation of criminal laws, tendency to strict mechanisms, reduction of the judges' liberties in determining punishment, limitation of fair trial criteria . Impressionability of the public opinion from the media political space and the emotionalization of the prevailing atmosphere against economical corruptions provide appropriate platforms for the adoption of immediate, short-term and propagandistic criminal policies and programs. In practice, these policies have caused the formation of new structures to deal with economical corruptions and creation of double responsibility of crime control institutions in the manner that the failure of the criminal justice system and new established institutions in achieving the determined goals caused pessimism and unreliability of the people in regard to the efficiency and effectiveness of the criminal justice system and economical anti-corruptions institutions . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - Women and White-Collar Criminals: Comparison of Pink-Collar and White-Collar Crimes in the Law of Iran and Norway
Maryam Kamaei Salameh Abolhasani Naghme FarhodWhite-collar crimes are crimes that are mainly committed by people from the high social and economic class. Katie Daly popularized the term "pink collar". This term refers to the white-collar crimes that women committed in their workplaces. The importance of white-colla MoreWhite-collar crimes are crimes that are mainly committed by people from the high social and economic class. Katie Daly popularized the term "pink collar". This term refers to the white-collar crimes that women committed in their workplaces. The importance of white-collar crimes and pink-collar crimes and its wide range of impact on the basic dimensions of a society is non-negligible; for this reason, serious effort and strict planning is necessary in supervising the behavior of perpetrators of such crimes and their punishments. This research considers the gender status in white-collar crimes in Iran and Norway; that the occurrence of the white-collar crimes is gender neutral or includes a special gender; so the difference between men and women in terms of the nature of white-collar crimes and their roles in these crimes are examined. The findings of research suggest that the occurrence of white-collar crimes in Norway and Iran are similar to each other and this hypothesis that gender segregation in society and workplace is the cause of white-collar crimes is questionable. As a result, gender inequality is not the origin of the gender gap in white-collar crimes, as far as it is related to access to the labor market and other resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
189 - Capacities and Limitations of Canonical and Jurisprudence Principals in Criminalization of Economic Crimes from an aspect of Imami Jurisprudence
Mohammad Mahdi Alizadeh Moghadam Mahmoud Qayyumzadeh Mahdi FalahReceive Date: 2022/10/08 Revise Date: 2022/11/17 Accep MoreReceive Date: 2022/10/08 Revise Date: 2022/11/17 Accept Date: 2022/12/13 Economic Crimes are not defined by lawyers comprehensively and exhaustively till now and the best method of identification of these crimes is through using the characteristics determined for them which include factors such as organization, low possibility of detection, economic motivation, credibility, involvement of organizations and economic activities, acquisition of benefits and protected values and finally their macro-level impact. This research adopts a descriptive analytical method and relies on library sources to find the response of this question that the Imami jurisprudence deals with which capacities and limitations in the criminalization of economic crimes? The findings of this research emphasized that this capacities involved two groups: religious principles (such as the principle of sanctity of invalid use of property, cooperation with sin, prohibition preceding prohibition and disobedience) and rational principles (including the principle of harm avoidance, expediency, order, trustworthiness, and fair wealth distribution). These principles enable Imami jurisprudence to criminalize the economic crimes that were not explicitly existed in Islamic teachings. However, like any other crime, the criminalization of economic crimes may face certain limitations that most important of this jurisprudence limitations are anecdotalism, lack of a structural approach, disregard for established issues and farness from governmental function. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
190 - Basics and Examples of Justifiability of Criminalization of Crimes against Security
shima moradifar Javad Tahmasabi mohammad ali mahdaviIt seems that criminalization is not possible based on only one basis and opinion and for criminalization of crimes, attention should be paid to integrated or mixed theories. As these statements are more dexterous and efficient for justifying and explaining the basics a MoreIt seems that criminalization is not possible based on only one basis and opinion and for criminalization of crimes, attention should be paid to integrated or mixed theories. As these statements are more dexterous and efficient for justifying and explaining the basics and the defect of one-dimensional looking is also solved. According to the current requirements of the Iran’s society and the threats toward country today and with considering the current security and military structures of the modern world, some of the behaviors are criminalized which lead to creating a threat for country's internal and external security. In customary and western law, many basics have been mentioned, however, the basics and examples that have the justifiability of criminalization of crimes against security and can be put in a logical combination are: the principle of welfare, the principle of damage, legal expediency and perfectionism. Legalism and its examples include: the necessity of establishment of an Islamic government and its preservation, the necessity of preserving the security of society, the necessity of preserving the territorial integrity and independence of the country, the necessity of preserving the popularity and political and economic power of the country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
191 - Constructivist Epistemology of the Model of Social Disasters in Crimes against Security Emphasizing the Disaster of Generation Gap and Multi-polarization
Mousavi Fard Seyed Mohammad Reza maryam foratiReceive Date: 2023/02/12 Revise Date: 2023/07/15   MoreReceive Date: 2023/02/12 Revise Date: 2023/07/15 Accept Date: 2023/07/16Incorrect management of generation gap and social disasters resulted from that on one hand, is changed to crimes against general security and on the other hand, to identity gap. It is possible with the constructivist theoretical approach examine the model of social crises caused by the generation gap and with security and delinquency prevention criminological approaches during middle time and long time, reduced its’ negative consequences. Constructivist approach provides best comprehension of social disasters caused by generation gap and its’ aspects. In this approach, the role of different factors; such as social networks on the process of social disasters is examined. However today social networks are one of the important arms of enemy for generation gap, social multi-polarization and weakness of national and political unity. For management of social disasters caused by generation gap, crisis-inducing social demands should be distinguished from organized crimes against public security and for prevention from changing a generation gap to identity gap and improvement of social security, using delinquency prevention criminological approaches is necessary. However the constructivist approach and using delinquency prevention criminological in middle time or long time is resulted in decrease of mentioned disasters’ functions and improvement of social security. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - The Challenges of the Judicial Criminal Policy of Iran in dealing with the Crimes of Disturbance of the Economical System of Country (with a Critical Approach to a Number of Judgments of the Criminal Courts)
Sayyed Ali Hosein Al-Hoseini Saeid Hakimiha Sayyed Ali Jabbar Golbaghi MasoulehThe crime of disturbance of the economical system of Iran, due to the frequency of its occurrence in recent decades is regarded by the criminal law community of Iran and the subject of researches in the field of criminal sciences that in this regard, the upcoming articl MoreThe crime of disturbance of the economical system of Iran, due to the frequency of its occurrence in recent decades is regarded by the criminal law community of Iran and the subject of researches in the field of criminal sciences that in this regard, the upcoming article with identification of existing shortcomings and gaps in the judicial criminal policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in confronting the disturbance in the economical system of the country, tries to indicate disorders originated from the implementation of this policy in the judicial procedure. The resulted findings from examination of the judicial criminal policy in dealing with these series of crimes of disturbance of the economical system of country, indicates that the criminal policy of Iran in dealing with these kind of crimes is different from other crimes and is in a repressive way and the most important challenges of the judicial criminal policy of Iran in confronting the crimes of disturbance of the economical system of the country is the multiplicity of the investigative authorities, binary interpretations and comments of the trial courts of the mentioned phrases and words in the Penal Code of Disruptors in the Economical System of the Country approved in 1369 and even the lack of the public prosecutor's office and the professional courts at the level of the country's provinces are for the purpose of professional researches and investigations about such crimes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - International Criminal Law Strategic Policies in Compensation with an Emphasis on International Judicial procedure
hossein jafari taheri Seyed Hesamodin LesaniSome international harms and injuries may be suffered by the victims through the commission of these crimes.The strategic policy of the Court has been linked with a critical and strategic approach to the political life of governments. Compensation has been institutional MoreSome international harms and injuries may be suffered by the victims through the commission of these crimes.The strategic policy of the Court has been linked with a critical and strategic approach to the political life of governments. Compensation has been institutionalized as an integral part of the strategic policy strategy of the International Criminal Court. The power element and the kind of strong and powerful relations with the Supreme Court can be decisive in the implementation of this policy, but the Supreme Court faces serious obstacles and obstacles in pursuit of strategic goals and policies by imposing authoritarian policies of global superpowers. These obstacles have created the balance of criminal justice system in dealing with international crimes. By this way the compensation as part of the function of the court is expressed through the implementation of the compensation plans. The Statute provides for the general points regarding compensation. However, the Court needs to establish the principles and procedures in every case. The main question in this research is what are the principles governing compensation within the ICC. For replying this question, the present research- which is in a descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - "The Yemeni crisis and the international responsibility of the United Nations"
elham karimi sohrab salahi Abomohammad AsgarkhaniThe purpose of this paper is to examine and assess the UN's international responsibility in the Yemeni crisis, which has been carried out through library methods. The main question of the article is how to explain the responsibility of the United Nations on the issue of MoreThe purpose of this paper is to examine and assess the UN's international responsibility in the Yemeni crisis, which has been carried out through library methods. The main question of the article is how to explain the responsibility of the United Nations on the issue of Yemen in accordance with the rules of international law and the regulations related to the international responsibility of international organizations? The findings show that in the Yemeni war, Saudi Arabia and its allies have committed war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. Crimes other than those of the United Nations. The United Nations Security Council has not taken the necessary steps to end the war and immediately stop the violence in Yemen, to act in support of the attackers on Yemen and violators of international law, and to impose comprehensive sanctions on Yemen. It has issued a resolution, which, due to the siege and widespread sanctions, has led to horrific international crimes as well as widespread famine. In addition to maintaining international peace and security, the United Nations has a responsibility to determine the fate of the nation in Yemen, given the sensitive situation in Yemen Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
195 - The Annexation of Crimea to the Russian Federation from the Perspective of International Law
Hamidreza Jamali Houssein KhamesipourAbstract Annexation of Crimea to the Russia refers to the separation of part of the Crimean peninsula, which was recognized as part of Ukraine. Russia annexed it to the mainland through a referendum after a military operation and help of pro-Russian local authorities i MoreAbstract Annexation of Crimea to the Russia refers to the separation of part of the Crimean peninsula, which was recognized as part of Ukraine. Russia annexed it to the mainland through a referendum after a military operation and help of pro-Russian local authorities in March 2014. A process which was considered by many international leaders and institutions as illegal and consequently sanctions were imposed against Russia. On the other hand Russia and pro-Russian Crimean people of Russian origin consider their action as legitimate and in the direction of right of self-determination. They cite the International Court of Justice (ICJ) opinion on Kosovo. The present article raises the question that how the action of Russia in separating Crimea from Ukraine and annexing it to herself can be evaluated from the perspective of international law? The methodology used in the research is descriptive-analytical. The finding of the study shows that international law cannot explain it with a no or yes answer whether this action had been legal or illegal but this practice can become a precedent which will certainly jeopardize the world security in future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
196 - Fear of crime in urban public space from the perspective of women (Case study: Women of Babol)
علی اصغر عباسی اسفجیر Alireza Barari ali rahmani firuozjahFear is one of the words that every person instinctively experiences in any way from birth to death. The purpose of this study was fear of crime in public space from the perspective of women in Babol in 1398. This research has been done using a survey method and a quest MoreFear is one of the words that every person instinctively experiences in any way from birth to death. The purpose of this study was fear of crime in public space from the perspective of women in Babol in 1398. This research has been done using a survey method and a questionnaire. The study population consisted of women aged 18 to 60 living in Babol. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula, 350 people and were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method. To analyze the research data, correlation coefficient tests with spss24 software and confirmatory factor analysis of the second stage with Amos25 software were used. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated and evaluated using Cronbach's alpha method, based on which the coefficient of research variables and its dimensions was more than .7. The results showed that these variables of social distance and the use of mass media and informal control, disorder, have a significant relationship with fear of crime. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
197 - .Development of a generic model for crime ridden neighborhood
