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Open Access Article
1 - Analyzing cultural and identity factors in urban planning and Architecture Pahlavi Era (Case study: Ahvaz City)
Dr. Ahmad Reza KaboliThe culture of a land is deeply influential on urban planning and architecture and clearly retention of basic cultural and artistic factors in buildings has left special effectiveness. Westernism, in the urban planning and architecture of the pahlavi Era is evidently ou MoreThe culture of a land is deeply influential on urban planning and architecture and clearly retention of basic cultural and artistic factors in buildings has left special effectiveness. Westernism, in the urban planning and architecture of the pahlavi Era is evidently outstanding as far as many changes in the plan forms are witnesses in this period. The present study is an applied study in terms of purpose and a survey study in terms of research methodology based on a questionnaire. The main aim of the research is to evaluate the relationship between cultural factors (in terms of façade and plan) in urban planning and architecture within the ahvaz city specially focusing on three icon buildings created in pahlavi period: triangular college building, silo building and the swan hotel building with an architecture related to the european modernism period. The research data are collected using a questionnaire while the cronbach’s method has been used for evaluating the reliability of this research instrument. We followed the snowball technique to determine the number and type of samples(41 experts). The data were analyzed using the Spss software and kolmogorov-smirnov (KS) test and the sign test. The results of KS test suggest that the significance level is below 0.05 in all cases; therefore, the data normality test is rejected. Also based on the Sign test, the value of 1.739 at the significance level of 0.082 for the “façade index” and the value of 1.562 at the significance levels of 0.118 for the “plan index” have not been significant for those three buildings. Both indices ,façade and plan, have been equally used when compared to the architecture of European modernism period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Abū l-Hasan Alī b. Mahdī Māmatīrī a Traditionist and a Man of letters from 4th Century
مصطفی معلّمیAbū l- Hasan Alī b. Mahdī al- Māmatīṛī was a unknown traditionist and aman of letter who lived in the forth centuryA.H. Recently a manuscript of hisbook named as Nuzhatُ l Absār va Mahāsinُ l- Āthār has been discovered andintroduced by an Iranian bibliographer. This MoreAbū l- Hasan Alī b. Mahdī al- Māmatīṛī was a unknown traditionist and aman of letter who lived in the forth centuryA.H. Recently a manuscript of hisbook named as Nuzhatُ l Absār va Mahāsinُ l- Āthār has been discovered andintroduced by an Iranian bibliographer. This article triest to introduceMāmatīrī and his works, especially Nuzhat l- Absār. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - The Concept of Fashion in Iran During the Qajar Second Period and Early Pahlavi Era Based on Memoirs and Daily Reports: A Sociological Study
Seddigheh NayefiNowadays, fashion is a significant cultural concept and one of the most powerful global economic industries. Despite its importance, the extent of related professions and its impact on cultural and economic issues of the modern era, there is no precise research and info MoreNowadays, fashion is a significant cultural concept and one of the most powerful global economic industries. Despite its importance, the extent of related professions and its impact on cultural and economic issues of the modern era, there is no precise research and information on how Iranians deal with this phenomenon. Iran's relationship with the West and its confrontation with concepts such as Western culture and modernity dated back to years before the Qajar period, but relevant documents and research indicate a lack of interest and serious influence of Iranians in the phenomenon of fashion and its manifestations (such as Western clothing style) until before the Qajar second period. Advanced research aims to analyze how Iranians deal with this phenomenon and their attitude towards it in this period by collecting historical data in a documentary approach with a sociological perspective. So, the documents such as reports and daily memoirs, used to compare the views of classical and contemporary sociologists on the concept of fashion. The research findings indicate that the consistency of the examined texts with the views of classical sociologists concepts and theories such as trickle-down theory, class imitation, the efforts to create or eliminate class distinctions, the display of ostentatiousness and leisure time of the affluent class led to the condemnation of fashion, not as the contemporary positive approaches towards fashion Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Contemporization of the Concept of Semantic Authenticity in Tehran's Architectural City Scape
Sara Fardpour Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad Fariborz DolatabadiToday, the issue of identity crisis has become one of the main concerns in the domain of architectural spaces, especially in countries with culturally rich backgrounds which seek original features in a purposeful solution. This is also true of the Iranian architectural MoreToday, the issue of identity crisis has become one of the main concerns in the domain of architectural spaces, especially in countries with culturally rich backgrounds which seek original features in a purposeful solution. This is also true of the Iranian architectural space which, connected deeply to its culture, can conceive an authentic model related to the architecture of the modern urban façades. The main inquiry of this study revolves around this fundamental question: “What elements are analytically included inthe study of the semantic authenticity in urban facades of the city of Tehran?” It could be concluded that, based on the theory of origin of Zancheti, et al., understanding the concept of “originality” is possible through three elements: the physical – environmental element, the physical element and the element of meaning in urban landscapes. Furthermore, the authentic façadesfollow three elements: first, the clarity in the building structure, second,the connection with the environment and the urban space and third,the affiliation to the longstanding and meaningful objects. In order to create original façades in today's urban architectural design, one needs to identify the construction of the building facade, followed by a systematic study of the physical and semantic relations to perceive its semantic authenticity as veiled codes in the facades. The aim of this study is to emphasize the structural authenticity in the city of Tehran by devising a framework in the original semantics. Therefore, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods is used. Thus, in the qualitative phase, the characteristics are examined through “Grounded-Theory” method.In the quantitative phase, however, the significance of the characteristics is determined using the SWARA method. The data collection method is based on field data, library research, and involves a questionnaire containing 24 questions. The selection of examples include monuments of contemporary architecture that have a wide range of impact and hold the following characteristics due to their superior views: 1-In the first and second “Pahlavi” Era; 1931-1966. 2- Iranian cultural roots are also meticulously studied. 3-There are genuine architectural signs and patterns. In the selection of this study, twopoints are more conspicuous than others: the importance of the works of the selected buildings and the significance of their relative era. The physical analysis of the contemporary architectural works in the first and second “Pahlavi” Erasuggests thatproper design methods were applied in the structural proportions widely employed by the architects of the timeto originate a basic method in architecture. They follow a pattern that facilitates the process of the original design by employing it in view and intensify the validity of the façade. According to this research, the production of an authentic urban facade has a direct connection with the creation of meaningful elements that are linkedto one another through time. This study considers roots as the basis of originalitywhich is perceived through an accuratedesign analysis of the architecture of PahlaviEra. The semantic authenticity of the façade is comprehended through semantic elements which areassociated with the city,the effective light,the turning point,the vitality and mobility, the memorability, and the domestic materials. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - The Study of Place Attachment Perception based on Identity Elements of Residential Building of the Pahlavi II Period between Citizens of Tehran
Masoumeh Gheimati Iraj Etessam Ali AlaieToday, with the rise of technology and the dramatic increase in mass communication, human definitions of psychological and cognitive issues have largely changed hands. Spatial identity is one of these concepts related to environmental sciences, particularly architecture MoreToday, with the rise of technology and the dramatic increase in mass communication, human definitions of psychological and cognitive issues have largely changed hands. Spatial identity is one of these concepts related to environmental sciences, particularly architecture and urban planning. The role of emotions and semantic relationships in shaping spatial identity is discussed and the effects of these include the creation of self-esteem and a sense of community. The identity of a place that has gradually developed over time will create an inextricable link between one's feelings and personal characteristics with the place in which one lives. The Second Pahlavi period was the beginning of the modern movement and the transformation of architectural styles into modern styles and presenting new patterns in it. This has led to the design and implementation of prominent and prominent architectural monuments, especially in residential architecture, which still has physical, semantic, and functional attractions after decades of implementation. In this regard and expressing the importance of spatial identity, this study seeks to read the citizens' mental perceptions of their spatial attachment based on the identity elements of the second Pahlavi era residential architecture. The main purpose of this research is to find out the mechanism and mechanisms that characterize the identity of the Pahlavi era residential architecture in the mind of today's citizens of Tehran. In other words, extracting the most critical mental paths of identity structures from these structures using structural equation modeling techniques is considered. To achieve this, the conceptual model of how to understand spatial attachment and spatial identity is explained and defined using a review of research literature and then by using a questionnaire survey method and equation modeling software. Structurally, this model has been examined. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical, which is the main purpose of the analysis, investigation of the mechanism, and mechanism of formation of attachment to residential buildings of the second Pahlavi period. Data collection was done through both documentary and quantitative survey, using a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics of the present study were used by SPSS and Smartpls software using structural equation modeling. The results showed that the most critical path in shaping the factors related to spatial attachment in the buildings under consideration is in terms of perceptions of Tehranian citizens, the path of functional perceptions of Pahlavi architecture-spatial dependence-spatial identity-spatial attachment. Moreover, based on these findings, it seems that the first step in understanding the monuments in question is their functional properties, which in turn will influence the place-dependency factor in their mental imagery, and later stages of formation. Identity and place attachment lead. Therefore, it seems that efficiency and performance and meeting the expectations and needs of these buildings are the most important factors in creating the related variables of identity and attachment in citizens. The second path that has led to the formation and creation of spatial attachment in Tehranian citizens in the buildings under study is the semantic path of Pahlavi architecture-cultural capital-social understanding of Pahlavi architecture-spatial identity-spatial attachment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - The Assessment of some Contextual Architecture Factors with an Approach to Culture and Identity in the State and Public Buildings of Pahlavi Era (Case Study: Oil Cinema, Oil Industry College and National Bank)
Ahmadreza Kaboli Bagher karimi Jamaledin Mahdinejad darzi -
Open Access Article
7 - Determining the Influential Components on the Continuity of 'Iranian Architectural Identity' during the first Pahlavi Era (Case Study: The Selected Buildings in Tehran)
Majid Riyahizadeh Mohammad Mansour Falamaki Mohammadreza Pourzargar -
Open Access Article
8 - Exploring the Intersection of Tradition and Innovation in Pahlavi II Architecture: A Case Study of Pahlavi II Period Buildings in Sanandaj and Analysis of Added and Removed Elements in Comparison to Traditional Period
khaled Azizzadeh Lida Balilan Salahedin MolanaeiABSTRACT: This article presents a case study exploring the intersection of tradition and innovation in Pahlavi II architecture, with a focus on Pahlavi II period buildings in Sanandaj. The research investigates the incorporation of traditional elements and the introduct MoreABSTRACT: This article presents a case study exploring the intersection of tradition and innovation in Pahlavi II architecture, with a focus on Pahlavi II period buildings in Sanandaj. The research investigates the incorporation of traditional elements and the introduction of innovative design approaches during this architectural period. By analyzing the added and removed elements in comparison to the traditional period, the study seeks to identify the key factors influencing the transformation of architectural features. The research methodology involves site visits, interviews with architectural experts and local residents, and archival research to gather data on the architectural design choices and motivations. The findings reveal a harmonious integration of traditional and innovative elements in Pahlavi II buildings in Sanandaj. The analysis of added and removed elements sheds light on the dynamic nature of architectural evolution, providing insights into the influence of cultural and historical factors on design decisions. The study highlights the importance of preserving cultural heritage while embracing innovation and modernity in architectural design. It also emphasizes the need for a holistic approach to design that takes into account social, cultural, and environmental factors. Overall, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the intricate relationship between tradition and innovation in Pahlavi II architecture and its impact on built environments. The research provides valuable insights for architects, designers, and policymakers seeking to create sustainable and culturally sensitive built environments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Investigating the Role and the Position of Women in Bidel Dehlavi’s Sonnets
Naemeh Toluie Eshlaghi Reza Fahimi Manijeh Fallahi -
Open Access Article
10 - Analysis of Effective Cultural Components on Political Development of Iran (Second Pahlavi Era)
Mohammad Heydarpourklidsar -
Open Access Article
11 - Analysis of the Impact of Conspiracy Illusion in Iran's Political Underdevelopment (Second Pahlavi Era)
Mohammad Heydarpourklidsar -
Open Access Article
12 - A Sociological Study of Authoritarianism in the Pahlavi Era
Ako Ahmadnezhad Masoumeh Motlaq -
Open Access Article
13 - The Causes of Inefficiency and Development of Parties in Iran of the First Pahlavi Period (Case Study of the Revival Party from 1920 to 1941)
Somaye Emadi Rastegar Sina Forouzesh Gholam Hossein ZargarinejadAuthoritarian political power, with the formation of the Constitutional Revolution and the formation of the National Assembly and the establishment of a legitimate system, became a law-bound power; the party was one of the necessary tools needed in the new political str MoreAuthoritarian political power, with the formation of the Constitutional Revolution and the formation of the National Assembly and the establishment of a legitimate system, became a law-bound power; the party was one of the necessary tools needed in the new political structure. For some reason, however, this revolution failed to achieve its ideals. This led reformists, especially the intellectuals of the Revival Party, to think of establishing a powerful government so that they could put their reformist thoughts and ideals into practice in the political, social, economic, and cultural spheres. The main question with the present article is why did not the party, which with the help of Reza Shah had won the majority of seats in the fifth parliament of the National Assembly, be able to implement its plans and finally become an inefficient party? The research hypothesis is that the founders and members of the Revival Party seem to have been from the ruling groups and the aristocratic class of society, and therefore the party leaders were unable to break out of their original circle and communicate with the masses. The research method of the article is a historical (posteriori) and the method of collecting documentary and library information has been used as a comparative study to describe and analyze the data. The fundamental finding of the present study is that “the factors of inefficiency and discontinuity of the Revival Party have been depending on two internal and external categories.” Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - The Role of American Land Reform in the Failure and Underdevelopment of Agricultural Economy in Iran (Second Pahlavi Era)
zahra amiri REZA shabani mohamad kalhorLand reform was the most important program of social transformation, which was on the agenda of Mohammad Reza Shah in the early 1340s. The Shah and the Amini government were responsible for implementing the plan, inspired by the ideas of Walt Whitman Rostow, an American MoreLand reform was the most important program of social transformation, which was on the agenda of Mohammad Reza Shah in the early 1340s. The Shah and the Amini government were responsible for implementing the plan, inspired by the ideas of Walt Whitman Rostow, an American economic historian and Kennedy adviser, who sought to implement a Western version of development in Iran. This article seeks to answer the fundamental question, how did the American land reform cause the failure and underdevelopment of the agricultural economy in Iran? Since there are no hypotheses to test, this study seeks to explore and define new concepts in an exploratory manner. The land reform was carried out in the United States under Iran. Contrary to US officials' claims, the main purpose of its implementation was not to elevate it. The level of welfare of the people, but also the strengthening of US-affiliated capitalism against the communists, as well as providing a market and a platform for the sale of US consumer goods in Iran. The Americans, for various reasons, including lack of awareness of the social context of Iran, rapid implementation of reforms, disregard for the leadership of the reforms, use of repression theory, could not conclude the reforms they intended for Iran. Incomplete implementation of the land reform program, census Unrealistic agriculture, changing the traditional land system without institutionalizing a suitable model or alternative, disrupting part of Iran's social fabric following the incomplete implementation of the land reform program, dissatisfaction of landowners and landowners, Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The Role of the American Economic Crisis in 1929 on the Development of the State Economy in Iran during the First Pahlavi Era
Sina ForoozeshThe decline in industrial manufacturing of advanced countries led to the U.S. Great Depression of 1929 that spilled over to many other countries as well. The capitalist countries, as the main manufacturers, saw a decline in their demand of raw materials purchased from u MoreThe decline in industrial manufacturing of advanced countries led to the U.S. Great Depression of 1929 that spilled over to many other countries as well. The capitalist countries, as the main manufacturers, saw a decline in their demand of raw materials purchased from underdeveloped countries. The Depression made the Iranian Government and parliament to adopt measures to grapple with it. At this point, the main Q.S of present research is how did the above-mentioned crisis lead to the development of the state economy in Iran during the first Pahlavi era? The research method in the current study is Documentary, based on the qualitative study of data analysis and gathered documents of Iranian economic variables during the Depression. The result of this research is indicating the measures adopted by the government led to a monopoly and state-controlled economy in Iran for cover financial crisis 1929. The measures increased the authority and control of the government over the economy, ultimately, the economy was totally at the disposal of the government. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Geomythology, a new approach in the development of valley Geomythotourism case: Akhlamd Valley
masoomeh tavangar narges tanhaei alan forghaniGeomythology is the study of the relationship between geomorphological features and oral culture of geographical areas. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between Geomythology and the attraction of Geotourists in the Akhlamd Valley and introduc MoreGeomythology is the study of the relationship between geomorphological features and oral culture of geographical areas. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between Geomythology and the attraction of Geotourists in the Akhlamd Valley and introduce it as a new tourist destination. Akhlamad is one of the most important recreational destinations in Khorasan Razavi province. However, due to the existence of specific geomorphological features, myths are rooted in the popular culture of the region, which is unknown to the general public and can pave the way for the development of Geomythotourism in this area. The present research is of survey and applied type and combined analysis has been used to obtain the answers to the research questions. Information required by field methods; Observations, interviews and questionnaires were collected and analyzed using SPSS software. The research results show that most of Akhlamad tourists live in Khorasan Razavi. The most important motivation for their travel was visiting and tourism, and people who considered Geomythological phenomena important and attractive had more money to travel to Akhlamd. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Capital Offences (Marg-arzān Sins) in the Middle Persian Texts
نادیا Hajipour مهشید Mirfakhra'iAccording to the Middle Persian texts Marg-arzān is a sin that is punished by death. In the list of the degrees of the sins, Marg-arzān is the heaviest one. Several Middle Persian texts speak about the sin and its punishment, some of them have allotted a whole chapter t MoreAccording to the Middle Persian texts Marg-arzān is a sin that is punished by death. In the list of the degrees of the sins, Marg-arzān is the heaviest one. Several Middle Persian texts speak about the sin and its punishment, some of them have allotted a whole chapter to the subject and other speak about it sporadically. In this article, capital offences and their trial procedures has been surveyed according to Pahlavi texts. Capital offences are divided into the “offenses /sins regarding opposite party (= hamēmālān)” and the “offenses which endanger the soul of the criminal (= ruwānīg)”. Some of the sins such as killing, stealing and perjury have been placed in the group of “hamēmālān” because they harm an opposite party. Other sins, such as converting to another religion, deceiving and burying the dead, have been placed in the group of “ruwānīg” because they harm one own soul. This paper also surveys the legal and religious procedures for punishing the sinners. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Increasing Water Quality Modeling Efficiency by Separating the Year into Hot and Cold Months (Case of Study: Watershed of Sanandaj Gheshlagh Dam)
Seyed Pedram Nainiva Kamran ChapiBackground and Objective: Nowadays, water is considered as one of the factors for improvement and economic growth of societies. The hot and cold seasons of the year and its comparison with the non-segregation of the hot and cold seasons are 26 years. Method: In this stu MoreBackground and Objective: Nowadays, water is considered as one of the factors for improvement and economic growth of societies. The hot and cold seasons of the year and its comparison with the non-segregation of the hot and cold seasons are 26 years. Method: In this study, after studying the accuracy of discharge data, electrical conductivity, soluble matter, chlorine, calcium, sodium, magnesium, acidity and sodium uptake ratio of the two stations, it was tried to find appropriate regression relationships between discharge parameter and qualitative parameters. Provide water. Findings: The results showed that the Chehelgazi sub-watershed in cold months, the liner relationship between discharge with electrical conductivity, dissolved solids, chloride and sodium and also the exponential relationship was suitable between discharging with calcium. In warm months for this sub-watershed, the linear relationship presented the suitable relationship between discharge with dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, magnesium, calcium, sodium and the sodium adsorption. Also, the linear relationship was suitable between discharge with dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, chloride and sodium whereas the exponential relationship was better between the discharging with calcium in Khalifehtarkhan sub-watershed. In this sub-watershed, for warm months, the linear relationship was suitable for the relationship between discharge with dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, chloride, sodium and sodium adsorption. The separation comparison of cold and warm months with non-separation showed that non-separation of cold and warm months is not possible the chloride and magnesium estimation (in Chehelgazi sub-watershed) and calcium estimation (in Khalifetarkhan sub-watershed). Discussion and Conclusion: using obtained relationships and seasonal changes of surface waters quality, with discharge rate can create modeling water quality, extraction and recovery of water quality data. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Assessment and monitoring of land use degradation around the urban river valley using landscape ecology approach (Case study: Gheshlagh river valley)
Morteza ghobadi alireza sepahvand Masumeh AhmadipariBackground and Objective: Assessment of the resilience threshold based on the characteristics of landscape causes an appropriate management for vulnerability and identifying resilience areas. This study assessed the resilience threshold with the landscape ecology approa MoreBackground and Objective: Assessment of the resilience threshold based on the characteristics of landscape causes an appropriate management for vulnerability and identifying resilience areas. This study assessed the resilience threshold with the landscape ecology approach by using quantitative methods in the Gheshlagh river valley.Material and Methodology: The study area was classified into five homogeneous zones based on the characteristics of the composition and distribution of the landscape structure, and the vulnerability and resilience of the zones were determined. The vulnerability was calculated based on the status of the signs and their changes, and the resilience of the zones was determined based on 5 resilience criteria including ability of resilience, speed of resilience, maximum resilience, amount of resilience, and possibility of resilience. The method of recording the quantitative characteristics of the landscape was completed using moving windows in the fragstat environment during the two periods of 2000 and 2018.Findings: The results of the vulnerability assessment of the zones showed that the vulnerability of the zones were 33%, 25%, 23% and 20% for A, D, C and B, respectively. The results of the resilience of zones showed that the zones A and D are not resilience against the changes, and also the amount of resilience B is more than all zones, the speed of resilience C is also more than the other zones.Discussion and Conclusion: The characteristics of the composition and distribution of the landscape structure have significant effects on the environment and the resilience threshold with the landscape ecology approach is a suitable tool for assessing and monitoring of urban land use. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Analytical-comparative analysis of organic architectural works in Iran (Second Pahlavi period)
Alaleh Samir Maryam Cheshme Qassabani Hosein Karim AbadiBackground and Objective: The organic style, influenced by the libertarian movements, which derived from modernism. In order to define libertarianism for the architectural character of its own, this style, specified characteristics, and principles such as nature as a mo MoreBackground and Objective: The organic style, influenced by the libertarian movements, which derived from modernism. In order to define libertarianism for the architectural character of its own, this style, specified characteristics, and principles such as nature as a model, individualism, and nationalism. Despite the importance of this style to date, it has not yet been fully studied in contemporary Iranian architecture. Thus, in this study, the architectural works of organic style in the period - the second Pahlavi - are analyzed to explain the common features. Methods: The present historical research, with an analytical-comparative approach, has used inferential and deductive reasoning. First, the principles of organic style architecture, derived from a comparative study of written evidence and existing documents, were explained as a criterion of measurement. Then, a list of works of organic architecture in Iran was prepared to select samples for analysis by purposive sampling. Finally, the analyzed samples were compared with the principles of organic architecture. Findings: Organic architecture in Iran, in building and landscape design, has been used for various purposes, among which, preserving the potentials of the natural environment and reusing it with minimal human intervention, are in line with the common design theme. Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that the works of organic architecture in Iran in the second Pahlavi period, have able to have common concepts according to the organic style, such as the integration of the artificial environment with the natural environment, which originated from the organic style and has been appeared in these works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Ecological risk assessment and source identification of heavy metals including lead, arsenic, cadmium and zinc in surface water and sediments from Gheshlagh river, Sanandaj
Faranak Faghiri Delnia Hajiahmadi Jamil Amanollahi Farshid GhorbaniAbstract Background and Objective: Heavy metals are considered as serious pollutants due to their toxicity, persistence in natural conditions and ability to enter and accumulate in the food chain. Therefore, this study was carried to assess the potential ecological risk MoreAbstract Background and Objective: Heavy metals are considered as serious pollutants due to their toxicity, persistence in natural conditions and ability to enter and accumulate in the food chain. Therefore, this study was carried to assess the potential ecological risk and identify the source of heavy metals including lead, arsenic, cadmium and zinc in the surface water and sediments from Gheshlagh river, Sanandaj. Method: For this purpose, 16 samples of surface water and sediment were collected. Then, concentrations of arsenic, lead, cadmium and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Moreover, potential ecological risk index (PERI) and enrichment factor (EF) were utilized to assess the ecological risk, and heavy metals pollution index (HPI) was used to survey the effects of heavy metals on human health. Multivariate analyses such as correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and EF were used to identify human resource potential of arsenic, lead, cadmium and zinc. Findings: The results showed that the average concentration of a group of elements, including Pb, Cd and Zn, was higher than background levels, whereas average concentration of As was significantly lower than the background levels. Enrichment of the studied heavy metals was obtained as Pb> Zn> Cd> As in Gheshlagh river. The results of PERI showed a low risk for Pb, As and Zn and a moderate risk for Cd in the samples under the influence of road traffic. Discussion and Conclusion: Considering the results of EF and PCA, it can be concluded that the concentration of As has been mostly affected by the geological structure. Pb and Cd concentrations in four sampling areas were equally affected by agriculture and road traffic. It was also found that the concentration of Zn is influenced by residential wastewater. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Study of Environmental Impact of Minab Esteghlal Dam in Operation Phase Using a Combination of Modified and ICOLD Methods
Seyed Ali Jozi Leila Hosseini Ali DehghaniBackground and Objective: Minab Esteghlal dam, with a capacity of 350 million m2 and an efficient capacity of 270 million m2, is a stable-weight-concrete dam which is constructed on Minab river at the distance of 4 km from the east of Minab township with a geographic lo MoreBackground and Objective: Minab Esteghlal dam, with a capacity of 350 million m2 and an efficient capacity of 270 million m2, is a stable-weight-concrete dam which is constructed on Minab river at the distance of 4 km from the east of Minab township with a geographic longitude of 57° and 4′ and a geographic latitude of 27° and 9′. This dam was established in 1993 to supply the drinking water for Bandar Abbas and to provide water for 14670 hectares of downstram lands in Minab and for industry, flood control and artificial nutrition purposes. Method: This study is carried out to analyze the environmental impacts caused by operation of the dam. After collecting the basic data and field survey of the site and the dam reservoir, a list of environmental resources being affected was prepared. The study area was also determined in the from of individual environment under the direct and indirect impacts. Then, the required maps for the site, stations, ground cover, etc, were provided in the GIS environment. Water sampling was accomplished in warm and dry and warm and humid seasons, and water samples were carefully examined. In order to predict the dam impacts, a special method of assessment called ICOLD was conducted. After determining all the impacts, since this method is a qualitative method, a modified method was used to mark and interprete the impacts. Results: The results of this study showed that Esteghlal dam had a positive impact on biologic and socio-economic environments and had the scores of +207.5 and +329.25, and had a negative impact of -242 on physico–chemical environment. At the end, some recommendations to eliminate the negative impacts caused by operation of the dam, including decrease of deposit input to the river via constructing som dams at the upperhills before Esteghlal dam, and propagation of biological methods instead of applying fertilizer to defeat the agricultural pests were suggested. The proper environmental management of Minab watershed is bound to careful implementation of these suggestions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Assessing Accumulated Total Mercury in Planktonic Biomass from Sanandaj Gheshlagh Reservoir
Kamran Almasieh Shahram KaboodvandpourBackground and Objective: Previous studies showed that the level of total mercury (T-Hg) in Sanandaj Gheshlagh Reservoir (SGR) water is higher than those limits established by WHO and institute of standard of Iran (i.e., 1 µg/L). Therefore this research was carrie MoreBackground and Objective: Previous studies showed that the level of total mercury (T-Hg) in Sanandaj Gheshlagh Reservoir (SGR) water is higher than those limits established by WHO and institute of standard of Iran (i.e., 1 µg/L). Therefore this research was carried out to evaluate the level of T-Hg in SGR plankton biomass as the main source of food which is the most consumed fish in the region and to calculate the mercury biomagnification factor based on published results related to the SGR's silver carp. Method: Plankton samples were collected during July to December 2009 from three different sampling sites. The level of the T-Hg in plankton biomass was measured using Advanced Mercury Analyzer. Findings: Mean accumulated T-Hg (± S.E.) in plankton biomass of SGR was 78.21 ± 3.13 on ng g-1 dry weight basis that the highest level was observed in August (86.81 ± 10.9) and the lowest level was observed in September (68 ± 2.53) on ng g-1 dry weight basis. Statistical analysis showed that the amount of accumulated T-Hg was not significantly different between plankton biomass samples during different months (F5, 10 = 0.94, P = 0.49) and among different sites (F2, 10 = 1.19, P = 0.34). Conclusion: Based on previous studies results in related to the planktivorous fish of SGR and present study results, occurring of mercury biomagnification in the food chain of this water reservoir was proven and it seems that the planktonic biomass of fresh water ecosystem have a considerable capacity to transfer a significant amount of mercury to the higher trophic levels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Study the Trend of Temporal- Spatial Variation in Mesopotamian Marshlands and Effective Factors
Amir hossein Halabian Mehran ShabankariThe 21 century encounter with many challenges which the most important challenges are environmental topics such as deforestation and marshlands destruction and it’s consequences( flood, drought and dust). The Mesopotamian marshlands as the biggest middle- east aqu MoreThe 21 century encounter with many challenges which the most important challenges are environmental topics such as deforestation and marshlands destruction and it’s consequences( flood, drought and dust). The Mesopotamian marshlands as the biggest middle- east aquatic ecosystem has been placed as exoreac basin in south of Iraq and small part of south-western of Iran. These marshlands have been make one of the most dynamic fresh water ecosystems in the world in regional- local scale because of their great area, moist stability and adjancent with permanet rivers. These ecosystems have very important role and position in environmental refining and economical life of region, because of their valuable ecological hydro- climatic potentials. In recent decades, the qualitative changes resulting from undesiable human- natural processes have had the important effects on construction and function of this complex, and the role of marshlands has been coverted from dust stabilization and environmental refining in to origin and center of regional dust. This investigation with analytic- documentary statistical method, study the degradation and instability trend of Mesopotamian marshlands as one of the factors increasing dust in Iran. The result indicated that marshlands have been experienced many gradual and sudden changes. The most important factors foe these changes consist of hydro- climatic changes, infrostructure affairs development( dams and drainage), environmental threats( political and military tensions and drought) and human pollutants types( agricultural, industrial and domestic) which should be consider in regional- local hydropolitic management and planning for improvenental stability of marshlands and consequently, decreasing dust phenomena occurrence. This research indicated that satellite images have capability to reveal and describe the temporal- spatial variation of Mesopotamian marshlands. Manuscript profile -
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25 - A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IMAGE OF WOMEN IN THE POETRY OF JAMIL SEDQI ZAHAWI AND MALEK AL-SHORA BAHAR
Hedieh Ghassemifar Fatemeh ghaderiWomen and their status is among the most important issues the poets of past and present have paid attention to. This elegant creature has been able to develop and improve in the history in the way that she deserves in spite of all the hardships and adversities MoreWomen and their status is among the most important issues the poets of past and present have paid attention to. This elegant creature has been able to develop and improve in the history in the way that she deserves in spite of all the hardships and adversities. Jamil Sedqi Zahawi the Iraqi poet and Malek Al-Shora Bahar the Iranian poet have paid attention to this fact in their works and have helped women through their free and conscious way of thinking. The present article studies the role and status of women in the 19th and 29th century Iraq and during the Qajar and Pahlavi Period in Iran and brings examples of their poetry. The article finally concludes that both poets have similar points of view although there are some minor differences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - A Study on the Appearance of Perfect Human in Saib Tabrizi and Bidel Dehlavi's Divan Based on Quran and Practical Mysticism
Shahnaz Zarrin Khat Reza Ashrafzadeh Mohammad FazeliHuman is the main basis and the real stimulus of progress in all societies and also the ultimate goal of the universe creation. The importance of the mentioned issue would be clear out when the main subject of all humanities specifically the literary-mystical scien MoreHuman is the main basis and the real stimulus of progress in all societies and also the ultimate goal of the universe creation. The importance of the mentioned issue would be clear out when the main subject of all humanities specifically the literary-mystical sciences is "man" and his way to excellence and perfection. The fundamental question is "what is the way to know the perfect man, and how can this be achieved?" To answer this question, (this paper) initially introduces the perfect man and then describes his characteristics and the way to reach this position according to the Qur'an and practical mysticism from two prominent and well-known Indian poets, Saib Tabrizi and Bidel Dehlavi viewpoint which comes as a result of the divan by two poets. A perfect human is the wise and thought one, adheres to religions and is created according to Divine morality and has reached the peak of perfection in "good sayings, good morals and good deeds". Manuscript profile -
