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Open Access Article
1 - خصوصیات کیفی آب و بررسی روابط آن با جوامع فیتوپلانکتونی و کلروفیل a در دریاچه سد کارون چهار (استان چهارمحال و بختیاری)
سید عبدالمجید موسوی* -
Open Access Article
2 - Effect of Irrigation Management and Phosphorus Fertilizer Levels on Yield and Some Agronomic Traits in Two Rice Cultivars
Seyed Mehdi Mirhoseini Moghaddam Seyed Mostafah Sadeghi Majid Ashouri Naser Mohammadiyan Roshan Hamid Reza DorodianBackground and Aim: One of the ways to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and increase sustainability in rice cultivation is the correct application of irrigation water and cultivated cultivars. This research is conducted with the aim of the effect of irrigation man MoreBackground and Aim: One of the ways to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and increase sustainability in rice cultivation is the correct application of irrigation water and cultivated cultivars. This research is conducted with the aim of the effect of irrigation management and different levels of phosphorus fertilizer on the yield and some agronomy traits of rice in Hashemi and Guilaneh cultivars in Guilan province.Method: This experiment was done in the form of split-split plots under a completely randomized block design with three replications during the years 2017 and 2018 in the research farm of the Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch, located in the village of Kateh-Shal (in the latitude of 37°12° N and longitude of 50°01E° with an average height of 34.2 meters above sea level). The treatments studied in this research included cultivar (Hashemi and Guilaneh rice) as the main factor, irrigation intervals (continuous flooding, alternating with an interval of 5 and 10 days) as a secondary factor, and the amount of phosphorus chemical fertilizer of triple superphosphate (50, 75 and 100 kg/ha) was as a sub-sub-factor.Results: The results showed that the solo effects of the factors and the interaction effects of their two and three factors were on paddy yield and relative leaf water at the level of 1% and on the chlorophyll index at the level of 5% significant. According to the interaction effect of irrigation management and fertilizer consumption and cultivars, the highest yield of paddy in the first year was 5362 and 5104 kg/ha in Guilaneh cultivar with irrigation intervals of 5 day and fertilizer levels of 50 and 100 kg P/ha, in the second year, Guilaneh cultivar with irrigation intervals of 5 day and fertilizer levels of 50 and 100 kg P/ha, an average of 5355 and 5104 kg/ha was obtained, respectively. The highest relative leaf water in the first year was in the Guilaneh cultivar and irrigation intervals of 5 day with fertilizer consumption of 50 kg P/ha with an average of 0.64, and in the second year was in the Guilaneh cultivar in irrigation intervals of 5 day and fertilizer levels of 100 kg P/ha with an average of 0.66. Based on the interaction effect of irrigation management, consumption fertilizer and cultivars, the highest chlorophyll meter in 2017 was in the Guilaneh cultivar with irrigation intervals of 5 day and fertilizer levels of 50 kg P/ha with an average of 41.7. In 2018, the highest chlorophyll meter was obtained in the Hashemi cultivar and under flooding management with 50 kg P/ha fertilizer, with an average of 40.7. The highest leaf area index in 2017 and 2018 were observed in Guilaneh cultivar with irrigation intervals of 5 day and 75 kg P/ha fertilizer, with an average of 4.2 and 4.4, respectively.Conclusion: The Interaction effects of irrigation, fertilizer and cultivar in the studied years was showed that in Guilaneh and Hashemi cultivars, the highest yield of paddy were at fertilizer levels of 50 and 100 kg P/ha. Based on the results and with the criterion of rice yield, the use of the Guilaneh cultivar with in irrigation intervals of 5 day and fertilizer levels of 50 and 100 kg P/ha is suggested as the most suitable conditions for the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - The Effect of Foliar Application of Proline and Glycine-Betaine on Growth Indices, Proline Content and Enzymatic Activity of Aromatic Geranium (Pelargonium Graveolens) Under Low Water Stress
Majid Khodabakhsh Elham DanaeeBackground and Aim: Aromatic geranium is an ornamental perennial plant which its essential oil is used in perfumery, cosmetics, food and pharmaceutical industries. Water scarcity is one of the most important environmental stresses limiting plants’ growth and MoreBackground and Aim: Aromatic geranium is an ornamental perennial plant which its essential oil is used in perfumery, cosmetics, food and pharmaceutical industries. Water scarcity is one of the most important environmental stresses limiting plants’ growth and yield, which greatly impacts the morphophysiological, biochemical and enzymatic properties of plants and limits their development and survival. Using organic osmolytes such as proline and glycine-betaine increase the capacity and speed of photosynthesis, absorb ions such as magnesium and potassium, prevent the degradation of pigment-protein compounds, maintain plant pigments, strengthen the antioxidant system, and impact in inhibiting the adverse effects of water scarcity in plants. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the best substance and effective concentration improving the quality and aromatic geraniums flowering under water scarcity stress.Methods: Aromatic geranium cuttings were kept in commercial greenhouses with a temperature of about 17 to 20 Cᵒ, 60 to 70% relative humidity and light intensity of about 50 to 60 µm/m2S in Karaj city. Feeding with Hoagland solution was done once a week and in order to measure the soil moisture, the potting system was used, and irrigation was carried out based on the soil weight change according to the determined field capacity (FC). Foliar spraying with proline and glycine betaine (0, 50 and, 100 mg/l) was applied for a month after two weeks of placing the cuttings in pots and 24 hours of being at different levels of low scarcity stress (25, 50, 75 and, 100% field capacity), sequently. After completing the treatments, sampling and evaluating of traits such as fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, petals anthocyanin, total leaf chlorophyll, proline and activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes were performed. The experiment was performed in 2019 as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized statistical design with two factors of applying water scarcity stress and spraying with proline and glycine-betaine and their interaction. Then, data were analyzed using SPSS, the means were compared with Duncan's multiple domain and graphs were drawn in Excel.Results: Data means comparison showed that the highest fresh and dry weight of shoots with 67.25 and 8.53 g and the highest fresh and dry weight of roots with 15.62 and 3.45 g were observed in 100% FC (control) and the lowest shoot fresh and dry weight with 44.76 and 4.45 g and the lowest fresh and dry weight of roots with 10.57 and 1.17 g, were in 25% FC treatment (without foliar application). Also, the highest and lowest petals anthocyanin with 2.8925 and 1.5775 mg/g FW and total leaf chlorophyll with 15.3735 and 11.1632 mg/g FW were in 100% FC (control) and 25% FC treatment (without foliar application). The highest and lowest proline levels were 3.84 and 1.67 mg/g of FW in 25% FC treatment (without foliar application) and 75% FC treatment + 100 mg/l of proline. The highest activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes with 2.97 and 16.52 UE/g of FW in 75% FC + glycine-betaine 100 mg/l treatment and the lowest with 1.12 and 12.93 UE/g FW in 25% FC treatment (without foliar application), was obtained.Conclusion: The results demonstrate that the fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots decreased with increasing water scarcity stress, which this reduction was in 25% or more of field capacity and foliar application of plants with glycine betaine and proline inhibited the negative effects of stress at a concentration of 100 mg/l, both combinations were more visible. Petal anthocyanin and total leaf chlorophyll dropped with rising water scarcity stress and, treatment of plants with glycine betaine and proline had an effective role in ameliorating plant pigments. In addition, proline levels are increased by water scarcity stress. The highest enzyme activity was in 75% FC and with increasing water scarcity stress, enzyme activity reduced. Foliar application of plants with glycine betaine and 100 mg/l proline reduced the negative effect of water stress in 50 and 75% FC compared to 25% FC. Hence, according to the research results, the use of organic osmolytes such as glycine betaine and proline can be recommended to decrease the negative effects of water scarcity stress in ornamental plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Investigating the Chlorophyll Index of Water in the Inlet Rivers of Anzali Wetland Using Sentinel Satellite
Seyed Saman Mirfallah Nasiri Ebrahim Amiri Jalal BehzadiBackground and aim: pollution of water resources and the increase of pollution in natural water resources such as lakes and wetlands, considering their fragile nature, as one of the crises facing the country, in addition to the inflow factors, depends on the quantitativ MoreBackground and aim: pollution of water resources and the increase of pollution in natural water resources such as lakes and wetlands, considering their fragile nature, as one of the crises facing the country, in addition to the inflow factors, depends on the quantitative situation in aquatic ecosystem itself. On the other hand, the important problem of Anzali wetland as the area studied in this research is the increasing pollution of its water in the fragile conditions of climate change. Therefore, considering the main problem raised for Anzali wetland, the aim of the research was to investigate the water quality index in the inlet streams of Anzali wetland. . Research method: in this research, in order to collect the required information in the period of 2019-2019 in the study area of Anzali wetland, the monthly rainfall statistics of different meteorological stations from the General Directorate of Meteorology and Statistics and geological maps and the characteristics and values of the hydraulic coefficients, wetland extension limits, possible observation station data, seasonal and permanent rivers' measured rivers’ flow data, tolls and rivers' location limits were obtained from the regional water joint stock company. In this study, using the water quality analysis code (UWQV), the amount of water quality changes in the seasonal periods of Anzali lagoon was analyzed in Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-3 images. Findings: The average spatial distribution of the green spectrum (chlorophyll index) in different seasons showed that its numbers indicate the status of the quality index and chlorophyll, so that it is equal to 0.15 in autumn, 0.13 in winter, 0.06 in spring, and the summer season was equal to 0.13. The statistical results of the discharge of the rivers leading to the Anzali wetland, in all the coordinates of the lagoon lake, a similar seasonal trend was observed between the discharges due to the similarity of the feeding catchment basin, and this is while each of the average figures is 27 respectively. 0.0, 0.23, 0.08, 0.08 and 0.23 have shown the standard deviation of coordinate distribution. Conclusion: Analyzing the water quality of Anzali wetland based on the changes in the chlorophyll index, and the changes in the amount of chlorophyll from one season to another showed a strong fluctuation, which confirmed the results of this research compared to other researchers. Also, the state of water health sediments shows a strong fluctuation in autumn, winter, summer, and spring seasons to a large extent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Reducing Nitrogen Fertilizers with Chlorophyll Meter for Determining Health Production
jafar shahabi Mohammadmehdi TehraniBackground and Objective: Excessive use of nitrogen pollutes water, soil and plant resources. One of the appropriate solutions in determining the correct and timely amount of nitrogen fertilizer is the use of chlorophyll meter. The purpose of this study is to reduce the MoreBackground and Objective: Excessive use of nitrogen pollutes water, soil and plant resources. One of the appropriate solutions in determining the correct and timely amount of nitrogen fertilizer is the use of chlorophyll meter. The purpose of this study is to reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizers and prevent nitrate leaching and its entry into groundwater sources. Method: Using chlorophyll assay in leaves, an experiment using 6 treatments of nitrogen fertilizer including: 50, 150, 100, 200, 250 and 300 kg per hectare of urea source in a randomized complete block design with three replications, two locations and It ran for a year. At the stem stage, the chlorophyll in the leaves of the wheat flag was read using a chlorophyll meter. Considering the number 45 as a reference, the amounts of nitrogen road fertilizer at the stem stage were calculated and, if necessary, provided to experimental plots. Findings: With the recommendation of nitrogen fertilizer road using chlorophyll meter, nitrate concentration in soil and plants was reduced. In this study, the nitrogen fertilizer road recommendation was saved so that in the application treatments of 250 and 300 kg / ha nitrogen fertilizer was 25 and 21%, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: By using chlorophyll meter in recommending nitrogen fertilizer road in wheat, significant savings can be achieved in consumption. This will produce a healthy crop with less nitrate and prevent nitrate from entering groundwater. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Study of Seasonal Changes in Chlorophyll a Concentration in the Water of Chahnimeh Reservoirs in Sistan
Narjes Okati Fatemeh eynollahi Mostasa GhafariAbstract Background and Objective: Chlorophyll a is the main pigment of photosynthesis in water ecosystems. Measuring Chlorophyll a can indicate its biomass which is the real visible indicator for trophic level in water ecosystems. The objective of this study was to stu MoreAbstract Background and Objective: Chlorophyll a is the main pigment of photosynthesis in water ecosystems. Measuring Chlorophyll a can indicate its biomass which is the real visible indicator for trophic level in water ecosystems. The objective of this study was to study the seasonal changes in chlorophyll a concentration in the water of Chahnimeh reservoirs in Sistan. Method: The samples were collected from water of Chahnimeh reservoirs during four seasons, from March to October 2010. EC and pH of the samples were measured at the time of collecting the samples. In order to measure chlorophyll a, the samples were extracted and the absorption rate of the extract in different wavelengths was measured by a spectrophotometer model Unico 2100/visible/Uv visible according to standard method ASTM 8012. Then, concentration of chlorophyll a was calculated using the standard equation. Findings: The range of mean pH and EC were obtained as 8.72-8.87 and 540-579 (μs/cm) respectively in the studied stations. The highest seasonal mean of chlorophyll a was obtained in summer in Chahnimeh 3 (2.17± 0.32 μg/L) and the lowest seasonal means of chlorophyll a were obtained in winter n in Chahnimeh 1 and 2 (0.82± 0.28 μg/L). The results of ANOVA test showed the statistical differences between the mean of chlorophyll a concentration in spring and summer seasons and the mean of chlorophyll a concentrations in winter and autumn (p<0.05). Discussion and Conclusion: According to the Chlorophyll a concentration obtained and its comparison with EPA standard, it can be concluded that Chahnimeh reservoirs can not be classified in eutrophic lake groups of and they are oligotrophic reservoirs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - بررسی شاخصهای رشد و رنگریزههای گیاه حسن یوسف (Solenostemon scutellarioides L.) به کاربرد بیوچار در بستر کشت
سهیلا کشاورز کلهری علیرضا لادن مقدم -
Open Access Article
8 - بررسی اثر نانو ذره سلنیوم بر تحمل تنش خشکی در گیاه گوجه گیلاسی(Solanum lycopersicum L. var.cerasiforme)
علیرضا ایرانبخش مریم نیسانیان رحیم احمدوند زهرا اوراقی اردبیلی مصطفی عبادی -
Open Access Article
9 - The effect of fungal elicitors on the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and the amount of proline of Stameran date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L., cv. Stameran) under salinity stress conditions
بیتا صادقی وحید عبدوسی وحید زرین نیا نادر حسن زادهWater and soil salinity are one of the serious and developing problems in the world, and a large area of the country's land is also facing this problem. The use of fungal microorganisms in reducing environmental stress such as salinity has become a global solution. In o MoreWater and soil salinity are one of the serious and developing problems in the world, and a large area of the country's land is also facing this problem. The use of fungal microorganisms in reducing environmental stress such as salinity has become a global solution. In order to evaluate the effect of fungal elicitors on the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments and the amount of proline under salinity stress conditions of Otamaran date palm seedlings, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with 3 levels of salinity and 3 levels of biological elicitors in the horticultural science laboratory. became. The effect of elicitors at 3 levels of fungal consortium (bioactive) (BFC), fungal elicitor with 1000 PPM concentration (EL1), fungal elicitor with 2000 PPM concentration (EL2), the second factor of salinity at three levels (zero, 150 and 300 mM) was evaluated. The results showed that at 300 mM salinity, EL1 mushroom elicitor was able to increase proline compared to other salinity levels. EL2 mushroom elicitor showed more chlorophyll a and total at 300 mM salinity level, and at 150 mM salinity level, the live fungus consortium caused more chlorophyll a. The use of elicitor can be effective in reducing the effects of salinity stress in dates, but the level of stress can determine the effect of each elicitor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - اثر بکارگیری سلنیوم بر پارامترهای فیزیولوژیک گیاه سویاGlycine max L.))
نرگس اوراقی اردبیلی سارا سعادت مند وحید نیکنام رمضانعلی خاوری نژاد -
Open Access Article
11 - Improvement of leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll concentration (SPAD) soybean by Fe, Zn and Mn nano-chelates foliar application under limited irrigation conditions
Mohammad Saeed VagharObjectives: Maintaining the balance of nutrients leads to increase yield so the essential elements should be available enough in the process of plant nutrition. This experiment was performed by foliar application of iron, zinc, and manganese nano-clates under limited ir MoreObjectives: Maintaining the balance of nutrients leads to increase yield so the essential elements should be available enough in the process of plant nutrition. This experiment was performed by foliar application of iron, zinc, and manganese nano-clates under limited irrigation conditions to improving leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll concentration.Methods: The two years experiment was conducted (2016-2017). The main plot included four levels of irrigation: full irrigation, irrigation withhold at flowering stage, podding stage, and grain filling period. The subplot included eight levels of foliar application with Fe, Zn, Mn, Fe+Zn, Fe+Mn, Zn+Mn, Fe+Zn+Mn nano-chelates, and distilled water (control).Results: Drought stress reduced leaf area index significantly. The highest reduction was obtained from the interaction of control treatment and cessation of irrigation in the pod stage, which was 31.5% less than the full irrigation treatment. Foliar application of Zn+Mn was more successful in modulating drought stress and increased leaf area index by 49.4% compared to the control. Irrigation cessation in flowering stage increased chlorophyll concentration by 11.2% and decreased it by 16.5% in pod stage. With the application of Fe+Zn nano-chelate increased on leaf chlorophyll concentration in the pod stage and grain formation by 38.8% and 39.1% compared to the control and was recognized as the best treatment.Conclusion: In limited irrigation conditions, foliar feeding of Fe, Zn and Mn nano-chlates is a suitable solution and compatible with water crisis and can improve soybean yield by modifying drought stress and improving leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll concentration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - The effect of foliar feeding of iron, zinc and manganese nanochelates on chlorophyll fluorescence, iron, zinc and manganese concentration in seeds and soybean yield
Mohammad Saeed VagharObjective: Dehydration stress disrupts the balance of absorption and transfer of micronutrients from roots to aerial organs and is a serious threat to agricultural products. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of iron, zinc and manganese nano chelate MoreObjective: Dehydration stress disrupts the balance of absorption and transfer of micronutrients from roots to aerial organs and is a serious threat to agricultural products. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of iron, zinc and manganese nano chelate spraying on chlorophyll index, chlorophyll fluorescence, concentration of iron, zinc and manganese elements in seeds and their relationship with soybean yield.Materials and methods: The experiment was carried out in the form of a split plot, in the form of a completely randomized block design with three repetitions in two consecutive years. The main factor of the irrigation regime in the main plot includes stopping irrigation at the stage of flowering, podding, seed filling and full irrigation and the secondary factor of spraying with distilled water (control), iron, zinc, manganese, iron + zinc, iron + manganese, zinc + manganese. And iron + zinc + manganese were in sub-plots.Findings: Drought stress significantly reduced grain yield, which was the largest reduction in podding stage (31.4% reduction compared to the control). The lowest and highest amount of chlorophyll fluorescence was obtained due to stress in the stage of podding and full irrigation. Iron and iron + zinc treatments had the highest chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll index, respectively. The control treatment had the highest and the stress treatment had the lowest concentration of iron, zinc and manganese in the seed during the podding stage.Conclusion: Fertilization of iron, zinc and manganese nanochelates in water deficit conditions is a practical method to reduce chlorophyll fluorescence, increase the content of micronutrients in seeds and seed yield. The combined treatment of iron + zinc was the best treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Evaluation of morphological and biochemical traits in seedlings of four early and late potato cultivars in vitro
Farah Farahani Maliha Talebi Taher BarzegarObjective: Considering the importance of potato in the economy and human nutrition, the need to produce healthy seeds through tissue culture in order to increase the quality of the tuber and ultimately maintain the yield of the product is noticeable. In this regard, the MoreObjective: Considering the importance of potato in the economy and human nutrition, the need to produce healthy seeds through tissue culture in order to increase the quality of the tuber and ultimately maintain the yield of the product is noticeable. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the morphological and biochemical traits in the seedlings of four early and late potato cultivars under in vitro conditions.Materials and methods: Four commercial varieties of potato were cultivated as single-node microspecimens in MS culture medium without any plant growth regulators. Seedlings grew after 5 weeks. Seedlings were evaluated in terms of morphological traits (number of seedlings produced from one seedling, stem length, number of branches, nodes, roots and micro-gland) as well as biochemical traits (chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid, anthocyanin, catalase enzyme activity and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity).Findings: In morphological traits, late cultivar Satina, number of seedlings and stem length, and early cultivar Sante showed more roots than other cultivars. In the study of biochemical traits, the late cultivar Agria was superior to other cultivars in terms of the amount of pigments and catalase enzyme.Conclusion: In the same vegetative conditions, different cultivars have different potential in vegetative and biochemical traits. The growth pattern of different genotypes is determined by the synthesis of food and different levels of internal hormones and the balance between them, and as a result, they give different responses to the conditions of the culture environment. The present study showed that in the same vegetative conditions, the early cultivars of Satina in terms of vegetative traits and Agria in terms of the amount of pigments can be selected for mass cultivation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration using ground data and Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 Satellite images processing (Case study: Tiab Estuary)
Mostafa Mahdavifard Khalil Valizadeh Kamran Ehsan AtazadehThe estuaries are one of the most important coastal natural resources. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) monitoring, which is the pigment of oceanic and coastal phytoplankton, can be measured and evaluated using new remote sensing technology. The presence of blue, green and red wav MoreThe estuaries are one of the most important coastal natural resources. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) monitoring, which is the pigment of oceanic and coastal phytoplankton, can be measured and evaluated using new remote sensing technology. The presence of blue, green and red wavelengths in oceanic observation satellites has always paved the way for monitoring the color of the oceans. The aim of this study is used OC2 and OC3 bio-optical algorithms and Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat-8 OLI satellite data in April 2019 to estimate chlorophyll-a concentration in the estuary Tiap area. Ground sampling data were carried out to correlate and evaluate the results. The results showed that the OC2 algorithm in Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 satellites had the highest R Squared coefficient (R2) 0.91 and 0.64, respectively, and the Root mean square error (RMSe) of the satellite images were 0.13 and 0.33, respectively. These results indicate the high accuracy of the OC2 algorithm in the satellite images used and were selected as the most suitable algorithm for mapping chlorophyll-a concentration in the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The Use of Kaolin to control Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Dip:Tephritidae) in pomegranate orchards
A. Khezri E. Soleiman Nejadian Sh. Goldasteh H. Pezhman H. FarazmandThe Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)is a quarantine pest which was reported in Fars province, Iran in 2007. During the years 2010-2011 in a pomegranate orchard in Shiraz, kaolin effect was evaluated in five treatments consisted of kaolin (Spydan® WP 95%), sprayi MoreThe Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)is a quarantine pest which was reported in Fars province, Iran in 2007. During the years 2010-2011 in a pomegranate orchard in Shiraz, kaolin effect was evaluated in five treatments consisted of kaolin (Spydan® WP 95%), spraying with concentrations of 3% and 5% and at every 2 and 4 weeks intervals of treatment with control group in three replications to reduce damage caused by C. capitata. There was no significant difference between the various concentrations of kaolin but fewer fruits were infected during period of kaolin sprayed every two weeks. Investigation of the effect of kaolin on the host plant showed that kaolin5% had no effect on the total amount of leaf chlorophyl and temperature of the central part of pomegranate trees but average of fruit diameter coated with kaolin5% was larger than other fruits. Thus, according to the results, pomegranate trees sprayed with kaolin, at every 2 weeks, can be used successfully to control the Mediterranean fruit fly’s damage. Also kaolin5% had positive effect on size of pomegranate fruits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Evaluation of physiological and biochemical changes of strawberry cv. Gaviota in response to Mycorrhizal and Trichoderma fungi under selenium treatment
Ali Lachinani Seyed jalal Tabatabaei Amir Bostani Vahid Abdossi Saeed RezaeeThis study evaluated the effects of Mycorrhiza (Rhizophagus irregularis), Trichoderma (Trichoderma harzianum) and selenium on some physiological traits of Gaviota strawberry as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the MoreThis study evaluated the effects of Mycorrhiza (Rhizophagus irregularis), Trichoderma (Trichoderma harzianum) and selenium on some physiological traits of Gaviota strawberry as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the Shahed University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences research greenhouse in 2017. The treatments included fungi (No inoculation, Mycorrhiza, Trichoderma) and selenium (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg soil). The results showed that the use of symbiotic fungi, especially Trichoderma, could significantly increase the pH, total soluble solids (TSS), antioxidant capacity and anthocyanin of the fruit, as well as increase the amount of protein, chlorophyll and carotenoid of Gaviota strawberry leaves. Furthermore, selenium treatment, especially at low concentrations (0.5 and 1 mg/kg soil), could increase the antioxidant and anthocyanin capacity of the fruit, as well as the amount of protein and chlorophyll in the leaves. Overall, it is possible to recommend the using of symbiotic fungi, especially Trichoderma, along with low concentrations of selenium (0.5 and 1 mg/kg soil) in Gaviota strawberry cultivation programs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Evaluation of Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L) Cultivars in Terms of Irrigation Interruption and Delay Planting Date
Peyman Davami Mojtaba Alavifazel Shahram Lak Davood Habibi Afshin MozaffariIn order to evaluate the physiological and biochemical characteristics of rapeseed (Brassica napus L) cultivars in terms of irrigation interruption and delay planting date، an experiment was implemented in two crop years as a factorial split-plot in the form of a random MoreIn order to evaluate the physiological and biochemical characteristics of rapeseed (Brassica napus L) cultivars in terms of irrigation interruption and delay planting date، an experiment was implemented in two crop years as a factorial split-plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj region. In the present study، irrigation in two levels including normal irrigation (80 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) and irrigation cut-off from the stage of sowing and pod formation stages in two levels including Sep، 26 and Oct، 26 was placed in main plot and four winter rapeseed cultivars including Tassilo، Elvise، Neptune and Okapi were placed in subplots. According to the results، the highest content of chlorophyll in both planting dates (Sep. 26 and Oct. 26، respectively، with values of 1.59 and 1.88 mg. g-1 FW) and under normal irrigation conditions belonged to Elvise cultivar. The results showed that irrigation cut-off reduced the relative water content of leaves and increased leaf proline، soluble protein content and soluble carbohydrate content. Elvise and Neptune cultivars had the highest grain yield under normal irrigation conditions with 3346 and 3220 kg / ha، respectively، and under irrigation cut-off conditions، with a mean of 3211 and 3081 kg / ha، respectively. According to the Stress Tolerance Index (STI)، Elvise cultivar was identified as the most tolerant cultivar under dehydration stress in the pod formation stage onwards. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - The Effect of the Extracts of the Medicinal Plants Otostegia persica, Teucrium polium, and Artemisia aucheri on the Yield and Yield Components of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Asghr Sadeghi Chahnasir Abolhossein Aboutalebi Jahromi Behnam Behrooznam Hamed Hassanzadeh Khankahdani Abdolkarim EjraeiMedicinal plants and their products have gained a special value and position in recent years due to factors such as high economic value and low cost of their production. This research was conducted in a complete randomized block design with 8 treatments (Golder 5 and 10 MoreMedicinal plants and their products have gained a special value and position in recent years due to factors such as high economic value and low cost of their production. This research was conducted in a complete randomized block design with 8 treatments (Golder 5 and 10%, Kalpura 5 and 10%, Dermene 5 and 10%, Golder 5% + Kalpore 5% + Dermene 5% and custom of the region (control). It was performed in Kahnuj, Kerman province. The results showed that the maximum fresh and dry weight of the plant was observed in the control treatment (1150 and 200 grams). The highest yield and marketable yield per hectare (53.8 and 44.7 tons), firmness (4.40 kg/cm2), chlorophyll a, b and total and leaf carotenoids (25.3, 95. 4, 30.2 and 4.36 mg) as well as chlorophyll a and chlorophyll of the whole fruit (0.208 and 0.210 mg) were related to Golder 5 + Calpore 5 + Dermene 5 treatment. The maximum number of fruits per plant (35.7) was observed in Dermene 5% treatment, fruit length (5.84 cm) in Dermene 10% treatment and fruit diameter (5.84 cm) in Golder 10% treatment. According to the obtained results, the combined treatment of the extracts of the medicinal plants Goldar, Calpura, and Dermena resulted in the highest yield, yield components, and fruit quality at the time of harvest. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Evaluation of the effect of magnetic field, gibberellic acid hormone and temperature treatments on some physiological characteristics of Salva strawberry in Shiraz region
Mohammad Reza Zandi Abolhossein Aboutalebi Jahromi Behnam Behroznam Abdul Rasool ZakirinIn order to investigate the effect of gibberellic acid, magnetic field and temperature on strawberry, this research was conducted in form of split plot on based of randomiz completely design and treatments include gibberellic acid, magnetic field and temperature stress MoreIn order to investigate the effect of gibberellic acid, magnetic field and temperature on strawberry, this research was conducted in form of split plot on based of randomiz completely design and treatments include gibberellic acid, magnetic field and temperature stress in three levels. The results of analysis of variance of the data showed that the interaction effect on all studied traits was significant. The comparison of the averages showed that the highest amounts of chlorophyll a (14.95 mg of protein per minute) and total chlorophyll (28.54 mg of protein per minute) in the treatment of 100 mg/L gibberellic acid, magnetic field of 10 millitesla and temperature of 2 degrees and the highest of chlorophyll b (9.26 mg of protein per minute) and polyphenol oxidase enzyme (57.52 mg of protein per minute) were obtained in the treatment of 50 mg/L of gibberellic acid, 10 milliTesla magnetic field and 8 degrees. The highest amounts of peroxidase (53.6 mg of protein per minute) in the treatment of 100 mg/liter of gibberellic acid acid, magnetic field of twenty millitesla and temperature of twenty degrees Celsius and the highest values of titratable acidity (0.89 percent) and pH (6.9) were obtained in the treatment of no use of gibberellic acid, no use of magnetic field and temperature of 20 degrees. In terms of the triple interaction effect, the best effective treatment on increasing the storage time of strawberries was the combined treatment of 50 mg/L gibberellic acid and 10 milliTesla magnetic field and 8 degrees Celsius temperature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Effect of storage temperature and extraction methods in chlorophyll content in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
Maryam Khoshsokhan-MozaffarIntroduction: Since the synthesis of some chemical compounds is difficult and expensive, it is necessary to find ways to increase their production in plants. One of these materials is color compounds. Chlorophyll, as a natural pigment, plays an important role in the gre MoreIntroduction: Since the synthesis of some chemical compounds is difficult and expensive, it is necessary to find ways to increase their production in plants. One of these materials is color compounds. Chlorophyll, as a natural pigment, plays an important role in the green appearance of plants. This color is used in food, cosmetics, etc industries. Purpose: The purpose of this project is investigation of different methods of chlorophyll extraction for more chlorophyll content in alfalfa plantsMaterials and methods: To carry out this project, alfalfa cultivated and then the aerial part was harvested for biochemical analysis and kept at different temperatures (-20 and 4). chlorophyll was extracted using acetone and ethanol solvents by grinding method and methanol, DMSO and DMF solvents by soaking method and then its amount was measured by spectrophotometer at the respective wavelengths.Results : Based on the obtained results, it can be said that acetone solvent with high ability and producing more extractable chlorophyll concentration than other solvents was chosen as the appropriate solvent. Also, samples kept at minus 20 temperature showed more chlorophyll due to less possibility of destruction. Conclusion: maintaining of the aerial part of the plant at -20 keeps more chlorophyll than at 4°C and extracting chlorophyll by grinding in acetone has a better performance compared to other solvents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Effect of Foliar Application of Methanol on Yield and some of Physiological Treats in Bean
M. MirAkhori, F. Paknejad Y. Reihani P. Nazeri F. Yeganeh Pour N. Jamshidi M. GaffariTo investigate the effects of methanol on relative water content (RWC) and leaf chlorophyll content of common bean an experiment was carried out at the Research Field of the Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch in 2009. MoreTo investigate the effects of methanol on relative water content (RWC) and leaf chlorophyll content of common bean an experiment was carried out at the Research Field of the Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch in 2009. A factorial experiment with randomized complete block design with three replications was used. First factor consisted of 8 levels of aqueous spraying on plants [0 (control), 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40% (v/v) methanol] by 3 times during growing season at 12 days intervals. Traits measured were grain yield, RWC, chlorophyll content and dry weight of the plants. These traits measured before and after methanol spraying. Results showed that were significant differences between methanol spraying solution on leaf chlorophyll content and RWC after second and third stages at 1% and on grain yield at 5% probability levels. Methanol using affected to dry weight accumulation. Means comparison showed that increasing levels of methanol foliar application increase chlorophyll content and relative water content. Effect of M3, M4 and M5 methanol levels on measured traits was greater than other treatments. Application of methanol increased grain yield, chlorophyll content, relative water content and leaf area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Effect of Foliar and Soil Application of Chitosan Nanoparticles on some of Physiological Characteristics of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under Drought Stress
Faride Behboudi Zeinolabedin Tahmasebi Sarvestani Mohamad Zaman Kassaee Seyed Ali Mohamad Modares Sanavi Ali SorooshzadehChitosan is a glucosamine polysaccharide deacetylated form of chitin species and could be used as biotic elicitor to improve secondary metabolites and as a fertilizer it controls the release of chemical compounds of toxins and stimulates germination and plant growth. Th MoreChitosan is a glucosamine polysaccharide deacetylated form of chitin species and could be used as biotic elicitor to improve secondary metabolites and as a fertilizer it controls the release of chemical compounds of toxins and stimulates germination and plant growth. Thus, to evaluate the effect of chitosan NPs on barley plants under late season drought stress, a factorial pot experiment was performed based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental factors were NPs concentrations at 4 levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 ppm), method of usage at 2 levels (foliar and soil application) and irrigation regimes at 2 levels (normal irrigation and with-holding irrigation 15 days after pollination). Experimental procedure consisted of planting seeds, preparing chitosan NPs solution, and using solutions through soil and foliar application at three plant growth stages (tillering, stem elongation and heading). Results indicated that drought stress significantly decreased contents of carotenoid, chlorophyll a, the chlorophyll b, the total chlorophyll, rate of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, grain yield, as well as, biomass. Results also showed that contents of soluble carbohydrate, glucose, sucrose, fructose, intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and photosynthetic water use efficiency (WUE) were increased. Also, under both irrigation regimes, application of chitosan NPs significantly increased the chlorophyll a, the chlorophyll b, the soluble chlorophyll and the glucose. Application of 60 and 90 ppm NPs significantly increased grain yield as compared to that of control. Signifficant diffrences for some traits under study between two usage methods of NPs were not observed. In general, application of chitosan NPs reduced negative effects of drought stress for barley plants and improved its growth and seed yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Effect of Mycorrhizae Species on the Quantitative and Qualitative Charachteristics of Soybean (Glycine max L.) under Different Irrigation Systems
Nadia Dorostkar Alireza PirzadTo evaluate mycorrhizal symbiosis of soybean plants (Glycine max L. cv. Williams) under different irrigation systems, a split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at Urmia University in 2015. Treatments w MoreTo evaluate mycorrhizal symbiosis of soybean plants (Glycine max L. cv. Williams) under different irrigation systems, a split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at Urmia University in 2015. Treatments were irrigation systems (drip and sprinkler irrigation) assigned to main plots, and mycorrhizal fungi species (non-inoculated as control,Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices andSimiglomus hoi) to sub-plots. Results indicated that the highest plant height, pod weight, seed yield, 100 seed weight, number of nods per stem, biological yield, harvest index of oil, oil percent and oil yield were obtained by using drip irrigation. The highest LWR (ratio of leaf/aerial parts weight) and SPAD (chlorophyll index) were observed in sprinkler irrigation system. The significant interaction effects were exhibited variable responses of soybean plants to mycorrhizal species under irrigation systems. The highest photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll-a, -b and total chlorophyll) and carotenoids were obtained from AMF-inoculated plants under sprinkler system, regardless of fungal species. The highest leaf phosphorus belonged to inoculated plants (F. mosseae) in sprinkler irrigation system. All fungi species increased leaf protein, similarly. While the leaf potassium did not show significant differences with non-AMF inoculated control plants. Despite highest root colonization with R. intraradices under sprinkler irrigation system, colonization by all three species of fungi under both irrigation systems were higher than non-AMF inoculated soybean plants. In both irrigation systems, the ratio of fatty acids (unsaturated fatty acids which were four times higher than of saturated fatty acids) in AMF-inoculated plants were equal to that of non-mycorrhizal control soybean. Regardless of different responses of soybean plants to mycorrhizal species, biological seed and oil yields, under drip irrigation system were about 23, 53 and 84% higher than that of sprinkler irrigation system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizers on Morpho-Physiological Characteristics and Seed Yield of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)
Hossein Abdolahpour Enayatolah Tohidi Nejad Amin Pasandi PourTo evaluate the effect of different levels of NPK nutrition on some morpho-physiological characteristics and seed yield of quinoa, a randomized complete block design experiment was carried out in Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in 2019. In this study, response of qu MoreTo evaluate the effect of different levels of NPK nutrition on some morpho-physiological characteristics and seed yield of quinoa, a randomized complete block design experiment was carried out in Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in 2019. In this study, response of quinoa (Titicaca variety) to seven fertilizer combinations, consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N: K: P, 30:25:20, 60:50:40, 90:75:60, 120:100:80, 150:125:100, 180:150:120 kg.ha-1) were investigated for plant height, number of branch, panicle length, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, content of photosynthetic pigments, leaf area index, crop growth rate, seed protein content and seed nutrients. The results indicated that the effect of NPK nutrition treatments on all measured traits were significant. The highest mean of Chl a, Chl b, Chl a+b, carotenoid, LAI, CGR and seed protein content belonged to combination of 120: 100: 80 which was not significantly different from combination of 90: 75: 60, in terms of Chl a and LAI. In this study, the highest mean of panicle lengths, number of branches, 1000 seed weight and seed yield were recorded for combination of 120: 100: 80 which were not significantly different from combination of 90: 75: 60, in terms of panicle length and seed yield. According to the results, thus, it can be concluded that combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers with a ratio of 90: 75: 60 are appropriate to achieve maximum seed yield for research location under Kerman climatic conditions and avoid overuse of chemical fertilizers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - The Effect of Foliar Application of Gibberellin and Kinetin Hormones on Morphological, Biochemical and Functional Characteristics of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids
Aghil Aalipour Tayeb Saki Nejad Shahram Lak Alireza Shokuhfar Mojtaba AlavifazelIn agronomic management of corn, in addition to providing suitable hybrid seeds, other factors such as plant hormones are also important. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of hybrid seed type and leaf application of gibberellin and kinetin ho MoreIn agronomic management of corn, in addition to providing suitable hybrid seeds, other factors such as plant hormones are also important. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of hybrid seed type and leaf application of gibberellin and kinetin hormones on growth, biochemical and yield indices of corn in Ahvaz. The basic design of randomized complete blocks was done as a split plot in two cropping years with four replications. Single-grain corn hybrids 704 (late ripening), 616 (medium ripening) and 71AS (medium ripening) were studied as the main factor and kinetin/gibberellin foliar application at three levels of 0, 150/200 and 300/400 ppm as the secondary factor. The results showed that the simple effect of hybrid type and kinetin/gibberellin foliar application on plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry weight, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, chlorophylls a, b and total and the percentage of grain protein was statistically significant. Also, the effect of kinetin/gibberellin foliar application × hybrids on plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry weight, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, chlorophylls a, b and total and hybrid interaction in kinetin/gibberellin foliar application had a statistically significant effect on leaf area index per year. The results showed that the highest values of the studied traits in both cropping years were obtained in single cross 704 maize and after kinetin/gibberellin foliar application at 150-200 ppm. The kinetin/gibberellin ratio of 150/200 ppm in all hybrids had a better effect on various morphological and biochemical traits. The highest biological yield, grain yield and harvest index, which are very important traits, were related to single-cross corn hybrid with hormone foliar application at the rate of 150/200 ppm. According to the obtained results, the use of single-cross corn hybrid of corn and foliar application of maize plants with gibberellin and quinine in the ratio of 150/200 ppm is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Evaluation of 20 Barley Genotypes under the Terminal Drought Condition
H. Tajalli S.G. Mousavi R. Baradaran M.H. Saberi E. ArazmjooTo study the response of barley genotypes to terminal drought stress, 20 promising barley genotypes were compared under two stress and non-stress conditions, in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural MoreTo study the response of barley genotypes to terminal drought stress, 20 promising barley genotypes were compared under two stress and non-stress conditions, in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Center of Southern Khorasan during 2007-2008 growing season. Drought stress levels consist of control (complete irrigation) and irrigation up to the 50% heading stage. Results showed that skipping irrigation at 50% heading stage resulted in 14.64 reduction in seed yield and 8.12 percent in biological yield compared to control condition. Spike length, plant height and flag leaf area in drought condition decreased by 12.4, 7.65 and 24 percent against complete irrigation treatment. Also, irrigation up to the 50% heading caused increasing of chlorophyll index and cell membrane permeability and declining of relative water content of flag leaf. There weren’t any significant differences among barley genotypes in terms of biological yield but the highest and lowest grain yield achieved from genotype number 18 (5997.2 kg.ha-1) and genotype number 16 (3420.8 kg.ha-1) respectively. Cultivar number 5 and 13 had the highest rate of chlorophyll index, and also number 8 had the highest relative water content (80.7%) in flag leaf. Based on the results of this study, genotypes number 18 and 20 had higher yields in both normal and drought stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Effect of Shading on some Important Physiological Traits in Lentil Crop
F. Darabi A. Hatami M.J. Zarea R. NaseriLight is one of the growth-reducing factors in mixed cropping and agroforestry systems. Therefore, an experimental field was conducted to justiffy the effect of light intensity on two lentil cultivars. It was performed in a factorial experiment based on randomized compl MoreLight is one of the growth-reducing factors in mixed cropping and agroforestry systems. Therefore, an experimental field was conducted to justiffy the effect of light intensity on two lentil cultivars. It was performed in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station of Ilam University during 2012-2013 cropping season. The factors under study consisted of shading in four levels (0 shading, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of shadings) and two cultivars lentil (Lens culinaris Medic) (Ziba and ILL4400). Results showed that physiologic traits were significantly affected by cultivar × shading intraction. Ziba cultivar had the highest chlorophyll a and b content in 100% shading. Carotenoid content, relative water content and leaf area index also increased with increasing in shading. The highest and lowest carotenoid and relative water contents were observed in 100% shading × ILL4400 cultivar and control treatment × Ziba cultiva, respectively. The highest leaf specific weight observed in control treatment × Ziba cultivar and decreased with increasing shading. Grain yield decreased with increasing shading. The highest and lowest mean grain yield, 2522 kg.ha-1 and 1137 kg.ha-1, were observed in control treatment × Ziba cultivar and 100% shading and ILL4400 cultivar, respectively. Based on the results of this study, Ziba cultivar had the highest leaf area index, relative water content and chlorophyll a in higher shading treatments; hence, it can perform better than ILL4400 in mixed cropping and agroforestry systems where the light is limited factor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Evaluation of Electrical Conductivity, Chlorophyll and Seed Yield of Wheat under Water Stress with Zeolite Application
‎ Mohammad Mirzakhani ‎Electrical conductivity of wheat cell sap and chlorophyll concentration of its leaves under drought stress and application of zeolite were evaluated in a split plot experiment, by using a RCBD with three at Arak Payam-Noor University in 2010. Treatments were four levels MoreElectrical conductivity of wheat cell sap and chlorophyll concentration of its leaves under drought stress and application of zeolite were evaluated in a split plot experiment, by using a RCBD with three at Arak Payam-Noor University in 2010. Treatments were four levels of water stress (I0= control irrigation, I1= irrigation at 85% of I0, I2= irrigation at 70% of I0, I3= irrigation at 55% of I0) assigned to the main plots and four levels of zeolite applications (Z0= without zeolite application, Z1= 3 t.ha-1, Z2= 6 t.ha-1, Z3= 9 t. ha-1) to the sub plots. Sub plots consisted of 4 rows of 5 m long spaced 50 cm apart and 20 plants per meter on the rows. In this study traits like peduncle length, awn length, number of spike per m-2, grain yield, electrical conductivity by using water with 50and 60oC were assessed. Results indicated that intraction effect of water stress and zeolit application on number of spike per m2, seed yield, and electrical conductivity at 50and 60oC water were significant. Mean comparisons of intraction effects showed that electrical conductivity of water with 50 and 60 oC (447 and 476 respectively) resulted in the least detrimental effect on cell membrane. Results also revealed that electrical conductivity at control irrigation (554 µs.cm-1) and application of 9 t.ha-1 of zeolit produced highest seed yield (4901 kg.ha-1) at wheat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - The Effect of Water Deficit Stress and Foliar Application of Zinc Oxide Nano Particles on Morphophysiological Characteristics of Landraces Withania coagulans L.