Mostafa Ejtehadi Salahaldin Qaderi Farshid KhezriThe existence of numerous theories and studies about crime at the level of neighborhood, despite having positive points, suffers from certain kinds of reductionism and ambiguity. Many of these studies have focused on social, economic, cultural and environmental variable MoreThe existence of numerous theories and studies about crime at the level of neighborhood, despite having positive points, suffers from certain kinds of reductionism and ambiguity. Many of these studies have focused on social, economic, cultural and environmental variables as the prime causes of crime, and have not systematically studied crime at the neighborhood level. Also, theories and studies that have tried to provide a more integrated model for crime analysis at the neighborhood level are still not well suited to combining different levels and dimensions. The purpose of this paper was to present a multidimensional and multilevel model emphasizing the causal factors and mechanisms for explaining crime at the neighborhood level. Without attempting to present a theory, this article tries to provide a comprehensive model for community-based crime studies by reviewing existing theories on social, cultural, economic and environmental dimensions and combining them. The article tries to increase the explanatory power of neighborhood and crime studies. The success rate of this goal is conditional on testing this model using data within and between neighborhoods and also on being criticized by researchers in this area. The model presented in this paper is a multidimensional and multilevel model in which it attempts to combine the external and internal characteristics of the neighborhood with the power of collective and individual actors to explain the crime. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
198 - An Analysis of Linear and non-linear effects of High-rise constructions on the level and types of Urban Crimes (case of study: North and South Parts of the city of Esfahan)
Mahin Nastaran Vahid Ghasemi Shabnam YasavolianExcessive and irregular growth of population in urban areas, especially in metropolitan areas, has caused increase of high-rise buildings and also has brought about many problems such as social anomalies, reduction of security, etc. This paper studies the relations betw MoreExcessive and irregular growth of population in urban areas, especially in metropolitan areas, has caused increase of high-rise buildings and also has brought about many problems such as social anomalies, reduction of security, etc. This paper studies the relations between high-rising buildings and the kind and amount of urban crimes. In this paper, in addition to evaluating the relationship between two main variables, other factors that can affect urban crimes are also examined. The research population consisted of the residents of regions 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14 in north and south of Isfahan. The findings showed that the linear relationship between high rising buildings and urban crimes is low. In general the increase of high-rise building caused 6.5% increase of urban crimes. On the other hand, with the score of 0.92, there is a very strong nonlinear relationship between two mentioned variables. Among four groups of urban crime, Pearson coefficient for crimes against properties and ownership is 0.47 and Spearman coefficient is 0.6, which is the strongest relationship of variables considered. This indicates that the probability of committing a crime in high rise building areas like region 6, increases, perhaps because of the relatively good economic situation of the residents. Considering the effects of intervening variables, the results showed that better employment conditions, durability and age of buildings decreases urban crimes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
199 - Women’s perspectives on Fear of crime in urban public spaces (Case of study: women in Babol)
Alireza Barari Ali Asghar Abbasi Asfajir ali rahmani firuozjahFear is one of the most familiar issues that every person instinctively experiences in many ways from birth to death. The purpose of this study was to study fear of crime in public spaces from the perspectives of women in the city of Babol in 1398. This research was con MoreFear is one of the most familiar issues that every person instinctively experiences in many ways from birth to death. The purpose of this study was to study fear of crime in public spaces from the perspectives of women in the city of Babol in 1398. This research was conducted using a survey method and a uestionnaire. The research population consisted of women aged 18 to 60 living in Babol of which, using Cochran's formula, 350 people were selected as the sample using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. To analyze the research data, correlation coefficient tests with spss24 software and confirmatory factor analysis of the second stage with Amos25 software were used. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated and evaluated using Cronbach's alpha method, based on which the coefficient of research variables and its dimensions was more than 0.7. In this study, by using inferential statistics, the relationship between the variables social distance, the use of mass media, informal control, disorder and fear of crime were examined and the relationships were significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
200 - An Improved K-Means with Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for Clustering Crimes
Mohammad Karimi Farhad Soleimanian Gharehchopogh -
Open Access Article
201 - The Assessment of CPTED Components in the Crime Prevention (Case Study: Abrisham, Pardisan, and Kaktoos Residential Complexes on the Rasht City)
Seyed Fargol Hosseini Divshali Amir Reza Karimi AzeriThis paper studies the assessment of CPTED’s mold components in order to enhance the security in the Rasht’s residential complexes (Abrisham, Pardisan, and Kaktoos) and reduce the crime in there. In this study, the descriptive-analytic research methods, a qu MoreThis paper studies the assessment of CPTED’s mold components in order to enhance the security in the Rasht’s residential complexes (Abrisham, Pardisan, and Kaktoos) and reduce the crime in there. In this study, the descriptive-analytic research methods, a questionnaire-based quantitative method, and literature review has been used. Moreover, the field-researches method is another approach that has been used in this study. On the other hand, the software SPSS, Friedman test, and variance analyses have been used for statistical analysis. According to the infinity of the society, the sample size was calculated based on Cochran’s optimal size formula and the result was 384 people. Finally, the main questionnaire with 36 questions was provided for 390 people. The results show that the strategies of Crime Prevention through Environmental Designs (CPTDE) such as territory-definition, monitoring, entry and access controls, and environmental quality earned coefficients of 0.464, 0.533, 0.561, and 0.402 respectively and with meaningful level less than 0.05, have a direct correlation with crime prevention. Based on these results, it is recommended to attention the solutions such as breakdown of public, Semipublic, Semi-private and private areas; Designing the main facade of the houses facing the street and public areas; the definition of distinctive entrance to the residential complex; landscape design of complex and using appropriate and beautiful urban furniture, in the architectural design. Also quality of environmental neighborhood, in urban planning and architectural is considered in order to reduce the crime rate of residential complexes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - Zonation and Spatial Analysis of Urban Regions in Terms of Social Anomalies and Identification of Urban Crime-Prone Centers (Case Study: Tabriz Metropolitan)
S. Mohammadi Omnab K. Hoseinzadehdalir P. Norouzi SaniThis study aims to identify and present an image of crime-prone centers and social anomalies at areas of Tabriz city. In this research, a combination of descriptive, analytical and comparative methods have been used. Professional Software of Crime Spatial Analysis in GI MoreThis study aims to identify and present an image of crime-prone centers and social anomalies at areas of Tabriz city. In this research, a combination of descriptive, analytical and comparative methods have been used. Professional Software of Crime Spatial Analysis in GIS environment, Variance and Covariance Statistical Methods and Toki Test, Clustering Test (the nearest neighbor index) and Interpolation Method were used for crime spatial pattern analyses in Tabriz city areas. Findings of the study indicated that the most important urban crime-prone centers of Tabriz city are in the regions 6, 4 and 10 which are of the most populated districts of the city with improper physical structure and lower controllability. According to the comparison of the means and their order, regions 2 and 3 obtained the least scores of social anomalies, respectively. To show the study variables distribution pattern, we used the nearest neighbor pattern, which is completely spread in all variables, considering distribution pattern model. Next, according to the findings of the field study we used interpolation model for zonation of the study variables in Tabriz city regions. Zonation of the variable of wickedness in Tabriz city had the most and the least densities in the regions 6, 4 and 10 and also, the regions 2, 1, and 8, correspondingly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
203 - On the Analysis of the Relationship between Physical Deterioration and Crime in Metropolises (Case Study: District 12 of Tehran City)
H. Heidarkhani R. Mokhtari Malek Abadi M. rostami Faryad ParhizThe worn out texture of Tehran city is 3268 hectares, which accounts for about 5 percent of the total area of the city of Tehran, and the district 12, which is the historical core, is one of the worst urban areas in Tehran. The emergence of various social anomalies in T MoreThe worn out texture of Tehran city is 3268 hectares, which accounts for about 5 percent of the total area of the city of Tehran, and the district 12, which is the historical core, is one of the worst urban areas in Tehran. The emergence of various social anomalies in Tehran's metropolis has become a major concern for urban managers. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the spatial patterns and facilitating conditions of committing crimes in the area of worn out texture of the region of 12 metropolitan area of Tehran. The current research is applied and its method is analytical, comparative. In this study, tests for the nearest neighbor and kernel density estimates were used to identify spatial patterns of crime distribution. The statistical population of the present study consisted of convicted offenders who have been filed in Tehran's clinics. As a statistical sample, 560 cases of crimes in district 12 of Tehran municipality have been investigated. The findings show that the concentration center of mass corpses has been formed in central, northeastern and northwestern parts of the district 12 of Tehran, which indicates the unfavorable situation of this section in terms of delinquency than other parts of it. has it. The highest percentages of crimes occurred in blocks of 40-60, 60-80, 80-100% unbearable. From the total of 560 crimes committed, 509 cases equaled 87.69% of all crimes occurred in unrelenting blocks with a high percentage of infamy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
204 - Modeling and Impact of Social Dimensions of Slum on Crime (Case Study: Kashan Slums)
Mohsen Shaterian Rasol Heidary Soreshjani Kamran DowlatyarianMarginalization as one from problems urban and under the effect put to give Security social and provide to make substrate mass always you notice authorities urban and organizations respective been, target research present check and analysis factors effective on occurren MoreMarginalization as one from problems urban and under the effect put to give Security social and provide to make substrate mass always you notice authorities urban and organizations respective been, target research present check and analysis factors effective on occurrence crimes social at areas marginalized city Kashan is. Method research - descriptive analytical is. Volume sample with use from soft the software sample power with level assurance 95 % and error probable 5 % 160 people (Household) consumption. Became that contains areas stagnant pump a farmer vazargah The neighbourhood arabs and township twenty two avalanche you can Be. To analysis descriptive and stan abaty Data from Test statistical T-Test At application SPSS and direction explaining and modeling effects also from modeling equations structural at application amos use respectively. Results the result from Test T marker meaningful to be effects social, with occurrence mass at area marginalized is. Analysis findings the result from modeling equations structural expresses This is that from among indices investigating it indicator Illiteracy and low literacy the most bar factor take with weight regression (97/0) at occurrence crimes to yourself assign data Is. After that base family with weight regression (0.95) at ratings second put has it and two variable unemployment and addiction for common with weight regression (0.85) at place third and fourth put have and finally factor lack of feeling belonging with weight regression (0.88) in rating fifth Put has it Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
205 - Determination and Improvement of Crime Vulnerability Areas of Hematabad District in Isfahan Using Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) Approach
Homayoon NooraieThe aim of this research is to apply Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) approach for security improvement of Hematabad district in Isfahan as the case study. To achieve this goal, we used documentary and surveying methods for data gathering and geogra MoreThe aim of this research is to apply Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) approach for security improvement of Hematabad district in Isfahan as the case study. To achieve this goal, we used documentary and surveying methods for data gathering and geographic information system (GIS), SPSS and expert choice software for data analysis and overlaying. Results indicate that Hematabad district have a lot of potential point for crime in term of CPTED approach and in terms of the principles of CPTED approach (Consists of "enhancing natural surveillance", "enhancing natural access control", "Territorial reinforcement", "Protection and maintenance of environment" and "community-based activity support"). Also, the results show overall, according to the measures of the CPTED, most of these potential points for the occurrence of crime are located in the piriphery the Hemmat Abad district in Isfahan, not in the center of the district. This is especially due to the lack of "natural surveillance capabilities", "community-based activities" and the "protection and maintenance of the environment" in these areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
206 - Criminality analysis of urban spaces based on the theory of space syntax (Case Study: Theft Crimes in Pakdasht City)
keramatollah ziari vahid abbasifallah hasan khodabandehlo mehdi ehsasikhahIntroduction :The spatial configuration is the way spaces are placed together and in their relationships, which illustrates the importance of spatial communication in the whole system. Goal : In order to measure the relationship between security and spatial configuratio MoreIntroduction :The spatial configuration is the way spaces are placed together and in their relationships, which illustrates the importance of spatial communication in the whole system. Goal : In order to measure the relationship between security and spatial configurations, the indicators of interconnection, connection, selection, control, and types of theft crimes have been investigated.Geographical area of research: The study area of the research is the legal area of Pakdasht city.Methodology : The present study was carried out with the attention of the spatial event of exploratory atrocities and then to investigate the spatial factors affecting the occurrence of crimes of an analytical type.Results and discussion: In these maps, an analysis of the distribution of various types of theft crimes related to the spatial configuration of the city has been obtained. Finally, the correlation between spatial configuration and types of crime counts in SPSS software was measured by Pearson correlation test.Conclusion: The results of the research show that there is a positive correlation between opportunistic crime (theft) and spatial configurations indicators. This means that an increase in the level of these indicators results in an increase in the number of crimes of theft and the perpetrators, in such a context, can possibly steal more. However, in detail this relationship and the connection with the theft of residential houses and casings have been negated, and the theft of residential houses has occurred in less interconnected areas, but with a higher depth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