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27 - Comparative Study of Ash'arites' Viewpoint on Justice in Sa'adi's Koliyat and Amīr Khusrow Dehlavī's Diwan
Anvar ZiyaeiDivine Justice is one of the important religious and verbal principals such as monotheism; but because of its undescribable importance, owns a special place in religious and verbal subjects. Ash'arites belive that Lord's justice is to enter all good doers to Hell and al MoreDivine Justice is one of the important religious and verbal principals such as monotheism; but because of its undescribable importance, owns a special place in religious and verbal subjects. Ash'arites belive that Lord's justice is to enter all good doers to Hell and all evil doers to Heaven. Thus they think that justice is not mandatory to Lord nor evil in the universe; they also believe human is not allowed and capable to judge Lord's decisions. Other religion – Shias – believe in good and bad behaviors conversely. They believe Lord would never leave what wise dictates. This paper aims to study Sa'adi and Amīr Khusrow Dehlavī's viewpoints on Divine judgement. Manuscript profile -
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28 - A Comparative Study on Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ and Al-Jāhiz Basri in Introducing Sasanian Empire's Culture and Civilization
Samad Momeni Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ is one of the famous translators and scholars in first era of Abbasid caliphate. He is one of the translators who could effect the kings' behaviors and his movement was an opening to form the Shu'ubiyya and translation movement which were responsib More Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ is one of the famous translators and scholars in first era of Abbasid caliphate. He is one of the translators who could effect the kings' behaviors and his movement was an opening to form the Shu'ubiyya and translation movement which were responsible for Iran's protection and transferring important achievements to Islamic era. Al-Jāhiz Basri – although was a religious man – attempted to translate Pahlavi's Book in order to remind remarkable ethical and social issues of Sasanian to Abbasids. This research intends to study the various aspects of the mentioned subject by citing valid historical and literal references and based on the descriptive analythical method. The results show that translation of Pahavi scripts by Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ and Al-Jāhiz played an important role in introducing Iranian's traditions such as Norouz, polo game and etc. Manuscript profile -
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29 - Comparative Study of Leili and Majnoon by Nizami, and Amir Khosrow Dehlavi's
Mohammad Moradi Ahmad Reza Keikha FarzanehThis descriptive – analytical study surveys the "Leili and the Majnoon" by Nizami and Amir Khosrow Dehlavi. It is clear that the temporal and spatial differences have had an undeniable effect on an imitated work; Therefore, although Dehlav MoreThis descriptive – analytical study surveys the "Leili and the Majnoon" by Nizami and Amir Khosrow Dehlavi. It is clear that the temporal and spatial differences have had an undeniable effect on an imitated work; Therefore, although Dehlavi's "Majnoon and Leili", is the same "Leili and Majnoon" by Nizami, It is a different work in terms of cultural and social components that do not have the specific structures and prejudices of the fifth century in the traditional Iranian society. However, the structure of both works is similar in terms of the beginning and the end of the story as well as the characters and the generalities of the story. But the one by Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, has given more opportunity to the beloved to express his love in processing Leili's character. Leili talks about her feelings and nostalgia along with women. The intellectual commonality of both poets is the Islamic cultural. Also special attention paid to the cultural conditions of Arabs and consequently, the special strictures that underlie the behavior of men and women in social relations. Manuscript profile -
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30 - The brilliance of Persian language and words in the poetry Divan of Aashi Akbar
Nayyreh Nazaria Mohammad Janatifar Seidakbar GhazanfaIran and the kings of Persia, as one of the ancient civilizations of the planet, have been able to attract the attention of various nations, including the Arabs. Aashi Akbar, who was fascinated by this civilization and the behavior of the Persians, by traveling and prai MoreIran and the kings of Persia, as one of the ancient civilizations of the planet, have been able to attract the attention of various nations, including the Arabs. Aashi Akbar, who was fascinated by this civilization and the behavior of the Persians, by traveling and praising the kings and great Iranians such as Kasra Anoushirvan and Shahpour, opened his place in the government and court of the Persians and his poetry was full of Persian words that he borrowed from the Persians and the way of writing and composing those words was exactly the same as what was common among the Persians. This research, which in turn is one of the special articles in the field of comparative literature and the adaptation between the two languages of Persian and Arabic, aims to express and shine the Persian language in other languages, especially Arabic by mentioning Persian words among the verses of poetry left over from Aashi. Manuscript profile -
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31 - A comparative study of the themes of the lyrical poem "Hasht Behesht" by Amir Khosrow Dehlavi and "Jawaher Al-Asmar" by Al-Saghari
Asieh Zabih Nia EmranAmir Khosrow Dehlavi (651-725 AD) is one of the famous Persian mystics of India in the second half of the seventh century and the early eighth century. In Masnavi, he is a subordinate of Nezami Ganjavi. One of Amir Khosrow's Masnavi which imitating "Haft Peykar" of Neza MoreAmir Khosrow Dehlavi (651-725 AD) is one of the famous Persian mystics of India in the second half of the seventh century and the early eighth century. In Masnavi, he is a subordinate of Nezami Ganjavi. One of Amir Khosrow's Masnavi which imitating "Haft Peykar" of Nezami has written the poem "Hasht Behesht". In compiling the anecdotes of "Hasht Behesht", he referred to the book "Jawaher Al-Asmar" by Emad Ibn Muhammad Al-Saghari. Amir Khosrow has quoted several anecdotes of "Hasht Behesht" from the book "Jawahar Al-Asmar" and even in many parts of the text of "Hasht Behesht", he has borrowed and adapted the phrases and sentences of this work. The book "Jawaher al-Asmar" contains a hundred stories that are told in the language of parrots for fifty-two nights to prevent a young business woman from betraying her husband. Most of the anecdotes and legends of "Jawaher al-Asmar" and "Hasht Behesht" are based on women's ruse. Part of the theme of the anecdotes is the effect of women's breaking the treaty and pretending to veil. Considering that the book "Jawaher al-Asmar" is one of the most important models of Amir Khosrow's work in "Hasht Behesht" and that both works have been compiled in India, they have many things in common. The present article tries to examine the common themes of both lyrical works. Manuscript profile -
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32 - Commitment in Arabic literature (Al-Sharif Al-Radi and Ibn Maatouq Al-Hawizi, a balanced study)
hossin javanmardi javad saadonzadeh Sohad JaderiThis article aims, based on the descriptive analytical method, to examine the commitment aspects of the poetry of Sharif Al-Radi and Ibn Maatouq Al-Mousawi, because they are among the poets who reflected the commitment after he worked with them in their lives. Islamic a MoreThis article aims, based on the descriptive analytical method, to examine the commitment aspects of the poetry of Sharif Al-Radi and Ibn Maatouq Al-Mousawi, because they are among the poets who reflected the commitment after he worked with them in their lives. Islamic and Qur’anic verses since their childhood, this development led to their distance from immorality and immorality, as they left pure and honest poems far from vulgarity and immorality.This article also aims to analyze the hidden meanings in their poetry through study and analysis, as well as trying to acquaint the recipient with some of the ideas of these two great poets. The expression of these teachings indicates that the poets have practically adhered to these values and called everyone to them from the depths of their heart. Ibn Maatouq used the art of embodiment, and in this way he gave his verses much vitality and activity. It refers to the incident of Ghadir Khumm and uses the element of imagination to describe the events of that day. It also refers to the verse of purification in some of its verses. Ibn Maatouq used the method of calling a lot, as he addressed the Prophet (PBUH) using the phrase (my lord) and the word (my lord), whose appreciation is my lord. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Linguistic and Mental Stylistic of Ahlam Mosteghanemi: Algerian Literate
Amir Moghaddam Mottaqi Javad Jarangian Zahra Sohrabi KiaStylistic is a critical method which studies the linguistic and mental level of a literary work in order to discover the important elements; that's why it selects the literary texts as its main work and attempts to study them. The present paper surveys Ahlam Mosteghanem MoreStylistic is a critical method which studies the linguistic and mental level of a literary work in order to discover the important elements; that's why it selects the literary texts as its main work and attempts to study them. The present paper surveys Ahlam Mosteghanemi poetries in descriptive – analytical method stylistically in three levels: vocal, combined and mental. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - The role of the new middle class in the political instability of Iran in the second Pahlavi era
saeed jahangiri Abolghassem Taheri Alireza Azghandi Ahmad SaeiThe Islamic Revolution of Iran can be considered one of the most important phenomena of the twentieth century. In the socio-political relations of modern societies, the role of the new middle class in the political, cultural and cultural contributions of the community c MoreThe Islamic Revolution of Iran can be considered one of the most important phenomena of the twentieth century. In the socio-political relations of modern societies, the role of the new middle class in the political, cultural and cultural contributions of the community can be undone. This class is the focus of political and cultural activities within the new urban community, while the new middle class is not, in terms of its intermediate social and economic status, to sustain the unlimited wealth accumulation and accumulation, and because of its position The job of the revolution itself is the main burden of its revolution, its changes and reforms. The Pahlavi regime's attempt to maintain its new patriarchal political system, which practically contradicted the participation of the social classes, and the arrival of most of the world's countries in the area of development and modernization that sparked the collective sense of the new middle class in Iran, brought the regime into conflict with certain problems and, in effect, It was necessary to adopt a dual policy in dealing with social classes and to control and control the social classes. In this regard, the process of modernization that intensified during the Second Pahlavi era, not giving notice to the new middle class in the process of functioning of the Rastakhiz Party in the alien The more this class of government and the new patriarchal structure of power It is opposed to the emergence and empowerment of the new middle class, Manuscript profile -
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35 - An Evaluation Study of the Political Consequences of the Second Pahlavi's Oil Economy
Hossein Hosseinzadeh Fereydoon Akbarzadeh Lena Abdolkhani Hamed MohagheghniaThe purpose of the present study is to explore rentierism in the second Pahlavi regime. The method of study is descriptive analysis and the results showed that the most important political consequence of the oil economy in Iran can be the rentier state during the second MoreThe purpose of the present study is to explore rentierism in the second Pahlavi regime. The method of study is descriptive analysis and the results showed that the most important political consequence of the oil economy in Iran can be the rentier state during the second Pahlavi regime. Rising oil prices led to a highly noticeable increase in SAVAK budget and the Shah used this factor to suppress public opposition inside the country more than ever. SAVAK, recognizing it was given a more extensive role compared to the first pre-shock stage, felt free to suppress the regime's opponents and continued its measures without any concern. Of course, it should be noted that the Shah's oppression and dictatorship created a sense of terror and horror in people's heart and they attributed all these measures to the Shah and hated him more than before. Autocracy and repression intensified by the Shah before the revolution insomuch that a group of writers and researchers of the Islamic revolution have considered the severe autocracy and repression during the Pahlavi regime as the main causes of the revolution. Manuscript profile -
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36 - The Application of James Rosenau's Theory of Continuity in the Analysis of Regionalism in the Second Pahlavi Regime
Hossein Hassan Pour Dehnavi Ahoura Rahbar Ahmad Bakhshi Ali MomammadzadehThe purpose of the present study is to review Iran's regionalism in the second Pahlavi regime based on James Rosenou's theoretical approach by using its variables including decision making personality, role, government, community, and international system. The method of MoreThe purpose of the present study is to review Iran's regionalism in the second Pahlavi regime based on James Rosenou's theoretical approach by using its variables including decision making personality, role, government, community, and international system. The method of study is descriptive analysis and the results showed that the two variables of international system and decision making personality are the most important variables effective on the process of foreign policy and Iran's regionalism in that time period. Iran's regionalist politics in the second Pahlavi regime have been in line with power structure in the international system and based on national interests. Furthermore, Iran in that period, under the influence of bipolar structure and cold war and based on Mohammad Reza Shah's temperament and personality as the most important person in decision making and implementation of foreign policy demanded superiority and authority in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - The Lived Experience of the Governors of the Revolution in Stabilizing Post-Pahlavi Security in Iran
Nowruz Hashemzehi Rasoul YahaiThe purpose of the present study is to review the lived experience of the governors in stabilizing post-Pahlavi security in Iran. The approach of the research is qualitative and its strategy is phenomenology. Data collection tool was a semi-structured interview and the MoreThe purpose of the present study is to review the lived experience of the governors in stabilizing post-Pahlavi security in Iran. The approach of the research is qualitative and its strategy is phenomenology. Data collection tool was a semi-structured interview and the sample of study consisted of 10 governors from the first decade of the Islamic revolution who were selected by purposeful sampling based on theoretical saturation. In data analysis, the seven-step process of the Colaizzi method was used. The accuracy of the results was fortified by reviewing and confirming the interview texts by the participants, research colleagues, and with reference to historical documents. Based on the results, provision of machinery, equipment, preparation, emplacement of the fighters and people, accommodating rural refugees inside the cities, political , cultural, industrial, and economic measures for the development of Kurdestan, purging the administrations and selection of employees anew, compensation for the damages of crises, financing and spending excluded budget in the critical regions, and attempt to decrease ethnic conflicts were among the most important lived experiences of the governors in crisis management. The above-mentioned measures were under the influence of the revolution and the revolutionary governors directed their attention to the underprivileged groups and addressed their requests and attracted their forces from the poor neighborhood. Building power institutions from below and consolidation in the structure of power were two strategies that led to the competitor’s expulsion from power and dominance over the security crisis inside the country. Manuscript profile -
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38 - Renovation and cultural religious discourse in the last two decades of Pahlavi era
saeed jahangiri Abolghassem TaheriThe purpose of the present study was to analyze the role of the modernization process in the collapse of the Pahlavi dynasty from a cultural-religious perspective. The process of modernization and cultural-religious discourse in the Second Pahlavi era, the revolutionary MoreThe purpose of the present study was to analyze the role of the modernization process in the collapse of the Pahlavi dynasty from a cultural-religious perspective. The process of modernization and cultural-religious discourse in the Second Pahlavi era, the revolutionary religious movement against modernization of the state, the controversy over religious aspects, and its relation to the Pahlavi regime's ideological power and actions. The results of the descriptive-analytical study showed that the reason for the collapse of the Pahlavi dynasty was the religious and ethnic roots of the community, the clergymen's ignorance of the clergy, and the cultural influence of the clergy, which the government's modernization programs could not find support for. Overall, modernization and modernization influenced by Western models and based on the Shah Pahlavi's imperialist policies from the 40s onwards, aroused increasing concern amongst groups defending Islamic culture and tradition and triggered a revolution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Among Jami′s Leili and Majnoon,Nezami′s Leili and Majnoon and Amir Khosro Dehlavi′s Majnoon and Leili
Hadi Kadivar Fatemeh Sharifi -
Open Access Article
40 - Analysis of Irony in Amir Khusro Dehlavi's Shirin and Khusro
mahboobeh haji jafari tooran poshti toraj aghdaiIrony is one of the most important and beautiful aspects of eloquence, which is made by people. It is a part of their daily lives. Irony is a valuable character of conveying the meaning and thoughts indirectly. This valuable character is as old as the life if us as huma MoreIrony is one of the most important and beautiful aspects of eloquence, which is made by people. It is a part of their daily lives. Irony is a valuable character of conveying the meaning and thoughts indirectly. This valuable character is as old as the life if us as human beings. So a large number of it could be found in literal texts.it has been of importance to the poets during the time and they have used it. It can be said that there is no poets who has not used irony in their works. Since, in Persian, irony is a flexible and, also, a cultural point; it has a crucial role in conveying the poets’ message and idea in an indirect way. The present study analyzed the irony in Amir Khusro Dehlavi’s Shirin and Khusro to show how much he could avoid trivial and repetitive and show his thoughts. The present study deals with knowing which type of irony was Amir Khusro’s favorite. According to the analysis, Amir Khusro had used the ironies that are known and used by people more than those that were innovative and made by him. His purpose was to not only make the work more beautiful and influential, but also avoid making the readers tired of explicit and logical words. Manuscript profile -
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41 - A Comparative Study of Common Thoughts in Ghazals of Ghaleb Dehlavi and Hafiz Shirazi
Zohreh ValikhaniComparative literature concerns literature universal, and plays, undoubtedly, an instructively important role in enriching the literature of nations. The value of the literary works of any nation is evident through comparative literature, showing its magnitude and impre MoreComparative literature concerns literature universal, and plays, undoubtedly, an instructively important role in enriching the literature of nations. The value of the literary works of any nation is evident through comparative literature, showing its magnitude and impression on the literature of other nations and consequently the perfection of better and more accurate world literature. The swap of Persian literature in the lands of Iran and India is long lasting. Regarding Iranian Poets, it is important to note that the influence of Hafiz on poets and literati of India is remarkable and unparalleled; specially his influence on Ghaleb Dehlavi, the great poet, thinker and prophet of peace. Although Ghaleb lived about 500 years later than hafiz, and despite the differences between the lands and cultures of the two territories of Iran and India, the two poets share a lot in common. The present research is an attempt to show how Ghaleb’s ghazals has been influenced by the thoughts of hafiz. To do so, the researcher has tried, through a descriptive-analytical approach and by giving objective evidences, to compare and contrast the common ideas of the two poets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - The origins of the images in the poetry of Bidel-e- Dehlavi
Mansore Basirpoor Iraj MehrakiPoetic images had different manifestations in different literary periods. Poetic images in the poems are products of two basic factors: 1. Society and political, social and cultural conditions governed on it; 2. Poet's thoughts and mentality that play crucial role in cr MorePoetic images had different manifestations in different literary periods. Poetic images in the poems are products of two basic factors: 1. Society and political, social and cultural conditions governed on it; 2. Poet's thoughts and mentality that play crucial role in creating poetic images. Bidel's poetic images are the result of his imagination; he combines his sensory and mental experiences in such a way that the reader is not able to grasp a single and explicit meaning from them. The only device to understand his poems is the reader's knowledge. The present article, based on library resources, deals with the origins and nature of Bidel's poetic images. The results show that the origins of his images are intrinsically different from the images of Persian classical poets, because the origins of the classical poetry are tangible and understandable elements; whereas the origins of Bidel's poetic images are the result of his philosophical-mystical thoughts, uttered in a special language. This language is called 'the language of dream' that causes complexity and ambiguity, and consequently incertainty in the meaning. Manuscript profile -
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43 - Reformulation of "Akhlagh-e Naseri" and "Akhlagh-Al- Ashraf" within the framework of Spragens' Crisis Theory
Sadeq Karim hahyaAs one of the most popular methodologies in understanding political thinking, the Crisis theory of Spragens has four phases. In this framework, a theoretician first recognizes the problem in a society,then, in the second phase, he tries to analyze the problem and locate MoreAs one of the most popular methodologies in understanding political thinking, the Crisis theory of Spragens has four phases. In this framework, a theoretician first recognizes the problem in a society,then, in the second phase, he tries to analyze the problem and locate its root. In the third phase, the theoretician introduces his ideal utopian society, and in the fourth phase, he presents some guidelines to solve the problem of the society. If we investigate Akhlagh-Al-Ashraf within this framework, we will see that the boo encompasses all the four phases. The first two phases are covered in the chapter entitles "Mazhab-e Mokhtar" in which Obeid investigates the realities of his society. Then, in the third phase, he pictures his ideal utopian society with a sense of nostalgia. Now, this is the common chapter between this work and "Akhlagh-e Naseri". The utopian society pictured by Obeid is exactly the one introduced in Akhlagh-e Naseri, the only difference being that in picturing it Obeid exploits the figure of ………………………….The solution Obeid presents in the fourth phase is returning to the same society pictured in Akhlagh-e Naseri, i.e., a return to Platonic ethics and the return of morality to politics. Manuscript profile -
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44 - Bidel in the Deep Ocean of the Mystical Sonnet: A Critical Perspective
Mehdi Mahouzi Seyyed Ibrahim ArmanBidel Dehlavi as the greatest mystical poet in the Indian Subcontinent has unleashed the Indian School of Persian poetry from its formal form and style. To him the sonnet was the continuation of the thoughts and ideas of Mowlavi’s in his ‘Shamsiyaat’. MoreBidel Dehlavi as the greatest mystical poet in the Indian Subcontinent has unleashed the Indian School of Persian poetry from its formal form and style. To him the sonnet was the continuation of the thoughts and ideas of Mowlavi’s in his ‘Shamsiyaat’. The present article is an attempt to come to an understanding of Bidel through the lens of his mystical sonnets where he upholds the idea that, in the process of the mystical return a human being takes , all the forms of multiplicity direct themselves towards a direction of unity. All those forms in their downward waft from the creator to the created are representational which confer and illustrate the characteristics of the Creator. The mystical sonnets of Bidel dramatize a mystical epic which renders the love of a human being for his eternal beloved. These sonnets frequently carry surreal layers of meaning in themselves thus making the poetic vocabulary he uses in his depiction of such a mystical expressions quite perplexing to the readers as well as the researchers. All these said, his poetry bears such an enthusiasm and attraction in itself that his use of such meter and feet, rhythm and rhyme has all made it more inviting and effective to the readers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - A study of Allegory and its Function in Amir Khosrow Dehlavi 's Masnavi: Nuh Sipihr
farzaneh karimiAllegory is one of the most important elements of imagination in which it is often used in the Indian style. Early poets of Persian poetry also benefited from it. Further, it is necessary to study the works of each poet from this viewpoint by taking into consideration o MoreAllegory is one of the most important elements of imagination in which it is often used in the Indian style. Early poets of Persian poetry also benefited from it. Further, it is necessary to study the works of each poet from this viewpoint by taking into consideration of allegory and its various functions in a Literally work. In this regard, some previous literary works are considered in terms of allegory, however, Amir Khosrow`s works has not taken any consideration. This research investigates to answer this research question: What is the function of allegory in in Amir Khosrow Dehlavi 's Masnavi: Nuh Sipihr? The aim of this research is to illustrate Amir Khosrow Dehlavi 's Masnavi: Nuh Sipihr as a creative and unknown work from the lens of allegory. Therefore, the brilliant work of Amir Khosrow which is a treasure trove of allegories taken from the Islamic culture, Iranian, and Indian culture. This work is a collection of new compositions as well as an encyclopedia of musical terms, contents and compositions. Specifically, a printed and corrected version of book is not availabl. Therefore, it is necessary to study this work carefully in the lens of allegory function . This is an attempt, in fact, to bring to light Khosrow Dehlavi 's marvelous experiment in the thought which is as good a piece of cultural history of Medieval India, as it is of Persian literature. The approach and methodology of this research is library research and analytical-descriptive. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Investigating the structure and types of allegory in the poem "Shirin and Khosrow" by Amir Khosro Dehlavi
bahram heydarifar Seyed Ahmad Hosseini Kazerooni Seyed Jafar HamidiOne of the topics in the rhetoric that makes the word more beautiful is the allegory. This rhetoric is one of the most important and effective ways of inducing the subjective concepts to the audience and is the result of different experiences and events of each ethnicit MoreOne of the topics in the rhetoric that makes the word more beautiful is the allegory. This rhetoric is one of the most important and effective ways of inducing the subjective concepts to the audience and is the result of different experiences and events of each ethnicity that appear in the form of short, fun words or allegorical stories. The task of the metaphor is to convey the artistic, social, religious and past experiences and messages of the past to the future. The allegory has had a special place in Persian literary works from the beginning and with the introduction of mysticism into Persian poetry and literature, its significance and function has increased. But we are seeing the peak of the use of allegory in Indian style. Despite the importance of this branch of inquiry and its research on its place in literary works, it is unfortunately neglected for the role and importance of allegory in fiction. The present study seeks to study the allegorical effects of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi's "Shirin and Khosrow" poem, relying on the descriptive-analytic method and the library method. The findings of the study show that most of the metaphors used in this work are analogous. According to the theme of the poem, most allegories are based on love, based on love, as well as topics such as world instability, advising on opportunity, expressing action, human value, etc. to explain and explain educational goals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Second Pahlavi poets point of view toward religion
Abdolreza Modareszadeh zohreh mohebStudy of the second Pahlavi poets point of view toward religion, religious believes and divine doctrines has been considered as one of the most considerable issues in contemporary poem. Moreover, considering mental structure of artists and also the religion status in th MoreStudy of the second Pahlavi poets point of view toward religion, religious believes and divine doctrines has been considered as one of the most considerable issues in contemporary poem. Moreover, considering mental structure of artists and also the religion status in the second Pahlavi’s period, this issue has received a special attention. Composing religious poem had been current many years ago. For example, Kasaee Marvzi can be regarded as the first poet who composed the religious poem or the first Iranian religious poems composed by Avesta. The trend of composing religious poems has been growing. Although there has an anti-religious atmosphere of Qajar and Pahlavi’s kings in contemporary period, manifestation of religious believes is completely obvious. Two movements can be seen in the second Pahlavi period: First, the religious classical poem which followed the same religious poems belonging to old poets; Second the emergence of religious poem in the form of New Poem. The present article has revealed the way of religious believes reflection in poems of second Pahlavi poets through categorizing evidences of religious doctorines and behaviors such as the Holy Qoran’s manifestation, reflection of traditions (Hadith), narrations (Revayat), virtues (manaqeb), and elegies (marthyeh). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - The ancient roots of lyric literature
mona Ahmadi Ahmad KhatamiLyric literature is one of the most effective literary types of Persian language ancientness and its extent is such that it can not be found in any literary text that isnot mixed with the lyrical literature. The present study is to answer two questions , whether the roo MoreLyric literature is one of the most effective literary types of Persian language ancientness and its extent is such that it can not be found in any literary text that isnot mixed with the lyrical literature. The present study is to answer two questions , whether the roots of lyric literature found in the literature before Islam or not ? if the answer is positive how is the amount and kind of enjoying the lyrical content of pre-Islamic literature ?To achieve a scientific answer , the first history of ancient Iran poems combining music explored through oral tradition of literature - khosravanyat , fahlavyat and issues raised in this kind of poetry - study and then with consideration in “Vis and Ramin” Fakhruddin As'd Gorgani and “Khosrow and Shirin” Nezami , the amount effectiveness of pre-Islamic Persian poet literature in the process evolution of lyric literature is shown. Manuscript profile -
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49 - Investigating the role of allegory in explaining the category of "self-creation" in Pahlavi's contexts
Batool Fakhr Eslam Hamideh HasanKhanian allegory plays a key role in explaining the concepts to the general audience. Hence, it reflects on the religious and ethical texts addressed to the public. In the present article, using the descriptive method and the content analysis technique, the allegories used i Morean allegory plays a key role in explaining the concepts to the general audience. Hence, it reflects on the religious and ethical texts addressed to the public. In the present article, using the descriptive method and the content analysis technique, the allegories used in Pahlavi tales are analyzed based on the content of the category and its role in the self-made category. The results of the research show that the authors of the articles by using allegory have succeeded in simplifying the complex and epistemic concepts, objectivity to cognitive abstract issues, and facilitating the process of contacting the writer with the text. It was also found that the allegories were categorized according to the content into "ethical and educational", "religious", and "philosophical and verbal" types. The paraphernalia in these texts is also often inhuman (including imaginary beings, celestial bodies, and elements of nature). Moreover, some of the allegories seen in Persian and Arabic texts are rooted in these Pahlavi and Avesta texts and texts. Thus, allegory has been effective in the transfer of part of the intellectual heritage of ancient Persians to Islamic era. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - “Literary interpretation of poetry and versification of quatrains and couplets”
Seyed Ahmad Hosseini KazerooniOne of the predecessors of literary researchers i.e. Aristotle has stated about way of influencing poet’s interpretation in literary and emotional implications that grandeur of poet’s interpretation lies in that to reflect imitation and representation princi MoreOne of the predecessors of literary researchers i.e. Aristotle has stated about way of influencing poet’s interpretation in literary and emotional implications that grandeur of poet’s interpretation lies in that to reflect imitation and representation principle adroitly; while other group believes in that they have manifested topics presentation technique more important than subject content so as Russian formalists had purposed subject of Speech Literature (Literariness). Thus, literary language is not similar to vernacular language except for physical lexicons, so that poets have resorted to literary terms in their literary interpretation, including simile, allusion, allegory and metaphor and the like thereby they might parochially display such concepts by recourse to fantasies and hinting implications in their verses. So quatrain is one of the purest frames of Persian verses and deemed as the most original and archaic types. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Pedagogy from Viewpoint of Khajeh Nasir Al- Dinn Tousi
Seyed Jafar Hamidi Persian ancient manuscripts are a huge treasure of didactic and ethical thoughts and ideas so that nowadays despite of all its tremendous advancements, pedagogy and didacticism should exploit from such spread and abundant table. Khajeh Nasir Al- Dinn Tousi (597 More Persian ancient manuscripts are a huge treasure of didactic and ethical thoughts and ideas so that nowadays despite of all its tremendous advancements, pedagogy and didacticism should exploit from such spread and abundant table. Khajeh Nasir Al- Dinn Tousi (597-672 Hegira/ 1199-1274 AD), as Master of Human (Ostad Al- Bashar), is included in those ones who has spared no effort in pedagogical, didactic and advising affairs and admonishment like his fellow citizen i.e. Khajeh Nezam Al- Molk, in addition to politics and statesmanship. He was a philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, teacher, chancellor, literary figure, poet, and critic and he is one of the unique well- known people and prodigies who was born upon time of cultivation and prosperity of Toos City in 597 Hegira (1199 AD). Khajeh Nasir Al- Dinn Tousi’s ideas and thoughts concerning to training and education and rearing children and their moral aspect have remarkably drawn people’s attention in this field. Manuscript profile -
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52 - The allegorical approach of " Nightingale", "the eastern wind", and "rose" in the poems of Khaghani, Hafez and Bidel Dehlavi
Hasan Nagafi Lisehrodi Mohammad Reza Shad Manamen Alimohammad Moazeni Sourallah NouruziThe terms "nightingale", "the eastern wind", and "rose" are three gones of an emotional,romantic relationship that has been used by poets through different eras. The common elements of the three is the fact that they exist in the nature. These three term used in the poe MoreThe terms "nightingale", "the eastern wind", and "rose" are three gones of an emotional,romantic relationship that has been used by poets through different eras. The common elements of the three is the fact that they exist in the nature. These three term used in the poems of poets have symbolic significance and metaphorical approach. The nightingale as the symbole of lover or poaetic "I" , wind, breathe, Saba or eastern wind as the mesenger in commute between lover ( the nightingale) and beloved (rose) as the symbol of beauty or projection of beloved. In Persian literature ,specially in versed works, and in the works of three mentioned poet in present study( Khaghani, Hafiz, Bidel Dehlavi) there are plenty of natural elements such as wind, funa, and flora which are accompanied by beautiful ironies, metaphors, similies, and combinations. Allegorical approach of these elements is more prominent in hafiz poems in comparison with the two other Aforementioned sonneteers. Considering the various functions, this study aimed to investigate the allegorical approach of these symbols and compare their functions in the poems of the three poets. Manuscript profile -
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53 - Presenting a Model of the Effect of Fans' Trust on Managers' Social Behavior and the Success of Esteghlal Sports Club
seyed amir ojagh mehrdad naserpor mohsen vahdani najaf aghaeiIntroduction Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the Presenting a model of the effect of fans' trust on the social behavior of managers and the success of cultural and sports clubs (case study of Esteghlal Cultural and Sports Club). Metho MoreIntroduction Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the Presenting a model of the effect of fans' trust on the social behavior of managers and the success of cultural and sports clubs (case study of Esteghlal Cultural and Sports Club). Methodology: The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. The statistical population included all fans of Esteghlal Club. The sample size was 384 people using Cochran's online formula. The research data gathering tool included a researcher-made questionnaire, which was designed by reviewing the literature and the background of the research, 52 items under three axes managers' empowering behavior, club success and fans' trust, and the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed in a form and content manner. And its reliability was confirmed based on Cronbach's alpha value of 0.81. The method of data collection was available. The collected data were analyzed based on path analysis of structural equations in PLS software. Results: The results showed that in general, the trust of the fans had an effect on the success of the Esteghlal club in the Premier League competitions with the mediating role of the empowering behaviors of the club managers. Conclusion: Managers' proper understanding of the positive effects of social behavior in dealing with fans and club members can pave the way to success so that proper communication with fans, paying attention to the demands of coaches and athletes, and establishing proper communication with other stakeholders from Financial sponsors are very important examples of social behavior of managers. Methodology The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. The statistical population included all fans of Esteghlal Club. The sample size was 384 people using Cochran's formula. The research data gathering tool included a researcher-made questionnaire, which was designed by reviewing the literature and the background of the research, 52 items under three axes managers' empowering behavior, club success and fans' trust, and the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed in a form and content manner. and its reliability was confirmed based on Cronbach's alpha value of 0.81. The method of data collection was available. The collected data were analyzed based on path analysis of structural equations in PLS software. Findings The results showed that in general, the trust of the fans had an effect on the success of the Esteghlal club in the Premier League competitions with the mediating role of the empowering behaviors of the club managers. Conclusion Therefore, managers of football clubs must gain the trust of the fans in some way so that their support for the club will lead to success. Because loyal fans are one of the main factors for the success and profitability of clubs. Esteghlal Cultural and Sports Club can gain the trust of the fans by changing the approach in the behavior of its executives, especially senior managers, and have a positive effect on the social structure of the club. Manuscript profile -