Mehdi Seyedi Seyed Amir Abbas Mousavi Mirkalaei Hossein ZahediIn order to evaluate the effect of water deficit stress and foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles on morphophysiological characteristics in Withania coagulans L. landraces, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 replications was setup. MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of water deficit stress and foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles on morphophysiological characteristics in Withania coagulans L. landraces, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 replications was setup. The experiment included various irrigation regimes (control), (medium stress), (severe stress), four landraces (Fanuj, Khash, Saravan and Sarbaz), with and without foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles. The experiment was conducted in green house of the faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, during 2018-2019. The highest leaf area (538.92 cm2) was related to Sarbaz in control irrigation and the lowest leaf area (245.88 cm2) was related to Khash in severe water deficit stress. Based on the comparison results, the mean of maximum plant dry weight (1.76 g) was related to Sarbaz and control irrigation and the lowest plant dry weight (0.63 g) was related to Fanuj and severe water deficit stress. Also, the highest amount of chlorophyll a (2.55 μmol.g-1) was related to Khash, control irrigation and foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles. The highest amount of chlorophyll b (1.26 μmol.g-1) was related to Fanuj, control irrigation and foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles, which was not significantly different from other landraces. Also, the lowest amount of chlorophyll b (0.62 μmol.g-1) was related to Khash, severe water deficit stress and without foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles. Sarbaz had the highest amount of anthocyanin (0.3 μmol.g-1) in the treatment of severe water deficit stress and lack of foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles, which was not significantly different from Saravan. Also, the lowest amount of anthocyanin (0.146 μmol.g-1) was related to Fanuj in the treatment of severe water deficit stress with foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles. Severe water deficit stress reduced the amount of traits tested. Also, the Sarbaz showed good tolerance to water deficit stress conditions compared to other landraces. The foliar application of zinc oxide nano particles also improved plant growth and increased some of the tested traits under stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - The Effect of Biochar and Humic Acid Rates on some Phophysiological Characteristics and Grain Yield SC704 Corn (Zea mays L.) Hybrid Under Water Deficit stress
Armaghan Charkhab Many Mojaddam Shahram Lack Tayyeb Sakinejad Mohammad Reza DadniaTo evaluate the effect of different rates of biochar and humic acid applications on physiological characteristics and grain yield of single cross 704 hybrid corn under water deficit stress, a split split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with t MoreTo evaluate the effect of different rates of biochar and humic acid applications on physiological characteristics and grain yield of single cross 704 hybrid corn under water deficit stress, a split split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, was conducted during two years (2017-19) at Ahvaz. The main plot devoted to water deficit stress, with three levels irrigation (after depleting 30, 40, and 50% of field capacity as optimum irrigation, moderate stress, and severe stress, respectively) and sub-plot to biochar with 2 levels, non-application of biochar (control) and application of 4 tons per hectare of biochar, and the sub-sub plots to humic acid with 4 levels non-application of humic acid (control), and application of 2, 4, and 6 liters per hectare of humic acid. The results showed that the interaction effect of water shortage by biochar stress and water shortage by humic acid stress on grain yield, 1000-grain weight, number of grains per ear, superoxide dismutase, chlorophyll index and catalase were significant at 1% probability level. Under severe stress conditions grain yield (36.54%), number of grain per ear (36%) and leaf area index (30.36%) decreased and activity of superoxide dismutase (37.7%) increased. Acidic acid had a significant effect on all traits under study. The highest grain yield (8995.18 kg.ha-1) was related to irrigation treatment after 40% depletion of field capacity and application of 4 tons per hectare of biochar. Based the results obtained application of 4 liters per hectare of humic acid under moderate moisture stress conditions, could be recommended in arid and semi-arid conditions to save water consumption and reduce the effects of water deficit stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Investigation of Water Saving Strategies for Pinto Beans under Drought Stress
Masoumeh Mohammadpur Ali Nasroallahzadeh Asl Mohsen Roshdi Farzad Jalili Sasan RezadoostIn order to evaluate methods of reduce water consumption under the conditions of drought stress in the cultivation of pinto beans, an experiment was carried out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Salmas city, during of 201 MoreIn order to evaluate methods of reduce water consumption under the conditions of drought stress in the cultivation of pinto beans, an experiment was carried out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Salmas city, during of 2018. The main plot irrigation disruption at 3 levels (optimum irrigation, irrigation disruption at the end of flowering stage, irrigation disruption at the end of poding stage) and methods of reduce water consumption as the sub-factor in 5 levels including (control, use of superabsorbent, use of mycorrhiza fungi, use of nano-potassium fertilizer and seed priming with hydrogen peroxide) were considered. The results showed that the effect of irrigation disruption and water consumption reduction methods on yield, yield components, water use efficiency, total chlorophyll and proline content was significant. Also, the interaction of irrigation interruption factors and methods of reducing water consumption on grain yield, water use efficiency and proline was significant. Although the highest grain yield of 2133.24 kg.ha-1 was related to the experimental treatment of optimum irrigation with the use of superabsorbent polymer, but also it was observed that the experimental treatment of optimum irrigation without the use of water reduction methods by 1627.21 kg.ha-1 with experimental treatment of irrigation disruption from the end of poding stage with the use of superabsorbent at the rate of 1564.3 kg.ha-1 showed a yield increase of about 3.87% which was not statistically significant and this indicates a saving in water consumption using super absorbent. Also, in the experimental treatment of irrigation disruption in the poding stage using mycorrhizal fungus, compared to the optimum irrigation treatment, grain yield decreased by 12.3%, which indicates the greater effect of superabsorbent in preventing the reduction of grain yield compared to mycorrhizal fungus in conditions of drought stress. Also, the results showed that the water use efficiency in the experimental treatment of optimum irrigation compared to experimental treatment of irrigation disruption in the poding stage with the use of superabsorbent Decreased about 19%, which indicates an increase in water use efficiency under drought stress using superabsorbent materials. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Morphophysiological and Antioxidant Properties of Calendula officinalis L. under Irrigation Regimes
Afsaneh Pirmani Touraj Mir Mahmoodi Soran Sharafi Saman Yazdan SetaTo study the effects of nitrogen levels on morphophysiological and antioxidants properties of calendula under deferent irrigation regimes a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Urmia Agricultural MoreTo study the effects of nitrogen levels on morphophysiological and antioxidants properties of calendula under deferent irrigation regimes a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Urmia Agricultural Station of Saat Lo for two cropping seasons 2016-17. Treatments were four levels of irrigation (irrigation after 5, 10, 15 and 20 days) assigned to main plots, and application of 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg.ha-1 nitrogen to subplots. Results showed that the effects of irrigation intervals on all studied traits waer significant. There were significant differences among nitrogen levels on all traits except proline content. Interaction of two treatments was significant on leaf area index, stomatal conduction coefficient, chlorophyll b, essential oil percentage, and essential oil yield. Resulats also indicated that, with increasing irrigation intervals from 5 to 20 days, relative water content, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and dry flower yield were reduced by 36.64, 35.27, 24.31 and 45.77 percent respectively. Proline content, catalase superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde activities were increased by 24.72, 33.04, 35.51 and 20.86 percent, respectively. Among the nitrogen fertilizer levels, 160 kg ha-1 increased, relative water content, chlorophyll a, carotenoid and dry flower yield by 16.18, 4.24, 23.68 and 28.26 percent, respectively, while it reduced the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde by 18.10, 21.23 and 29.69 percent respectively as compared to control. The highest leaf area index, stomatal conduction coefficient, chlorophyll b were increased by the use of 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation intervals of 5 days. The highest percentage of essential oil of the flower and essential oil yield were also belonged to the application of 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen and irrigation interval of 10 days. To obtain better quality and higher essential oil yield from calendula, irrigation interval of 10 days and application of 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Evaluation of Water Deficit Tolerance of 10 Potato Cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.)Based on some Physiological Traits and Tuber Yield in Ardabil Region
Alireza Nouri Ahmad Nezami Mohammad Kafi Davoud HassanpanahThis research was conducted to study the physiological traits affecting the yield of 10 different potato cultivars under water deficit conditions in a two-years study (2013 and 2014) in Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station. The study was performed MoreThis research was conducted to study the physiological traits affecting the yield of 10 different potato cultivars under water deficit conditions in a two-years study (2013 and 2014) in Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station. The study was performed in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main-plots were three levels of irrigations (irrigation with 100%, 80% and 60% required water) and sub-plots consisted of 10 commercial potato cultivars (Khavaran, Savalan, Luca, Satina, Sante, Marfona, Caeser, Agria, Aula and Draga) released in the last 30 years. During the growing season, some physiological traits including relative water content, electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll content of the leaves were measured at their five different growth stages. Combined analysis of variance of traits showed that there were significant differences cultivars between years, and cultivars × water deficit stress interaction in all growth stages in terms of relative water content, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll content and tuber yield. In terms of electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll content of the leaves, there were significant differences between years, different water stress levels, cultivars and cultivars × water stress level. In addition, in terms of tuber yield there were significant differences between years, water stress levels, cultivars and year × water stress level, cultivar × water stress level, cultivar × year. There were significant differences in chlorophyll content of the leaves under different irrigation conditios in the first, second, third and fifth growth stages of the potato. According to the results, under normal irrigation condition, cultivars Khavaran and Satina had higher relative water content, lower electrolyte leakage, higher chlorophyll content of the leaves and higher tuber yield. Under mild water stress condition, cultivars Caeser, Draga and Khavaran and under severe stress condition, cultivars Agria and Draga maintained higher relative water content and higher tuber yield; whereas cultivars Savalan, Luca, Satina and Marfona showed lower electrolyte leakage and higher tuber yield; and cultivar Savalan showed the highest chlorophyll content of the leaves and higher tuber yield under severe stress condition and thus were selected as tolerant cultivars to water deficit conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Responses of Seed Yield, Yield Components and Some Morpho-physiological Traits of Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum) to the Application Methods of Fulzyme Biofertilizer
A. Eslami R. Sadrabadi Haghighi M. ZafarianTo study the effect of application methods of Fulzym biofertilizer (containing Bacillus subtilis) on yield, yield components and some morpho-physiological characteristics of four cultivars wheat, an experiment was conducted in field of Astan Quds Razavi in 2010- 2011. T MoreTo study the effect of application methods of Fulzym biofertilizer (containing Bacillus subtilis) on yield, yield components and some morpho-physiological characteristics of four cultivars wheat, an experiment was conducted in field of Astan Quds Razavi in 2010- 2011. The experiment performed was in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Four wheat cultivars (Falat, Pishtaz, Bahar and Toos) were assigned to main plots and four biofertilizer application methods (as seed inoculation, using in irrigation water, seed inoculation and irrigation and control) to sub plots. Results indicated that Falat had the lowest plant height (61.5 cm) than other varieties. Plant height of Toos and Pishtaz were about 14.5 percent higher than Falat. Application methods of Fulzym increased chlorophyll content and plant height. Highest chlorophyll contents were obtained when seeds inoculated by Fulzyme and used through irrigation. At the end of growing season, it was found that chlorophyll content of Falat and Toos flag leaves were higher than Pishtaz and Bahar. It was also revealed that Bahar when Fulzyme was used showed a better response to treatments than other varieties as for as biological and seed yields were concerned. Highest seed yield produced by irrigation and combination of seed inoculation and irrigation (9063 and 8609 kg.ha-1) and lowest seed yield (5858 kg.ha-1) to Falat in the control treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Variation of Agronomic Traits and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes Using Subirrigation
Hossein Sabouri Hojat Ghorbani Vaghei Mohammad Reza Jafarzade Razmi Mohsen Rezaei Mahnaz Katozi Somayeh SanchouliTo evaluate variation of agronomic traits and chlorophyll fluorescence in rice genotypes using subirrigation, as randomized completely block design with three replications was conducted in 2013-2014. During the growth of seedlings in the treasury, the main plot was prep MoreTo evaluate variation of agronomic traits and chlorophyll fluorescence in rice genotypes using subirrigation, as randomized completely block design with three replications was conducted in 2013-2014. During the growth of seedlings in the treasury, the main plot was prepared according to the experimental design in the plots. Transplantation was carried out after 4-3 leaves with the selection of healthy and uniform seedlings on June 20th. In the method of flood irrigation, the land was prepared as usual. To prepare subirrigation treatments, each plot was removed to a depth of 40 cm and porous clay capsules were used. The irrigation system consisted of three main pipelines (the number of irrigation treatments), one valve head and one volume meter installed on each main pipe. The main tubes were spread along the floor and the water needed for each treatment was taken using 16 mm tubes at the beginning of each plot. By placing the pressure gauge at the beginning of the pipelines, the system pressure was modulated in the subirrigation irrigation system. Significant differences detected between genotypes in all traits at 1% probablity. HHZ1-DT3-Y1Y1, HHZ 22-Y3-DT1-Y1, HHZ 6-DT1-LI1-LI1, IR14L110 and HHZ 23-DT16-DT1-DT1 had the highest grain weight. These genotypes in terms of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, it is evident that these genotypes are in terms of parameters such as Y (II), ETR, qP, qL, NPQ, Fm, Fv / Fm and F'v / F'm were high and were low in terms of qN, NPQ and Fo parameters. High yield genotypes and high photosynthetic potency can be used to cultivation and breeding programs in subirrigation stress areas. Therefore, these genotypes can be of further studies to be used as genotypes with low water requirements. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Effect of NaCl Concentrations on some Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Three Salicornia Species under Hydroponic Condition
behrooz tayebi Ahmad GhanbariTo compare morphological and physiological responses of three salicornia species to NaCl concentrations, a greenhouse experiment was carried out. The factors consisted of five levels of NaCl concentrations (5, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mML-1) and three Salicornia species (S MoreTo compare morphological and physiological responses of three salicornia species to NaCl concentrations, a greenhouse experiment was carried out. The factors consisted of five levels of NaCl concentrations (5, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mML-1) and three Salicornia species (Salicornia persica ، Salicornia perspolitana and Salicornia bigelovii ). The results showed that, simple effects of salinity and species on proline, glycinebethein, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, relative water content, osmotic potential in shoots, dry and fresh weights were significant. Interaction effects between salinity and species on proline, glycine betaine, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, osmotic potential in shoots, dry and fresh weight were also significant. Carbohydrates concentration increased by 70-80% at 400 mM and then decreased from 5% to 13% at 600 mM concentration. Increasing salt concentration up to 600 mM, increased proline and glycine betaine contents. Osmotic potential was also increased by 3 to 4 times with increasing salinity levels. The chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents decreased at 600 mM. At 200 mM NaCl concentration, wet and dry weights were significantly increased 2 to 3 times as compared control in all of three species while at 600 mM, it was decreased by 60% to 65%. It can be concluded that with increasing salt concentration all three species tolerated higher salt concentrations throught proline and glycine-betaine accumulation and reduction of osmotic potential. S.bigelovii had the highest Na+ accumulation at 600 mM of NaCl and least accumulation of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+. On the other hand, S.perspolitana at 600 mM NaCl concentration, had the highest accumulation of potassium, calcium and magnesium, and was superior to other species in terms of dry weight yield under salinity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Study some of Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum L.) Physiological Traits at Levels of Irrigation and Ascorbic Acid
Zohre Akbari Mansour Fazeli Rostampour Leyla Zeya ebrahimi Mohamad Reza NaroeiradDrought seriously reduces the quality and quantity of agronomic and horticultural plants. In such condition, using factors to reduce these effects on plants is indispensible. To evaluate the effect of water stress and different levels of ascorbic acid on the leaf relati MoreDrought seriously reduces the quality and quantity of agronomic and horticultural plants. In such condition, using factors to reduce these effects on plants is indispensible. To evaluate the effect of water stress and different levels of ascorbic acid on the leaf relative water content, pigments, canopy temprature and dry matter of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station of Zahak was conducted in 2014 where three irrigation levels (at 100, 80 and 60 percent of field capacity) assigned to the main plots and three levels of ascorbic acid (0, 5 and 10 micromolar) to the sub-plots. The results showed that the effect of irrigation regimes, ascorbic acid and their interaction was significant on the traits under evaluation. Irrigation based on 60% of field capacity as compared with that of 100% F.C. reduced relative water content, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and dry matter weight by 20.89, 0.06, 0,034, 0.04 and 57.8 percent respectively and a 20% increase in canopy temperature, while applying of 10 micromolar ascorbic acid relative to control increased 12.22, 0.075, 0.15, 0.05 and 57.8 percent on traits mentioned above respectively and a 3% decrease in canopy temperature. Regression model revealed that application of ascorbic acid at irrigation in 100% field capacity was not effective on these traits, except on chlorophyll b and carotenoids contents, but in irrigation at 60 and 80% percent field capacities, increased amount of relative water content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and dry matter. Although ascorbic acid could not reduce the negative impacts of 20% decrease in irrigation but application of 10 micromolar ascorbic acid in 60% and 80% irrigation at field capacities increased dry matter significantly, as compared to that of ascorbic acid under these conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Response of Chlorophyll, Relative Water Content and Protein Percentage of Safflower Leaves to Salinity and Foliar Calcium, Potassium and Magnesium Applications
Mahmood Attarzadeh Asghar Rahimi Benyamin TorabiTo study the effect of Ca, K, and Mn foliar spray on chlorophyll and relative water contents of safflower (cv. Padideh) leaves under salinity condition a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at Vali-e-Asr U MoreTo study the effect of Ca, K, and Mn foliar spray on chlorophyll and relative water contents of safflower (cv. Padideh) leaves under salinity condition a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at Vali-e-Asr University Greenhouse in 2011. Factors were salinity with four levels: 0, 500, 1000, and 1500 mg NaCl kg -1, and foliar spraying of plants with four levels: distilled water, 10 mM CaNo3, 10 mM K2HPO4 and 1 mM MnSo4. Spraying were applied two weeks after emergence and continued every 2 weeks. Results showed that 1500 mg NaCl reduced SPAD value, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and relative water content. However, increasing salinity induced higher leaf water saturation. Foliar spraying of plants with MnSO4, K2HPO4 and CaNo3 nutrients, also reduced SPAD value. Foliar application of plants with Ca(NO3)2 increased leaf protein in 500 mg NaCl and without salinity. Application of MnSo4 increased chlorophyll b, a+b and also chlorophyll a (in 500 mg NaCl). Thus, in respect to the positive role of calcium and manganese in the production and preservation of chlorophyll and protein, foliar spray application can be a suitable strategy to reduce crop losses under salinity conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Effect of Urea and Nitrapyrine on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Different Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivume L.) under Different Tillage Conditions
Reza Nozari Esmaeil Hadidi Masouleh Azam Borzouei Saeed Sayfzadeh Ali EskandariIn order to evaluate different tillage methods and urea fertilizer with nitrapyrin on total chlorophyll content, grain protein, yield and yield components of two wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted in form of split factorial in randomized complete blocks with t MoreIn order to evaluate different tillage methods and urea fertilizer with nitrapyrin on total chlorophyll content, grain protein, yield and yield components of two wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted in form of split factorial in randomized complete blocks with three replications in the Research farm Nuclear Science and Technology in 2017-2018. Experimental treatments included conventional and minimum tillage, fertilizer treatment at three levels of 0, 150 kg urea ha-1 and 150 kg urea ha-1 + nitrapyrin and wheat cultivars (Arg and Omidbakhsh). Tillage systems were effective on the studied traits and that the highest amount of chlorophyll (5.18 mg.g-1 FW) and leaf area index (3.78) were obtained in minimum and conventional tillage, respectively. The highest grain protein content (170.7%), grain yield (668.3 kg.ha-1) and harvest index (42.51%) were obtained in minimum tillage and 150 kg urea ha-1 fertilizer + nitrapyrin. Application of urea + nitrapyrin increased grain protein, 1000-grain weight and harvest index. Both Arg and Omidbakhsh cultivars obtained the highest plant height (102.16 and 104.66 cm, respectively) and leaf area index (3.88 and 3.98, respectively) in 150 kg urea ha-1 treatment. The three-way interactions of tillage, fertilizer and cultivar also had a significant effect on leaf dry weight, grain yield and biological yield. In minimal tillage, Omidbakhsh cultivar in 150 kg urea ha-1 + nitrapyrin fertilizer treatment showed better grain yield and biological yield than other treatments. According to the obtained results, in minimal plowing conditions, Omidbakhsh cultivar and application of urea + nitrapyrin is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Improvment of Physiological and Agronomic Characteristics of Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) with Nano-Selenium Application
Gholam Behzad Parisa Sheikhzadeh Nasser Zare Mitra RostamiTo investigate the effect of foliar selenium nanoparticle applications on the agronomic and yield characteristics of winter oilseed rape, with three levels (0 (control), 25 and 50 mg.L-1) at two growth stages (6-8 leaves and 50% flowering) at the research farm station o MoreTo investigate the effect of foliar selenium nanoparticle applications on the agronomic and yield characteristics of winter oilseed rape, with three levels (0 (control), 25 and 50 mg.L-1) at two growth stages (6-8 leaves and 50% flowering) at the research farm station of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during 2018-2019 was studied. The results showed that the selenium nanoparticle applications increased the photosynthetic pigments and the relative water content (RWC) of the leaves significantly. Foliar spraying with 50 mg.L-1 selenium nanoparticle increased in the chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll content by 37.04, 44.51 and 39.68%, respectively, as compared to the control treatment. On the other hands, selenium nanoparticle application increased the plant height, number of branches and stem diameter via improving the photosynthetic pigments content and RWC of winter oilseed rape significantly. The biological yield, harvest index and seed oil content of 25 and 50 mg.L-1 of selenium nanoparticle treatments were significantly higher than those of the control. The foliar spraying of oilseed rape plants with selenium nanoparticle applications improved the grain yield throught increase in the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod and the 1000 grain weight significantly. Thus, the highest improvement in the grain yield per unit area (about 34.16 %) was obtained with application of 50 mg.L-1 selenium nanoparticles in comparison with control treatment. In general, the application of 50 mg.L-1 selenium nanoparticles had a positive and significant effect on the physiological (photosynthetic pigments content and RWC) and agronomical characteristics at plants, as to the plant height, branches number, stem diameter, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, the 1000-grain weight and seed oil content of winter rape. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Effect of Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid on Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Pigment Amount of Sesame (Sesamum indicum) Varieties under Irrigated Conditions
E. Bagheri, J. Masood Sinaki M. Baradaran Firoozabadi M. Abedini EsfhlaniTo study the effects of foliar applications of salicylic acid under cutting off irrigation at BBCH and phenological growth stages of plants and their interaction on chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid concentrations and chlorophyll fluorescence of sesame varieties (Sesamum ind MoreTo study the effects of foliar applications of salicylic acid under cutting off irrigation at BBCH and phenological growth stages of plants and their interaction on chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid concentrations and chlorophyll fluorescence of sesame varieties (Sesamum indicum) a split factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications was conducted at Shahrood (Semnan province of Iran) during growing season of 2011-2012. Main factor was three irrigation levels (full irrigation as control, cutting off irrigation at 69 BBCH (at 90% flowering stage), and cutting off irrigation at BBCH79 (at full growth of pods). Sub plots were three cultivars of sesame (Biarjomand native, Dashtestan 2, Darab 1) and two levels of the foliar applications salicylic acid (0, and 0.6 mM). The results of variance analysis showed that drought stress due to cutting of the irrigation at 90% flowering and full growth of pods reduced content of chlorophyll a, carotenoid and chlorophyll fluorescence significantly. Foliar application also reduced chlorophyll b and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv, Fm) significantly. Experimental results indicated that highest concentrations of chlorophyll a and carotenoid 0.629 and 0.265 mg/g.Fw respectively produced by plants when irrigation was cutted off at BBCH 69 and the highest concentration of Fv/Fm (0.656) in control treatment. Based on the results obtained the maximum chlorophyll b content belonged to Darab (0.423 mg/g.Fw) and the lowest (0.364 mg/g.Fw) to Biarjomand native. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - The Role of Salicylic Acid in Improving the Photosynthetic System of Soybean (Glycin max L.) Genotypes under Drought Stress
Nasrin Razmi Ali Ebadi Jahanfar Daneeshian Soodabe JahanbakhshTo investigate the effect of salicylic acid on photosynthetic system and seed yield in soybean genotypes under drought stress a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in both greenhouse and laboratory of Mohaghegh Ardebili University in 201 MoreTo investigate the effect of salicylic acid on photosynthetic system and seed yield in soybean genotypes under drought stress a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in both greenhouse and laboratory of Mohaghegh Ardebili University in 2015. The factors consisted of water stress at 3 levels (85, 65 and 45% of field capacity), salicylic acid at 3 concentrations (0, 0.4 and 0.8 mM) and three soybean genotypes, Williams, D42X19, and L17. The results showed that the relative water content, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll a and b, chlorophyll a/b ratio, leaf area, maximum fluorescence and quantum yield decreased as the result to drought stress, while Williams showed more tolerance to drought stress as compared to other two genotypes. Application of 0.4 mM salicylic acid as compared to high concentration (0.8 mM) and control was the most effective treatment on reducing the adverse effects of drought stress. It could be said that this may increase the relative water and chlorophylls contents, leaf area, quantum yield and stomatal conductance under drought stress conditions. It seems that carotenoid contents as a result of drought stress and application of 0.8 mM salicylic acid were increased in soybean genotypes, especially in L17. SLA was also increased due to drought stress, which was higher in L17 genotype than other genotypes. According to the results of this study, williams genotype was the most tolerant to drought stress as compared to the other genotypes, and the application of salicylic acid would enhance tolerance to drought stress in soybean genotypes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Physiological Response of Common Glasswort (Salicornia europaea L.) to Potassium Nano-Particles Grown in Saline Soils around the Lake Urmia
Alireza Pirzad Mehdi JabbarzadehTo evaluate the effects of spraying potassium nano-particles on the osmolytes, photosynthetic pigments, total carotenoids and nutrients of aerial parts of common glasswort (Salicornia europaea L.), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with th MoreTo evaluate the effects of spraying potassium nano-particles on the osmolytes, photosynthetic pigments, total carotenoids and nutrients of aerial parts of common glasswort (Salicornia europaea L.), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the marginal lands of Lake Urmia in 2012. The treatments consisted of application of potassium nano-particle concentrations at five levels (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 g/l of K nano-particles) applied, once, twice and three times. Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there were significant interaction between the levels and concentrations of potassium nano-particles sprayings on aerial parts with respect to their contents proline, total soluble carbohydrates, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b, total carotenoids (xanthophyll and carotene) and nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and sodium). The highest levels of proline (1.84 mg/g dry weight) at one time spraying 4 g/l of K, total soluble carbohydrates (66.9 mg/g dry weight) at three times spraying 4 g/l, total chlorophyll (26.23 mg/g fresh weight) and chlorophyll b (22.85 mg/g fresh weight) at two times of water spraying, and chlorophyll a (9.93 mg/g fresh weight) at three times of 4g/l of potassium nano-particles sprayings were obtained. The highest nitrogen (0.95 % of aerial parts) and phosphorus (2.99 g/kg dry weight of aerial parts) contents were obtained from three times water spraying. However, the highest amounts of aerial plant part of potassium (65.08 g/kg dry weight) and sodium (403 g/kg dry weight) belonged to the two times, and calcium (29.23 g/kg dry weight) to the three times spraying of 4 g/l nano-potassium. Despite of the high concentration of osmolytes by potassium spraying, the nutrient accumulations levels were not significantly different from each other. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Effect of Row Spacing and Herbicide Application on Weed Control, Photosynthetic Pigments and Rapeseed Grain and Oil Yield
morteza noralizadeh otaghsara Ali Nakhzari Moghadam Ebrahim Gholamalipour Alamdari Mehdi Mollashahi Valiollah RameahRapessed is one of the most important oilseed crops. Weeds, also are most important factors that limit the production of the oil crops and greatly affect the quantity and quality of their extracted oils. To investigate the effect of row spacing and herbicide application MoreRapessed is one of the most important oilseed crops. Weeds, also are most important factors that limit the production of the oil crops and greatly affect the quantity and quality of their extracted oils. To investigate the effect of row spacing and herbicide application on photosynthetic pigments and rapeseed yield, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted during 2017-18 at Bayekola Research Station, Neka, Mazandaran. Factors were planting arrangement in two levels )one and two-row plantings( and weed control in 7 levels of application of herbicides consisting of Trifluralin (Treflan) 2.5 l.ha-1 before planting and mixed with soil, Quinmerac + Metazachlor (Butisan Star) 2.5 l.ha-1 pre-emergence, Trifluralin 2.5 l/ha before planting + Quinmerac + Metazachlor 2.5 l.ha-1 pre-emergence, Chlopyralid (lontrel) 1 l.ha-1 + Haloxyfop-R-Methyl (Super Gallant) 0.8 l.ha-1 at 2 to 4 weeds leaf stage, Paraquat (Gramaxon) 2 l.ha-1 at 4 to 6 weeds leaf stages, weed control and without weed control. The results showed that by changing the planting arrangement and using combination of Trifluralin with Quinmerac + Metazachlor and/or application of Paraquat (as a guided herbicide) in two-row culture, the rapeseed chlorophyll content increased by 38.06% and 34.11% as compared to without weed control. Also, weed dry weight decreased by 87.16% and 94.97%, and rapeseed grain yield increased by 73.4% and 76.79%, respectively, which resulted in increasing crops,s extracted oil. It can be concluded that by modifying the canola planting pattern we can increase canola,s oil yield, and application of guided herbicide or combination of Trifluralin with Quinmerac + Metazachlor, to control weeds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Effect of Azotobacter and Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels on Agro-physiological Traits and Yield of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Genotypes under Different Moisture Conditions
Abbas Soleimanifard Mani Mojaddam Shahram Lack Mojtaba AlavifazelThis study was to investigate the phenological, physiological traits, seed yield and oil yield of six safflower genotypes under drought stress and non-stress conditions in two independent experiments. Each of the experiment was a factorial with randomized complete block MoreThis study was to investigate the phenological, physiological traits, seed yield and oil yield of six safflower genotypes under drought stress and non-stress conditions in two independent experiments. Each of the experiment was a factorial with randomized complete block design with three replications during cropping seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Sarabela Agricultural Research Station in ILAM province. In one experiment under non stress condition, irrigation was based on the need of the plant, while the in the other experiment, plant growth was as rainfed where rainfalls was enough. The total amount of precipitation during the plant growth period in 2015-16 and 2016-17 were 410.7 and 388.5 mm, respectively, but it occurred with inappropriate ditribution during the growing season. Experimental treatments consisted of six safflower genotypes plus inoculation of seeds with Azotobacter and use of urea fertilizer application with four levels: 1- no fertilizer application (as control), 2- Azotobacter seed inoculation, 3- Azotobacter seed inoculation + 50% nitrogen from urea source and 4- to 100% nitrogen from urea fertilizer based on soil testing recommendation. The results showed that nitrogen source and genotype were significantly affected all traits both under drought and non-stress conditions. Under drought stress conditions, the highest grain yield belonged to Sina genotype by using 100% nitrogen fertilizer and Azotobacter + 50% nitrogen fertilizer treatments (with mean yield of 1408 and 1336 kg.ha-1 reapectively), which were not significantly different. Under non-stress conditions, the highest grain, with mean yield of 2185 kg.ha-1, was attributed to PI-306974 genotype with 100% nitrogen fertilizer treatment. Thus, this genotype, under non-stress conditions, by using 100% nitrogen fertilizer for maximum yield of safflower and under drought stress, it was Sina genotype by using 50% nitrogen fertilizer with Azotobacter can be recommanded to the experimental region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Effect of Foliar Application of Chitosan and Salicylic Acid on Morphological Traits and Essential Oil Quality of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.)