207 - Citizenship positive attitude role on crimes reducing and it’s ranking & leveling in urban regions (Case study: Ardebil city)
Mohammad Hasan Yazdani asghar pashazadeh Fatemeh Zadvalicitizenship positive attitude against urbanization problems and subjects is an important requirement. According to this subject importance, current study follow to investigate applied knowledge development about crimes reducing focused on citizenship positive attitude. Morecitizenship positive attitude against urbanization problems and subjects is an important requirement. According to this subject importance, current study follow to investigate applied knowledge development about crimes reducing focused on citizenship positive attitude. So in current analytical-descriptive study among Ardebil citizens , 344 persons was determined with Cochrane method by size and clustered random method was used to sampling from urban regions. Along data analysis, partial squares at least method was applied in Warp-PLS Software framework to investigate citizenship positive attitude factor effectiveness amount on psychological capital and crimes reducing; KOPRAS model was used to plans drawing. In order to variables weights determination; Entropy model was applied in Excel Software framework and cluster analysis method was used in SPSS Software framework to urban region leveling or ranking. Results showed that, citizenship positive attitude situation in Ardebil city is in weak level and the highest amount relates to 1 region and the lowest amount relates to urban 4 region and totally they are in 3 clusters. It is necessary to mention that; helping behaviors and resistant variables are the most effective cases on citizenship positive attitude variable. Independent variables effectiveness shows, there is direct and significant relationship between citizenship positive attitude and psychological capital and also there is reverse relationship between psychological capitals and crime reducing. Rising citizenship positive attitude among citizen’s because to improve psychological capital and also psychological capital cause to reduce crime and this case is different from one region to another region based on attitude environmental conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
208 - Recognizing effective factors in the quarrel crime occurrence (Case study: Ardebil jailors)
Mansor Rahmati yazdani Mohammad Hasan asghar pashazadehIntroduction: One of main threatening factors for people is non-civil aggression behavior, violence, contention, and quarrel occurrence causing disturbance for people and society body and financial insecurity. So, it is necessary to investigate quarrel occurrence reason MoreIntroduction: One of main threatening factors for people is non-civil aggression behavior, violence, contention, and quarrel occurrence causing disturbance for people and society body and financial insecurity. So, it is necessary to investigate quarrel occurrence reasons. Goal: The aim of current research is recognizing effective factors in quarrel crime occurrence from the viewpoint of 111 jailors at Ardebil city and data were gathered from all the cases by the use of a questionnaire. Methodology: The current study is applied regarding the aim and also it is descriptive- analytical with respect to methodology. Statistical population includes all of jailed wrongdoers at the result of quarrel in the first half of 1396 solar year, which they are passing condemnation period at Ardebil jail and it was completed with whole counting method by using questionnaire (111 persons). In order to research data analysis partial at least squares model was used in Warp-PLS software. Geographical area of research: This research has been done in the geographical area of Ardabil.Results and discussion: Results showed that, effectiveness of 10 variables among 12 independent variables were confirmed on quarrel occurrence. Also social- economical bases, labeling, family social problems, family- place origin and relative deprivation variables have the highest effect in quarrel occurrence. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that, in quarrel occurring, different factors such as personal, social- economic and environmental factors are effective and they have various effectiveness degrees according to factors such as time, place and importance conditions. Main variables in the current study are social-economic base, belonging to race-fanaticism society, social anatomy, genetics feature, negative interactions, place-family origin, social controlling, family social problems, labeling, relative deprivation and cultural intelligence factors which have been mentioned with importance ranking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
209 - Analysis of the most important factors affecting the spread of addiction in rural areas; (Case Study: High Gharaposhtloo county, township Zanjan)
Mehdi Cheraghi Masumeh MohammadloAddiction in rural communities is growing. However, most studies have been done addiction in urban areas, Research is needed on the factors affecting the drug to be done in rural areas. The present study investigated factors affecting the spread of addiction in rural ar MoreAddiction in rural communities is growing. However, most studies have been done addiction in urban areas, Research is needed on the factors affecting the drug to be done in rural areas. The present study investigated factors affecting the spread of addiction in rural areas. Research method is applied and the nature of the research is descriptive - analytic. The data collection tool for library field (questionnaire), for descriptive and inferential analysis (factor analysis) is. The study consisted of rural families is High Gharaposhtloo, Due to the large number of villages and 12 villages of the district to a detailed study by cluster sampling based on population, the number of samples per class population was found. The findings show that the most important factor of economic development in rural areas of study drug. Special value of this factor is 7.756, which alone is able to calculate and explain 13.96% of the variance. The variable load factor was 16. Of the 16 variables studied in this variable lower drug prices with coefficient of 0.785, unemployment loadings 0.710 and variable low, easy access to drugs with coefficient of 0.716, the economic factor, individual and infrastructure as the most important factors the spread of addiction were identified. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
210 - Sociological Analysis on the Procedure for the Treatment of Pedophilia in Jurisprudence and Law
Soudabeh Taheri Hasan AsadiVulnerable groups, including children, need special support in their particular circumstances through the adoption of differential policies. A differential policy in domestic law is presented as a specific crime in the field of children or in the form of intensified pun MoreVulnerable groups, including children, need special support in their particular circumstances through the adoption of differential policies. A differential policy in domestic law is presented as a specific crime in the field of children or in the form of intensified punishment. The procedure for the hearing of children and adolescents has a number of differentiated features in adulthood. Including the fact that police and judges exclusively or frequently involved in pediatric trials should be familiar with the creation of courses with a variety of sciences such as child psychology, social work and criminology. The hearing should be completely censored and protected by the child. It seems that the special procedure for the criminalization of children in customary law is inconsistent with Islamic law, and there are no indications and prohibitions on the application of this proceeding in valid jurisprudential texts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
211 - The Impact of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization on Central Asia’s Security
Mohammadreza Dehshiri Hedayat Allah Nobar Turkaman Fatemeh Hashemi -
Open Access Article
212 - Consistency in the EU’s Normative Foreign Policy: Crimean Tatars and Xinjiang Uyghurs
Nasrin Mosaffa Issa Adeli -
Open Access Article
213 - Preventive Reduce Solutions Prisoners The crime of Abandoning Alimony
mohammad reza mousavifardPreventive teachings on the criminality of leaving alimony towards the wife in family crimes as a virgin field of study in the form of preventive and applied criminology with "emphasis on family education and teachings" can be called that which has been neglected until MorePreventive teachings on the criminality of leaving alimony towards the wife in family crimes as a virgin field of study in the form of preventive and applied criminology with "emphasis on family education and teachings" can be called that which has been neglected until now and despite the existence of legal duties in the judiciary. No special attention has been paid to it. Due to the high rate of divorce in Iran, this lack of attention in this specific criminal title has led to the filing of many judicial cases on a daily basis and consequently the increase in the number of convicts, both legal and criminal, which is considered here as the criminal population, has significantly increased. In this research article, from the perspective of a descriptive, analytical and practical method, we are looking for a suitable answer to this question, based on the existing laws, can scientific and practical solutions in the form of practical prevention criminology be used to prevent the non-criminality of couples and reduce the criminal population of prisons in this specific criminal category. presented? In response, it should be said: solutions such as: paying alimony to the wife's card number, accessing the wife's bank account if necessary, using the family card plan in peacetime, paying to the justice deposit fund by sending a statement, obtaining invoices for purchases under Alimony, the traditional way of taking a witness in the payment of alimony, court-friendly reasons, in the general and specific disobedience of the wife, can be considered among the reliable preventive solutions in the absence of the husband's guilt in these cases. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
214 - Establishing criminal intent in the context of science and results
Farzad Tanhaee mohammad ebrahim shams nateryThe knowledge of the occurrence of the result means the customary knowledge of the perpetrator as a result of his committed behavior is one of the constituent elements of the spiritual element in restricted crimes. This is referred to in indirect law as indirect or subo MoreThe knowledge of the occurrence of the result means the customary knowledge of the perpetrator as a result of his committed behavior is one of the constituent elements of the spiritual element in restricted crimes. This is referred to in indirect law as indirect or subordinate intent, while its essential and independent role in the intent of the outcome should not be overlooked. As in cases where the perpetrator of the world to the occurrence of the result, has no intention of the result. This poses a serious challenge to determining the criteria for obtaining knowledge of the occurrence of the result and makes the necessity of examining it in Iranian criminal law a necessity. In some cases, it is difficult to distinguish between intentional and unintentional crimes .As in cases where the perpetrator of the world to the occurrence of the result, has no intention of the result. This poses a serious challenge to determining the criteria for obtaining knowledge of the occurrence of the result and makes the necessity of examining it in Iranian criminal law a necessity. In some cases, it is difficult to distinguish between intentional and unintentional crimes it is difficult to distinguish between intentional and unintentional crimes Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
215 - The effect of government governance quality on crime
hassan Naghizadeh Khurjastan Leila EbrahimpourIn recent decades, a lot of research has been done by researchers on the quality of government governance and the choice of the best governance framework. Governance is a broad concept that is directly related to areas such as economic, political, social and legal secur MoreIn recent decades, a lot of research has been done by researchers on the quality of government governance and the choice of the best governance framework. Governance is a broad concept that is directly related to areas such as economic, political, social and legal security. Crime is an obstacle to social and economic development. This significantly reduces the ability of governments to provide justice, health, education and other social services to citizens and weakens the rule of law. For this reason, strong governance strategies are necessary to prevent crime that hinders social and economic development. Many researchers have emphasized the role of economic factors such as inflation, unemployment, and poverty on the development of crime, but in fact, the governance quality of governments as the main custodians of economy and politics can be the main cause of all disorders, which has received less attention. Therefore, in this research, by using the FMOLS test, the relationships between the variables of crime rate and governance quality were investigated in the period of 1390-1398 in Iran. It is negative and based on the ranking and the impact of governance quality indicators on the crime rate, the most impact is related to the supervisory quality variable and the least impact is related to the corruption control variable. Therefore, in order to reduce crime, raising the quality of government governance should be considered by policy makers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
216 - The study of religious prudence and legalbasies of Baghy
Sayyid Muhammad Musawi Bujnurdi Ensiyah Asim NakhjawaniMaterial element of political offenses is that it doesn't include bad intention but includes misunderstanding. Baghy means injustice, in Islam Sharia can be counted as a political crime and material element of public crime is bad intention while the however in political MoreMaterial element of political offenses is that it doesn't include bad intention but includes misunderstanding. Baghy means injustice, in Islam Sharia can be counted as a political crime and material element of public crime is bad intention while the however in political crime the material element is not bad intention, it is misunderstanding and the doer thinks that he/she is serving the community but it is just a misunderstanding. Shia grate jurists usually call Baghi the one who has exit commands of justice Emam of the time. But we expand this interpretation, and in addition we say that the one who exit Islamic government commands (including mentioned conditions) doesn't include material element which is bad intention but it includes misunderstanding. Punishment for Baghy: Some people believe it is amongst Hodoud punishments and some other opposes this belief. According to what Islam and social justice believes, government should treat the benignantly, led him/her and guide him to understand his/her mistakes. As it has been mentioned he/her doesn't have bad intention he/she has just misunderstanding. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - Analysis of jurisprudential principles of criminal responsibility of governments