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54 - Analyzing the Traditional Motifs of Afshan Carpets of the Pahlavi Period based on Thematic Analysis (Case Study: Malek Museum)
Maral Shahmoradi Aliakbari Neda ZiabakhshCarpet weaving is one of the main productions of the Iranian people, passed down from generation to generation. Some of the hand-woven carpets exhibited in museums serve as evidence of this rich heritage. Understanding the structure of these carpets opens the door to un MoreCarpet weaving is one of the main productions of the Iranian people, passed down from generation to generation. Some of the hand-woven carpets exhibited in museums serve as evidence of this rich heritage. Understanding the structure of these carpets opens the door to unraveling the intricacies of their creation. This article aims to explore the physical and conceptual aspects of Afshan carpets, delving into their symbolic meanings. Through applied research and a structural approach, this study contributes to documenting and preserving the fundamental principles underlying Afshan carpets. Using both quantitative and qualitative strategies, along with library and field methods, this research employs descriptive, analytical, adaptive, and inductive reasoning methods to elucidate the philosophical depth and significance of the motifs present in Afshan carpets. To achieve this, a case study approach was adopted, focusing on seven carpets with Afshan designs from the Malek Museum. These carpets were selected based on design homogeneity and the period of their production. The structure and design serve as the two key elements shaping the texture of a carpet. The design principles and rules are influenced by the culture, customs, and religious teachings of the society, manifesting content in symbolic forms. These themes encompass various elements, including plant motifs symbolizing life, imaginary forms prevalent in mystical traditions, and mapping forms found in visual dimensions like the Islimi designs, which represent the concept of unity in diversity and the mystical symbol of monotheism. These elements play a crucial role in shaping the motifs found in Afshan carpets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Shari’ah, Mysticism, and Ethics in Amir Khosro Dehlavi’s “Majnoon va Leili”
Javad Kabootari Abbass MahiyarAppreciating the characteristics of a work of art will increase the semantic analysis, understanding literary issues, and the knowledge of reader against the knowledge and understanding of the creator of the work of art. Amir khosro Dehlavi’s works of art are deemed as MoreAppreciating the characteristics of a work of art will increase the semantic analysis, understanding literary issues, and the knowledge of reader against the knowledge and understanding of the creator of the work of art. Amir khosro Dehlavi’s works of art are deemed as the significant texts of Persian literature. Leili va Majnoon is one of his works which is composed as an imitation of Nezami’s Leili va Majnoon. At the first glance, everyone thinks about lovely and lyrical aspects of Majnoon va Leili, but after getting involved in studying the story, the reader finds out that Amir Khosro has adequate amount of knowledge in the field of mysticism, Sufism, ethics, and Islamic education so that such a knowledge was well reflected in his works because since being eight years of age he was interacting with Sheilkh Nezamedding Owliya and he himself had a cautious instinct. His poetry and other works are overshadowed by his clear and knowledgeable nature out of higher religious trainings. This paper deals with the symbols of Shari’ah, mysticism and ethics in Majnoon va Leili couplet out of which the poet draws upon. Manuscript profile -
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56 - The Relationship between Iranian Ancient Wisdom and the Morality Of Fairness
Fariba Pat Parvane OrujniaIranian ancient wisdom ( Hikmat) literature , mostly appearing in Avesta and some of Andarz-namehs, represents a Weltanschaung which encourages righteousness and goodness in thought, speech and conduct and also depicts the world as a battlefield between good and evil. T MoreIranian ancient wisdom ( Hikmat) literature , mostly appearing in Avesta and some of Andarz-namehs, represents a Weltanschaung which encourages righteousness and goodness in thought, speech and conduct and also depicts the world as a battlefield between good and evil. This world-view fosters those who try to improve their own conditions as well as the one of the world by following the morality of jawanmardi (Fairness)/Pahlavani (chivarly). The present article tries to clarify the antiquity and influence of this world-view and its relationship with the chivalrous morality(ayeen jawanmardi) through historical and literary evidence before and after Islam. Manuscript profile -
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57 - effects Of Mysticism and Sonnets Of Hafez Shirazi and Sonnets Of Ghalb Dehlavi
Zohre Valikhani Akbar ShabaniIn this paper, the dominant influence of Hafiz of Shiraz in different aspects of mystical analyzed and evaluated using comparative analysisIn this paper, the dominant influence of Hafiz of Shiraz in different aspects of mystical analyzed and evaluated using comparative analysis Manuscript profile -
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58 - Analysis of Mystical and Ethical Themes in Bidel Dehlavi’s Stories
sudabeh bakhshaei Zarrintaj verediMathnavi "Erfan" is one of the most important poetic clues of Bidel Dehlavi,which is started base on love according to explaining of relationship between hamun and God, also this clue describes the facts of beings, philosophically and mystical points. Bidel gathers all MoreMathnavi "Erfan" is one of the most important poetic clues of Bidel Dehlavi,which is started base on love according to explaining of relationship between hamun and God, also this clue describes the facts of beings, philosophically and mystical points. Bidel gathers all his own evidens with especial telling-stories,base on all gnostics traditions.one of the most effective stories of this clue, is lyric story(kameday and Madan), this story shows the factual and ddeful love of two Indian youth, who go forward in the union way nonexistence bound. Bidel invites liberated and the fact willingness human to inner revelation and spiritual ascension, for acquisition of perfection and factual cognition. Inaddition, he knows that the unique way of reaching to enternal beloved is perishing in Love Sea. The aim of this research is introducing one of the Persian lyric stories in subcontinent which the Persian researchers havn,t paid attention to this. In this paper, not only the researcher introduces this story, but also she works on its content and thematic explaining. Base on the findings of the research, the main sculpture of this story is built on love, mysticism and behavior. Base on Bidel view, the factual love is formed with lover,s possession, and protracts the lover till death and madness, but they can reach to sempiternal union with effort, endeavor, patience,attempt and reliance. Manuscript profile -
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59 - Ibn Arabi's Unity Regime Effects on the Bubbling and Sonnets by Bidel Dehlavi with an Emphasis on Love
Abbas Bakhshande bali Aliakbar ShoubkalaeiOne of the issues raised up constantly through Mohiyeddin Ibn Arabi is the idea of unity of existence. Like other ideas, this thought has had a dramatic effect on some Indian thinkers, such as Bidel Dehlavi. One of the issues of the unity of existence is love in the Bei MoreOne of the issues raised up constantly through Mohiyeddin Ibn Arabi is the idea of unity of existence. Like other ideas, this thought has had a dramatic effect on some Indian thinkers, such as Bidel Dehlavi. One of the issues of the unity of existence is love in the Being that Ibn Arabi and, consequently, Bidl had in their works at its angles. This article is based on a descriptive-analytical method and citing library resources to explore the impact of Ibn Arabi on Biddle on the issue of love in the universe. The findings of the research are that Biddle has been dealing with the Islamic mystic system of Ibn Arabi by introducing discussions such as the series of love in the system of unity of existence, grief and love, virtual love, and martyr Love in the course of the Unity School of Being. The presence of love in the mysticism is exhilarating and exhilarating. From the perspective of Ibn Arabi and Bidel, love exists in all the mystical interpretation of existence based on mystery. Manuscript profile -
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60 - The rule of the mystical system in the verse of Majnoon and Leily, AmirKhosrow Dehlavi
mohammad amin Ehsani EstahbanatiThe existence of an elaborate genius such as Amir Khosrow Dehlavi has been a valuable gift for the development of Persian language and culture in India. With his rich talent, he exhibited many of the capabilities of Iranian culture and art. Language, music and poetry, a MoreThe existence of an elaborate genius such as Amir Khosrow Dehlavi has been a valuable gift for the development of Persian language and culture in India. With his rich talent, he exhibited many of the capabilities of Iranian culture and art. Language, music and poetry, and the cultural capabilities of each nation, and Amir Khosrow has been able to highlight a significant portion of Iranian cultural talent and identity as the most intense language for enthusiasts throughout India. Majnoon and Leily are among the works of the poetic fiction in Persian literature, written by Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, the poet of the seventh century AH, to imitate Lili and Majnun Military. In this research, we investigated how "mysticism in Majnoon and Lilly Amir Khosrow Dehlavi" was answered and we have answered these questions that the presence of Sufi and mystical words in Majnoon and Leily, though non-periodic and non-regular, but possessed by the mystical thoughts of Amir Khosrow. In this research, the mystical elements of Majnoon and Leily were first identified and extracted and reviewed and categorized with other terms of mystical books. After the research, it was concluded that Majnoon and Leily Amir Khosrow Dehlavi are not empty from mystical terms in spite of the richness and love of the poetry. Poverty, faith, love, passion and issues related to the unity of being in the love story and the riches of Majnoon and Lili Amir Khosrow, and his attention to the elements of mysticism cultivated by Amir Khosrow in the school of Cheshtiya and his acquaintance with Islamic mysticism through his teacher Nizam oddin Oliya. Manuscript profile -
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61 - Mystical Approach of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi in his Poem Doval Rani wa Khizr Khan Based on Robert A. Emmons’ Viewpoint on Spiritual Intelligence
Maryam Kargar mandana Mangeli Asieh Zabihnia EmranRobert A. Emmons first mentioned about the spiritual dimension of human intelligence in 1996. He described spiritual intelligence as a set of abilities to utilize religious and spiritual resources to experience mysticism. Amir Khosrow Dehlavi is one of the most famous m MoreRobert A. Emmons first mentioned about the spiritual dimension of human intelligence in 1996. He described spiritual intelligence as a set of abilities to utilize religious and spiritual resources to experience mysticism. Amir Khosrow Dehlavi is one of the most famous mystic- poets of Indian Persian in the second half of the seventh century and early eighth century AH. He was a disciple of his mentor Hazrat Nizamuddin (d.1325 A.D.) and his training gave Khosrow a special place in Sufism. His poem Doval Rani wa Khizr Khan has been composed with a mystical approach, and the mystical teachings in the poem are quite evident. The present article seeks to answer the question of what is the most important index of spiritual intelligence in the mystical view of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi which he has incorporated in the poem Doval Rani wa Khizr Khan. Do they have bearing on the theory of Emmons’ spiritual intelligence? According to my research, Amir Khosrow has combined mysticism and spiritual intelligence in the poem Doval Rani wa Khizr Khan. The elements of kindness, generosity, self-esteem, empathy, altruism, love, self-sacrifice and tolerance in the poem are common features that have been identified as prominent components of spiritual intelligence in the theory of Emmons. Manuscript profile -
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62 - Cryptanalysis of the Story of “Rowghan Bannatunnash” in Kashfulasrar and Mokashefatulanvar by Ruzbahan Boghli Shirazi
Yalda Tavalli mohammad ali Atashsowda Samira rostamiThis study focuses on the approaches to symbolism in a story of Kashf al-asrar (Unveiling of Secrets) and Mokashefat al-Anvar (Revelation of Lights) written by Ruzbihan based on the religious symbols in ancient Iran. The symbols of the story are redefined by virtue of s MoreThis study focuses on the approaches to symbolism in a story of Kashf al-asrar (Unveiling of Secrets) and Mokashefat al-Anvar (Revelation of Lights) written by Ruzbihan based on the religious symbols in ancient Iran. The symbols of the story are redefined by virtue of sacred texts such as Avesta (The sacred writing of Zoroastrianism), Bundahisn (meaning “Primal creation”), Denkard (Acts of the religion), etc. It seems Ruzbihan had been influenced unconsciously by the symbols of mythology and religions of ancient Iran. Considering direct and frequent use of such symbols it can be said that Ruzbihan was most probably familiarized with Pahlavi (The main form of the Middle Persian language, existing from the 3rd to the 10th centuries, evidenced esp. in Zoroastrian texts and commentaries. Also, the writing system, of Aramaic origin, in which these texts were written): that is why he used such symbols. The finding from present article indicate the writer of the story had focused on the regeneration of the hero and his embrace to a religion after seven steps of perfection and course,the writer explicated these concepts by Iranian – Islamic expressions. Manuscript profile -
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63 - Mystical Thoughts Gohlawi in The Description Mohabbat Nameh Jami
Fatemeh Pahlavanshamsi Shahrzad Niazi Maryam BolouriThe description of the jumbo's contribution to the work of Muhammad bin Ghulam ibn Muhammad gohlawi is from the writers of the Indian subcontinent, was the beginning of the thirteenth century AH. Although it is a Persian work, it is important because of the knowle MoreThe description of the jumbo's contribution to the work of Muhammad bin Ghulam ibn Muhammad gohlawi is from the writers of the Indian subcontinent, was the beginning of the thirteenth century AH. Although it is a Persian work, it is important because of the knowledge and information of the mystical. In the description of the jama's book, the essence and spirit of the teachings of Sufism are reflected. What is inferred from this edition is not merely encouraging people to be isolated and away from society and civilization, but rather, in the organization of human life and in the context of human civilization in human society. He opens a broader horizon in the name of service and compassion for the creation of men. Thoughts of Gohlawi have come from a cup. In the Preface to the Companionship, he states that the heart is the source of love, and the reason that is lacking in love is a dead body and the world and everything in it is created from the influence of love. The purpose of this study was to explain the position and emphasis on the importance of recognizing the publication of the Jami Prize in Persian literature, first briefly introducing this work and its subject, then seeking the mystical and social ideas of Muhammad ibn Ghulam Gohlavi and retrieving these ideas in various fields and areas. Manuscript profile -
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64 - Bidel Dehlavi’s View on Hypocrisy and Hypocritical Characters
Akramssadat Borghaei Sabet Abdoreza Modarreszadeh Asghar DadbehBidel Dehlavi is influenced by the mystical teachings of Sheikh Nizamuddin Aoliya and for this reason he pays attention to religion and mysticism in his poetry, and his poems are full of moral and human concepts and values. In addition as a free poet and critic, he has MoreBidel Dehlavi is influenced by the mystical teachings of Sheikh Nizamuddin Aoliya and for this reason he pays attention to religion and mysticism in his poetry, and his poems are full of moral and human concepts and values. In addition as a free poet and critic, he has criticized the behavior of believers and by criticizing that behavior which has been called hypocrisy. He tried to discover the religious truth and life through a free thought and those who have used religion as means of hypocrisy. They have used hypocrisy and have kept people busy and the market for there is hot and in the eyes of the people it is popular and sometimes not acceptable to expose their demagogues and more importantly in terms of the foundation of thought and understanding of existence his words a religious world and he looked at the world through the lens of religion and religions understanding and gave meaning to life and his words can open a spiritual path for man who is a prisoner of material and machine civilization in this age the way to get a head is love mysticism and moral virtues. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Survey of Mystical Expressions in Khamseh (Quintet by Amir Khosrow Dehlavi
Nourmah Jomehpour javad kabutari Mohammad ShafieiBlending of mysticism with Persian literature have enriched the language ever after. Enormous use of mystical concepts and subject by mystics and mystical poets have paved the way for researchers and have protected such valuable assets. Accurate knowledge and introducti MoreBlending of mysticism with Persian literature have enriched the language ever after. Enormous use of mystical concepts and subject by mystics and mystical poets have paved the way for researchers and have protected such valuable assets. Accurate knowledge and introduction of poets and their thoughts occurs out of their works they have left behind. Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, known as Indian Saadi and Indian Parrot, is a mystical poet of Persian speaking in Delhi, India, and is famous for his hardworking poetry works domestically and overseas, especially in Indian peninsula. He has left numerous poems and couplets behind. But his quintet poems due to his dexterity and the fact that he is among the best verse theoreticians, it is worth studying. Since Amir Khosrow had his learning on mysticism under the supervision of Nezamuddin Owlia, a chief of Cheshtiyeh Sheikhs, and used to be the best follower of his Sheikh, his mystical viewpoints and perspectives can guide us on a better understanding of practical mysticism. This paper tries have a survey on the expressions and mystical points that mostly noticed by Amir Khosrow Dehlavi. Manuscript profile -
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66 - Reflection of the Mystical Thoughts of the Chishti Order in Amir Khosro Dehlavi’s Masnavi
Seyyed Taleb Jalali abbas kheyrabadi Hamidreza Soleimanian Mahmood Firoozi MoghaddamCheshti is an influential order within the mystic Sufi tradition in India. It has been established as a prominent mystical system. Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, a prominent Indian poet who was influenced by the teachings of this method, has created his own literary works, using MoreCheshti is an influential order within the mystic Sufi tradition in India. It has been established as a prominent mystical system. Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, a prominent Indian poet who was influenced by the teachings of this method, has created his own literary works, using his Sufi knowledge of the Chishti way, to explain his mystical views. This descriptive study seeks to examine the mystical aspects of Amir Khosrow's fictional Masnavi. Certainly, the most basic doctrines of Cheshti works reflected in this poet's masnavi are: manifestation, unity of existence, revelation, divine providence, love and eternity, emanating of love through the world, virtual love, compassion, lust, Murshid, abandonment, pleasure, and abstraction. Some of these features have been examined in this study e.g., unity of existence, sight, providence, and divine will. The results reveales the fact that the Sufi principles of the Chishti order have had a direct impact on Amir Khosrow Dehlavi’s works and the terms and expressions of this order have been used to teach and promote the Chishti order. Manuscript profile -
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67 - First report of Fusarium chlamydosporum causing crown rot and dumping of on Durum wheat in Algeria
BENCHEIKH Amor ROUAG Noureddine BOUTALBI Walid BELABED ImaneSeveral species of Fusarium infect durum wheat plants in the eastern part of Algeria. Endophytic fungus from random wheat seeds were sampled from fifty locations in eastern Algeria and shows the existence of Fusarium chlamydosporum regarding the macroscopic and microsco MoreSeveral species of Fusarium infect durum wheat plants in the eastern part of Algeria. Endophytic fungus from random wheat seeds were sampled from fifty locations in eastern Algeria and shows the existence of Fusarium chlamydosporum regarding the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Molecular identification using EF1 and ITS1 primers were confirmed the presence of Fusarium chlamydosporum for the first time on durum wheat seeds in Algeria. The pathogenicity test was carried out on three durum wheat varieties for determining the effect of this isolate on the coleoptile and basal part of durum wheat. The results show that F.chlamydosporum had a negative impact on seed germination of the three varieties tested. Indeed, the reduction in germination varies between 85 and 92% reduction on GTAdur and Waha varieties, respectively. More, F.chlamydosporum caused a reduction in coleoptiles length in all varieties ranging from 60.97 to 70.05% in GTAdur and Waha, respectively. On the other hand, it showed a very different impact on plant growth parameters. Thus, the action was much more pronounced on reducing the root system length and the fresh weight of the vegetative system of Waha variety equal to 75.04 and 71.15%, respectively, and it is notable for the fresh weight of the root system of Bousselam variety. These very high levels of infectivity prompt us to reconsider our vision for this species of Fusarium in treatment and certification programs. Manuscript profile -
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68 - Evaluation of Some Sulfonylurea Herbicides in Sweet Sorn (Zea mays L.) Weed Control
Mahboobeh Nabizadeh Majid Abbaspour Ali Asghar Chitband Mohammad BazoobandiTo evaluate the performance of new Sulfonylurea herbicides in sweet corn weed control, a factorial experimental research was carried out based on a completely randomized block design with three replications in Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Khorasa MoreTo evaluate the performance of new Sulfonylurea herbicides in sweet corn weed control, a factorial experimental research was carried out based on a completely randomized block design with three replications in Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Khorasan Razavi in 2012. The first and the second factor, were sweet corn varieties and chemical control treatments respectively. The sweet corn varieties included KSC403su, Merit and Chase. The chemical control treatments included Nicosulfuron (Cruz), Nicosulfuron (Cruz) + Bromoxinyl + MCPA (Brimicide MA), Foramsulfuron (Equip), Rimsulfuron + Nicosulfuron (Ultima), Mesotrion + S-Metolacholor + Terbuthlazine (Lumax 537.5 SE), with weed free, and weed infested in each block. Sampling was done 4 weeks spraying each plot. The result showed that red root pigweed, common purslane, field bindweed, common lambsquarters, purple nutsedge, black night shade dry weight were reduced significantly by all herbicides compared with weedy check. Among the sweet corn varieties, the highest and the lowest weeds density and dry weight resulted by Chase and KSC403su, respectively. Mesotrion+ S-Metolacholor+ Terbuthlazine herbicide had sound effect on dry weight reduction of red root pigweed, common purslane, field bindweed, common lambsquarters, purple nutsedge, black nightshade, with highest control of common lambsquarters. Also, red root pigweed, common purslane and field bindweed should satisfactory control by nicosulfuron and nicosulfuron+ brimicide MA applied, whereas nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron had suitable effect on common purple nutsedge. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - The Reflection of Keeping a Promise in Shahnameh and in Avestan and Pahlavi Texts
hoseyn jalaliShahnameh is a full-scale reflection of culture, philosophy and thoughts of Iranians and the manifestation of their beliefs, rituals, and social customs that can be analyzed with different approaches. This masterpiece is the most important source of versed culture of pa MoreShahnameh is a full-scale reflection of culture, philosophy and thoughts of Iranians and the manifestation of their beliefs, rituals, and social customs that can be analyzed with different approaches. This masterpiece is the most important source of versed culture of past Iranians. The source and basis of Shahnameh’s poetical sense is Khwaday-Namags (Samanid era history texts), memoirs, religious narrations, Avesta, Pahlavi texts and even paintings. Because of this, this famous Iranian book of poetry was influenced by beliefs and customs of these sources and these traditions are mentioned in the masterpiece of Ferdowsi either by telling the whole story or by mentioning it. This research studies one of ancient Iranians’ customs, promising and keeping one’s promise, which is commonly included in Shahnameh, Avesta and Pahlavi texts. There has also been an emphasis on the fact that Shahnameh is the strongest document of the cultural identity of ancient Iranians and the anthology of Iranians’ past culture. Proof of this claim can be seen in the texts before Ferdowsi and contemporaneous works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Sedimentary structures and depositional environment of the Ashin Formation in Nakhlak area, Central Iran
S. H. VaziriMiddle to Upper Triassic (Upper Ladinian to Lower Carnian) deep-sea sedimentary rocks crop out across a large area west of Nakhlak village, Central Iran and have been named Ashin Formation. The up to 304m thick, turbiditic, siliciclastic Ashin Formation consists of alte MoreMiddle to Upper Triassic (Upper Ladinian to Lower Carnian) deep-sea sedimentary rocks crop out across a large area west of Nakhlak village, Central Iran and have been named Ashin Formation. The up to 304m thick, turbiditic, siliciclastic Ashin Formation consists of alternating turbiditic, thin- and medium-bedded calcareous sandstones, purple, fine-grained volcaniclastic sandstones, and mostly green and violet, very thin-bedded volcaniclastic shales that can be subdivided into three members. Ammonoids collected from members 1 and 3 of the Ashin Formation indicate a Late Ladinian to Early Carnian age for the formation. These alternations fine upwards and exhibit sedimentary structures such as graded bedding, parallel lamination (with parting lineation) convolute bedding, small-scale cross-bedding, load casts, groove casts, prod casts, flute casts, bounce casts, chevron casts, brush casts and chips and protraction traces indicating A to E parts of the Bouma cycle. Septarian nodules occur repeatedly. The lower surfaces of sandstones contain abundant trace fossils belong to the deep-sea Nereites ichnofacies. Numerous signs of strong current activity such as groove casts, flute casts and prod marks associated with trace fossils such as Paleodictyon, Protopaleodictyon, Megagrapton and Lorenzinia indicate that the Ashin Formation represents a deep marine environment. The field and petrographic studies show that the Ashin Formation was deposited in distal parts of submarine fans, on the abyssal plain. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Development of an Effective Indicators Model on the Genius loci by House Sorting in Pahlavi period
farzaneh bimakr reza mirzaei Seyyed Mehdi Madahi Ahmad Heidari -
Open Access Article
72 - Woman and Political Development from the 7th Century to Pahlavi Dynasty Cease
بیتا Babai rad Sh Hatam porThe contemporary Iranian society is an in-transformation society. The significant features of the transmutting period are disorganization of society general conditions, behavioral and thought chaos. Political, cultural, social and economical structures, as parts o MoreThe contemporary Iranian society is an in-transformation society. The significant features of the transmutting period are disorganization of society general conditions, behavioral and thought chaos. Political, cultural, social and economical structures, as parts of a society, are evolving from traditional authority to rational sovereignty. Meanwhile, status of Iranian woman had undergone some quantitative changes whether by force or by obliging, but regarding the political development, in contrast to women status in western world, Iranian women political situation has not sustain an appropriate place. The reason of being in such cast away of women from political developments is rooted in old cultural, social and political believes and structures of the previous centuries. In this research, we reviewed the role of women in political streams and revolutions from 7th century to Pahlavi dynasty cease based on the historical documents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Women from Jami Point Of View Via a look to leily va Majnoun
مهسا Hajsardar A. A. Afrasiab pour فریدون TahmasbiReviewing the woman poison in Iranian literature would be possible by reading prominent poetryand prose works. One of the salient works that most concerned about woman was Jami Haft OrangMasnavi and love story of it , Liely va Mjnoun. In the mentioned love story Leily a MoreReviewing the woman poison in Iranian literature would be possible by reading prominent poetryand prose works. One of the salient works that most concerned about woman was Jami Haft OrangMasnavi and love story of it , Liely va Mjnoun. In the mentioned love story Leily as woman was abeloved sweetheart that possessed features alike beauty, wisdom, self esteem, fidelity, tenderness,delightfulness and so on. Jami narration of woman differed from Nezami, Maktabi and Dehlaviones regarding his positive look toward woman. The word woman was more frequent in his workscomparing to the word man. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Checking the norms in the Beyidel Dehlavi’s Quatrains
Abdolreza Modarreszadeh Zainab Khoshvatan Mohammad SalamatianDisfamiliarization, exaggeration, normalization, deviation from the natural form of language and the rules governing the most influential methods of creating a new style in poetry and it is one of the important components for the arrangement of speech and literary richn MoreDisfamiliarization, exaggeration, normalization, deviation from the natural form of language and the rules governing the most influential methods of creating a new style in poetry and it is one of the important components for the arrangement of speech and literary richness because it transforms the language of the criterion and highlighting the language forms. If meta-normality is more novice, it will be more acceptable and the style of the poet will be more personal. Because one of the Indian style features is fresh and imaginative themes. Bidel Dehlavi is one of the poets of this genre with the highest degree of artistic tenderness and creativity in personal style. Bidel’s quatrains are full of imaginative and ingenious literary initiatives. The tendency to use fresh ingredients, novel themes and artistry imagery makes Bidel stretch from the natural language and it create stunning images with its amazing structure. In this article, the normality of the Bidel’s quatrains have been studied in eight lexical, syntactic, phonetic, semantic, dialectal, archaic, and written phrases،we encounter the various types of normality in Bidel, but the most prominent Bildel style attribute is related to syntactic normality is a semantic, lexical, and stylistic form by constructing specific numerical affiliations, new combinations, modern imagery, and algebraic terms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Mystical manifestation of Ascension in Amir Khusrau Dehlai's Gamse
noormah jomepoor javad kabootari mohammad shsfieMystical manifestation of Ascension in Amir Khusrau Dehlai's GamseAbstractOne of the mystical and theological issues in Persian literature is the issue of Ascension and the quality of doing it. Amir Khusrau Dehlavi's attention to this issue shows its place thought of th MoreMystical manifestation of Ascension in Amir Khusrau Dehlai's GamseAbstractOne of the mystical and theological issues in Persian literature is the issue of Ascension and the quality of doing it. Amir Khusrau Dehlavi's attention to this issue shows its place thought of this prominent Persion poet.The issue of Ascension in Amir Khusrau's works isn't only a religious and theological issue,but also has many mystical dimensions.The purpose of this research is to its mystical aspects. In any case, Ascension is a special intellectual theme in the realm of Amir Khusrau,s poetry, the study and mystical description of which has not had much place in Pesian research so far. The type of Ascension and the quality of its performance be analyzed.Keyword:Prophet, Issues, Gamse, Amir Khusrau DehlaviOne of the mystical and theological issues in Persian literature is the issue of Ascension and the quality of doing it. Amir Khusrau Dehlavi's attention to this issue shows its place thought of this prominent Persion poet.The issue of Ascension in Amir Khusrau's works isn't only a religious and theological issue,but also has many mystical dimensions.The purpose of this research is to its mystical aspects. In any case, Ascension is a special intellectual theme in the realm of Amir Khusrau,s poetry, the study and mystical description of which has not had much place in Pesian research so far. The type of Ascension and the quality of its performance be analyzed.Keyword:Prophet, Issues, Gamse, Amir Khusrau Dehlavi Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - The Manifestation of Mystic Doctrines in Bidel-E- Dehlavi’sPoetry
Mohammed HojjatThe present article aims at discussing some mystic doctrines in the collection of the prominent poet named Bidel-E-Dehlavi. To do so, evidences of the mentioned doctrines are found and analyzed in some verses of Bidel written in Hindi style. Some certain significant pr MoreThe present article aims at discussing some mystic doctrines in the collection of the prominent poet named Bidel-E-Dehlavi. To do so, evidences of the mentioned doctrines are found and analyzed in some verses of Bidel written in Hindi style. Some certain significant principles which have been often neglected compared with those oft-discussed elements such as imagism, condensed allegories and etc. The mystic elements might be found in the works of many poets, but the matter of interest for the author of the present article is the delicacy with which Dehlavi has treated those doctrines. Moreover, an attempt is made to show the proficiency of the poet over the mystic elements, which has added to the poetry’s stability besides its literary aesthesis. The significance of this study is that Mystic Doctrines in Bidel-E- Dehlavi’spoetry has reference to Holly Quran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Analysis of policy effects on Urbanism and architecture studied during the period 1925 to 1941
Ali Zabihi Reza MirzaeiIn the past, Iranian architecture and urban development followed a specific trend associated with the architecture of its previous era. But in the contemporary era, this trend undergone changes and evolutions in this field. The present study sought to investigate the fa MoreIn the past, Iranian architecture and urban development followed a specific trend associated with the architecture of its previous era. But in the contemporary era, this trend undergone changes and evolutions in this field. The present study sought to investigate the factors affecting architecture and urban development in the First Pahlavi period and to analyze some of the factors that have provided the ground for these evolutions, and also to examine the impacts of these changes and evolutions on contemporary Iranian architecture and urban development policymaking. The present study was a qualitative and quantitative one, which used library sources and studies in order to collect the data. Moreover, Analytic Network Process (ANP) and Super Decisions software were utilized to analyze the data. The study results indicated that factors such as archeology, training architectures, artistic congresses, archeology and the Association of National Monuments, militarism, and modernism have had a significant impact on the architecture and urban development of this period; and the extent of the impact of changes on architecture and urban development has been equal. The most influential factors in architectural evolutions have been modernism and archeology of that era; and factors such as training architectures, scientific congresses, and militarism have affected urban development evolutions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - A Survey of Hazarāt-i Vujūd (the Excellencies of Existence) from the View of Dihlavī and Shankara
zeinab panah Hazarāt-i Vujūd (the excellencies of existence) in the Islamic mysticism of Bīdil Dihlavī- a mystic, poet, and representative of the Indian style- is in a linear and descending system based on the theory of unity of being explained within the framework of the stat More Hazarāt-i Vujūd (the excellencies of existence) in the Islamic mysticism of Bīdil Dihlavī- a mystic, poet, and representative of the Indian style- is in a linear and descending system based on the theory of unity of being explained within the framework of the status of essence, oneness, and uniqueness. Although Bīdil is bought up in India, he is one of the intellectual followers of Muhy id-Dīn ibn Arabī. Shankara is also one of the most notable interpreters of Vedanta’s school or India’s divine philosophy. According to Indian thinking, the four states of Ātman include Jagrat (waking), Swapna (dreaming), Sushupti (deep sleep), and Turiya (unconditional Ātman). These four stages of existence are comparable to Hazarāt-i Vujūd in Islamic mysticism. Using a descriptive-analytic method and library means, the present article makes a comparison between the perspectives of Bīdil and Shankara about the quadruplet worlds of existence. According to the results, the realm of mysticism dealing with the most inner aspects of a human paves the way for a common perception between religious and instinctive instructions of different ethnic groups; and in addition to the similarities between the theories, we can also discern their differences. The most distinction between Hazarāt-i Vujūd in Bīdil’s Islamic mysticism and Shankara’s Indian style is that although both have a linear and descending course, the foundation of Bīdil’s mysticism is based on divinity and genuine oneness of God whereas in Shanka’s Indian mysticism, the emphasis is on Ātman or the real self. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Studying the anecdote: “Roman Merchant’s son and the city of dumbs” written in “Hasht Behesht (Eight Heavens)” by Amir Khosro Dehlavi based on Joseph Campbell’s “The hero’s journey” myth pattern
mahbobeh poraga Dr.ramin sadeginejad Dr.maryam mohammadzadeh Joseph Campbell, American mythologist, according to the viewpoints of Gustave Young, has dealt with hero’s journeys in different cultures and has proposed a pattern for such journeys in his book entitled: “multi-thousand facet hero”. This patter More Joseph Campbell, American mythologist, according to the viewpoints of Gustave Young, has dealt with hero’s journeys in different cultures and has proposed a pattern for such journeys in his book entitled: “multi-thousand facet hero”. This pattern has many sufficiency elements to analyze literary works. The book “Hasht Behesht (Eight Heavens)” by Amir Khosro Dehlavi is one of the works that can be compared with the pattern proposed by Joseph Campbell. The present research has dealt with investigating the anecdote: “Roman Merchant’s son and the city of dumbs” in a book written by Amir Khosro Dehlavi called “Hasht Behesht (Eight Heavens)”. The results showed that there has been a complete correspondence between all elements in this story and the pattern posed by Joseph Campbell except the two elements of “meeting the God or the lady or return to childhood joys” mentioned before the stepping of the hero in “tests’ roads”, reported in introduction and the step: “receipt of help from outside” before the stage called: “passing through the threshold level of heavenly life into the normal world” in the return part which are presented by Campbell as a probable period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - “Xrafstarân” in Sassanid Era: According to Written Sources and Sigillographic Evidence
Mostafa Ekhtesasi Amir Khanmoradi -
Open Access Article
81 - Reading The Inscription of Four Sassanid Seals
Parvin Pourmajidian -
Open Access Article
82 - Analyzing the Intellectual Evolutions of Architectural Design during the Pahlavi Era
Samaneh Soltanzadeh Masoud Yousefi Tazakor Iman Raeisi Mostafa Kiani -
Open Access Article
83 - The Genealogy of the Relationship between Human and Nature in the Iranian Contemporary Architecture, based on Foucault's idea (Case Study: Pahlavi Period)
Kianoush Faraji Qader Bayzidi -
Open Access Article
84 - Review of the City of Khiva: Manifestation of Iranian Culture and Civilization in the Region of Khwarezm
Javad Shekari Niri -
Open Access Article
85 - 2500-year-old kingdom celebration with emphasis on cultural-social review the regim in Iran.