Negin Safari Kamal Abadi Nasser Mohebalipour Mehdi Oraei Hasan Nourafcan Asad AsadiLemon balm is an aromatic and perennial bushy plant with interesting pharmacological and biological properties, which extensively distributed in the Mediterranean region and Asia. The effects of salicylic acid (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg.L-1) and chitosan (50, 100, 150 and MoreLemon balm is an aromatic and perennial bushy plant with interesting pharmacological and biological properties, which extensively distributed in the Mediterranean region and Asia. The effects of salicylic acid (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg.L-1) and chitosan (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg.L-1) foliar application on plant parameters, essential oil and chemical compositions of lemon balm at two different harvest stages (seedling and flowering) were evaluated. The results showed that the highest values of chlorophyll index obtained from foliar application of 150 and 200 mg/L chitosan. Application of chitosan (all concentration levels except 50 mg.L-1) significantly improved the plant height of lemon balm compared with the control. Leaf and dry weight of aerial parts per plant increased with increasing in salicylic acid and chitosan concentrations. The essential oil compounds of lemon balm (citronellal, caryophyllene, linalool, carvacrol, α-pinene, geraniol) at flowering harvest stage were significantly higher than the seedling harvest stage. Foliar application of chitosan was more effective than salicylic acid in increasing essential oil compounds of lemon balm. The essential oil content ranged between 0.07% and 0.09% in the seedling harvest stage and between 0.30% and 0.52% in the flowering harvest stage. The highest value of essential oil (0.52%) was recorded from the flowering harvest stage with foliar application of 200 mg.L-1 chitosan. The findings of the current study showed that both elicitors possess strong potential in biomass production and enhancement of essential oil compounds in lemon balm. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Possible Use of the Chlorophyll Meter for Diagnosing Nitrogen Deficiency in Early Growth Stage of Tobacco under Field Condition
Mohammadtaghi shamelrostami Abbas Biabani Abdollatif Gholizadeh Hosein Sabouri Ebrahim Golamalipour AlamdariNitrogen is one of the most essential nutritional element in growth and a determining factor in tobacco yield. Therefor, rate and timing of nitrogen application is very important for growth of this plant. The purpose of this study is to use SPAD values to estimate nitro MoreNitrogen is one of the most essential nutritional element in growth and a determining factor in tobacco yield. Therefor, rate and timing of nitrogen application is very important for growth of this plant. The purpose of this study is to use SPAD values to estimate nitrogen usage through correlation of SPAD value with yield and quality traits at different growth stages of tobacco. This study was conducted in a randomized complete block design on flue cured tobacco (K-326 cultivar) in Tirtash Tobacco Research and Education Center for two years (2015 and 2016). Treatments consisted of three nitrogen level (20, 40 and 60 kg.ha-1) and three application methods of nitrogen (1- two parts of nitrogen broadcasted before planting + one part of nitrogen as side dressing, 2- one part of nitrogen before planting + one part as first side dressing + one part as second side dressing, 3- two parts of nitrogen fertilizer as strip application + one part as side dressing) and a control (without fertilizer treatment). Chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) was used in 40, 50 and 60 days after planting for greenness of lower, middle and upper leaves and various parts of the leaves (top, middle and bottom). During the growing season, length and width of upper, middle and lower leaves, green and dry leaf weights, average price and gross income were determined. The results showed that green and dry leaf weights were increased by increasing nitrogen application and this was significant at %1 probability level. The highest correlation between SPAD value and upper leaves yields of 40 days transplanting was R2=0.86 and middle leaves yield after 50 days of transplanting was R2=0.89 which were the best leaves for estimating tobacco nitrogen usage. Average price of tobacco was decreased as nitrogen use increased and highest gross income was obtained by using 20 kg nitrogen with 3 split applications. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Effect of Foliar Nutrient Application on Morphophysiological Characteristics of Castor (Ricinus communis L.) at Different Levels of Water Deficit
Fardane Osati Toraj Mir Mahmoodi Bahman Pasban Eslam Saman Yazdan Seta Hasan monirifarTo study the effect of irrigation levels and spraying of chemical fertilizers on some Morphophysiological traits in castor oil plant an experiment was conducted in East Azarbaijan Agricultural Research and Education Center, Tabriz- Iran at the 2017 crop season. The fiel MoreTo study the effect of irrigation levels and spraying of chemical fertilizers on some Morphophysiological traits in castor oil plant an experiment was conducted in East Azarbaijan Agricultural Research and Education Center, Tabriz- Iran at the 2017 crop season. The field experiment was carried out by a split-plot design based on a completely randomized block design with three replications. The first factor was irrigation levels consisting of control (normal irrigation), irrigation after 80 mm and 140 mm evaporation from the pan evaporation in asseinged to main plots and eight spraying chemical fertilizers including sulfur, potassium, nitrogen, sulfur + potassium, sulfur + nitrogen, potassium + nitrogen, sulfur + potassium + nitrogen and control to subplots.The results showed that the effects of irrigation levels and chemical fertilizer treatments on all traits were significant furthermore, the interaction of two treatments were also significant on all traits except chlorophyll index. Irrigation interval after 140 mm evaporation reduced the leaf chlorophyll index by 18.25% compared to normal conditions. Also, spraying S + N + K increased this trait by 14.90% compared to the control treatment. The highest plant height (135.15 cm), number of leaves (25.12), stomatal conductance coefficient (276.55 Mmol.m2sec), number of branches (7.25), biomass (1.60 kg.m2) and grain yield (0.45 kg.ha-1) and the lowest proline content (0.19μmol.g-1) were recorded by spraying plants with S + N + K under normal irrigation condition. Spraying plants with S+N +K under irrigation interval after 80 and 140 mm also increase grain yields by 45.83 and 40.0 percent respectively, compared with control treatment and it was able to modify the effect of water deficit on traits under study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Changes of Germination Properties, Photosynthetic Pigments and Anti Oxidant Enzymes Activity of Safflower as Affected by Drought and Salinity Stresses
علیرضا Sirousmehr J. Bardel S. MohammadiTo evaluate the effects of drought and salinity stresses on some germination characteristics, contents of photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes (CAT, APX and GPX) in the leaves of safflower, a factorial experiment based on CRD was conducted during 2012 at both MoreTo evaluate the effects of drought and salinity stresses on some germination characteristics, contents of photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes (CAT, APX and GPX) in the leaves of safflower, a factorial experiment based on CRD was conducted during 2012 at both laboratory and greenhouse of Zabol University with four replications. To expose the plants to drought (0, -6 and -8 bars) and salinity stresses (5, 10 and 15 ds.m-1) PEG 6000 and NaCl were used respectively. The results indicated that the effects of factors on germination percentage and rate, chlorophyll a and b contents and antioxidants enzymes activities were significant. The result of laboratory study revealed a reduction in percentage and speed of germination when plants exposed to negative osmotic potential. Photosynthetic pigments of plant leaves grown in greenhouse significantly decreased by increasing drought and salinity stresses. Increasing drought stress along with soluble salts changed the activity of some antioxidant enzymes. Enzymes’ activity of both CAT and GPX were increased when the plants expose to PEG drought stress, but decreased against the levels of salt stress. APX activity also increased due to drought stress. Interactive effects of drought×salinity stresses indicated that under lower stress GPX enzymes increased salinity, and under severe stress APX was highly increased. It means the production and activity of plant defensive system like these enzymes in recent tensions and leads to protect or make plants tolerate against oxidative stress induced by drought and salinity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Variation of Forage Yields and some Agronomic and Physiological Characteristics of Kochia, Millet, Sorghum and Maize under Drought Stress
Hamid Najafinezhad Seyed Zabihollah Ravari Mohammad Ali JavaheriTo determine resistance of four species forage crops to drought stress an experiment was conducted for two years (2016-2017) in Kerman – Iran. In this study a randomized complete block design arranged in a split plot experiment with four replications was used. Dro MoreTo determine resistance of four species forage crops to drought stress an experiment was conducted for two years (2016-2017) in Kerman – Iran. In this study a randomized complete block design arranged in a split plot experiment with four replications was used. Drought stress treatments consisted of normal, moderate and severes drought levels (80, 130 and 180 mm cumulative pan evaporation respectively) were assigned to main plots and four forage plant types (maize, kochia, millet and sorghum) to subplots. Results indicated that with increasing of drought stress, leaf relative water content decreased but MDA (malondialdehyde) content increased. Among the four forage plants under study, kochia had the lowest MDA content. Chlorophyll a under moderate and severe drought stresses decreased by 16.3% and 20.7% respectively, as compared to normal drought. Kochia, in both years and under all levels of drought stresses, had the highest sodium percent in shoots. Sorghum had the highest amount of potassium content in shoot, as compared to other plants under severe and moderate levels of drought stresses. Sorghum produced the highest the forage yield at all levels of drought stresses and it produced highest fresh and dry (101241 kg.ha-1 and 30181 kg.ha-1) respectively under normal irrigation. Increasing drought stress resulted in the reduction of forage yield of all plant under study but yield reduction in kochia was lower than the yield of other plants. Millet and kochia with %11.9 and %9.82 crude protein contents respectively produced higher crude protein contents in this respect. Based on the results of this study, sorghum produced highest forage yield, millet good quality forage and kochia was the most tolerant plant to drought stress condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - The Physiological Response of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) to Manure and Super Absorbent Polymer under Drought Stress Conditions
Zahra Rezai Mohammad RafieolhossainiTo evaluate theeffect of different ratios of animal manure and super absorbent polymer on some physiological characteristics of fennel under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted as spilt-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three repli MoreTo evaluate theeffect of different ratios of animal manure and super absorbent polymer on some physiological characteristics of fennel under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted as spilt-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2015 at the University of Shahrekord. Different levels of drought stress consisted of three levels of: control (50 mm), 100 mm and 150 mm evaporation from class A pan assigned to the main factor and different ratios of animal manure and super absorbent polymer in six levels including: D1: lack of manure and super absorbent polymer, D2: 10 t.ha-1 manure + 150 kg.ha-1 super absorbent polymer, D3: 20 t.ha-1 manure + 100 kg.ha-1 super absorbent polymer, D4: 30 t.ha-1 manure + 50 kg.ha-1super absorbent polymer, D5: 40 t.ha-1 manure and D6: 200 kg.ha-1 super absorbent polymer to the sub-factor. The results showed that the drought stress and animal manure and super absorbent polymer and their interactions had a significant effect on proline, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid contents, seed and essential oil yields. Also, the highest seed yield (146.66 g.m-2), essential oil yield (2.99 g.m-2) and carotenoid were obtained from control with D6. The highest proline content was obtained from 150 mm with the use of D4. The highest chlorophyll b was obtained from control and D3. The highest relative water content and total chlorophyll were obtained from control and D6, while the highest chlorophyll a was achieved from control and D4 treatment. In general, the highest seed and essential oil yields were obtained from 50 mm evaporation and 200 kg/ha superabsorbent polymer treatments. On the other hand, the effects of drought stress on seed and essential oil yields decreased by application of 40 t/ha manure at 100 mm evaporation conditions. Also, at 150 mm evaporation and use of manure and superabsorbent polymer (30 t.ha-1 and 50 kg/ha, respectively), the effects of drought stress on seed and essential oil yields decreased as compared to the other treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Evaluation of Grain Yield and some Biochemical Characteristics of Five Chickpea Cultivars (Cicer arietinum L.) under Drought Stress in Kermanshah Region
Seyed Mohammad Naseh Hosseini Mohsen Saeidi Cirous MansourifarTo study the effect of water deficit on biochemical changes in chickpea, a split-plot experiment based on complete block design with three replications was carried out at the Research Farm of Razi University in Iran. Moisture regimes with three levels, were: 1) irrigati MoreTo study the effect of water deficit on biochemical changes in chickpea, a split-plot experiment based on complete block design with three replications was carried out at the Research Farm of Razi University in Iran. Moisture regimes with three levels, were: 1) irrigation cut off from beginning of flowering till maturity, 2) irrigation cut off from beginning of podding till maturity and 3) irrigating plants at all stages of growth (control) assigned to the main-plots and five chickpea cultivars: Arman, Azad, Bivanij, Hashem and ILC482 to the sub-plots. Based on the results, two levels of water deficit resulted in significant reduction in the chlorophylls and carotenoids concentration and significant increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as: catalase, peroxidase and super oxide dismutase of leaves, in comparison with control. Therefore, there was a negative correlation between the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the amount of available water in soil, and their activity increased with increasing the severity of water stress. Seed yield was significantly affected by water deficit. In comparison of control treatment, irrigation cut off from the beginning of flowering up to maturity compared to irrigation cut off from podding up to maturity resulted in more reduction in seed yield (36 and 15% respectively). ILC482 cultivar with seed yield of 715 kg.ha-1 under irrigation cut off from the beginning of flowering up to maturity and Arman cultivar with a seed yield of 1355 kg.ha-1 under irrigation cut off from podding up to maturity produced highest grain yield. High yield cultivars under two levels of water deficit including: ILC482, Azad and Bivanij also had the highest photosynthetic pigments concentration and highest antioxidant activity in their leaves. The results also indicated a positive relationship between the antioxidant enzymes activities and photosynthetic pigment concentrations in chickpea which may help to increase growth and yield of chickpea under drought stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Investigation the Effect of the Application of Single and Mixing of Propyzamide and Ethofumesate Herbicides in the Control of Dodder (Cuscuta Campestris), Grass and Broad Leaves Weeds of Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)
Sayyed Mahdi Hosseyni Hossein Najafi Behzad Sani Hamid MozafariIn order to investigation the effect of the application of single and mixing of propyzamide and ethofumesate herbicides in the control of dodder, grass and broad leaves weeds of sugar beet, three experiment carried out at the greenhouse of sugar beet seed breeding resea MoreIn order to investigation the effect of the application of single and mixing of propyzamide and ethofumesate herbicides in the control of dodder, grass and broad leaves weeds of sugar beet, three experiment carried out at the greenhouse of sugar beet seed breeding research institute in 2017. The experiments were performed in a completely randomized design with 30, 10 and 9 treatments and four replications, respectively. Result showed that the effect of mixing different doses of Propyzamide and Ethofumesate herbicides and species of different area dodder on all studied traits in the present study was significant 1%. In general, the percentage of final germination (82.7%), daily germination rate (0.18 days) and the percentage of connection of Ardabil dodder to the host plan (82.7%) were higher than Alborz and Qom species. The highest percentage of weed conection of the dodder to the sugar beet was observed in the treat that cultivation distance of 5 cm. Application of Propisamide 2.5 L.ha-1 and Propisamide 1.5 L.ha-1 + Ethofumesate 1 L.ha-1 in connecting the dodder to the host, compared to Ethofumesate could control of dodder weeds (100%) and reduction of fresh and dry weights, density and chlorophyll of thin and broad leaveas weed and increased leaf chlorophyll and yield of sugar beet in green house condition. Therefore, the application of these treatments can be used in the control of parasitic, thin and broad leaves weed of sugar beet and application Propisamide 1.5 L.ha-1 + Ethofumesate 1 L.ha-1 in connecting the dodder to the host, can be considered in addition to the mentioned effects and in reducing the environmental effects of the use of chemical herbicides. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Evaluating of the Role of Soluble Potassium Sulfate and Chelated Iron on Corn Yield and Yield Components under Water Deficit Stress
Saeed Reza Yaghoobi Arash Roozbahani Mohammad Reza Akhavan MohseniProper crop nutrition is a key factor for achieving suitable crop yield, even under drought stress conditions. To evaluate the effects of soluble potassium sulfate fertilizer and iron chelate on corn (Zea mays L.) seed yield and its yield components under water deficite MoreProper crop nutrition is a key factor for achieving suitable crop yield, even under drought stress conditions. To evaluate the effects of soluble potassium sulfate fertilizer and iron chelate on corn (Zea mays L.) seed yield and its yield components under water deficite stress a split split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was caried out in Shahryar, Tehran province, in 2014. The main plots were assigned to water deficit stress and normal irrigation and subplots to soluble potassium sulfate and chelated iron. Soluble potassium sulfate levels were 0, 25, 50 kg.ha-1 K2O and iron fertilizer sprayed as Fe-EDDHA. The results showed that interaction of potassium sulfate, iron fertilizer and water deficit stress at seed milky stage was significant (P> 0.05) as to total chlorophyll, plant dry weight, thousand seed weight and corn seed yield. The application of iron, potassium and water deficit stress had also a significant effect (P> 0.01) on biological yield and number of seeds per ear, but their interactions were not significant. Application of 25 kg.ha-1 of potassium sulfate and iron chelate as foliar spray increased seed yield from 5294 kg.ha-1 in control (without fertilizer application) to 6978 kg.ha-1 and seed yield, under water deficit stress at seed milky stage, increased from 3921 kg.ha-1 in control treatment to 4794 kg.ha-1. According to the results of this study, application of 25 kg.ha-1 of potassium sulfate along with the application of iron chelate, at pre-tasseling stage, may produce acceptable yield under water deficit stress condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Effect of Mycorrhizal Strain on Yield and Essence of Two Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Land Races under Water Stress Conditions
Bahram MirshekariThis study was aimed at the evaluation of yield and essence responses of two fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) local varieties to mycorrhiza under water stress conditions. It was performed in a split split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design at the Agric MoreThis study was aimed at the evaluation of yield and essence responses of two fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) local varieties to mycorrhiza under water stress conditions. It was performed in a split split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Iran, during 2013. Factors under study were two fennel land races of Esfahan and Malayer assigned to main plots, three levels to irrigation (70, 100 and 130 mm evaporation from pan) to sub plots and use of two mycorrhizal strains (Rhizophagus intraradices and Funneliformis mosseaeas) and control to sub sub plot. Results revealed that relative water content of leaves in inoculated seeds were improved. It was also observed that chlorophyle content index of fennel leaves in inoculated plants increased by 39% compared to the control. When inoculated plants were irrigated at 100 mm evaporation from pan, it was increased in secondary branches by 4.7 per plant. Plants irrigated at 70 mm and 100 mm evaporation produced higher essence yield (18.5 l.ha-1), but its increase was only 11 l.ha-1 when plants irrigation at 130 mm evaporation. It is concluded that plants in semi arid areas may tolerate drought when seeds inoculated with mycorrhiza better than plants non-inoculated seeds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Evaluation of Irrigation Regimes and Use of Organic Fertilizers on Qualitive and Quantitive Yield of Borage (Borago officinalis L.)
Rana Gholinezhad Alireza Sirousmehr Baratali FakheriTo study the effects of irrigation regimes and organic fertilizers (compost and vermicompost) on mucilage percentage and some quality characteristics of borago (Borago officinalis) a field experiment was conducted in a split plot arrangement based on randomized complete MoreTo study the effects of irrigation regimes and organic fertilizers (compost and vermicompost) on mucilage percentage and some quality characteristics of borago (Borago officinalis) a field experiment was conducted in a split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Iran during 2012. Irrigation regimes were S1: 100% FC, as control, S2: 80% FC (moderate stress) and S3: 60% FC (severe stress) and application of organic fertilizers: N1: without fertilizer as control, N2: 40 t.ha-1 compost, N3: 4 t.ha-1 vermicompost were assigned to main plots and sub plots, respectively. The results showed that N, P and K, as well as the amount of chlorophyll a, carotenoid and total chlorophyll content decreased with increasing drought stress, but decreasing effects of fertilizers levels on traits were not high. Stress conditions and application of compost increased sodium percentage. By increasing drought stress, soluble carbohydrates and mucilage percent also increased. Highest mucilage percent (2.37) was obtained from moderate stress treatment. Highest total dry yield (13.48 t.ha-1) was also due to non-stress conditions. This was not significantly different mild stress. Application of organic fertilizers, particularly compost, resulted in greater performance. It can be concluded that acceptable yield of dry borage and higher mucilage percent can be obtained from irrigation at 80 percent field capacity and use of compost in Zabol climatic condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Ecophysiologic Indices of Wheat as Influenced by Plant Density and Application of Herbicide
Ehsanollah Zeidali Rahim Naseri Amir Mirzaei Ali Asghar Chit BandTo evaluate the effects of application of herbicides and different plant densities on seed yield, weed density and chlorophyll content in wheat (cv. Bahar), a split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted at the A MoreTo evaluate the effects of application of herbicides and different plant densities on seed yield, weed density and chlorophyll content in wheat (cv. Bahar), a split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted at the Agricultural Research Staion of Sarableh, Ilam, in 2014-2015 cropping season. Plant densities in (200, 250 and 300 kg of seed/ha) were considered as main factor and application of herbicides (2, 4-D, Granstar, Shovalyeh, and control, without herbicide application) as sub factor. Results indicated that plant densities affected traits under study significantly. As a result number of seed per spike, 1000-seed weight, relative water content, chlorophyll a and b contents decreased, while weed density and weed dry weight number of spike per m2 and percent lodging increased by increasing plant density. Application of herbicide increased number of spike per m2, number of seed per spike, 1000 seed weight, harvest index, relative water content, chlorophyll a and b contents, while it decreased weed dry weight and its density. Interaction effect of plant density and application of herbicide were significant on seed yield and biological yield. The highest seed yield (5500 kg.ha-1) was produced by using 250 kg seed/ha and application of Granstar herbicide and the lowest (2400 kg.ha-1) from 200 kg seed/ha and without application of herbicide. Thus, using 250 kg seed/ha and Granstar herbicide would increase wheat seed yield in this region as compared with the other treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Inoculation with Trichoderma virens and Piriformospora indica for Improving the Morphological and Physiological Traits Related to Grain Yield of Rice under Different Rates of Phosphorus Fertilizer
Faezeh Mohammadi Kashka Hemmatollah Pirdashti Yasser YaghoubianEnvironmental protection and safity of agricultural products are two major goals in sustainable agriculture. Hence, using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria may be effective to reduce chemical inputs. Therefore, a field split plot experiment based on a randomized comp MoreEnvironmental protection and safity of agricultural products are two major goals in sustainable agriculture. Hence, using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria may be effective to reduce chemical inputs. Therefore, a field split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) was conducted at Ghaemshahr, Mazandaran Province in 2015. Treatments were consisted of three levels of phosphorus (P) fertilizer (0 or control, 50 and 100 kg.ha-1 as triple super phosphate) and coinoculation of rice seed and seedling with Trichoderma virens and Piriformospora indica fungi with four levels (uninoculated control, inoculation of seed or seedlings and seed + seedlings inoculation). Results indicated that inoculation with these fungi significantly and positively affected the morpho-physiological traits and paddy yield of rice plant in all P levels. When, 0, 50 and 100 kg.ha-1 was applied, seed inoculation resulted in significant increase of panicle number per plant (33, 19 and 40 percent, respectively), filled seeds per plant (21, 45 and 58 percent, respectively), biological yield (31, 6 and 18 percent, respectively) and paddy yield (37, 48 and 43 percent, respectively). Also, fungi inoculation of rice seeds, seedlings and seeds + seedlings improved paddy yield up to 48, 53 and 53 percent and 43, 44 and 15 percent when 50 and 100 kg.ha-1 of P was applied, respectively. In general, results indicated that all three methods of fungi inoculation had positive effect on rice plants under all P levels, which could be related to those fungi ability to improving the parameters under study such as panicle number per plant and biological yield. In conclusion, the positive effects of using both microorganisms and P were more pronounced than using P alone. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - اثر پیشتیمار بذر با اکسین بر شاخصهای جوانه زنی، رشدی و رنگیزه گیاهچه تربچه (Raphanus sativus) تحت تنش شوری
سید اسماعیل موسوی حشمت امیدی سید علی لطیفی -
Open Access Article
60 - تأثیر پیش تیمار بذر بر شاخصهای جوانهزنی، رشدی و فیزیولوژیک گیاه مرزه (Satureja hortensis) تحت تنش شوری
حشمت امیدی سید اسماعیل موسوی محمد عزیزی -
Open Access Article
61 - اثر نوتری پرایمینگ بذر با سلنیوم بر شاخص های جوانه زنی و فیزیولوژیکی بالنگوی شهری (Lamellia ibrica L.) تحت تنش شوری
سید اسماعیل موسوی مهدی عقیقی شاهوردی -
Open Access Article
62 - اثر پرایمینگ بر شاخصهای جوانهزنی، رشدی و فیزیولوژیکی بذر لاین مادری کلزا رقم نپتون (Brassica napus L.) تحت تنش خشکی
سید اسماعیل موسوی حشمت امیدی شاپور شکاری فائزه بازوند -
Open Access Article
63 - ارزیابی اثر هیدروپرایمینگ و کود آگروتین بر صفات جوانهزنی، مورفولوژیکی و عملکرد دانه ارقام گندم
مهرداد کریمی راد افسانه جمشیدزاده -
Open Access Article
64 - ارزیابی ویژگیهای جوانهزنی، رشد و رنگیزههای فتوسنتزی کلزا (Brassica napus L.) تحت اثر تیمارهای مختلف امواج فراصوت
زهرا حسنی خدیجه احمدی حشمت امیدی -
Open Access Article
65 - اثر تنش ماندابی در مرحله گیاهچهای بر صفات ریشه و صفات فیزیولوژیک ارقام گندم
نبی خلیلی اقدم سارا پیر دهقان علی راحمی ابراهیم پورعلمداری حسین صبوری -
Open Access Article
66 - ارزیابی اثر سطوح مختلف پرایمینگ بر خصوصیات جوانهزنی، بنیه بذر و برخی صفات فیزیولوژی گیاه دارویی شنبلیله تحت تنش شوری
زینب ولیپور دهنو مجید امینی دهقی خدیجه احمدی -
Open Access Article
67 - اثر نیترات پتاسیم (KNo3) بر جوانهزنی و برخی ویژگیهای مورفوفیزیولوژیک ناخنک (Astragalus hamosus) در محیط کشت MS
آزاده بخشنده فرجپور رضا دهقانی بیدگلی سیدعلی حسینی تفرشی -
Open Access Article
68 - The effect of Piriformospora indica mycorrhizal fungi on growth and some physiological parameters of Coriandrum sativum
Ali Asghar Hatamnia Kobra Mosabaigi Mahin Tohidi Arash Babaei Mehdi GhabooliPiriformospora indica fungi stimulates the growth and increase in the host biomass through absorption of water and minerals. In order to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal fungus P. indica on growth and some physiological parameters of Coriandrum sativum, an experiment MorePiriformospora indica fungi stimulates the growth and increase in the host biomass through absorption of water and minerals. In order to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal fungus P. indica on growth and some physiological parameters of Coriandrum sativum, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design through treatment of plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi and control plants with 15 replications in 2015 under greenhouse conditions.The results of ANOVA indicated that the shoot length, root length, and dry weight of plants inoculated with fungi were significantly higher than control plants. Also results of analysis of variance showed that the application of P. indica increased the proline content, so that the proline content in the plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi was 2.09 times higher than control plants. In addition, the findings of the study suggested that inoculation of the plant with P. indica increased the contents of chlorophyll a (17%), chlorophyll b (51%), and carotenoids (25%) in comparison with the control plant, where the increase was only significant in chlorophyll b and carotenoids (P≤0.05). Generally, the results indicated that mycorrhizal symbiosis increased the growth and improved the physiological characteristics of coriander. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Evaluation of the effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on growth, photosynthetic pigments, and compatible osmolytes of Salvia leriifolia Benth. under saline stress conditions
mahdi akhondi maryam niakan homa mahmoodzadeh akharat majid dashtiSalinity stress is one of the main factors limiting the growth and production of plants. Zinc is one of the essential elements in the plant growth and metabolic processes whose application causes the plants to withstand environmental stresses. On the other hand, applica MoreSalinity stress is one of the main factors limiting the growth and production of plants. Zinc is one of the essential elements in the plant growth and metabolic processes whose application causes the plants to withstand environmental stresses. On the other hand, application of nano-material has been considered recently for the ease of uptake. In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of ZnO nanoparticles under salinity stress, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments consisted of two levels of ZnO solution at concentrations of 2 and 4 mg.l-1 and NaCl salinity at five levels of 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM. Results showed that stem length, plant fresh weight, leaf number, leaf area, and photosynthetic pigments content, as well as soluble carbohydrate content were significantly decreased compared to control especially at 200 mM salinity level. On the other hand, foliar application of 4 mgr/l nano zinc oxide through positive effects on parameters such growth parameters, chlorophyll stability index, chlorophylls, carotenoids, proline and soluble sugars content of leaf and root. Also, analysis of the interaction of effects of the treatments showed that maximum root length and total fresh weight at 50 mM NaCl and maximum proline and chlorophyll at 100 mM NaCl were observed in spraying nano zinc oxide with a concentration of 4 mg/l. In general, the results of the study showed that the application of 4 mg/l nano-zinc oxide resulted in an increase in the growth and compatible osmolytes of Salvia leriifolia Benth., improving its response to salinity stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Evaluation of the effect of putrescine on morphological and physiological indices of Giant Milkweed Seedlings (Calotropis procera Ait.) under drought conditions
Mojtaba Dolatkordestani Mansour Taghvaei Saied BarkhoriGiven the importance of Giant Milkweed shrub in reclamation of deserts and arid regions, and position of Iran in low rainfall and arid areas, so far enough research has not been done to understand the morpho-physiological properties of the Giant Milkweed shrub under dro MoreGiven the importance of Giant Milkweed shrub in reclamation of deserts and arid regions, and position of Iran in low rainfall and arid areas, so far enough research has not been done to understand the morpho-physiological properties of the Giant Milkweed shrub under drought stress conditions and to determine the status of putrescine in reducing the devastating effects of drought. For this purpose, a field experiment was conducted in a split plot randomized complete block design with four replications to determine the effect of putrescine on some morphological and physiological characteristics of Giant Milkweed seedlings under drought stress conditions in Research Farm of the University of Hormozgan. The main factor included five levels of irrigation (1 (control), 3, 6, 9 and 12 days irrigation intervals) and putrescine treatment by foliar sprays at 3 steps every 20 days at five levels (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 mM) in sub plots. Results showed that an increase in irrigation interval up to 12 days reduced leaf area, fresh and dry weight of shoots, fresh and dry weight of roots, and chlorophyll content. Also, increased irrigation interval up to 12 days increased proline content, superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase enzymes activities. Increase in the concentration of putrescine, led to a significant increase in leaf area, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, chlorophyll content, proline content, and superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes activities in the leaves. The best putrescine treatment to reduce the devastating effects of drought was observed at concentration of 2 mM. According to the results obtained, the use of putrescine to establish the plant in dry conditions is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Evaluating the effects of water stress and urban waste compost on morpho-physiological indices and yield components of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik)
Raheleh Ahmadpour Saeed Reza Hossain ZadeCompost fertilizer because of containing abundant nutrients, high capacity for holding water, plant growth regulators and helpful microorganisms can improve soil physicochemical characteristics and play an effective role in plant growth and development. In order to eval MoreCompost fertilizer because of containing abundant nutrients, high capacity for holding water, plant growth regulators and helpful microorganisms can improve soil physicochemical characteristics and play an effective role in plant growth and development. In order to evaluate the effects of compost fertilizer on morpho-physiological indices of lentil under water deficit stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a natural environment and with three replications based on a completely randomized design in the Khatam Alanbia University of Behbahan. The experiment treatments consisted of five ratios of compost fertilizer and soil (0:100, 5:95, 15:85, 25:75, and 35:65) and three levels of water stress inclding no stress, moderate stress, and severe stress (irrigation at 25, 50, and %75 of field capacity, respectively). Results showed that there were significant differences in all traits under different compost fertilizer and water stress levels. The findings also showed that under no stress and moderate water stress conditions, application of a mixture of compost and soil at %25 and %35 weight, resulted in a significant increase in the plant height, leaf area, leaf number, root dry weight, root length, root area, and Chlorophyll a and a/b ratio compared to the control levels. Under severe water stress, application of compost at 35% level led to a significant increase in the number of leaves, leaf area, root length, and Chlorophyll a content. Therefore, the use of a mixture of compost and soil (especially 35:65 ratio) is recommended to improve the morpho-physiological characteristics and yield componentsof lentil under moderate (or severe) water stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Effect of water deficit stress and application of humic and salicylic acid on physiological traits, yield and yield components of corn
Seyyed Moosavi hossain Ragh araIn order to study the effect of water deficit and the application of humic and salicylic acid on physiological traits, yield and yield components of corn, an experiment was carried out as a split-plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at MoreIn order to study the effect of water deficit and the application of humic and salicylic acid on physiological traits, yield and yield components of corn, an experiment was carried out as a split-plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the research field of Islamic Azad Universityof Birjand, Iran in 2014. The main factor was irrigation in three levels (supply of 33, 67 and 100% water requirement) and the sub-factor was humic and salicylic acid application in 4 levels (application of humic acid, salicylic acid, humic + salicylic acid and no application). The results of variance analysis showed that irrigation significantly affected traits of physiological, seed yield components and yield but humic acid and salicylic acid application significantly affected chlorophyle index, stomatal conductivity, 1000-seed weight and seed yield. Also, interaction effect of irrigation and humic acid and salicylic acid was no significant on measured traits. Chlorophyle index, stomatal conductivity, ear number per m2, row number per ear, seed number per row, seed number per ear and 1000-seed weight significantly decreased by 15.6, 35.6, 41.2, 14.1, 33.9, 61.8 and 40%, respectively with the decreas of water requirement from 100 to 33%. Seed yield and biological yield in treatment of 100% water requirement supply, had significantly superiority 3.9 and 2.4 times, respectively as compared with treatment of 33% water requirement supply. Chlorophyle index by 7.5, 7.7 and 8.9%, 1000-seed weight by 22.5, 26.6 and 20.7% and seed yield by 26.5, 18.5 and 21.7%, significantly increased with application of humic acid, salicylic acid and humic acid + salicylic acid respectively as compaed with no application of this acids. The results showed that supply of 100% water requirement and independent application of humic acid or salicylic acid can increase seed yield of corn. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - The effect of various concentrations salicylic acid on mitigation of sodium chloride stress in growth parameters and photosynthetic pigments of sunflower plant (Helianthus annuus L.)
Kobra MahdavianS Soil salinity is a serious environmental problem that has negative effect on plants’ growth and production. On the other hand, salicylic acid plays an essential role in preventing oxidative damage in plants by detoxifying superoxide radicals produced as a resul MoreS Soil salinity is a serious environmental problem that has negative effect on plants’ growth and production. On the other hand, salicylic acid plays an essential role in preventing oxidative damage in plants by detoxifying superoxide radicals produced as a result of salinity. In this research the effect of different concentrations of salicylic acid, sodium chloride, and interaction effects of both factors were studied on morphological and biochemical parameters in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants. NaCl concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM and salicylic acid concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM were used in the form of a factorial experiment in a complete randomized design (CRD). Results showed that salinity caused significant decrease in shoot and root length, fresh and dry weights, chlorophylls, and carotenoid of plants while in salicylic acid pre-treated plants, this reduction has been moderated. On the other hand, increasing the amount of anthocyanin, chlorophylls, and carotenoid indicated the role of salicylic acid in increasing the tolerance of this plant to sodium chloride stress. These findings suggest that salicylic acid application increases plant tolerance to sodium chloride stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Evaluation of the effect of foliar and soil application of zinc and silicon nanoparticles on some physiological traits of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
norollah kheyri Hossein Ajam Norouzi Hamid Reza Mobasser Benjamin TorabiTo evaluate the effect of various application methods of zinc (Zn) and silicon (Si) on some physiological traits of rice (cv. Tarom Hashemi), a field experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with 16 treatments and three replicati MoreTo evaluate the effect of various application methods of zinc (Zn) and silicon (Si) on some physiological traits of rice (cv. Tarom Hashemi), a field experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with 16 treatments and three replications in Nour in 2016. The experimental treatments included T1: Control, T2: Calcium silicate soil application, T3: Zinc sulfate soil application, T4: Calcium silicate + Zinc sulfate, T5: Nano-Si foliar application, T6: Nano-Si + Calcium silicate, T7: Nano-Si + Zinc sulfate, T8: Nano-Si + Calcium silicate + Zinc sulfate, T9: Nano-Zn oxide foliar application, T10: Nano-Zn oxide + Calcium silicate, T11: Nano-Zn oxide + Zinc sulfate, T12: Nano-Zn oxide + Calcium silicate + Zinc sulfate, T13: Nano-Si + Nano-Zn oxide, T14: Nano-Si + Nano-Zn oxide + Calcium silicate, T15: Nano-Si + Nano-Zn oxide + Zinc sulfate and T16: Nano-Si + Nano-Zn oxide + Calcium silicate + Zinc sulfate. Results showed that straw protein, zinc and silicon in grain and straw were affected by experimental treatments, but the evaluated treatments showed no significant effect on grain protein and chlorophyll content of flag leaf. Among evaluated treatments, the combined application of silicon and zinc improved nutrient absorption compared to separate application of each element and control. This indicates the aggregation of Zn and Si compounds and their synergistic effects. Combined application of silicon and zinc by both methods of NP foliar application and soil application (T16) improved nutrients uptake in grain and straw of rice, but among the methods used, the NP foliar application had a more positive effects in improving physiological characteristics of rice plants than the treatments of soil application of elements. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - TThe effect of foliar application of iron, boron, and selenium on the root morphological characteristics and the photosynthetic pigment contents of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) medicinal plant under sodium chloride salinity
mehdi Aghighi Shahverdi heshmat Omidi seyed jalal Tabatabaei Salt stress is one of the factors limiting plant growth and a major obnstacles for nutrient uptake in plants. A factorial experiment with pots in the open air was implemented based on a completely randomized design with three replications More Salt stress is one of the factors limiting plant growth and a major obnstacles for nutrient uptake in plants. A factorial experiment with pots in the open air was implemented based on a completely randomized design with three replications to evaluate the effect of foliar application of iron (Fe: Sequestrene 138 at a concentration of 5 per thousand), boron (B: Boric acid at a concentration of 5 per thousand), and selenium (Se: Sodium selenite at a concentration of 2 per thousand) under NaCl salinity on root growth characteristics and the photosynthetic pigmentscontent of Stevia plant. The experiment factors included different levels of sodium chloride (0, 3, 6, and 9 dS m-1) and spraying composition at eight levels (no spraying, Fe, B, Se, Fe + Se, Fe + B, Se + B, and Fe + Se + B). Results showed that salinity caused significant reduction in root dry weight, volume, length, diameter and density of root, percentage of dry weight to soil volume ratio, and chlorophyll a, b, and total. Among the various combinations of spraying, combined application of Fe, B, and Se had the highest mean dry weight, volume, length, area, and density of the root. The highest significant mean chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents were observed in spraying solution containing Fe at the non-stress level, and the combination of Fe and Se at 3 dS m-1 level of salinity. In general, decrease in root growth and leaf chlorophyll content (especially chlorophyll a) occurred under salt stress and generally, these factors led to the loss of plant growth at higher salinity levels (6 and 9 dS m-1). In order to reduce the negative effects of salinity stress, especially at lower levels (3 and 6 dS m-1), using Fe and Se elements are recommended to increase the chlorophyll content of the plant and improve root growth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Evaluation of the effects of air pollution on some physiological parameters of Pyracantha crenulata var. kansuensis in clean and contaminated areas of Tehran
طاهره Zafarim Maryam Bikhof Torbati Farhang Moraghebi Roya RazavizadehAir pollution has different effects on living organisms. Since plants facing different environmental conditions cannot move, they are forced to cope with difficult conditions and withstand a series of physiological and morphological changes. This study was done to inves MoreAir pollution has different effects on living organisms. Since plants facing different environmental conditions cannot move, they are forced to cope with difficult conditions and withstand a series of physiological and morphological changes. This study was done to investigate the effects of air pollution on some physiological indices of P. kansuensis plant. These indicators included chlorophyll pigments, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and protein content. The results showed that chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and proteins in the contaminated area as compared with the clean area increased significantly. But anthocyanin content in the clean area did not change significantly compared to the contaminated area. Also, analysis of catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in the polluted regions showed a significant increase in comparison with the clean regions. Therefore, air pollution in Tehran can have adverse effects on photosynthetic efficiency of plants and air purification. functions of the plants which are one of the goals of the green spaces in major cities in addition to the beauty of urban space. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Production of auxin and some photosynthesis pigments in heterocystous cyanobacteria serovars isolated from paddy fields of eastern Mazandaran
ali shams Gorbanali Nematzadeh Neda Soltani shadman shokraviCyanobacteria are gram-negative photosynthetic microorganisms. Because they contain a variety of chemical compounds such as pigments, vitamins, and enzymes, theses microorganisms have found many applications in the industry. Several studies have reported that cyanobacte MoreCyanobacteria are gram-negative photosynthetic microorganisms. Because they contain a variety of chemical compounds such as pigments, vitamins, and enzymes, theses microorganisms have found many applications in the industry. Several studies have reported that cyanobacteria can improve the plant growth by improving the soil structure as they have potential to secrete extracellular polysaccharides that help in soil aggregation and water retention. Numerous plant-associated bacteria produce auxin and related indolic compounds. The role of microorganisms as plant growth stimulators is widespread in nature, especially in relation to the production of phytohormones. Auxins represent a group of plant hormones that are implicated in the regulation of diverse biological processes. The aim of this research was to study the production capability of auxin and some photosynthesis pigments in heterocystous cyanobacteria serovars isolated from paddy fields in eastern part of Mazandaran. After collecting soil samples, cyanobacteria cultures were cultivated on a typical BG110 medium, for purification purposes, repeated sub-culturing was carried out on solidified and liquid medium before the strains were characterized morphologically. Results indicated that a great range of isolated cyanobacteria had the potential to produce auxin as a main factor for improving plant growth and there were significant differences in the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents; however, potential of each species according to different ecological diversity and genus were different. Maximum chlorophyll, carotenoid, and auxin contents were observed in MGCY277 (Lyngbya diguetii), MGCY497 (Nostoc ellipsosporum), and MGCY358 (A nabaena variabilis) serovars, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - The effect of mycorrhiza fungi on the morphological characteristics, phenolic compounds. and chlorophyll fluorescence of Borage (Borago officinails L.) under draught stress
علی Rahimi Sh Jahanbin امین Salehi هوشنگ FarajiDrought is one of the factors that affect medicinal plants. On the other hand, the role of mycorrhiza fungi was effective in improving the performance of some medicinal plants exposed to draught stress. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in a ra MoreDrought is one of the factors that affect medicinal plants. On the other hand, the role of mycorrhiza fungi was effective in improving the performance of some medicinal plants exposed to draught stress. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Boyerahmad region during 2015 - 2016. The experiment factors consisted of irrigation levels (main plot) as irrigation after S1 =30, S2 =60, S3 =90, S4 =120 and S5 =150 mm water evaporation from evaporation pan class A and mycorrhiza fungi (sub plot) consisted of non-inoculation (NG), inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi species of Glomus mosseae (GM) and Glomus intraradices (GI). Results showed that the effect of year on the studied traits of Borage was not significant. The effect of drought stress on leaf area index of Borage was significant and in the irrigation after 30 and 60 mm evaporation the highest LAI was obtained. The application of mycorrhiza fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices increased the amount of phenols of Borageby %13 and% 9, respectively as compared with the plants not inoculated with mycorrhiza fungi. Increase in the drought from 30 mm to 150 mm decreased evaporation, height, number of tributaries and chlorophyll fluorescence, but the application of mycorrhiza could increase the studied characteristics of Borage under drought stress conditions and decrease the negative effects of stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Evlauation of application methods of nitroxin and nitrogen on yield and some physiological traits of maize (Zea mays L. cv SC 704)
Sahi Tale Mani MojaddamTo evaluate the application methods of nitroxin and nitrogen fertilizers on yield and physiological traits of maize (SC 704), a field experiment was carried out in Ahvaz based on a split plot randomized complete block design with three replications during 2013-2014. The MoreTo evaluate the application methods of nitroxin and nitrogen fertilizers on yield and physiological traits of maize (SC 704), a field experiment was carried out in Ahvaz based on a split plot randomized complete block design with three replications during 2013-2014. The treatments included four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (N1:100%, N2: 75%, N3:50%, N4: 25%) pure nitrogen (equivalent to 180 kg per hectare) as the main factor and nitroxin biological fertilizer application method at two levels (seed inoculation B1 and with irrigation water B2) as the secondary factor. The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased grain yield and physiological traits. The highest and lowest grain yields were obtained in 75% and 25% nitrogen treatments respectively. The biological fertilizer, nitroxin, had a significant impact on performance, chlorophyll a and b, efficiency, and NAE. The highest grain yield was recorded in B1 (seed treatment). In this study, while method of application of nitroxin showed no significant effect on the traits under study, the combined use of bio-fertilizer with N fertilizer, in addition to producing sufficient crop and improving nitrogen uptake efficiency, could reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizer by 25 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Effect of plant density on some growth and physiological responses, and antioxidant enzymes activities of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under different irrigation levels
Mohammad Barzali Mohammad Nasri Maziyar Karimi FarIn order to investigate the effect of different levels of plant density and irrigation on some morphologic and physiologic responses and antioxidants activities in chickpea cv. Hashem, an experiment was conducted at Goonbad-e-Kavoos region during 2012-2013 cropping seas MoreIn order to investigate the effect of different levels of plant density and irrigation on some morphologic and physiologic responses and antioxidants activities in chickpea cv. Hashem, an experiment was conducted at Goonbad-e-Kavoos region during 2012-2013 cropping season. Treatments were arranged as split plot in randomized complete block design with four replications. Different irrigation regime levels (rainfed without irrigation, irrigation at flowering stage, and irrigation during pod filling stage) were assigned to main plots and sub-plots comprised of different plant densities (20, 30, 50, and 70 plants/m2). Results showed that different irrigation regimes significantly affected traits except for days to 50% flowering and plant height but plant density factor had significant impacts only on days to 50% flowering, plant height, days to physiologic maturity, seed yield, biologic yield, and leaf chlorophyll index. Results showed that irrigation caused significant increase in leaf relative water content and leaf chlorophyll index while it decreased grain protein content, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Maximum and minimum grain protein contents were produced in no-irrigation and irrigation during pod filling stage, respectively. Meanwhile, the maximum and minimum grain yield was gained by irrigation at flowering stage and rainfed without irrigation, respectively. Under plant density levels, the maximum and minimum grain yield was produced in 70 plants/m2 and 20 plants/m2, respectively. Irrigation at flowering stage × 70 plants/m2 had the highest grain yield among all treatments of the study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Effect of Iron, Manganese, and Nitrogen nano-fertilizers on some agronomic and physiological traits of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivars
gafar bakhtiari Masoumeh Maleki Majid Rostami­In order to investigate the effects of different nano-fertilizers of Iron, manganese, and Nitrogr on some agronomic and physiological traits of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivars, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design ( More­In order to investigate the effects of different nano-fertilizers of Iron, manganese, and Nitrogr on some agronomic and physiological traits of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivars, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in a farm in Northwestern Dehloran. Experimental factors included three cultivars of sesame (Dehloran landrace, Dashtestan 2, and Darab 1) and four levels of nano-fertilizer foliar application (control, Fe, N, and Mn). Based on the results, the interaction of cultivar × nano-fertilizer on number of seeds per capsule, 1000 seeds weight, biological yield, and harvest index were significant (p≤0.05). Carotenoids and also soluble sugars content were affected only by the foliar application of nano-fertilizers and the highest amount of carotenoids and soluble sugars was observed in iron nano-fertilizer treatment. The highest amount of biological yield (1305 g.m-2) was observed in Dashtestan 2 with manganese application whereas the lowest biological yield (357 g.m-2) was in Darab 1 with control treatment. The highest seed yield (215 g.m-2) was observed in Dashtestan 2, and the difference between this cultivar and the other cultivars was significant. Application of different nano-fertilizer had positive effects on seed yield but only the effect of manganese nano-fertilizer on this trait was significant. Manganese resulted in the highest amount of seed yield (186 g.m-2) which was significantly different from the treatment with iron fertilizer and control (123 g.m-2). Based on the findings, Dashtestan 2 is recommended as the best cultivar for plantation in the region. Also, application of Manganese nano-fertilizer had a remarkable performance in yield improvement in sesame cultivars. Therefore, manganese nano-fertilizer is recommended for nourishing sesame while more studies are suggested on the effects of this fertilizer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Evaluation of the effect of day length on morphological and physiological indices of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) and Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Turfgrasses in field conditions
Nader Adamipour Hassan Salehi Morteza Khosh-KhuiIt is estimated that 20 to 25 percent of all turfgrasses are maintained under some shades, whether from building or trees. Shade affects plant growth by influencing light intensity, quality, and duration. Given the importance of turfgrasses in the beauty of the environm MoreIt is estimated that 20 to 25 percent of all turfgrasses are maintained under some shades, whether from building or trees. Shade affects plant growth by influencing light intensity, quality, and duration. Given the importance of turfgrasses in the beauty of the environment surrounding human beings, so far enough research has not been done to understand the morpho-physiological properties of the turfgrasses under different day length conditions. For this purpose, a field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of day length on some morphological and physiological characteristics of two turfgrass genera in a split plot study based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in research farm of the Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University. Day length at three levels including long day length (16 hours), intermediate day length (12 hours), and short day length (8 hours) were considered as the main factor and two turfgrasses genera (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) were considered as sub plots. The results showed that short day causes decreasing tiller density, fresh and dry weight of shoot, fresh and dry weight of root, and chlorophyll and starch contents and led to increasing leaf area and superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes activities. Also, results showed that long day causes increasing tiller density, fresh and dry weight of shoot, fresh and dry weight of root and chlorophyll and starch contents and led to decreasing leaf area and superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes activities. Festuca arundinacea turfgrass compared with Cynodon dactylon turfgrass showed more resistance to decrease in day length. Regarding the possibility of increasing the period of light in parks and stadiums, in cold seasons when turfgrasses turn yellow, increasing photoperiod leads to improvement of the green color and increasing the efficiency of turfgrasses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Effect of the growth retardant chlormequat chloride (CCC) and different levels of nitrogen on some physiological and biochemical characteristics and yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar makuyi
Ahmad Afkari Mitra AbbasiTo study the effects of different concentrations of chlormequat chloride and different levels of nitrogen on some physiological and biochemical characteristics and yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar makuyi a factorial randomized complete block design was used MoreTo study the effects of different concentrations of chlormequat chloride and different levels of nitrogen on some physiological and biochemical characteristics and yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar makuyi a factorial randomized complete block design was used with 4 replications in spring 2015. Treatments included chlormequat chloride concentrations (0, 500, 1,000, and 1500 mg/ha) and nitrogen at 3 levels (50, 100, and 150 kg/ha). Results suggest a significant difference between interaction effects of chlormequat chloride and nitrogen fertilizer on chlorophyll content, relative water content, yield and protein percentage, and activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes at 1% probability level and in the number of seeds per spike, 1000 seed weight, and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity at 5% probability level. An increase in the consumption of nitrogen fertilizer decreased the relative water content of leaves due to reduced leaf water potential. Chlormequat chloride by transferring sufficient photosynthetic material to the seeds played an important role in their filling and increased seed weight. Also, the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase enzymes were decreased by increasing the consumption of chlormequat chloride concentration and nitrogen uptake. In general, through applying 1500 mg/ha chlormequat chloride and 150 kg/ha nitrogen, the highest chlorophyll content, relative water content, yield components, yield, and protein percent were obtained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Effects of paclubutrazol on water-less stress tolerance mechanisms of two sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes
elham faghani Mousa Miri Hemmatollah Pirdashti Valiollah GhasemiomranDrought is one of the most important abiotic agents that adversely affect the growth and development of plants. The arid and semi-arid regions where sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), as a relatively drought tolerant plant, is grown are specified by high temperatures. In orde MoreDrought is one of the most important abiotic agents that adversely affect the growth and development of plants. The arid and semi-arid regions where sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), as a relatively drought tolerant plant, is grown are specified by high temperatures. In order to evaluate the effects of paclubutrazul (PBZ) on the drought tolerant of sesame a factorial experiment were conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2014 at greenhouse of Educational Department of Kordkoy (Golestan province). Treatments included two genotypes of sesame (Yellow- white and Oltan), three levels of watering (20, 50 and 80% FC) and three concentrations of PBZ application (0, 7.5 and 15mg/L). Traits such as chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity, yield and yield components were measured. Data were analyzed with SAS software. Results showed that genotype, water treatment and PBZ had a significant effect on chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity of roots and leaves, yield and yield components. High PBZ application where plants exposed to the severe water stress significantly improved chlorophyll b (44%), superoxide dismutase of roots and peroxidase activity of roots and leaves. Yellow-white genotype showed higher chlorophyll a (30.4%), b (40.6%) and carotenoid concentration (29.9%), superoxide dismutase of roots (3times), superoxide dismutase of leaves (1.9 times) and peroxidase activity of roots (3times) in severe water deficit stress. Finally, it can be concluded that Yellow white responded better to drought stress than Oltan genotype with maximum levels of PBZ throughout antioxidant mechanismes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - The effect of different levels of seaweed extract on the growth, yield and biochemical characteristics of bitter squash (Momordica charantia L.)