mahmood mohamadi jorjafaki Ruhollah afzali goroh majid khazaeiBackground and Aim: In Islamic jurisprudence, there is no explanation about the criminal responsibility of the government as a legal entity, and only in the works of some great jurists, there are discussions about proving the legal personality of institutions such as wa MoreBackground and Aim: In Islamic jurisprudence, there is no explanation about the criminal responsibility of the government as a legal entity, and only in the works of some great jurists, there are discussions about proving the legal personality of institutions such as waqf, treasury and government; However, using the logic of inference, solid reasons can be provided for this issue with strong jurisprudential support. In this article, the authors seek to answer the question of what jurisprudential basis is the attribution of criminal responsibility to governments?Method: The present study has been compiled by descriptive-analytical method with library study.Findings and Results: The authors, while typologizing government crimes and expressing the acceptance of the legal personality of the government in Islamic jurisprudence and also accepting the ability to assign criminal responsibility to governments, to general jurisprudential principles such as the book and tradition and specific jurisprudential principles including the rule of ta'zir The Deputy Prime Minister, the rule of expediency, the rule of invalidity, the responsibility for the conduct of another person, the rule of maintaining order, criminal justice and finally the morals have been discussed and the research results confirm that the criminal responsibility of governments - They have been legislated after 1392 - from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence, it also has validity and legitimacy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
218 - Conceptualization of economic crimes and strategies to deal with them in the criminal policy of Iran and France
meysam imani naghmeh farhud Seyyed Yazdullah Taheri NesabBackground and purpose: Economic crimes are one of the most challenging issues in the world due to their impact on all levels of society, and Iran is no exception. Iran's economic environment, due to suffering from many injuries, compared to economic systems like France MoreBackground and purpose: Economic crimes are one of the most challenging issues in the world due to their impact on all levels of society, and Iran is no exception. Iran's economic environment, due to suffering from many injuries, compared to economic systems like France, creates a more favorable environment for committing economic crimes, the spread of economic crimes prevents the government from achieving its national goals in the field of economic security and general crimes. endangersMethod: The present research was carried out using a descriptive and analytical method.Findings and results: For the first time, the Islamic Penal Code has presented a concept of economic crime by the method of "limited explanation of examples". To some extent, it can be said that examples of economic crimes have been stated. The criticism of economic crimes in Iran's current criminal policy is that some crimes, such as securities market crimes, are excluded from the scope of the definition, and some crimes do not have an economic nature and can only be related to economic crimes. , such as not announcing the occurrence of these crimes by the official authorities, they are included in economic crimes. Contrary to French law, in Iran's criminal policy, especially from the point of view of formal rights, there is no coherent and regular approach and no differential regime has been considered to fight these crimes, and despite the specification of "Special Court for Economic Crimes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
219 - Explaining state crime in the context of postmodern criminology; From criminal normalization to government norm-breaking
sirous imani mehrdad rayrjiyan asli qasem mohamadiThe concealment and justification of harmful actions and decisions of governments and statesmen in the shadow of their power on the one hand and the neglect of the modern criminal justice system and criminology to properly explain and recognize it as a crime on the othe MoreThe concealment and justification of harmful actions and decisions of governments and statesmen in the shadow of their power on the one hand and the neglect of the modern criminal justice system and criminology to properly explain and recognize it as a crime on the other hand, is an issue that can not be Ignored in the field of criminology and criminal law. Based on the studies and findings of the article, it is impossible to explain and analyze government crime through current and modern criminological theories and approaches, but to show and explain the relationship between crime equation and normative power and then how to hide governments and denial. It is not possible for them to become super-criminals except through a critical attitude and beyond the dominance of current criminology and the foundation government. Therefore, the present article, based on critical theory and postmodern approach - as one of the contemporary critical approaches - to explain and analyze state crime in the field of criminology and criminal law and identify it as a crime and severe harm. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
220 - The relation of publicity rule in the legal system of Islam, Iran and western countries from the point of view of government costs and proceedings
Peyman Haj Mahmoud Attar Batul Pakzad Fethullah RahimiField and Aims: The purpose of this research is to investigate the rule of publicity in Islamic law and Western law from the perspective of government and legal costs. Today, in legal criminal policy, the economy of crime is one of the important issues, and the costs of MoreField and Aims: The purpose of this research is to investigate the rule of publicity in Islamic law and Western law from the perspective of government and legal costs. Today, in legal criminal policy, the economy of crime is one of the important issues, and the costs of criminalization, criminalization, and method should be considered. Less expensive ways to fight crime should be considered. One of the criminal measures that exist in all legal systems, both Islamic law and Western law, is to make public the crimes committed by criminals, especially those who commit crimes against state and public property or deprivation of public safety and comfort. In Islamic law and Western law, this is called the implementation of the rule of publicity.Method: The present research was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method.Finding and Conclusion: The rule of publicity in reducing the costs of crime has been subjected to comparative research from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence, Iranian law and Western law, and the findings indicate that in many cases, people who are prone to commit crimes by observing the punishment of the convicted are made public. have given up committing crimes, and publicizing the execution of punishments has reduced the commission of crimes and prevented many of their types. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
221 - The necessary for a coordinated international police criminal policy in the confronting against cybercrime
Ebrahim Rajabi Taj AmirField and Aims: In the present era, one of the new challenges for the police is to deal with cybercrime. Given the vastness and networking of cyberspace, it must be acknowledged that tackling cybercrime will be due to the extent of the damage and the large number of vic MoreField and Aims: In the present era, one of the new challenges for the police is to deal with cybercrime. Given the vastness and networking of cyberspace, it must be acknowledged that tackling cybercrime will be due to the extent of the damage and the large number of victims, cross-border and the difficulty of detecting and prosecuting the perpetrator, and many other police-only characteristics. Method: This is a qualitative and applied research in terms of purpose and in terms of collecting information by documentary method and studying international documents, sources related to the subject and the obtained information has been analyzed descriptively-analytically. Findings and conclusion: The criminal policy governing cybercrime in Iran relies more on government response with a focus on national security. The lack of police dynamism, the lack of international cooperation and the lack of a homogeneous police criminal policy structure at the global level have challenged the criminal policy of the Iranian police in the fight against cybercrime. Therefore, in order to achieve the desired result and facilitate international police cooperation in order to reduce the challenges ahead, as well as to build capacity in the fight against cybercrime, an effective coordinated international criminal police policy through international police cooperation mechanisms against cybercrime is necessary. And specializing in cybercrime units, providing equipment and facilities for advanced cybercrime hardware and software, adopting international frameworks for police cooperation in cybercrime, and establishing a coherent international police policy in the face of cybercrime. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
222 - دادرسی عادلانه در رسیدگی به جرایم سایبری نیروهای مسلح
sajad fatahizafarghandi مهدی esmaeli hasan hajiIn the present study, a fair trial in cybercrime has been investigated by descriptive-analytical method. The result of the present study shows that the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Armed Forces and Electronic Trial, approved on 7/8/2014, has many positive aspects a MoreIn the present study, a fair trial in cybercrime has been investigated by descriptive-analytical method. The result of the present study shows that the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Armed Forces and Electronic Trial, approved on 7/8/2014, has many positive aspects and points regarding the observance of civil rights, the rights of the accused, the right of defense, the lawyer, the trial process, guarantees. The trial is fair and just. If it undergoes general and serious changes, and by drafting executive regulations, its presence, using the professional experiences of experts, judges and lawyers, can be effective in guaranteeing the citizenship and fundamental rights of the people. The new Code of Criminal Procedure, with extensive numerical, formal and substantive changes in the Code of Criminal Procedure and the manner of prosecution of the accused, typically tends to apply the "principle of narrow interpretation in favor of the accused", observing the principles and norms of civil and human rights and trying to achieve the judicial system. Has justice to the plaintiff, mine, victim, witness, informant, lawyer and the like in the criminal proceedings. In the mentioned law, while removing many restrictions and obstacles regarding the right of defense and the defendant from the accused, the principle of the need for a lawyer and his right to defend the accused as his client and the need to understand the legal rights of the accused by the judiciary and Judicial officers put in all criminal matters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
223 - Criminal protection of fixed oil platforms located in the continental shelf area
amir shakery محمدرضا sh hasan poorbafraniField and Aims: The location of fixed oil facilities located in the continental shelf area outside the territorial jurisdiction of the coastal state creates limitations in the field of criminal protection for them. In this article, by using international documents and r MoreField and Aims: The location of fixed oil facilities located in the continental shelf area outside the territorial jurisdiction of the coastal state creates limitations in the field of criminal protection for them. In this article, by using international documents and rules related to the cross-border implementation of criminal laws, the capacities of domestic laws in the field of criminal protection of these facilities have been examined. Based on this, we are going to investigate what criminal protection has been done in the regulations of the fixed oil platforms located in the continental shelf area?Method: The present research was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method.Finding and Conclusion: Although the international custom has established the necessary mechanisms to apply criminal jurisdiction over these facilities in the form of the so-called Protocol to Combat Illegal Acts against the Safety of Fixed Oil Platforms in the Continental Shelf Region, an addendum to the Convention against Illegal Acts against Maritime Safety approved by Rome in 1988, but despite our country's accession to this protocol and its emphasis on criminal countermeasures against the act contained in the protocol by the member countries, no action has been taken regarding the criminalization of these acts in our criminal law and the possibility of using Its capacity in criminal protection has been taken away from this facility. Also, due to the lack of provision for these facilities in the cases of the actual jurisdiction of applying the Islamic Penal Code and the absence of any other specific law in this field, currently our criminal law in the field of protecting these facilities is facing a legal gap and only by resorting to legal generality. You can support them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
224 - The concept and nature of genocide: A look at the legal aspects of the genocide of Rohingya Muslims
Mohammad Taghi Gohernia Ismail Rahiminejad Reza FaniField and Aims: Although genocide was not an independent crime in the past and was subject to crimes against humanity, the severity and heinous nature of the acts, as well as the special malice that is unique to this crime, quickly recognized it as an independent crime MoreField and Aims: Although genocide was not an independent crime in the past and was subject to crimes against humanity, the severity and heinous nature of the acts, as well as the special malice that is unique to this crime, quickly recognized it as an independent crime in international documents. This crime has been committed against various groups throughout history, the most recent of which is the Rohingya Muslim. Therefore, while examining the concept and nature of this crime, we study what are the legal dimensions of the genocide of Rohingya Muslims? Method: This is a qualitative and applied research in terms of purpose and in terms of collecting information by documentary method and studying international documents, sources related to the subject and the obtained information has been analyzed descriptively-analytically. Findings and conclusion: Although genocide is prohibited and criminalized in international instruments, including the Treaty on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Rome Statute, it is one of the crimes that is now a customary international law that obliges all non-member states to commit such acts. Numerous crimes have been committed against Rohingya Muslims so far, and the government has played an important role in committing and intensifying these crimes, in accordance with the examples of genocide in international instruments such as murder, grievous bodily harm, and deliberate deprivation of life. And measures to prevent childbirth, genocide are being committed in Myanmar. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
225 - Assessing the legislative criminal policy of Iran and the European Union against cybercrime
navid deylami moezi mahdi esmaeili hassan hajitabarBackground and Aim: The development and expansion of computer science and the growing desire to use it, in addition to creating a technological revolution in the world, has also provided favorable conditions and context for the emergence of crime in cyberspace and its e MoreBackground and Aim: The development and expansion of computer science and the growing desire to use it, in addition to creating a technological revolution in the world, has also provided favorable conditions and context for the emergence of crime in cyberspace and its expansion has caused various damages in Communities have become. The present study intends to prevent and deal with these crimes and the damages caused by them and how to formulate criminal policies on cybercrime in the context of the legislative criminal policy of Iran and the European Union in order to take the lead of this union in the fight against crime. Cyberspace and the development of an efficient criminal policy system can also benefit from their experiences in eliminating the weaknesses and gaps in the country's criminal policy in dealing with cybercrime.Method: The present study is written by descriptive-analytical method.Findings and Results: The study indicates that the strength and correlation of the range of criminal policies adopted in the European Union, given the history and antiquity of legislation and the fight against cybercrime, is greater and deeper than the Iranian penal system. Iran's legislative criminal policy based on criminal policy and distancing itself from non-criminal preventive measures and not adopting situational and social preventive measures of crime and lack of proper understanding of the law inability to predict emerging crimes in the future and the culture of misuse of space Cyber is one of the main reasons for the inefficiency of Iran's criminal policy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