loghman dehghan houra shojaei2500-year-old kingdom celebration which after years of providing propaganda and studying were held in the fall of 1350 in persepolis with a unque glory , was on of the most expensire celebration which cost over 300 million dollars.By holding such a celebration ,shah was More2500-year-old kingdom celebration which after years of providing propaganda and studying were held in the fall of 1350 in persepolis with a unque glory , was on of the most expensire celebration which cost over 300 million dollars.By holding such a celebration ,shah was seeking a way to continue his government and dominance over the pepole of Iran ,so he began to recover Aryan's valuas and arouse animosity towards Islam and develop friendly relation with foreign countries ,hence he began a series of controversial and , in some cases ,useful measures :naming himself "shah", ordering the collection and compiliation if some books about Iran's pre-Islamic culture and civilization ,founding Shahanshahi foundation of Iran Acadmy ,establish-ment of Iran's National Deed Registery ,holding various celebrations during the celebration decade (1345-1355),promoting people to choose their children the original Iranian names ,sending some educational groups callend "Sepahyane Danesh" (knowledge corps)to villages for the aim of making pepole eager to ancient and kigdom culture and informing them of the magnitude of the 2500-year-old kingdom celebrations ,building several schools and many buildings of public interest after the name of cirus the Great,changing the calender from solar to kingdome the cost of these celebrtions was so high and anti-Islamic measurs of regime were so extensive that finally raised the protest of the majority of the pepole of Iran and even foreign press and figures,and Shah and regime were condemned. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Investigating the structure of the family institution in the Sassanid period based on the book of Ardavirafnameh
ALI RABIZADEH Mirzamohamad HasaniArdavirafnameh is a Pahlavi text ‘ that written in the Sassanid period between 1400 or 1700 years ago .This book is about one clergyman that went to paradise and hell by eating the kind of drink. This person came back from the paradise and heel after 7 days later MoreArdavirafnameh is a Pahlavi text ‘ that written in the Sassanid period between 1400 or 1700 years ago .This book is about one clergyman that went to paradise and hell by eating the kind of drink. This person came back from the paradise and heel after 7 days later and told his story about what he seen. His name was Ardafiraf and his story written in the book that’s name is Ardavirafnameh. Ardavirafnameh is one of the famous books in Zoroaster religion. . Ardavirafnameh has 101 parts and 26 parts of them is about the family In this article' we study about The family’s character in Ardavirafnameh And we found The gravity of family in Ardavirafnameh and the best place of women’s in this book ,according this research family’s character in Ardavirafnameh is match with family’s character in sasanian period . ‘for this research we used straps and library re searching . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Nation branding and national image making Project: First Pahlavi and reconstruction process of Iran’s image in modern age
Arash Beidollahkhani Yaser KahrazehiNation branding in conception meaning way is rebuild, construction and Change of image of the country in outside of the land which perception by foreign people, stakeholder and international public opinion. Originally Nation branding is align of the nation with reality. MoreNation branding in conception meaning way is rebuild, construction and Change of image of the country in outside of the land which perception by foreign people, stakeholder and international public opinion. Originally Nation branding is align of the nation with reality. This is so important matter for countries which passed many fundamental changes in their political, social and economic systems. Now the main question which is regarding to this paper is when the nation branding process and image making of Iran started? This paper with focus one nation branding and national image process, emphasis that nation branding and national image of Iran was constructed with Rezah Shah Pahlavi’s policy. Rezah Shah was a first king of Iran who was acting to constructed and Rebuilding of Iran’s image in modern era. Today also nation branding and national image of Iran and perception of nation identity came from a nation branding which made in Reza Shah Pahlavi’s time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - The Evolution of Post in Qajar and First Pahlavi
Abdolreza Foladvand soheyla tarabi alireza abtahiAbstract There was no systematic communication system on the Qajar era, The country suffered serious damage during a relatively long period of conflict and political. struggles for power. Many of the communication infrastructure of the transportation network, especiall MoreAbstract There was no systematic communication system on the Qajar era, The country suffered serious damage during a relatively long period of conflict and political. struggles for power. Many of the communication infrastructure of the transportation network, especially Chaparkhaneh, was destroyed. At the time of Nader Shah, even the soldiere working in these centers were called to battlefields.As a result , no formal organization to send information from one part to another part of the country. Even between the governors and the federal government did not exist. Deep and extensive information was created on communication lines and transportation network in the Pahlavi era. Sashes were made. There fore the cental post office building was built in Tehran and some large urban areas. The purpose of this study was to investigate the process of formation and development of a new pot institution in Iran. The methodology of this historical research is an analytical type based on library studies and reviews and archival docments. The data collection was interpreted and investigated after reviewing them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - The position of religion and religion in the educational system of the first Pahlavi period
reza shabani ghobad mansorbakht farshid mehriWhat is studied in this article as the position of religion and the clergymen within the educational system and the First Pahlavi Era contains the materials that indicate the method of reaction of the first Pahlavi toward the clergymen within the education field and the MoreWhat is studied in this article as the position of religion and the clergymen within the educational system and the First Pahlavi Era contains the materials that indicate the method of reaction of the first Pahlavi toward the clergymen within the education field and the position of the religion in planning and the context of the course books. Hence, the government was trying to renovate the educational system based on the ancient oriented nationalism and western secularism, the cultural system of the Pahlavi regime tried to decrease the presence of the clergymen in educational system and made some restrictions for them regarding the programs and the context of the courses of religion. Creation of a new Iranian identity based on focusing on the infrastructural institutes such as educational system, was the most important strategy of the first Pahlavi regime in order to homogenize the common people with the governing body. In this regard, extreme nationalism and western-based modernism were the most important ideologies of the first Pahlavi regime. As it was mentioned, the educational system was the most important context where the mentioned ideologies were executed. In order to achieve the ideological components, Pahlavi's most important actions were decreasing the role of the clergymen in educational institutes, the religion course books and the educational programs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - polices and on the politics of first pahlavi
mohamad ahmadabadi rahim mosaviThis research was conducted with the aim of investigating "the role of order in Pahlavi's modernization policies" by descriptive-analytical method and relying on archival documents and library resources. Reza Shah's modernist measures and his corrective plans were follo MoreThis research was conducted with the aim of investigating "the role of order in Pahlavi's modernization policies" by descriptive-analytical method and relying on archival documents and library resources. Reza Shah's modernist measures and his corrective plans were followed largely by relying on military forces, including discipline. Using the leverage of power and pressure, the government could somehow help the Pahlavi government in its advancement, as the intervention and intervention in the religious ceremonies, especially the mourning of the people in Muharram, made efforts to implement the uniform law of dressing and the law of discovery Hijab, interference in judicial affairs related to the administration of justice, political activities and presiding over the party of anti-barbarism, interference in parliamentary election affairs and control of deputies, monitoring and censorship of materials in the press and books of origin, taking over responsibilities on the radio And cinema and ado According to the regulations, the registration of civilians is one of the most important steps that has been taken by the order in the modernization process based on the modernization policies of the first Pahlavi era. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Discourse and The Political in Iran Constitutional Revolution
javad jamaliThe Political is formed within a discourse, based on a dual antithesis and sympathy or an opposing and hostile relationship with the "discourse" discourses. Concepts with the definition of politics provide, on the one hand, the identity frontiers between forces \ "Insid MoreThe Political is formed within a discourse, based on a dual antithesis and sympathy or an opposing and hostile relationship with the "discourse" discourses. Concepts with the definition of politics provide, on the one hand, the identity frontiers between forces \ "Insider \" and \ "another \", and on the other hand, give meaning to political conflicts in a society. The collapse of the constitutional discourse and, eventually, its dismantling, was the outcome of the conflict with the discourses that were at the head of the catholic discourse. The conflicts that brought the country back to the path and led to the return of tyranny in the form of Pahlavi discourse. With the preliminaries of this article, the present article examines the concept of political affairs in Iran during the Constitutional Revolution. In this research, the researcher is to show that by using the method of analyzing the critical discourse of Theon Van Dyke and extracting the concepts and categories related to this method, what does the concept of the political concept in this period have had on the collapse of constitutional discourse and the formation and hegemony of Pahlavi discourse? To answer the above question, we first examined the formulation of the political and then its impact on the collapse of constitutional discourse and the supremacy of Pahlavi discourse. The texts selected for this research are extracted from four newspapers Hable al-Matin, Kaveh, Iranshahr and Farhangestan letters. These newspapers represent the ruling discourse in this period Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Formation of collective memory cents in the first Pahlavi period (Iranshahr and Ayandeh publications)
HOSAIN MANSOORI MOTLAGH mehdi najafzadeEmphasizing the understanding of national historiography and using the theoretical model of Halbovax, this study has studied why and how to strengthen and highlight the collective memory of Iranians of the first Pahlavi era by the publications of that time - emphasizing MoreEmphasizing the understanding of national historiography and using the theoretical model of Halbovax, this study has studied why and how to strengthen and highlight the collective memory of Iranians of the first Pahlavi era by the publications of that time - emphasizing Ayandeh and Iranshahr. Unlike traditional historiography, where there is no need to strengthen and highlight collective memory, national identity-based historiography prioritizes the strengthening and highlighting of collective memory, and populism is one of its main characteristics. Prominence means reminiscing, manipulating the past, taking a similar look at discrete history, interpreting it for the identity system, linking it to current developments, and using it for nationalism. The research findings show that these publications, with a kind of popular national historiography, like to highlight the centers of the past, strengthen common traditions of being Iranian for all, and critique traditional historiography in order to create a new identity. They were for the age of the nation-state. The research method is historical and descriptive-analytical, based on archival documents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - A study of the legal laws of Zoroastrian women in the first centuries AH,based on the text of the Pahlavi narrative
soheila kamjoo Zahra Hamedi Elham MalekzadehPahlavis narration is a text in Middle Persian with relatively extensive information from religious commentaries and the ritual of Zoroastrian religion is stated in it. The identity of the author and the exact date of writing the text are unknown. But given the specific MorePahlavis narration is a text in Middle Persian with relatively extensive information from religious commentaries and the ritual of Zoroastrian religion is stated in it. The identity of the author and the exact date of writing the text are unknown. But given the specific content and features of the text, it is almost certain that this writing dates back to the first centuries AH it has been written with the aim of explaining and protecting the teaching of Zoroastrianism. Based on the descriptive analytical method, the present study aims to investigate the situation of women in this Pahlavi text. And it seeks to answer the question of the legal status of Zoroastrian women in the first Islamic centuries according to the text of the Pahlavi narration, how wazs it?studies show that the achievements and legal independence of Sassnid women continue to be valid among Zoroastrian women in the first centuries AH,it was preserved and accepted in the context of womens family life they were not limited to their husbands.the research findings show that the author of the text to compel women to follow the code of the house with a relatively sharp tone in the form of jurisprudential religious injunctions, women have been assigned duties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - The development of Iranian women’s organizations in the second Pahlavi era
ziba ghahremani aliakbar khedrizadeh mehdi goljanWoman presence in tobacco national- religious movement and constitutional movement is the beginning of women activities in different social , cultural and political field. Even though this presence has been presumed very little owing to dominance of religious and tradit MoreWoman presence in tobacco national- religious movement and constitutional movement is the beginning of women activities in different social , cultural and political field. Even though this presence has been presumed very little owing to dominance of religious and tradition – oriented forces at the beginning of the Reza shah’s reign ,but by the implementacion of new policies by Reza shah and Mohammad Reza Pahlavi activities of this brigade got more solidavity in the shape of institutions and women’s organizations and involved wider dimention . how to form and the mode of institutions and women organization’s activity in the second Pahlavi era and its relationship. With the state is the issue that addressed in this study. This research , conducted in the context of historical study and review of sources such as newspapers and books, reveals that the members of institutions and women’s organizations often consisted of educated women who their most trying at first to improve living , educational and health of women and then to fix the legal in equality and obtaining women suffrage. Some of these formations for the benefit of the government. And some also acted along to humour party needs or special population and have influenced the events of that period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - The effectiveness of Nazi Germany on the Reflection of Power Building in the Architecture of Governmental Buildings in Azerbaijan of the first Pahlavi period ( Case study: Tabriz & Urmia)
Mohammad Amin Khojasteh Ghamari Hossein SoltanzadehFirst Pahlavi period is considered the most outstanding era of Iran’s contemporary history due to extensive political and social transformation. During his twenty-year reign, Reza Shah was always trying to intensify his own reigning power structure because of his MoreFirst Pahlavi period is considered the most outstanding era of Iran’s contemporary history due to extensive political and social transformation. During his twenty-year reign, Reza Shah was always trying to intensify his own reigning power structure because of his nationalistic and military-centered inclinations as well as relationship with countries like Germany, especially in Hitler’s period. Meanwhile different cities of country such as Tabriz and Urmia located in the state of Azarbaijan also benefited from this kind of attitude, and important governmental buildings were stablished in these cities in the presence of German architects and engineers. How Nazi Germany structure had an effect on the manifestation of power structure in Iranian architectural structure and investigating it, in particular in two aforementioned cities, is the main goal of this research. As this research is qualitative, a combination of the two approaches of historical-interpretive and descriptive-analytic has been carried out. The results obtained imply that modeling of Nazi architectural concepts and western neoclassic bases resulting from the relations with Germany and the presence of German Architects has had an undeniable role in the formation of governmental architecture and power structure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - New research on social security of the Reza Shah era (with emphasis on socio-political liberties)
siavash shahrivar soheyla torabi farsani Ali Reza Abtahi Syavash ShahrivarIn this research, the explanation and analysis of the status of social security of the first Pahlavi era has been studied. The reign of Reza Shah, due to the government's attempt to establish a modern state and the expansion of Westernism, and the efforts of Reza Shah a MoreIn this research, the explanation and analysis of the status of social security of the first Pahlavi era has been studied. The reign of Reza Shah, due to the government's attempt to establish a modern state and the expansion of Westernism, and the efforts of Reza Shah and his intellectuals along with him to gain political legitimacy by linking the Pahlavi monarchy to the ancient kingdoms of Iran, is an era of effective and timely formation of intellectual foundations Iran is new. Meanwhile, nationalism, which was consolidated as one of the main ideologies of the modernization process, was conquered by the victory of the Constitutional Revolution in the political and cultural contexts of Iran, played a central role in the intellectual changes of the first Pahlavi era. The first Pahlavi government made changes In various areas of Iran's social life, among these changes, were the changes that took place in the field of social security and subsequent social insecurity. In Iran, despite efforts made in the era of Reza Shah, modernization did not lead to the creation of a modern and developed society. This article seeks to understand the causes of social insecurity, which was created in the first Pahlavi rehabilitation programs, and to answer the question of what constitutes the consequences of the Pahlavi era policies for social security and the solutions to social security in the first Pahlavi era. The research method used in this research is a descriptive method to better analyze the historical information obtained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - A new look at providing social security during the Reza Shah era (with emphasis on socio-political freedoms)
siavash shahrivar soheyla torabi alireza abtahiIn this study, social insecurity in the politics and practice of the first Pahlavi is briefly discussed. Reza Shah's efforts and policies to establish a modern government and the expansion of comprehensive modernization (economic, social, political, etc.) at a basic and MoreIn this study, social insecurity in the politics and practice of the first Pahlavi is briefly discussed. Reza Shah's efforts and policies to establish a modern government and the expansion of comprehensive modernization (economic, social, political, etc.) at a basic and clear stage It is the history of Iran that, by linking the first Pahlavi government with modern ideologies (nationalism) and historical backgrounds (archeology), was able to create important actions and policies in that time frame. Although this modernization and populism could have positive functions in the field of security and its components in the political and social sector, but it also paved the way for fundamental and dangerous social insecurities, which we seek to explain and analyze in this article. This article seeks to identify the causes of social insecurity created in the first Pahlavi modernization programs and to answer the question of what consequences the policies of the first Pahlavi era had for social security and what were the social security strategies in the first Pahlavi era. The research method used in this research is a descriptive method through which the obtained historical information can be better analyzed Manuscript profile -
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98 - The effects of the first Pahlavi's actions on the course of social developments and changes in the municipality system in old Estarabad
Ahmad Sardarzadeh Amir Akbari rajabali vosoghiKnowledge and awareness of the changes and transformations that occurred in the old Astarabad (currently Gorgan) is necessary for any planning for the changes that have occurred, because all the economic, social and cultural aspects of a society are linked with its popu MoreKnowledge and awareness of the changes and transformations that occurred in the old Astarabad (currently Gorgan) is necessary for any planning for the changes that have occurred, because all the economic, social and cultural aspects of a society are linked with its population and structural features. Iran's nomadic community, which played a decisive role in the social and political situation of the country until the beginning of the current century (A.H.), has lost its former importance and has gradually been marginalized following some political events, including the nomad settlement policy by Reza Shah. . In the upcoming research, after examining the information obtained from oral sources and supplementing it with other available sources, we will comprehensively understand the effects of Pahlavi's first measures with descriptive-analytical method. Based on the results of this research, the effects of the first Pahlavi's actions on the course of social developments and changes in the municipality system in the old Estrabad, including the cities of Gorgan and Bandar Turkmen. In written documents and sources, less attention has been paid to the mentality of people about the events around them. Therefore, oral sources play an important role in reaching the conclusion of this research. Therefore, one of the important measures in the first Pahlavi period was the construction of streets in small and large cities of Iran. Manuscript profile -
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99 - The Effects of Nationalism discourse on Cultural and Sociological Changes during the Reign of Pahlavi I
mohammad ali alizadeh ali mohammad tarafdariThe reign of Reza Shah is one of the most important periods on formation the thought basis of modern Iran for governmental attempting to make modern state, westernization, and especially attempting of Reza Shah himself and his intellectuals to connect Pahlavi regime wit MoreThe reign of Reza Shah is one of the most important periods on formation the thought basis of modern Iran for governmental attempting to make modern state, westernization, and especially attempting of Reza Shah himself and his intellectuals to connect Pahlavi regime with ancient Iran. At the same time, Nationalism, one of the modern ideologies, gradually has become one of the major elements of Iran’s modernization in the era of Pahlavi I. Additionally, the consequent changes of constitution revolution which made large insecurity and incompetence in political structure of Iran, brought more affection from nationalism and its consequences such as National State for intellectual and political activists to provide Iran with stability, security and development. In this situation, Reza Khan stepped in power scene and achieved reputation via control of military force and establishment of relative stability and security in country. Then, he attempted to become the Shah of Iran with adopting nationalism, in addition to contracting a stable political legitimacy Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - A historical study of appearing Zionismregim and the affection of Islamic Iranian Revolution on the Palestinian revolutionists
fariborz najafiAfter the splendid Islamic revolution of Iran was von in 1357 all equations of the East and the West world in that time were demolished. By this revolution, the Americans had lost one of the main and strategic base in East, where it was very chaos and unrest. The Shah MoreAfter the splendid Islamic revolution of Iran was von in 1357 all equations of the East and the West world in that time were demolished. By this revolution, the Americans had lost one of the main and strategic base in East, where it was very chaos and unrest. The Shah's regim which was a kind of gendarme in Persian Gulf, had the big and famous military force in the reigon and was supported by America, Over throwned and the Chant of: "down with Zionist" which came in power by terror and gun, were heurled everywhere in Islamic world and Iran. The triumph and victory of Iran's Islamic revolution with the leadership of the late Imam Khomeini had given a real soul to the resistance of Palestinian Muslems who recieved a new life against Zionists regim. Since, the supporters of this regim could not reach their goals and purpose in this revolution, Started to damage the revolutionary aims in another way, we hope some day we could see the freedom of the virtuous Qods and Vanishing their usurped regim from the Islamic land in future by the God's help. Manuscript profile -
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101 - A speculation over Timortash’, a minster of Royal Courts during Reza Shah, political behaviour and the end of his currier
usef motevaliFormation of Pahlavi dynasty was the result of efforts a number of Smart administrators during the Reza Shah who by managing the critical condition of Iran and by help of foreigner governments could provide a ground for the fall of Qajar and the formation of Pahla MoreFormation of Pahlavi dynasty was the result of efforts a number of Smart administrators during the Reza Shah who by managing the critical condition of Iran and by help of foreigner governments could provide a ground for the fall of Qajar and the formation of Pahlavi dynasty. Abdol-Hossian Sadr-e Azam Korasani known as Timortash was one those smart administrators in this period. He together with two other admistrators, Ali Akbar Davar and Nasrollah Firouz played an important role on rise of Reza Khan and formation of Pahlavi dynasty. It was probably because of his effort that he was later appointed as the minster of Royal Court and became the second powerful man in Iran after Reza Shah. Because of strong position of Timoretash in early of Reza Shah rule, the appointment of any Prime Minesters, Minsters, MPs, Provincial governors and... was nearly impossible without his consent. However, in middle of Reza Shah Rule anything was changed. In this period not only he lost all of his political influence and power, but also he lost his life as well. In this research and based off on contemporary documents and sources from Qajar and pahlavi it has been tried to examine the process of Timoretash raising to power, his political currier and end of his life by using historical research method Manuscript profile -
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102 - The causes and motives for the uprising since 1320 sh A. Khan Bakhtiari
ghafar pourbakhtiyar hatam mosaeeDespite the second world war and the beginning of the influx of British and Soviet forces in the year 1320 SB/1941 m and join America as they were the basis for occupying the Iranian dictatorship, although in August 1320. broken apart Her experience young ch MoreDespite the second world war and the beginning of the influx of British and Soviet forces in the year 1320 SB/1941 m and join America as they were the basis for occupying the Iranian dictatorship, although in August 1320. broken apart Her experience young child called King mhmadrezah to rely on political activities, removal of power, social and ethnic groups was provided to the parties after the fall of Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran at the corners of the rebellion took shape, Bakhtiari, Qashqai, a number of khavanin and boier ahmadi that the situation returned to their areas of use. Including the khavanin a. Khan Bakhtiar (abol Khan Bakhtiari), respectively. That spread chaos in the country in the years to come, 1320 and SB Bakhtiari in 1322 e SB go hand in the Central Government ran riot and uprising. The second resurrection of 1331 he second half of solar and sh (e) in the first half finally finds that e-1332 15 a. Khani aka Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - A study of Pahlavi I treatment with local rulers
maryam ebrahimiTo strengthen its power and to establish a modern government, the Pahlavi government had to encounter local rulers. Since local rulers used forced against people, omitting them was an easy task for the Pahlavi I. However, dealing with clergymen was difficult. Separating MoreTo strengthen its power and to establish a modern government, the Pahlavi government had to encounter local rulers. Since local rulers used forced against people, omitting them was an easy task for the Pahlavi I. However, dealing with clergymen was difficult. Separating religion and government added more immigration to cities. This increased religion leader's influence in cities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - 2500-year-old kingdom celebration with emphasis on cultural-social review the regim in Iran.
L. Dehghan Nayyeri H. Shojaei2500-year-old kingdom celebration which after years of providing propaganda and studying were held in the fall of 1350 in persepolis with a unque glory , was on of the most expensire celebration which cost over 300 million dollars.By holding such a celebration ,shah More2500-year-old kingdom celebration which after years of providing propaganda and studying were held in the fall of 1350 in persepolis with a unque glory , was on of the most expensire celebration which cost over 300 million dollars.By holding such a celebration ,shah was seeking a way to continue his government and dominance over the pepole of Iran ,so he began to recover Aryan's valuas and arouse animosity towards Islam and develop friendly relation with foreign countries ,hence he began a series of controversial and , in some cases ,useful measures :naming himself "shah", ordering the collection and compiliation if some books about Iran's pre-Islamic culture and civilization ,founding Shahanshahi foundation of Iran Acadmy ,establish-ment of Iran's National Deed Registery ,holding various celebrations during the celebration decade (1345-1355),promoting people to choose their children the original Iranian names ,sending some educational groups callend "Sepahyane Danesh" (knowledge corps)to villages for the aim of making pepole eager to ancient and kigdom culture and informing them of the magnitude of the 2500-year-old kingdom celebrations ,building several schools and many buildings of public interest after the name of cirus the Great,changing the calender from solar to kingdome the cost of these celebrtions was so high and anti-Islamic measurs of regime were so extensive that finally raised the protest of the majority of the pepole of Iran and even foreign press and figures,and Shah and regime were condemned. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Iranian Criminal System in the Pahlavi Era, Challenges and Considerations (from the Beginning to the Islamic Revolution)
ali talezariAlthough the Iranian Constitutional Revolution was a political movement, but different areas affected by this issue were fundamental changes. One of these areas was the criminal justice system. During this period, the justice officially met for the first time and differ MoreAlthough the Iranian Constitutional Revolution was a political movement, but different areas affected by this issue were fundamental changes. One of these areas was the criminal justice system. During this period, the justice officially met for the first time and different laws were passed one after another. Among the new rules would be noted the constitution, amendments to the constitution, the law and the administration of justice and law criminal procedure. Despite the adoption of various laws, but the law was never passed on crimes and punishments and issues of the criminal law nature in 1925 until in the year of 1925 the criminal law was adopted in the House. During the 1920 coup, nothing more than the dissolution of justice did not make people happy, that was the inefficiency of justice at the time. During the Pahlavi regime for two reasons, the substantive laws were difficult. One is sensitivity of clergymen and scholars in the adoption of unlawful laws and other is influential and rulers opposition considered the law Influential of their unlimited powers. Hence, the adoption of the Penal Code is of the particular importance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - The family’s character study in Ardavirafnameh
ali rabizadeh میرزا محمد حسنیArdavirafnameh is a Pahlavi text ‘ that written in the sasanian period between 1400 or 1700 years ago .This book is about one clergyman that went to paradise and hell by eating the kind of drink. This person came back from the paradise and heel after 7 days later MoreArdavirafnameh is a Pahlavi text ‘ that written in the sasanian period between 1400 or 1700 years ago .This book is about one clergyman that went to paradise and hell by eating the kind of drink. This person came back from the paradise and heel after 7 days later and told his story about what he seen. His name was Ardafiraf and his story written in the book that’s name is Ardavirafnameh. Ardavirafnameh is one of the famous books in Zoroaster religion. . Ardavirafnameh has 101 parts and 26 parts of them is about the family In this article' we study about The family’s character in Ardavirafnameh And we found The gravity of family in Ardavirafnameh and the best place of women’s in this book ,according this research family’s character in Ardavirafnameh is match with family’s character in sasanian period . ‘for this research we used straps and library re searching . Manuscript profile -
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107 - Look at the necessity of authoritarian modernization "Marde Azad"
aliakbar khedrizadeh fatemeh daneshshakibOne of the main features of the political economy literature in the years following the 1299 coup d's dominance of the discourse of enlightened authoritarianism (authoritarian modernization) is the third generation of intellectuals modernization Revolution frustration a MoreOne of the main features of the political economy literature in the years following the 1299 coup d's dominance of the discourse of enlightened authoritarianism (authoritarian modernization) is the third generation of intellectuals modernization Revolution frustration among some political activists, many social and political crisis remains widespread in Iran and the First World War, the idea of armed dictators in some developing countries such as Turkey can be the key drivers of change in political discourse The Constitutional shine as tyranny. In this regard, the need for modernization and sovereign state has the most extensive literature of the period reflect Marde Azad by Ali Akbar Davar in 1301 emissions rose from the publications pro-powerful state that the role of government control in the modernization of the economic, administrative and cultural beliefs have a deep reform only through coercion, may be considered. This article has been read in some newspaper articles "Marde Azad" to introduce and examine ideas on the need to modernize this publication is authoritative in Iran. Manuscript profile -
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108 - Studing of social strata of Iran in the national narratives
پرویز Hosein talaei GH.R Askari مصطفی JarfiFormation of different classes in human societies has been one of the consequences of population growth and the complexity resulting from that in initial communities. This process, dating back to the human history, has occurred in Iranian society too. However, the MoreFormation of different classes in human societies has been one of the consequences of population growth and the complexity resulting from that in initial communities. This process, dating back to the human history, has occurred in Iranian society too. However, the analysis of social classes based on the ancient Iranian myths and stories (national narratives) has been considered less. How the formation of social classes and their assignment, divisions and function in the national narratives of Iran, is the main issue of this research. The present study shows that the root of social strata can be searched in the Indo-European society. Initially these were divided into three groups: Srvanan (Clergymen), Artshtaran (military) and Vastryvshan (farmers). But away from the Gahan society, other classes were created too including teachers, craftsmen, craft eyes, musician ,etc. National narratives, assign these classes to Jamshid. The structure of social strata of Iran, Relying on livelihoods and moral society, has been based on the principle of dutifulness in order to avoid interfering in the affairs, each class will work in the disposal of evil forces and maintenance of divine Justice and faith. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - The negative consequences of industrial relations between Iran and Germany on the eve of World War II
mohsen maleki morteza norayiThe Iran & Germany relation was began in Safavi period, in during of Reza shah kingdom reached its acme. In this period Iran with Germanys help could institute varied factories. But these factories couldn’t ability to make ready initial accessory and also they MoreThe Iran & Germany relation was began in Safavi period, in during of Reza shah kingdom reached its acme. In this period Iran with Germanys help could institute varied factories. But these factories couldn’t ability to make ready initial accessory and also they haven’t necessary export for continue in country .Therefore they need to Germany company. with in crease world war and blockade connection ways between country, make many trouble for Iran industrial. The acme of this trouble was when the alliance sally to Iran with pretext that expert present in Iran. Manuscript profile -
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110 - The Reviewof Political and MilitaryLifeof Lieutenant General Teymur Bakhtiar and His Rolein theHappenings duringPahlaviII’SRule.