Mohammed Hossein Aminifard Sekene KhandanThe effects of foliar spraying of seaweed extract on the growth, yield and biochemical characteristics of bitter squash plant (Carla) were evaluated under field conditions. Treatments were of four levels of seaweed extract (0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 in thousand) during three st MoreThe effects of foliar spraying of seaweed extract on the growth, yield and biochemical characteristics of bitter squash plant (Carla) were evaluated under field conditions. Treatments were of four levels of seaweed extract (0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 in thousand) during three stages of foliar spraying (before flowering, flowering and fruit set time). The experiment was designed in randomized block design with three replications at the Research station of Faculty of Agriculture University of Birjand during growing season of 2016. Leaf growth indices were influenced by seaweed extract treatments, so that with increasing treatment levels, increased fresh and dry weight and leaf area. The seaweed extract improved photosynthetic pigments (chl a, chl b, total chl and carotenoid). The highest amount of chl a, b, total chl and carotenoid (4.77, 5.66, 11.03, 2.52 mg. g-1f.w) were obtained in plants treated with 4.5 in thousand seaweed extract, while the lowest values were recorded in the control. Results showed that seaweed extract improved on quantitative characteristics of bush, so that the highest bush length and number of lateral branches were obtained at the highest level of the seaweed extract, while the lowest value were recorded in the control. Application of different levels of seaweed extract has a positive effect on the yield indices (weight, length and diameter of the fruit, number of fruits and yield) and biochemical characteristics of fruit (antioxidants activity and total phenol). The highest yield (4526 kg. ha-1), total phenol (8.74 mg GAE/100g) and antioxidant activity (69.68%) were obtained in plants treated with 4.5 in thousand seaweed extract. Generally, the findings of current study revealed that the use of 4.5 in thousand seaweed extract had strong impact on qualitative characteristics of bitter squash in this study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - The Effect of external abscisic acid on some physiological factors and gas exchanges of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia cv. Organic Munestead) in response to drought stress
Hossein Gorgini Shabankareh sarah khorasaninejad vahid shariati hasan soltanlooIn order to study the effects of irrigation and abscisic acid regime on physiological factors and gas exchanges of Lavandula angustifolia CV. Organic Munestead, a pot experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications MoreIn order to study the effects of irrigation and abscisic acid regime on physiological factors and gas exchanges of Lavandula angustifolia CV. Organic Munestead, a pot experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Plant Production faculty of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, during growing season of 2016- 17. The treatments were four levels of irrigation regimes (30-40, 50-60, 70-80 and 90-100 percent field capacity) and Abscisic acid including three levels (0, 15 and 30 Mm/L). The results showed that irrigation regimes increase chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a+b, gas exchange and RWC. Abscisic acid had significant effect on all traits except of carotenoid content that except to efficiency of water consumption was Abscisic acid 15 Mm/L, the others were the highest in Abscisic acid 30 Mm/L. Also interaction effect of irrigation regimes and Abscisic acid was significant for all traits except of chlorophyll a+b. Abscisic acid 15 Mm/L spray and irrigation regimes 30-40 percent field capacity increase 25.04 and 38,75 in efficiency of leaf water consumption and efficiency of water consumption, respectively. Generally, Abscisic acid 15 Mm/L application and irrigation regimes 30-40 percent field capacity Introduces the best treatment, due to the lower consumption of water and the use of Abscisic acid in stress conditions, higher levels of Abscisic acid can be achieved in inducing drought tolerance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - vEvaluation of the effect of vermicompost and salinity stress on the pigments content and some biochemical characteristics of Borage (Borago Officinalis L.)
Ahmad Afkari Parvin FarajpourIn order to investigate the effects of salinity and vermicompost on the antioxidant enzymes activity and photosynthetic pigments of Borage officinalis L., a factorial experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with four replications in 2015. The study MoreIn order to investigate the effects of salinity and vermicompost on the antioxidant enzymes activity and photosynthetic pigments of Borage officinalis L., a factorial experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with four replications in 2015. The study treatments consist of four vermicompost levels (0, 5, 10, and 15% wt potted soil in dry weight) and four salinity levels 0 (control), 4, 8, and 12 ds/m sodium chloride. The results of analysis of variance showed a considerable influence of salinity stress and vermicompost on the activity level of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and total chlorophyll enzymes. Other results indicated that with increasing salinity, the activity level of antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic pigments increased and decreased, respectively. Also, use of vermicompost fertilizer raised the levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids significantly compared to the control. Comparison of means of the interactions between salinity stress and vermicompost showed that the maximum antioxidant enzymes activity was obtained in 15 wt % vermicompost treatment at the salinity level of 12 ds/m NaCl. Therefore, the use of vermicompost as an organic fertilizer, in addition to increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic pigments, can be a good way to reduce the negative effects of high levels of sodium and chloride ions in soils on the growth of borage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Effect of nano-TiO2 and salicylic acid foliar application on some physiological traits of Echinaceae purpurea L. under water deficit stress
Asiyeh Omid-Haghi Ebrahim Khalilvand Behrouzyar Farhad Farahvash Mehrdad Yarnia Abdollah HasanzadehIn order to investigate the effect of drought stress and nano-TiO2 and salicylic acid foliar application on some physiological traits of Echinaceae purpurea under water, an experiment was conducted in split plot factorial based on RCBD in three replications at the Resea MoreIn order to investigate the effect of drought stress and nano-TiO2 and salicylic acid foliar application on some physiological traits of Echinaceae purpurea under water, an experiment was conducted in split plot factorial based on RCBD in three replications at the Research Station of the Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, during growing seasons of 2017-2018. The main factors were water deficit stress at three levels of 50, 75, and 100% filed capacity, thefactorial combination of nano-TiO2 (n-TiO2) foliar application at two levels (0.02 and 0.04%) and salicylic acid foliar application at two levels (0.02 and 0.04%), and also distilled water foliar application as control treatment. Findingsshowed a significant effect of water deficit stress on relative water content (RWC) and proline (p≤0.01). Also, interaction of the effects of water deficit stress and nano-TiO2 and salicylic acid foliar application on Chl. b, total Chl., and hydrogen peroxide contents was significant (p≤0.01). Application of water deficit stress treatment up to 50% FC increased proline content by 40% and reduced RWC by 10% compared to complete irrigation (100% FC). Furthermore, 0.04% n-TiO2 and 0.04% SA foliar application increased hydrogen peroxide content by 50% compared to complete irrigation group and the control. The maximum total Chl. Contents of leaves was obtained under 100% FC irrigation and and 0.04% n-TiO2 and 0.02% SA foliar application showing 79.52% increase compared to 100% FC irrigation and no foliar application. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - The effect of humic acid on growth, yield, and some physiological parameters of wheat under salinity stress
Reza Sharifi Asl Mahnaz Jasemi Manesh Mohammad Mirzaie HaydariSalinity is a major environmental stress, reducing growth and yield of a wide variety of crops all over the world. The present study assessed effects of humic acid and salinity stress on the growth and some physiological responses of wheat in a pot experiment. The layou MoreSalinity is a major environmental stress, reducing growth and yield of a wide variety of crops all over the world. The present study assessed effects of humic acid and salinity stress on the growth and some physiological responses of wheat in a pot experiment. The layout was 4×4 factorial experiment in RCBD design with salinity stress levels and humic acid concentrations as main factors in Ilam University during 2016. Treatments were the combination of four levels of salinity stress including stress-free conditions (irrigation by distilled water), and 4, 8, and 12 dS/m NaCl and four concentrations of humic acid including 0 (as a control), 50, 100, and 150 mg/l. The statistical analysis showed that salinity stress and humic acid application had significance effects on the morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters of the wheat plants. Salinity stress imposed negative effects on plant growth and productivity. Under salinity conditions, growth parameters and yield attribute, relative water content, and chlorophyll reduced, but electrolyte leakage and antioxidant enzyme activity increased. Application of humic acid significantly increased plant growth parameters, chlorophyll content, and antioxidant enzyme activity, and decreased electrolyte leakage content. The highest salinity tolerance was obtained with 150 mg/l humic acid application. In general, results showed that the application of humic acid through affecting physiological parameters decreased adverse effects of salinity stress on the wheat plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Interaction of harvest time and storage period on physiological and biochemical parameters of kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Gold)
Mahmoud Asadi somayeh Rohani Javad Fatahi moghadam Babak Babakhani Parvaneh RahdariProper harvesting time plays an important role in maintaining fruit quality during storage. Early or delayed harvesting results in unpleasant taste, inability to store and inappropriate appearance. In order to evaluate the effects of harvest time and storage period on p MoreProper harvesting time plays an important role in maintaining fruit quality during storage. Early or delayed harvesting results in unpleasant taste, inability to store and inappropriate appearance. In order to evaluate the effects of harvest time and storage period on physiological and biochemical parameters was conducted with three replications. Tests were carried out with four harvesting time (Based on the total soluble solids (TSS) index), i.e., 5, 6.5, 8 and 9.5 °Brix and four storage time, i.e., 0, 30, 60 and 90 days. Based on the experimental treatments, traits such as fruit juice, TSS, TA, TSS/TA ratio, starch and protein content, fruit pigments, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, vitamin C, total sugar content and reducing sugars content in fruit were measured. The results showed that in all harvesting treatments, increasing the storage period significantly increased TSS, TA, protein content, total phenol, vitamin C, total sugar content, reducing sugar and antioxidant capacity. Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents increased significantly with increasing harvest index and storage period. The results of this study showed that 60 and 90 days storage periods play an important role in increasing physiological and biochemical indices of kiwifruit (except traits such as fruit juice, starch content, TSS/TA ratio and superoxide dismutase activity) in all harvest treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on sterilization, establishment, and proliferation of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.)
Ehsan Soraya Gholamreza Gohari Alireza Motallebi Azar Saeedeh Alizadeh SaletehPlant tissue culture is one of the most important techniques for the production of secondary metabolites. Plant cells are an important and appropriate source for the production of various valuable secondary metabolites. Melissa officinalis L. is an important medicinal p MorePlant tissue culture is one of the most important techniques for the production of secondary metabolites. Plant cells are an important and appropriate source for the production of various valuable secondary metabolites. Melissa officinalis L. is an important medicinal plant with applications in treatment and alleviation of heart, nervous system, and gastrointestinal diseases, and particularly in memory enhancement and Alzheimer. This study investigated the effect of various concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg l-1) on disinfection stages, establishment, and proliferation of the lemon balm. Also, in order to study the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on establishment and proliferation of the lemon balm, explants were cultivated in murashige and skoog media containing zinc oxide nanoparticles at four different concentrations (0, 25, 50 and 75 mg L-1). Results showed that application of 200 mg l-1 zinc oxide nanoparticles significantly reduced fungal and bacterial infections and the number of healthy plantlets was more compared to the other treatments. Also, the second experiment showed that with an increase in the concentration of zinc oxide nanoparticles, the growth and proliferation decreased. Among different concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles, 25 mg L-1 had the maximum effect with significant increase in chlorophyll content while 25 and 50 mg L-1 zinc oxide nanoparticle concentrations had the maximum effect on increasing carotenoid contents. According to the findings,خطای ترجمه application of zinc oxide nanoparticles at low concentration (25 mg L-1) improved water and mineral uptake and eventually resulted in an improved growth and proliferation of Melissa officinalis L. plants Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Effects of supplementary irrigation and application of mycorrhiza and azetobacter on grain filling components of rain fed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
neda ebadi raouf seyed sharifi hamed narimani razieh khalilzadehIn order to study the effects of supplementary irrigation and application of mycorrhiza and azetobacter on grain filling components, chlorophyll content, and grain yield of rain fed barley (Var. Sahand), a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complet MoreIn order to study the effects of supplementary irrigation and application of mycorrhiza and azetobacter on grain filling components, chlorophyll content, and grain yield of rain fed barley (Var. Sahand), a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the village of Khalkhoran Viand, Ardabil province during 2017. Factors of the experiment included irrigation levels (no irrigation as rain fed, supplementary irrigation at 50% heading, and booting stages) and biofertilizers application at four levels (without biofertilizers as control, application of mycorrhizal fungi, application of azetobacter, and combined application of mycorrhiza and azetobacter). Results showed that the highest chlorophyll a (1.76 mg/g FW), chlorophyll b (0.88 mg/g FW), carotenoid (0.83 mg/g FW), chlorophyll total contents (2.64 mg/g FW), maximum fluorescence (1433.2), variable fluorescence (1281.3), quantum yield (0.847), grain filling period (32.06 days), and maximum grain weight (58.3 mg) were obtained under supplementary irrigation treatment at boot stage with both application of mycorrhiza and azetobacter while the minimum levels of these traits were obtained under rain fed condition without application of biofertilizers. Moreover, the highest grain filling rate (1.9 mg/day) was obtained under rain fed condition and no application of biofertilizers while the lowest rate was obtained under supplementary irrigation at boot stage with application of mycorrhiza. Supplementary irrigation at boot stage and combined application of mycorrhiza and azetobacter increased grain yield by 29.87% in comparison with no application of biofertilizers under rain fed condition. Based on the results, it seems that application of biofertilizers and supplementary irrigation can increase grain yield of rain fed barley through improving chlorophyll content and grain filling components. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Evaluation of morphological and biochemical traits of wild primrose (Dionysia revolute) in north of Iran under the influence of ecological factor of altitude
Mehdi Mohammadi Azni Hossein MoradiEnvironmental factors are the most important factors affecting morphological traits and expression of chemical synthesizing genes. Wild primrose has compounds such as calicillin, benzabolol, quinolone, thymol and is traditionally used to treat gastrointestinal and infec MoreEnvironmental factors are the most important factors affecting morphological traits and expression of chemical synthesizing genes. Wild primrose has compounds such as calicillin, benzabolol, quinolone, thymol and is traditionally used to treat gastrointestinal and infectious wounds. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of differences in elevation level in Mazandaran province (Azni area with a height of 1035 meters and the Kasoot area with a height of 481 meters) on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of wild primrose. The studied phytochemical traits included total phenol content, total flavonoid, antioxidant capacity of samples using DPPH as well as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content. Also, morphological traits including leaf length, leaf width, root length, pedicel length, petiole length, and number of leaf were measured at the site of plant growth. Results showed that with increasing altitude in Azni site, leaf area, leaf width, petiole length, and pedicel length decreased compared to Kasoot region. But the plants in Azni region had longer roots and more leaves. On the other hand, the plants in Azni had higher leaf and flower flavonoid contents and their total phenol contents were more than those in Kasoot area. But considering the antioxidants and photosynthetic pigments, plants in Kasoot had significantly higher contents. In general, morphological traits decreased with increasing altitude while biochemical properties such as phenol and flavonoids increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Effect of mycorrhiza and salicylic acid on yield and physiological parameters of maize (Zea mays)
Poria Mazloom mohsen peyman younespor Morteza Sam daliri Amir Abbas Mousavi Mirkalaei Morteza Moballeghi,In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis and foliar application of salicylic acid on yield and photosynthetic pigments of corn, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications during MoreIn order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis and foliar application of salicylic acid on yield and photosynthetic pigments of corn, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications during two cropping years 2018-2019 in the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch. Experimental factors included mycorrhiza species (G. mosseae), (G. geosporum), and (G. intraradices) at two levels (no consumption and consumption of mycorrhiza) and salicylic acid at two levels (no consumption and consumption of 1 mM salicylic acid). Results showed that the dual effects of mycorrhiza × year and mycorrhiza × salicylic acid had a positive and significant effect on all studied traits. The highest plant height was obtained in the treatment with G. intraradices and salicylic acid. Also, 1000 grain weight, seed yield, phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen contents of seeds, and chlorophyll a and b levels were higher in salicylic acid foliar treatment compared with the other treatments. In general, the results showed that mycorrhizal application with salicylic acid spray increased vegetative and reproductive growth. This enhancement is due to the increase in photosynthesis index and, consequently an increase in photosynthetic materials dedicated to the development of reproductive organs, which ultimately improves corn yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - The effect of drought stress management by hormones and zinc on forage yield of Zea Mays L. 704 in Isfahan Province
Morteza Sam Deliri Morteza Moballeghi Sanaz Solymanpour Amir Abbas Mousavi MirkalaeiIn order to study the morphological traits and yield of maize 704 SC under the influence of spraying with growth regulators and drought stress conditions in Isfahan, an experiment was conducted for two years based on the split plot design with 3 replications. The main t MoreIn order to study the morphological traits and yield of maize 704 SC under the influence of spraying with growth regulators and drought stress conditions in Isfahan, an experiment was conducted for two years based on the split plot design with 3 replications. The main treatment included drought stress at three levels of control (irrigation based on 100% water requirement of corn), mild stress (based on 85% of the plant's water requirement), and severe stress (based on 70% of the plant's water requirement). The second treatment included spraying with distilled water as control, abscisic acid (100 mM), gibberellin (100 ppm), salicylic acid (5 mM), and Nano-zinc (2 gl-1 water). The results of this experiment showed that the effect of year on biological yield, crude protein, and forage yield were significant. Also, the effect of drought stress and spraying on leaf area index, chlorophyll index, biological yield, crude protein, and forage yield were significant. Also, the effect of drought stress and spraying on leaf area index, chlorophyll index, biological yield, crude protein and forage yield were significant. The highest forage yield (90.44 t ha-1) was obtained under the complete irrigation with salicylic acid treatment. Salicylic acid treatment resulted in higher forage yield under the complete irrigation conditions. Salicylic acid treatment also reduced the damage of mild and severe stress treatments by 27 and 9%, respectively. According to the results of the experiment and CGR, using salicylic acid treatment during three foliar application periods at eight-leaf, before tassel emergence, and at the milky stage was able to reduce drought stress and is recommended for conditions similar to the present experiment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Interaction of salinity and chromium on pigments and photosystem II function of Portulaca oleracea L.
Zahra Talebzadeh Rahele Rahbarian Mohabat Nadaf Hamid SobhanianThe aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of salinity and chromium stress on some morphological and physiological characteristics of portulaca oleracea. In a completely randomized design with 3 replications and 4 salinity levels (0, 4, 8 and 12 dS/m) usin MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of salinity and chromium stress on some morphological and physiological characteristics of portulaca oleracea. In a completely randomized design with 3 replications and 4 salinity levels (0, 4, 8 and 12 dS/m) using sodium chloride every 4 days through irrigation and 5 levels of chromium (0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 mg/ml). Kg (dry weight of soil) experiment was performed and before sowing seeds in soil with increasing potassium dichromate to soil, different levels of chromium treatment were prepared. The values of ion leakage, fresh and dry weight and leaf area, chlorophyll a, b and total, chlorophyll stability coefficient, carotenoids, photosystem II efficiency and relative water content of leaves were measured after 60 days of planting. The results showed that with increasing different levels of chromium and salinity, a significant decreasing trend (P≤0.05) was observed in fresh and dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoids, photosystem II efficiency. The lowest efficiency of photosystem II and the highest rate of ion leakage were observed at salinity levels of 12 dS/m and chromium 28 mg/kg. The interaction of salinity and chromium had a significant decreasing effect on chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight and leaf area. Was alone. However, salinity and chromium reduced the growth of portulaca oleracea leaves. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - The study of the effects of different concentrations of salicylic acid on improving physiological and biochemical properties of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) var. Akbari seedlings under salinity stress
kobra mahdavianSalicylic acid is a plant growth regulator that is involved in regulating physiological processes and the plants’ response to adverse biological conditions such as salinity. In the present study, an experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different MoreSalicylic acid is a plant growth regulator that is involved in regulating physiological processes and the plants’ response to adverse biological conditions such as salinity. In the present study, an experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different concentrations of salicylic acid, salinity, and the interaction of salicylic acid and salinity on morphological and biochemical parameters in pistachio. Salinity concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM and salicylic acid concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM were used in the form of foliar factorial application in a completely randomized design (CRD) under greenhouse condition in 2019. The results of this study showed that salinity reduced shoot and root growth and fresh and dry weights, as well as chlorophyll, carotenoid, and anthocyanin contents while in plants pre-treated with salicylic acid, the effects of salinity on these parameters were modified. Accordingly, it can be concluded that salicylic acid application protects the plant against salt stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Effect of superabsorbent polymer on photosynthetic traits, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence indices of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under drought stress
Ahmad AfkariIn order to investigate the effect of using superabsorbent polymer on photosynthetic traits, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence indices of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under drought stress, an experiment was conducted using a split-plot arrangement in ra MoreIn order to investigate the effect of using superabsorbent polymer on photosynthetic traits, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence indices of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under drought stress, an experiment was conducted using a split-plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with 4 replications in the Research Field of Islamic Azad University, Kaleibar Branch, Iran in crop year 2018. Experimental treatments included irrigation intervals in the main plots (after 70, 140, and 210 mm water evaporation from class A evaporation pan) and application of different amounts of superabsorbent polymer (0, 75, and 150 Kg.ha-1) in sub plots. Results showed that the main effect of drought stress and superabsorbent were significantly different in most measured traits (p≤0.01). Interaction between drought stress and superabsorbent was significant only in the stomatal conductance, cell membrane stability, and chlorophyll index. Mean comparison results showed that severe drought stress significantly reduced maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, maximal fluorescence (Fm), chlorophyll content, transpiration rate, CO2 concentration under stomatal chamber, and photosynthesis rate, indicating the role of stomatal factors in reducing photosynthesis under stress conditions. The use of superabsorbent significantly increased photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, cell membrane stability, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, maximal fluorescence (Fm), minimum fluorescence (F0) and chlorophyll index while CO2 concentration under stomatal chamber reduced. The highest records of most measured traits were observed in 75 Kg.ha-1 superabsorbent polymer treatment. In general, it was concluded that superabsorbent improves photosynthetic properties, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, and chlorophyll content of beans under drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Physiological and biochemical responses of Mexican marigold (Tagetes minuta L.) to mycorrhizal fungi application under salinity stress condition
Morteza Iraji Mareshk Mohammad MoghaddamIn order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi under salinity stress conditions on physiological and biochemical properties of Mexican marigold (Tagetes minuta L.), a pot factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with two factor MoreIn order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi under salinity stress conditions on physiological and biochemical properties of Mexican marigold (Tagetes minuta L.), a pot factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was the application of two types of mycorrhizal fungi at three levels (non-inoculation, Rhizophagus intradices, and Funnetiformis mosseae) and the second factor was irrigation with salinity water at 4 levels (0, 40, 80, and 120 mM equal to 0, 3.5, 7, and 10.5 ds/m sodium chloride, respectively). The salinity treatment was applied in the plants at the eight-leaf stage and on three days a week. Results showed that application of salinity stress reduced the relative water content and chlorophyll of leaves. With increasing salinity concentration, the amount of electrolyte leakage, total carbohydrate, and proline increased in leafs. In contrast, the use of mycorrhizal fungi resulted in improved traits measured under salt stress conditions. The amount of proline, total carbohydrate, and electrolyte leakage decreased with the use of mycorrhizal fungi under stress conditions due to the positive effect of these fungi on balancing growth conditions in the plant under salt stress. Also, the highest amount of relative water content and chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll of leaves were observed under non salinity stress treatment and application of R. intradices. According to the results of this research, it can be concluded that the application of salinity stress at 120 mM resulted in a significant reduction in the studied traits. Besides, the application of mycorrhiza fungi at this level of salinity could not improve the negative effects of salt stress. The use of R. intradices compared to the F. mosseae had a greater effect on the improvement of physiological and biochemical characteristics of Mexican marigold under salinity stress conditions at low salt concentration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Investigation of some physio-morphological traits of purslane (portulaca oleracea L.) landraces under drought stress
Elham Azizi Younes Rezapour mansooreh kermani ali masoomiPurslane (Portulaca Oleracea L.) is a valuable medicinal plant growing in hot and dry conditions. Since drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting the production of agricultural products in these regions, this study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of d MorePurslane (Portulaca Oleracea L.) is a valuable medicinal plant growing in hot and dry conditions. Since drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting the production of agricultural products in these regions, this study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of different purslane landraces to drought stress in the greenhouse of Payame Noor University of Daregaz during the spring 2016. The experiment was as factorial based on completely randomized design with four levels of drought stress (field capacity, 75% FC, 50% FC and 25% FC), 5 landraces of purslane (Qom, Kalat, Sabzevar, Yazd, Gachsaran), and with three replications. The studied traits were relative water content, membrane sustainability index, photosynthetic pigment contents, chlorophyll sustainability index (the amount of chlorophylls and carotenoids), proline content, soluble carbohydrates, and fresh and dry weight of roots in two stages of vegetative and reproductive growth. Results showed that an increase in water stress level decreased the relative water content and cell membrane stability index while increasing the leaf chlorophyll index, carotenoid content, proline, and carbohydrates in different landraces of purslane. Results also indicated that the landraces of Gachsaran and Yazd had higher membrane stability index, lower RWC, and lower chlorophyll content under stress. Among the studied landraces, Qom and Kalat showed significant superiority compared to Sabzevar, Yazd and Gachsaran landraces in terms of proline and soluble carbohydrates. Also, the results showed that with increasing drought stress, fresh and dry weight of roots, leaves, and stems reduced at vegetative and generative stages of plant development such that the highest morphological and physiological traits in two stages of vegetative and reproductive growth were observed in 75% and 100% of field capacity and the minimum levels of these traits were obtained in 25% of field capacity. In general, Qom and Kalat landraces were more tolerant to drought stress compared to other landraces while Gachsaran, Yazd, and Sabzevar due to the relatively weak response to drought stress in most of the measured traits, were evaluated as susceptible landraces to drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Evaluation of the effect of freezing stress tolerance of Phyla lanceolata under some organic mulch in controlled conditions
maryam kamali Yahya Selahvarzi Jafar NabatiIn order to investigate the effect of frost stress on Phyla lanceolata as a cover plant under the influence of some organic mulches, this experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications at Ferdowsi Universi MoreIn order to investigate the effect of frost stress on Phyla lanceolata as a cover plant under the influence of some organic mulches, this experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Five levels of freezing temperature (0, -5, -10, -15, and -20 °C) and three types of mulch (manure, leaf needle, and bran) were treated in the experiment. For evaluation of frost tolerance temperatures, some traits such as electrolyte leakage percentage, soluble carbohydrate content, leaf proline content, leaf number, leaf area, and plant dry weight were considered. Results showed that the simple and interaction effects of mulch and temperature on the measured morphological traits, electrolyte leakage, relative water content, spade and photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a, b and total) were significant. All of the organic mulches used in the study increased shoot and root dry weight so that by applying three mulch of bran, leaf needle, and animal manure, shoot dry weight from 2.15 g under non-mulch conditions reached to 2.72, 3.13, and 3.19 g/plant, respectively and root dry weight from 1.50 g reached 1.90, 2.23, and 2.29 g /plant, respectively. The highest electrolyte leakage (80%) was at -20 °C and in plants treated with bran mulch and the highest relative water content (55%) was at 0 °C and in plants treated with needle mulch treatment. Also, total chlorophyll content was 0.11 mg higher than that in control treatment. In general, among the mulches used, animal manure mulch had the greatest effect on mitigating the effects of frost on morphological and biochemical traits of the plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Investigation of the effect of plant density and humic acid on paddy yield, water use efficiency, and biochemical traits of direct-seeded rice cultivation (Oryza sativa L.) in northern Iran
Manizhe Kalteh Hossein Ajam Norouzi Abolfazl Faraji Abdol Aziz Haghighi Ebrahim Gholamalipour AlamdariThe transition from transplanting rice cultivation to direct-seeding rice cultivation has recently begun in Iran, especially in Golestan province. No information is yet available on the effect of humic acid and plant density on paddy yield and some of its biochemical tr MoreThe transition from transplanting rice cultivation to direct-seeding rice cultivation has recently begun in Iran, especially in Golestan province. No information is yet available on the effect of humic acid and plant density on paddy yield and some of its biochemical traits. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in a research farm located in Gonbad city during May to September 2019 in the form of split plot-factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Plant density (plant spacing per row) was considered as the main factor with 4 levels (5, 10, 15, and 20 cm) and humic acid consumption at 2 levels (humic acid consumption, no humic acid consumption) was considered as subplots. Humic acid fertilizer with a concentration of 250 ml per hectare was added in three stages including tillering (4-6 leaves), stalking (20-30 days after tillering), and before panicle initiation. Results showed that the effects of plant spacing on row and humic acid application on 1000-seed weight, paddy yield, biological yield, harvest index, grain protein, water use efficiency, and chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll were significant. Considering 5 and 10 cm plant spacing on rows along with humic acid application had the highest rice yield and water use efficiency. Also, chlorophyll content showed a significant change with increasing plant density and application of humic acid with a significant increase in chlorophyll a and b, which in turn was effective in increasing paddy yield. Rice protein also showed the highest level in 10 cm spacing between plants on each row along with the application of humic acid. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Study of physiological and biochemical responses of rice mutant lines derived from gamma ray irradiation and local varieties under saline field conditions
Leila Bagheri Sara saadatmand Neda Soltani Vahid NiknamRice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the crops which is the main source of food for more than a third of the world's population. Limiting factors such as environmental stress require increasing the yield of agricultural products per unit area. Soil salinity is one of the mo MoreRice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the crops which is the main source of food for more than a third of the world's population. Limiting factors such as environmental stress require increasing the yield of agricultural products per unit area. Soil salinity is one of the most important factors reducing the productivity of crops throughout the world. Induced mutation is widely used as an effective tool for improving the yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses in product modification. In order to screen salt-tolerant superior mutant lines of rice, 10 mutant lines (M5) derived from three Iranian local varieties (Tarom, Anbarbo, and Hasani) were assessed during two generations (M6 and M7) at saline field (EC of soil was 6-8 ds/m). The experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Three salt-tolerant superior mutant lines (13-3, 32-18 and 22-1) were selected in comparison with their parents (control). Physiological parameters of superior mutant lines (high stomatal conductivity, Fv/Fm, and total chlorophyll) were biochemical (lower Na+/K+ ratio, high proline accumulation, less membrane damage). These superior mutant lines will be introduced as new salt-tolerant rice varieties and sources of plant germplasm. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - The effect of sulfur fertilizers in intensifying or modulating the stressful effects of NPK fertilizer on the ornamental-medicinal plant Euphorbia tirucalli L. in potted conditions
Raheleh Farnia Aryan Sateei Mehdi Ebadi Mazeyar Ahmadi GolsefidiThe present study investigates the effect of sulfur fertilizer on Euphorbia tirucalli L. in pot culture conditions. Plants were cultivated under 10 NPK treatments with sulfur fertilizers (granular or bentonite, with or without thiobacillus and ammonium sulfate each in t MoreThe present study investigates the effect of sulfur fertilizer on Euphorbia tirucalli L. in pot culture conditions. Plants were cultivated under 10 NPK treatments with sulfur fertilizers (granular or bentonite, with or without thiobacillus and ammonium sulfate each in two concentrations) and one NPK treatment without sulfur, compared with the control in randomized complete blocks for 4 months. Growth parameters including dry and fresh weight of plants, roots, shoots and the ratio of fresh or dry weight of roots to plants as well as protein, chlorophyll, potassium, phosphorus and sulfur content in roots or shoots were measured. NPK fertilizer did not increase phosphorus and potassium uptake but decreased root growth. Addition of sulfur fertilizers except for bentonite sulfur with a concentration of 0.8 g per 80 cm2 of soil with Thiobacillus commercial liquid fertilizer, 250 ml / l, had no effect on recovering the negative effects of NPK and even in most treatments, shoot dry weight and fresh weight decreased. Ammonium sulfate showed the most negative effect on growth parameters. Also, some sulfur treatments had a positive effect on increasing the amount of shoot protein. Chlorophyll a, b and total levels did not show a significant difference between treatments. The effect of sulfur fertilizer on soil pH was different and higher concentration of granular sulfur fertilizer containing Thiobacillus caused a more severe drop. None of the sulfur treatments increased the phosphorus of the shoot and even some treatments had a negative effect on the phosphorus content of the roots as well as the potassium content of the roots and shoots. Only in the treatment of granular sulfur fertilizer with Thiobacillus at lower concentrations, root potassium content increased. Negative effects of sulfur fertilizers were not due to increased sulfur uptake, because the sulfur content changes between treatments were not significantly different. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Effects of Mycorrhizae and nano Fe-Zn oxide on nodulation and quantitative and qualitative yield of rain fed lentil (Lens culinaris L.)
Ravanbakhsh Aghahei Raouf Seyed sharifi Hamed NarimaniIn order to study the effects of mycorrhizae and foliar application of nano Fe and Zn oxides on nodulation and quantitative and qualitative yield of lentil under rain fed conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with thr MoreIn order to study the effects of mycorrhizae and foliar application of nano Fe and Zn oxides on nodulation and quantitative and qualitative yield of lentil under rain fed conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in a farm at Zardalo village, Ardabil province during 2017-2018. Treatments included foliar application of nano Fe and Zn oxides at four levels (foliar application with water as control, foliar application of nano iron oxide (0.6 gL-1), nano zinc oxide (0.6 gL-1), combined foliar application of nano Fe and Zn oxides (0.3 g L-1 each), and application of mycorrhiza at four levels (no application of mycorrhiza as control, application of Mycorrhizae mosseae, Mycorrhiza intraradices, and combined application of Mycorrhiza intraradices with mycorrhiza mosseae). Means comparison showed that foliar application of nano Fe-Zn oxides as well as combined application of mycorrhizal mosseae and intraradices increased number of active nodules per plant, percentage of active nodules per plant, 100 grain weight, and grain yield by 173.2, 93.08, 36.58, and 58.34% respectively in comparison with no foliar application of nano Fe-Zn oxide and no application of mycorrhiza. Also, combined foliar application of nano Fe-Zn oxide along with mycorrhiza mosseae and intraradices increased respectively the number of grains per pod, number of pods per plant, dry weight of root, zinc content of grains, and protein contentof grains increased by 42.14, 95.17, 12o, 58.2, and 47.55%, respectively in comparison with no application of mycorrhiza and nano Fe-Zn oxide. It seems that foliar application of nano Fe-Zn oxide and mycorrhiza application owing to improving some morphophysiological traits can be considered as a proper method for increasing quantitative and qualitative yield and mitigating the effects of water deficit in rain fed conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - The effect of drought stress and selenium on some morphophysiological characteristics of Dragons head (Lallemantia iberica L.)