226 - Challenges and obstacles of criminalization and punishment of crimes that violate humanitarian rights
seyed milad javaheri abbs shekholeslami jafar kushaField and Aims: Humanitarian law is a set of international customary rules that govern the behavior of hostile forces in armed conflicts and has somehow replaced the concept of the law of war. Observance of humanitarian rights regardless of color, race, language and rel MoreField and Aims: Humanitarian law is a set of international customary rules that govern the behavior of hostile forces in armed conflicts and has somehow replaced the concept of the law of war. Observance of humanitarian rights regardless of color, race, language and religion, on the one hand, makes this branch of law have the nature of human rights And on the other hand, by concluding various conventions, it will have the nature of international law. The aim of the current research is to investigate the challenges and obstacles of criminalization and punishment of crimes that violate humanitarian rights in the territory of Iran's criminal system.Method: The present research was done with descriptive and analytical method and using library resources.Finding and Conclusion: The findings of the research indicate that in the process of legal unification of domestic and international systems, some challenges in the field of criminalization of crimes that violate humanitarian rights and criminal responses in external and internal dimensions and in legislative axes. , judicial and executive available. The challenges are mainly rooted in political, fundamental, ideological, legal and structural dimensions that sometimes conflict with each other and make the process of integrating international rules into the domestic legal system difficult. Statistics of crimes and compilation of humanitarian criminal laws, compilation of special laws to protect women and children during peace and war and compilation of appropriate and fair criminal responses by using dynamic inference in Shia jurisprudence, together with considering the rule of sanctity and rejection of religion and Also, reforming the judicial structures is one of the basic solutions to overcome the challenges. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
227 - Pathology of Iran's criminal policy in economic crimes
mahdi dida salame Abolhasani naqmeh farhoodBackground and purpose: Economic crimes are one of the most challenging issues in the world due to their impact on all levels of society. Iran will not be an exception. Iran's economic environment, due to suffering from many injuries, compared to the economic systems of MoreBackground and purpose: Economic crimes are one of the most challenging issues in the world due to their impact on all levels of society. Iran will not be an exception. Iran's economic environment, due to suffering from many injuries, compared to the economic systems of other countries, creates a more favorable environment for committing economic crimes, the spread of economic crimes prevents the government from achieving its national goals in the field of economic security, and general crimes make matters worse. risks The goal of the research is the pathology of Iran's criminal policy approach to economic crimes.Method: The present research was carried out using a descriptive and analytical method.Findings and results: lack of providing a definition of economic crime, legislative dispersion in the field of economic crimes, the repressiveness of criminal policy in this field, the lack of practical coherence in the single criminal policy, the predominance of criminal populism and security-oriented criminal policy in dealing with economic crimes. One of the challenges and damages in Iran's current criminal policy is related to economic crimes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
228 - The Cambodian Court and Integral Criminal Justice; Approaches and Challenges
Jamal BeigiBackground and Aim: The Cambodian court is one of the courts known as mixed or international courts in terms of the participation of national sovereignty and its constituent institutions and organizations and for the purpose of integrating criminal justice influenced by MoreBackground and Aim: The Cambodian court is one of the courts known as mixed or international courts in terms of the participation of national sovereignty and its constituent institutions and organizations and for the purpose of integrating criminal justice influenced by national and international institutions, this article has been interpreted as integrated criminal justice. The purpose of this paper is therefore to identify this court as an integral criminal justice and to explain its approaches and challenges in the international system.Methodology: This research is based on descriptive and analytical method and based on library documents and resources.Findings andConclusion: The extraordinary branches of the Cambodian courts were formed in 2006 to try former Cambodian senior leaders and perpetrators of crimes committed during the democratic Kampuchea era, also known as the Khmer Rouge. During this period, at least 1.7 million people perished because of hunger, torture, execution and forced labor. Thus, crimes against humanity, genocide and blatant violations of the Four Geneva Conventions were among the most significant international crimes that the tribunal faced. The Cambodian Interim Tribunal, despite the agreement between the Cambodian Government and the United Nations, inspired by international documents and observance of legal principles, while pursuing justice, strengthening the rule of law and creating national reconciliation in Cambodia, pursued criminals, but there have also been challenges in integrating criminal justice. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
229 - Effectively dealing with international crimes in the light of expansionInternational Criminal Court and Interpol cooperation
Ataallah Salehi Omid Mohammadi NiaField and Aims: The growth of international crimes is an important factor against international security. However, consensus on the seriousness and danger of these crimes has always become an important challenge among governments, and this has made dealing with these cr MoreField and Aims: The growth of international crimes is an important factor against international security. However, consensus on the seriousness and danger of these crimes has always become an important challenge among governments, and this has made dealing with these crimes difficult. In this regard, various international organizations such as the International Criminal Court and Interpol have been established by governments to deal with international crimes, and their relationships and limits of cooperation are the challenge of this research. Method: This article is written in a descriptive-analytical way. Finding and Conclusion: Although there are many international crimes in the international arena and governments face challenges in facing them, not necessarily all of them were considered by the founders in the process of establishing the International Criminal Court. In addition, what challenges the investigation and prosecution of the crimes committed by the International Criminal Court are the jurisdictional limitations of this court, which include subject, time, place, supplementary and personal jurisdiction. Meanwhile, the role of Interpol in dealing with international crimes is expanding. Although the governments have not reached a consensus regarding international crimes, Interpol does not face the limitations of the International Criminal Court in prosecuting many crimes and has the possibility of prosecuting many crimes contrary to the International Criminal Court. Although the scope of activities of Interpol and the International Criminal Court are not the same, they can take important measures in order to deal with international crimes in the same common scope. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
230 - Russia's balancing acts in the 2014 Ukraine crisis
Ali Mousaei Enayatollah Yazdani Mohammadali basiriSince the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine has always been the scene of Russia-West competition due to its identity, geopolitical, geo-economic and economic importance, and has witnessed serious conflicts and various political-security crises. The 2014 Ukraine cris MoreSince the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine has always been the scene of Russia-West competition due to its identity, geopolitical, geo-economic and economic importance, and has witnessed serious conflicts and various political-security crises. The 2014 Ukraine crisis, which began with Russia’s pressure on Ukraine to refuse to join a free trade agreement with the European Union, eventually led to the annexation of the Crimean peninsula to the Russian Federation could also be considered in the context of the same competitions between Russia and the West. A competition that not only started the crisis and annexed Crimea to Russia; Rather, it sharply increased tensions between Russia and the West. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to answer the questions that why did Russia decide to annex the Crimean peninsula to the Russian Federation, and what effect did this annexation have on the balance of power in the Black Sea region? In this article, with a qualitative method and analytical approach, the research questions in the conceptual context of the balance of threat theory have been examined using library resources. The findings of the article show that the elimination of threats from Ukraine's possible membership in the European Union against Russia's security and national interests has been the reason for Russia's decision to annex Crimea to the Russian Federation. This annexation has also changed the balance of power in favor of Russia vis a vis the West in the Black Sea region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
231 - Western-Russian Relations in the Shadow of Ukraine's Developments 2014
Abbasali Zendehbudi Shahrooz Ebrahimi Mahnaz GoodarziAbout three years ago, Viktor Yanukovych the President of Ukraine fled the country following massive anti-government protests. Following these developments, during which the Kremlin-backed president was ousted, Russia intervened in eastern Ukraine and after the referend MoreAbout three years ago, Viktor Yanukovych the President of Ukraine fled the country following massive anti-government protests. Following these developments, during which the Kremlin-backed president was ousted, Russia intervened in eastern Ukraine and after the referendum, the Crimean peninsula was annexed to this country. Developments in Ukraine (2014), which led to the crisis in the Crimean peninsula, change the geopolitical outlook of Post-Soviet Eurasia, undermine regional security and created a major challenge in United States-Russia relations. Therefore, it is important to answer the question: what impact of Ukraine's developments (2014) has had on Russia-West relations? The United States and the European Union responded by imposing sanctions on Russia, so that, according to some analysts, the Crimean crisis has become the greatest crisis between Russia and the West after the Cold War. The present article, by using a descriptive-analytical method, attempts to examine the effects of Ukraine's developments on West-Russia relations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
232 - Armed attack of Saudi Arabia to Yemen according to International Criminal Law
Mohammad Javad Heidarian Dolatabadi Rasool Mazaheri KoohestaniThe military offensive against the Yemeni-led Arab-led Arab-led coalition and the firefighting of civilian targets are an illicit justification and a clear indication of the violation of Yemen's territorial integrity. The legal right to self-defense for the Yemeni MoreThe military offensive against the Yemeni-led Arab-led Arab-led coalition and the firefighting of civilian targets are an illicit justification and a clear indication of the violation of Yemen's territorial integrity. The legal right to self-defense for the Yemeni people as well as the international responsibility for Saudi Arabia, including the results of this violation, is in the light of international law. The crimes of the Saudis in Yemen are punishable by international criminal law in violation of the principle of separation and non-invasion of civilians and civilian property, the non-use of prohibited weapons and the prevention of the transfer of humanitarian assistance in accordance with humanitarian law, such as acts, Is in violation of the Geneva Conventions and can be considered as a war crime. It can also be seen that with the formation of a coalition and the systematic and systematic attack of Saudi Arabia and the widespread slaughter of the Yemeni people because of their religion, elements of the international crime of genocide can be observed. . Saudi Arabia's unlawful involvement in the attack on Yemen, even if viewed as legitimate in defense of the incumbent president of that country and made it an unconventional armed conflict, is still not justified by the humanitarian violations of the military and civilians. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
233 - Crimes committed in Myanmar and regional approaches (based on the political thought of the Supreme Leader)
sajjad rahmati Jamal Beigi babak poorgahremaniOne of the controversial cases is the crimes committed in Myanmar, which include crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. This article seeks to investigate the crimes committed in Myanmar and regional approaches based on the political thought of the MoreOne of the controversial cases is the crimes committed in Myanmar, which include crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. This article seeks to investigate the crimes committed in Myanmar and regional approaches based on the political thought of the Supreme Leader. The research method is descriptive and analytical, and data collection is also in the form of data collection. The method of conducting the research was qualitative And the findings of the research indicate that the severity of the crimes committed in Myanmar is such that, according to the opinions of the political thinkers of the countries, especially the Supreme Leader, the solution to deal with it is the practical action of the countries and the political and economic pressure on the Myanmar government and the entry of organizations It claims human rights and the organization of the conference of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and the reaction of the International Criminal Court to try and punish the perpetrators of these crimes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
234 - the effect of social factors on the delinquency of secondary school students in Mahabad city
hesam nasiri Abdullah Mohammadian Nematullah TaghaviAbstract Delinquency is a complex social phenomenon that manifests itself in various forms of society in various forms. The definition of criminal behavior in any society is determined by the legal laws and social norms of that society. The purpose of this study was to MoreAbstract Delinquency is a complex social phenomenon that manifests itself in various forms of society in various forms. The definition of criminal behavior in any society is determined by the legal laws and social norms of that society. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of socio-cultural factors on the crime of secondary school students in Mahabad city during the academic year of 1995-96. In order to do this research, a descriptive survey method has been used and a researcher-made delinquent questionnaire has been used to collect the required data. The statistical population of this study was all students aged 15- 18 years old in secondary school in Mahabad city in the academic year of 1996-96, with 6130 people. Using Cochran formula, 240 individuals were sampled as sample size Have been selected. The samples were selected by simple random sampling method. Data collection was done using a researcher-made questionnaire composed of two parts of individual information and the components of the factors affecting the crime, whose reliability coefficient was 0.71 with Cronbach's alpha. To analyze the data, Spearman's correlation test was used. The results of this research indicate that the hypotheses of the inferior friends and family adherence to religion were confirmed, but other research hypotheses as socio-cultural factors affecting the crime were not approved. Key Words: crime, social factors, Student, Youth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