Ali Mokhtari Afsaneh HayatiHaving people likeTeymurBakhtiar as the head of security and intelligenceagencies and using their capabilities and competence, Mohammad Reza Pahlavitried to repress the opponents and strengthenhis monarchy. Lt. Gen. TeymurBakhtiar, the firsthead ofSAVAK (Iranian Intelli MoreHaving people likeTeymurBakhtiar as the head of security and intelligenceagencies and using their capabilities and competence, Mohammad Reza Pahlavitried to repress the opponents and strengthenhis monarchy. Lt. Gen. TeymurBakhtiar, the firsthead ofSAVAK (Iranian Intelligence and National Security Organization),in asix-year period, developed an information- security system. As a structured organization, during 1952-1976, it crushed the opposing forces. However, soon, as a security chief, he opposed the Pahlavi regime and involved in some hostile activities towards it. Before long, he was detained in Beirut and failed to accomplish his purposes. Finally hemanagedtocontinuehis activitiesin Iraq and formeda groupcalled the “Liberation Movementof Iranian people". In the meantime, the GeneralOffice ofSAVAK was monitoring his actions, put several infiltrators in his organizationand finally managed toassassinate him. Bakhtiar’s assassination put Mohammad Reza Shah at ease and assured him that he could maintain his rule more confidently. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - ROLE OF GERMAN INDUSTRIES IN RENOVATION OF IRAN INDUSTRIES IN REZA SHAH PAHLAVI’S REIGEN
ali voshmeh soheyla torabi naser jadidiThe Germans were transformed into one of the important economic powers in Reza Shah Pahlavi’s terms of office. Looking for selling their products and preparing raw materials for their factories, they selected Iran as their target market, despite influence of the w MoreThe Germans were transformed into one of the important economic powers in Reza Shah Pahlavi’s terms of office. Looking for selling their products and preparing raw materials for their factories, they selected Iran as their target market, despite influence of the world superpowers that were the main obstacles for them. Iranian government that wanted to reduce British and Soviet Union influence, and wanted to renovate its traditional industry, welcomed the relations. Political nationalism and common racial interactions between the two countries used to help this relationship. The Germans were eager in selling their different products, including industrial factories, and Iran was also interested in that. It was the reason that a lot of light and heavy German factories were sold to Iran; various industries such as: textile industries, steel industries, communication, food industries and many other large or small firms that were owned by the government or private sector. Along with these industries, technical schools started work with German instructors, who had the duty for instructing technical forces and could be effective in transfer of technology. This style of political-economic relations were experienced a little by the Iranians. In conducting descriptive/analytical method and using archive documentations, publications and books for the research period, the present research deals with analyzing the activities of German industries in Iran during Reza Shah Pahlavi era. The aim of this study is investigating the importation and deploying light and heavy German industries and their effects on Iran’s industrial renovation during the first Pahlavid dynasty king. We are trying to find the answer to the question regarding qualitative and quantitative transformations in renovating Iranian traditional industries, by importation of German industries in Reza Shah Pahlavi era. To find the answer to the question, Iran and Germany situations before holding these relations are explained briefly. After considering the studying period for the importation of different German industries, the concluded contracts, motivations and international hindrances for these activities shall be investigated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - A comparative study of American foreign policy during the Nixon and Carter eras towards Iran during the second Pahlavi period
Mohammad Bidgoli asghar rajabi dehborzoeiIran-US relations have a long history full of ups and downs. The Shah, who felt a power vacuum in the region with the withdrawal of England from the Persian Gulf, tried to fill this vacuum with the help of the United States. The present study seeks to answer the questio MoreIran-US relations have a long history full of ups and downs. The Shah, who felt a power vacuum in the region with the withdrawal of England from the Persian Gulf, tried to fill this vacuum with the help of the United States. The present study seeks to answer the question of how the American foreign policy during the era of Nixon and Carter was towards Iran during the second Pahlavi period. . They had the same strategy for Iran's oil. The current research method is qualitative . The results show the fact that due to reasons including the geopolitical position of the Persian Gulf, the existence of oil reserves, the Soviet Union's attempt to penetrate this region as commonalities, and the differences of these two presidents, their differences in oil policy, as well as Nixon's friendly policy and Carter's human rights policy pointed out. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Obstacles to the Realization of Bureaucratic Authoritarianism in the First Pahlavi Era
Hosein Shariati Alireza Azghandi Ahmad Saei Abolghasem TaheriHosein Shariati[1] Alireza Azghandi[2] Ahmad Saei[3] Abolghasem Taheri[4] Abstract: Authority, as one of the fundamental concepts of political science has developed a new definition in the modern era. Authority, as a modern concept, is defined as legitimate power MoreHosein Shariati[1] Alireza Azghandi[2] Ahmad Saei[3] Abolghasem Taheri[4] Abstract: Authority, as one of the fundamental concepts of political science has developed a new definition in the modern era. Authority, as a modern concept, is defined as legitimate power and legitimacy has become a secular and rational concept in this era. To describe this concept, Max Weber comes up with three prototypes of traditional, charismatic and legal authority. He believes that the criterion for the evaluation of the modern state is in the realization of the bureaucratic legal authority. In his view, the barrier against the realization of such authority is the opposition of traditionalists and aristocrats. The formation of the modern era in Iran began with the rise of Reza Shah Pahlavi, thus such government should necessarily have had the features of the modern concept of authority. However, due to losing their status and appearance of conflict of values, the traditional strata of Iran’s society such as clergies, merchants, aristocrats and nomads became a barrier in the way of the realization of the bureaucratic legal authority in Iran in the Reza Shah era. [1]-PhD Graduate of political science (Iranian studies) department of political science, faculty of law, theology and politics, science and research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran [2]- Full professor of department of political science, faculty of law, theology and politics, science and research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran:Corresponding Author [3]- Associate professor of department of political science, faculty of law, theology and politics, science and research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran [4]- Full professor of department of political science, faculty of law, theology and politics, science and research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Ira. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - The Impact of Nomads' Compulsory Settlement Policy on the Social Structure of the Lur Ethnicity of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Province in the Pahlavi Era
abdolrasool abbasi keramatoollah rasehk Majid Reza KarimiThe article aims to consider the effect of mandatory settlement policy of the tribes on the social structure of the lur nation of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad at the age of Pahlavi dynasty. The method of this research was historical, in which the main sources, written and MoreThe article aims to consider the effect of mandatory settlement policy of the tribes on the social structure of the lur nation of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad at the age of Pahlavi dynasty. The method of this research was historical, in which the main sources, written and verse book and documents remained from the past periods were used. The results of this study indicated that the tribe settlement policy was ended with making the immigrant people poor and also declining of the animal production. Many of the tribes were only waiting for Reza shah death to restart their immigration. If a tribe had opposed to the government, it would be oppressed by the government savagely and violently. The mandatory settlement policy sustained many dam. Manuscript profile -
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115 - An Investigation into the Role of Variables Involved in the Pahlavi II Foreign Policy Decision-Making Based on James Rosena’s Model
sayed hamid mousavi Malek Zolghadr asghar partoviIn order to explain the factors affecting foreign policy decision-making of Iran during the Pahlavi II period, the author examines the reasons for the adoption of some decisions in this period. According to James Rosena’s Model, the present research investigates f MoreIn order to explain the factors affecting foreign policy decision-making of Iran during the Pahlavi II period, the author examines the reasons for the adoption of some decisions in this period. According to James Rosena’s Model, the present research investigates five factors, namely, individual, role, government, social and international during the Pahlavi II period. In this regard, the four important and influential decisions of this period, namely de-escalation of tensions with the Soviet Union, the crisis in Bahrain and its transfer, Iran's behavior in the oil crisis of 1967 and 1973 and Iran's military action in Oman as indicators, selected, reviewed and the impact of each of the five variables discussed above are examined. According to the author, in this period, foreign policy decisions were influenced by cognitive elements and were generally made by the Shah himself. The cognitive system has been mainly influenced by the personality and temperaments of the Shah and in order to achieve the specific intellectual design of the person, among the variables involved, the individual variable and then the international system variable had the greatest impact on foreign policy decisions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Explanation of the components of tradition and modernism in the physical structure of residential buildings of the contemporary period of Iran (a case study of residential buildings of the Pahlavi period)
Alireza Taherian Ahmadreza Keshtkar Ghalati mahmod nikkhah shahmirzaei gholamhosein naseri, with the arrival of different cultures in Iran, the plan and form of the houses underwent changes. The form of the plans in Qajar residences changed from introversion and respecting privacy to extroverted forms, and components such as interiors and vestibules, which h More, with the arrival of different cultures in Iran, the plan and form of the houses underwent changes. The form of the plans in Qajar residences changed from introversion and respecting privacy to extroverted forms, and components such as interiors and vestibules, which had the role of protecting the privacy of the house, became less. Although at the beginning of the Pahlavi period, residential construction was tried to be close to the Qajar period, but with the arrival of educated architects from outside Iran and the injection of foreign culture into this architecture, these changes reached their peak in the second Pahlavi period. Knowing the factors affecting architecture in different periods has always been one of the most important ways to prevent the fading of authentic architecture with Iranian identity. Knowing these factors and how they affect architecture is an issue that must be taken into account in order to prevent abnormal and incorrect changes in urban spaces, of which the house is the smallest part, in contemporary and future architecture; Because the architecture of every nation is always a picture book of that nation's culture, therefore, it is important to examine the process of changes in plans and spaces and the change of the form and shape of the house as a fundamental part of a city.The purpose of architecture is to create an image within the physical form and architecture is a reflection of human life. The architecture of today and tomorrow cannot be unrelated to the architecture of the past. This is the most important issue of our contemporary architecture; That it is separated from its components and canvas and the place of Iranian architecture in it is not clear. Because in the contemporary architecture of Iran, there is always the concern of creating a connection between the architecture of the past and the present, and giving meaning to what has existed in theory and what has been in practice, and what is interesting and disgusting, is that in recent years, the concept of ancient architecture in the history of Iran, using the phrase " "Traditional architecture" is expressed, which does not imply the concept of the antiquity and value of this architecture. In fact, the concept of traditional architecture brings to mind that it is a type of architecture in Iran that covers a certain period and may have passed its use-by date. In other words, unfortunately, before evoking something precious and valuable, it evokes a color and smell full of oldness and backwardness in the mind. Many factors in the contemporary era cause fundamental changes in Iranian architecture. Examining the criteria of tradition and modernism in residential architecture in Iran is important because it will be more clear in the history of contemporary architecture in Iran. This research aims to investigate the characteristics of tradition and modernism in the physical structure of contemporary Iranian residential architecture in the Pahlavi period, and tries to answer the question of how the characteristics of tradition and modernism have been implemented in the physical structure of residential buildings in the contemporary period, and from the combined research method of nest to The nest is used to achieve this goal; First, the indicators of tradition and modernism are extracted from the concepts, and then the code table is compiled, then interviews are arranged, based on these interviews, the variables used in tradition and modernism in the building are proposed, and then a questionnaire is used for verification. The sample size of the qualitative stage is 46 interviews and 384 people in the quantitative part. The results show that in modernism, the components of honest expression of structural materials in the facade with a value of 0.965, the mute element of architectural elements with a value of 0.856, and the use of rectangular volumes with a value of 0.818 have the highest correlation with other components of modernism. Also, to upgrade a unit of tradition in the space with the user of a unit, one of the characteristics of using brick as the dominant material of the walls and the use of physical elements of traditional architecture with a value of 1.000 can increase the association of tradition in a residential building. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Analyzing the physical elements and spatial relationships of residential houses of the second Pahlavi period from the perspective of fiction
sara hosseini Fariba Alborzi Amirhossein AminiThe house and knowing its features have always been given a lot of attention and importance by designers and builders in order to increase the quality of human living place.House is an important social need that can be analyzed from different aspects. Therefore, in this MoreThe house and knowing its features have always been given a lot of attention and importance by designers and builders in order to increase the quality of human living place.House is an important social need that can be analyzed from different aspects. Therefore, in this regard, knowing and examining the roots affecting the houses of the past, including the physical aspects, can be an important and positive step in improving the quality of new and modern houses.The necessity of creating a house is its body, which has been recognized by many researchers. But the various investigations of the physical aspect to compare the spatial relations of the houses have received less attention, which is why this research has addressed it.According to the surveys conducted in the residential houses of the second Pahlavi period in Tehran, due to the increasing population growth and the increase in the migration of villagers to the cities, mass building is formed to meet the needs of the people, these gradual changes applied by studying the houses of each The decade of this historical period was summarized and analyzed separately.On the other hand, the existence of a multi-directional relationship between the text and the audience and the general culture and the connection of literary works with the existing approaches in the society, leads the research point of view to fiction literature, so that the process of house changes can be investigated from this point of view. In the context of the relationship between literature and society, we can mention the attention and influence of literature into people and society, and the special literary importance of this period was also due to the greater proportion of literary works of this period compared to the periods before and after it. Therefore, since the literary landscape refers to social issues and the realities of society, it seems that by rereading the literary stories of the second Pahlavi period, the gradual changes applied in the spatial relations of residential houses can be read and identified in terms of the physical dimension.The production of literary discourse and the flourishing of residential architecture also necessitates a deep study of the second Pahlavi period.The aim of the current research is to investigate the influential physical components in the different spaces of the houses of Tehran in the second Pahlavi period from the point of view of the literary writers in order to discover the important components of the houses from a new perspective. Also, this research has been done with a qualitative approach and a type of interpretative philosophy, with the approach of analyzing the content of the text and using the classical hermeneutic method, to examine and understand and explore the physical components of the houses of the second Pahlavi period from the texts of the books examined in a descriptive-analytical way. And finally, it has been dealt with by comparative comparison.The research tools were selected from the works of the writers of the second Pahlavi with a purposeful sampling of documentary studies.Finally, the results of the research show that the houses of the early Pahlavi II period are different in terms of physical and shape compared to the houses of the late Pahlavi II period. In the beginning of the second Pahlavi period, the open space of the yard and the porch play an important role in the house, which includes the pond and garden and different types of vegetation, but gradually with the removal of the yard and other architectural elements, including the porch, pond, garden and cover Plants, houses without these elements and sometimes even without a yard and as apartment units are observed. These changes show the gradual changes in the spatial relations of the houses of the second Pahlavi period, which shows the houses specific to that period by examining each decade.In this way, by removing or reducing and changing some elements and components from the plan of the houses, and despite changes in the spatial relations of the houses, the importance of the body and spatial relations in the houses of the decades before the 40s compared to the houses of the 50s and the new appears. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - representing the concept of space in Iranian expressionist paintings
Parichehr Moafi Ghafari simon Ayvazian sheida khansariThe artistic developments of the early 20th century in art history are generally called "Expressionist", which is the beginning and decline of this movement between 1910 and 1925. Expressionism is a kind of exaggeration in colors and shapes, a way free from na MoreThe artistic developments of the early 20th century in art history are generally called "Expressionist", which is the beginning and decline of this movement between 1910 and 1925. Expressionism is a kind of exaggeration in colors and shapes, a way free from naturalism that wanted to express emotional states as clearly and explicitly as possible. The main goal of this school was to show human emotions, especially fear, hatred, love, and anxiety, in which the artist uses strong colors, crooked shapes, and rough lines to induce her intense emotions. Expressionism is not only one of the most important and influential currents in today's societies; Rather, it is a global movement that includes various fields such as literature, philosophy, social and political sciences, architecture, music, painting, and cinema. Since painting and architecture as two identical categories have been continuously present throughout history in sync with each other and influenced by each other, naturally, the influence of these two arts from the expressionism movement can be the goal of this research. In this research, the method of collecting information from the library and field type and the interpretation-historical method will be used which, historical interpretation is a process during which past events are described, analyzed, evaluated, explained, and the researcher bases interpretation on primary [primary] and secondary [scientific] historical sources, and finally, evidence, contexts, perspectives, and reference frames are analyzed. the expressionism movement in the Pahlavi period is investigated, which also asks the question, what is the effect of the art movement of expressionism on the architecture and painting of the Pahlavi period. The answer is: which itself leads to the emergence of the common components of expressionist painting and architecture of that period, and from the commonality of the two, it explains the framework of intellectual developments in that period for the reader; This topic itself can be influential in connecting modernist paintings and contemporary architecture of the Pahlavi period. The theoretical and formal principles of this architectural style are based on the two foundations of the modern era and the place - the land of Iran - these two fundamental pillars are shown parallel to each other in the physical composition of the building. Although modern art is often referred to as works produced in a certain period in Europe and the United States, art historians have tried to find the concept of "new" and "contemporary" art in works from other parts of the world. And it should be noted that "modern art" and "contemporary art" are not synonymous. In the 20th century, Iranian society saw many changes from a political and social point of view, and these changes can be seen among Iranian artists in the form of works that were different from traditional Iranian paintings. Modernization in Iranian society in this period led artists to present results that, although they were linked to Iran's tradition and past, contained new forms and methods experienced by modernist European and American artists. The formation of the pioneers of modern art did not only mean the victory of the supporters of modernism against their opponents, but it was also able to provide positive aspects for Iranian art in the international arena. Although modernism is a fluid concept, the moment of its birth is somewhat clear, but the moment of its decline is unclear. The results of the research show that what is known as expressionist painting in Iran does not seem to be a superficial understanding of the essence of expressionist painting; In Iranian examples, where architectural spaces were created to have social and cultural effects with the help of painting, Imitation can be seen in the first and second generation of modernist Iranian painters Also, architectural space creation in Iranian paintings that expressionist painters include two divisions in terms of architectural space creation, wanted or not. The first group includes painters who depend on form in all painting components, and the second group includes painters who imitated other painters. However, more than half a century has passed since the official beginning of the modern art movement in Iran. A movement that tried to harmonize with world art and went through many hardships and has been continued by contemporary artists. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - Investigating the effective spaces on the mental image based on the comparative comparison of Pahlavi era houses and tall residential buildings in Urmia city
parya Shafipouryourdshahi Mostafa Kiani Manoochehr MoazzemiCurrently, the population increase in Iran leads to an increasing number of high-rise residential buildings. Many studies have been done regarding tall buildings, however, living in tall buildings makes the residents dissatisfied. Though numerous factors are effective i MoreCurrently, the population increase in Iran leads to an increasing number of high-rise residential buildings. Many studies have been done regarding tall buildings, however, living in tall buildings makes the residents dissatisfied. Though numerous factors are effective in line with residents' satisfaction with living in high-rise buildings, their feelings and needs are focal points in this regard that can upsurge their satisfaction. Due to the fact that residents’ mental image of high-rise buildings is effective in their feelings in line with the environment, studies done in this regard aim to examine and study the mental image to increase the satisfaction of the residents. These dissatisfactions could be reduced via a perfect mental image in the residents’ minds. Physical and psychological factors are really significant in people’s mental image formation, and regarding this fact, in the present article, physical factors are considered. In terms of purpose, present research is fundamental; because it aims to recognize traditional houses and tall residential buildings and spaces that can be effective in creating mental images. Accordingly, traditional houses and high-rise residential buildings in Urmia are investigated and compared via the descriptive-analytical method, and their spaces are analyzed. In the next step, the present study identifies the spaces that are effective in the mental image of the residents of high-rise residential buildings using a quantitative approach and a questionnaire that is scored based on a Likert scale. A combination of library studies (theoretical) and field studies is used to collect the required research data and in this regard, a questionnaire-based survey with closed questions was used as the desired tool. In the present article, first, numerous traditional houses that belong to the first and second Pahlavi periods (Assadollahzadeh, Neshat, Rezqdeh, Teymurzadeh, and Shafipour houses) in Urmia were visited and observed. They have been compared with the high-rise residential buildings of Urmia (Elahiyeh, Golestan, Pezeshkan, Golshahr, and Valiasr buildings). It is evident that all traditional houses of Urmia city have basements and wooden roofs are seen in most of them. At the beginning of the first Pahlavi Era, the residential and service areas were separated by a large yard. Over time, the houses have been renovated and all the spaces have been assigned to one section. Instead, compared to the first Pahlavi period, the number of warehouses decreased in the second Pahlavi period. The building facade constructed with brick and different designs along with large vertical windows is one of the distinguishing features of these houses. To communicate with family members, inner windows and niches are seen in different places. The trunk is part of the main furniture of these houses. The survey of high-rise residential buildings in Urmia City discloses that every residential and service part are limited to one unit. Conversely, the yard and basement are removed or publicly available to everyone. The spaces connection is evident at low height and the houses are high. Likewise, most of the houses are smaller, and closely connected interior spaces can be seen in the house. The comparison of Pahlavi Era houses and high-rise residential buildings revealed that, over time, factors have been removed or even replaced in the high-rise residential buildings. In line with these changed items, one can mention the removal of the private courtyards, removal of the basement, removal of Iranian and traditional designs, shortening of windows, lack of different spaces such as the rooftop, removal of Iranian architecture, removal of traditional furniture, removal of native and natural materials and the connection of internal spaces using internal windows.Then, in three months, via random sampling method, the questionnaire was given to 384 residents of high-rise residential buildings. In the current study, the statistical population is all the residents of residential buildings above 8 floors, which is about 15,000 people regarding the statistics of Urmia City Housing and Urban Development Department. The sample population is obtained from Morgan's table as 375 people. A total of 297 residents filled out the questionnaire, of which 97 questionnaires were discarded due to incompleteness. Consequently, 200 questionnaires were analyzed. The questionnaire results revealed that large and all-around windows with less OKB independent yards, using local materials, availability of different spaces of the building, and brick façade and traditional furniture can be effective in its mental image. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Comparative Study of City Identity in Architecture and Photography of the First Pahlavi Period
Maryam Molaei Hossein Safari Farzaneh Asadi MalekjahanStudying and analyzing the works of art of a society requires understanding the culture, thought and current of thought that governs that society. The city is a setting for social life and the events that take place there. The physical appearance and places of the city MoreStudying and analyzing the works of art of a society requires understanding the culture, thought and current of thought that governs that society. The city is a setting for social life and the events that take place there. The physical appearance and places of the city determine the thinking of the inhabitants of the city. The architecture of each period is the memory and embodied identity of that period. Architecture is the physical language of society that the people of that period created at a specific time, place and geography.The media is very important in portraying the urban image and shaping or directing the attitude and perception of the citizens of their place of residence. The concept of identity is one of the most complex issues in the field of humanities, the roots of which should be sought in sciences such as philosophy, psychology and sociology. On the other hand, the concept of identity in architectural works has a deep connection with the definition of the concept of identity in human beings, so that a work is considered as a symbol of a person's personality. In this study, we intend to examine the concept of identity in historical contexts and photographic works of the first Pahlavi period and analyze the relationship between the two. During the reign of the first Pahlavi, the registries and documents and banks underwent fundamental changes in the administrative system; With the advent of new departments such as the judiciary, railways, ministries and various organizations, a new form of bureaucracy emerged in Iran. Foreign architects and urban planners were used to design and build new buildings. New building materials and methods caused changes in the height of the building. Changes in various political and economic fields affected the cultural and social fields and changes took place in the architecture and urban planning of this period. The buildings designed in this period, despite having a national and Iranian appearance, represent the identity crisis between the historical and ancient past of Iran and the new Western architectural style. The research method in the present study is qualitative-comparative-analytical and has been done by field studies in the form of direct observation. In the library studies section, various sources such as resources available in university libraries and authoritative articles in the field of architecture and photography have been used. After asking questions and explaining the purpose, the lexical meaning and different theories about identity were examined from the perspective of architectural and photographic theorists. The results show that architecture and photography both create space and the spirit of life and have common elements for understanding space that have a different effect on the viewer. Photography, with the expression of the past, seems to have revealed the existence of the past in existence.Visual spaces are the most important factor in expression in photography. The identity or meaning of a work is the product of interaction and social interaction between the individual and that work, which is formed based on the interaction between the characteristics of the work and the audience's mental image. Urban spaces and architectural buildings help photographers to create an identity and create a place through space-making, and to record the cultural, historical, and social situation of their time. Architecture and photography have an important and special role in understanding the concept of identity in the first Pahlavi era. Because the reflection of the prevailing thoughts on the society and the social and political atmosphere of that period and especially the city of Tehran as the capital and represent the conditions of the society of that day.The results of research showed, architecture and photography, as a media, play an important role in understanding the concept of identity during the first pahlavi period. Because of the reflection of the dominant thoughts on society and the political and political space of that period, especially in Tehran as the capital and representative of the conditions of the population, as a permanent document of architectural space and spaces, it is important to tell the narrative and address the elements and spaces that are important for the recognition of the memory and identity of the city, but today they are not present or changed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Evaluation Social concepts of architectural space organization of public buildings in the first Pahlavi era in Tabriz based on Michel Foucault’s theory of power
Noushin Ghorbani Sahar Toofan Habib Shahhosseini أima Valizadeh Hassan Sattari SarbangoliChanges in the building space organization in the first Pahlavi era in public buildings in Tabriz, Iran are evident. The question is whether it is possible to study the hidden pattern in modern architectural structures from the perspective of sociological principles and MoreChanges in the building space organization in the first Pahlavi era in public buildings in Tabriz, Iran are evident. The question is whether it is possible to study the hidden pattern in modern architectural structures from the perspective of sociological principles and use it as a fixed pattern in architecture and control the people in the building behaviorally? In this regard, Michael Foucault, who relates space to the functional needs of power, introduces disciplinary techniques that lead to the control of people in the space. The goal of this study is to compare Michael Foucault’s disciplinary techniques such as space functionality, row organization, gridding, spatial separation and visibility (Panopticon), which lead to enhanced performance, activity control, removal of scattered circulation and space wastage, spatial dominance and individual behavior control, in three case studies that include a leather factory, a municipality building and a boys' training college in Tabriz in the first Pahlavi era. This study is qualitative and done by analyzing case studies and the findings are the result of library resources, and field observations. The results of this study show that the items such as cellular structure of the space, customization of places, elimination of scattered circulation by a certain and limited circulation design, elimination of space wastage by functional design of the space and the proportionality of the space with the body have been employed in the case studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Political and economic institutions and their impact on economic development with emphasizing on historical institutionalims
Farhad Azizi Mohammad bagher Beheshti Mohammad SalmadizadehCountries face with different historical critical junctures through their historical countries.. One of the most important critical junctures in the contemporary history of Iran is the removal of Reza Shah from power and substituting of Mohammad Reza Shah.by foreign for MoreCountries face with different historical critical junctures through their historical countries.. One of the most important critical junctures in the contemporary history of Iran is the removal of Reza Shah from power and substituting of Mohammad Reza Shah.by foreign forces. After the overthrowing of Reza Shah, however, power was distributed among various factors, the interventions of foreign forces and political chaos marginalized the path of economic development. The main objective of this historical-economic research, refers to the role of governments and superiors as well as the underdeveloped of Iran. The result shows while the existence of a powerful parliament eventually led to the nationalization of the oil industry, due to political and social chaos, economic development did not occur. In addition, during 1940s by the decrease of the power of the parliament against the prime minister’s authority, an exclusive institutional change took place and took into account as a legacy for the shah rule. Through this institutional change, the shah was able to protect the prime minister’s legacy well and by increasing monopolized economic resources kept the power for himself and his relatives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Left wing women and political development in Iran(1941-1979 A.D)
Fatemeh Beyranvand Elaheh colaee Ali Ashraf NazariThis research applies a descriptive-analytical approach to explain historical aspects and consequently interprets the data regarding the left movement and left wing women based on the Anthony Giddens's construction theory in the second Pahlavi dynasty.In this regard, af MoreThis research applies a descriptive-analytical approach to explain historical aspects and consequently interprets the data regarding the left movement and left wing women based on the Anthony Giddens's construction theory in the second Pahlavi dynasty.In this regard, after examining the developments of the left movement and the political and social activities of left wing women, we will try to answer the question that what effects the political and social actions of left wing women have had on the process of political development in Iran in the second Pahlavi dynasty?To answer the above question according to Giddens's construction theory, There is a mutual relationship between structure and agent which based on, the left wing women as agents of the left movement had potential to influence the political structure of the Pahlavi dynasty and play a role in establishing a developed political system.As result, this research reveals the political and social actions of left wing women, due to the political structure of the Pahlavi regime and the domination of dictatorship, had no effective role in the process of political development and establishment of a democratic system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - An Inquiry Into the of Exploitation Views on the Second Pahlavi’s Modern State
حسن شمینی غیاثوندOne of the most important aspects of contemporary Iranian history has been the formation of modern state and its functional evolvement. In fact, one of the most important changes in the aftermath of Iranian constitutional revolution has been the changes in the nature, s MoreOne of the most important aspects of contemporary Iranian history has been the formation of modern state and its functional evolvement. In fact, one of the most important changes in the aftermath of Iranian constitutional revolution has been the changes in the nature, structure, and functions of government. That is why theorists and analysts of contemporary history express different views on Iranian governments and in particular on the governments during the reign of Pahlavi the second. These analysts use different approaches such as traditionalism, integrative, comparative and extraversions in their reflection on the government in Iran. Such studies include Ravasani ’s“ dependent governments” Gasiorowski’s “cliental governments”, Foran’s “oriental despotism”. These approaches apply the following concepts in their study of governments in Iran: clientalistic nature of Iranian governments, dependence on west, instrumental approach of the west toward Iran ignoring political forces, rivalry of political forces, classless society, the crisis of identity and consideration of Iran as an Island. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - Molecular study and nucleotide sequencing of Chlamydia abortus isolated from aborted sheep fetuses ewes of Alborz province
amirreza ebadi mahmoud jamshidian farhad mousakhani Chlamydia is an obligate intracellular and gram negative coccobacilli and one of the most important causes of abortion in ruminants especially in ewes. This investigation was performed with the purpose of molecular study and sequencing of Chlamydia abortus More Chlamydia is an obligate intracellular and gram negative coccobacilli and one of the most important causes of abortion in ruminants especially in ewes. This investigation was performed with the purpose of molecular study and sequencing of Chlamydia abortus isolated from aborted sheep fetuses of Alborz Province. In this study, DNA extraction was performed on 100 samples from aborted fetuses of 32 sheep flocks from different areas of Alborz province. Then using specific primers of gene IGS-Sr- RNA, polymerase chain reaction was conducted and 10 samples were selected randomly from the positive cases were sent to Macrogene company in Korea for sequencing. In this study, 37 samples from a total of 100 aborted fetuses were positive for Chlamydia abortus. After sequencing, more than 99 percent of the positive samples were similar with sequences in gene bank. The sequencing results indicated that the samples were very similar to isolates LN554882/1, AF051935/1 and CR848038/1 of the gene bank and were in the same cluster. Also, this investigation indicated that Chlamydia abortus is one of the main reasons of ewe abortion in Alborz province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - مقایسه تطبیقی مشارکت سیاسی زنان در دوران مشروطیت، پهلوی و جمهوری اسلامی ایران
مسعود کاوه انوش جعفری سمیه عباسیمشارکت سیاسی یکی از مصادیق حضور مردم در تعیین سرنوشت خود است . بنابراین با گسترش هر چه بیشتر دموکراسی در جهان، توجه به ابعاد مختلف دخالت مردم در صحنهی سیاسی هر کشور پررنگتر می-شود. مشارکت سیاسی از پیششرطهای ضروری، رسیدن به توسعه و پیشرفت است. در این میان، زنان به Moreمشارکت سیاسی یکی از مصادیق حضور مردم در تعیین سرنوشت خود است . بنابراین با گسترش هر چه بیشتر دموکراسی در جهان، توجه به ابعاد مختلف دخالت مردم در صحنهی سیاسی هر کشور پررنگتر می-شود. مشارکت سیاسی از پیششرطهای ضروری، رسیدن به توسعه و پیشرفت است. در این میان، زنان به عنوان بخش قابل توجهی از جمعیت هر کشور که نقشی به سزا در توسعه همهجانبه ایفا میکنند، همواره از توزیع ناعادلانهی فرصتها و منابع، رنج میبرند. سؤالی که در این پژوهش به دنبال پاسخ به آن هستیم این است که میزان مشارکت سیاسی زنان در جمهوری اسلامی ایران به چه میزان است؟ مشارکت سیاسی زنان نسبت به دوران پهلوی افزایش یافته اما هنوز تا بهرهمندی از توانایی بانوان برای مشارکت در امور سیاسی فاصله داریم. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - A comparative study of the characteristics and components of the cognitive construction of the state-public buildings of the Pahlavi era in Tehrann
Yusef Goodarzi Mehrdad Matin Vahid GhobadianThe purpose of this research is to compare the architectural features and structural components of government-public buildings of the first Pahlavi period and the second Pahlavi period in Tehran. Since in the present research the influencing factors and theories of cont MoreThe purpose of this research is to compare the architectural features and structural components of government-public buildings of the first Pahlavi period and the second Pahlavi period in Tehran. Since in the present research the influencing factors and theories of contemporary architecture in Iran are studied and investigated, on the one hand, the research was theoretical and on the other hand, the results obtained from the above research can be used as a strategy to improve the current state of architecture. It is also a type of applied research. Also, the nature of the research is analytical-historical because it is devoted to the investigation of historical phenomena and the influence of contemporary architecture, and on the other hand, considering that the phenomena have a qualitative aspect, they were examined and analyzed. In this regard, the components of cognitive construction as subsets of Pahlavi era architectural features were scored and weighted with Topsis software. According to the points obtained, the national, archeological and western indicators with an average percentage of 39.9 were placed in the first place among the first Pahlavi indicators. Also, the component of the use of native and historical elements along with Islamic motifs, which is under the traditionalist index, has the first rank of the components of the cognitive construction of the first Pahlavi period, with a Ci value of 0.459. Also, the modern indicator with an average percentage of 41.35 was ranked first among the second Pahlavi indicators. The component of the use of Iranian-Islamic geometry, which is under the traditionalist index, has taken the first place among the components of the cognitive construction of the second Pahlavi period with a value of Ci 0.455. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - The Dictatorial Quasi-Romanticism of The First Pahlavi Government In The City of Bandar Anzali
Erfan Khasm Afkan Nezam Mostafa Kiani HashemiThe nostalgic longing for "passing from tradition to modernity (modernism)" and "returning to the past with authority and splendor (nationalism)" forms the essence of the worldview of "Iranian pseudo-romanticism" in the first Pahlavi period. This worldview and intellect MoreThe nostalgic longing for "passing from tradition to modernity (modernism)" and "returning to the past with authority and splendor (nationalism)" forms the essence of the worldview of "Iranian pseudo-romanticism" in the first Pahlavi period. This worldview and intellectual philosophy, of which literature and architecture were only one of the fields of its emergence, and in the social and political fields, in the form of intellectual movements that stimulated Iranian nationalism or nationalism as a way to integrate and empower Iran in Reza Khan's government, and caused the transformation of Iran became a stable and secure country. One of the ways of implementing Reza Khan's "Imperial Theory" was the use of art and especially architecture. Therefore, the current research seeks to find the answer to the question that the worldview of Iranian pseudo-romanticism in order to legitimize the modernist actions of the first Pahlavi government, how and with what indicators and components were manifested in the architecture of government buildings in Bandar Anzali city? Was the image created by the government in line with the opinion of the intellectuals? Therefore, the research is of a qualitative and applied type, using the comparative-comparative method through the method of library studies. The results of the research show that in addition to Pahlavi's cultural discourse to realize his modernist approach through architecture in the form of building "Government Buildings" modeled after European architecture, it is necessary to create mental images in the citizens through the accompaniment of intellectuals of that period in the form of "reports and travelogues". In order to encourage citizens to modernize, we should also consider it. It was almost after the modernization process of the first Pahlavi period that the city of Anzali became a "resort" for the first time for Tehranians who preferred to spend their free time in this city to the point where everyone called it "Fangistan of Iran". According to the results of the research, we witness the realization of the "romantic era of the city of Bandar Anzali" in the first Pahlavi period. In order to encourage citizens to modernize, we should also consider it. It was almost after the modernization process of the first Pahlavi period that the city of Anzali became a "resort" for the first time for Tehranians who preferred to spend their free time in this city to the point where everyone called it "Fangistan of Iran". According to the results of the research, we witness the realization of the "romantic era of the city of Bandar Anzali" in the first Pahlavi period. In order to encourage citizens to modernize, we should also consider it. It was almost after the modernization process of the first Pahlavi period that the city of Anzali became a "resort" for the first time for Tehranians who preferred to spend their free time in this city to the point where everyone called it "Fangistan of Iran". According to the results of the research, we witness the realization of the "romantic era of the city of Bandar Anzali" in the first Pahlavi period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - The semiotic reading of form and meaning in the government buildings of Tabriz during the Pahlavi era based on
Maryam EskandariSemiotics is an objective manifestation of an absent concept or phenomenon in order to communicate with the audience, and from the point where architecture is basically not to communicate, but to implement a function; It is considered a special and challenging case for MoreSemiotics is an objective manifestation of an absent concept or phenomenon in order to communicate with the audience, and from the point where architecture is basically not to communicate, but to implement a function; It is considered a special and challenging case for semiotics. Considering that the dominant trend in Pahlavi period architecture was the Iranian form of modern architecture, which was named as pseudo-modernist architecture; Considering that the buildings of this period were the physical manifestation of the characteristics, characteristics or preferences of the Iranian society at that time, they can be used as physical documents and evidences in examining the cultural, social, economic and religious characteristics of a huge part of the society of that period. have been investigated and represent the body of the society. One of the manifestations of these developments, the change and how the architecture of government buildings in Tabriz city conveys modern and modern concepts through the semiotics of form and meaning, forms the main question of this research. And what components have the physical elements of architecture (the architecture of government and government buildings in Tabriz) become a means of communicating meaning? To interpret these concepts, the science of semiotics, by receiving the aesthetic, social and cultural codes of each design, interprets and reveals the hidden concepts in those inner and hidden layers of the design. The purpose of this research is to provide a semiotic reading of the governmental and governmental spaces of the Pahlavi period in the city of Tabriz with an analytical-descriptive method in the light of Peirce's and De Saussure's ideas, which have become communication signs in cities over time. and carry messages in their architectural and meta-architectural layers.This article with the main purpose is to present a semiotic reading of the governmental and governmental spaces of the Pahlavi period of Tabriz based on the ideas of Peirce and de Saussure, which over time have become a sign of communication in the spaces of the city; And to find the answer to this main question, what are the physical elements of architecture (the architecture of Tabriz government buildings) with which components have become the means of communicating meaning? Analyzed the architectural features of Pahlavi era government buildings in Tabriz. Because architecture as a part of culture is a sign system and on the other hand as a tool for communication. In this regard, the semiotic views of Ferdinand de Saussure and Peirce have been used to establish this connection. The results of this research, while revealing different layers of meaning, indicate that the factors affecting communication include cultural and social context, symbolic function, architectural codes and explicit use, communication tools, and meta-architectural codes. It is received from architectural layers (structure, spatial communication, combination of volumes, architectural composition, physical messages). From the meta-architectural layers (cultural, social, economic), meta-architectural messages (objectivity of the project, place of the project, time of the project) are deduced. In this research, an attempt has been made to obtain more comprehensive and accurate results by limiting the research to the governmental and governmental spheres at a specific point in time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Evaluation of Functional Efficiency of Space in Architecture of Two-Sided Houses Built in the First Pahlavi of Shiraz(Case Study: Razmjoo and Mostaghni Houses)
Fatemeh Kakaei Tahereh Nasr Hadi Keshmiri Hamed MoztarzadehSince the first Pahlavi architecture is a new chapter in the creation of space and so far little research has been done on the houses of Shiraz that qualify and valuable criteria to protect and model their architecture; Based on this, this research aims to evaluate func MoreSince the first Pahlavi architecture is a new chapter in the creation of space and so far little research has been done on the houses of Shiraz that qualify and valuable criteria to protect and model their architecture; Based on this, this research aims to evaluate functional efficiency of space in architecture of two-sided houses of first Pahlavi construction in Shiraz, so that by improving the quality of housing architecture, it can achieve sustainable development of urban housing. Therefore, in terms of the objective, it is an applied research, and in terms of the data collection method, it is a non-experimental descriptive research of survey and case type. In this way, first, by using library sources and documents, the concept of functional efficiency of space in the residential architecture of the first Pahlavi of Shiraz was investigated and the factors affecting it were extracted; Then, by drawing explanatory diagrams, the spatial relationships in the selected houses were analyzed using the way of life and space syntax, and the spatial organization of the houses was examined from the point of view of movement, arena and functional systems. Following the ranking of factors affecting the performance efficiency of space in the first Pahlavi residential architecture of Shiraz, based on the process of analytical analysis, it was discussed. Then the performance efficiency of space was evaluated in the architecture of the selected houses. The obtained results show that the components of "accessibility" and "flexibility" in the movement system of space, the component of "penetrability" in the system of staging space, and the components of "interconnection" and "integration" in the functional system of space as indicators, positive indicators with an increasing effect, as well as the "average relative depth" component in the space staging system and the "relative order" and "separation" components in the functional space system as negative indicators with a decreasing effect on the level of functional efficiency are considered as space. The compatibility rate values are less than 0.100, hence the criteria are compatible in terms of mathematical logic and the calculations are correct. Therefore, the criteria of revitalizing the local identity and culture, form and direction of the optimal location of the mass-space, ecological orientation, compliance with the formal-spatial hierarchies, introversion, establishing security and safety, using light and natural ventilation, connecting with nature and natural elements, physical and visual accessibility, continuity of the level of human activities, fit between space, form and activity, existence of open (public), closed (private) and semi-open-closed (semi-public-private) spaces, respecting adaptability and flexibility, creating diversity and attractiveness, paying attention to beauty and avoiding futility are the factors affecting functional efficiency of space in residential architecture of first Pahlavi of Shiraz, which are ranked according to their importance, as well as the options (yard + two-sides-construction of two opposite fronts) and (yard + two-sides of the L-shaped structure) respectively have the highest appearance of the mentioned factors and, accordingly, the highest level of functional efficiency. It is considered that by strengthening the positive components and weakening the negative components on functional efficiency of space in residential architecture, the design process can be guided in an architectural format. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Investigation and Zoning of Soil Erosion Rate in Chehlgazi Sub-Watershed of Kurdistan Province
Seyed Pedram Nainiva Maedeh Parichereh Maryam MohammadrezaeiSoil erosion is considered as a natural and human hazard in both developing and developed countries. In other words, this problem can be caused by unprincipled development and factors affecting it, such as increasing population, deforestation, and lack of attention to s MoreSoil erosion is considered as a natural and human hazard in both developing and developed countries. In other words, this problem can be caused by unprincipled development and factors affecting it, such as increasing population, deforestation, and lack of attention to soil capacity, as well as caused by factors such as overgrazing, unprincipled and traditional cultivation, destruction vegetation etc.; For this reason, it is referred to as an international problem in many societies.This research has been conducted in order to evaluating hazard, zoning of areas prone to water erosion and determining the amount of soil loss in the Chehlgezi sub-basin of Gheshlagh(Vahdat) Dam, Sanandaj with the SLEMSA model and Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing.The results of hazard assessment, zoning of areas susceptible to water erosion and determination of the amount of soil loss showed that 93.15% of the sub-basin has erosion volume of 0 to 10, 2.46% of the sub-basin has an erosion volume of 10 to 20, 3.17% has an erosion volume of 20 to 50, and 1.20% has an erosion volume of 50 to 537 tons/ha/year. According to the classification of erosion rate between 0 to 10 and 10 to 20 tons/ha/year, which is classified as low and medium class, about 95.61% of the sub-basin is in the low to medium class. Therefore, according to the mentioned cases, the use of other models and the comparison with their results with this model and observational data can be effective in making management decisions in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Structural aesthetics criticism of story “ Rooz-e 4shanbe” from “ Hasht Behesht” -poetic (versified) story - by “ Amir Khosro Dehlavi”.