Masoomeh Amerian Alireza zebarjadi javaneh alsadat mehrabiIn order to investigate the effect of drought stress and different levels of selenium on growth and physiological characteristics of the Dragons head (Lallemantia iberica L.), a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications MoreIn order to investigate the effect of drought stress and different levels of selenium on growth and physiological characteristics of the Dragons head (Lallemantia iberica L.), a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications at Razi University Research Greenhouse. Experimental treatments consisted of different levels of humidity levels (full irrigation, 25%, 50% and 75% field capacity) and the second factor contained different concentrations of selenium (0, 5 and 10 mg L-1 sodium selenate). Foliar application of sodium selenate was performed in two stages. According to the results, drought stress had a negative effect on stem and leaf dry weight, inflorescence fresh weight, inflorescence length and leaf relative water content. Selenium increased shoot and leaf dry weight, inflorescence length and leaf relative water content. Under drought stress, selenium increased plant height, shoot number, stem fresh weight, leaf number and leaf fresh weight. Selenium increased biological yield, inflorescence dry weight, number of flowers, seed weight per plant, 1000-seed weight and seed yield. Selenium had a positive effect on stomatal conductance and chlorophyll fluorescence of leaves. As a result, foliar application of sodium selenate can overcome drought stress and prevents reduce in seed yield. The increase in seed yield in Dragons head may be related to increase in number of flowers per inflorescence, number of seeds per plant, seed weight per plant and 1000-seed weight. Therefore, under drought stress, foliar application of sodium selenate in two stages can prevent or reduce seed yield by reducing the effects of drought stress. Therefore, foliar application of 10 mg L-1 sodium selenate is recommended to reduce the effects of drought stress on the cultivation of Dragons head. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Effect of salicylic acid foliar application on flowering and growth characteristics of lantana (Lantana camara Linn.) under salinity stress
Maryam Dehestani-Ardakani Parisa Ghatei Ali Momenpour Jalal Gholamnezhad Zahra FakharipourLantana camara Linn. is a flowering ornamental plant belonging to family Verbenaceae. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of salicylic acid foliar application on flowering improvement and growth characteristics of lantana under salinity stress. In MoreLantana camara Linn. is a flowering ornamental plant belonging to family Verbenaceae. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of salicylic acid foliar application on flowering improvement and growth characteristics of lantana under salinity stress. In a factorial experiment and completely randomized design (CRD), three levels of SA (0, 0.5 and 1mM) and five levels of salinity (0.5, 3, 5, 7 and 9 dS.m-1) were applied. The results indicated that increasing salinity levels from 0.5 to 9 dS.m-1 significantly reduced all studied growth parameters levels, chlorophyll contents and potassium uptake. While Na+uptake, Na+/K+ and ion leakage were increased relative to control. Also, the results indicated that the salicylic acid significantly increased plant growth and physiological traits. Application of salicylic acid (0.5 mM) improved vegetative, flowering growth and nutrient uptake under salt stress. At salinity level of 9 dS m-1, application of 1mM salicylic acid increased the height of the main branch and the number of flowers by3.22 and 2.14 times, respectively, compared to the control and decreased the sodium uptake by 2.46 times. At the same level of salinity, treatment of plants by 0.5mM salicylic acid increased plant height, stem diameter, increased diameter of main branch, number of flowers and fresh weight of flowers by 70.64%, 2.15, 2.14 and 5.8 times respectively, in compare to the control. Considering that the plants maintained their vegetative growth and flowering well up to salinity level of 7dS.m-1, it seems that the lantana is able to tolerate salinity. In general, It seems that under high salinity levels, salicylic acid (0.5 mM) was the most effective treatment for mitigating the deleterious effect of salt stress in lantana plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Evaluation of photosynthetic pigments, fluorescence indexes, gas exchange, and some active flavonoid substances in Viola tricolor L. under the effect of bio-silver nanoparticles
Arefeh Hassanvand Sara Saadatmand Hossein Lariyazdi Alireza IranbakhshViola tricolor L. of the Violaceae family is used for its antioxidant and pharmaceutical compounds. This study was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles on the photosynthetic systems an MoreViola tricolor L. of the Violaceae family is used for its antioxidant and pharmaceutical compounds. This study was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles on the photosynthetic systems and gas exchange of the Viola tricolor L. Treatments included silver nanoparticles with three concentrations (10, 50, and 100 ppm) and a control (distilled water). Results of the study showed that relative water content, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll a concentration, and total chlorophyll concentration, maximum fluorescence, soluble carbohydrate, and antioxidant activity were higher in the treated plants compared with the control plants. Stomatal conductance showed a significant improvement under 50 mg/L silver nanoparticles compared with the other treatments. Maximum chlorophyll b was observed in 10 ppm concentration of silver nanoparticles. Moreover, the highest chlorophyll a content was observed in the plants treated with 50 mg/L concentration of nanoparticles. Carotenoid contents significantly improved in the plants treated with silver nanoparticles. CO2 content and insoluble carbohydrate were higher in the control group compared with the other treatments. A number of effective flavonoids were assayed, including Rutin, Quercetin, and Apigenin which showed a significant difference compared with the control group in 10, 50, and 10 ppm treatments, respectively. The results of this study showed that silver nanoparticles stimulate antioxidant activity and increase the secondary metabolites (flavonoid content) of Viola tricolor L. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Seasonal and diurnal changes in photochemistry and antioxidant responses, and phenolic metabolism in evergreen Jasminum fruticans
ghader habibiIn this study, seasonal and diurnal changes in photosynthesis and phenolic metabolism in evergreen jasmin (Jasminum fruticans L.) were examined over a 12-month period. We found the differences in pigment and phenolic contents between the values determined during the aut MoreIn this study, seasonal and diurnal changes in photosynthesis and phenolic metabolism in evergreen jasmin (Jasminum fruticans L.) were examined over a 12-month period. We found the differences in pigment and phenolic contents between the values determined during the autumn and winter months and the values determined during the spring and summer months. During the autumn and winter months, the low seasonality of Chla was accompanied by increases in both carotenoids and phenol levels which play a major role in photoprotection processes. While the maximal quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) showed diurnal changes during the winter months, such diurnal changes were not observed for the other seasons. These diurnal changes reflected dynamic photoinhibition, as an adaptation mechanism, which may actually protect the leaves against photodamage under cold conditions. During the winter months, increased O–J phase (from the OJIP chlorophyll fluorescence curve) and decreased I–P phase in parallel with the reduction of Fv/Fm, revealed that the cold stress influenced both the donor and acceptor sides of PSII. Interestingly, we found the relationship between diurnal changes of Fv/Fm and those of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels and catalase (CAT) activity during the winter months. Diurnal changes in CAT activity represented the differences between the values determined in warm and cold seasons. Compared with the diurnal changes during the spring and summer months, the maximum activity of CAT was observed at 15:00 h during the winter months, which indicated that CAT may play an effective role in protection of photosystems under a high photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) during cold days. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - The efficacy of different concentrations of gibberellic acid on physiological traits of Dunaliella salina microalgae in Guillard (f/2) medium
Mojtaba Ghasemi Salehe Ganjali leila fahmideh Mojtaba Keykhasaber Mohammad ModarresiDunaliella salina is a carotenoid-producing microalgae that is important for its extraordinary ability to accumulate ß-carotene. Therefore, an experiment was performed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of gibberellic acid on growth, accumulatio MoreDunaliella salina is a carotenoid-producing microalgae that is important for its extraordinary ability to accumulate ß-carotene. Therefore, an experiment was performed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of gibberellic acid on growth, accumulation of chlorophyll pigments, carotenoid content, and dry biomass of D. salina in f/2 medium. Experimental treatments included different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3): 0 (control), 0.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/L. The measured traits in this experiment included growth rate and doubling time, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, total carotenoid, dry biomass, total lipid content, and endogenous gibberellic acid. The analysis of variance showed that the effect of different concentrations of gibberellic acid on all studied traits in D. salina was significant at the statistical level ρ)≤ 0.05). Gibberellic acid (GA3) at a concentration of 10 mg/l increased growth rate, chlorophyll a and b content, total chlorophyll content, dry biomass and total lipid content in the studied microalgae. While the highest amount of total carotenoid accumulation was recorded for 5 mg/L GA3 treatment. According to our findings, it is suggested that 5 mg/L GA3 concentration can be effective, if the purpose of cultivating this microalgae species is to produce carotenoid, but if the aim of production are dry biomass and total lipid content, the use of 10 mg/L GA3 concentration will stimulate and increase the production of microalgae total lipid and dry biomass. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - The effect of growth-promoting bacteria on yield and some biochemical characteristics of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) under drought stress conditions
Maedeh Yousefian Shahaboddin Mirinejad Zahra RahamiAn approach to overcome drought stress is using growth-promoting bacteria. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Azospirillum growth-promoting bacteria under drought stress on yield and biochemical characteristics of Nigella sativa L. in the crop year MoreAn approach to overcome drought stress is using growth-promoting bacteria. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Azospirillum growth-promoting bacteria under drought stress on yield and biochemical characteristics of Nigella sativa L. in the crop year 2019-2020 in Servak village of Yasouj province in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province. The experiment was performed as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was irrigation in three levels (irrigation after using 30% soil moisture (control), irrigation after using 60% soil moisture, and irrigation after using 90% soil moisture) and the sub-factor of Azospirillum growth-promoting bacteria in two levels (no inoculation and inoculation of seeds with bacteria). Results showed that inoculation of growth-promoting bacteria increased yield and carbohydrate under moderate stress conditions. In high stress conditions, carotenoid and malondialdehyde had significant changes. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids had significant changes under both moderate and severe stress. On the other hand, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids had significant changes in both moderate and high stress. The highest concentrations of total chlorophyll (1.01 mg / g fresh weight) and carotenoids (0.77 mg / g fresh weight) were observed in irrigation after consuming 30% soil moisture and inoculation with bacteria. The highest yield (1072 kg / ha) was observed under consuming 30% soil moisture and bacteria. Measuring the rate of plant growth is suggested at different stages to determine the effect of stress in each period to get a perfect interpretation of the effect of stress on the plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Effects of auxin and gibberellin hormoneson some agronomic, physiological and biochemical traits of tancy mustard (Descurainia sophia) under different levels of humic acid
mohammad jahantigh Isa Khamari Alireza sirousmehr mehdi dahmardehThe use of plant hormones in the last decade has been considered due to the expansion of sustainable agriculture and therefore should be investigated in the integrated management of crops. In order to investigate the effect of application of different plant hormones (au MoreThe use of plant hormones in the last decade has been considered due to the expansion of sustainable agriculture and therefore should be investigated in the integrated management of crops. In order to investigate the effect of application of different plant hormones (auxin and gibberellin) on some agronomic, physiological and biochemical characteristics of sorrel under different levels of humic acid, an experiment was conducted as split plots in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications was carried out in research farm of the Agricultural Research Institute of Zabol University (Chah Nimeh) for two years. The main factor includes two concentrations of humic acid (0 and 5 liters per hectare) and the secondary factor includes nine concentrations of foliar application including control (foliar application with distilled water), auxin hormone (IBA) in concentrations of 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg / l. IBA and gibberellin at concentrations of 15, 30, 45 and 60 mg / L. The results of combined analysis of data showed that the three-way effect of experimental treatments was not significant for any of the studied traits but the interaction of humic acid and foliar application was significant for all studied traits. Humic acid significantly increased plant height, number of seeds per pod, leaf chlorophyll percentage, protein percentage, harvest index, grain yield, mucilage and unsaturated fatty acid, as well as foliar application of 20 mg / l IBA increased plant height Number of seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight and leaf chlorophyll and levels of 60 and 45 mg / l gibberellin Plant height traits Weight 1000 seedlings. In general, it can be concluded that the level of 5 liters per hectare humic acid and foliar spraying of 20 mg per liter of IBA is suitable for sorrel. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Effect of nanoselenium and sodium selenate on some of physiological and biochemical parameters of Vasha (Dorema ammoniacum L.)
Elham Abedi Ramazan Ali Khavari-Nejad Laleh Mosharraf Sara Saadatmand Hossein Ali Asadi-GharnehSelenium with antioxidant properties, has positive effects on growth and development of biological activities of many plants but its excessive levels in soil causes physiological problems. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of selenium (bulk) and nanosel MoreSelenium with antioxidant properties, has positive effects on growth and development of biological activities of many plants but its excessive levels in soil causes physiological problems. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of selenium (bulk) and nanoselenium on some of physiological and biochemical of Vasha, in a completely randomized experiment. Selenium in form of sodium selenate was applied in nutrient solution at concentrations (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg L–1) and nanoselenium at concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg L–1). The results showed that application of both bulk and nano-Se treatments significantly increased plant growth parameters (i.e. length of roots and shoot, the root and shoot fresh and dry weights), as well as the content of photosynthetic pigment, total flavonoids, total phenol, anthocyanin and carbohydrate content by 2.5 mg L–1 and 10 mg L– 1 of selenium and nanoselenium respectively. Moreover, the abovementioned concentrations were associated with a significant increase in plant antioxidant activity. All treatments reduced malondialdehyde. The most increase in chlorophyll a was observed at a concentration of 10 mg L-1 nano-Se, which decreased with increasing selenium concentration compared to the control treatment. The results showed that the positive effect of selenium on the growth and increase of phenolic compounds depends on the type and concentration of selenium application. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Investigation of the effect of silica spraying and salinity stress on some physiological traits of Camelina sativa oil plant
Ebrahim Fani Shokoofeh HajihashemiIn order to investigate the effects of salinity stress and foliar application of silica on Camelina sativa oil plant, a factorial study was carried out in the growth chamber of the laboratory of the Department of Biology, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology MoreIn order to investigate the effects of salinity stress and foliar application of silica on Camelina sativa oil plant, a factorial study was carried out in the growth chamber of the laboratory of the Department of Biology, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, in 3 replications based on a completely randomized block design. Treatments included salinity stress at two levels (0 and 100 mM NaCl) and potassium silicate solution at two levels (0 and 5 mM). The physiological and biochemical traits of Camelina sativa under salinity stress were evaluated along with the role of osmotic substances such as soluble sugar and soluble protein in reducing the harmful effects of salinity stress. Results showed that salinity stress significantly reduced the amount of chlorophyll a, b, and total in Camelina sativa, while silica treatment significantly reduced the harmful effects of salinity. Soluble sugar content of leaves in response to salinity stress was 46% lower than in the control plant. Salinity stress combined with silica increased the amount of soluble sugar 27% more than the control plant. Results also showed that in the treatment with silica under 100 mM salinity level, the amount of leaf proteins was almost 10% less than the control plants. The results of measuring the plant’s antioxidant capacity of FRAP showed that in response to silica treatment without salinity, no significant difference was observed in the amount of antioxidant capacity of FRAP, while in the combined treatment of salinity stress + silica it decreased by 9% compared with the control plants. The results of this study supports the beneficial role of silica as an environmentally friendly compound to increase plant resistance to salinity stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - بررسی اثر هورمون آبسیزیک اسید بر افزایش تحمل خشکی گیاه علفی رستاخیزی Sporobolus stapfianus Sporobolus pyramidalis در مقایسه با گیاه علفی و غیررستاخیزی
هوشنگ امیریان حمیدرضا قاسمپور مه لقا قربانلی سکینه ونایی حمید رضا قاسمی -
Open Access Article
116 - ارزیابی اثر قارچ میکوریزای Glomus etunicatum بررنگیزههای فتوسنتزی و خصوصیات آنتی اکسیدانی گیاهچههای پروانش (Catharanthus roseus L.) باززایی شده طی شرایط سازگاری
سمانه رحمت زاده جلیل خارا سید کمال کاظمی تبار -
Open Access Article
117 - اثر تغییرات فصلی بر برخی فرایندهای فیزیولوژیکی گیاه صنوبر (Populus deltoides Marsh.)
مژگان فرزامی سپهر محبوبه محمدی مه لقا قربانلی -
Open Access Article
118 - مطالعه نشانگرهای رنگدانهای در انواع برگهای شمشاد طلایی (Euonymus japonicus Thunb.)
نادر چاپارزاده سمانه صفی خانی لیلا زرندی میاندوآب -
Open Access Article
119 - The responses of Some Morphological and Physiological characters in one Canola (Brassica napus L.) Cultivars to Soil Water Stress
حمید Noorani azad, M.R Hajibagheri,In order to study the morphologic and physiologic responses of one Canola cultivar (Talayie) to moisture Stress, a 4- replicate CRD greenhouse experiment was conducted during at the Islamic Azad University of Jahrom. The treatments consisted of five moisture levels with MoreIn order to study the morphologic and physiologic responses of one Canola cultivar (Talayie) to moisture Stress, a 4- replicate CRD greenhouse experiment was conducted during at the Islamic Azad University of Jahrom. The treatments consisted of five moisture levels with intervals 7(control),14,21,28 and 35 days of irrigation .Total dry weight, stem length and root, total leaf chlorophyll, total soluble sugars and proline, Na+, K+ in leaves were measured at the final leaf growth stage. Results showed that total leaf chlorophyll and K+ significantly decreased in comparison to control. Dry weight decreased with increasing drought stress and significantly decreased in treatments of 28 and 35 day of irrigation in comparison to control. Decrease of stem length, except in treatment of 14 day of irrigation has significant in comparison to control. Na+ in leaves significantly increased with increasing of drought stress. The differences of root length between different treatments were not significant. The total soluble sugars and proline contents increased with increasing of drought stress. The sugars and proline accumulation probably play an important role in the osmoregulation and induction of drought tolerance. Decrease of k+may be lead to stomatal resistance and decreasing of photosynthesis and growth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Plants of Pashandegan Forest Reserve in Esfahan Province
مژگان Farzamisepehr sh Hadad KavehPashandegan Forest Reserve in Esfahan province (in central Iran), as one of the most indicative regions of the Zagros forests, was studied from floristic point of view. The results showed that 133 species belonging to 107 genera and 40 families of vascular plants are gr MorePashandegan Forest Reserve in Esfahan province (in central Iran), as one of the most indicative regions of the Zagros forests, was studied from floristic point of view. The results showed that 133 species belonging to 107 genera and 40 families of vascular plants are grown in this area, among which, the family Fabaceae (Papilionaceae) with 19 species and the genus Astragalus with 8 species are the most diverse taxa. The plant form spectrum showed that these plants consist of 41.4% therophytes, 34.6 % hemicryptophytes, 15.7% phanerophytes, 5.3% geophytes, and 3% chamaephytes. Oak (Quercus brantii var. persica), maple (Acer monspesulanum subsp. cinerascence) and wild pear (Pyrus syriaca) were found as the prevailing trees of the area respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - The effect of zinc excess on photosyntetic pigments, soluble sugar, starch and proline in Brassica napus L.
مه لقا Ghorbanli رضا حاجی Hajihosseini فاطمه KhosheghbalZinc is one of the essential micronutrients for the normal growth and development of plants. It is also known as heavy metal which at higher level causes toxicity in most of the plants. Nowadays environmental pollutions especially which caused by heavy metals result fro MoreZinc is one of the essential micronutrients for the normal growth and development of plants. It is also known as heavy metal which at higher level causes toxicity in most of the plants. Nowadays environmental pollutions especially which caused by heavy metals result from industrial activity.Also the useage of chemical and inorganic fertilizer have non-compensated damage on the agricultural plants. Hence study of plants, tolerance to heavy metals is significant. The effect of high concentration of zinc on chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid, soluble sugars, starch and prolin in Brassica napus has been studied in this survey. Plants were treated with various Zn concentration (50, 100, 250, 500, 700 µ M) in nutrient solution for two weeks. All determinations were carried out in triplicate and data were statistically analyzed by using full randomize plots, SPSS v,13, MSTAC (one-way ANOVA) and Duncan test. According to the result chlorophyll a and b significantly decreased in comparison to control by increasing Zn concentration, but content of chlorophyll b was significantly decreased in treatments of 500 and 700 µM Zn. Also carotenoid,s content significantly decreased in concentration of 500 and 700 µM Zn. Soluble sugar increased in shoots and roots by increase of Zn as well as proline, but starch level were decreased in both. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - بررسی میزان تولید اکسین و برخی رنگدانههای فتوسنتزی در سویههای سیانوباکتری هتروسیستدار جدا شده از شالیزارهای غرب استان مازندران
امیر علی کلیایی قربانعلی نعمت زاده ندا سلطانی شادمان شکروی -
Open Access Article
123 - The effect of aquatic extract of canola (Brassica napus L.) on chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase, catalase and peroxidase activities enzymes of soybean (Glycine max L.) seedling in hydroponic culture
مریم Niakan معصومه TajariCanola contains allelochemicals that effect on metabolism of weeds and crop plants.The aim of this research was to study the effect of aquatic extract of canola (Brassica napus L. cv Hyola 401) on chlorophyll content in cotyledon, nitrate reductase, catalase and peroxid MoreCanola contains allelochemicals that effect on metabolism of weeds and crop plants.The aim of this research was to study the effect of aquatic extract of canola (Brassica napus L. cv Hyola 401) on chlorophyll content in cotyledon, nitrate reductase, catalase and peroxidase activity in root, stem and cotyledon of soybean seedling (Glycine max L. cv Gorgan 3) in Hoagland culture. The seeds of canola (Brassica napus L.cv Hyola 401) was planted in pot and provided aquatic extract of total plant in 5 leaf stage.This extract was added to Hoagland culture and catalase,peroxidase and nitrate reductase activities in leaf, stem and root and chlorophyll a and b content in cotyledons in soybean seedling (Glycine max L.cv Gorgan3) after 9 days were evaluated. The results showed that chlorophylls (a and b) amounts in cotyledons and catalase and peroxidase in root and stem and cotyledon decreased in comparison with to control (Hoagland only) in while nitrate reductase activity reduced in cotyledon and in root and stem increasd. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - بررسی رابطه بین عدد دستگاه کلروفیلمتر با محتوای کلروفیل، فتوسنتز و میزان نیتروژن برگ در سویا (Glycine max L.)
گلثومه عزیزی لیلا علیمردانی آسیه سیاهمرگویی -
Open Access Article
125 - Effect of pix regulator on morphophysiologycal responses of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to drought tress
مریم Niakan, عبدالرشید Habibi, سیده زهرا Hosseini Kolbadi, الهه Kiaeei,In today, the use of growth regulators not only cause growth improvement and increase product of cotton but also rise resistant of this plant to environmental stresses. In this research the effect of drought stress and also drought with pix in different concentrations ( MoreIn today, the use of growth regulators not only cause growth improvement and increase product of cotton but also rise resistant of this plant to environmental stresses. In this research the effect of drought stress and also drought with pix in different concentrations (0. 5, 1. 5 and 2. 5 L/ha) were used in form spray and control (irrigation) in reproductive phase on growth factors, amounts of chl a and b, soluble sugars and starch under condition of pots were evaluated. The results of this research showed that application of pix because decrease stems length in comparison to drought treatment and control. Other growth factors such as root length, number of internodes and bolls, dry and fresh weight of shoot in treatments of drought with pix different contents did not change significantly. Number of leaves also in drought with 1.5L/ha concentration of pix treatment decreased significantly in comparison to drought treatment Amounts of chl a and b did not affect under different treatments. On the other hand the most of amounts of soluble sugars and starch in leaves were observed alone in control and in plants root under drought treatment. In between other treatments these changes were not significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - بررسی تجزیه زیستی هگزادکان توسط سیانوباکتری Schizothrix vaginata ISC108 و اثر آن بر میزان رشد، رنگیزهها و فتوسنتز
رویا غفاری ندا سلطانی مهناز مظاهری اسدی -
Open Access Article
127 - بررسی اثر شوری بر برخی پاسخهای مورفوفیزیولوژیک 12 ژنوتیپ گیاه پنبه (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
قربانعلی روشنی سید جلال میر قاسمی -
Open Access Article
128 - ارزیابی نسبت مناسب ماسه، پوسته برنج و کمپوست قارچ بر صفات کیفی چمن قطعهای
فاطمه قلی زاده ناهید رحیمی محمد آباد حسین زارعی خدایار همتی -
Open Access Article
129 - تاثیر محلول پاشی اسید سالیسیلیک بر میزان اسمولیتها و رنگدانههای فتوسنتزی گیاه بادمجان (Solanum melongena L.) تحت تنش سرما
محسن فرزانه مژگان قنبری علیرضا افتخاریان جهرمی شورانگیز جوانمردی -
Open Access Article
130 - بررسی اثر اسیدسالیسیلیک بر برخی خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی گیاه تربچه (Raphanus sativus L.) تحت شرایط تنش خشکی
مژگان قنبری محسن فرزانه علیرضا افتخاریان جهرمی -
Open Access Article
131 - بررسی اثر کود کلات روی به دو شکل نانو و غیر نانو بر شاخصهای رشد، محتوی کلروفیلها و قندهای محلول گیاه نخود (Cicer arietinum L.) در سطوح مختلف شوری
رزیتا یادگاری مریم نیاکان افشین مساوات -
Open Access Article
132 - Investigating the variation of essential oil content, chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin and flavonoid of (Mentha longifolia ( L.) Hods. subsp. Longifolia) in several habitats of Marand
Vahid Noroozi Saeed Yousefzadeh Kama lSadat Asilan Sirius MansourifarIn this research to determine the qualitative phytochemical characteristics of Mentha longifolia (L.) Hods. subsp. longifolia populations in different habitats , an experiment was conducted as completely randomized design with three replications during 2015. MoreIn this research to determine the qualitative phytochemical characteristics of Mentha longifolia (L.) Hods. subsp. longifolia populations in different habitats , an experiment was conducted as completely randomized design with three replications during 2015. Aerial parts of plants were collected in different habitats of plant (Farfar, Yekan-Sadi, Bengin, Koshksara and Darvishmohammad - 1100 to 1300 m) in East Azerbaijan province and the plant samples removed under ground in 0.5×0.5 quadrate. Essential oils were extracted by hydro distillation method. The phytochemical analyses: total phenol, flavonoide, anthocyanine, caretenoide and chlorophyll were measured by using spectrophotometric technique. The results were showed that the amount of essential oil yield, total flavonoids, phenol, chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin content had high variation in different regions, but in Bengin population the plant had the highest content of these metabolites, respectively. In conclusion showed that the Bengin region had high altitude, with the highest nitrogen and organic matter content of soil and there was the positive correlation between the increasing of essential oil and another secondary metabolites of plant with the photosynthetic pigments contents. So due to high levels of plant metabolites compounds in Bengin population, this population of plant in this region can be produced cultivars with desirable crop traits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Study the effect of cadmium on plant pigments and antioxidant compounds of water mint (Mentha aquatica L.), eryngo (Eryngium caucasicum Trautv.) and froriepia (Froriepia subpinnata Ledeb.)
roghayeh hasanpour Faezeh Zaefarian mohammad rezvani bahi jaliliCadmium is one of the most dangerous heavy elements that naturally or by human activity enter to the soil and causes oxidative stress in plants. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of cadmium on some of the physiological responses of three aromati MoreCadmium is one of the most dangerous heavy elements that naturally or by human activity enter to the soil and causes oxidative stress in plants. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of cadmium on some of the physiological responses of three aromatic plants including water mint (Mentha aquatica L.), eryngo (Eryngium caucasicum Trautv.) and froriepia (Froriepia subpinnata Ledeb). In three experiments greenhouse, five concentrations of cadmium in soil containing 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg cadmium/kg soil was investigate in a completely randomized design with four replications at Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 2017. Seedlings of the all three plants were planted in pots of cadmium contaminated. In before flowering stage Chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid, phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant capacity of shoots were measured. Results showed that leaf pigment in the three all plants decreased linearly with increasing cadmium level, but carotenoid have the lower reduction of compared to chlorophyll a and b. Also chlorophyll b was more sensitive than chlorophyll a to cadmium. While, flavonoid, phenol and antioxidant capacity of plants increased with increasing cadmium levels. Water mint had the average highest phenol (65.89 mg/g), flavonoid (146.88 mg/g) and antioxidant activity (98.49%) than other two plants. Overall, the results showed that plant pigments were affected by cadmium toxicity, and as these plants are rich in antioxidant compounds, the increase of these compounds with increment of cadmium stress is a kind of defence mechanism of three plants for conflict with stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Effect of light intensity on growth traits, photosynthetic and total hypericin in Topaz cultivar and Mishu ecotype of Hypericum perforatum
Javid Emarat-pardaz Sajjad Moharramnejad Jaber Panahandeh Masoud Chamani Mohammad Reza Zadeh Esfahlan Hossein Karbalaei KhiaviHypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort) is a perennial herb which contains precious metabolites such as hypericin, pseudo-hypericin and hyporforin widely used in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. In order to evaluate light density (three levels inclu MoreHypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort) is a perennial herb which contains precious metabolites such as hypericin, pseudo-hypericin and hyporforin widely used in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. In order to evaluate light density (three levels including full light condition, 75% and 50% of full light intensities) on plant height, gland number per leaf, stomata number, chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight, as well as hypericin production of Topaz cultivar and Mishu ecotype of H. perforatum under hydroponic conditions in the greenhouse, an experiment was carried out as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the University of Tabriz in 2017. The chlorophyll and hypericin contents were used by spectrophotometry. The results showed that the light density significantly affected on fresh and dry weight, plant height, gland number per leaf, chlorophylls a and b, photosynthesis and total hypericin content in the H. perforatum. The highest fresh and dry weight, gland number per leaf, stomata number, photosynthesis and total hypericin content were belonged to the full light conditions (100% light). The highest plant height, chlorophyll a and b were belonged to the 50% of prevalent light intensity. The results indicated that Topaz cultivar is better than Mishu ecotype. In conclusion, increasing hypericin content in Hypericum perforatum by managing of light intensity is possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - Evaluation of diversity of eco morphological and phytochemical traits of Artemisia sieberi Besser. in different habitats of Qom province in Iran
Shahram Yazdi Far Hassanali Naghdi Badi Ali Mehrafarin Sepideh Kalateh Jari Elham DanaeeIn this study, in order to study and compare the morphological and phytochemical traits of Artemisia sieberi Besser., aerial parts of the plant at the full flowering stage were collected randomly from 20 different regions of Qom province. Morph physiological and phytoch MoreIn this study, in order to study and compare the morphological and phytochemical traits of Artemisia sieberi Besser., aerial parts of the plant at the full flowering stage were collected randomly from 20 different regions of Qom province. Morph physiological and phytochemical traits including plant height, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf ash percentage, leaf and width length, shoot dry weight, as well as chlorophyll content, soluble sugars, proline, phenol, flavonoid, and essential oil percentage of different populations, were measured. In addition, ecological conditions and soil composition in each area were assessed. Due to the ecological diversity of habitats in Qom province and based on the analysis of the main components for ecomorphological and phytochemical traits of Artemisia sieberi populations, the highest diversity of characteristics and factor load was observed in chlorophyll a, b and aerial dry weight as the most important distinguishing feature of A. sieberi populations, respectively. The results of cluster analysis showed the separation of A. sieberi populations in two main groups with 13 and 7 populations in a hierarchical dendrogram, respectively. The results of correlation of traits showed that aerial dry weight had a significant positive relationship with chlorophyll and essential oil content. In general, the amount of proline, soluble sugars, phenols and flavonoids had a significant relationship with ecological traits, temperature and rainfall in each region. In addition, the altitude of each region was negatively correlated with the amount of proline and positively correlated with the percentage of essential oil, so that the population of Vanan with the highest altitude had the highest percentage of essential oil. In general, the amount of rainfall and the height of the environment affect the appearance and amount of plant compounds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - اثر پیشتیمار بذر با اکسین بر شاخصهای جوانه زنی، رشدی و رنگیزه گیاهچه تربچه (Raphanus sativus) تحت تنش شوری
سید اسماعیل موسوی حشمت امیدی سید علی لطیفی -
Open Access Article
137 - تأثیر پیش تیمار بذر بر شاخصهای جوانهزنی، رشدی و فیزیولوژیک گیاه مرزه (Satureja hortensis) تحت تنش شوری
حشمت امیدی سید اسماعیل موسوی محمد عزیزی -
Open Access Article
138 - اثر نوتری پرایمینگ بذر با سلنیوم بر شاخص های جوانه زنی و فیزیولوژیکی بالنگوی شهری (Lamellia ibrica L.) تحت تنش شوری
سید اسماعیل موسوی مهدی عقیقی شاهوردی -
Open Access Article
139 - اثر پرایمینگ بر شاخصهای جوانهزنی، رشدی و فیزیولوژیکی بذر لاین مادری کلزا رقم نپتون (Brassica napus L.) تحت تنش خشکی
سید اسماعیل موسوی حشمت امیدی شاپور شکاری فائزه بازوند -
Open Access Article
140 - ارزیابی اثر هیدروپرایمینگ و کود آگروتین بر صفات جوانهزنی، مورفولوژیکی و عملکرد دانه ارقام گندم
مهرداد کریمی راد افسانه جمشیدزاده -
Open Access Article
141 - ارزیابی ویژگیهای جوانهزنی، رشد و رنگیزههای فتوسنتزی کلزا (Brassica napus L.) تحت اثر تیمارهای مختلف امواج فراصوت
زهرا حسنی خدیجه احمدی حشمت امیدی -
Open Access Article
142 - اثر تنش ماندابی در مرحله گیاهچهای بر صفات ریشه و صفات فیزیولوژیک ارقام گندم
نبی خلیلی اقدم سارا پیر دهقان علی راحمی ابراهیم پورعلمداری حسین صبوری -
Open Access Article
143 - ارزیابی اثر سطوح مختلف پرایمینگ بر خصوصیات جوانهزنی، بنیه بذر و برخی صفات فیزیولوژی گیاه دارویی شنبلیله تحت تنش شوری
زینب ولیپور دهنو مجید امینی دهقی خدیجه احمدی -
Open Access Article
144 - اثر نیترات پتاسیم (KNo3) بر جوانهزنی و برخی ویژگیهای مورفوفیزیولوژیک ناخنک (Astragalus hamosus) در محیط کشت MS
آزاده بخشنده فرجپور رضا دهقانی بیدگلی سیدعلی حسینی تفرشی -
Open Access Article
145 - Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Chlorophyll Extracted from Persian Clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.)
Gholam Reza Mahdipour Damiri Ali Motamedzadegan Reza Safari Seyyed Ahmad Shahidi Azadeh Ghorbani HasanSaraei -
Open Access Article
146 - Investigation of Influencing Factors on Production of Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Pigments from Spirulina Platensis Using Platelet-Burman Design