235 - Qualitative study of the causes of criminality in cyberspace (qualitative analysis of cybercrime cases)
zahra jahbin Afsaneh Mozaffari nooruze hashemzehi sayeid mohammad daddaranCyberspace due to its unmatched characteristics, has not only been unprotected from the perpetrators of the criminals, but also those who have not been distorted to commit criminal behavior and set challenges for the judicial and police authorities that try to control i MoreCyberspace due to its unmatched characteristics, has not only been unprotected from the perpetrators of the criminals, but also those who have not been distorted to commit criminal behavior and set challenges for the judicial and police authorities that try to control it. Have created phenomena. Hence, the discovery of the nature and the process of the growth of these types of crimes and the study of their causes and consequences seems necessary. In this research, in order to achieve the main objective of the research, identifying the factors influencing the crime in cyberspace, using qualitative method of qualitative content analysis has been done. The statistical population of this study is cybercrime imprisonment cases in execution of the orders of the Computerized Crimes Tribunal of Tehran. In the period of June 1396, seventy four cases were filed, 18 of which were selected by sampling with maximum diversity. According to the results of this study, the causes of crime in cyberspace were categorized in five main themes (personal factors and delinquent personality, personal factors and victimized personality, economic factors, social factors, religious factors, and beliefs) Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
236 - Preventing Bank Offenses Through Promoting Social Responsibility
Ramin Alizadeh hossein gholami Mohammad Ali JahedCorporate social responsibility (banks) is one of important banking system issues which one of its effects is preventing banking crimes. Implementation of social responsibility principles and disciplines is of high importance in banks. Actually, “social responsibi MoreCorporate social responsibility (banks) is one of important banking system issues which one of its effects is preventing banking crimes. Implementation of social responsibility principles and disciplines is of high importance in banks. Actually, “social responsibility’ pattern is a managerial expression ,when exercising ,crimes and banking crimes reduction is one of its functions. Actually CSR or corporate social responsibility is commitment of business sector for cooperating in sustainable economic development through working with staff, family and society for improving the quality and in this regard ISO 26000 and equator principle in 10 articles following social standardization of banks which today are accepted by 68 international banks, could be referred to. Therefore, in fact corporate social responsibility or CSR, is a managerial discussion which entered into law, as well. Since it is a prevention mechanism and could be used in banking laws, as well. Prevention system caused by corporate social responsibility also is a self-regulation mechanism which is considered as one of the most important noncriminal techniques. In this paper, there is an attempt to study its role in preventing banking crimes through descriptive-analytical method aiming to express social responsibility. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
237 - Sociological analysis of sport function in the re-socialization of criminals (Case study of male prisoners in Sanandaj)
hassan babaee Bahram GhadimiExercise (sport) is a tool to improve the level of well-being and comfort and a way to develop and maintain physical and mental health in society.One of the organizations that can use sports as a tool to heal unhealthy and abnormal people (criminals) who have somehow di MoreExercise (sport) is a tool to improve the level of well-being and comfort and a way to develop and maintain physical and mental health in society.One of the organizations that can use sports as a tool to heal unhealthy and abnormal people (criminals) who have somehow disrupted the order and security of society and are kept in a closed environment called prison, is Prison organization. In this regard, sport in prison can be used as a practical solution in educating and reforming prisoners. First, in the qualitative part of the research, using the grounded theory technique of Strauss and Corbin model, 35 people were interviewed and then, in the quantitative part, a questionnaire was given to 260 male prisoners in Sanandaj town. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability was calculated by Cronbrach’s alpha (70%). It is considered a "theory based" for validity. The findings showed that the phenomenon of the quality of punishment as a social phenomenon is commensurate with the review action of a prisoner who wants to strengthen himself mentally through exercise to return to society, and this study can be a good model with an overview Oriented, systematic, and long-term, the work of sport is to re-socialize criminals and seeks to guide the actions of managers in the long time horizons and wider areas of implementation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
238 - The role of informal actors in responding to unintentional crimes causes diyat
mostafa Kafi mohsen shekarchizadeh Ahmadreza tavakoliAbstract:. The broad definition of criminal policy emphasizes the role of public institutions in partnering with formal institutions in combating the criminal phenomenon, and therefore participatory criminal policy means the broad participation of public institutions al MoreAbstract:. The broad definition of criminal policy emphasizes the role of public institutions in partnering with formal institutions in combating the criminal phenomenon, and therefore participatory criminal policy means the broad participation of public institutions alongside formal and governmental institutions in response to crime. Diyat in unintentional crimes is more than a criminal form, it is a legal framework for compensating and compensating the victim, therefore, due to the existence of significant capacities such as labor dispute resolution authorities, primary and renewal boards. According to the medical system, the bodily injury insurance fund, dispute resolution councils, mediating authorities, etc., it is possible to handle cases related to blood money in unintentional crimes, such as work-related accidents, sports accidents, medical accidents and accidents. Driving is crystallized with the participation of informal and non-governmental institutions and, according to criminal policy scholars, public institutions and not only by the court as a formal government institution, which in addition to reducing the entry of cases to the judiciary, avoids From labeling, reducing trial delays, de-judicialization, using the capacities of civil institutions in resolving disputes, tending to a restorative approach in dealing with crimes and protecting the rights of both parties to the lawsuit, and dealing appropriately and distinctly with other perpetrators of intentional crimes in court. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
239 - Executive Mechanisms and Challenges of Restorative Justice in the Criminal Procedure Code adopted in 2013
Abdul Karim SabzevariRestorative justice seeks to repair the relationship between the offender and the victim with the efforts of the local community, and in our country there is a special and high capacity to implement restorative justice programs. But sometimes restorative justice mechani MoreRestorative justice seeks to repair the relationship between the offender and the victim with the efforts of the local community, and in our country there is a special and high capacity to implement restorative justice programs. But sometimes restorative justice mechanisms face challenges that conflict with the context of criminal litigation because the law somehow protects the victim, and restorative justice seeks to upset this balance and favor the victim in a distinct way. The offender becomes a tool. This also provides a challenge in the implementation process. In addition, in the implementation stages of restorative justice, to implement the teachings of restorative justice, we must form organizations and institutions to implement various methods of restorative justice, which in addition to having guarantees to have adequate budget for compensation, and this makes restorative justice Run at a broader and more desirable level. But if it is on paper, we can not expect more in the implementation process. Restorative justice in the Code of Criminal Procedure approved in 1392 in Articles 82, 83, 84 and 192 has been considered by the legislator. Restorative justice is mediated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
240 - Manifestations of populist criminal policies in different stages of economic crime proceedings
Morteza Rezaei Mahmoud Qayyumzadeh Hossein Khosravi Amir MolamohammadaliThe influence of criminal populism on the field of economic crime policy has led to the adoption and implementation of strict emotional, day-to-day, and criminal-based policies. However, these programs have not been scientifically evaluated. Adoption of these policies b MoreThe influence of criminal populism on the field of economic crime policy has led to the adoption and implementation of strict emotional, day-to-day, and criminal-based policies. However, these programs have not been scientifically evaluated. Adoption of these policies by channels and non-scientific centers has caused, contrary to the initial perception of policy makers, the desired results have not been achieved. In recent years, after the economic crisis and the fall in the value of the rial, profiteers have mainly entered the foreign exchange, coin and car markets by using rents and have disrupted these markets and as a result, the economic situation has become more critical. The importance of the currency and coin market is that any fluctuations and inflation in the currency and coin market cause unbridled inflation in other markets, including the housing market, the car market and the market of basic and non-essential goods. As a result, it can be said that stability in the currency and coin market is directly related to economic stability at a level and to the social, economic and political security of the country at a larger level. It is obvious that controlling the currency and coin market, especially in times of economic crisis (such as what happened after the imposition of sanctions on the Iranian economy), is very important, but it remains to be seen whether Iran's criminal policy approach is effective in this regard. Has been or not. Among the manifestations of populism in dealing with economic crimes can be such things as: adopting immediate and short-term criminal policies and programs and propaganda, focusing on strict criminal responses, emphasizing theatrical aspects. In the trial and execution of the sentence, he pointed to the defamation of the convicts by disclosing their identities, the creation of untimely organizational structures, Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
241 - A comparative study of the laws of Iran, Turkey, the UAE and the international legal system in the field of international judicial cooperation regarding corruption crimes.
Hassan Kohandani Asal AzemeyanThe International Judicial Cooperation Bill, the latest measure of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the field of international judicial cooperation regarding administrative corruption crimes, seems to have been drafted by the judiciary. Although this bill has many weakne MoreThe International Judicial Cooperation Bill, the latest measure of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the field of international judicial cooperation regarding administrative corruption crimes, seems to have been drafted by the judiciary. Although this bill has many weaknesses and problems, But it shows the serious intention of the Islamic Republic of Iran to enter this field. In the meantime, the United Nations Convention against Corruption, as the main international convention on corruption crimes, has drawn mechanisms for governments for international judicial cooperation. The main question in this research, which has been conducted in a descriptive-analytical way, is what are the differences and similarities between Iran's laws and the international legal system in the field of international judicial cooperation regarding corruption crimes? The result of this research shows that there are important differences in the field of corruption crimes that can be cooperated internationally. The petitioner's authority and jurisdictional conflicts exist between different implementing institutions in the Islamic Republic of Iran with the international legal system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
242 - A Comparative Study of Crimes Against Humanity in the Laws of Iran and Myanmar (Relying on its Criminalization in Jurisprudence Rules)
جمال Beigi Sajad Rahmati torkashvand babak poorgahremaniThe basis of the criminalization of crimes against humanity is the protection of human rights and includes crimes that violate human values and international rules. The reason for its criminalization is the international criminal protection of interests. It is society a MoreThe basis of the criminalization of crimes against humanity is the protection of human rights and includes crimes that violate human values and international rules. The reason for its criminalization is the international criminal protection of interests. It is society and legal principles that are respected by the international community. In order to deal with it, international organizations have compiled the statute of the International Criminal Court so that there is an executive guarantee for the crimes committed. Most of the governments have criminalized these crimes in their criminal laws, however, it is not foreseen in the criminal laws of Myanmar, but the examples of crimes against humanity have been counted in it. In the criminal law of Iran, there is no independent criminalization in this case and the perpetrators of crimes against humanity are prosecuted according to the statute of the International Criminal Court, therefore this article seeks to examine crimes against humanity in the criminal law of Myanmar. And it is necessary to criminalize it by referring to jurisprudential rules, and the research method is descriptive and analytical and data gathering is also phishing. The method of carrying out the research was qualitative and the findings of the research indicate that in the law of Iran and Myanmar, crimes against humanity are not criminalized independently, but in Iranian law, examples include; Murder, rape, illegal detention, and torture have been criminalized and require an independent law based on jurisprudence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
243 - "Crime prevention in the light of preventive and educational measures with emphasis on jurisprudence"
amir arshad [our Hosein KhavaninzadehEducational and precautionary measures are the practical consequences of theoretical criminology which is currently considered as one of the constituents of the countries criminal policy. Today, there are several categories of such measures presented by lawyers. These m MoreEducational and precautionary measures are the practical consequences of theoretical criminology which is currently considered as one of the constituents of the countries criminal policy. Today, there are several categories of such measures presented by lawyers. These measures are the main outcome of the scientific intellectual movement having been common from the 18th century in Europe based on the Kant's sociological beliefs on the Criminal Code resulting in the logical positivism of the criminal law in the 19th century which have been regarded as solutions suggested by logical positivism for the neutralization of "dangerous state", against the recidivists and the crime prevention taken into account by penal systems from the late 19th century. Such actions were adopted as the first draft of the Swiss Criminal Code by Professor Carl Stoos, through draft Swiss Penal Code entrusted to him during 1892-1893. Subsequently and along with their traditional response to crime, i.e. punishment, the legislatures in other countries gradually accepted this concept and predicted it in their Criminal Code. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
244 - The effect of crimes committed in Myanmar on the economic instability of countries.