Meisam Zare Maryam MousaviStructural aesthetics criticism of story “ Rooz-e 4shanbe” from “ Hasht Behesht” -poetic (versified) story - by “ Amir Khosro Dehlavi”. Amir Khosro Dehlavi, is a poet of 7th and 8th century, who composed poetic stories impressed by N MoreStructural aesthetics criticism of story “ Rooz-e 4shanbe” from “ Hasht Behesht” -poetic (versified) story - by “ Amir Khosro Dehlavi”. Amir Khosro Dehlavi, is a poet of 7th and 8th century, who composed poetic stories impressed by Nezami`s” quintuple poetic”. One of them as his 5th and the last, named” Hasht Behesht” has been written influenced by Nezami`s “ Haft Peykar”. In the mentioned poetic story, Bahram-e Goor, listens to the story “Rooz-e 4shanbe” which is the story of “ Shahr-e Khamoushan” told by the Roman princess. The poet has depicted the story properly. This research by aesthetic and structural approach, is intended for analyzing this story through consideration and analyzing the main structural elements included the language, the rhythm and the imagination. The consequences indicate that the poet by using selective words and phonemes in the language part, suitable rhymes in the rhythm part and accurate similes and metaphors in the imagination part, creates an admirable poetic story. Meysam zare Ph.D. student of Persian language and literature in Shiraz university. Maryam mosavi M.A student of Persian language and literature in Shahid Beheshti university. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Tectonic Effect on morphometric and sorting sediments In Gheshlagh River
Hadi Nayyeri Khabat Amani Akhtar AmaniTectonic activity in crushed stone is effective and often lead to changes in morphometry and river deposits are sorted. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect on active tectonics and faults and sorted sediment barriers between theGheshlaghdam and Zhavh dam usin MoreTectonic activity in crushed stone is effective and often lead to changes in morphometry and river deposits are sorted. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect on active tectonics and faults and sorted sediment barriers between theGheshlaghdam and Zhavh dam using descriptive and analytical. In order to achieve the objectives of the first field studies and tools such as topographic maps of 1: 25,000 geological map of 1: 100,000 and reports were available. Methods In this way, at the intersection of faults and river sediment samples were collected. After drying sample, the shaker set in seven scale and position and dispersion measures were calculated for each sample. The results show that an increase in the slope of the ground faults and increase power and speed of the water as a result of the selective transport of sediment particles and a sharpdecline is sorted. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Investigating the reasons for the inefficiency of the market and guilds in the developments of the first Pahlavi period (1320)
lila sarveyas sina froozesh reaz Shabanisamghabadi Gholamhossein ZargarinejadThe present study seeks to investigate the reasons for the inefficiency of the market and guilds in the developments of the first Pahlavi period (1320). From this perspective, after expanding the conceptual space the subject, it will examine role and function guilds. Ac MoreThe present study seeks to investigate the reasons for the inefficiency of the market and guilds in the developments of the first Pahlavi period (1320). From this perspective, after expanding the conceptual space the subject, it will examine role and function guilds. According to the thematic documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical data collection method in this research is a library. The findings of the research indicate that the markets and guilds, due to foreign influence, the expansion and publication of newspapers, their role and function has gone beyond the purely economic and commercial spheres has taken on a political and social aspect.This issue has fundamentally changed the structure and nature of guilds and bazaars and has taken them out of the status of a class and turned it into a class for itself. This issue has affected the bazaars and guilds on developments formation of the tobacco movement, the Chamber of Commerce, the Constitutional Revolution, the National Assembly and the formation of the National Bank so that the bazaars have a positive impact on the course of events and developments up to this time. But after the constitution until 1320, due the lack of unity within the group, the weakness of trade union and class consciousness and the coming to power of Reza Shah and the formation of government and class imbalance and tendency to land ownership, bazaars and guilds became inefficient and could not cope with political developments. Have positive social and economic effects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - The Comparison of Modernization Process in Reza Shah Pahlavi and Mustafa Kamal Ataturk's era
Mojtaba Jafari Jalil NayebianReza Shah Pahlavi in Iran and Mustafa Kemal Ataturk in Turkey, after almost the same period of time, came to power, they implemented their modernization actions. The similarities and differences between the societies of both countries and the type of coping and acceptan MoreReza Shah Pahlavi in Iran and Mustafa Kemal Ataturk in Turkey, after almost the same period of time, came to power, they implemented their modernization actions. The similarities and differences between the societies of both countries and the type of coping and acceptance of modernity have led to a different fate in the discussion of the process of modernization. These two political leaders in an attempt to move the people towards the West in a manner that unifies and assimilation the people for the purpose of applying their ideas to the unconditional fulfillment of their modernization pattern. Both Reza Shah and Ataturk intended to move people to modernization in the process of command and from above. The comparison and comparative study of Reza Shah and Ataturk's actions reveals many similarities, but given these similarities in terms of the theoretical approach and the relative effectiveness of Iran from Turkey, we are seeing more differences in the intensity and variety of these actions. In this paper, we seek to answer the main question: Why, despite the similarity of the theoretical approach, modernization during the reza Shah era found a different fate than modernization during the era of Ataturk? Considering the main question, the main hypothesis is the difference in the functioning of the institution of religion in relation to the government along with other factors, which led to the failure of modernization in the period of the Reza Shah Pahlavi compared with the modernization during the period of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - The role of balance politics and the third force in the history of Iran
saeed jahangiri Maryam KhaleghinezhadIn Iran during the Qajar and Pahlavi eras, one of the key words for understanding their foreign policy is undoubtedly the concept of "third force". And our main purpose in this article is to examine the role of the third force in the foreign policy strategy of Iran in t MoreIn Iran during the Qajar and Pahlavi eras, one of the key words for understanding their foreign policy is undoubtedly the concept of "third force". And our main purpose in this article is to examine the role of the third force in the foreign policy strategy of Iran in the two Qajar and Pahlavi periods. During the Qajar and Pahlavi eras, domestic and foreign agents of the structure and the agent underwent fundamental changes, and the mutual influence of the structure and the agent in the structure of the international system caused Iran to face tensions and challenges, and in Iran constantly, always It has caused the need for a third force in the international and even domestic arena during the Qajar and Pahlavi eras. Therefore, the present article tries to answer the question with a descriptive-analytical method, why Iran's foreign policy in the two periods of Qajar and Pahlavi has tended towards the third force? In response to this question, this hypothesis has been presented: From the point of view of Iranian officials in the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, the third force could have played a balancing role in Iran's foreign policy and moderated the Russian and British threats. In this study, based on the theory of threat balance, the role of the third force in Iran's foreign policy has been investigated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Administrative structure and management of the Astan Quds Razavi in Pahlavi era
Shahnaz Shabanipour Abbas Ahmadvand Sina ForouzeshThe Astan Quds Razavi in all periods of history has always been the focus of attention of waqifs who have dedicated a part or all of their property to it. From the Safavid era onwards, a person named Motavalli (Trustee) was selected and sent to Mashhad to manage the end MoreThe Astan Quds Razavi in all periods of history has always been the focus of attention of waqifs who have dedicated a part or all of their property to it. From the Safavid era onwards, a person named Motavalli (Trustee) was selected and sent to Mashhad to manage the endowment affairs of Astan Quds. During the Pahlavi period, the government took over the oversight of this wealthy institution and appointed agents. Endowments in most dynasties were subject to the policies of the central government, and this trend continued in the Pahlavi regime. The status of trusteeship and the administrative system of Astan Quds underwent many changes during the Pahlavi period, and due to some actions contrary to the religion of the Pahlavi government, changes took place in the endowment process. After the relationship between religion and the state became strained, criteria such as lordship and spirituality, which had previously been considered in the selection of a trustee, lost their value and were replaced by political considerations. The research method in this article is historical (inductive) method and its writing and compilation method is descriptive-analytical. Extraction of information and data has been done in the form of libraries and documents. The present study, using the approach of historical contextology and also relying on some new documents, investigates the administrative structure and management of Astan Quds Razavi in the Pahlavi era. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - An analysis of the influence of Baha'i and Jewish influence on the power structure and the collapse of the Pahlavi government
saeed jahangiri amir khjeh zadehThe secular nature of the Pahlavi regime contributed to the growth of the Baha'i and Jewish sects in two ways. One is that the secularist nature of the regime made the prejudice against a particular religion irrelevant, and so the various sects found a good opportunity MoreThe secular nature of the Pahlavi regime contributed to the growth of the Baha'i and Jewish sects in two ways. One is that the secularist nature of the regime made the prejudice against a particular religion irrelevant, and so the various sects found a good opportunity to grow and expand. On the other hand, the first and second Pahlavis, in order to achieve the goal of modernizing Iran, rose up against the Shiite religion and the Shiite scholars, who were considered a symbol of traditionalism. Bringing the anti-Shiite sects of Baha'ism and Judaism to the forefront was a good opportunity for the Pahlavis to achieve this goal. We are. Accordingly, the main question of the article is what effect did the two Jewish and Baha'i sects have on the structure of the Pahlavi power? Studies have shown that the influence of Jews and Baha'is on the structure of Pahlavi power intensified and further encouraged anti-religious policies of the Pahlavi kings and the domination of foreigners and tyrants, and thus the distance between the government (court) and the Iranian religious community. The religious people of Iran became one of the most important factors in the collapse and overthrow of Pahlavi. And in this research, descriptive-analytical method has been used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Land reform in Azerbaijan with emphasis on endowments
Shahin Asgaryar manizheh Sadri aziz taleei Gharah Gheshlagh Monirh kazemirashedThe government of Mohammad Reza Shah undertook land reforms with the aim of achieving important economic and political results in order to improve the situation of the Iranian villagers and radically change the traditional rural relations. Large landowners and landowner MoreThe government of Mohammad Reza Shah undertook land reforms with the aim of achieving important economic and political results in order to improve the situation of the Iranian villagers and radically change the traditional rural relations. Large landowners and landowners also donated land in or around villages to get rid of the land reform law so that the proceeds could be used for religious and charitable purposes. Among its uses, in addition to religious affairs, was the maintenance and protection of public welfare affairs, such as the protection of canals. Later, with the change of the land reform law, public endowments were subject to sale. Also, the withdrawal of endowments from the supervision of the Ministry of Culture and Arts and the transfer of its affairs to the "Pahlavi Foundation" caused changes in the traditional rural system. This article will analyze the above phenomenon in Azerbaijan based on documents in a descriptive and analytical manner. Findings show that the traditional construction of collective land acquisition and exploitation was broken in many rural areas and in addition to reducing the use of land, disrupted the sale of mass production endowments. With the fragmentation of agricultural lands, in addition to reducing the use of land, mass production, which was known in Iranian villages as Beneh, Sahra, Harath, etc.,; It changed its members to a maximum of 2-4 households, increasing the migration of villagers to cities and turning farmers into wage earners in joint-stock companies and agro-industrial companies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - The origins and contexts of Reza Shah's contractionary policy towards the nomads
Hedayat Seid Khani, Gholamhossein Zargarinejad sina forozeshAfter Reza Shah came to power, in a series of measures, he tried to limit the tribes and nomads and suppress their power in different ways; Among the policies that were used to suppress the tribes and nomads were the disarmament and forced resettlement of the tribes and MoreAfter Reza Shah came to power, in a series of measures, he tried to limit the tribes and nomads and suppress their power in different ways; Among the policies that were used to suppress the tribes and nomads were the disarmament and forced resettlement of the tribes and tribes. The problem of the present research is, what were the roots and grounds of Reza Shah's contractionary and restrictive policies towards the nomads, and were these measures done out of necessity or were they just vengeful revenge?The research method in this article will be historical (inductive) and the method of collecting information is document and library, which will be used to describe and analyze the material.The findings of this research show that factors such as: gaining power of some tribes after the constitutional events and asking for a share of power, the accumulation of weapons especially after the First World War in the hands of tribes and tribes and the resulting threats, provocations by foreign countries and border threats, Refusal of elots and nomads from paying taxes in the chaotic situation after the constitution and the desire and support of intellectuals and the press can be seen as the implementation of nomadic policies of the first Pahlavi government. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Cultural consequences of housing policy in the lives of tribes and nomads of the first Pahlavi era
Hedayat Seid Khani, Gholamhossein Zargarinejad sina forozeshOne of the important policies of the first Pahlavi government (1304-1320 AD) regarding the tribes and nomads of Iran, was the policy of nomadic settlement or "boarding" them, although this policy was ultimately due to the resistance of tribes and nomads to forced settle MoreOne of the important policies of the first Pahlavi government (1304-1320 AD) regarding the tribes and nomads of Iran, was the policy of nomadic settlement or "boarding" them, although this policy was ultimately due to the resistance of tribes and nomads to forced settlement. And the lack of necessary infrastructure, with the fall of the first Pahlavi government failed; But it had a great impact on different aspects of tribal and nomadic life. The issue of the present study is the question of what cultural consequences have the anti-nomadic policies of the first Pahlavi in the form of forced settlement had on the lives of the tribes and nomads?The research method in this article is historical (inductive) and the method of collecting information, documents and libraries, which will be used to describe and analyze the material.The findings of this study indicate that the anti-nomadic policies of Reza Shah's government, including the policy of settlement, in addition to destroying and forgetting many cultural components of tribes and nomads, including handicrafts, created a culture of resistance among the people of the tribe. , Can be seen and followed in the folklore culture of nomadic people, especially local poems. Also, the government's efforts to improve the human characteristics of nomadic life, including literacy and the establishment of nomadic schools, although done, have been insufficient and have not been successful in encouraging nomads to settle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Analysis of Iran-Japan relations from the constitutional movement to the end of the Pahlavi dynasty
mohammad Bidgoli asghar rajabi dehborzoeiUndoubtedly, the capacities of the two countries of Iran and Japan in various political, commercial and cultural fields have become an undeniable necessity. In fact, these two great countries with long-standing and historical relations that have always been respected an MoreUndoubtedly, the capacities of the two countries of Iran and Japan in various political, commercial and cultural fields have become an undeniable necessity. In fact, these two great countries with long-standing and historical relations that have always been respected and liked by the nation and people of both countries have been the basis for development in all fields throughout history. The aim of the current research is to answer this basic question: how was the relationship between Iran and Japan from the constitutional movement to the end of the Pahlavi dynasty? In this article, the researchers investigate this issue by using the documentary method, relying on written library sources and articles. The results of the present research show that, except for a period in the Second World War when the Iranian government was forced to cut ties with Japan due to the pressure of the Allies, in other historical periods, the political, commercial and cultural relations between Iran and Japan are always and gradually growing and has been expanding. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Historical Study of the Social Events of Pahlavi events in the works of Fiction of Al Ahmad
maryam jafari Arash moshfeghi aziz hajajikahjooghIn the early years of the monarchy of Pahlavi and the implementation of the imitation reform of Reza Khan, the story of the story, the novel and novel novelty were more exquisite, But to Tridge and with the detection of deficiencies and shortcomings of these reforms in MoreIn the early years of the monarchy of Pahlavi and the implementation of the imitation reform of Reza Khan, the story of the story, the novel and novel novelty were more exquisite, But to Tridge and with the detection of deficiencies and shortcomings of these reforms in this period, the literature and literary type of the novel became a tool for criticizing the situation of that time. Reza Shah in this era, which experienced the country of tradition to modernity, tried to formate political, social, economic, economic, and educational areas of the country with the formation of a powerful and strong state and Western countries. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the historical social events of Pahlavi events in the works of Fictionali Ahmad, which has been done by library and analytical method. The result of the research shows that the amendment measures of the Pahlavi kingdom in different areas of the country resulted in various effects and reactions. Among the literary texts, especially the novel, due to its particular structure and characteristics, this situation reflects this situation. In this perspective, the works of Fictionalities Al-Ahmad well reflected the social, political and cultural situation of this period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran: Pahlavi's era
Shayan Karamirehabilitation program changed the old system of traditional irrigation. Theconsequences of modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran are themain issue of the present paper. By studying this issue, the analysis of the reasons for themodernization and Morerehabilitation program changed the old system of traditional irrigation. Theconsequences of modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran are themain issue of the present paper. By studying this issue, the analysis of the reasons for themodernization and the explanation of the strategic conditions of the irrigation systemmodernization program, are as the objectives of this research. The present study has aqualitative approach. Data was collected from the archives of documents and otherlibrary resources, based on targeted sampling. To analyze the data, the grounded theorymethod is used. The findings show that, under the conditions of insufficient averageannual rainfall, it was imperative to use artificial irrigation techniques in agriculture. Thedevelopment of commercial agriculture, and the expansion of planting of crops, led tomore attention to artificial irrigation systems. The use of pressurized irrigation systems,along with other traditional irrigation techniques, is one of the most important strategicplans in modernizing the irrigation system. Modern damming, deep and semi-deepexcavation, irrigation network development and rehabilitation, and the integration oftraditional irrigation systems in regional irrigation administrations, including theactivities of an independent irrigation firm in western Iran. Increasing the level ofcultivation of cash products, such as opium, beet and cotton, was based on the importantimplications of modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran, utilizingmodern irrigation knowledge, increasing irrigation efficiency, reducing tension andimproving social relations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - Research in rhythm Fahlaviat (Relying on Kurdish fahlaviat)
Nasser Alizadeh khayat Seyyed Arman Hosseini AbbarikiFahlaviat is referred to poems composed without considering official languages. Researchers have disagreed about Fahlaviat's rhythm; so, some of them have known satire and other aspects of Fahlaviat's rhythm with difficulty. In this research, the author tries to explain MoreFahlaviat is referred to poems composed without considering official languages. Researchers have disagreed about Fahlaviat's rhythm; so, some of them have known satire and other aspects of Fahlaviat's rhythm with difficulty. In this research, the author tries to explain about the Fahlaviat and the distributions; then, leading researchers mentioned the opinions about the Fahlaviat's rhythm and they try to review and check their opinions, and give the different types of Fahlaviats. Thus, it is clarified that some of Fahlaviats have metrical rhythm, others -especially available poetries in local languages and dialects- are still satirical. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Investigating the evolutionary changes of the Kurdish vocabulary (Ivan kalhor dialect) to the Pahlavi language
Farhad Parvaneh Mahdi Ahmadikhah Lida ShamshiryKalhor tribe is one of the largest and most wide-ranging home-grown people of Iran throughout the history. From the study of existing and used vocabulary in the Kurdish dialect, it appears these vocabularies are of such an age that their background is in Middle Persian MoreKalhor tribe is one of the largest and most wide-ranging home-grown people of Iran throughout the history. From the study of existing and used vocabulary in the Kurdish dialect, it appears these vocabularies are of such an age that their background is in Middle Persian or Pahlavi. Some of these words have remained unchanged over time, and some have been affected by linguistic variations. This paper tries to study the structure, and the evolution of the present vocabulary in the Ivyani Kalhor dialect, using the two methods of library and field studying, in an analytical-descriptive approach. From the findings of the research, it has achieved that a part of the vocabulary has been transposed from Pahlavi to the Kurdish dialect (Avon) in terms of form and meaning. The other part is also transmitted in an identical manner, but the meaning of it has been changed. The third group is a lexical word in which the evolution of the sounds (the process of reduction, the process of increasing, the process of transformation and the dual process) has happened. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - Changes of Phonological Process in the transition from Pahlavi Language to Laki
Yousof Ali Beiranvand Saied ZohrehvandLaki is one of the remaining dialects of the Pahlavi language and most of its speakers live in Lorestan, Kermanshah, Ilam and Hamadan. While time passing, words usually experience transformations in their structure. Laki language in transition from Pahlavi has also been MoreLaki is one of the remaining dialects of the Pahlavi language and most of its speakers live in Lorestan, Kermanshah, Ilam and Hamadan. While time passing, words usually experience transformations in their structure. Laki language in transition from Pahlavi has also been changes in phonemes and words. The aim of this study is to investigate the process of phonological changes in the transition from Pahlavi to Laki languages, and the position and method of phonemes expressing in terms of common words change and it tries to answer these questions: 1) what are the phonemes changes in the transition process from the Pahlavi to the Laki? 2) Have the position and manner of articulation of phonemes had a role in the change of other phonemes? Consequently, phonological changes in the transition process from Laki to Pahlavi have been five processes of decreasing, increasing, relocation, merge, and change. Meanwhile, variations in the change of process are more than others. Phonological decreasing is in the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the words. Phonemes relocation exists only between a-r and a-s phonemes. It can be said the position and the expression method of phonemes have had effective role in phonemes change based on the statistics of this research. The procedure in this paper involved extracting common vocabularies from Pahlavi dictionaries and comparing them with Laki vocabulary items. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Analyzing and investigating the structure and concept of local dialects in Shibkoh area of Fasa city
Khairollah MahmoudiAnalyzing and investigating the structure and concept of local dialects in Shibkoh area of Fasa cityAbstractDialects are the treasure of the culture, identity and language of every nation and land; so keeping them alive and researching in this filed helps in keeping tha MoreAnalyzing and investigating the structure and concept of local dialects in Shibkoh area of Fasa cityAbstractDialects are the treasure of the culture, identity and language of every nation and land; so keeping them alive and researching in this filed helps in keeping that language and culture alive, and knowing the form of their emergence shows that the speakers use them with full knowledge.This research has investigated the native dialects of Shibkoh region, Fasa; the selected dialects are nouns or verbs examined in terms of structure and content, and have been adapted to the concept of today's language. It was found that most of these dialects have ancient and pre-Islamic roots; rooted in ancient languages such as Sanskrit, Pahlavi, and Avestan, and the speakers used these dialects with knowledge and understanding in their rawness. The selected dialects were tried to be words and combinations that are not widely or at all less used in other local and native areas. The main discussion of the research is on noun and verb axes.Keyword: native dialects, Shibkooh Fasa, language roots, Middle Pahlavi, local dialects Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - An investigation in selected etymology of words of Hamedanian dialect
mehdi zamanianThe present Hamedanian dialect is the survival of corpus Hamedanian dialect, which can be found among the BabaTaher's pure and unchanged poems. In this study, some words of present Hamedanian dialect are discussed. Technically speaking, this paper can point out some Pah MoreThe present Hamedanian dialect is the survival of corpus Hamedanian dialect, which can be found among the BabaTaher's pure and unchanged poems. In this study, some words of present Hamedanian dialect are discussed. Technically speaking, this paper can point out some Pahlavi terms and some other words with their ancient roots (Avesta, ancient Persian, and Sanskrit) which are not used in current Persian language. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Description of Sarkavir dialect compared with Pahlavi language
seyed hosein tabatabaie seyed hasan tabatabaie mohamad rezaieIranian peoples have spoken with many language dialects and patois in the first Islamic centuries.Which these various dialects, has been survivor of the ancient Iranian languages and many of their words have been changed from phonetic and phonemic aspect ove MoreIranian peoples have spoken with many language dialects and patois in the first Islamic centuries.Which these various dialects, has been survivor of the ancient Iranian languages and many of their words have been changed from phonetic and phonemic aspect over the centuries.Satveh village , one of desert Villages in Semnan province , according to administrative divisions belongs to Shahrood city.Comparative study of the etymology of words and phrases , more than linguistic and anthropological benefits , maybe helps effectively in opening nodes of ancient Persian texts .The authors of this study try to discover important and long links between Satveh patois and ancient and middle Persian language through collecting and comparativing and analysis equal and similar words in them and thereby evaluate the etymology of words and phonetic system left over from the middle era in Satveh patois. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - فیتوشیمی و خاصیت ضدباکتریایی عصاره دانه ی محلب سیاه (Monechma ciliatum)
اوشی م.ا.م عبدالکریم ا.م التوهامی م.شمقدمه و هدف: هدف از مطالعه حاضر تعیین اثرات بازداندگی دانه های پودر شده محلب سیاه به عنوان یک گیاه دارویی سنتی آفریقا که جهت درمان ناراحتی های تنفسی، آلرژی و سرماخوردگی استفاده می شده است. روش تحقیق: انواع عصاره­های دانه محلب سیاه که با روش ها و حلال های مختلف استخر Moreمقدمه و هدف: هدف از مطالعه حاضر تعیین اثرات بازداندگی دانه های پودر شده محلب سیاه به عنوان یک گیاه دارویی سنتی آفریقا که جهت درمان ناراحتی های تنفسی، آلرژی و سرماخوردگی استفاده می شده است. روش تحقیق: انواع عصاره­های دانه محلب سیاه که با روش ها و حلال های مختلف استخراج شدند در شرایط آزمایشگاهی علیه رشد باکتری­ها و قارچ­ها عامل عفونت های تنفسی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. نتایج و بحث: باکتری کلبسلیا پنومانیا حساسیت زیادی به عصاره هیدروالکلی محلب به دست آمده به روش خیساندن یا ماسراسیون به نبست 70 درصد اتانول و 30 درصد آب و عصاره آبی از خود نشان داد. استافیلوکوکوس آرئوس حساسیت متوسطی به عصاره هیدروالکلی محلب به دست آمده به روش خیساندن یا ماسراسیون به نبست 70 درصد اتانول و 30 درصد آب داشت. پزودوموناس آئروژننوزا به تمامی عصاره از خود مقاومت نشان داد. در کل تمامی قارچ­ها به عصاره­های گیاه مورد بررسی از خود مقاومت نشان دادند. مهمترین ترکیبات فیتوشیمی شناسایی شده در عصاره بذر محلب شامل تری ترپن ها، تانن، فلاونوئید و آنتراکوئینون­ها بودند. نتایج آزمایش تا حدودی استفاده سنتی از گیاهان را برای درمان عفونت­های تنفسی تایید می­کند. توصیه کاربردی/ صنعتی: عصاره­های حاصل از دانه محلب سیاه می­تواند برای پیشگیری و درمان بیماری­های ناشی از عفونت­های تنفسی بر اثر دو باکتری کلبسلیا پنومانیا و استافیلوکوکوس آرئوس مفید باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - To examine Iranian nationalism ideology central elements in the First Pahlavi age
Shahrzad Roumez alireza abtahi naser jadidiTo examine Iranian nationalism ideology central elements in the First Pahlavi ageShahrzad Roomz, PhD student in Islamic Iran history, Najaf Abad unitIslamic Azad University, Najaf abad, IranSeyyed Alireza Abtahi (responsible author)Assistant Professor of history group, MoreTo examine Iranian nationalism ideology central elements in the First Pahlavi ageShahrzad Roomz, PhD student in Islamic Iran history, Najaf Abad unitIslamic Azad University, Najaf abad, IranSeyyed Alireza Abtahi (responsible author)Assistant Professor of history group, Najaf Abad unit, Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, IranNaser JadidiHistory group associate professor, Najaf Abad unit, Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, IranAbstractConstitutionalism movement in Iran led to irregularity and chaos rather than democracy governmental establishment since Iran society social, economical, cultural and political beds weren't ready, and foreign countries interfered.In such a condition, to establish security and maintain integrity in country was Iran society the most important necessities. Patterning European countries,Intellectuals found that the best solution for Iran chaos conditions was to reinforce national unity through forming powerful government. In the present study, while examining nationalism in the Reza shah age, and what were nationalism ideology central cimponents inthat period? it is tried to examine this using historical and analytical method relying on valid resources.it is tried to answered to this question which are central elements and components of Iranian nationalism ideology in the First Pahlavi age?It seems that national union, archaeology; Patriotism and Royalism have been Iran main nationalism central components in Reza shah age. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - The Eshmaelite's religious policies In Aghlabian terriotory (280-2098 AH)
forozan farokhiAbstractEshmaelites from the second half of the third Hegira century selected Islamic west to continue their political-religious activities and by sending their claimants to this part of Islamic Terriotory provided the ground of religious beliefs prevalence and finally MoreAbstractEshmaelites from the second half of the third Hegira century selected Islamic west to continue their political-religious activities and by sending their claimants to this part of Islamic Terriotory provided the ground of religious beliefs prevalence and finally the forming of powerful government .At the beginging of Islamic claimants enterance to west some parts of it (Africa)were in Commonding of Aghlabin and were influenced by Sunni and dominance of Malekios jurisprudence.Eshmaelites religious policies in governmental terriotory of Aghlabian until their extinction and forming Ismaili government of fatimids religion are among the noticeable points in Islamic hirtory .what has been attempted in this investigation by descriptive –analytical method based on data، relic and historical theological and doctrinal writing of Eshmalites to be addressed in answer Eshmaelites religious policies in Aghlabian terriotory.How have been the purposes and execultive ways of Ishmalities religious policies in Aghlabin territory.Training attracting religious opponents, prevention of sunnis ritual practices and conflicting with Maleki jurisconsults have been the modes of Ismai lites religious policies in Aghlabian terriotory.Keyterms: Abu Abdu llahshia, Ismaillia invitation,Fatimid caliph, Africa , ,Aghlabian. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - بررسی نقش حاملی گوسفندان در عفونت با کلامیدیا پکوروم
ن. موری بختیاری س. براتی س. گودرزیدر طی 40 سال گذشته، شواهدی مبنی بر حضور عفونت­های ناشی از باکتری­های داخل سلولی جنس کلامیدیا در گونه­های مختلف دامی جمع­آوری شده­ است. با روش­های مختلفی در نمونه­های کلینیکی چنین حضور گسترده­ای به اثبات رسیده ­است اما احتمالا اغلب عفو Moreدر طی 40 سال گذشته، شواهدی مبنی بر حضور عفونت­های ناشی از باکتری­های داخل سلولی جنس کلامیدیا در گونه­های مختلف دامی جمع­آوری شده­ است. با روش­های مختلفی در نمونه­های کلینیکی چنین حضور گسترده­ای به اثبات رسیده ­است اما احتمالا اغلب عفونت­های فاقد علایم از سطح عفونت پایین­تری برخودار هستند. در این مطالعه­ اپیدمیولوژیک اولیه، ما به دنبال حضور عفونت کلامیدیایی چشمی و واژنی در گوسفندان به ظاهر سالم بودیم. در این تحقیق، 33 رأس گوسفند و 20 رأس بز که پیش از نمونه­گیری احتمال سابقه­ انتقال جنسی کلامیدیا را داشتند، از طریق سواب چشمی (53 سواب) و سواب واژنی (53 سواب) مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. پس از استخراج DNA با روش جوشاندن، ارزیابی حضور کلامیدیا پکوروم از طریق روش واکنش زنجیره­ای پلیمراز انجام شد. در این مطالعه از کلامیدیا پکوروم سویه­ی استاندارد W73 به عنوان کنترل مثبت استفاده گردید. در این مطالعه 10 نمونه سواب (از 106 سواب) مشتمل بر 7 سواب واژنی (70 درصد) و 3 سواب چشمی ( 30درصد)، آلوده تشخیص داده شدند. تمامی سواب­های واژنی و 3 سواب چشمی به ترتیب مربوط به حیوانات با سابقه­ سقط و بالغ بودند. با توجه به بالاتر بودن درصد آلودگی به کلامیدیا پکوروم در گوسفندان به ظاهر سالم، احتمال ایجاد حالت حاملی در گوسفند نسبت به بز بیش­تر می­باشد. ترشحات واژنی نسبت به ترشحات چشمی از نقش مهمتری در انتشار عفونت برخوردار می­باشند. به دلیل خطر بالای عفونت­های کلامیدیایی در گاوها، توجه به نقش گوسفندان در اپیدمیولوژی بیماری توصیه می­گردد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - ترکیب شیمیای، قابلیت هضم و تجزیهپذیری پوست رویی پسته عملآوری شده با قارچ نوروسپورا سیتوفیلا
م. وهاب زاده O. دیانی J. نصرارزش غذایی پوست رویی پسته عمل­آوری شده و نشده با قارچ نوروسپورا سیتوفیلا بررسی شد. ترکیب شیمیایی نمونه­ها به روش آزمایشگاهی تعیین شد. ضرایب قابلیت هضم ماده خشک، ماده آلی و ماده آلی قابل هضم در ماده خشک به منظور تعیین انرژی متابولیسمی پوست رویی پسته به روش in vit Moreارزش غذایی پوست رویی پسته عمل­آوری شده و نشده با قارچ نوروسپورا سیتوفیلا بررسی شد. ترکیب شیمیایی نمونه­ها به روش آزمایشگاهی تعیین شد. ضرایب قابلیت هضم ماده خشک، ماده آلی و ماده آلی قابل هضم در ماده خشک به منظور تعیین انرژی متابولیسمی پوست رویی پسته به روش in vitro تعیین گردید. به­علاوه، تجزیه­پذیری ماده خشک، ماده آلی و پروتیین خام نمونه­ها در زمان­های 0، 3، 6، 12، 24، 48 و 72 ساعت با استفاده از روش in situ تخمین زده شد و کنیتیک آنها با استفاده از معادله p= a + b (1-e-c(t-tl)) توصیف شد. شاخص ارزش غذایی (NIV) نمونه­ها با استفاده از معادله NIV= a + 0.4b + 200c محاسبه شد. داده­های جمع­آوری شده در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی آنالیز آماری شدند. با عمل­آوری، میانگین ترکیبات کل تانن و فنل، درصد ماده خشک و ضریب هضمی ماده خشک پوست رویی پسته کاهش یافت (05/0>P)، اما درصد پروتیین خام، الیاف نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی، لیگنین، تجزیه­پذیری مؤثر ماده خشک، ماده آلی و پروتیین خام، و شاخص ارزش غذایی ماده خشک، ماده آلی و پروتیین خام افزایش یافت (05/0>P). نتایج نشان داد که عمل­آوری پوست رویی پسته با قارچ نوروسپورا سیتوفیلا ترکیبات تاننی و فنلی را کاهش، و درصد پروتیین خام و تجزیه­پذیری مؤثر را افزایش داد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - ترکیب شیمیایی، خصوصیات فیزیکی، قابلیت هضم و تجزیهپذیری تفاله انگور عملآوری شده با قارچ نوروسپورا سیتوفیلا