Sepideh Banayan Mahshid Jahadi Mohammad FazelSpirulina platensis has attracted particular attention because of its importance as food, feed and natural pigments with specific functional properties .The purpose of this study is determination and screening of the most important factors including: light-dark cycles ( MoreSpirulina platensis has attracted particular attention because of its importance as food, feed and natural pigments with specific functional properties .The purpose of this study is determination and screening of the most important factors including: light-dark cycles (12h light/12h dark and 16h light/8h dark), cultivation period (11 and 14 days), light-emitting diodes (LED) composition (6 blue/ 3 red/ 4 white and 3 blue/6 red/4 white), nitrogen source (65 mg/l urea in fed batch mode and 40 mg/l urea in batch mode), carbon source (1 g/l date syrup in batch and fed batch mode), inoculation size (OD: 0.4 and 0.6) and sodium chloride content (0 and 2 g/l) on the chlorophyll a and carotenoids pigments production in Spirulina Platensis using the Placket-Burman design. The results showed that among the investigated factors, sodium chloride, carbon source, light-emitting diodes composition, Cultivation period (p<0.01) and inoculation size (p<0.05) had significant effect on chlorophyll-a production and nitrogen source, carbon source and sodium chloride had significant effect (p <0.01) on carotenoids production. The highest production of these pigments was obtained 13.46 ± 0.9 and 8.21± 0.17 (μg/ml) for chlorophyll-a and carotenoids, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - پیشبینی مراحل نمو گل رز شاخه بریده و تنوع رنگ برگ به کمک روش آنالیز تصویر
Mansour Matloobi سپیده طهماسبی محمد رضا دادپورپیش­بینی مراحل رشد محصول، به­خصوص زمان برداشت آن نقش بسیار مهمی در برنامه­ریزی تولیدات گلخانه­ای دارد. مطالعات فراوانی از کاربرد فن­آوری تجزیه و تحلیل تصاویر دیجیتال برای تخمین رفتار رشدی محصول در گلخانه وجود دارد. در مطالعه حاضر تغییرات Moreپیش­بینی مراحل رشد محصول، به­خصوص زمان برداشت آن نقش بسیار مهمی در برنامه­ریزی تولیدات گلخانه­ای دارد. مطالعات فراوانی از کاربرد فن­آوری تجزیه و تحلیل تصاویر دیجیتال برای تخمین رفتار رشدی محصول در گلخانه وجود دارد. در مطالعه حاضر تغییرات مشخصات رنگی برگ چهار رقم تجاری گل رز در طول زمان با استفاده از پردازش تصاویر رنگی توسط نرم­افزار image j و فضای رنگ RGB مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل نشان داد که ارتباط بالایی بین اجزای رنگ برگ و مرحله رشد ساقه در ارقام دارای گل­های سفید رنگ (R2 = 0.986) و ارقام گل رنگی (R2 = 0.94) وجود دارد و همچنین تفاوت معنی­داری بین اجزای رنگ در برگ­های لایه­های مختلف ساقه مشاهده شد. همچنین همبستگی خوبی بین اندازه­گیری مستقیم کلروفیل کل توسط روش اسپکتروفتومتری و شاخص کلروفیل به وسیله SPAD بدست آمد. در بین مدل­های بررسی شده معلوم شد مدل خطی و مدل نمایی عملکرد بهتری در ایجاد رابطه منطقی بین داده­های حاصل از ارتفاع ساقه و تغیرات رنگ برگ دارند، هرچند تفاوت­هایی در این زمینه بین ارقام مشاهده شد. توانایی روش آنالیز تصویری در تشخیص غیر مخرب تغییرات رنگی در بین لایه­های برگی و برقراری یک پیوند معنی­دار و منطقی بین تغییرات رشد ساقه ارزشمند و در خور توجه تشخیص داده شد. توسعه این مدل برای سایر ارقام رز گلخانه­ای مهم می­تواند ابزار قوی و قابل اطمینانی در اختیار تولید کنندگان رزهای گلخانه­ای قرار دهد تا بتوانند به کمک آن برنامه­های تولید را تنظیم و زمان برداشت محصول و بازاررسانی را پیش­بینی کنند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - اثر پوشش خاک بر عملکرد و برخی صفات فیزیولوژیک همیشه بهار (Calendula officinalis L.) تحت محلول پاشی برگی متانول
لامیا وجودی محمدباقر حسن پور اقدم رعنا ولی زاده کامران اصغر ابراهیم زادهبه منظور بررسی تاثیر محلول­پاشی با متانول (0، 10، 20 و30 درصد) و خاکپوش (شاهد، خاکپوش سفید و سیاه) بر عملکرد و برخی خصوصیات فیزیولوژیک گل همیشه بهار آزمایشی به صورت طرح فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی اجرا شد. نتایج نشان دهنده وجود اثر متقابل معن Moreبه منظور بررسی تاثیر محلول­پاشی با متانول (0، 10، 20 و30 درصد) و خاکپوش (شاهد، خاکپوش سفید و سیاه) بر عملکرد و برخی خصوصیات فیزیولوژیک گل همیشه بهار آزمایشی به صورت طرح فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی اجرا شد. نتایج نشان دهنده وجود اثر متقابل معنی­دار خاکپوش و محلول پاشی بر محتوای کلروفیل a و ارتفاع گیاه بود. نتایج نشان داد که بالاترین ارتفاع گیاه از تیمار خاکپوش سیاه × متانول (به غیر از سطح محلول پاشی 30 %) به دست آمد. بیشترین میزان کلروفیل a (3/2 میلی گرم بر گرم وزن تر) در ترکیب تیماری خاکپوش سیاه × 30 % متانول حاصل شد. محتوای کلروفیل b تحت تاثیر خاکپوش قرار گرفت و بالاترین مقدار کلروفیلb در تیمار خاکپوش سیاه (1/1 میلی گرم بر گرم وزن تر) مشاهده شد. وزن خشک گل، برگ، محتوای مواد جامد محلول و آب نسبی برگ تحت تاثیر جداگانه تیمار خاکپوش و محلول پاشی قرار گرفت. بالاترین میزان وزن خشک گل (116 گرم) در تیمار محلول پاشی 30 % و خاکپوش سیاه (103 گرم) ثبت شد. بیشترین میزان آب نسبی برگ (7/49 %)، مواد جامد محلول (120 درجه بریکس) در تیمار محلول پاشی 30% متانول و خاکپوش سیاه مشاهده شد. بیشترین وزن خشک ریشه (23/15 گرم) و محتوای فنل کل (05/95 میلی گرم گالیک اسید بر گرم وزن خشک) از تیمار خاکپوش سیاه به دست آمد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - اثر پاکلوبوترازول بر برخی ویژگی های مورفولوژیک و فیزیولوژیک گل اطلسی تحت تنش خشکی
نیوشا حاتمی فر رامین بابادائی سامانیاین آزمایش به­ منظور بررسی تاثیر پاکلوبوترازول به عنوان یک آنتیجیبرلین بر برخی ویژگی­ های مورفوفیزیولوژیک گل اطلسی و تعیین مناسبترین غلظت پاکلوبوترازول برای ایجاد مقاومت به تنش خشکی در این گیاه انجام شد. آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با سه ت Moreاین آزمایش به­ منظور بررسی تاثیر پاکلوبوترازول به عنوان یک آنتیجیبرلین بر برخی ویژگی­ های مورفوفیزیولوژیک گل اطلسی و تعیین مناسبترین غلظت پاکلوبوترازول برای ایجاد مقاومت به تنش خشکی در این گیاه انجام شد. آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با سه تکرار در گلخانه اجرا شد. پاکلوبوترازول در 4 سطح (شامل غلظتهای صفر، 25، 50 و 75 میلیگرم در لیتر) و تنش خشکی در سه سطح (آبیاری هنگام رسیدن رطوبت خاک به 90 درصد ، 75 درصد و 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) فاکتورهای مورد بررسی در این آزمایش بودند. نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از پاکلوبوترازول باعث افزایش تعداد گل، وزن خشک اندام هوایی و تعداد شاخه فرعی شده است و استفاده از این ماده باعث کاهش ارتفاع بوته، وزن خشک ریشه و مقدار کاروتنوئید گردید. در حالی­ که پاکلوبوترازول اثر معنیداری بر میزان نشت یونی، تعداد شاخه اصلی و مساحت برگ نداشت. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که تنش خشکی باعث افزایش تعداد گل در بوته گردید و کاهش محتوای کلروفیل، کاروتنوئید، قطر گل، وزن خشک اندام هوایی و ریشه گیاه و سطح برگ اطلسی را در پی داشت. غلظت 75 میلیگرم در لیتر پاکلوبوترازول بیشترین تاثیر را در کنترل ارتفاع اندام رویشی گیاه اطلسی تحت تنش خشکی از خود نشان داد. از طرفی با افزایش غلظت پاکلوبوترازول تحت تنش 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی روند افزایشی در میزان کاروتنوئید و کلروفیل کل دیده شد . به طور کلی میتوان استنباط کرد که پاکلوبوترازول توانسته است مانع کاهش مقدار کلروفیل و کاروتنوئید تحت شرایط تنش شدید خشکی شود و استفاده از آن تا حدی در غلبه بر عوارض جانبی ناشی از تنش خشکی موثر است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - تاثیر کاربرد محلول ضد یخ بر خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی گل کاغذی، اختر و اطلسی
سحر میرزایی Morteza Khoshkhuy Behzad Edrisiیخ زدگی، لایه­ای یا رسوباتی از یخ می­باشد که در شرایط سرما معمولا شب، شکل می­گیرد. اگر دما به اندازه­ای پایین بیاید که سلول­های گیا ه یخ بزنند، گیاهان غیر چوبی می­میرند. بنابراین آزمایش تحقیقاتی طرح گردید تا اثرات محلول­های ضد سرما بر روی رشد Moreیخ زدگی، لایه­ای یا رسوباتی از یخ می­باشد که در شرایط سرما معمولا شب، شکل می­گیرد. اگر دما به اندازه­ای پایین بیاید که سلول­های گیا ه یخ بزنند، گیاهان غیر چوبی می­میرند. بنابراین آزمایش تحقیقاتی طرح گردید تا اثرات محلول­های ضد سرما بر روی رشد، کیفیت گلدهی و پارامترهای بیوشیمیایی در گیاهان زینتی بررسی گردد. محلول ضد سرما در غلظت­های مختلف، (شاهد) T0: 0، T1: 250، T2: 500، T3: 1000، T4: 1500 و T5: 2500 میلی­گرم در لیتر تهیه و بر روی اندام­های گل اختر (Canna Indica)، اطلسی (Petunia Axillaris) و کاغذی (Bougainvillea Glabra) محلول پاشی گردید. نتایج نشان داد که تعداد گل­ها و دوره گلدهی در گیاهان تیمار شده بیشتر از شاد بود. بیشتر تعداد گل و طول دوره گلدهی متعلق به تیمار T5، به­ترتیب 22/81 درصد و 86/13 روز بود.با افزایش غلظت محلول ضد سرما، درصد گیاهان آسیب دیده کاهش یافت. کمترین میزان در تیمار T5 (77/69 درصد) مشاهد شد. با افزایش غلظت محلول ضد یخ، مقدار کلروفیل افزایش یافت. بیشترین مقدار کلروفیل در تیمار T5 (80/50 میلی­گرم در هر گرم) مشاهده شد. با مقایسه اثرات تیمارهای مختلف مشاهده شد که شاهد دارای بالاترین میزان پرولین (56/0 میکرومول در هر گرم) و نشت یونی (9 میلی­زیمنس در گرم در سانتی­متر) بود و با افزایش غلظت محلول ضد یخ، کاهش یافتند. کمترین میزان پرولین (08/0 میکرومول در گرم) و نشت یونی (26/2 میلی­زیمنس در گرم در سانتی­متر) متعلق به تیمار T5 بود. تفاوت تیمارهای مختلف در سطح 1/0 درصد معنی­دار بود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - بررسی کاربرد اسید هیومیک بر برخی ویژگی های مورفولوژیکی و فیزیولوژیکی رز مینیاتور
پروین طالبی Zohreh Jabbarzadehدر سال های اخیر، استفاده بیش از حد از کودهای شیمیایی و کمبود مواد آلی سبب کاهش میزان ماده آلی خاک در ایران شده است. افزایش استفاده از کودهای شیمیایی در کشاورزی سبب ایجاد مسائل زیست محیطی نظیر تخریب فیزیکی خاک و به هم خوردن تعادل غذایی خاک شده است. از این رو در حال حاضر، Moreدر سال های اخیر، استفاده بیش از حد از کودهای شیمیایی و کمبود مواد آلی سبب کاهش میزان ماده آلی خاک در ایران شده است. افزایش استفاده از کودهای شیمیایی در کشاورزی سبب ایجاد مسائل زیست محیطی نظیر تخریب فیزیکی خاک و به هم خوردن تعادل غذایی خاک شده است. از این رو در حال حاضر، کاربرد کودهای آلی افزایش می یابد. به منظور بررسی اثرات کاربرد اسید هیومیک بر برخی ویژگی های مورفولوژیکی و فیزیولوژیکی رز مینیاتور رقم هفت رنگ، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با دو فاکتور غلظت اسید هیومیک در چهار سطح (0، 500، 1000 و 2000 میلی گرم در لیتر) و نحوه کاربرد آن به دو شیوه (کاربرد خاکی و محلولپاشی برگی) 5 بار با فاصله 15 روز یکبار با 3 تکرار و 2 مشاهده انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که اسید هیومیک سبب افزایش میزان آنتوسیانین و قندهای محلول برگ ها شد. محلولپاشی برگی 500 میلی گرم در لیتر اسید هیومیک، به طور معنی داری میزان کلروفیل و فتوسنتز را افزایش داد. همچنین محلولپاشی برگی با 1000 میلی گرم در لیتر اسید هیومیک، میزان قندهای محلول را بیش از سایر تیمارها افزایش داد. اسید هیومیک تاثیر معنی داری بر شاخص سطح برگ و وزن تر ریشه ها داشت. در مجموع به نظر می رسد تغذیه گیاهان با اسید هیومیک سبب بهبود ویژگی های مورفولوژیکی و فیزیولوژیکی گل رز مینیاتور گردد. Manuscript profile -
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152 - تاثیر نانوذرات مگنتیت بر رشد رویشی، پارامترهای فیزیولوژیکی و جذب آهن در داوودی) Chrysanthemum morifolium ( رقم ‘Salvador’
سید محمد بنی جمالی محمد فیضیان افسانه عالی نژادیان بیدآبادی ابراهیم مهدی پورعلیرغم تولید روزافزون نانوذرات(NPS) و کاربرد آن­ها در کشاورزی، بررسی­های محدودی در خصوص تاثیر این مواد بر رشد گیاهان انجام گرفته است. بدین­منظور، این پژوهش در شرایط آزمایشگاهی و گلخانهای به اجرا گذاشته شد. ابتدا سنتز نانوذرات سوپرپارامغناطیسی اکسید آه Moreعلیرغم تولید روزافزون نانوذرات(NPS) و کاربرد آن­ها در کشاورزی، بررسی­های محدودی در خصوص تاثیر این مواد بر رشد گیاهان انجام گرفته است. بدین­منظور، این پژوهش در شرایط آزمایشگاهی و گلخانهای به اجرا گذاشته شد. ابتدا سنتز نانوذرات سوپرپارامغناطیسی اکسید آهن مگنتیت (SPIONS) با پوشش اسید هیومیک (Fe3O4/HA) در شرایط آزمایشگاهی به روش همرسوبی انجام شد. آزمون اثر بخشی نانو ذرات سنتز شده بر رشد رویشی و جذب عناصر غذایی داوودی Chrysanthemum morifolium) ) شاخه بریده در شرایط گلخانهای در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی در چهار تکرار مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. تیمارها شامل غلظت­های 10، 20 و 40 میلیگرم بر لیتر آهن خالص از منبع Fe3O4/HA NPS و همچنین غلظت 4/1 میلیگرم بر لیتر آهن خالص از دو منبع کلات آهن ( Fe-EDTAوFe-EDDHA) به­عنوان تیمارهای شاهد در سیستم کشت هیدروپونیک باز در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج آزمایشگاهی نشان داد سنتز نانوذرات مگنتیت با پوشش اسید هیومیک به­روش همرسوبی منتج به تولید نانوذراتی با قطر میانگین 38/8 نانومتر و با ویژگی مواد سوپرپارامغناطیس شد. آزمایش گلخانهای مشخص کرد کاربرد Fe3O4/HA موجب افزایش معنیدار جذب کل آهن، کلروفیل و رشد رویشی گیاهان نسبت به تیمارهای شاهد شد. بیشترین مقدار جذب کل آهن، نیتروژن، فسفر، پتاسیم، کلسیم، منیزیم، منگنز و بور در غلظت ۲۰ میلیگرم در لیتر نانوذرات مشاهده شد. تعداد شاخه در بوته، ارتفاع شاخه و وزن خشک کل بوته به­ترتیب 25، 38 و 5/39 درصد در تیمارFe-EDTA و50، 36 و 48 درصد در تیمار Fe-EDDHA افزایش معنیدار یافت. نتایج این بررسی نشان داد نانو ذرات مگنتیت با پوشش اسید هیومیک موجب رفع کمبود آهن و افزایش رشد داوودی شد. Manuscript profile -
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153 - تاثیر سایتوکینین و تنش شوری بر ویژگیهای گلدهی و بیوشیمیایی یاسمن زمستانه
معصومه فاضلی داوود نادری هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثرات سطوح مختلف تنش شوری و محلول­پاشی 6-بنزیل آمینوپورین (بنزیل آدنین) بر ویژگیهای مورفولوژیک و بیوشیمیایی یاسمن زمستانه بود. بنابراین آزمایشی در سالهای 96-1395 در مرکز تحقیقات گلخانهای دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان) انج More هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثرات سطوح مختلف تنش شوری و محلول­پاشی 6-بنزیل آمینوپورین (بنزیل آدنین) بر ویژگیهای مورفولوژیک و بیوشیمیایی یاسمن زمستانه بود. بنابراین آزمایشی در سالهای 96-1395 در مرکز تحقیقات گلخانهای دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان) انجام شد. این آزمایش بصورت فاکتوریل بر اساس طرح کاملا تصادفی با چهار سطح تنش شوری (2، 4، 6 و 8 دسیزیمنس بر متر) بهعنوان عامل اول و سطوح مختلف بنزیلآدنین (کنترل (عدم کاربرد)، 25 و 50 میلیگرم در لیتر) به عنوان عامل دوم در 3 تکرار (مجموع 36 واحد آزمایش) انجام شد. صفاتی مانند وزن تر و خشک وزن گل، تعداد گل، درصد کلروفیل a، b، کل، کاروتنوئید و آنزیم سوپراکسید دیسموتاز گیاه یاسمن زمستانه مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که سطوح شوری و بنزیلآدنین تاثیر معنیداری بر تمام صفات داشت. نتایج نشان داد که فعالیت آنزیم سوپر اکسید دیسموتاز در شوری هشت دسیزیمنس بر متر بهطور معنیداری از فعالیت این آنزیم در تیمار دو دسیزیمنس بر متر بیشتر بود و بالاترین فعالیت آن در تیمار هشت دسیزیمنس بر متر مشاهده شد. از سوی دیگر، در بررسی اثرات استفاده از بنزیلآدنین، مشاهده شد که این تیمار اثرات مثبتی بر تمام صفات مورد بررسی دارد و اثرات آن­ها وابسته به غلظت است. در پایان میتوان گفت، با وجودی که تنش شوری اثر منفی بر یاسمن زمستانه داشت، تیمار بنزیلآدنین اثرات منفی تنش شوری را کاهش داده است. Manuscript profile -
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154 - بررسی صفات مورفولوژیک و بیوشیمیایی گیاه همیشه بهار تحت تأثیر کودهای بیولوژیکی فسفر و روی
فرزاد جلالی داود نادریکاربرد کودهای بیولوژیک یکی از مهمترین اجزای مدیریت مواد مغذی است که نقش اساسی در کشاورزی پایدار و بهبود ویژگی­های کیفی گیاهان دارد. در این تحقیق، اثرات تیمارهای مختلفی از باکتری­های حل کننده فسفات از قبیل Pantoea agglomerans P5 و Pseudomonas putida P1 Moreکاربرد کودهای بیولوژیک یکی از مهمترین اجزای مدیریت مواد مغذی است که نقش اساسی در کشاورزی پایدار و بهبود ویژگی­های کیفی گیاهان دارد. در این تحقیق، اثرات تیمارهای مختلفی از باکتری­های حل کننده فسفات از قبیل Pantoea agglomerans P5 و Pseudomonas putida P13 (تلقیح بذر، استفاده از کود زیستی 2، 4 و 6 هفته پس از سبز شدن گیاه و عدم تلقیح بذر به عنوان تیمار شاهد) و محلول­پاشی برگی ZnSO4 (شاهد، 1، 2، و 3 گرم بر لیتر) بر صفات مورفولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی گیاه همیشه بهار ارزیابی شد. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین ارتفاع گیاه و وزن تر گل در گیاهان تحت تیمار تلقیح بذر با کود بیولوژیک فسفر × 2 گرم بر لیتر سولفات روی و همچنین در گیاهان تحت تیمار با کود زیستی در 2 هفته پس از سبز شدن × 1 و 2 گرم بر لیتر از ZnSO4 مشاهده شد. همچنین بیشترین وزن خشک گل و درصد آنتوسیانین تحت تیمار کاربرد کود زیستی در 2 و 4 هفته بعد از سبز شدن گیاه × 1 و 2 گرم بر لیتر از ZnSO4 بدست آمد. بیشترین مقدار فسفر در تیمار کود زیستی 4 و 6 هفته پس از سبز شدن × 2 و 1 گرم بر لیتر ZnSO4 مشاهده شد. علاوه بر این، بیشترین مقدار عنصر روی تحت شرایط کاربرد کود زیستی در 6 هفته پس از سبز شدن گیاه × محلول­پاشی 3 گرم بر لیتر ZnSO4به­دست آمد. در مقابل، کمترین مقادیر در اکثر پارامترها تحت کاربرد سطوح مختلف کاربرد زیستی × عدم محلول­پاشی ZnSO4 و محلول­­پاشی 3 گرم بر لیتر ZnSO4 مشاهده شد. بنابراین محلول­پاشی برگی ZnSO4 و کاربرد خاکی کودهای حل کننده فسفات می­تواند بر صفات بیوشیمیایی و مورفولوژیک گیاه همیشه بهار موثر باشد. Manuscript profile -
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155 - ارزیابی جذب و انتقال نانوذرات اکسید آهن و تاثیر آن بر رنگیزههای فتوسنتزی گل داوودی (Chrysanthemum morifolium) رقم‘Salvador’
سید محمد بنی جمالی محمد فیضیان افسانه عالی نژادیان بیدآبادی ابراهیم مهدی پوراخیراً کاربرد نانو ذرات (NPS) سوپرپارامغناطیسی اکسید آهن مگنتیت (SPIONS) به­عنوان منبع نوین و امیدبخش آهن در کشاورزی مطرح شده است که قبل از استفاده گسترده میدانی، نیازمند بررسی بیشتر می­باشد. در آزمایشی گلخانهای تاثیر نانو ذرات مگنتیت پوشش­دار شده با اسید ه Moreاخیراً کاربرد نانو ذرات (NPS) سوپرپارامغناطیسی اکسید آهن مگنتیت (SPIONS) به­عنوان منبع نوین و امیدبخش آهن در کشاورزی مطرح شده است که قبل از استفاده گسترده میدانی، نیازمند بررسی بیشتر می­باشد. در آزمایشی گلخانهای تاثیر نانو ذرات مگنتیت پوشش­دار شده با اسید هیومیک (Fe3O4/HA NPs) بر کاهش کلروز ناشی از کمبود آهن و کارآیی فتوسنتز در مقایسه با کلات­های آهن Fe-EDTA(Fe-Ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid) وFe-EDDHA[Fe-Ethylenediamine di(O-hydroxyphenyl acetate)] به­عنوان تیمارهای شاهد در گل داوودی (Chrysanthemum morifolium) شاخه بریده تحت شرایط کشت هیدروپونیک بررسی شد. امکان جذب و انتقال نانو ذرات در گیاه توسط آزمایش مغناطیس سنجی ارزیابی شد. نتایج ردیابی Fe3O4/HA NPs به­وسیله مغناطیسسنجی نشان­دهنده ورود نانوذرات به ریشه و انتقال به اندام هوایی داوودی بود. آزمایش گلخانهای نشان داد ۲۰ میلی­گرم در لیتر Fe3O4/HA NPs در محلول غذایی موجب افزایش معنیدار میزان کلروفیلهای a،b ، کل وکاروتنوئیدها در برگ نسبت به تیمار Fe-EDTA به­ترتیب به میزان 80/14، 15/12، 90/13 و 98/13 درصد شد ولی با تیمار شاهد Fe-EDDHA تفاوت معنیدار نداشت. نسبت متعادل کلروفیل a/b در همه غلظتهای نانوذرات با تیمارهای Fe-EDTA و Fe-EDDHA به­عنوان منابع مرسوم آهن در محیط رشد، بیانگر عدم تفاوت معنیدار بر کارایی فتوسنتز بود. به­­طورکلی Fe3O4/HA NPs به اندام هوایی گیاه منتقل و باعث افزایش انواع رنگیزههای فتوسنتزی و رفع کلروز آهن شد. Manuscript profile -
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156 - واکنش های ریخت شناسی و زیست شیمیایی گل بریدنی ژربرا (Gerbera Jamesonii L.) به کاربرد نانو ذرات سیلیس و کلات کلسیم در شرایط کشت بدون خاک
طاهره توفیقی علیخانی سید جلال طبابایی علی محمدی ترکاشوند احمد خلیقی داریوش طالعیهدف از این مطالعه، بررسی واکنش های فیزیولوژیکی گل ژربرا (Gerbera jamesonii L.)تحت تیمار نانو ذرات سیلیس و کلات کلسیم در محلول غذایی بود. برای این منظور، آزمایشی به­صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با دو فاکتور و چهار تکرار انجام شد. فاکتور اول ذرات نانو Moreهدف از این مطالعه، بررسی واکنش های فیزیولوژیکی گل ژربرا (Gerbera jamesonii L.)تحت تیمار نانو ذرات سیلیس و کلات کلسیم در محلول غذایی بود. برای این منظور، آزمایشی به­صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با دو فاکتور و چهار تکرار انجام شد. فاکتور اول ذرات نانو سیلس (SiO2-Nano) با چهار سطح صفر، ۲۰، 40 و 80 mg/L) از منبعSiO2 و فاکتور دوم کلات کلسیم (Ca-Ch) با چهار سطح صفر، ۶۰، 120 و 240 mg/L) از منبع Ca-EDTA به صورت کاربرد در محلول غذائی بود. قطر گل، طول دمگل، سطح برگ، وزن تر و خشک ریشه، برگ و گل، خمیدگی ساقه، نشت یونی برگ، شاخص کلروفیل، حداکثر کارایی فتوسیستم II (FV/Fm)، درصد سلولز، همی سلولز و هولو سلولز ساقه و فعالیت آنزیم فنیل آلانین آمونیالیاز برگ اندازه­گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد اثر متقابل 240 mg/L Ca-Ch همراه با 80 mg/L SiO2-Nano موجب کاهش 5/1 برابری خمیدگی ساقه و کاهش ۲۸ ٪ نشت یونی برگ نسبت به شاهد شدند. تیمار ترکیبی SiO2-Nano 20 mg/L همراه با 60 mg/L Ca-Ch، سطح برگ را نسبت به شاهد ۵۹ ٪ افزایش دادند. بیشترین میزان فعالیت آنزیم فنیل آلانین آمونیالیاز در برگ در60 mg/L Ca-Ch بود (2.91 unit/mg fresh leaves). مناسبترین غلظت بر شاخص کلروفیل، سطح برگ، درصد سلولز و حداکثر کارایی فتوسیستم II (FV/Fm)، تیمار ترکیبی mg/L Ca-Ch 120 همراه با80 mg/L SiO2-Nano بود. بنابراین، کاربرد تیمار ترکیبی 60 mg/LCa-Ch همراه با 40 mg/L SiO2-Nano در محلول غذائی کشت هیدروپونیک گل ژربرا قابل توصیه می­باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - ارزیابی اثر محلولپاشی پرولین بر برخی خصوصیات مورفولوژیک و فیزیولوژیک گیاه همیشه بهار (Calendula officinalis L.) تحت تنش خشکی
سوفیا سروری الهام دانائی خدایار همتی علیرضا لادن مقدمتنش خشکی یکی از مهمترین تنشهای غیرزنده است که به­طور جدی تولید گیاهان زینتی از جمله همیشه بهار را کاهش میدهد، پرولین یکی از اسید آمینههای فعال در پدیده تنظیم اسمزی است، نقش موثری در کاهش آسیبهای سلولی و بهبود تحمل به تنش خشکی دارد. آزمایش بصورت فاکتوریل در قالب Moreتنش خشکی یکی از مهمترین تنشهای غیرزنده است که به­طور جدی تولید گیاهان زینتی از جمله همیشه بهار را کاهش میدهد، پرولین یکی از اسید آمینههای فعال در پدیده تنظیم اسمزی است، نقش موثری در کاهش آسیبهای سلولی و بهبود تحمل به تنش خشکی دارد. آزمایش بصورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح آماری کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار به­منظور بررسی تاثیر محلولپاشی پرولین (صفر، 50 و 100 میلیگرم در لیتر) بر خصوصیات مورفولوژیک و فیزیولوژیک گیاه همیشه بهار(Calendula officinalis L.) تحت تنش خشکی (بدون تنش(شاهد)، 25، 50 و 75 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) انجام شد. نتایج حاصل از این آزمایش نشان داد، بیشترین وزن تر و خشک اندام هوایی و ماندگاری گل روی بوته، کاروتنوئید و کلروفیل کل در تیمار پرولین 100 میلیگرم در لیتر و ظرفیت زراعی شاهد بود، بیشترین وزن تر و خشک ریشه، طول ریشه و فعالیت آنتیاکسیدان کل (DPPH) در تیمار پرولین 100 میلیگرم در لیتر و ظرفیت زراعی 75 درصد، بیشترین ارتفاع گیاه و تعداد گل در تیمار پرولین 50 میلیگرم در لیتر و ظرفیت زراعی شاهد، بیشترین پرولین در تیمار پرولین 100 میلیگرم در لیتر و ظرفیت زراعی 25 درصد بود. به­طور کلی نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد، محلولپاشی پرولین میتواند اثرات نامطلوب کم آبی را تا حدودی جبران کند و از طرفی با وجود اینکه گیاه همیشهبهار توانایی ادامه حیات را در شرایط تنش خشکی دارا است، اما در جهت بهبود افزایش عملکرد همیشه بهار آبیاری در سطح 75 درصد ظرفیت زراعی توصیه میشود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - تاثیر تابش نور آبی و غلظت های مختلف نانوسیلور بر عمر گلجایی و صفات دخیل بر حفظ کیفیت پس از برداشت گلهای شاخه بریده آلسترومریا رقم ’ناپولی‘
مهرآسا انوری داود هاشم آبادی بهزاد کاویانی لیلا اسدپورکاربرد نور آبی در مرحله پس از برداشت گل­های شاخه بریده روشی جدید جهت بهبود عمر گلجایی است. از این­رو پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثر مدت زمان­های مختلف تابش نور آبی (6، 12، 18 و 24 ساعت) و تیمار پالس نانوسیلور (5، 10، 15 و 20 میلی­گرم در لیتر) بر عمر گ Moreکاربرد نور آبی در مرحله پس از برداشت گل­های شاخه بریده روشی جدید جهت بهبود عمر گلجایی است. از این­رو پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثر مدت زمان­های مختلف تابش نور آبی (6، 12، 18 و 24 ساعت) و تیمار پالس نانوسیلور (5، 10، 15 و 20 میلی­گرم در لیتر) بر عمر گلجایی و صفات وابسته به آن در گل­های شاخه بریده آلسترومریا رقم ’ناپولی‘ اجرا شد. از ساکارز 3 درصد به­عنوان تیمار شاهد استفاده شد. این آزمایش در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین عمر گلجایی متعلق به تیمارهای 10 میلی­گرم در لیتر نانوسیلور (66/22 روز) است که از نظر آماری با تیمارهای 12 ساعت نور آبی (00/22 روز) و 20 میلی­گرم در لیتر نانوسیلور (66/21 روز) تفاوت معناداری نداشت. کمترین کاهش وزن تر به­ترتیب با کاربرد 18 و 12ساعت نور آبی و 10 میلی­گرم در لیتر نانوسیلور بدست آمد. بیشترین درصد ماده خشک (34/57 درصد) با کاربرد 10 میلی­گرم در لیتر نانوسیلور بدست آمد. گل­هایی که به مدت 12 ساعت با نور آبی تیمار شدند دارای بیشترین میزان کلروفیل a و b (به­ترتیب با 52/2 و 27/1 میلی­گرم در هر گرم وزن تر)، بیشترین فعالیت آنزیم کاتالاز (26/5 نانومول در هر گرم وزن تر در دقیقه) و کمترین فعالیت آنزیم پلی­فنل اکسیداز (007/0 میکرومول در هر گرم وزن تر در دقیقه) بودند. کمترین باکتری محلول گلجایی با کاربرد 15 میلی­گرم در لیتر نانوسیلور و بیشترین پروتئین گلبرگ با کاربرد 24 ساعت نور آبی حاصل شد. نانوسیلور در کنترل و مهار باکتری­های گرم منفی و نور آبی در کنترل و مهار باکتری­های گرم مثبت در محلول گلجایی موثر بودند. با توجه به نتایج می­توان نور آبی را به­عنوان یک عامل فیزیکی موثر در حفظ عمر گلجایی و صفات وابسته به آن در گل­های شاخه بریده آلسترومریا رقم ’ناپولی‘ معرفی کرد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - تأثیر نفتالین استیک اسید بر ریشه زایی پیاز گیاه سیکاس رولوتا
مهدی عسگری گورجاین تحقیق با هدف بررسی اثر نفتالین استیک اسید (NAA) (15، 10، 0 و 25 میلیگرم در لیتر) بر ریشهزایی پیاز گیاه سیکاس رولوتا (Cycas revolute) در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که اثر NAA روی طول ریشه، وزن تر و خشک برگ و کلروفیل معنیدا Moreاین تحقیق با هدف بررسی اثر نفتالین استیک اسید (NAA) (15، 10، 0 و 25 میلیگرم در لیتر) بر ریشهزایی پیاز گیاه سیکاس رولوتا (Cycas revolute) در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که اثر NAA روی طول ریشه، وزن تر و خشک برگ و کلروفیل معنیدار بود اما تاثیر معناداری بر تعداد ریشه، وزن تر و خشک ریشه نداشت. تیمارهای 25 و 20 میلیگرم در لیتر NAA بهترتیب با 9/43 و 9/63 سانتیمتر بیشترین طول ریشه را داشتند. بیشترین تعداد ریشه بهترتیب با 3/57 و 3/23 ریشه متعلق به تیمارهای 25 و 20 NAA بود. تیمار 25 میلیگرم در لیتر NAA بیشترین میانگین وزن تر (9/4 گرم) و وزن خشک ریشه (2/5 گرم) را داشت. تیمارهای 20 و 25 میلیگرم در لیتر NAA بهترتیب با 6/04 و 6/54 گرم بیشترین وزن تر برگ، 25 و 20 میلیگرم در لیتر NAA بهترتیب با 4/07 و 3/11 گرم بیشترین وزن خشک برگ و تیمارهای 20 و 25 میلیگرم در لیتر NAA بهترتیب با 6/28 و 6/22 میلیگرم در هر گرم وزن تر بیشترین میزان کلروفیل را داشتند. بین وزن خشک برگ با میزان کلروفیل (0/78+) در سطح یک درصد رابطه معنیداری وجود داشت اما میان وزن خشک ریشه با میانگین طول ریشه (0/29+) رابطه معنیداری وجود نداشت. بین میزان کلروفیل با میانگین طول ریشه (0/13+) هیچ رابطه معنیداری وجود ندارد. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که همیشه با افزایش غلظت هورمون، بیان ژن افزایش نیافته و این امکان وجود دارد که افزایش غلظت هورمون، حتی باعث اثر عکس بر روی گیاه و آسیب رسیدن به آن شود. بهطور کلی نتایج نشان داد مصرف 20 میلیگرم در لیتر NAA با تاثیر بر صفات مورد بررسی بیشترین بیان ژن را در گیاه سیکاس داشت. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Effect of 1- Methylcyclopropene and Methyl Jasmonate on Post-harvest Life of Alstroemeria cv. "Calgary" Cut Flowers
Atiqullah Sediqy Ali Tehranifar Mahmoud Shoor Hossein NematiAlstroemeria is one of the most important cut flower crops globally, known for its diversity in color, various cultivars, and overall beauty, contributing to its success in the global market. The use of different preservative solutions at various stages of cut flower su MoreAlstroemeria is one of the most important cut flower crops globally, known for its diversity in color, various cultivars, and overall beauty, contributing to its success in the global market. The use of different preservative solutions at various stages of cut flower supply to the market plays a critical role in preventing ethylene production and maintaining the water balance and energy supply required for the plant after being separated from the mother plant. Therefore, this investigation effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the post-harvest life of alstroemeria (cv. Calgary) cut flowers was conducted in the Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The experiment was done in a factorial design (3 × 3) with five repetitions for each treatment. The results of the main effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) application showed that the highest water uptake, relative fresh weight, vase life, chlorophyll a and b, anthocyanin, catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were observed at a concentration of 0.2 µL/L of MeJA. The main effect of 1-MCP application showed that the highest water uptake, relative fresh weight, vase life, chlorophyll a and b, anthocyanin, catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were observed at a concentration of 1 µL/L of 1-MCP. The results of the interaction effect between MeJA and 1-MCP application showed that the highest water uptake, relative fresh weight, vase life, chlorophyll a and b, anthocyanin, and antioxidant enzymes were observed in the treatment with 4% sucrose+300 mg l-1 8-HQS+1 µL/L 1-MCP + 0.2 µL/L MeJA. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - کاربرد قبل از برداشت γ-آمینو بوتیریک اسید (GABA) و کلرید کلسیم بر بهبود عمر گلجایی گل رز شاخه بریده شده رقم جومیلیا
نرگس احسانی مهر مهدی حسینی فرهی محسن عبدی پور سعید عشقیاین مطالعه با هدف بررسی اثرات گاما آمینو بوتیریک اسید (GABA) و کلرید کلسیم (CaCl2) بر عمر گلجایی و فعالیت آنزیم ACC سنتاز گل رز شاخه بریده رقم جومیلیا انجام شد. یک آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 12 تیمار و 3 تکرار در گلخانه کشت بدون خاک انجام شد. ت Moreاین مطالعه با هدف بررسی اثرات گاما آمینو بوتیریک اسید (GABA) و کلرید کلسیم (CaCl2) بر عمر گلجایی و فعالیت آنزیم ACC سنتاز گل رز شاخه بریده رقم جومیلیا انجام شد. یک آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 12 تیمار و 3 تکرار در گلخانه کشت بدون خاک انجام شد. تیمارها شامل گابا در چهار غلظت (0، 20، 40 و 60 میلیمولار) و کلرید کلسیم در سه غلظت (0، 0/75 و 1.5 درصد به صورت محلولپاشی) بود. کاربرد ترکیبی گابا و کلرید کلسیم به طور قابل توجهی عمر گلجایی گل رز شاخه بریده را در مقایسه با شاهد افزایش داد. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین و کمترین عمر گلجایی در گیاهان تیمار شده با گابا 20، 40 یا 60 میلی مولار و 0/75 درصد کلرید کلسیم کلسیم و گل های تیمار نشده به ترتیب با 19/1، 18/86، 18/74 و 13/85 روز به دست آمد. کاربرد قبل از برداشت گابا و کلرید کلسیم فعالیت آنزیم ACC سنتاز را مهار کرد. بیشترین و کمترین فعالیت ACC سنتاز در گیاهان تیمار شده با 40 میلی مولار گابا و کلرید کلسیم 1/5 و 0/75 درصد و گل های تیمار نشده به ترتیب با 3/57، 3/96 و 8/18 نانومول بر گرم وزن تر مشاهده شد. کاربرد ترکیبی گابا و کلرید کلسیم میزان کلسیم را 100/95 درصد نسبت به گیاهان شاهد افزایش داد. بیشترین و کمترین میزان کلروفیل کل در برگها مربوط به گیاهان تیمار شده با 60 میلی مولار گابا و 0/75 و 1/5 درصد کلرید کلسیم و گل های تیمار نشده به ترتیب با 8/4، 8/24 و 6/22 میلی گرم بر گرم وزن تر بود. محلول پاشی گابا و کلرید کلسیم به طور قابل توجهی (P < 0.01) باعث افزایش محتویات پلی آمین ها مانند پوترسین (Put)، اسپرمیدین (Spd) و اسپرمین (Spm) در گلبرگ های گل رز تیمار شده شد. بنابراین استفاده از محلولپاشی با 60 میلی مولار GABA و کلسیم کلرید 1/5 درصد به دلیل افزایش 38 درصدی عمر گل رز بریده توصیه میشود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - رشد و تولید پداژه از گلایل رقم ’اسنشل‘ تحت رژیمهای NPK مختلف
محسن بشیر عمران خان رشید واسم خان قدری محسن تانویر محمود زین افتخار احمدگلایل یکی از گلهای محبوب در دنیاست که عدم تعادل تغذیه، تولید آن را کاهش داده و همچنین تلفیق غیر اصولی کودها نیز مشکلساز شده است. مطالعهی اخیر برای تعیین اثرات مصرف توأم N، P و K روی رشد، نمو گل و جذب N، P و K در گلایل انجام شده است. N، P و K بهصورت NPK (10:20:10 گرم Moreگلایل یکی از گلهای محبوب در دنیاست که عدم تعادل تغذیه، تولید آن را کاهش داده و همچنین تلفیق غیر اصولی کودها نیز مشکلساز شده است. مطالعهی اخیر برای تعیین اثرات مصرف توأم N، P و K روی رشد، نمو گل و جذب N، P و K در گلایل انجام شده است. N، P و K بهصورت NPK (10:20:10 گرم در مترمربع)، N (20 گرم در متر مربع)، P (10 گرم در متر مربع)، K (10 گرم در متر مربع)، N+P (10:20 گرم در متر مربع)، N+K (10:20 گرم در متر مربع) و P+K(10:10 گرم در مترمربع) استفاده شدند. در بین تیمارها، رشد بهتر از نظر درصد جوانهزنی بیشتر، ارتفاع گیاه و سطح برگ در تیمار NPK حاصل شد. حال آنکه طول ساقه و طول گلآذین در تیمار P+K بهصورت معنیداری بیشتر بود. همچنین مشاهده شد که NPK باعث وزن تر و خشک گلچهی بالاتر شد، در حالیکه P در افزایش وزن پداژه اهمیت بیشتری دارد. کلروفیل برگ بالاتر و جذب N بیشتر در تیمار NPK صورت گرفت. در تیمار P حداکثر جذب P به چشم خورد و در تیمار P+K بالاترین جذب Kمشاهده شد. نتایج ما نشان داد که تغذیه متعادل (NPK) برای تولید پایدار گلایل بهتر است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - افزایش عمر پس از برداشت گل بریده آلسترومریا به کمک سیکلوهگزاماید، بنزیل آدنین و شیره نارگیل
سعیده علیزاده ماتک داود هاشم آبادیبه منظور بهبود عمر پس از برداشت گل شاخه بریده آلسترومریا (Alstroemeria aurantiaca) آزمایشی بر پایه طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 10 تیمار شامل سیکلوهگزاماید (50 ، 100 و 200 میلیگرم در لیتر)، بنزیل آدنین (50 ، 100 و 200 میلیگرم در لیتر) ، شیرهی نارگیل (5، 10 و 20 درصد) و Moreبه منظور بهبود عمر پس از برداشت گل شاخه بریده آلسترومریا (Alstroemeria aurantiaca) آزمایشی بر پایه طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 10 تیمار شامل سیکلوهگزاماید (50 ، 100 و 200 میلیگرم در لیتر)، بنزیل آدنین (50 ، 100 و 200 میلیگرم در لیتر) ، شیرهی نارگیل (5، 10 و 20 درصد) و شاهد (آب مقطر) در 3 تکرار انجام شد. در این مطالعه صفاتی از قبیل عمر گلجایی، ماده خشک، افزایش درجه بریکس، درصد باز شدن گل، کلروفیل a و b و نشت یونی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که شیره نارگیل در غلظت 5% بیشترین عمر گلجایی (39/17 روز) را دارد، گرچه با سطوح مختلف بنزیل آدنین و تیمارهای 10 و 20 درصد شیره نارگیل اختلاف معنیداری نداشت. تیمار 10 % شیره نارگیل بهترتیب با 58/2 و شاخص 88/0 بیشترین درجه بریکس و شاخص باز شدن گل را به خود اختصاص داد. تیمارهای 50 میلیگرم در لیتر بنزیل آدنین، 5 و 10درصد شیره نارگیل بیشترین تاثیر را بر میزان ماده خشک داشتند. موفقترین تیمارها در کاهش نشت یونی دو تیمار 5 % شیره نارگیل و 100 میلیگرم در لیتر بنزیل آدنین بودند. همه تیمارها نسبت به شاهد موجب حفظ کلروفیل a و b شدند و دو تیمار 50 میلیگرم در لیتر سیکلوهگزاماید و 5 % شیره نارگیل بیشترین مقدار کلروفیل a و b را در بین تیمارها به خود اختصاص دادند. با توجه به نتایج حاصله استفاده از 5 % شیره نارگیل در محلول گلجایی میتواند بطور موثری موجب بهبود ماندگاری گلهای بریده آلسترومریا شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - Evaluation of pigments content and functional traits of Camelina (Camelina sativa) under the influence of growth stimulants
Najmeh Rezaiean Mahyar Gerami Parastoo Majidian Hamidreza GhorbaniThis research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of iron nanoparticle (INp) and Putrescine (Pu) on some Camelina traits as a factorial design in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Baye-Kola Agricultural Research Station (BARS) in MoreThis research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of iron nanoparticle (INp) and Putrescine (Pu) on some Camelina traits as a factorial design in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Baye-Kola Agricultural Research Station (BARS) in 2021. The treatments included INp (0, 20, 40 and 60 ppm) and putrescine (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM). Variance analysis showed that the factors were significant on the amount of photosynthetic pigments and morphological traits. The results of the comparison of the simple effect of the treatments showed that the highest amount of chlorophyll a and carotenoid was in the vegetative stage and carotenoid in the reproductive stage at 60 ppm of INp and the highest amount of chlorophyll a at 1 mM Pu and the highest am ount of carotenoid at 1.5 mM Pu. The highest amounts of chlorophyll b and total pigments were observed in the vegetative stage in the treatment combination of 40 ppm INp with 1.5 mM Pu and in the reproductive stage in the treatment combination of 60 ppm INp with 1 mM Pu. The highest amount of yield, number of seeds per capsule and also, the high value of 1000 seed weight and plant height were observed in the treatment combination of 40 ppm INp with 1 mM Pu. In general, the interaction effect of 60 ppm of INp and different concentration of Pu had the best results, and the spraying of these stimulants can improve the yield of the Camelina plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - Effect of superabsorbent polymer application on some agrophysiological traits and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plant under water deficit stress in Horand region
Saeedeh Babaei Ahmad AfkariIn order to investigate the effect of using superabsorbent polymer on some growth parameters and performance of chickpea under drought stress conditions, a factorial experiment was carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications in t MoreIn order to investigate the effect of using superabsorbent polymer on some growth parameters and performance of chickpea under drought stress conditions, a factorial experiment was carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications in the crop year of 2021 in Horand region of East Azarbaijan province. The experimental treatments include three levels of irrigation (full irrigation as a control, mild water restriction or irrigation interruption in the pod setting stage, and severe water restriction or irrigation interruption in the flowering stage) and different amounts of superabsorbent (no use of superabsorbent, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha), respectively. The results of the analysis of variance of the studied traits showed that the application of stress and the effect of using superabsorbent polymer on all the evaluated traits were significant at the probability level of 1%. The interaction of drought stress and superabsorbent polymer on plant height, leaf chlorophyll content, number of pods per plant, grain yield and biological yield at the probability level of 1% and had no significant effect on other traits. so that the highest grain yield (1710.94 kg.ha-1) was given to the treatment (full irrigation and 150 kg.ha-1). The results showed that with increasing drought stress, the values of physiological traits such as chlorophyll content and relative water content of leaves decreased, but proline content of leaves increased. If the use of superabsorbent significantly increased the physiological traits. According to the obtained results, the superabsorbent reduced the damage caused by drought. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - Changes the vegetative characteristics and grain yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars in the presence of fenugreek as living mulch
Bita Abbasi Gholamreza Mohammadi Alireza Bagheri This study was done to investigate the response of vegetative traits of sunflower cultivars in the presence of fenugreek as living mulch at Razi University in 2017. The experiment was conducted as split-plot based on randomized complete block. First factor More This study was done to investigate the response of vegetative traits of sunflower cultivars in the presence of fenugreek as living mulch at Razi University in 2017. The experiment was conducted as split-plot based on randomized complete block. First factor was the sowing fenugreek at four levels (control (without living mulch), 15 days before sowing of sunflower, simultaneous sowing with sunflower, 15 days after sowing of sunflower) and the second factor was three sunflower cultivars (Progress, Farrokh, Lakomka). Results showed that with planting of fenugreek before sunflower, height, stem weight, number of leaves, leaf weight, leaf area index, content of chlorophyll a, b and total of chlorophylls were decreased by 26.4%, 62.1%, 24.8%, 68.5%, 63%, 7.4%, 3.7% and 6.8% compared to control, respectively. The lowest relative water content was also obtained by planting fenugreek before sunflower (65.2% and 52.7% at the one third of primary growth season and flowering stages). The effect of presence mulch under the simultaneous and 15 days after sunflower conditions had no significant effect on growth characteristics of sunflower compared to control condition. Among thecultivars, the highest of grain yield was assigned to Lacomka (3426 kg/ha). However, Progress had the highest height (212 cm), stem weight (523 g/plant), leaf number (25.5 per plant), leaf weight (157.4 g/plant), leaf area index (6.2) and relative water content (77.8% and 70.5% at the one third of of primary growth season and flowering stages). The highest of leaf area ratio (0.013 m2/g) and carotenoid content (2.5 mg) belonged to Farrokh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - The interaction between irrigation interval with manure and vermicompost on vegetative characteristics and yield of Lemon Verbena (Lippia citriodora L.)
Zahra Shadkam1 Farhad Mohajeri 2*This experiment was carried out to study the interaction between irrigation intervals with manures and vermicompost on vegetative characteristics and yield of Lemon Verbena a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design in Fasa, Iran during 2017. The first MoreThis experiment was carried out to study the interaction between irrigation intervals with manures and vermicompost on vegetative characteristics and yield of Lemon Verbena a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design in Fasa, Iran during 2017. The first factor involved irrigation intervals at four levels including two, four, six and eight days. The second factor was the utilization of vermicompost and/or livestock manure in four levels consisted of a control test, five percent manure (by weight), five percent vermicompost and 2.5% manure + 2.5% vermicompost which were added to the studied soil in pots. Water stress caused a significant decrease in the leaf relative water content and chlorophyll index of lemon verbena. The lowest ion leakage was obtained in vermicompost and manure and the highest amount of malondialdehyde in control test. In general, the results of this study showed that with increasing in drought stress a negative effect was observed on growth of Lemon Verbena which finally led to the reduction of biological yield. Also, the utilization of vermicompost and/or manure fertilizer have a positive effect on plant growth and improved plant's growth characteristics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - Effect of organic and chemical fertilizers along with silicon application on morpho-physiological characteristics and yield of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.)