sajjad rahmati jamal beigi babak poorgahremaniEconomic security is necessary for national security, and economic progress also leads to social, cultural, and military progress. Without it, all the aforementioned activities will be disrupted. One of the things that endangers the economic security of countries is the MoreEconomic security is necessary for national security, and economic progress also leads to social, cultural, and military progress. Without it, all the aforementioned activities will be disrupted. One of the things that endangers the economic security of countries is the crimes committed in Myanmar. Which includes crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war, and this article seeks to investigate how the crimes committed in Myanmar affect economic instability. The research method is descriptive and analytical, and data collection is also in the form of data collection. The method of carrying out the research is qualitative and the findings of the research indicate that as a result of the crimes committed in Myanmar, the economic instability of the countries also increases, and also the crimes have occurred, and as a result, the increase in immigration, the decrease in the gross national product, the killing of Muslims, destruction And killing and looting in Myanmar will cause economic instability in countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
245 - Investigating the feasibility of committing banking crimes in the electronic banking system
Zarifeh Rezazadeh hamidie fatemeh ahadiElectronic banking is a special type of banking system that uses the electronic environment to provide services to its customers, and in addition, all banking operations such as receiving or depositing money, verifying signatures, checking the balance and other banking MoreElectronic banking is a special type of banking system that uses the electronic environment to provide services to its customers, and in addition, all banking operations such as receiving or depositing money, verifying signatures, checking the balance and other banking operations are also done electronically. will be It is obvious that with the increase of people's access to the Internet and its unique features, and because in this type of banking, advanced software and hardware technologies based on network and telecommunications are used to exchange resources and financial information, therefore the possibility of committing Crimes in the electronic banking system will also increase. The purpose of this research is to investigate the feasibility of committing banking crimes in the electronic banking system. The research method is descriptive and analytical, and the research findings indicate that unauthorized access to banking data and systems, electronic signature forgery, and internet fraud are the most important and common crimes that occur in the electronic banking system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
246 - Mechanism of prevention of economic crimes from the point of view of Supreme Leader
Sajjad Rahmati torkashvand pari babakeshizadeh farzaneh saboori neda mohammadoghli hora ataeifarEconomic crimes are one of the important issues affecting the current society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which has many destructive economic and social effects. Economy plays an irreplaceable role in the lives of people in the society, and because of its direct co MoreEconomic crimes are one of the important issues affecting the current society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which has many destructive economic and social effects. Economy plays an irreplaceable role in the lives of people in the society, and because of its direct contact with people's lives, it is fundamental and cannot be ignored in any way. In a way that, according to Masoomin, disorder in the field of economy not only causes disruption in other areas of life, but also affects religion and human resurrection. Despite the existence of various laws and numerous efforts to fight and deal with this type of crime, it has not been as fruitful as it should be. This article tries to investigate this important issue, what are the challenges of dealing with economic crimes and the solutions that can be proposed in this field according to the statements and views of the Supreme Leader? The present research is theoretical; Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
247 - The Reflection of Writing Style in the Transparency of Criminal Laws with the Emphasis on the Crimes Against the National Security
Zeinol Abedin Gholsanamloo Rahim Wakil Zadeh Reza RanjbarAbstract Of the numerous laws which are enacted in a legal system, the statutory laws, for having the most contact with citizen's rights and freedom are of specific importance. The beginning points of these laws are their enac MoreAbstract Of the numerous laws which are enacted in a legal system, the statutory laws, for having the most contact with citizen's rights and freedom are of specific importance. The beginning points of these laws are their enactments, and so to say, is the guilt presumption. In this course, paying attention to legislation, because of its precedence to its enacting and having a set of subtleties, has more sensitivity. The most significant point which this research deals with, is the clarity of the law which is posed as one of the important factors of the law's quality and the usage of grammatical and writing rules and avoidance of such elements of heckler like ambiguity, contradiction and law deficiency, to enact the desired laws and reduce the unsuitable interpretation of the laws and avoid the criminal guilts against the nation's security. The results of this research which were done through descriptive-analytic method, indicate that in Iran's criminal law, despite the endeavors done, this point has been neglected which by its continuation it can have severe challenges that in numerous occasions these laws are enumerable and documented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
248 - Typology of Environmental Crimes in Iran (Case Study: Crimes Related to Environmental Pollution)
Hossein Rabani Askar Jalalian Mansoor Pournouri -
Open Access Article
249 - Evaluation of epidemiologic and clinical manifestations of suspected and definitive CCHF referred to health center of khorasan razavi province(from 1384 to 1391).
Hossein Mokhtari Parisa FarajiBack ground: Crimean-congo Heamorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral fatal disease from bunyaviridae. CCHF has been growth increasingly in iran after 1378.The disease is transmitted to humans through human blood or infected animals and also tick bites.Although the dise MoreBack ground: Crimean-congo Heamorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral fatal disease from bunyaviridae. CCHF has been growth increasingly in iran after 1378.The disease is transmitted to humans through human blood or infected animals and also tick bites.Although the disease is a zoonotic disease primarily but sporadic cases of infectious in human happens. Method: This study is a cross-sectional disease and the study population is all the patients referred to the Heath Center of Khorasan Razavi province during 1384-91. In this study all suspected and definite patients records were investigated and with inventory٫ epidemiological data including gender٫age٫season disease٫occupation٫nationality٫animal contact٫how to get the disease٫clinical manifestation were logged.After collecting the information٫data in computer were analyzed with 21 version of SPSS software and frequency distribution tables and graphs were set according to reviewed parameters. Result: Of the 122 patients were studied٫60 patients were definite and 62 patients were suspected as if the results showed that the prevalence of Crimean-congo heamorrhogic fever is greater in men٫aged in 21-30 years٫in high-risk professions such as animal husbandry or butchery٫in spring and summer seasons٫with predominant symptoms of fever٫sudden onset٫myalgia٫bleeding. Conclusions: Based on the information obtained٫early diagnosis and training at risk groups recommended to prevent from epidemic happenings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
250 - Evaluation of epidemiologic and clinical manifestations of suspected and definitive CCHF referred to health center of khorasan razavi province(from 1384 to 1391).
Hossein Mokhtari Parisa FarajiBack ground: Crimean-congo Heamorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral fatal disease from bunyaviridae. CCHF has been growth increasingly in iran after 1378.The disease is transmitted to humans through human blood or infected animals and also tick bites.Although the dise MoreBack ground: Crimean-congo Heamorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral fatal disease from bunyaviridae. CCHF has been growth increasingly in iran after 1378.The disease is transmitted to humans through human blood or infected animals and also tick bites.Although the disease is a zoonotic disease primarily but sporadic cases of infectious in human happens. Method: This study is a cross-sectional disease and the study population is all the patients referred to the Heath Center of Khorasan Razavi province during 1384-91. In this study all suspected and definite patients records were investigated and with inventory٫ epidemiological data including gender٫age٫season disease٫occupation٫nationality٫animal contact٫how to get the disease٫clinical manifestation were logged.After collecting the information٫data in computer were analyzed with 21 version of SPSS software and frequency distribution tables and graphs were set according to reviewed parameters. Result: Of the 122 patients were studied٫60 patients were definite and 62 patients were suspected as if the results showed that the prevalence of Crimean-congo heamorrhogic fever is greater in men٫aged in 21-30 years٫in high-risk professions such as animal husbandry or butchery٫in spring and summer seasons٫with predominant symptoms of fever٫sudden onset٫myalgia٫bleeding. Conclusions: Based on the information obtained٫early diagnosis and training at risk groups recommended to prevent from epidemic happenings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
251 - Feasibility study of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court against terrorism
Maryam valizadeh yosef almasi Farhad ZereshkiTerrorism is one of the international crimes that as a not-so-emerging phenomenon has been able to disrupt international order and security by using the factor of fear and attacking the civilian population. This shows the need to deal with it. These include the drafting MoreTerrorism is one of the international crimes that as a not-so-emerging phenomenon has been able to disrupt international order and security by using the factor of fear and attacking the civilian population. This shows the need to deal with it. These include the drafting of the Rome Convention by governments to combat international crimes and gross violations of humanitarian law. Based on this, the question arises whether the International Criminal Court, within the framework of its statute, has the possibility of dealing with terrorist crimes? A look at the terrorist acts committed by terrorist groups can provide us with a list of examples of terrorist acts that can be applied to domestic crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court. Accordingly, although the crime of terrorism is not within the jurisdiction of the Court (Article 5) Compared to other crimes mentioned in this article, it can be prosecuted. However, in terms of territorial, temporal, personal and complementary jurisdiction, there are limitations for criminal proceedings by the International Criminal Court. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
252 - Criminal psychology and the components of political crime in Iran (a comparative study of the first Pahlavi era and the Islamic Republic)
zohrabi eslam mohammad khani haniye ghorunehThe main goal of criminal psychology is to investigate the effective factors in the delinquency of criminals in various crimes. In relation to why a series of acts should be criminalized under the title of political crimes and receive a different executive guarantee res MoreThe main goal of criminal psychology is to investigate the effective factors in the delinquency of criminals in various crimes. In relation to why a series of acts should be criminalized under the title of political crimes and receive a different executive guarantee response, reasons have been mentioned by jurists, firstly, that these crimes lack the necessary elements of ordinary crimes such as malice and violence. Second, the subject and purpose of political crimes is to change a certain political situation with illegal means, and thirdly, since the purpose of the perpetrator is the government and political institutions, there is no violation of private rights. In the constitutional law, as the first codified text in the direction of establishing democracy and legislation, and in fact, the basis of the new political and legal system of Iran, it has also made it a political crime in its seventy-ninth amendment article. According to this article, in the cases of political and press offenses, the panel of judges will be present in the courts. Of course, from that time until now, the definition and examples of political crimes in Iran's legal system have been undecided. In the current laws of Iran, due to the lack of a specific and appropriate law in this field, in 2015, a law titled the Political Crime Law was approved by the legislature, based on the existing provisions, the judicial system can be based on the specific law of political crime. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
253 - The position of human rights in the foreign policy of the United States of America (with an emphasis on the Palestinian issue)
sahar akhond خسرو وفائی سعدیIn the following three speeches, the present article has discussed the foreign policy of the United States in the 20th and 21st centuries, and in the course of multipolar, bipolar and unipolar international systems, and the place of legal principles in In general, and h MoreIn the following three speeches, the present article has discussed the foreign policy of the United States in the 20th and 21st centuries, and in the course of multipolar, bipolar and unipolar international systems, and the place of legal principles in In general, and human rights in particular have been examined in these policies. Based on what will come in the upcoming speeches, during the years between the first and second world wars, America paid special attention to the legal principles governing international relations, and political values such as democracy and freedom in relations between but during the Second World War and after that until today, political ideals and values such as international law, human rights, democracy, and freedom, as instrumental matters, were under Al-Sha'a has placed national power and national interests. Human rights have not only been exploited as a tool of foreign policy against the powerful rival of the 20th century, namely the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, but also in the third world and the Islamic world. However, this approach A tool for Israel-Arab or Israel-Palestine relations has been specifically and unprecedentedly ruled. In the Israeli-Palestinian confrontation, especially in the Israeli war against Gaza, maximum disregard for legal standards and human rights has happened. So that America has taken Israel's life in the face of the "war crime" and "genocide" going on in Palestine, and Israel has received the full support of America. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
254 - Criminology of stock market crimes as economic crimes in Iranian law
Mohammad Sadeghi Javad Rajabi Salman Hassan HajitabarCriminal protection of the capital market is considered as a separate matter in the rights related to investment. The purpose of this support is to protect the rights of shareholders, to create order in the stock trading market, and also to prevent harmful behaviors. In MoreCriminal protection of the capital market is considered as a separate matter in the rights related to investment. The purpose of this support is to protect the rights of shareholders, to create order in the stock trading market, and also to prevent harmful behaviors. In order to achieve these objectives, it is necessary that the determined criminal execution guarantees are appropriate to the committed behaviors and have been formulated and approved in order to achieve these objectives. The 6th and 7th degree punishments, which were modified and suspended in different ways in the reforms of 2019, cannot be considered as a deterrent and, of course, a reformer in the case of harmful stock market behavior. On the other hand, due to the spread of stock market activities at the community level and the involvement of different groups of people in this economic scene, and following the occurrence of some harmful behaviors with a wide range, the proportion between the behavior criminality and determined legal punishments, to be violated in an obvious way. It seems that in order to compensate for this shortcoming in Iran's criminal policy, it is necessary to carry out a fundamental review of criminal behavior and on the other hand, taking into account the amount of damage caused to individuals and the economy as a whole, appropriate crimes should be established that have deterrent power and restorative properties. to have Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
255 - Criminological Investigation of the Principles of Crime Survey in the Prevention of Cyberspace Crimes