O. Dayani A. Ghiasi R. Tahmasbiدر این تحقیق ارزش غذایی تفاله انگور عملآوری نشده و عملآوری شده با قارچ نوروسپورا سیتوفیلا مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. ترکیب شیمایی و خصوصیات فیزیکی نمونهها با تجزیه آزمایشگاهی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. قابلیت هضم آزمایشگاهی (in vitro) به منظور تعیین ضرایب قابلیت هضم ماده خشک Moreدر این تحقیق ارزش غذایی تفاله انگور عملآوری نشده و عملآوری شده با قارچ نوروسپورا سیتوفیلا مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. ترکیب شیمایی و خصوصیات فیزیکی نمونهها با تجزیه آزمایشگاهی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. قابلیت هضم آزمایشگاهی (in vitro) به منظور تعیین ضرایب قابلیت هضم ماده خشک، ماده آلی، و همچنین ماده آلی قابل هضم در ماده خشک برای تخمین انرژی متابولیسمی نمونهها انجام شد. علاوه بر این، تجزیهپذیری ماده خشک، ماده آلی و پروتیین خام نمونهها به روش کیسههای نایلونی و با استفاده از 9 کیسه برای هر نمونه در زمانهای 0، 3، 6، 12، 24، 48 و 72 ساعت انکوباسیون تخمین زده شد و کینیتیک آنها با استفاده از معادله P= a + b(1−e−ct) توصیف گردید. شاخص ارزش غذایی نمونهها با استفاده از معادله NVI= a + 0.4b + 200c محاسبه شد. دادههای جمعآوری شده در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی تجزیه آماری شدند. با عملآوری تفاله انگور، مقدار کل ترکیبات فنلی و تاننی، الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی، ظرفیت نگهداری آب، ماده خشک محلول و ضرایب هضمی ماده خشک، ماده آلی و ماده آلی در ماده خشک کاهش (05/0P<) یافت، اما مقدار پروتئین خام، خاکستر خام، لیگنین، جرم حجمی لحظهای، دانسیته توده ای، تجزیهپذیری مؤثر و شاخص ارزش غذایی ماده خشک، ماده آلی و پروتیین خام افزایش (05/0P<) یافت. پس از عملآوری تفاله انگور، بخش محلول در آب برای ماده خشک، ماده آلی و پروتیین خام افزایش، اما بخش با تجزیهپذیری کند و سرعت تجزیهپذیری بخش b کاهش (05/0P<) یافت. میتوان نتیجه گرفت، پس از عملآوری تفاله انگور توسط قارچ نوروسپورا سیتوفیلا، با افزایش درصد پروتئین خام و کاهش ترکیبات فنولی و تاننی، راندمان استفاده از تفاله انگور در تغذیه دام بهبود خواهد یافت. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - Flood Management of Urban Areas Due to Possible Failure of the Dam (casestudy: Gheshlagh Dam and Sanandaj City)
سید محمود جزایری مقدس Bakhtiar AhmadiAlthough dams have the potential to achieve macro and national goals, they sometimes also provide the necessary ground for threats to occur. One of these threats is the risk of flooding due to the possible failure of dams for settlements located near them. In this study MoreAlthough dams have the potential to achieve macro and national goals, they sometimes also provide the necessary ground for threats to occur. One of these threats is the risk of flooding due to the possible failure of dams for settlements located near them. In this study, the failure of Gheshlagh Dam, a dam located 12 km north of Sanandaj, the capital of Kurdistan Province, has been investigated. The failure of this dam has been analyzed using the HEC-RAS program and the results confirm that after the start of the failure of the dam, in the early stages of the river, the water level rises sharply and submerges the heights on both sides of the river. But the downstream topography of the dam is such that although much of the land around the river is submerged, urban areas are less vulnerable to flood risk. However, given the risk to life on the riverbank, the use of a flood warning system is suggested as an effective solution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - Architectural Stylistics of Second Pahlavi Period, with approach of Evaluating the Building’s Physical Behavior in each Style
maziar sardari leila zare Avideh talaei vahid ghobadianArchitectural stylistics as an approach, has various functions in the study of architectural history. One of its most important functions is as a classification method in the history of architecture. In recent researches, the necessity of achieving styles in the Iranian MoreArchitectural stylistics as an approach, has various functions in the study of architectural history. One of its most important functions is as a classification method in the history of architecture. In recent researches, the necessity of achieving styles in the Iranian architecture evolution, by referring to the body of prominent buildings, has always been brought up. Therefore, these bodies and their architecture evaluating, will be the best way to know the styles. The topic of Iranian architectural stylistics has always been a part of challenging debates in scientific societies, due to the wide and varied definitions and functions of it, there is no clear consensus among researchers. The stylistics of the second Pahlavi period has always been very important; on the one hand in terms of looking at past architecture and on the other hand due to the arrival of modern architecture in this period, is a turning point in the history of iran architecture. Therefore, this article tries to extract the titles of architectural styles in the second Pahlavi period with using a qualitative method and interpretive-historical approach, along with extensive documentary and library studies, and then with a detailed examination of the prominent building's body; evaluate the characteristics of each style and classify them. The research results show that five styles; "Traditional architecture", "Western modern architecture", "Organic architecture", "Modernist Iranian architecture" and "High-tech architectures", are the styles in the period from 1332 to 1357 A.S, that each one, according to their own theories, displays historical or modern characteristics, in the body of each buildings with a different image. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - Recognition of features of the entrance of Pahlavi period buildings (Case Study: Zahedan City)
shahrzad teymouri faramarz hassan pour Hossein mehrpouyaThe need to pay attention to the recognition and details of the buildings from various climatic, form and historical-evolutionary aspects is not hidden from any researcher. Understanding the architecture of buildings can help the development of urban spaces and its sust MoreThe need to pay attention to the recognition and details of the buildings from various climatic, form and historical-evolutionary aspects is not hidden from any researcher. Understanding the architecture of buildings can help the development of urban spaces and its sustainable evolution. In Zahedan, due to its geographical and climatic location, special buildings with climatic characteristics were built in the second Pahlavi period, and the capital of these buildings is one of their most important features. In this article, the aim is to recognize the recess of the Pahlavi buildings in Zahedan city. The research method is descriptive-analytical and quantitative-qualitative. Data collection in the first stage is through content analysis method based on images and researcher observations of 19 buildings in the city. Out of 19 buildings in the central and old neighborhoods of this city, 8 buildings were analyzed in the secondary monitoring. In the second stage, building features were prioritized through a questionnaire tool and using AHP method. The number of experts to weigh the criteria was 10 people. The result of the research shows that the architectural style of the 8 buildings studied is the traditional architectural style. Examining the facades of the buildings shows that out of the 8 buildings, 6 buildings have recess, which were built with brick materials in a simple way and without side decorations. Therefore, the predominant type of buildings at the entrance of Zahedan city is of traditional architecture and in a simple way and decorations are also based on bricks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Intelligibility evaluation of houses in Dezful city in Qajar and Pahlavi periods using UCL Depthmap software
naser ghaneifar Hasan Rezaei vahid ahmadiWhat is identified in the attitude toward the house is the visual and perceptual structure that is formed for the audience. Intending to evaluate the level of visual clarity in Dezful houses during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, this article tries to analyze the course MoreWhat is identified in the attitude toward the house is the visual and perceptual structure that is formed for the audience. Intending to evaluate the level of visual clarity in Dezful houses during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, this article tries to analyze the course of its developments and answers the question of What was the evolution of visual clarity in Dezful houses during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods? The present research was conducted using a combined method, based on the quantitative data obtained from the Depthmap software and the analysis of these data using the method of logical reasoning. The case samples included 20 houses, which were selected purposefully, considering the lack of physical interventions, from among the houses of Dezful in the Qajar and Pahlavi periods. The results of the research show that the houses of the Pahlavi period have a higher level of Connectivity compared to the Qajar period. Also, in the Qajar period, houses with one yard are more integrated than houses with two and three yards, and according to this, the houses of the Pahlavi period are considered more integrated than the houses of the Qajar period. The results of the research on visual clarity indicate that this criterion has a lower level in the Qajar period than in the Pahlavi period Therefore, by passing from the Qajar period to the Pahlavi period, the amount of Intelligibility in the houses has increased, and it has made the houses of the Pahlavi period more legible and more visually clear than the Qajar houses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - Reflection of Modesty and Politeness in Shahnameh and Pahlavi Texts
Ata Mohammad Radmanesh hossein JalaliShahnameh is the perfect mirror of Iranian culture, wisdom, and thought. It is also the epitome of beliefs and social norms and customs which can be explored by different approaches. This eminent work is the most important document coming from the poetry of ancient Pers MoreShahnameh is the perfect mirror of Iranian culture, wisdom, and thought. It is also the epitome of beliefs and social norms and customs which can be explored by different approaches. This eminent work is the most important document coming from the poetry of ancient Persia.Modesty and politeness are one of such beliefs. According to Ferdoosi, modesty is an admirable character in men and women. He also praises politeness and regards it as an attribute of women, while on many instances; men are appreciated for having this character. Without any doubt, Toos Master has been influenced by some works in his treatment of ancient Persian culture. Ferdoosi has been drawing on Pahlavi texts in his rendering of this cultural aspect. Among these works, one can refer to Dinkard, Minoyeh Kherad, Ardavirafnameh, Bozorgmehr’s Book of Advice, the Advice of AzarPadMarsfandan, etc.In this paper, we try to look at the eminent position of modesty and politeness in ancient Persia culture from the perspective of Shahnameh and Pahlavi texts. We attempt to highlight the point that Ferdoosi, along with his cultural beliefs and interests, has been influenced by Pahlavi texts Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Reflection of Didactic Trainings of Sheikh Abdul Qāder Gilani in Nokāt by Bidel Dehlavi
mohammad foladi zeinab panahSheykh Abdol Qāder Gilani is one of the mystics of the 5th century who was eminent in Feqh, Hadith, exegesis and literature. His writing style in didactic literature has ‎influenced some of the prominents like Mohy ed Din ibn Arabi. He chose to preach in Baghdad and MoreSheykh Abdol Qāder Gilani is one of the mystics of the 5th century who was eminent in Feqh, Hadith, exegesis and literature. His writing style in didactic literature has ‎influenced some of the prominents like Mohy ed Din ibn Arabi. He chose to preach in Baghdad and he was licorice. In his training Assemblies, more than 400 thousand people used to gather and Sohrewardi, ‎Moqaddasi, and ibn Jozi were among his pupils in mysticism. Fotouh al ghayb is a didactic work written by Abdol Qāder Gilani in which the author explains the epistemological concepts, training and ethical points for the audience. His ‎training method includes coordination between Tariqat and Shari’at, as well as adherence ‎to Qur’an and tradition in order to achieve Haqiqat (ultimate truth). Using a descriptive ‎method and an analytic approach, the present study aims at surveying the ‎principles of mystical trainings declared by Sheikh to a mystic to reach the ultimate ‎truth. Besides, the impact of Sheikh’s teachings' on Nokāt by Bidel, one of the Murids (disciple) of Abdol ‎Qāder in India would be analyzed. Regarding the significance of this study it could be ‎mentioned that Gilani, the founder of the sufi dynasty of Qāderiyeh, has many Murids in ‎India who practice his didactic traditions to purify soul. However, Gilani’s ‎works and teachings are not truly known yet. The present study attempts to depict a more vivid ‎presentation of his didactic and training principles for the researchers. The results of the ‎research show that Bidel and Abdol Qāder have got a lot in common in ethical and didactic issues; however, some differences in their view points is to be demonstrate in this article. ‎ Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - The Causes and Intentions behind Didactic Approach in Lyrical Poem Book Hasht Behesht by Amir Khosrow Dehlavi
Ahmad Reza Yalameha آسیه ذبیح نیا عمرانMost of the themes of Persian stories consist of ethical advices. The mystical and ethically-oriented poets were attempting to provide the didactic concepts covered through stories and this was mainly due to the attraction and effectiveness of stories in delivering the MoreMost of the themes of Persian stories consist of ethical advices. The mystical and ethically-oriented poets were attempting to provide the didactic concepts covered through stories and this was mainly due to the attraction and effectiveness of stories in delivering the messages. Amir Khosrow Dehlavi is one of the famous Persian mystics in the second half of 7th and early 8th Century AH. “Hasht-Behesht” or eight evens is a lyrical and love story which has been narrated through poetry and using a didactic and simple language comparable with “Haft Peykar” by the great poet “Nezami Ganjei”. Amir khosrow has been following a more elevated objective rather than narrating a love story in writing this work of art and he would mention didactic and ethical concepts whenever possible. The emphasis made by Amir Khosrow in Hasht Behesht was upon social ethics and he has been always advising good behavior and ethics. This work encourages human to avoid behaviors such as disloyalty, avarice and other evil descriptions. The main objective behind this paper is to investigate didactic themes and the objective behind their use in Hasht Behesht. Since this work of art has a variety of didactic concepts, the authors attempt to clarify these didactic concepts and interpret them. Therefore, the main objective of this study investigate the hidden didactic themes in this work of art and the main reason behind their application. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - Morals in Amir Khosrow Dehlavi's Matla-ol-Anvar
mahin panahiThis article tries to answer this question "with regard to the fact that that the couplet Matla-ol-Anvar is the book of mysticism, research and didactic, which components of moral elements have been used in it?" In order to answer this question, first these moral elemen MoreThis article tries to answer this question "with regard to the fact that that the couplet Matla-ol-Anvar is the book of mysticism, research and didactic, which components of moral elements have been used in it?" In order to answer this question, first these moral elements were extracted from the text and moral excellences which are called Maqamat and the spiritual manners which are called Ahval were separated. Therefore, this article deals with individual and social behaviors considering Amir Khosrow Dihlavi’s criticism of factitious Sufis. Results show that Amir Khosrow in Matla-ol-Anvar, considering mystical morality, has invited the reader to moral individual manners such as self analysis, knowing God, purity, hermit, solitude, research, following preceptor and contentment. In moral manners (not too subtly separating individual and social moralities) he has dealt with generosity, beneficence, trusteeship, respecting parents, preserving limbs from sins and violence toward people, friendship etiquette, etc. Entirely one can visualize morality in Matla-ol-Anvar as practical. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - The Ontological Analysis of Pahlavi Texts and Deducing their Training Doctrines
Sheida Riazi Heravi Masoud Safaei Moghaddam Mohammad Jafar Pakseresht Shahram JalilianDualism in the theology of Mazda Yasna is a fundamental concept which is philosophically significant. Dualism in Zoroaster's Gathas is started with a fight between Sepand Mainyu and Angra Mainyu and then is organized in the form of a confrontation between Ahura Mazda an MoreDualism in the theology of Mazda Yasna is a fundamental concept which is philosophically significant. Dualism in Zoroaster's Gathas is started with a fight between Sepand Mainyu and Angra Mainyu and then is organized in the form of a confrontation between Ahura Mazda and Ahriman throughout the Late Avesta. In Pahlavi scripts, dualism is interwoven with the ontology, and Zoroaster’s dualistic worldview is shaped in the form of creation and evolution of the universe based upon the struggle between Ahura Mazda and Ahriman. This struggle continues for four periods and it finally ends in Ahura Mazda’s victory and Ahriman’s defeat. In this research, firstly, the principles in the ontology of Pahlavi scripts were explored based on the traditional reports about creation. Then, the existing training implications in this ontology were extracted through an analytical-inferential method. Elevating the spiritual intelligence and wisdom, doing good deeds, developing the ability of ethical judgement based upon the existing dialectic in the universe, considering the unity of human being with the universe, and protecting the nature and natural phenomena are among the training implications inferred from the ontology of Pahlavi scripts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - The ethical virtues in Akhlagh Mohseni book (based on the division of Khwaja Nasiruddin Toosi in Akhlagh Naseri book)
Rahaf Safaya Omid MajdAkhlagh Mohseni's book is one of the valuable works of the 9th and 10th centuries of Hijri. Mulla Hossein Vaez Kashefi Sabzevari wrote this book for educational purposes. Kashefi has paid attention to teaching ethical principles and advising rulers and kings based on wi MoreAkhlagh Mohseni's book is one of the valuable works of the 9th and 10th centuries of Hijri. Mulla Hossein Vaez Kashefi Sabzevari wrote this book for educational purposes. Kashefi has paid attention to teaching ethical principles and advising rulers and kings based on wisdom.And in the introduction of his book, he declares that his audience is the kings and their attendants. And he mentions forty distinct moral qualities that make the king a king and keeps him as a king. And he mentioned these ethical teachings by relying on the division of the ethical teachings in the Akhlagh Naseri book. Directly or indirectly, through telling stories and allegories, he leads the audience toward ethical virtues. This study aims to discuss and study the moral virtues in Akhlagh Mohseni's book taking into consideration the division of ethical standards in Akhlagh Naseri's book, to determine how close was Kashifi to Khwaja Nasiruddin's classifications in compiling his book.The adopted approach in this article is a descriptive-analytical approach, and it is based on the review of Khwaja Naser's educational thoughts in Akhlagh Naseri's book and their comparison with Akhlagh Mohseni's book. Results show that justice and courage were among the ethical virtues mentioned in the book and had a special place as they play a decisive role in the individual and social life of man. Some virtues, such as worship, have an individual aspect, and some, like justice, have a social aspect. By observing these standards, society sees prosperity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - Ethical Principles in Bidel Dehlavi’s Ghazals
zahra Mohammadian abasali Vafa'iThe Persian literature brims with utopian and humane topics which have given it a special place in the world literature. It enjoys different forms of poetry, including epic, lyric, elegy, eulogy and so on. Moreover, it mainly addresses utopian and humane issues, in part MoreThe Persian literature brims with utopian and humane topics which have given it a special place in the world literature. It enjoys different forms of poetry, including epic, lyric, elegy, eulogy and so on. Moreover, it mainly addresses utopian and humane issues, in particular the moral decency. Rooted in historical-ideological beliefs, ethics and its principles have attracted the attention of many poets and authors to different degrees. The poetic form also influences the manner in which the ethical and epistemological issues are addressed. This article seeks to study ethics and its principles in the ghazals composed by Bidel Dehlavi. Unfortunately, they have not been properly addressed in his poems, in particular his ghazals which are known for verbal and semantic complexity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - Study of the Agricultural Landscape Evolution in Mazandaran Province in the First Pahlavi Era
Mehrdad Divsalar Mohammad Taqi Rahnamaei Mohammad Husain Farajiha Mohammad MahmodpourThe cultural landscape of the people of Mazandaran, which in the period under study, the first Pahlavi Era (1925-1941), included a limited geography of the provinces of Mazandaran and Golestan today from the western extremity of Ramsar to the eastern extremity of Marave MoreThe cultural landscape of the people of Mazandaran, which in the period under study, the first Pahlavi Era (1925-1941), included a limited geography of the provinces of Mazandaran and Golestan today from the western extremity of Ramsar to the eastern extremity of Maraveh Tappeh ;were scattered throughout history due to the diversity of climatic conditions and natural geography in the three geographical units of plain, Foothills and mountainous regions and based on the agricultural-livestock economics. Before the first Pahlavi, the geographical Landscape of the Mazandaran settlements was a stationary situation, but with the special policies of the first Pahlavi in the direction of modernization of Iran, there was a tremendous development in Mazandaran geographic Landscape. The present study aims to investigate the changes and evolutions in the Mazandaran agriculture geography in the first Pahlavi era from the viewpoint of the Landscape school. The landscape model examines nature changes in historical periods in a specific geography based on the applied policies. Due to the policy of modernization, many corrective programs were implemented in the agricultural sector of Mazandaran province. Mazandaran agricultural landscapes were changed by the first Pahlavi activities in order to mechanize Mazandaran agriculture and commercialization and industrialization of agricultural products. The modern state added a lot of land to the total agricultural land of Mazandaran by conquering nature and dominating it by drying the marshes and drainage, building a dam and bridge, and inhibiting the outbreak of water and dominating the water resources. As a result, the open field landscape, which until then was only the Mazandaran agricultural landscape, expanded vastly. New lands were also allocated in plain and foothill areas on plains and hills to cultivate new crops and to create orchard and hill Landscapes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - Livelihood Diversification among the Agricultural Land Scarce Peasants in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia
Reta Hailu Ali Hassen -
Open Access Article
170 - Jobs of Beiranvand tribe in Qajar and Pahlavi period based on hunting and hunting
Esmaeil SepahvandIn the Qajar and Pahlavi eras, the tribes and nomads of Iran, both rural and nomadic, in addition to livestock and brief agricultural affairs, many of them at that time when it was difficult to live, to other occupations such as looting and plundering caravans, They als MoreIn the Qajar and Pahlavi eras, the tribes and nomads of Iran, both rural and nomadic, in addition to livestock and brief agricultural affairs, many of them at that time when it was difficult to live, to other occupations such as looting and plundering caravans, They also paid for militarism, hunting, and so on. Hunting was one of the occupations that human beings have been doing on this planet since the beginning of their lives and it continued in the vast land of Iran from ancient times to the Pahlavi era because there were plenty of halal meat animals in Iran. Among the tribes and clans of the country who were particularly skilled in hunting and hunting to feed themselves and their families, we can mention people from the great Beiranvand tribe, many of whom live for their livelihood or for their stomachs and covenants. Their families were busy selling their prey or their skins to make a living in the era in question. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Analysis of the thought of essentialist intellectuals against Pahlavi II modernity (case study of Seyed Ahmed Fardid and Seyed Hossein Nasr)
khosro afzalian faeze amiri poua iraj etisam mohsen tabasiThe contemporary history of Iran, especially Pahlavi II, is full of political and social developments resulting from the intellectual currents and activity of intellectuals. Enlightenment is a product of the modern world. Therefore, it is possible to put forward the sta MoreThe contemporary history of Iran, especially Pahlavi II, is full of political and social developments resulting from the intellectual currents and activity of intellectuals. Enlightenment is a product of the modern world. Therefore, it is possible to put forward the standard of typology of intellectuals based on modernity. The most important service of an intellectual to society is through his intellectual products. Therefore, knowing the thought of an intellectual is one of the necessities. Essentialist enlightened thinkers against modernity, who philosophically negate the entirety of modernity and envision another future, and point out any attempt to patch modernity with Eastern religions or culture as futile, put forward a type of discussion. Examining and analyzing the discourse of essentialist intellectuals against modernity is the subject of this research. And in this regard, the essentialist concepts against the modernity of Pahlavi II are examined by examining the thoughts of Fardid and Nasr. In the upcoming research, according to the interaction of the essentialist type against modernity with the thought of the mentioned intellectuals, the research method is logical reasoning. The indicators of the species mentioned in the thought of Ahmed Fardid and Nasr are the West, technology and the interaction of modernity with the West. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Reflections on different aspects of Reza Shah’s absolute/modern state; a Durkheimian structural perspective
Ghaffar Zarei Taghi Jafari -
Open Access Article
173 - The Impact of Structure and Agent on Iran's Foreign Policy during the Second Pahlavi Era
Tahmineh Johar Mohammadreza Dehshiri Abdolamir Nabavi -
Open Access Article
174 - Conditions of Political Development in Iran (1941-1953)
Behnam Cheraghpour Reza Kaviani Faramarz Mirzazadeh Ahmad Beygloo -
Open Access Article
175 - The Role of Lor’s (Lor ethnicity) in Strengthening the National Identity in the Pahlavi Era with an Emphasis on the Component of Shiism
Aziz Farhadi سید عطاء الله سینایی Hamid AhmadiDifferent human groups live in Iran, of which Lors are one of the main groups that make up its population. The Lors are in three groups, nomadic, rural and urban, following the Alawi and Twelve Imam Shias. In addition to having an important role in the stability of the MoreDifferent human groups live in Iran, of which Lors are one of the main groups that make up its population. The Lors are in three groups, nomadic, rural and urban, following the Alawi and Twelve Imam Shias. In addition to having an important role in the stability of the bond between them, this religion has been the factor of their integration and convergence with other compatriots. Islam and Shiism are one of the basic elements of the national identity that influence the individual and social lives of Iranian people. They play a significant role in the emergence of values, ideals, norms, customs, in the identification of people, national solidarity, in social, cultural and political structures. By using symbols of belief in Imam Ali's guardianship, ijtihad, authority, rituals, religious rituals, ethnic and national religious celebrities, they have played a major role in strengthening Iran's national identity. This research is analytical-descriptive in terms of its fundamental purpose, in terms of method, and the required data have been collected by library, documentary and electronic study methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - Characteristics of Mystical Experience in the Gazals of Bidel Dehlavi; A Review Based on Maslow's Theory of Self-Actualization
Rezā Jalili Nasrin Faqih MalekmarzabānBy using psychological criticism in analyzing literary texts, critics try to explore the underlying layers of the personality of the author and his/her text. Humanistic psychology, as one of the schools of psychology, emphasizes on the positive side of humanity. Abraham MoreBy using psychological criticism in analyzing literary texts, critics try to explore the underlying layers of the personality of the author and his/her text. Humanistic psychology, as one of the schools of psychology, emphasizes on the positive side of humanity. Abraham Maslow, as the main figure of the school, describes the healthy and growing people by presenting the theory of self-actualization. The peak experience is one of the main criteria of the theory, whose foundations are very similar to the views of the mystic Muslim poets, including Bidel Dehlavi, on annihilation, union and unity. Divan Bidel is full of descriptions of the romantic experiences that the sālek (the holy traveler) and the seeker of perfection encounters. By using descriptive-analytical method and based on Maslow's findings, the present article attempts to explore the representations of the peak experience in the gazals of Bidel. The results show that there are some similarities between the experiences of Maslow and Bidel like openness of horizon, timeless and unlimited feeling of ecstasy and astonishment, feeling of unconsciousness, tendency to poetry, religion and mysticism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - Khrafstar in the Thoughts of Ancient Iranians; Based on Avestā and Pahlavi Texts and Shāhnāmeh
Hamid Ayaz ahmad tahanlion that have been created by Angra Mainyu to destroy the good world. In Avestā and Pahlavi texts, some manners are proposed to eliminate these devil creatures. The influence of Ferdosi and his book, Shāhnāmeh, on Iranian language and culture are clear. Yet an ex Morelion that have been created by Angra Mainyu to destroy the good world. In Avestā and Pahlavi texts, some manners are proposed to eliminate these devil creatures. The influence of Ferdosi and his book, Shāhnāmeh, on Iranian language and culture are clear. Yet an explanation is needed to show that how much his idea about khrafstars are influenced by Avestā and Pahlavi texts. By using descriptive and analytic method, the authors of present article try to study and compare the creatures that in Zoroastian religious texts are called khrafstar which are mentioned in Shāhnāmeh. The research shows that in Shāhnāmeh not only the term "khrafstar" is not mentioned but also it is not referred to an animal as devil creature. But, there are similarities between Ferdosi's ideas and Avestā and Pahlavi texts about noxious creatures. Finally, it has been referred to the role of these creatures in the myths of other nations and has been compared with Avestā and Pahlavi texts and Shāhnāmeh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - Bidel Dehlavi and Iranian Myths
محمد حکیم آذر The 11th century A. H. is regarded as the age of decline in Iranian myths. In this century, Safavids established a new state in Iran based on shi’ism and Iranian identity. Yet, the mythological elements of Iranian identity were missing in their scheme; and More The 11th century A. H. is regarded as the age of decline in Iranian myths. In this century, Safavids established a new state in Iran based on shi’ism and Iranian identity. Yet, the mythological elements of Iranian identity were missing in their scheme; and the national myths played no role in that identity formation. Employing this view, the present article tries to examine the poems of Bidel Dehlavi, the prominent poet of Indian school of poetry in Persian language, from mythological point of view. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - The Idea of “Unity of Being” in the Rubā'iyāt of Bidel Dehlavi
masuode rohani siyavash haghjo ali akbar shobaklaiiIbn 'Arabi's idea of “unity of being” grew slowly in Islamic lands, especially in Iran and then in India. One of the important ways of promoting the idea was the literary-mystic texts. The idea of “unity of being” has been manifested in the rubā' MoreIbn 'Arabi's idea of “unity of being” grew slowly in Islamic lands, especially in Iran and then in India. One of the important ways of promoting the idea was the literary-mystic texts. The idea of “unity of being” has been manifested in the rubā'iyāt (quatrains) of Bidel Dehlavi. In his rubā'iyāt, the issues of tashbih and tanzih (transcendence and immanence), inward and outward, unity and diversity, and the like are discussed. He believes firmly to the idea of “unity of being” and explains, in a stable manner, the related topics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - The Metamorphosis of the Myth of Jam from the Indo-European Period to Islamic Era
Sānāz Mohajjelin Mojtabā DuroodiThe most important reason for the survival of mythological characters is the transformations that each character or mythical narrative has experienced over time. Jamshid is one of the ancient characters in Iranian literary and mythical texts that many mythological narra MoreThe most important reason for the survival of mythological characters is the transformations that each character or mythical narrative has experienced over time. Jamshid is one of the ancient characters in Iranian literary and mythical texts that many mythological narratives and themes are devoted to him. As the present research shows, the primary basis of the story of Jam dates back to the Indo-European period and its process of transformation takes place in Islamic era. In this metamorphosis, all the elements of the evolution of a myth, namely, fracture, transformation and integration are seen. Also, the divinity of the Vedic Gods and mysticism of Islamic period can be detected in the metamorphosis of the myth of Jam. The present article attempts to show all changes that have befallen this Indo-European popular myth in the context of Iranian culture. Jamshid is a figure that descends after the advent of Zarathustra, but he reborns and becomes exalted because of his longtime popularity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - Masculinization of Zebra Cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum) with Oral Treatment of 17Alpha-Methyl Testosterone and the Effects on Mortality Rate, Sterilization and Mixed Sexual Fish
S. H. Mosavi Sabet A. Zamini H. Vahab Zadeh Rodsari Z. Morad KhaniIn this study production of a monosex Zebra Cichlid Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum population was studied. Cichlids fries (7 days) were fed with six different hormonal doses 30, 60, 100, 150, 200 & 300 mg 17alpha-methyl testosterone/kg diet for 40 days. The hormone was a MoreIn this study production of a monosex Zebra Cichlid Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum population was studied. Cichlids fries (7 days) were fed with six different hormonal doses 30, 60, 100, 150, 200 & 300 mg 17alpha-methyl testosterone/kg diet for 40 days. The hormone was added to food by alcohol dry method. During the test, fish were kept in 28±1 in temperature, 7.5 to 8.3 in pH and less than 170±10 mg/lit in water hardness. Fish were fed 6 times, from 6 am to 11 p.m. Results showed that the male numbers obtained in all treatments were more than the control group, and the dose of 100mgMT/kg food was more efficient in sex reversal than others, resulting in all males (P<0.05). Histological results showed dose of 300mgMT/kg food was more efficient in sex sterilizing than the others, resulting in 97.6% (P<0.05). 300mgMT/kg food increased mortality rate to 37.5% (P<0.05). 30mg MT/kg food increased mixed sexual to 8.8% (P<0.05). Hormonal sex reversal is a good method to produce mono sex fish population and limits unwanted breeding. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - Hormone disrupting effects of nonylphenol ethoxylates on 17 ß – estradiol levels and ovary in Zebra cichlid ( Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum )
T. Maktabi M. Roostaie M. Mahdavi N. Nasiri H. Hosseinzadeh SahhafiThe present study investigatedsexually disrupting effects of a weak estrogen receptor agonist, nonylphenolethoxylale on 17 ß – estradiolproduction and ovary tissue in immatureZebra Cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum). To determine the effects ofnonylphenol e MoreThe present study investigatedsexually disrupting effects of a weak estrogen receptor agonist, nonylphenolethoxylale on 17 ß – estradiolproduction and ovary tissue in immatureZebra Cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum). To determine the effects ofnonylphenol ethoxylale ( NPEO ) on female sex hormone of Zebra cichlid, the fish were divided in 3weight groups ( < 4 g , 4 – 5 g and > 5 g ) and exposed to threeconcentrations ( 10 – 50 – 100 µg / L ) of NPEO in glass aquariums during 60days. At an estimated NPEO concentration of 50 and 100 µg / L, 17 ß – estradiolproduction significantly was increased (P < 0.01). Specialchanges were showed in 50 µg / L. Estadiol levels were 0.13 –0.70 ng /ml. Thisevidence of steroid hormone (17 ß – estradiol) levels showed that nonylphenolethoxylate (>10 µg / L ) could exert estrogenic effects through geneexpression and producting enzymes involving vitellogenesis and lead toproduction of grown oocytes in 50 µg / L of nonylphenol ethoxylale. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
183 - Antigenic properties of Finegoldia magna protein L and Type IV Pilin PilA for in-silico multi epitope peptide vaccine designing
Hossein JavidBackground and Objectives: Finegoldia magna is a potential opportunistic pathogen for humans. F. magna as the most frequent pathogenic species of gram positive anaerobic cocci accounts for up to 5-12% of all anaerobic infections. F. magna possess Protein L super antigen MoreBackground and Objectives: Finegoldia magna is a potential opportunistic pathogen for humans. F. magna as the most frequent pathogenic species of gram positive anaerobic cocci accounts for up to 5-12% of all anaerobic infections. F. magna possess Protein L super antigen and Type IV Pilin PilA as invaluable proteins for designing multi epitope peptide vaccines in current study.Materials and Methods: In this study, immunoinformatics tools were used to predict B and T cell epitopes of Protein L and Type IV Pilin PilA. The epitopes were evaluated for antigenicity, allergenicity and binding energy to appropriate HLA alleles and then were fused together by GPGPG and EAAAK spacers. Vibrio cholera Toxin B Subunit was introduced at N-terminus of the constructed vaccine as adjuvant, and with an eye on further identification and purification, a 6×HisTag was introduced at C-terminus. Codon optimization performed for further expression in Escherichia coli host. The amino acid sequence of the multi epitope peptide vaccine used for 3D structure prediction and refinement. Then structural evaluation via ramachandran plot analysis performed. Physicochemical properties and solubility of the constructed vaccine was also studied.Results: Results showed the selected epitopes with high antigenicity and no allergenicity. These epitopes manifest high affinity toward recommended HLA alleles. The predicted 3D model of constructed vaccine showed high stability, solubility and half-life for expression in E. coli host. Conclusion: In this study, Protein L and Type IV Pilin PilA used for in-silico designing an effective vaccine against F. magna. Further in-vitro/vivo studies are recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - The survey of frequency Chlamydiae in semen used for artificial insemination