Hasan Yahyapoor Yousof NiknezhadThis research was conducted with aim of investigating the effects of organic and chemical fertilizers along with silicon on morpho-physiological characteristics and yield of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.), in Mazandaran,, Amol during 2022. The experiment was MoreThis research was conducted with aim of investigating the effects of organic and chemical fertilizers along with silicon on morpho-physiological characteristics and yield of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.), in Mazandaran,, Amol during 2022. The experiment was cconducted as a split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments include the application of organic and chemical fertilizers at four levels (control, manure, vermicompost and chemical fertilizer) as the main plot and silicon at three levels (control, potassium silicate and nano-Si) were considered as sub plot. The results indicated that the most growth characteristics like plant height, number of flowers per plant and leaf area were obtained by chemical fertilizer. The highest dry weight of plant organ was achieved with use of chemical fertilizers. The highest dry weight of flowers (429.3 g.m-2) was obtained by chemical fertilizer, which was not significantly different from the use of vermicompost (417.3 g.m-2). The application of both sources of silicon led to improvement in the number of flowers per plant, leaf area, and concentration of chlorophylls compared with control, although the application of nano-Si had higher improvement effects compared with potassium silicate. The nano-Si increased the dry weight of flowers by 9.6 and 7.4% compared with non-application of silicon and potassium silicate, respectively. Therefore, according to the findings of the present study, application of vermicompost organic fertilizer is introduced as a suitable alternative to chemical fertilizers, as well as nano-Si application to improve the morpho-physiological characteristics and yield of purple coneflower. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - Study of correlation between some agronomic traits of barley (Hordeum vulgare) in different treatments of phosphorus biological and chemical fertilizers
Mona Yousefipor Shahram Lack* Khoshnaz PayandehApplication of bio-fertilizers in Sustainable Agriculture perform important role at increasing of crop pro-duction and improving soil fertility. In order to investigate combine application of biological and chemical phosphorus fertilizers and micronutrients on morpho-ph MoreApplication of bio-fertilizers in Sustainable Agriculture perform important role at increasing of crop pro-duction and improving soil fertility. In order to investigate combine application of biological and chemical phosphorus fertilizers and micronutrients on morpho-physiologic characteristics of barley, present research was conducted via split plot experiment according randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Ramhormoz during 2016-17. The main treatments consisted of phosphorus fertilizers and bio-fertilizers in four levels (Non use phosphorus fertilizer or control, bio-fertilizer “Barvar2”, bio-fertilizer “Barvar2” with 150 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer and 200 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer) and spray micro-nutrient (included micronutrients of zinc, iron and manganese) at three levels (no spray micro-nutrient or control, spray micro-nutrient at 0.002 and 0.004 concentration) belonged to sub plots. Results of analysis of variance indicated effect of combine application of biological and chemical phosphorus fertilizers and micronutrients on measured traits was significant. Mean comparison result of phosphorus fertilizers showed that bio-fertilizer “Barvar2” with 150 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer had maximum peduncle length (9.46 cm), awn length (11.95 cm), leaf area index (4.5), chlorophyll index (40.26) and days to rippening (185 day) also spray micro-nutrient at 0.004 concentration achieved maximum rate of mentioned traits. According mean comparison results of interactions of treatments the highest seed yield (400.1 g.m-2) and main spike weight (2.89 gr) belonged to bio-fertilizer “Barvar2” with 150 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer and spray micro-nutrient at 0.004 concentration. Generally to achieved optimum yield use bio-fertilizer “Barvar2” with 150 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer and foliar application micro-nutrient at 0.004 concentrations for Ramhormoz weather conditions can be advised. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - Morpho-physiological Responses of Dill plant (Anethum Graveolens) to Foliar Application of Polyamines in Different Growth Stages
Mahtab Zahedi اسدی قارنه Asadi-GharnehThe use of polyamines with an impact on a wide range of plant growth and developmental processes can in/directly influence the growth indices and metabolic performance of the plant. This experiment was performed in a randomized block design with 10 treatments including MoreThe use of polyamines with an impact on a wide range of plant growth and developmental processes can in/directly influence the growth indices and metabolic performance of the plant. This experiment was performed in a randomized block design with 10 treatments including spermine, spermidine and putricin each at three levels of 50, 100 and 150 mg / l with 3 replications. Non-foliar treatment was utilized as a control treatment. The results demonstrated that foliar application with different levels of polyamines had a significant impact (P≤0.01) on traits such as root dry weight, wet and dry weight of shoots and also a significant effect (P≤0.01) on traits such as chlorophyll, a, b and total chlorophyll, height, side branch, the number of umbela and weight of 100-seeds. The highest dry weight of roots, wet and dry weight of shoots and the numbers of side branch were related to spermidine treatment 150 mg/ l, the highest chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll and the number of umbels related to spermine treatment 150 mg / l, the highest carotenoids related to spermine treatment 100 mg / l and The maximum weight of 100 seeds and height for putrescine treatment was 150 and 100 mg / l respectively. Based on the results of this study, it seems that spermine and spermidine have been effective on more traits. Foliar application of polyamines can also increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of the plant and change the majority of traits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Evaluation of Yield, Some Physiological Properties and Drought Tolerance Evaluation of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Cultivars in Khuzestan Province
Mohammad Motamadi Abdolkarim BanisaidiIn order to evaluate the effect of late season drought stress on grain yield and yield components, some physiological characteristics and evaluation of stress tolerance index of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), a split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized completel MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of late season drought stress on grain yield and yield components, some physiological characteristics and evaluation of stress tolerance index of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), a split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized completely block design with three replications. Irrigation treatments in main plot included normal field irrigation and irrigation cut at pollination time and Nosrat, valfajr, Turkmen, Jonob, Yousef and Karon varieties were included in sub plot. The results showed that under drought stress the highest grain yield was observed in Nosrat and Yousef varieties (513.1 and 513.8 g / m2) and the lowest grain yield was observed in Karon (201.5 g / m2) vareity. The 1000grain weight loss rate of Nosrat, Yousef, Turkmen, Jonob, Valfajer and Karon varieties were 12.8%, 11.3%, 13.6%, 17.2%, 16.5% and 29.6%, respectively. Drought stress reduced grain filling duration in all varieties compared to normal condition, with the lowest grain filling duration belonged to Karon with 22.2 days but Nosrat and Yousef cultivars had the highest grain filling period. In drought stress conditions, Nosrat and Yousef varieties had the highest leaf relative water content, chlorophyll index, water soluble carbohydrates and water soluble proteins. Overall, according to the results of tolerance and stress sensitivity indices, Nosrat and Yousef cultivars were the most tolerant and Valfajr, Karon and Jonob varities were the most sensetive to late season drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis on some physiological characteristics of maize (SC704) under water deficit condition
Ahmad AfkariIn order to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae on some physiological characteristics of maize (SC704) under water deficit condition, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete design with three replications was conducted at the physiology laborat MoreIn order to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae on some physiological characteristics of maize (SC704) under water deficit condition, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete design with three replications was conducted at the physiology laboratory of Islamic Azad University Branch Ardabili, during 2015. Studied factors were: water potential in four levels (Zero, -4, -8 and -12 MPa) and Seed pre-treatment with mycorrhizal fungus in four levels (no inoculation, Seed pre-treatment with Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizoglomus fasciculatum and Claroideoglomu etanicatum. The results showed that increasing water stress decreased chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, relative water content and increased soluble carbohydrates and proline compounds followed, The seeds were inoculated with rhizoglomus fasciculatum of increasing traits in comparison with non-inoculated, respectively. The results of the comparison of mean interactions of drought stress and mycorrhiza showed that The highest content of chlorophyll a (85.23 mg/g fresh weight), total chlorophyll (35.33 mg/g fresh weight) and leaf water content (45.8%) related to stress-free treatment and inoculated plants with rhizoglomus fasciculatum. In general, the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased the tolerance to water deficit stress through its effect on some physiological characteristics of corn. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid in adjustment of the effects of drought stress on some morphological characteristics and photosynthetic pigments in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Ahmad AfkariSalicylic acid is one of the regulators of physiological processes causing increased resistance of plants to environmental stresses. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of drought stress and salicylic acid on morphological parameters and MoreSalicylic acid is one of the regulators of physiological processes causing increased resistance of plants to environmental stresses. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of drought stress and salicylic acid on morphological parameters and photosynthetic pigments in sunflower An experiment was performed as factorial in a fully random design with three replications in laboratory of physiology at Islamic Azad University, Kaleybar Branch in the agricultural year of 2017. The experimental treatments included salicylic acid at four levels (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mMolar), and water potential at five levels (0, -5, -10, -15, and -20 MPa). The results obtained from the analysis of variance indicated that the interaction between drought stress and salicylic acid and level of chlorophyll-a, total chlorophyll, length, wet and dry weight of the aerial parts was significant. The results of comparing the mean of the interaction between drought stress and salicylic acid indicated that the maximum level of photosynthetic pigments and morphological parameters was obtained by the treatment involving no application of stress plus salicylic acid 1 mM. The results obtained from this research indicated that drought stress resulted in a significant reduction in the growth of aerial parts and root, wet and dry weight of the aerial parts and root, and photosynthetic pigments. On the other hand, in the plants pretreated with salicylic acid, the extent of this reduction has been modified. Based on the obtained results, salicylic acid culminated in diminished damage incurred in response to drought. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - Effect of Nanoparticles of Selenium (Nano-Se) and Rice bran Extract on Germination and Some Morphophysiological Characteristics of (Astragalus adscendens Boissier)
Reza Dehghani BidgoliIn order to investigate the effect of seeds priming of Astragalus adscendens with Rice bran extract and potassium nitrate (Nano-Se) solution in the early stages of germination, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replic MoreIn order to investigate the effect of seeds priming of Astragalus adscendens with Rice bran extract and potassium nitrate (Nano-Se) solution in the early stages of germination, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications conducted at the botany Lab of the Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashan, in 2017. Experimental treatments consisted of priming with Rice bran extrac solution at 4 levels (zero as control, 0. 1, 0.2 and 0.5 (percentage of weight - Volume: w/v), and Nano-Se in 4 levels (zero as control, 0.04, 0.08 and 0.1) w/v for 2 hours at 25 ° C. The results of the experiments showed that Rice bran extract, Nano-Se solution and interaction of treatments were significant at the 1 % level on all studied traits, including germination percentage, root length, stem length, germination coefficient, relative content of water, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content. Also, the use of rice bran extract 0.1% increased the 15%. of root length but with Increasing the concentrations of bran extract root and shoot length decreased compared to control. Also, seeds priming with rice bran extract 0.2% and Nano- Se 0.8% increased the root length 37%. The highest germination percentage, the content of chlorophyll a and b, and stem length were obtained by applying 0.11% w / v Rice bran extract solution with 0.1% w/v of Nano-Se . Also, applying these treatments alone had positive and significant effects on the studied traits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - Changes in Some Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of the Selected of Almond Cultivars (Prunus dulcis Mill.) Grafted on Different Rootstocks Under Drought Stress
Abdolbaset Ranjbar Ali Imani saeed piri Vahid AbdoosiIn order to evaluate the response of selected cultivars of almond, grafted on different rootstocks under drought stress due to increased irrigation intervals in the 2015-2016 year, in the Temperate Fruit Research Center, Horticultural Research Institute in Karaj, a fact MoreIn order to evaluate the response of selected cultivars of almond, grafted on different rootstocks under drought stress due to increased irrigation intervals in the 2015-2016 year, in the Temperate Fruit Research Center, Horticultural Research Institute in Karaj, a factorial based on a randomized complete design with three replications was carried out. Factors comprised cultivars in five levels (Supernova, Texas, Marcona, Shokoufeh and K13-40), rootstocks in Three levels [peaches × almonds hybrids (GF-677 and GN-22), and bitter almond seedlings NO. 32], and drought stress in four levels (irrigation intervals were 3(Control), 5, 10 and 15 Days). The results showed that the interaction of three factors for chlorophyll fluorescence parameters include maximum (Fm), variable (Fv) and variable to maximum (Fv/Fm), electrolyte leakage and releate water content(RWC) of leaves at 1% probability level, and interaction effects of rootstock × cultivar for chlorophyll b and a/b as well as cultivar × drought stress for a/b were significant at 5% probability level. Also, interaction effects of rootstock × drought stress were significant for all evaluated traits except a/b at 1% probability level. Drought stress reduced Fv by increasing Fo and decreasing Fm, and reduced Fv/Fm in sensitive cultivars on seedling and GN-22 rootstocks from 0.82 to 0.67. As a general result, all of the cultivars on the GF-677 rootstock showed greater resistance to drought stress. Supernova and Shokofeh cultivars grafted on GF-677 rootstock were most resistant rootstock - scion compounds, but other rootstock-scions compounds, were sensitive to drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - The effect of soil stress contaminated with lead and cadmium elements in Arak region on growth indicators and chlorophyll and carotenoid content of sunflower cultivars
Babak Paykarestan rezvan karamiborzabadThis research was evaluated in order to investigate the effect of soil contaminated with heavy elements in Arak region on three sunflower cultivars. The first factor includes: soil contaminated with heavy elements collected from Arak region and its comparison with the u MoreThis research was evaluated in order to investigate the effect of soil contaminated with heavy elements in Arak region on three sunflower cultivars. The first factor includes: soil contaminated with heavy elements collected from Arak region and its comparison with the uncontaminated control collected from Tafarsh region, and the second factor includes cultivars including: Armaviroski, Alstar, and Ezoflor, common cultivars of sunflower cultivation in Arak region. The effect of contaminated soil on leaf area index traits and leaf area ratio was significant at the level of 1%, but it had no significant effect on other traits. The effect of the cultivar was also significant on the leaf area index at the level of 1%, but it was not significant on the other evaluated indices.. In the investigation of the content of chlorophyll a, the highest amount was assigned to the Alstar cultivar at the rate of 10.54 mg/g fresh weight of leaves, and the lowest amount was assigned to the variety Azoflor at the rate of 10.23 mg/g fresh weight of leaves, which did not have a significant difference. Examining the amount of carotenoid, Allstar, Armaviroski and Azoflor cultivars had 2.53, 2.07 and 1.98 mg per gram of leaf wet weight, respectively, which was significant at the five percent level. Among the cultivars, the most The seed yield was assigned to the Azoflor cultivar at the rate of 3822 kg/ha and the lowest yield was assigned to the Alstar variety at the rate of 2231 kg/ha. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - Investigating the effects of moisture stress (water scarcity) on the morphological and physiological characteristics of five basil cultivars
Atousa Keshavarzi Mehdi Rahimi Amin BaghizadehBasil is a medicinal plant as well as a vegetable, and its economic importance is due to its use in health and pharmaceutical industries. Also, moisture stress (water scarcity) is one of the environmental factors leading to a decrease in the yield of any plant. In this MoreBasil is a medicinal plant as well as a vegetable, and its economic importance is due to its use in health and pharmaceutical industries. Also, moisture stress (water scarcity) is one of the environmental factors leading to a decrease in the yield of any plant. In this study, the effect of moisture stress on the morphological and physiological traits of basil medicinal plant was evaluated as a split plot experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse. The results of variance analysis showed a significant difference at the probability level of 1% for the moisture stress effect as well as the genotype effect. The moisture stress × genotype interaction effect was significant for all traits, which means that the genotypes have shown different reactions under moisture stress. The moisture stress caused a significant decrease in most traits while it increased leaf proline. The highest accumulation of proline with an average of 0.0041 mg per gram of fresh weight was related to the Red Rubins basil variety under no-stress conditions and then the Iranian green basil variety with an average of 0.0029 mg per gram of fresh weight under medium moisture stress conditions. The maximum amount of growth characteristics (leaf length, number of leaves, leaf yield and shoot weight) was related to Iranian purple basil cultivar under without moisture stress conditions. Also, the genotype of Iranian green basil can be further investigated in future breeding programs due to its greater tolerance to moisture stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - Temporal and Spatial Variability of Non-Living factors, Chlorophyll a and Pelagic Primary Production in Sefid-Rood River Estuary
M. R. Rahimibashar A. Esmaeili Sary S. M. R. Fatemi S. A. NezamiSefid-Rood River Estuary is the most important riverine ecosystem in the south Caspian Sea. The aim of this study was to examine spatial and temporal variability of physical and Chemical factors, Chl-a and pelagic primary production during a year (November 2004 to Octob MoreSefid-Rood River Estuary is the most important riverine ecosystem in the south Caspian Sea. The aim of this study was to examine spatial and temporal variability of physical and Chemical factors, Chl-a and pelagic primary production during a year (November 2004 to October 2005) in five sampling stations in the Sefid-Rood River Estuary. Annual means (±SD) Physical and Chemical factors were: temperature 17.2±8.6 °C, Surface salinity1.77±1.32 ppt, battom salinity 2.79±3.27 ppt, turbidity 311.86±345.18 FTU, water tranprancy 36.5±25.33 cm, Do 8.69±2.88 mgL-1, 0.512±0.66 mgL-1, Sio2 5.68±1.91, TP 0.136±0.103 mgL-1, T.O.C. 10.3±9.9 mgL-1 and Chl. a 4.44±7.45 μgL-1. Minimum was zero in October and maximom in the September 22.85±2.5 μgL-1. There was a Spatial variability along the estuary and high level Chl. a determined in the river mouth (Station 4) with 7.5±10.65 μgL-1. Primary production determined in this estuary by dark and light bottle method and GPP 38.27±34.12 mgcm-2h-1 and NPP 201.6±289.9 mgcm-2d-1. Everywhere in this estuary nutrients appeared to be in excess to algal requirement and did not influence in Chl. a and primary production. The most important factor that influenced Chl. a was water temperature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - Investigation of the Caspian trophy in south coastal areas of Caspian Sea, A case study in Gilan province
A. Daryazadae Parisa Nejatkhah Manavi F. Rafiei F. Jamalzad Fallah S. M. SalavatianThe increase of organic and inorganic compounds in the river basin of the south coastal area of the Caspian Sea has been exacerbated by intensification of the Eutrophication process. In order to provide some useful data for planning of coastal management, the trophy of MoreThe increase of organic and inorganic compounds in the river basin of the south coastal area of the Caspian Sea has been exacerbated by intensification of the Eutrophication process. In order to provide some useful data for planning of coastal management, the trophy of the chlorophyll a, total phosphorus and total nitrogen were determined. The result of measuring three limnologic parameters (chlorophyll a, total phosphorus and total nitrogen) for a period of 11 months, were entered into the geographic information system during the spring of 2013 to February 2014. By determining the position of ten stations in south coast of the Caspian Sea, in Gilan province, from Khosk-Rood to Astara, their trophy status in terms of chlorophyll a, total phosphate, total nitrogen, as well as TSI index were determined. Based on the results of this study, among the three effective factors of trophic in the studied areas, in winter, the highest correlation was found between total phosphorus and total nitrogen of 47%. The annual survey showed a correlation between phosphorus and total nitrogen of 87%, followed by correlation between chlorophyll a and nitrogen of 56%. The results showed that, 39 and 61 percent of south coastal areas in Gilan province were oligotrophic and mesotrophic, respectively. The normal curvecomparison of total phosphate based on OECD standards, indicated a trend in coastal change from oligotrophic to mesotrophic, which can be a threat to the region Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - Study of horizontal and vertical distribution of physic- chemical parameters and chlorophyll a in Hormoz Strait
L. Bahrami Samani M. Ebrahimi M. GhorbanliIn order to access the process of horizontal and vertical change in physic- chemical parameters and chl.a in the coastlines of Hormozegan Province from the Jask region to Bandar Lengeh in the area of 54˚ to 57˚ and 49 minutes along the east , 34 stations were sele MoreIn order to access the process of horizontal and vertical change in physic- chemical parameters and chl.a in the coastlines of Hormozegan Province from the Jask region to Bandar Lengeh in the area of 54˚ to 57˚ and 49 minutes along the east , 34 stations were selected .The sampling operation was done in February of 2008 by using R/V Ferdous 1 with the assistance of the Ecology Institute of the Persia Gulf and the Sea of Oman. The results of the horizontal distribution of salinity and density indicated that the parameters from the east to the west have increased . The salinity in the region of Bandar Jask 36.7 and around KishIsland it has reached 37.9 (ppt). In the Jask area , density has reached 24.8 and around Kish area it has increased to 26.2 g/cm3 . The salinity and density increased from surface to depth.But this increase had more fluctuations in the areas of west of Straight of Hormoz (Persian Gulf) compared to the areas from east to the west and from the surface to the depth where it actually reduces . The results from the horizontal distribution of chl.a indicated that in this month, the amount of chl.a in the region of Bandar Abbass and the Strait of Hormoz because of Plankton blooming is relatively more that the east and west of the Strait of Hormoz. In addition to that , the vertical changes of chl.a indicated that its amount in the coastlines where the plankton bloom was visible , was reduced from the surface to the depth , but in the marine stations the highest amount of it was in the 10-20 meter layers of depth .The result from the study of water`s turbidity indicated the process of changes in the water's turbidity , especially in the surface layers follows the chl.a changes . Also , the study of the horizontal distribution of the water's turbidity in the surface of the regions under study indicated that the western regions of the Strait of Hormoz enjoyed or had the highest amount of turbidity and its reason was its being shallow and effects of mangro Forests. The results indicated that there was a direct correlation between the horizontal and vertical distribution and the amount of chl.a and the disolved oxygen. It means that as the chl.a increased , the oxygen also went up and as it went down , the oxygen went down too. The results of the statistical study between chl.a and desolved oxygen in the 3 zone of the study indicated that in the northern region of the Strait of Hormoz , the correlation index between the two parameters was 0.9 and in the east and west it was 0.7 . The amount of EC from the surface to the depth was reduced and its process of changes followed almost the process of changes in the temperature while the amount of desolved oxygen in the region of the Strait of Hormoz were more than eastern and western stations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - Study of pH Changes of Culture Medium of Green Microalgae (Scenedesmus quadricauda) under Chemical Stresses
A. piraliBiological, chemical and physical factors influence on physiology of aquatic microalgae. Changes in these factors effect and disturb the life cycle of microalgae as well as their physiological parameters.In this study the changes of pH in the culture medium of green alg MoreBiological, chemical and physical factors influence on physiology of aquatic microalgae. Changes in these factors effect and disturb the life cycle of microalgae as well as their physiological parameters.In this study the changes of pH in the culture medium of green algae Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.)Bréb. In three different culture media under chemical stresses using herbicideMetribuzin and water hardness, was investigated. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design for a period of 21 days. Change in acidityof culture media A and B had direct relationship with water hardness and presence of herbicide. Results of pH changes in medium A suggest a direct correlation with the amount of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid. According to the results of analysis of variance, there are also significant differences (P < 0.05) in some treatments in different media. The greatest amount of carotenoid was observed at 150 mg/L CaCO3. In general, it can be said that the green algae, Scenedesmus quadricauda species, had high tolerance to changes in the acidity of the medium, along with chemical stresses caused by water hardness and presence of herbicide Metribuzin. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - Effect of Cu 2+ on cell number and chlorophyll a content of green alga Scenedesmus obliquus
H. Keyhanian F. Rafiee K. Mehdinejad E. ShirvaniAquatic environments are often exposed to heavy metals, this can affect aquatic organisms. The effect of Cu 2+ on cell density and chla content of S.obliquus was studied. The algae were grown for 5 days at temperature of 2± 23 ˚c and light intensity o MoreAquatic environments are often exposed to heavy metals, this can affect aquatic organisms. The effect of Cu 2+ on cell density and chla content of S.obliquus was studied. The algae were grown for 5 days at temperature of 2± 23 ˚c and light intensity of 300 lux on z8 medium .Copper treatment was carried out at a concentration of 0 (control) ,2,4,,6 and 8 mgl-1. Cell counting was performed at 0,24,48,72 and 96 hours using heamocytometer and amount of chla was determined at the same hours. There was a significant difference between time and treatments (p< 0.05). The difference of cell density was significant between control and metal concentrations, 2,4 mgl-1 with 6,8 mgl-1. In control groups, the cell density and chla content were increased with time. On the other hand, the content of chla and cell number reduced with Cu2+ . The concentration of Cu2+ from 2 to 8 mgl-1 inhibited cell density from 72.09% ( 2mg.l-1 , 96 h) to 92.33% ( 8mgl-1,96 h), respectively. In the Cu2+ treatments the death of algal biomass was observed in 24 h, but there was an increase in cell numbers of S.obliquus in control and the algae were still on exponential phase at 96 h. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
183 - Effects of microbial fertilizers on the chlorophyll a fluorescence responses of tomato plants
Saber Nezamivand Chegini Mojtaba Jafarinia Ali Akbar Ghotbi RavandiBackground & Objectives: Plant growth-promoting bacteria in rhizosphere improve plants’ growth in different ways. In this study, the effects of five growth promoting bacteria, in the form of three biofertilizers were investigated on the chlorophyll a MoreBackground & Objectives: Plant growth-promoting bacteria in rhizosphere improve plants’ growth in different ways. In this study, the effects of five growth promoting bacteria, in the form of three biofertilizers were investigated on the chlorophyll a fluorescence changes of tomato seedlings.Materials and Methods: The experiments were conducted as factorial based on a completely randomized design. The bacteria were Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum lipoferum, Bacillus lentus, Pseudomonas putida and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans; and biofertilizers were nitroxin, biosporphosphate and biosulfur. Chlorophyll a fluorescence changes were recorded using a Handy PEA device and analyzed by the JIP-test method.Results: The results showed that the use of Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum lipoferum caused L band formation about 15 microseconds after light exposure, which revealed an improvement in the grouping and connectivity of antenna chlorophylls with photosynthetic reaction centers. Besides, the formation of the K band about 0.3 milliseconds after light exposure showed that the performance of the water-splitting complex was increased under the influence of Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum lipoferum. The increase in electron transfer efficiency and the rate of reduction of the end electron acceptors in photosystem I were confirmed by the formation of J, H, and G bands in the presence of plant growth-promoting bacteria. Conclusion: The results of this study proved that the best photosynthetic performance in tomato plants including electron transfer between carriers of the photosynthetic electron transport chain occurred in the nitroxin bio-fertilizer containing Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum lipoferum. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - Effect of seed priming and foliar application of selenium on physiological traits and Stink bug injury percentage of rainfed wheat Azar 2 cultivar
Nourali SajediIn order to study the effect of seed priming by selenium and foliar application on physiological charactristics and Stink bug injury percentage of Rainfed wheat, a one year field experiment was carried based on complete randomized block design with three replicates at t MoreIn order to study the effect of seed priming by selenium and foliar application on physiological charactristics and Stink bug injury percentage of Rainfed wheat, a one year field experiment was carried based on complete randomized block design with three replicates at the Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, in Iran during 2014. Twelve treatments were including control, seed priming with distilled water, priming with rates of 1, 2 and 3 mg/L Se alone; and along with spray of distilled water and Se (Sodum Selenite). The results showed that seed priming along with foliar application of distilled water, seed priming with distilled water plus foliar application of Se, seed priming with 3 mg/L Se along with foliar application of Se, increased the relative water content compared with the control. Seed priming with distilled water, foliar application of Se and seed priming with 2 mg/L Se, plus spray of Se decreased electrolyte leakage compared to the control. Foliar application of Se alone and seed priming with 1 mg/L Se plus spray of Se increased Chl a by 31.4 and 24.2 % compared to the control, respectively. Seed priming plus spray of Se decreased the Stink bug injury, significantly. The maximum seed yield was recorded for seed priming with 2 mg/L Se plus foliar application of Se. The results suggest that seed priming with distilled water and espicial Se at low amounts along with spray of Se can decrease electrolyte leakage and Stink bug injury percentage under rainfed condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
185 - Effect of titanium nano particles and different irrigation levels on photosynthetic pigments, proline, soluble carbohydrates and growth parameters of Purslane
Hossein sartip Alireza SirousmehrSoil misture deficiency is the most important factors of plant growth and development inhibiting. To evaluate the effect of foliar application of titanium dioxide nano particles on Purslane some physiological and morphological traits under different irrigation levels wa MoreSoil misture deficiency is the most important factors of plant growth and development inhibiting. To evaluate the effect of foliar application of titanium dioxide nano particles on Purslane some physiological and morphological traits under different irrigation levels was done a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors were including of three levels irrigation 60, 80 and 100 percent of field capacity and sprayed titanium dioxide nano particles in the 6-8 leaf stage at four levels 0, 1, 2 and 3 mg. l-1, respectively. The result showed that irrigation levels was significant in all traits in 1 percent level and it cause to reduce the total chlorophyll content and increase the amount of soluble carbohydrates and proline. The maximum amount of total chlorophyll content 32.36 mg. g-1 of fresh leaf was obtained in treatment of 100 percent of field capacity and lowest amount it 13.42 mg. g-1 of fresh leaf was obtained in treatment of 60 percent of field capacity, respectively. Sprayed of titanium dioxide nano particles was also significant on the most traits and increases the total chlorophyll and fresh and dry weight of Purslane. The maximum amount of the fresh weight of shrub 21.61 g in the 3 mg. l-1 sprayed of titanium dioxide nano particles treatment and the minimum fresh weight 17.16 g was obtained control treatment (spraying with distilled water). The results showed the use of nanoparticles of titanium dioxide, increased significantly chlorophyll (a) and dry weight the purslane. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - The effect of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid foliar application on forage yield, RWC and leaf chlorophyll of corn under drought stress
navvab haji hassani asl farhad farah vash mohsen roshdi Bahram mir shekari mehdi gaffariTo study the effect of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid foliar application on yield and specification of corn under drought stress, an experiment was performed in Khoy in 2013-14 as split plot with basis of randomized complete block design in four replications. Main fac MoreTo study the effect of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid foliar application on yield and specification of corn under drought stress, an experiment was performed in Khoy in 2013-14 as split plot with basis of randomized complete block design in four replications. Main factor: drought stress doing through irrigation after 75±5 and 150±5 mm evaporation on Pan. Sub factor was including of foliar application of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid in 100, 200 and 300 mg/lit and control treatment (non- foliar application). Effect of year was significant only on RWC. Drought stress had significantly effect on fresh forage yield, chlorophyll a, b and chlorophyll a+b. Foliar application had significantly effect on all characters. Interactions effect of year and foliar application were significant on fresh forage yield and chlorophyll a. 100 mg/lit salicylic acid foliar application in 2013 year treatment with average of 74.46 ton/ha and non- foliar application in 2014 year treatment with average of 59.47 ton/ha had maximum and minimum of fresh forage yield. Maximum and minimum of chlorophyll a seen in 300 mg/lit ascorbic acid foliar application in 2014 year and non-foliar application in 2013 year. Interaction of drought stress and foliar application had significantly effect on fresh forage yield, only. 100 mg/lit salicylic acid foliar application in normal irrigation treatment (80.82 ton/ha) and non- foliar application in drought irrigaton treatment (52.74 ton/ha) had maximum and minimum of fresh forage yield, respectivly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - Study the response of two chickpea cultivars to application of biological and chemical fertilizers
Chenor Adeli Babak Pasari Asad RokhzadiThis experiment was carried out to study the response of two chickpea cultivars to application of biological and chemical fertilizers in Media Callan Research Farm, located in Kamyaran city- Sanandaj province during 2015. The experiment was split plots in a randomized c MoreThis experiment was carried out to study the response of two chickpea cultivars to application of biological and chemical fertilizers in Media Callan Research Farm, located in Kamyaran city- Sanandaj province during 2015. The experiment was split plots in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. In this study, the main factor with six levels of fertilization including: control: no fertilization, Azetobarvar (as nitrogen bio fertilizer), Phosphobarver (as phosphor bio fertilizer), Potabarvar (as potassium bio fertilizer), combining of Azetobarvar + Phosphobarver + Potabarvar and the recommended chemical ferlizer and subplot were two chickpea cultivars, including: Bivanij and Adel. The results showed that only spad affected significantly by fertilizers as the maximum spad was found in Potabarvar. Also despite of no significant differnce within fertilizers, the maximum seed yield was found in chemical fertilizer and following that in combining of Azetobarvar + Phosphobarver + Potabarvar. In this study the most characters was different significantlly amoung chikpea cultivars. As the lowest numbers of hullow pod in plant and the maximum numbers of day to emergence, numbers of secondary stem, numbers of seed in plant and seed protein percent was found in Adel but the most 100 seed weight achieved in Bivanij. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - Effect of different irrigation regimes, plastic mulch and anti-transpiration materials on some physiological attributes and grain yield of rainbow corn
Davoud Adelian Hooshang Farajee Amin Salehi Ali Moradiبه منظور بررسی اثر خاکپوشه پلاستیک و مواد ضد تعرق کائولین و آترازین تحت تاثیر سطوح مختلف آبیاری بر برخی صفات فیزیولوژیک و عملکرد دانه ذرت رنگین، آزمایشی مزرعهای در منطقه برازجان، استان بوشهر در دو سال 1396-1395 اجرا گردید. آزمایش بهصورت اسپلیت اسپلیت پلات بر پایه طرح Moreبه منظور بررسی اثر خاکپوشه پلاستیک و مواد ضد تعرق کائولین و آترازین تحت تاثیر سطوح مختلف آبیاری بر برخی صفات فیزیولوژیک و عملکرد دانه ذرت رنگین، آزمایشی مزرعهای در منطقه برازجان، استان بوشهر در دو سال 1396-1395 اجرا گردید. آزمایش بهصورت اسپلیت اسپلیت پلات بر پایه طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. عامل اصلی آزمایش شامل آبیاری در سه سطح، شامل: 1) 25 درصد تخلیه رطوبتی آب قابل استفاده خاک؛ 2) 40 درصد تخلیه رطوبتی آب قابل استفاده خاک و 3) 60 درصد تخلیه رطوبتی آب قابل استفاده خاک و عامل فرعی در دو سطح شامل خاکپوشه پلاستیک و بدون خاکپوشه و عامل فرعی فرعی در سه سطح شامل مواد ضد تعرق کائولین، آترازین و شاهد بدون مصرف ماده ضد تعرق بودند. نتایج نشان داد که برهمکنش سطوح مختلف آبیاری، مواد ضد تعرق بر نسبت Fv/Fm و برهمکنش خاکپوشه پلاستیک و مواد ضد تعرق بر میزان قند محلول برگ معنیدار گردید. در سطح آبیاری 60 درصد تخلیه مجاز رطوبتی، بیشترین نسبت Fv/Fm (578/0) در تیمار آترازین و کمترین مقدار آن (468/0) در تیمار کائولین بدست آمد. در شرایطی که میزان رطوبت خاک محدود است، استفاده از خاکپوشه پلاستیک و آترازین جهت حصول حداکثر عملکرد کیفی و کمی قابل توصیه میباشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
189 - Effect of different irrigation levels on morphological and physiological features of SPORT grass-seed mixture
Amin Samiei Mohsen Kafi Mohammadmahdi Jowkar Arezo ShaghaghiWater resource management is one of the major challenges in lawn management. Considering the fact that Iran is located in a dry and semiarid area, lawn water demand and resource management is very crucial. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of irrigation levels MoreWater resource management is one of the major challenges in lawn management. Considering the fact that Iran is located in a dry and semiarid area, lawn water demand and resource management is very crucial. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of irrigation levels on some growth traits of turf sport mixture was studied. Irrigation treatments consisted of 50, 75 and 100 % of field capacity with one-day interval watering frequency which were applied when the plants were stablished. Morphological and physiological traits were measured at weeks two, four and six after applied levels of irrigation. Results showed that as the amount of watering decreased, turf longitudinal growth, dry matter, visual quality, relative water content and leaf phosphor content declined. This was while cell electrolyte leakage increased. However, at 75 % of field capacity irrigation level, leaf total chlorophyll and potassium content was more than 100% of field capacity irrigated plants. Based on the obtained results, there was no significant difference between two levels of 100 and 75% of field capacity irrigation levels for all measured traits. This was while both irrigation levels were significantly better than 50% of field capacity. Generally, the results indicated that reducing irrigation by one-fourth of field capacity maintains the quality and quality of “Sport” mixture grass in normal conditions and at the same time, greatly reduces the amount of consumed water for irrigation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
190 - Effect of late season drought stress and foliar application of nitrogen on yield and some physiological traits of wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum)
Majid Rostami Abdolreza Ahmadi Hoda MohammadiIn order to study the effects of late season drought stress and foliar application of nitrogen on physiological traits and grain yield of wheat an experiment was conducted as strip-plot based on complete randomized blocks design (CRBD) with three replications. The horiz MoreIn order to study the effects of late season drought stress and foliar application of nitrogen on physiological traits and grain yield of wheat an experiment was conducted as strip-plot based on complete randomized blocks design (CRBD) with three replications. The horizontal factor were irrigation treatments (i.e. IR1: full irrigation, IR2: cutting irrigation at grain dough stage and IR3: cutting irrigation at grain milk stage) and the vertical factor were foliar application of nitrogen as urea (N1: control, N2: foliar application of 20 kg. ha-1 urea at flowering stage, N3: foliar application of 20 kg. ha-1 urea at milk stage and N4: foliar application of 20 kg. ha-1 urea at flowering and milk stage). Based on results effects of irrigation and interaction of treatments on relative water content was significant. Effects of experimental treatments and interaction of treatments on leaf chlorophyll were significant. The main effect of irrigation treatment on canopy temperature and hectoliter weight was significant and highest and lowest values of these traits observed in full irrigation and IR3 treatments, respectively. The experimental treatments and interaction of treatments significantly affect grain protein content and decreasing irrigation resulted in increasing grain protein content. Although by cutting the irrigation, protein content in both of treatments (IR2 and IR3) increased but by considering the grain yield it seems that cutting irrigation at grain dough stage is more suitable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
191 - Evaluation of bio-fertilizers application of seaweed and azolla on Ornamental Plant of Iranian Petunia (Petunia hybrida)
Hooria Jahani Mohammad Saeead Tadion Golamreaz MoafporianIncreased awareness of the environmental pollution and social impacts of chemical fertilizers have stimulated interest in biological fertilizers (bio-fertilizers). In order to evaluate the use of bio-Fertilizers (Seaweed and Azolla) on morphological and physiological ch MoreIncreased awareness of the environmental pollution and social impacts of chemical fertilizers have stimulated interest in biological fertilizers (bio-fertilizers). In order to evaluate the use of bio-Fertilizers (Seaweed and Azolla) on morphological and physiological characters of Petunia hybrida, a study was conducted in 2015 at Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan branch, Fars Province. The experiment was carried out in a factorial in completely randomized design with three replications. The bio-fertilizers factors contain three levels of seaweed and azolla. The results showed that the application of seaweed and azolla at 0.4 and 25 gr kg-1 soil can be improved P. hybrida morphological and physiological characters. The highest dry weight of P. hybrida was obtained with application of seaweed and azolla at 0.4 and 25 gr kg-1 soil. Seaweed and azolla application at 0.4 and 25 gr kg-1 soil can be increased chlorophyll a and carotenoid pigments at 89.14 and 86.71 percent, respectively. Seaweed and azolla application at 0.4 and 25 gr kg-1 soil can be reduced Flowering time for 27 days faster in comparison to the control treatment (without bio-fertilizer). Overall, to achieve the highest P. hybrida vegetative and reproductive parameters, and reduce production cost, bio-fertilizers application of seaweed and azolla at 0.4 and 25 gr kg-1 soil, is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - Investigation of Effects of Bio Fertilizer Application on Zinc uptake and Some of Vegetative Growth Indices of Corn (Zea Mays L.) in a Non-Sterile Calcareous Soil with Different Levels of Salinity
H.R. Bostani mostafa chorom abdolamir moezzi najafali karimian naimeh enayati zamir mehdi zareiSalinity affects plant growth by decreasing the water and nutrients uptakes and disturbing the nutritional balance of plants. To investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Zinc (Zn) uptake and some of MoreSalinity affects plant growth by decreasing the water and nutrients uptakes and disturbing the nutritional balance of plants. To investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Zinc (Zn) uptake and some of growth indices of Corn (Zea Mays L.) at different soil salinity levels, a factorial experiment as completely randomized design with 3 replications was conducted in greenhouse of Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran. Factors included three salinity levels (0 (S1), 15(S1) and 30 (S2) Meq salt kg-1 soil) and microbial inoculation (without inoculation (C), Glumus Intradices (F), Pesudomonas bacteria (B) and fungi + bacteria (BF)). The results showed that dry matter of shoot and root, root colonization percentage, stem diameter, plant height, leaf area and chlorophyll index were significantly reduced by increasing of salinity levels from S0 to S2. Using all microbial treatments resulted in increasing of all the above mentioned growth indices at all salinity levels significantly. Generally, the use of fungi and fungi-bacterial treatments in enhancement of growth indices of plant were higher than bacterial treatment alone. Zn concentration in shoot and root was increased by increasing of salinity levels while Zn uptakes were significantly decreased. Also, Zn concentration and uptakes in shoot and root were significantly increased by application of all microbial treatments compared to control and the higher increase was related to fungi-bacterial treatment and the lowest increase observed in bacterial treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - Impact of drought stress on photosystem II efficiency and pigment contents in Nitraria schoberi L. Plants
Abolfazl Ranjbar fordoei Seyyed Ali MousaviSome authors distinguished that N. schoberi often used as ruminant feeding systems or used as drought reserve to fill annual feed shortages within grazing systems. Environmental stresses such as drought stress affect plants photosynthetic apparatus directly or indirectly MoreSome authors distinguished that N. schoberi often used as ruminant feeding systems or used as drought reserve to fill annual feed shortages within grazing systems. Environmental stresses such as drought stress affect plants photosynthetic apparatus directly or indirectly. Several studies on chlorophyll a fluorescence yields base demonstrated that photosystem II (PSII) is highly drought resistance under water stress but photosynthetic, electron transport through PS II is inhibited. Several investigations have shown that the chlorophyll level decreases with aggravated drought stress. Drought stress treatments were prepared on base of soil water potential at field capacity (FC). The treatments were divided into five levels: T1 (FC = 100%), T2 (FC = 80%), T3 (FC = 60%), T4 (FC = 40%) and T5 (FC = 20%). In this study, photosynthetic apparatus of N. schobery, was damaged to a certain extent, as observed from leaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as F0, Fm, Fv, qP and NPQ. A considerable decrease in pigment (Chl. a, Chl. b and carotenoids) content was observed at T4 and continued to T5. Thus, an important conclusion can be drawn from the results achieved through this study. Niter bush is considered to be a drought tolerant species. Our results indicate its ability to maintain high physiological activities when subjected to relatively high levels of drought. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - Agronomic and physiological response of Nigella sativa L. to Ascorbate and methanol foliar application in water deficit stress
Mojtaba Baradaran Firouzabadi Mahdie Parsaeian Mehdi Baradaran FirouzabadiNowadays, the application of antioxidant and osmotic regulator substances is discussed in order to reduce the negative effects of various stresses. Ascorbate and methanol as the one of these substances cause resistant to stresses in plant. In order to examine this subje MoreNowadays, the application of antioxidant and osmotic regulator substances is discussed in order to reduce the negative effects of various stresses. Ascorbate and methanol as the one of these substances cause resistant to stresses in plant. In order to examine this subject in plant medicinal (Nigella sativa L.), the split plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted in three replications in University of Shahrood at 2011. The main factor was irrigation levels (8 and 16 day interval as no stress and severe stress) and sub factors were foliar application of methanol (0, 15 and 30 %V) and ascorbate (0, 10 and 20 mM). Foliar applications of treatments were applied 45 and 55 days after planting. The results indicated that, dry matter accumulation in leaf and stem, 1000 seed weight, number of secondary branches in plant, relative water content and membrane stability index were decreased by water deficit stress significantly. Foliar application of ascorbate and methanol especially in the highest concentration increased all traits except 1000 seed weight in stress and no-stress conditions. The higher amount of relative water content and membrane stability index were obtained from highest concentrations of ascorbate and methanol together. Also, oil yield increased 27.8 percentages in this treatment. Therefore, in this experiment combination of 20 Mm ascorbate and 30 %V methanol is advisable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
195 - Agro-physiological responses of barley to foliar application of some plant-hormones under dryland farming
Sabriyeh Najaf Nia Ali Hatami Mohammad Javad ZareaA field study carried out during 2014-2015 to investigate the effect of various plant hormones, applied single or in combination, on grain yield, yield components and protein content of barley cultivar of Sararood under dryland farming. Experiment conducted at farm rese MoreA field study carried out during 2014-2015 to investigate the effect of various plant hormones, applied single or in combination, on grain yield, yield components and protein content of barley cultivar of Sararood under dryland farming. Experiment conducted at farm research of Ilam university a randomized complete block design consisted of 8 treatments including control, IAA, GA, KIN, IAA+GA, IAA+KIN, GA+KIN and IAA+KIN+GA, replicated in three times. Foliar application of hormones was done when plants were at flowering stage. Results showed that foliar application of hormone treatments resulted in enhanced total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a contents, 1000-grain weight and grain protein content. Foliar application combination of IAA+ KIN had the greatest promoting effects on total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a contents, 1000-grain weight and grain protein and increased total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a contents, 1000-grain weight and grain protein content by 8.69, 10.6 and 9.85%, respectively. Foliar application of hormones, single or in combination, had not significantly effect on plant height, total number of spike m-2, grain number spike-1, grain yield and harvest index. Overall, results of this experiment suggested partial positive effect of plant hormone on agronomic traits of barley under dry land farming. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
196 - Effect of micro-elements of Fe, Zn and Mn on some characteristics of Borage (Borago officinalis L.)