ali mohammadi hamid fatemi مهدی مقیمیSummaryToday examining the principles and basis of crime survey based on criminal statistics is a quantitative method of crime prevention in cyber spaces. Which exists as the black figure of crime, the use of survey methods (victim-oriented survey and offender-oriented MoreSummaryToday examining the principles and basis of crime survey based on criminal statistics is a quantitative method of crime prevention in cyber spaces. Which exists as the black figure of crime, the use of survey methods (victim-oriented survey and offender-oriented survey) has been identified as a model at the national and international level and plays an important role in the criminal policy of countries in the prevention of cyberspace crimes. In terms of practical purpose and in terms of the type of research, this is a descriptive-analytical research that was collected and analyzed using library sources. There are effective solutions in this field, and the use of survey methods in the thinking and criminal policy of each country is very important, and the implementation of a well-considered, efficient and preventive criminal policy, which is one of the concerns of the statesmen in the implementation of security and justice, helps a lot and reduces the crime rate. In cyberspace, which is an unknown world, it helps a lot. The results of this study show that survey principles can reduce the attraction of targets in the cyber environment by using the teachings of cyber criminology and various social and situational preventions through public education. and other regulatory measures to deal with and prevent in the cyberspace, and the survey of crimes as a knowledge about the type of crime, the number of crimes, the age, gender, and judicial records of cybercriminals gives useful information. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
256 - City and Its Ecomic and Social Pathology: Case Study: Gorgan
Reza Ali MohseniAbstractUrban space which produce human relationships, Can be effectivefactor on crimes and deviations also urban different problems.With social and physical expansion and development of cities, and ariseeconomic, cultural and social heterogeneous centers, we observe th MoreAbstractUrban space which produce human relationships, Can be effectivefactor on crimes and deviations also urban different problems.With social and physical expansion and development of cities, and ariseeconomic, cultural and social heterogeneous centers, we observe thathave increased urban crimes rates, Specially in prepheral and centralareas in great cites. There is relationship between city size and increaseof urban deviance and crimes.Also, there is relationship between degree of urban development withrate of social, economic, social and physical deviance and crimes. Thispaper investigate theoretical aspects of urban relations with devianceand crimes on cites, also, urban deviance and crimes ranking that haveimplemented as case study in Gorgan city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
257 - Identifying the components of committing a crime in cyberspace (cyber) of cybercrime officers in 1396
Hossein Nazarifar Roghayeh Bahari Ali PezhhanThe overall purpose of this assessment is to identify the impact of social and family factors on crime in cyberspace.In the research method, according to the nature of the subject and the objectives of this research, documentary, field, descriptive and survey methods we MoreThe overall purpose of this assessment is to identify the impact of social and family factors on crime in cyberspace.In the research method, according to the nature of the subject and the objectives of this research, documentary, field, descriptive and survey methods were used.The statistical population in this study includes experts and officers of cybercrime.Theories related to misbehavior and criminology have been used, and due to the small number of the statistical population in this study, the sample size of all experts and officers in the cybercrime department is 50. The counting method was used for sampling.The instrument used was a researcher-made questionnaire with a base of 0.90.The data were analyzed using regression test.The results showed that feelings of belonging to family, unfriendly friends, unemployment and poverty, and income constraints all contribute to cybercrime. A person's social participation in committing a crime in cyberspace has no effect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
258 - Laws on Taxation of Subsidies Targeting in Iran
Ehsan Seyifi Houseyin Bozourg nejhadLaws on Taxation of Subsidies Targeting in IranLaws on Taxation of Subsidies Targeting in Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
259 - An Analysis of the concessions to and severities in penalties for women in the Iranian Penal Code (pre and post- Islamic Revolution)
Afsaneh Mirian Masoumeh ReshadAbstract This study aimed to investigate the concessions to and severities in penalties for women in Iranian Penal Code (pre and post- Islamic Revolution). This research was conducted using qualitative content analysis of the Penal Code to compare pre and post-revolutio MoreAbstract This study aimed to investigate the concessions to and severities in penalties for women in Iranian Penal Code (pre and post- Islamic Revolution). This research was conducted using qualitative content analysis of the Penal Code to compare pre and post-revolutionary penalties imposed on women. Data was collected through a literature review of sources from libraries and documents in the context of Iran's penal code penalties for women. The purpose of reviewing this resource was to extract the elements of relevant disputes, to take notes, and then analyze them. This study employed a qualitative descriptive method of research based on the Islamic Penal Code which started with a review of the code, providing definitions of the penalties, followed by a discussion on the concessions to and severities in penalties and an identification of various elements of relevant disputes and finally the collected data was analyzed by means of content analysis. The results showed that in order to maintain and promote the status of women in Iran, a set of actions, movements and efforts has been made in order to improve laws related to women at all levels from the beginning of the Islamic Revolution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
260 - Adaptation legal Jurisprudence the Criteria of the Organization of Crimes by investigating Crimes in Rule of War
teymoor taherloo tayyebe arefnia fariba pahlevanithere is no explicit and specific definition for organized crime and it is defined considering its features and with the existence of different definitions, the collectiveness features of this crime has been agreed upon by all scholars of this research field; according Morethere is no explicit and specific definition for organized crime and it is defined considering its features and with the existence of different definitions, the collectiveness features of this crime has been agreed upon by all scholars of this research field; according to Islamic jurisprudence, crimes with collectiveness features are considered organized, such as war crimes and crimes in the rule of war and the collectiveness of this crime exacerbates the punishments. In Iran legal system, crimes are considered organized whether they are inherently collective; like criminal offense; or individual crimes be committed in group or band and similar to a collective group whose criminals are punished in a same way. As well as the criminalization of such crimes in the statuary law and Islamic jurisprudence, this study aims at investigating the criteria of organized crimes in Islamic jurisprudence and statuary law and their adaptation and adherence from each other. descriptive-analytical research method was used in this study and information was collected using documentary method.according to the Results and Findings crimes like group theft, vanguard, the refusal of scholars from paying ransom, acts of praying, poets satirizing the holy prophet and Muslims to stimulate pagans fight against Muslims are considered among crimes in the rule of war and like organized crimes in statuary law are accompanied with the description of collectiveness and the participation of members in these crimes exacerbates the punishments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
261 - Effectiveness of group intervention of forgiveness on mental health and anger control Prisoners with a crime of mass fight
Sajjad Yarian Seyyed Rohollah Mahmoodi Moghadam Shirali Kharamin Fariborz NikdelPositive psychology (forgiveness training), can cause an increase in mental health and anger control. The purpose of this study was to teach forgiveness on mental health and anger control of inmates with mass fight crime in central prison of Yasooje. Therefore, 90 patie MorePositive psychology (forgiveness training), can cause an increase in mental health and anger control. The purpose of this study was to teach forgiveness on mental health and anger control of inmates with mass fight crime in central prison of Yasooje. Therefore, 90 patients were randomly assigned to experiment and control groups (60 patients with pre-test and post-test and 30 control). The Experiment group was taught forgiveness in 7weekly sessions, each session lasting 90 minutes, but the control group underwent no training. People were evaluated in both pre and post-tests in terms of aggression and mental health. The data variance analysis indicated that the means cores of mental health in experimental group compared to the control group has increased at post-test stage. The mean scores for anger control as compared to the control group at post-test, was found to have a significant reduction. It seems that teaching forgiveness and its components, on one hand can reduce large part of people going to prison and on the other hand it helps to improve the mental health and anger control, especially while they are in prison; what seems to be necessary for the prison guards, staff and managers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
262 - 0The impact of the crimes committed in Myanmar on Iran's national security and the need to criminalize it according to the rules of jurisprudence
sajad rahmati جمال بیگی بابک پورقهرمانیNational security promotes the development of political, economic, social and cultural activities, and with its absence, all the aforementioned activities are overshadowed. One of the things that endangers the national security of Iran is the crimes committed in Myanmar MoreNational security promotes the development of political, economic, social and cultural activities, and with its absence, all the aforementioned activities are overshadowed. One of the things that endangers the national security of Iran is the crimes committed in Myanmar by the Myanmar government against its citizens. For this reason, it is necessary to take measures in order to ensure national security, and it seems that the criminalization of these crimes according to the rules of jurisprudence is a suitable solution for this purpose. Therefore, this article seeks to investigate how the crimes committed in Myanmar affect Iran's national security and the necessity of stoning those crimes according to the rules of jurisprudence. The research method is descriptive and analytical, and data collection is also in the form of data collection. The method of conducting the research was qualitative and the findings of the research indicate that with the killing of Muslims in Myanmar, a part of the allies of Muslims has been lost, which causes a decrease in the population and, as a result, the security of Muslims in the world, especially in Iran. With the killing of Muslims and the lack of sufficient international support to punish the dead, it will make Iran appear isolated and reduce national security, but according to the principle of no harm and no harm in Islam, the rule of negation of a Muslim's mustache and tail, no religion can be treated as a crime. As if it acted. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
263 - Effectiveness Requirements for Foreign Criminal Laws and Sentences in The National Territory: Developments, Obstacles and Solutions in the Field of Cybercrimes
Ashkan Famil Modaberan Azar Givkey Nader AlizadehsereshtThe all-round application of the principle of the sovereignty of countries in their territory through the tool of criminal jurisdiction has undergone a change despite the justifications for it, so that the effectiveness of foreign laws and rulings has been modified in r MoreThe all-round application of the principle of the sovereignty of countries in their territory through the tool of criminal jurisdiction has undergone a change despite the justifications for it, so that the effectiveness of foreign laws and rulings has been modified in recent years in the light of human rights concepts and fair trial standards, and many countries have deviated from their sovereignty and considered the interests of the accused to be preferable having anticipated examples of the application of foreign law. One of the most important features of cyber space is that it is not limited to the geographical borders of countries, which is called "extra-spatial" feature. This feature causes the determination of the competent court to deal with the crimes committed in this space to be faced with fundamental problems. In the real space, factors such as the location of the crime, the location of the crime, the place of residence and the arrest of the accused are the criteria for applying territorial jurisdiction, but considering the characteristics of the cyberspace, the most important of which is not being assigned to a specific place, "being extra-local", the application of jurisdiction A territory in this space causes a positive conflict between the courts of different countries. Therefore, determining the territory of this principle creates the greatest challenge in dealing with cybercrimes and in the procedures of different countries of the world, it is possible to refer to the location of the computer, the location of the uploader or implementer, the location of the action, the location of the effect, or other matters. The title of the factors relating the jurisdiction of the court to the criminal act located in the cyberspace was mentioned. This research, which was carried out using the descriptive-analytical method and using library and cyberspace resources, tries to investigate the influence of the criminal laws of our country on this process. After the victory of the Islamic Revolution and under the influence of Sharia standards, and also due to the increasing progress in cyber fields and the increase in crimes in this area, the said process encountered obstacles that require reflection and research to overcome, obstacles such as the conditions of the appointed judge. , the rule of negation of the mustache and some unreasonable precautions of the legislator in this context can be seen, which has become an obstacle to the development of the criminal law of our country for the expansion of the place Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
264 - A Study of the Preventive Role of the Media Literacy in Occurrence of Cybercrimes in Iran Over Duration of the COVID-19 Pandemic
mokhtar bidarvand بابک پورقهرمانیIn the conditions of the spread of the Covid-19 virus and the pervasiveness of the transformation of everyday affairs in the heart of societies and the emergence of a critical control with the onslaught of references in the cyberspace, the present research has investiga MoreIn the conditions of the spread of the Covid-19 virus and the pervasiveness of the transformation of everyday affairs in the heart of societies and the emergence of a critical control with the onslaught of references in the cyberspace, the present research has investigated the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the number of cybercrimes and media literacy. The research method is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of execution method. The statistical population includes university professors, lawyers, judges, lawyers, and IT experts in the year 1400-1401. The statistical sample was 90 people, which was selected from the society by stratified random sampling. We have also used the single-sample t statistic method to analyze the research hypotheses. In line with the investigation of the role of the covid-19 pandemic on increasing the level of media literacy and reducing cybercrimes, as well as the existence of a significant relationship between increasing media literacy and reducing the number of crimes in the cyber space, the results of the study show that the Covid-19 crisis has had a positive and significant effects in increasing the level of media literacy as well as the number of crimes. Despite the increase in media literacy, we are facing a slight increase in cybercrime, but in proportion to the amount of crowding of users in cyberspace and the number of crimes before the Covid-19 pandemic and during the pandemic, we can see a decrease in crimes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
265 - The effects of public enforcement of limits in crime prevention with emphasis on public punishment in Holy Qur'an (verse 2 of Surah Noor)
ahmad gharaeefard Mazieh Pilevar Javad RajabisalmanOne of the main factors in preventing crime is the enforcement of limits. There are many differences of opinion among jurists and legal scholars on the issue of the public implementation of limits. Some believe in the incumbency and some believe in the desirability of t MoreOne of the main factors in preventing crime is the enforcement of limits. There are many differences of opinion among jurists and legal scholars on the issue of the public implementation of limits. Some believe in the incumbency and some believe in the desirability of the public implementation of limits, and in contrast to them, there is a group that opposes the public implementation of limits. Wohn considers religion as the reason for his opposition to the public implementation of limits. This research aims to explain the effects of the public implementation of limits in crime prevention in response to the question, how can the public implementation of limits be effective in reducing crimes? With the analytical-critical research method, by emphasizing the meaning of Holy Qur'an (verse 2 of Surah Noor), the available evidences and citing the prominent opinions of jurists, we reached these results that the cases of public implementation of punishment in the jurisprudential sources of the Qur'an and hadiths are limited. However, by ascertainment in cases where the crime causes public opinion to be humiliated, the punishment can be carried out publicly to be a factor in preventing crime and corruption in the society. Also, proving the theory of the effectiveness of the public enforcement of limits in reducing crimes and criticizing the arguments of its opponents, are among the results of this research. Manuscript profile
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