Ali Sharifzadeh mohsen forooghiBackground & Objectives: Chlamydia spp. is an obligate intracellular agent that causes chlamydiosis in animals and humans. Chlamydia infections in cows can cause abortion, infertility and other symptoms. Th MoreBackground & Objectives: Chlamydia spp. is an obligate intracellular agent that causes chlamydiosis in animals and humans. Chlamydia infections in cows can cause abortion, infertility and other symptoms. The aim of this survey was to investigate the frequency of chlamydia infection in sperm used by artificial insemination.Materials & Methods: In This survey semen samples were collected from semen supply centers. Then DNA was extracted using Cinnagen company kit. The samples were Analysed for the chlamydial agent by Nested polymerase chain reaction (Nested PCR) by 16SrRNA gene primer and then the PCR product was electrophoresed and positive samples were identified by genus and species.Results: The finding of this survey indicated the prevalence of infection of different chlamydial species in the sperm samples. A Total of 100 samples were tested, 23 samples were positive for chlamydia spp.which are 12 positive samples separately for Chlamydia Pecorum,Chlamydia abortus 7 positive samples and 4 positive samples were identified for Chlamydia Psitassi.Conclusion: The present survey showed that sperm samples can be an important source of chlamydial infection transmission in bulls. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
185 - Molecular study for detection of Chlamydia psittaci in feces of pigeons in Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari province
Abbas Doosti Asghar Arshi Payam Ghasemi DehkordiBackground and Objectives: Chlamydophila psittaci is a lethal intracellular bacterial species that causes endemic avian chlamydiosis, epizootic outbreaks in mammals, and respiratory psittacosis in humans. Chlamydia psittaci is a gram negative bacterium that can be trans MoreBackground and Objectives: Chlamydophila psittaci is a lethal intracellular bacterial species that causes endemic avian chlamydiosis, epizootic outbreaks in mammals, and respiratory psittacosis in humans. Chlamydia psittaci is a gram negative bacterium that can be transmitted from pet birds to humans. It is known that pigeons, like many other bird species, can harbor Chlamydia psittaci. The study aimed to determine the molecular frequency of Chlamydia psittaci in feces of pigeons in Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari province using PCR technique. Materials and Methods: 300 feces samples of pigeons were collected from Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari province's townships. Genomic DNA was extracted directly from specimens. PCR was performed using specific primers for investigation of ompA gene of Chlamydia psittaci. Results: The analyses demonstrated a high frequency of Chlamydia psittaci (14.33%) among the tested samples. The highest and lowest frequencies of the bacterial infection were observed in Kiar and Lordegan cities with 16.66 and 8%, respectively. The results of the present study indicated that Chlamydia psittaci infections are highly prevalent amongst pigeons of Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari province. Conclusion: According to these findings, examination of pigeons and wild birds for control and prevention of the distribution of this pathogen it seems to be necessary in order to control the infectious agent and then, to prevent the economic losses and health hazards. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - Pahlavi's rentier government and the formation of the discourse of the Islamic revolution
Majid Ostovar Hossein MahboobExamining the issue of the rentier government from different perspectives is necessary to understand the functioning of the Pahlavi rentier government. The innovation of the current research is to examine the impact of the rentier government on the change of the politic MoreExamining the issue of the rentier government from different perspectives is necessary to understand the functioning of the Pahlavi rentier government. The innovation of the current research is to examine the impact of the rentier government on the change of the political and social field of the 1950s and the construction of the discourse of the Islamic Revolution centered on Imam Khomeini (RA). Therefore, the purpose of this research is to try to explain the influence of the Pahlavi rentier government in the formation of the discourse of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. The main question of the current research is why the Pahlavi II rentier government in Iran failed to implement its development policy and the Islamic Revolution of Iran emerged? In response to the main question of the current research, after theoretical discussions, the development performance of that government in Iran was examined. The findings of the research show that the performance of the rentier Pahlavi government changed the political and social field of the 1950s and the emergence of new political, social and economic demands in the society. Imam Khomeini's revolutionary speech was one of the most important consequences of the rentier government's performance in this decade. The method of qualitative research is done in the way of historical investigation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - The structure of the rentier government in Iran and the collapse of the Pahlavi government
Mehdi Majd Alireza SoltaniIn Iran, since the beginning of oil exploration, the governments have not been able to properly exploit oil. If the oil revenues are not used properly, a rentier government will be formed and the Dutch disease will plague the national economy. The peak of the rentier go MoreIn Iran, since the beginning of oil exploration, the governments have not been able to properly exploit oil. If the oil revenues are not used properly, a rentier government will be formed and the Dutch disease will plague the national economy. The peak of the rentier government can be seen between 1353 and 1356. The Pahlavi government was a rentier state because it regularly received huge amounts of foreign rent. Therefore, Iran's oil revenues have little connection with the domestic economy and the domestic labor force. In fact, with the increase in oil revenues, the Pahlavi regime's independence from the domestic society reached such a degree that the government began to change the social structure and created support groups for itself and created supporting groups for himself and weakened opposing social groups such as marketers and clerics, which was one of the reasons for the formation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran. Therefore, the question of this article is what effect did the structure of the rentier government have on the collapse of the Pahlavi government? And it is also the hypothesis that following the increase of oil revenues of the Pahlavi government by creating an absolute political structure and destroying the capacities and foundations of the production-oriented economy and based on tax revenues, it provided the basis for political, social and economic dissatisfaction and ultimately the collapse of the political system. This article is written in an analytical and descriptive way and its information is collected in a library way. In the end, the conclusion has been reached that the oil-owning countries, especially Iran, have no way to restore their economy except to exit from the single-product economy and increase tax revenues. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - Representation of power in the production of the social urban space Tabriz of the constitutional era and the first Pahlavi
shahab adamnavasi Atusa Moderi Varaz Christian MoradiThe concept of urban space is always facing many complications. An important part of urban spaces are public spaces. Confronting space as a commodity, government intervention and government programs have led to the monopoly of public spaces. The purpose of this research MoreThe concept of urban space is always facing many complications. An important part of urban spaces are public spaces. Confronting space as a commodity, government intervention and government programs have led to the monopoly of public spaces. The purpose of this research is to understand the process of production of public spaces in the city through power relations. For this purpose, power conflicts in the political, cultural-social and economic environment of Tabriz were investigated in two periods and sources such as documents and texts, maps and historical photos were used. The methodology of this study is in two stages, in the first stage, determining the indicators based on the ANT network technique and theoretical coding of the texts and documents of each course, and in the second stage, the analysis of these indicators is based on the power mechanism techniques, and finally, determining the power technology. Two discontinuities in this period, what is obtained from this research is that in the late Qajar and first Pahlavi, contrary to what is expected from a civil society, most of the spatial representations, apart from the constitution, instead of involving all people And the activists in the process of space production have been dominated by the rulers. However, due to the network nature of power, the resistances produced by other actors in the form of semiotic production and social production have been able to intervene in the process of space production to some extent and assert their right to urban spaces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
189 - Discourse Analysis of Islamic Revolution Third Generation and Its Role in Political Development
Seyed Abbas Husseini -
Open Access Article
190 - تخمین سطح غذایی درگونههای مختلف آبزیان با تأکید بر TrophLab (خلیج فارس و دریای عمان)
علی رضا راستگو تورج ولی نسب میثم طاولی -
Open Access Article
191 - A Comparative Study of the Novel " The Smell of Gunpowder and Scent of Orange " and " The Memories of the Body " Based on Jacques Lacan's Theory
Faezeh Arab Yussef Abadi Tayyebeh Koochek Zehi Sorayya Issa ZaeeAbstract The novels: The Smell of Gunpowder and Scent of Orange by Reza Kazemi and The Memories of Body by Ahlam Mostagnami, although incongruous in form, are fundamentally interrelated, as evinced in shares views of bot MoreAbstract The novels: The Smell of Gunpowder and Scent of Orange by Reza Kazemi and The Memories of Body by Ahlam Mostagnami, although incongruous in form, are fundamentally interrelated, as evinced in shares views of both authors in mixing love and saga. The aim of this research is to draw a comparison between these two works in an attempt to portray the unity of contemporary human demands and the consistency of life issues in the present era. To this purpose, a descriptive analytical method along with library method have been adopted. The objective of the present research is to explore the main characters of these two novels from a psychoanalytical perspective based on American school of comparative literature and Jacqueline Lacan's three psychoanalytic orders. The results suggest that the process of emotional development of the main character in both works follows three stages. The imaginary stage starts in the pre-war era, which is manifested in the form of love for mother and maternal archetype of the motherland that are interwoven. Following the war and martyrdom of the loved ones, they are brought into symbolic stage. In adulthood, these issues arouse a feeling of loss and endless desire, which is partially healed by displaying love to a woman. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - Psychological Theories of Edward Lee Thorndike in Three Persian Prose Didactic Works
Marjan Gholami Akram Gholshani Fatemeh GholshaniAlthough the principles and methods of training have been codified in its related books, we can find and study some of them in classic didactic texts to look into the hidden corners of Iran’s classic literature. This article has been done by library method, and Th MoreAlthough the principles and methods of training have been codified in its related books, we can find and study some of them in classic didactic texts to look into the hidden corners of Iran’s classic literature. This article has been done by library method, and Thorndike’s ideas as one of the most important principles of education has been studied in three didactic works : The Ghabusnameh, the Akhlaqe Nasseri, and the Kalileh and Demneh.The aim of this research is the excavation of the principles of learning in the so-studied books. The results of the research showed that the different kinds of Thorndike’s ideas is seen in the studied books and among them the theory of preparation, practice and facility are of most frequency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - Investigating the molecular characteristics and pathogenicity of a new strain of the subgroup J of the leukemia virus with the occurrence of polyostotic osteosarcoma in MacQueen's bustard (Chlamydotis McQueen)
P Mohammadzadeh sajad mohammadi erfan eftekhar kimia azimiOsteosarcoma has been described as a rare primary bone tumor in birds that affects the axial skeleton; Sometimes, it happens in a soft tissue called extraskeletal osteosarcoma.Retroviruses are usually associated with the development of solid tumors in different species MoreOsteosarcoma has been described as a rare primary bone tumor in birds that affects the axial skeleton; Sometimes, it happens in a soft tissue called extraskeletal osteosarcoma.Retroviruses are usually associated with the development of solid tumors in different species of birds. This report aims to describe a case of osteosarcoma with lymphoid leukosis caused by a new mutant of avian leukosis virus subgroup J in a MacQueen's bustard (Chlamydotis McQueen). A female MacQueen bustard with a history of chronic lameness and sudden abdominal swelling for two days died at night. Histopathology revealed an infiltrative mesenchymal neoplasm composed of spindle cells with moderate cellular pleomorphism, organized in clusters and scattered with marked deposition of the osteoid matrix, consistent with osteosarcoma of the femur and tibiotarsus with liver and kidney metastasis. Immunohistochemistry of primary and metastatic tumors showed vimentin expression by neoplastic cells. Neoplasmic Samples from the Kidney, liver, and spleen were processed for PCR, which allowed the demonstration of new mutant DNA from proviral avian leukosis virus subtype J (ALV-J). Furthermore, its inoculation to SPF chickens showed that the viral load of the isolated strain in the immune system organs was significantly higher than HPRS103, and the weight loss, viremia, viral shedding, rate of myocardial fiber rupture, and lymphocyte infiltration into the pulmonary lymphatic vessels were higher. Conclusion: The findings of this study have reported the occurrence of osteosarcoma along with investigating the characteristics of a new mutant of ALV-J. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - The Role of Intellectual Elites in Cultural Policy in the First Pahlavi Period
Majid OstovarCultural policy is one of the most important tasks of governments in changing society from tradition to modernity. These governments use force to modernize the culture, economy and society. In these governments, intellectual elites play an important role in cultural pol MoreCultural policy is one of the most important tasks of governments in changing society from tradition to modernity. These governments use force to modernize the culture, economy and society. In these governments, intellectual elites play an important role in cultural policy-making and determine the executive agenda of governments. After the establishment of the Pahlavi regime, cultural policy became one of the main programs of political elites in Iran and the intellectual elite provided them with new cultural ideas. The purpose of this study is to critique the cultural policies of the first Pahlavi period from the perspective of intellectual and political elites. Therefore, by studying their writings, an attempt is made to study the cultural characteristics of the Pahlavi regime in the political and cultural modernization of Iran. The results of the study show that Reza Shah's centralization policies were able to establish security in Iran and rule the central government in Iran instead of tribes and nomads. This centralism was the result of the efforts of intellectual elites who emphasized authoritarian nation-building in their writings. Authoritarian modernization in the first Pahlavi period intensified social and political divisions and confrontations between tradition and modernity in the coming decades in Iran. This research is descriptive-analytical and the necessary data have been collected by documentary-historical method Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
195 - Women and the development of schools
Khadije Kargarمدرسه پایه ای برای جهش به سوی دانش و معرفت است.پسشگامان ایجاد مدرسه شخصیت های والایی هستند که این جهش راایجاد و فراهم می آورند و باید قدر آن ها را بدانیم.تلاش آنها در جهت ارتقاءسطح دانش و شعور ذاتی زن ایرانی وآموزش او بی نتیجه نبوده است.چون در حال حاضر آمار نشان می دهد Moreمدرسه پایه ای برای جهش به سوی دانش و معرفت است.پسشگامان ایجاد مدرسه شخصیت های والایی هستند که این جهش راایجاد و فراهم می آورند و باید قدر آن ها را بدانیم.تلاش آنها در جهت ارتقاءسطح دانش و شعور ذاتی زن ایرانی وآموزش او بی نتیجه نبوده است.چون در حال حاضر آمار نشان می دهد که دختران ایرانی تحرکشان برای دست یابی به دانش کمتر از پسران نیست.زنان و دختران ایرانی در این صد و چهار سالی که از تاسیس اولین دبستان دوشیزگان توسط بی بی خانم استرآبادی می گذرد نشان دادند چقدر شایسته هستند.فرقی بین زن و مرد نیست ,ولی چون عرصه آموزش برای بانوان کمتر بود,اگر لنگی در کار بود سبب مبرم عرصه ی آموزش به دختران و بانوان بود والا وقتی تفاوت ها از میان برداشته شود آنها نیز لیاقت خود را نشان می دادند .اساسا نه تنها در ایران,که درتمامی مناطق جهان,ورود زنان به صحنه سیاست از جلوه های مدرنیته و پدیده ای نوظهور است .آنچه که در صحنه سیاست به صورت قاعده بوده,دوری و کناره گیری تاریخی زنان از سیاست است. Manuscript profile -
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196 - Analyzing the relations between Iran and Germany from the beginning of Pahlavi to the end of the imposed war based on Stephen Walt's balance of threat theory.
Mohammad Bidgoli asghar rajabi dehborzoeiAlthough the history of relations between Iran and Germany goes back to the Qajar era, but during the first Pahlavi period, it brought them closer together, and in the second Pahlavi period, there was an understanding Political and economic relations between the two gov MoreAlthough the history of relations between Iran and Germany goes back to the Qajar era, but during the first Pahlavi period, it brought them closer together, and in the second Pahlavi period, there was an understanding Political and economic relations between the two governments developed in many regional and global issues. After the victory of the Iranian Islamic Revolution, with the occupation of the American embassy in Tehran and Iraq's imposed war against Iran, it affected the political relations of the two countries, although on the relations The economy of the parties did not leave much impact. Finding an answer to the question that the relationship between Iran and Germany from the first Pahlavi period to the end of the imposed war based on Stephen Walt's balance of threat theory forms the main goal of the article. The hypothesis of this article is based on the documentary method, relying on written library sources and inspired by Stephen Walt's balance of threat theory, based on the fact that during the Pahlavi dynasty, we see relatively growing relations, but after the victory of the revolution. Islam is a series of controversial issues such as Germany's role in Iraq's acquisition of chemical weapons, human rights, the existence of disputes over the Middle East peace process, Iran's nuclear program, support for some terrorist groups, and the negative role of the United States, in general, leading to a lack of relations It was stable between the parties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
197 - Tabiq, Pahlavi regime's and revolutionaries' point of view about the Palestinian issue (within the framework of the theory of realism and idealism)
Zahra Mirzaeimanesh shohreh piraniAbstractThe issue of Palestine is one of the most important international issues in the region that requires a lot of attention and study. In this article, a comparative study of the views of the Pahlavi government and the revolutionaries on the issue of Palestine is di MoreAbstractThe issue of Palestine is one of the most important international issues in the region that requires a lot of attention and study. In this article, a comparative study of the views of the Pahlavi government and the revolutionaries on the issue of Palestine is discussed. Given the history of the occupation of Palestine and the claims of the Jews about the land of Palestine in this study, the position of the Pahlavi regime from the perspective of defensive realism and the position of the revolutionaries from the perspective of idealism and we seek to answer the main question. What were the views and positions of the revolutionaries on the question of Palestine? The research findings show that the revolutionaries' view of Palestine is from the aspect of idealism and ummatism, which consider the land of Palestine as part of Islamic lands. The Shah has defended the Palestinian cause based on nationalism based on a position of realism, and has paid more attention to the security and internal interests of his country than to a Muslim country occupied by non-Muslims, and wherever he has been in his favor. It has expressed support, sometimes on the Palestinian front and sometimes on the Israeli front, as a result of which it has lacked a clear international policy. The method used is a qualitative method of documentary analysis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
198 - A Study of French Words and Expressions in Poems Composed by Shahryar
Hasan Alizadeh ramin sadeginejad maryam mohammadzadehThroughout the Constitutional era, a great deal of French words and expressions were entered into Persian language and literary works and many examples of such items could be found in poems composed by great poets such as Adibolmamalek Farahani and Hassan Vahid Dastgerd MoreThroughout the Constitutional era, a great deal of French words and expressions were entered into Persian language and literary works and many examples of such items could be found in poems composed by great poets such as Adibolmamalek Farahani and Hassan Vahid Dastgerdi much more that other poets’ works during the first constitutional period. These words and expressions were changed linguistically as the awakening period was over and we entered the outstanding historical periods of First and Second Pahlavi dynasty era. The major question in the present research done using documentation and a library study method is that how French words and expressions have changed in poems composed by Shahryar? The results of the present study showed that many of French words and expressions were fixed and accepted and then utilized in Persian language and culture from the very start of its entrance into the language, some faded away and were marginalized, some were extinct and no more were in use, still others encountered phonological changed. There were also some others changed in tone due to the necessities felt in poetry weights and finally some were appropriated to certain specific fields of study. There were a few words which were used in the same written and conceptual formats both in Persian and French. Some words and expressions were delimited and developed regarding novel conceptual uses and some of words and expressions were trivially changed in Persian language and were made to sound better and more understandable in poems composed by Shahryar. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
199 - Explaining the features of regionalism in the architecture of Iranian residential buildings in the second Pahlavi period (case study of Tehran city)
Elham Shabani Jamaleddin Soheili Kamal RahbarimaneshCollective housing usually includes high-rise buildings or residential complexes that are designed for group living and can have common facilities and services such as clubs or green spaces. But residential koi are smaller and usually more traditional areas; which are c MoreCollective housing usually includes high-rise buildings or residential complexes that are designed for group living and can have common facilities and services such as clubs or green spaces. But residential koi are smaller and usually more traditional areas; which are connected through a common space such as a square or inner courtyard and promotes more social interactions and solidarity. During the second Pahlavi period, with the development of cities, changes occurred in the architecture and urban planning of Iran, and the concept of regionalism was one of the matters of interest in the residential areas of that era. The purpose of the present study is to explain the characteristics of regionalism in the architecture of Iranian residential buildings in the second Pahlavi period (Tehran). The current research is a qualitative and descriptive-analytical research. The data collection method is field-documentary and statistical sample of 9 residential districts in Tehran. The method of inferential data analysis and main theme analysis using historical texts, interpretation of symbols and forms on buildings, spatial and temporal patterns in maps, the relationship between the architectural styles included in the koi and socio-cultural conditions. The results showed that during the Pahlavi II era, the regionalism approach as a global approach in architecture had a significant impact on the residential areas in Tehran. This period, with emphasis on modernity and urban development in Iran, especially in Tehran, has been the foundation for extensive changes in the form and structure of urban architecture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
200 - Analyzing the structure of Rostam and Esfandyar tale and the balance of power in the political thoughts in Ancient Iran
Saman Ghasemi Firoozabadi Peyman EshaghyehIn the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar we are faced with two noble warriors. One believes that “No one will ever see me in chains alive” while the other brazely states “A king’s fetters are no cause for shame”. What brings the two MoreIn the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar we are faced with two noble warriors. One believes that “No one will ever see me in chains alive” while the other brazely states “A king’s fetters are no cause for shame”. What brings the two noble warriors in opposing sides and leads them to their inevitable end is the difference in their outlooks towards the kingdom and Pahlavani or heroic institution the former is raised from the Persian tradition before Zoroaster and the latter is derived from the reforms made by Zoroaster. Employing the structuralist approach this research studies the standpoint of Pahlavani institution and its relations with the kingdom institution in the two following traditions before Lohrasp, and Lohrasp-Goshtasp. Important features in the former are the following: the presence of Nyram’s family as a representative of Pahlavani essence, the convincing validity of heroic identity, independence and freedom of a warrior, Pahlavan’s intermediary role between the king and his subjects, his supervision over justness, and the royal empire, and minimizing the King’s power. In the latter tradition Pahlavan or warrior belongs to the royal family. He does not have a genuine identity and he is totally obedient to the commands and has no role except fighting under the king’s banner. Contrary to the former Lohraspi tradition, the royal institution has unlimited power and no institution is defined and recognized to supervise king’s deeds and to threaten his avariciousness. It seems that Lohraspi-Goshtaspi tradition is the result of reforms made by Zoroaster himself or Mobads in the name of Zoroaster. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
201 - Bidel in realm of mystical lyrics
Mehdi MahooziMirza Abdul-Qader Bidel Dehlavi is a prominent poet of mystical poetry in the subcontinent of India. He has transformed the Indian school of poetry from mere superficiality to the utmost wisdom. Bidel's poetry in realm of mystical lyrics is the continuation of Mawlana J MoreMirza Abdul-Qader Bidel Dehlavi is a prominent poet of mystical poetry in the subcontinent of India. He has transformed the Indian school of poetry from mere superficiality to the utmost wisdom. Bidel's poetry in realm of mystical lyrics is the continuation of Mawlana Jalalud-din Mohammad Balkhi's line of thought in his Diwan Shams. The purpose of this article is to introduce Bidel in the realm of mystical lyrics. According to Bidel all multiplicities in man's journey towards God leads to unity. In his descent however all multiplicities are regarded as the attributes of Deity which have descended from the zenith of the universal and Absolute to the nadir of the particular and relative. Bidel's mystical lyrics is a spiritual epic which expresses love and yearnings for the Divine beloved. These often merge with a sort of surrealist thinking, thus mystical terms in his Indian style of poetry mostly are complex and implicit, and it is difficult of find an equivalent for them. Nevertheless, his mastery in using prosodic forms and verbal rhymes gives such dynamism and fervor to his lyrics that only reveals the hidden charm and passion within the Ghazals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - Farsi words with the same roots
Mahmoud TavousiAt present, in the Persian language, there are words derived from the Old Farsi, and Avestai language. These words have been changed in turn through Parthian and Sassanid Pahlavi language sometimes in two or three forms before they reached us. In Persian lexicons after MoreAt present, in the Persian language, there are words derived from the Old Farsi, and Avestai language. These words have been changed in turn through Parthian and Sassanid Pahlavi language sometimes in two or three forms before they reached us. In Persian lexicons after Islam however, due to lack of understanding their ethymologies, each word has been used as an independent one and none of lexicographers has ever pointed to the fact that they all come from one origin. At most, some regarded them as synonyms. The purpose of this article is to introduce a number of these words ethymologically. It is believed that the study of the origin and development of these words is beneficial both for Farsi language instructors and the post-graduate students. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
203 - Khaghani and making of peculiar figurative language in Hindi style
Vali AlimaneshHindi style whether in terms of form or content has a more fascinating characteristics compared with other Persian poetry styles. Regarding form, there are certain linguistic factors which renders the language quite complicated for instance the very existence of p MoreHindi style whether in terms of form or content has a more fascinating characteristics compared with other Persian poetry styles. Regarding form, there are certain linguistic factors which renders the language quite complicated for instance the very existence of peculiar figurative devices creates ambiguity in the poetic language of Hindi style. These structures are words which lie next to each other and cause defamiliarization and complexity of language. Scholars and researches recognize the existence of these peculiar structures as the integral and unique features of the Hindi style and believe that making of such structures is the outcome of the vivid imagination and creativity on the part of poets of Hindi style. In this article specific figurative structures employed by Khaghani and Bidel Dehlavi, the two giants of Hindi style have been investigated in terms of language and the substructure of such compounds with their vast structural dimensions have been analyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
204 - Tus, the golden footed
Abdolla Vaceq Abbasi mohammadreza abdiThe commander in chief, Tus Nozar is one of those afflicted princes in the ancient book who had served prominent kianid kings such as Kay Kavus and Kay Khosrow for good many years. Tus is of the great clan of Nozar and is an eternal character in Zoroaster religion MoreThe commander in chief, Tus Nozar is one of those afflicted princes in the ancient book who had served prominent kianid kings such as Kay Kavus and Kay Khosrow for good many years. Tus is of the great clan of Nozar and is an eternal character in Zoroaster religion. On the day of resurrection, he comes to assist sushians and it is him who starts the apocalypse. Among the hundred and fifty champions and kings and various characters in the first half of Shahnameh, he had often been introduced as an arrogant, unwise and egotistic character therefore because of his unpleasant characteristics he had been less studied by researchers despite his central leading role in the Persian army as chieftain and a great warrior serving the royal court. Attempt is made in this article to briefly refer to the history of the golden footedness and to provide the meanings of this epithet according to Tus’s mythic ontology in Avesta and Pahlavi texts. His role in Persian national epic, discrepancies and contradictions between the mythic and epic character of Tus, the commander in chief in heroic era is further examined in order to shed more light on this character. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
205 - Razmnameh Kanizak (an epic in Gorani language and a narrative from Yadegare Zariran)
Arash Akbari MafakherRazmnameh Kanizak is a national epic and a narrative from Yadegare Zariran. This epic is part of the manuscript verse Haft Lashkar (seven Army) in Gorani language and is a reflection of a literary genre of composing Shahnameh in the west of Iran. The structure of the R MoreRazmnameh Kanizak is a national epic and a narrative from Yadegare Zariran. This epic is part of the manuscript verse Haft Lashkar (seven Army) in Gorani language and is a reflection of a literary genre of composing Shahnameh in the west of Iran. The structure of the Razmnameh and its dramatic approach in two perspectives are reminiscent of Yadegare Zariran. A close look shows that the middle part is exactly a narrative from Yadegare Zariran in Pahlavi and in which Zoroastrianism is renounced and a change of name has occurred. In this perspective Razmnameh in comparison with Shahnameh and Gharar-ol-sayr is closer to the Pahlavi Yadegare Zariran, however a more general look at Razmnameh brings to mind the three stories of Goshtasp and Arjasp, Esfandyar and Arjasp and the seven trials of Esfandyar, which could be named the Parthian version of Yadegare Zariran. In this perspective, the Parthian version in transference to Khodaynameh and Shahnameh Abu Mansuri has lost its main structure but Razmnameh Kanizak has kept its Parthian structure and is the key to the first intact version of Yadegare Zariran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
206 - Soroush
Maryam TavousiIn Persian Dictionary Soroush equals Gabriel, the archangel, and is introduced as the deliverer of God’s message to prophets and selected men of god. It has been written that Soroush is an angel that brings good news and in most dictionaries with slight difference MoreIn Persian Dictionary Soroush equals Gabriel, the archangel, and is introduced as the deliverer of God’s message to prophets and selected men of god. It has been written that Soroush is an angel that brings good news and in most dictionaries with slight differences all regarded it as Gabriel. However, Soroush in the Persian Literature before Islam and in Avestai culture and Zoroaster’s Literature, and Middle Persian has another definition and has other duties which are dealt with in the text of this article. Thorough investigation of the sources before Islam in Pahlavi and Avestai manuscripts to date reveals that more than twenty duties in this world and the other world is attributed to Soroush whereas his duty as messenger is regarded as one out of many. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
207 - Investigating the modernist activities of the first Pahlavi era in the Turkmen region of the Sahara
Ahmad Sardarzadeh amir akbari rajabali vosoghiTurkmen Sahra is a region in the west of Golestan province, which is located on the southeast coast of the Caspian Sea and in a wide plain called Gorgan Plain, adjacent to the Gamishan wetland. Turkmen Sahara currently includes 2 cities named Bandar Turkmen and Gamishan MoreTurkmen Sahra is a region in the west of Golestan province, which is located on the southeast coast of the Caspian Sea and in a wide plain called Gorgan Plain, adjacent to the Gamishan wetland. Turkmen Sahara currently includes 2 cities named Bandar Turkmen and Gamishan. The previous name of Bandar Turkmen was Bandar Shah, which was removed from the Gorgan subdivision in 1358 in terms of political divisions and became an independent city with the same name, and Gomishan, with the center of Gomish Tepe, is located in the north of this desert. Reza Shah's policies of modernization and modernization and as a result objectification of municipal law in Turkmen Sahara like other regions of the country along with the establishment and construction of ports and railways and the many traffics resulting from it, in addition to changing the appearance in the field of urban planning and creating It also established deep social infrastructures, changes and transformations and caused visible changes in the cultural and traditional structure of the people of this land, which included the discussion of converting old schools into new schools and changing the way of education. In this article, the modernist actions of the first Pahlavi and the goals of Reza Shah from these actions, the main of which was changing the traditional culture and restricting the Turkmen people, are analyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
208 - In vitro pathogenicity of fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia isolates on root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica
Seyyed Mohammad Reza Moosavi Seddigeh Fatemi Rasoul Zare Hamid reza ZamanizadehBiological control is a safe tool for plant pest and disease management and numerous efforts have been done to introduce biological control agents for nematodes controlling. Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia is one of promising biological control agents with h MoreBiological control is a safe tool for plant pest and disease management and numerous efforts have been done to introduce biological control agents for nematodes controlling. Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia is one of promising biological control agents with high potential to reduce root-knot nematode (RKN) and cyst nematode populations. In this experiment, 128 and 18 soil samples were collected during 2004 to 2006 from fields infected by cyst nematodes and RKN in Fars province of Iran, respectively. Media for selective isolation were prepared on the basis of CMA and Shrimp-Agar. Pathogenicity test was done on 13 isolates of P. chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia obtained from CBS collection and Iran. Then the numbers of infected immatures, matures, empty and uninfected eggs were recorded. The mycelium of all tested isolates penetrated in eggs of M. javanica in a range of 39.85% to 90.17%. There was a significant difference in the ability of isolates in parasitizing eggs (P<0.0001). Mentioned isolates were placed in 3 different groups using Tukey test. 10 isolates could invade mature eggs in a low range and there was no consistent correlation between the percent of infected eggs and hatched juveniles. Manuscript profile
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