Azizollah kheiry محمد ویسی Mohsen SanikhaniIn order to evaluate the effect of micronutrients of iron, zinc and manganese on characteristics of borage, an experiment conducted in the base of randomized complete block design with three replications at University of Zanjan in 2015. Treatments were levels of 0 (cont MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of micronutrients of iron, zinc and manganese on characteristics of borage, an experiment conducted in the base of randomized complete block design with three replications at University of Zanjan in 2015. Treatments were levels of 0 (control), 3 and 6 per thousand of micronutrients of Fe, Zn and Mn with total of 15 treatments. Foliar micronutrients applied in both stem elongation and flowering stages. Results showed that Highest 1000-seed weight and Seed yield obtained in combination of 3 g/lit iron and zinc (Fe1+Zn1) treatment and the highest number of inflorescences were in treatment of zinc and manganese at 3 g/lit (Zn1+Mn1). Foliar application of iron, zinc and manganese (Fe1+Zn1+Mn1) 3 g/lit, showed the greatest effects on the content of chlorophyll and anthocyanin. Combination of iron and manganese at 6 g/lit (Fe2+Mn2) had the greatest impact on seed oil content and foliar application of iron plus manganese 3 g/lit (Fe1+Mn1) had the greatest impact on the level of Peroxidase. In conclusion, the results showed that the application of micronutrients of iron, zinc and manganese had significant effects on indices such as: Seed yield, Oil percentage, 1000-seed weight, chlorophyll and anthocyanin content. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
197 - Study the effects of mychorryisa fungus on vegetative growth and nutrient uptake in three apple cultivars ('Red delicious', 'Golden delicious' and 'Starking')
Maryam Dehestani-Ardakani Zeinab Mohasedat Kazem KamliThis study aimed to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal Fungi on growth characteristics and nutrient uptake in three apple varieties. Experiments were performed according to complete block design in a split plot randomized with eight replications. The treatments were MoreThis study aimed to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal Fungi on growth characteristics and nutrient uptake in three apple varieties. Experiments were performed according to complete block design in a split plot randomized with eight replications. The treatments were consisted of four levels of mycorrhiza (0, 70, 100 and 120 grams per pot) and three varieties of apples (‘Red Delicious’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Starking’). Some characteristics consisted of leaf area, leaf number, plant height and diameter, fresh and dry weight of leaves, chlorophyll a and b, phosphorus, nitrogen, zinc and copper were measured. The results showed that the use of mycorrhizal fungi in the apple growth media, significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf number and chlorophyll a and b compared to the control. Inoculation of AM fungi were non-significant on leaf N status and decreased leaf P content of apple plantlets but leaf N and P uptake were increased compared to uninoculated control. By the application of AM fungi, Fe and Zn content of leaves decreased. The highest Fe and Zn leaf uptake was obtained in ‘Red delicious’ treated by 70 g AMF fertilizer per pot. According to the results, 70 gr mycorrhizal per pot had more effect to vegetative growth and nutrient uptake of apple plantlets. So, this amount of fertilizer, is advised for apple plantlets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
198 - Effect of Iron Nano Oxide Concentration and Application Time on Tuber Yield and Quality of Potato
Ali Barghi عبدالقیوم قلیپوری احمد توبه سدابه جهانبخش شهزاد جماعتی ثمرینIn order to investigating nitrate accumulation, tuber yield and protein variation, affected by different levels of iron nano oxide in different growth stages of potato, a factorial experiment was conducted based on RCBD with three replications during 2012 in Ardabil reg MoreIn order to investigating nitrate accumulation, tuber yield and protein variation, affected by different levels of iron nano oxide in different growth stages of potato, a factorial experiment was conducted based on RCBD with three replications during 2012 in Ardabil region. The first factor was iron nano oxide fertilizer at four levels including 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 percent as well as normal iron oxide at 2 percent and the second factor was spraying stages (vegetative growth, beginning of tubering and tuber filling). Results showed that by iron nano oxide application, nitrate content of tuber decreased significantly and the least value was acquired in the interaction of spraying with 1.5 and 2 percent of iron nano oxide during tuber filling. The most leaf chlorophyll and average tuber weight was acquired in the interaction of spraying with 1, 1.5 and 2 percent during tuber filling and the most protein percentage of tuber by spraying with 1.5 and 2 percent of iron nano oxide during this period. Iron nano oxide levels of 1, 1.5 and 2 percent and spraying during tuber filling had the most tuber yield with a significant difference compared to other treatments. Additionally the application of normal iron oxide significantly increased tuber yield compared to control while it was in the same group with iron nano oxide levels of 0.5 and 1 percent. Regarding all traits measured, iron nano oxide concentration of 2 percent by spraying during tuber filling indicated the best result and is recommended to farmers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
199 - Effects of drought stress on some biochemical characteristics and crop canola liness (Brassica napus L.)
Homayoun Chegeni M. Goldani امیرحسین شیرانی راد محمد کافیThe effect of drought on oleic acid, linoleic acid, chlorophyll content and yield of oilseed rape lines to split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications was. Irrigation as main plot in the two level of normal irrigation on 80 mm evaporation cla MoreThe effect of drought on oleic acid, linoleic acid, chlorophyll content and yield of oilseed rape lines to split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications was. Irrigation as main plot in the two level of normal irrigation on 80 mm evaporation class A pan and stress (irrigation of the flowering stage onwards) and lines as subplots in four levels BAL3, R15, 109, BAL15 was. The research was conducted in 2014 in the field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj. The effect of irrigation on grain yield, linoleic acid, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b meaningful was. The highest percentage of oleic acid acid 66.14 percent to 63.79 percent line L109 and the lowest was in line with the BAL15. Irrigation and online interactions on chlorophyll a and b (P<0.01) and total chlorophyll (P<0.05) was significant. The amount of chlorophyll a stress of 1.147 to 0.916 mg per g fresh weight decreased by 10 percent and the amount of chlorophyll b in the treatment of stress decreased 11 percent compared to conventional irrigation. A total of 1.506 to 1.239 mg per g fresh weight chlorophyll content decreased in comparison with irrigation. The interaction between irrigation and online, in the usual irrigation line L109 grain yield by 5568 kg per hectare have the highest product. The lowest grain yield was in line BAL15 after drought stress applying line BAl15 about 35 loss percentage yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
200 - Evaluate the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and some agronomic and physiological traits of medicinal plant of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)
سعید حکم علی پوربه منظور بررسی اثر باکتریهای محرک رشد گیاهی و کود نیتروژن بر عملکرد و برخی خصوصیات زراعی و فیزیولوژیک گیاه دارویی نعناع فلفلی، آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه پیام نور واحد کوثر، شهرستان کوثر استان اردبیل انجام شد. عام Moreبه منظور بررسی اثر باکتریهای محرک رشد گیاهی و کود نیتروژن بر عملکرد و برخی خصوصیات زراعی و فیزیولوژیک گیاه دارویی نعناع فلفلی، آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه پیام نور واحد کوثر، شهرستان کوثر استان اردبیل انجام شد. عامل-های آزمایشی شامل کود نیتروژن در پنج سطح (صفر، 50، 100، 150 و 200 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار از منبع اوره) و باکتریهای محرک رشد گیاهی در سه سطح (عدم تلقیح، تلقیح بذر با ازتوباکتر کروکوکوم سویه 5 و تلقیح بذر با آزوسپیریلوم لیپوفرم سویهOF) بودند. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد، در تلقیح با باکتریهای محرک رشد گیاهی، وزن تر ساقه، وزن خشک ساقه، وزن تر برگ، وزن خشک کل بوته، وزن تر کل بوته، سطح برگ، شاخص کلروفیل، میزان اسانس برگ و عملکرد اسانس به طور معنیداری تحت تاثیر قرار گرفتند. اثر متقابل تیمارهای آزمایشی نشان داد، وزن خشک ساقه، سطح برگ و میزان اسانس برگ به طور معنیداری تحت تاثیر اثر متقابل نیتروژن × باکتریهای محرک رشد گیاهی قرار گرفت. بیشترین وزن خشک ساقه، سطح برگ و میزان اسانس برگ در ترکیب تیماری مصرف 200 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار × ازتوباکتر مشاهده شد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
201 - Effect of Azotobacter and Rhizobium as bio-fertilizers on morphological and physiological trait of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L. cv. Discovery)
Saharnaz Heydari Mohammad Saeed Tadayon Golamreza MoafpourianIn order to evaluate the use of bio-Fertilizers (Rhizobium and Azotobacter) on morphological and physiological characters of African marigold, a study was conducted in 2015 at Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan branch, Fars Province. The experiment was carried out in a f MoreIn order to evaluate the use of bio-Fertilizers (Rhizobium and Azotobacter) on morphological and physiological characters of African marigold, a study was conducted in 2015 at Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan branch, Fars Province. The experiment was carried out in a factorial in completely randomized design with three replications. The bio-fertilizers factors contain three levels of azotobacter (0, 25, and 50 gr kg-1 soil) and rhizobium (0, 20, and 40 ml kg-1 soil). The results showed that the application of azotobacter and rhizobium can be improved vegetative and reproductive characters of African marigold. The highest plant height (31 cm), sprout flower number (16 in plant), and the fastest time of flowering (31 days after sowing) were obtained with application of azotobacter bio-fertilizer at 50 gr kg-1 soil. The highest chlorophyll a pigment and Lum index were obtained with application of azotobacter at 50 gr kg-1 and rhizobium at 40 ml kg-1 soil. But, the highest Hue index was obtained without application of bio-fertilizers. Overall, to achieve the highest quality and quantity characters of African marigold flower, bio-fertilizers application of azotobacter at 50 gr kg-1 and rhizobium at 20 ml kg-1, is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - Study of Relationship between Some from Quantitative and Qualitative Traits Genotypes Rice Using Correlation and Factor Analysis
ahmad majidimehrTo study the relationship some from between qualitative and quantitative traits using correlation analysis and factor analysis of 10 genotypes of rice Irani, an experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 1393. The thirteen MoreTo study the relationship some from between qualitative and quantitative traits using correlation analysis and factor analysis of 10 genotypes of rice Irani, an experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 1393. The thirteen triats include the number safe and total of grains per panicle,100- grains weight, shoot length, root and panicle length and width of flag leaf, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), total soluble sugars, proline and leaf protein measured using 10 random samples were measured in each experimental unit. Analysis of variance showed that genotype effect for some traits include chlorophyll, total soluble sugars, proline and proteins leaf, flag leaf area, root length and panicle, the number of safe grains and 100-grains weight at the 5 and 1% were significant. The results of the factor analysis showed that four main and independent factors74.96 % of the total variation datas explained it. So that four factor as yield components (26.68%), physiological (24.22%) and morphological (24.06%) were named.The results of factor analysis, selection based on the traits of the first factor or yield components include chlorophyll fluorescence traits, and safe and total grains per panicle and 100-grain weight as selection criteria in breeding programs to improve grain yield can have more useful. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
203 - Effect of Organic and Recycling Materials Application on Growth, Morphological and Qualitative Characteristics of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) as a Medicinal Plant
Davood Naderi Sajedeh Amin Alroaia Ahmadreza GolparvarIn this study, the impact of different organic substrate on morphological and qualitative characteristics of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) was evaluated. The experimental design was conducted in completely randomized design with three replications and eight treatm MoreIn this study, the impact of different organic substrate on morphological and qualitative characteristics of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) was evaluated. The experimental design was conducted in completely randomized design with three replications and eight treatments in the year of 2014 in the research field of Islamic Azad University Isfahan branch. The treatments were including garden soil as control and different proportions of garden soil plus different organic materials include spent mushroom compost, Rice bran and manure. The results showed that the combined application of different substrates (Treatment No. 4: garden soil + spent mushroom compost + Rice bran + manure at a volume ratio of 25%) significantly increased leaf area (47.76 cm2), plant height (24.60 cm), shoots and flowers dry weight (0.043 and 0.014 g respectively), chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll. The highest root dry weight (0.0056 g) was observed on treatment No. 7 (garden soil + spent mushroom compost + manure at a volume ratio of 33%) and treatment No. 8 (garden soil + manure at a volume ratio of 50%). As a result, Phetalic acid and Δ-cadinene were present in all substrates and the most of Δ-cadinene (39.24%) was obtained from the treatment No. 7 (garden soil + spent mushroom compost + manure at a volume ratio of 33%). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
204 - Effect of Zn without and with Sodium Nitro-Prusside (SNP) on growth and some physiological characteristics of Eldar pine (Pinus eldarica Medw)
طاهر آبتین Javad Mirzaei Asghar Mosleh Arani Hamidreza AzimzadehAlthough Zn is an essential element for plants, but it is poisonous in high concentrations and affect growth disturbance. This study was performed in 2013 to investigated the effects of different concentration (0, 100, 200 and 400 mg/L) of the Zn and also done a fixed a MoreAlthough Zn is an essential element for plants, but it is poisonous in high concentrations and affect growth disturbance. This study was performed in 2013 to investigated the effects of different concentration (0, 100, 200 and 400 mg/L) of the Zn and also done a fixed amount (750mg) of SNP on growth and some physiological parameters in Pinus eldarica. Results showed the accumulation of Zn (without SNP) in root, stem and leaves increased when concentration of Zn in soil increased. The most were measured in root (538.80mg/kg) and lowest in leaves (105.73mg/kg). Different concentration of Zn did not significantly effect on Chlorophyll a, b, and total Chlorophyll, MDA, and proline but increased soluble sugar in root and leaves. Also, SNP increased concentration of Zn in soil significantly increased in the root, stem, leaf and root and were measured most in root (662.36 mg/kg) and lowest in leaves (46.16 mg/kg). Generally, due to good resistance in 400 ml/l concentration and also the better accumulations in roots rather than shoots in Pinus eldarica, we can use as refinement in pollutant soils. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
205 - The evaluation of antioxidant enzymes role in seed yield of some wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under drought stress at post anthesis
P. Sharifi N. MohammadkhaniIn order to study the effects of drought stress on antioxidant enzymes activity, lipid peroxidation, chlorophyll content and grain yield of wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted with a factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replicate MoreIn order to study the effects of drought stress on antioxidant enzymes activity, lipid peroxidation, chlorophyll content and grain yield of wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted with a factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replicates in field of Agricultural Dryland Research Station, Maragheh, Iran. Six wheat genotypes and four irrigation treatments (control, 7, 17 and 23 days after anthesis) were used in this study. Genotypes were included Azar-2 and Sardari (Drought tolerant), HN7 and DH-2049 (moderately tolerant), and Sara and TEVEE (drought sensitive). Results showed that drought stress at different times after anthesis led to decrease in relative water content (on average from 82.5% to 53.5%) and chlorophyll content (on average from 12.33% to 3.17%) in flag leaves of different wheat genotypes. Activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) were significantly increased under drought conditions. It was also observed that tolerant genotypes which had lower MDA and RWC content and higher chlorophyll contents in drought conditions also showed the higher antioxidant enzymes activity than sensitive genotypes. It seems that lower antioxidant enzymes activity in sensitive genotypes caused a decrease in drought tolerance and therefore higher yield reduction in these genotypes (on average from 3150.23 kg per hectare to 1400.21 kg per hectare, 55.55% decrease) compare to tolerant genotypes (on average from 2800.72 kg per hectare to 1850.69 kg per hectare, 33.92% decrease). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
206 - Study the physiological responses of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) as affected by irrigation with magnetized water under drought stress
Omid SadeghipourIn order to investigate the effect of magnetized water on drought tolerance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) Partow cultivar, a pot experiment was done in Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Branch, Islamic Azad University at 2013. This experiment was conducted in factorial at MoreIn order to investigate the effect of magnetized water on drought tolerance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) Partow cultivar, a pot experiment was done in Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Branch, Islamic Azad University at 2013. This experiment was conducted in factorial at the basis of completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor consisted of two irrigation levels including irrigation after 50 and 100 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan as control and drought stress conditions, respectively. The second factor consisted of two types of water including tap water and magnetized water. Results showed that drought decreased chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, relative water content, leaf area and net photosynthetic rate; nevertheless irrigation with magnetized water reduced drought damages via improving all of these traits. In irrigation with tap water, the higher and lower net photosynthetic rat were 8.70 and 5.60 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 under normal and drought conditions, respectively. Nonetheless, in irrigation with magnetized water, the higher and lower net photosynthetic rat were 10 and 6.29 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 under normal and drought conditions, respectively. Therefore, after supplementary field studies and observing magnetized water effect on yield and yield components and economical computing, this treatment, as simple, safe and practical method can use for improvement drought tolerance of mung bean. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
207 - Effect of Trichoderma virens and Piriformospora indica coexistence with Enterobacter sp. on the growth and photosynthetic pigments in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plant
فائزه محمدی کشکا Hemmatollah Pirdashti یاسر یعقوبیان سیده حدیثه بهاری سارویIn order to evaluate the Effect of Trichoderma virens and Piriformospora indica coexistence with Enterobacter sp. on the growth and photosynthetic pigments in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plant an experiment was conducted during 2015 under controlled conditions. A factor MoreIn order to evaluate the Effect of Trichoderma virens and Piriformospora indica coexistence with Enterobacter sp. on the growth and photosynthetic pigments in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plant an experiment was conducted during 2015 under controlled conditions. A factorial experiment based completely randomized design with three replicates was used. Factors were two levels of inoculation and non-inoculation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria, Enterobacter sp., and four levels of fungi coexistence including uninoculted control, Trichorerma virens (Tv), Piriformospora indica (Pi) and Tv+Pi. The pepper seeds were inoculated with the mentioned fungi and bacteria before sowing in the sterilized soil. The pots were kept in greenhouse for four weeks and then morphological parameters (leaf number, plant height, root length and leaf area) and aerial parts fresh and dry weights along with chlorophyll a, b, a+b, a/b and carotenoid contents were determined. Results indicated that aboveground fresh weights significantly increased in Pi and Tv+Pi inoculated seeds without Enterobacter as compared to the uninoculated control. Also, coexistence of Tv+Pi and Enterobacter increased root and plant dry weights (up to 58 and 40 %, respectively) and leaf and aerial parts dry weights (more than two times and 93 %, respectively) as compared to the uninoculated control. The maximum amount of carotenoid was recorded in coexistence of Pi and Enterobacter. In conclusion, results of the present study demonstrated that there was a positive effect between the growth promoting fungi, Tv and Pi, and phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria, Enterobacter, in terms of growth parameters of pepper plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
208 - Effects of methyl jasmonate and phosphorus on PAL activitity, flavonoids and some physiological parameters in leaves and fruit of red pepper
کلثوم شمس الدینی بتول کرامت حسین مظفریJasAbstract Jasmonates are naturally occurring plant growth regulators, which can affect many physiological and biochemical processes in higher plants. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development. It plays a fundamental role in metabolism and en MoreJasAbstract Jasmonates are naturally occurring plant growth regulators, which can affect many physiological and biochemical processes in higher plants. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development. It plays a fundamental role in metabolism and energy production in plants. In this study, the effects of methyl jasmonate (0, 50 and 100 μM) and phosphoru (0, 2 and 4 mM) on dry weight, chlorophyll content, flavonoids content and phenylalanine ammonia- lyase (PAL) activity in leaves and fruits of red pepper plants in the reproductive stage were examined. The results showed that methyl jasmonate and phosphorus (in both concentrations) significantly increased the dry weight of treated plants compared to control. Moreover, using of both methyl jasmonate(50 µM) and phosphorus (2, 4 mM) led to increase in chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content compared with control plants. Application of 50 μM MJ with 2 and 4 mM phosphorus enhanced flavonoid content in leaves while in fruit, MJ 100 Μm with 4 Mm of phosphorus effective treatments. PAL activity analysis revealed that methyl jasmonate(100 µM) in combination with phosphorus (4 mM) increased the activity of this enzyme in fruit pepper. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
209 - The combined effect of different levels of salinity and irrigation water on physiological characteristics of forage sorghum in different cuttings
halimeh piriUse poor quality resources of water and soil for food production in developing countries must be considered . Therefore, this study done on the plant forage sorghum in different levels of salinity (2, 5 and 8 dS m) and different irrigation levels (120, 100, 75 and 50% o MoreUse poor quality resources of water and soil for food production in developing countries must be considered . Therefore, this study done on the plant forage sorghum in different levels of salinity (2, 5 and 8 dS m) and different irrigation levels (120, 100, 75 and 50% of water requirement) in three stages harvesting forage in the form of factorial split plot design with 12 treatments and 3 replications.The results showed that with increasing salinity and irrigation water depth decreases, yield decrease. But between treatment perfected irrigation and %75 crop water requirement significant difference was not observed. Also Between treatments with salt 2 and 5 ds/m significant different in feed production was not observedShowed the effects of harvesting forage yield in the second harvest was better than the first and third harvest. chlorophyll ratio a to b and percentage of proline increased and percentage of caroteniods, chlorophyll a and b increased with increasing salinity and decreasing Irrigation water depth. Thus, according to the results and the lack of water in the region can irrigate the plants with %75 of water and salinity 5 ds/m Without any significant effect on the amount of forage produced and the stored water can be used elsewhere and the best cutting forage for yield and quality is the second harvesting. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
210 - Effect of drought stress and zinc sulfate spraying on growth, yield and photosynthetic pigments in wheat cultivar Alvand
abbas fallahDrought stress is a major contributor to decrease growth and yield of wheat that decline the absorption of micronutrients especially zinc from the soil. This experiment was carried out as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications to invest MoreDrought stress is a major contributor to decrease growth and yield of wheat that decline the absorption of micronutrients especially zinc from the soil. This experiment was carried out as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications to investigate the effect of zinc sulfate on increasing tolerance to drought stress in wheat, at research farm of Fereydunshahr, Esfahan province in 2016-2017. Treatments included drought stress at 50, 75 and 90% field capacity (FC) and zinc sulfate solution at zero (control), 0.5% and 1% in three stages (tillering, stem elongation, flag leaf appearance). In this experiment, drought stress significantly reduced plant height, number of spikes per square meter, 1000-seed weight, spike length, biological yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and protein. Irrigation in 50% of crop capacity (severe stress) increased the amount of proline by 41.24% compared to control. Zinc sulfate solution (1%) significantly increased all parameters including seed yield (2602.3 kg/ha), biological yield (7603 kg/ha), protein (13.04%) and Proline (35.03 μM/g fresh weight). In the interaction of zinc sulfate solution (1%), under severe stress conditions, chlorophyll b was increased by 34.85% relative to non-soluble spray. In general, foliar application of zinc decreased harmful effects of oxidative stress due to water deficit stress and improved growth conditions for plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
211 - Effect of ascorbic acid and sodium nitroprusside foliar spraying on yield and qualitative characteristics of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo) at different levels of drought stress
Parviz Yadollahi Dehcheshmeh Mohammad Ali Javaheri Mohammad Reza AsgharipourToday, application of anti-oxidant and plant growth regulators has been proposed to reducing the negative impacts of drought stress. Ascorbic acid and sodium nitroprusside are the substances that make plants resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the e MoreToday, application of anti-oxidant and plant growth regulators has been proposed to reducing the negative impacts of drought stress. Ascorbic acid and sodium nitroprusside are the substances that make plants resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the effect of drought stress, ascorbic acid and sodium nitroprusside foliar sprays were examined on the qualitative characteristics in summer squash plants. The experimental design was a split plot factorial with two irrigation regimes; irrigation at 75% FC and irrigation at 25% FC, as the main treatments, and combination of sodium nitroprusside at three levels of 0, 50 and M and ascorbic acid at three levels of 0, 10 and 20 mM at flowering stage as subplot that were applied with three replications. The experiment was conducted in 2011 at the Zabol University research farm in Zabol, south Iran. Deficit irrigation reduced seed oil content and chlorophyll a. Also delay irrigation decreased relative water content of leaves. Ascorbic acid spraying increased, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, protein and oil contents of leaves, but leaf relative water content decreased with the use of ascorbic acid. The concomitant use of 20 mM of ascorbic acid and 100 M of sodium nitroprusside achieved the greatest chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, protein and oil contents and relative water content of leaves. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
212 - Efficiency of individual application and mixing herbicides on some traits of Bifora testiculata and wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Ebrahim Gholamalipour Alamdari Amir Toghzarin Ali Nakhzari Moghadam Zeinab Avarsaji Masoumeh NaeemiAn experiment was conducted to evaluate individual application efficiency and mixing herbicides of broad leaf killer on control of European bishop (Bifora testiculata) as well as traits of growth, yield and components yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) based on the Rand MoreAn experiment was conducted to evaluate individual application efficiency and mixing herbicides of broad leaf killer on control of European bishop (Bifora testiculata) as well as traits of growth, yield and components yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) based on the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in four replications in research farm of Gonbad Kavous University in 2014-2015 growing season. Treatments included Tribenuron methyl (Granstar), Bromoxynil+MCPA (Bromicide MA ), 2,4, D + Dicamba (Dialen super), mecoprop-p + dichloprop-p + MCPA (Duplesan super), 2,4, D, mixing of the Tribenuron methyl with other herbicides and control (without application of herbicides and hand weeding). Results showed that effect of the various treatments of control (without application of weeds and hand weeding) and herbicides on dry matter, plant desity and total chlorophyll content of Bifora testiculata and whole measured traits of wheat were significant (p<0.01). In the Overall, mixing herbicides had a more decrease effect on the plant desity, dry matter and total chlorophyll content of Bifora testiculata in comparison with individual application. In this study, the hieghest yield were obtained in the treatment of Tribenuron methyl along hand weeding about 3527 and 3720 Kg/h respectively. In return, the lowest yield were found in the treatment of without application of herbicides (1864 Kg/h). The mixing of Tribenuron methyl with mecoprop-p + dichloprop-p + MCPA and 2,4, D + Dicamba caused highest negative effect on Bifora testiculata, while these treatments had a lower negative impact on seed number in spike and seed yield over individual application Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
213 - Study of Nitrogen Nutrition Index, Seedling Index, Concentration Nitrogen and Wheat Yield in Different Nutritional Regimens
Akram Moeinirad Ebrahim Zeynali Afshin Soltani Serolah GaleshiNitrogen and phosphorus are much in demand in plant and is known as elements limiting growth and yield in crops. In order to study yield, nitrogen nutrition index (NNI), Chlorophyll index and nitrogen concentration under different regimes nutrition in wheat, a factorial MoreNitrogen and phosphorus are much in demand in plant and is known as elements limiting growth and yield in crops. In order to study yield, nitrogen nutrition index (NNI), Chlorophyll index and nitrogen concentration under different regimes nutrition in wheat, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design with four replications was done on the research field of Golestan province during growing seasons 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. The experimental factors were there net nitrogen fertilizer rates of 0, 75 and 150 kg N ha-1 and five net phosphorus fertilizer rates of 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg P ha-1 .According to the results, traits under study in each three stage follow from simple linear regression model, as in each level nitrogen from different levels phosphorus, with increase rate of consumed phosphorus, traits under study were prospered from increasing trend and the maximum traits were recorded with 80 kg P ha-1 that yield was not showed significantly difference analysis with consumption of 60 kg P ha-1. Also The results this experiment showed that very strong relation is between nitrogen nutrition index(NNI), chlorophyll index and nitrogen available to plant, In view of the fact that measurement concentration nitrogen is very costly, take up time and need to expensive equipment, so measurement chlorophyll index by hand chlorophyll meter and transportable is very comfortable. in addition on nitrogen, phosphorus must be considered, also in order to reach to maximum yield consumption of 60 kg P net ha-1 is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
214 - Effect of Different Amounts and Application Number of Salicylic Acid on Increasing Drought Tolerance of Fig in Rain-fed Conditions of Estahban Region
Ramin Babadaei Samani Alireza Javid Majid ShaebaniToday, the use of salicylic acid as one of plant growth regulator substances is a common way to increase plant resistance to stresses such as drought. This experiment was conducted in order to determine the effects of different concentration and different application nu MoreToday, the use of salicylic acid as one of plant growth regulator substances is a common way to increase plant resistance to stresses such as drought. This experiment was conducted in order to determine the effects of different concentration and different application number of salicylic acid on some morphological and physiological characteristics of fig in rain-fed conditions of Estahban region. Investigation was performed as factorial based on a randomized complete block design (CRBD) with three replications. The studied factors included salicylic acid in four levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM) and different number of foliar sparying in three levels (one, two and three times in three week intervals). The first foliar application of salicylic acid was carried out three weeks after caprification of trees. The parameters such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline, ion leakage, average leaf area, shoot growth, relative water content (RWC) and yield were measured. The results showed that the use of salicylic acid increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, relative water content, proline and yield, but, decreased ion leakage of the fig cv. "Sabz". Application of this compound did not significantly affect on shoot growth and leaf area. The effect of application number of salicylic acid on chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll and ion leakage was significant, but, had no significant effect on other traits. Generally, results indicated that application of salicylic acid significantly improved physiological characteristics and drought tolerance of fig in rain-fed conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
215 - The effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on some physiological traits of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) under water deficit stress
Zeinab Bosh Abdolrazagh Danesh Shahraki Mahdi Ghobadinia Keramatollah SaeidiIn order to evaluate the effect of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) on some physiological traits of Black cumin under Water Deficit Stress, a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the research farm MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) on some physiological traits of Black cumin under Water Deficit Stress, a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the research farm of Shahrekord University in 2015- 16. Factors were irrigation in three levels (100, 75 and 50 % of water requirement) and bacteria in seven levels (control, Bacillus sp. Strain A, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus sp. Strain B, Azotobacter chroococcum, Pseudomonas putida and Azopirillum lipoferum). Results showed a significant effect of water deficit, PGPRs and their interaction on all traits. It was demonstrated that in 50% of water requirement treatment reduced total chlorophyll, RWC and grain yield by 28%, 14.4% and 28.4%, respectively. Within each three irrigation levels, the bacterial treatments had the maximum amount of measured traits than control treatment. So that all PGPRs under 50% water requirement treatment could increase chlorophyll b, RWC and grain yield as compared to control. Also, B. amilolykofosins and strainB application under 75% water requirement treatment had the highest grain yield. Overall, this increase was more significant in B .amilolycophysin, Bacillus strain A, strainB and Azopirillum lipoferum treatments. according to the this study results, inoculation of Black cumin seeds with PGPRs is recommended to increase physiological traits and crops yield and alleviation of adverse effects of water stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
216 - Study the effect of methanol and ascorbic acid foliar application on yield and physiological traits related to water relationships peanut under rainfed condition
Maral Moradi tochaee Saeid Saifzadeh Hamid Reza Zakerin Seyed Alireza ValadabadiIn order to investigate the effect of foliar application of methanol and ascorbic acid on growth and yield of peanut (varNC2) in during 2015 year, an experiment was carried out in two locations of Astaneh Ashrafiyeh and Kiashahr. A randomized complete block design with MoreIn order to investigate the effect of foliar application of methanol and ascorbic acid on growth and yield of peanut (varNC2) in during 2015 year, an experiment was carried out in two locations of Astaneh Ashrafiyeh and Kiashahr. A randomized complete block design with three replications on a factorial experiment with two factors including four levels of methanol include 0 (Control), 7, 14, and 21 volumetric percentage and four levels of ascorbic acid include (0 Control), 250, 500, and 750 mg/lit was used. Methanol and ascorbic acid foliar applications were done two times during the growing season with 15 days intervals and spraying started in 72 code stage of BBCH-scale. Measured traits in this experiment were consisted of: pod yield, seed yield, biological yield, protein yield, oil yield, pod water use efficiency, chlorophyll, leaf relative water content and leaf osmotic potential. The results showed the simple effects of methanol and ascorbic acid foliar applications on measured traits were positive significant. The maximum amount on measured traits were observed by two foliar application of methanol treatments (14 and 21 % (v/v)) and two foliar application of ascorbic acid treatments (500 and 750 mg/l) during experiment. In comparison to the control (without foliar application methanol), methanol application at 14 and 21 % v/v levels increased seed yield up to 20.15% and 24.65% respectively. The 17.36% and 20.67% amount of seed yield increase at 500 and 750 mg/l of ascorbic acid application respectively, in comparison to the control (without foliar application ascorbic acid). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - Effect of silicon and Nitrocara bio-fertilizer on morpho-physiological parameters of wheat under different irrigation regimes
Mehrdad Arab Aval Ha,mid Reza GanjaliIn order to study the effect of silicon foliar application and Nitrocara biofertilizer on some morpho-physiological traits of wheat under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted as a factorial split-plot, during two cropping years in research farm of I MoreIn order to study the effect of silicon foliar application and Nitrocara biofertilizer on some morpho-physiological traits of wheat under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted as a factorial split-plot, during two cropping years in research farm of Islamic Azad University, Zabol Branch, Iran. Experimental treatments included water stress (irrigation regimes after water depletion of 50, 75, and 90% of field capacity) in the main plots and silicon acid foliar application at three levels of 0, 1 and 1.5 mM and Nitrocara biofertilizer in two levels of inoculation and non-inoculation (one liter per hectare as seed) in subplots were assessed. The results showed that the non-inoculate seeds with Nitrocara under 50% irrigation regime and seed inoculation under 75% irrigation regime in the second year of the experiment resulted in the highest wheat grain yield with an average of 1901.5 and 1892.3 g/m2, respectively. The highest total biomass was related to the inoculation of seeds with Nitrocara along with the use of 1 mM silicon in the second year of the experiment under irrigation regime of 50% moisture depletion (8793.3 g/m2). In general, under low irrigation conditions, the use of Nitrocara biofertilizer as well as silicon foliar application led to improved physiological parameters and increased growth and yield indices of wheat in Sistan climatic conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
218 - Comparison of conventional and conservation tillage systems and different seeding rates on the response of new rainfed wheat cultivars in rainfed conditions of Kermanshah
Farshid Khodadoost Babak Pasari abdolvahab abdulahi Asad Rokhzadi Khosro MohammadiThis experiment was carried out in order to investigate the conventional and conservation tillage systems and different seeding rates on the response of new wheat cultivars in rainfed conditions during two consecutive growing years of 2016-18 in Sararood Dryland Agricul MoreThis experiment was carried out in order to investigate the conventional and conservation tillage systems and different seeding rates on the response of new wheat cultivars in rainfed conditions during two consecutive growing years of 2016-18 in Sararood Dryland Agricultural Research Center, Kermanshah. The experiment was performed in the form of strip blocks based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at two adjacent sites as conservation tillage and conventional tillage. The first factor was wheat cultivars (Baran and Rijaw) horizontally and the second factor was seed rate: 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225 and 250 kg / ha vertically. The results of the combined analysis showed that among the studied traits, Normalized difference vegetation index, SPAD index, leaf area index, plant growth rate, grain yield and harvest index in the first year showed a significant increase. Grain yield as the most important trait was increased 28.7% compared to the second year of the experiment. Conventional tillage operations also increased all the studied traits in comparison. So that grain yield increased by 22.25% in conventional tillage. The application of different amounts of seeds also significantly affected the Normalized difference vegetation index, leaf area index and plant growth rate, and the maximum values of these traits were obtained in 250 kg and the maximum SPAD index in 75 kg/ha. Finally, by applying seed densities of 150 kg/ha the grain yield increased by 15.42%, compared to 75 kg / ha. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
219 - Effect of salicylic acid application times on biochemical, agronomic and yield characteristics of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in different humidity regimes
mojtaba shoaa Farhad Mohajeri Mohammad Rahim Owji Alireza BagheriIn order to investigate the effects of external application time of salicylic acid hormone on morphological and physiological properties of barley (Nosrat cultivar) under stress conditions in Neyriz city during two cropping years 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 a split plot exp MoreIn order to investigate the effects of external application time of salicylic acid hormone on morphological and physiological properties of barley (Nosrat cultivar) under stress conditions in Neyriz city during two cropping years 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with the main factor of different irrigation conditions (without irrigation, two irrigation and four times of irrigation) and the sub factor of salicylic acid foliar application times (without foliar application, tillering end 50% emergence of stem and end of flag leaf emergence) was conducted. The results showed That without irrigation treatment reduced leaf chlorophyll index and chlorophyll a and b by 74.2%, 66.02 and 42.31%, respectively. without irrigation Treatment also significantly reduced grain yield. It was 86.9% (average of two years of experiment). Foliar application at the end of tillering increased grain yield by 10.36% on average. Increased grain yield due foliar application at the end of tillering in without treatment irrigation was 6.2% and in four times irrigation treatments was 10.1%, which indicates the positive effect foliar application in higher humidity conditions. Foliar application increased the concentration of proline compared to the control without foliar application. The highest proline concentration was foliar application at the end of tillering. Proline concentration increased with decreasing irrigation frequency. The results indicate application of salicylic acid at the end of tillering by improving biochemical properties is effective in reducing the effects of drought stress and its use in barley is recommended in similar water and soil conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
220 - Effects of putrescine and bio fertilizers on yield and grain filling components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salinity condition
alireza Mohseni Mohammadjanlou RAOUF SEYED SHARIFI Saeid AlipourIn order to study the effects of putrescine and bio fertilizers on grain filling ‎components of wheat under salinity condition, a factorial ‎experiment was conducted based on RCBD with three ‎replications in research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture and MoreIn order to study the effects of putrescine and bio fertilizers on grain filling ‎components of wheat under salinity condition, a factorial ‎experiment was conducted based on RCBD with three ‎replications in research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, ‎University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2018. Experimental factors were included salinity ‎in four levels [no-salinity as control, salinity 40, 80 and 120 mM NaCl], application of ‎bio fertilizers at four levels [no bio fertilizer, application of both Psedomunas and ‎Flavobacterim, mycorrhiza with Psedomunas and ‎Flavobacterim, mycorrhiza application] and putrescine foliar application ‎‎(foliar application with water as control, foliar application of 0.5 and 1 mM putrescine. ‎Results showed that application of both mycorrhiza with Psedomunas and ‎Flavobacterim and foliar application of 1 mM putrescine increased chlorophyll index ‎‎, yield and yield components under salinity conditions. Maximum of grain filling rate (0.00217 g.day), grain filling period and effective grain ‎filling period (24.1 and 35.57 days respectively), root volume and weight (0.71 g per ‎plant and 1.317 cm3 per plant) were obtained in application of mycorrhiza with ‎Pseudomonas and Flowobacterium under no salinity condition and the minimum of ‎values were obtained in the highest salinity level, no application of bio fertilizers and ‎foliar application of putrescine. Application of mycorrhiza with Pseudomonas and ‎Flavobacterium and foliar application of 1 mM putrescine at the highest salinity level ‎increased grain yield by 28.57% compared to no application of bio fertilizers and no ‎foliar application at the same salinity level. ‎ Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
221 - Studying the biochemical characteristics of lavender under the influence of the application of metal nanoparticles
farnam firoozbakht jahromi Behnam Behrooznam Abdolhossein Aboutalebi Jharomi Abdolkarim Ejraee Abdolhossein Mahammadi JahromiThis study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of some metal nanoparticles on some biochemical properties of lavender callus. ase in the amount of proline, soluble sugars, flavonoid and phenol. The highest amount of soluble sugars, flavonoids and phenols we MoreThis study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of some metal nanoparticles on some biochemical properties of lavender callus. ase in the amount of proline, soluble sugars, flavonoid and phenol. The highest amount of soluble sugars, flavonoids and phenols were obtained at the values of 8.46, 3.8, 3.02 and 79.35, respectively, in the treatment of simultaneous application of three nanoparticles. Based on the results, it was found that the content of soluble protein and the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes were positively affected by the application of metal nanoparticles, and the simultaneous application of iron and silver nanoparticles led to the highest amount of soluble protein at 0.2 units per gram. This was while the highest level of catalase (0.43 units/g/min) and peroxidase (0.4 units/g/min) enzymes were observed in the simultaneous application of all three nanoparticles and the simultaneous application of silver and zinc nanoparticles, respectively. Based on the results of this study, it was determined that the simultaneous application of metal nanoparticles with increasing the amount of non-enzymatic antioxidants and also increasing the activity of enzymatic antioxidants led to an increase in the health of cells and a decrease in the production of malondialdehyde, and by reducing the negative effects of oxidative stress in the plant, the conditions for An increase in the production of photosynthetic pigments is provided. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
222 - Investigating the effect of water stress and plant density on some physiological characteristics and water use efficiency in two ecotypes of Thymbra spicata L
فاطمه ملک ملکی Nosrat Abbasi Ebraim Sharifi Ashoorabadi, Mohammad Javad ZareThe present study aims to investigate the changes in some physiological characteristics and water use efficiency of two ecotypes of Thymbra spicata L. in response to changes in water stress and plant density. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out as a split fa MoreThe present study aims to investigate the changes in some physiological characteristics and water use efficiency of two ecotypes of Thymbra spicata L. in response to changes in water stress and plant density. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out as a split factorial based on the randomized complete block design with three replications in two growing seasons (2016 and 2017). The highest content of chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b was observed in the treatments of non-stress and mild stress and at a density of 6 and 8 plants per m2. The highest content of total chlorophyll was observed in the treatment of non-stress and mild stress and at a density of 8 plants per m2 during the first year of the experiment. Increased plant density and intensity of water stress led to a decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigments. The highest content of carotenoids was observed at the treatment of mild water stress and a density of 8 and 12 plants m2 during the first year of the experiment. The highest content of anthocyanins was observed at the treatment of mild water stress and a density of 8 plants per m2. The highest content of total phenol and flavonoids was observed at the treatment of severe water stress and a density of 12 plants per m2. Finally, the highest amount of proline in the plant was observed in the second year of the experiment at the treatment of severe water stress and a density of 12 plants per m2. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
223 - Effects of drought on grain yield and some physiological characteristics of red bean genotypes
M. Zadeh Bagheri Sh. Javanmardi O. Alozadeh M.M. KamelmaneshIn order to study the effect of drought stress on seed yield and some physiological characteristics of different genotypes of red bean, an experiment was performed in split plot based on randomized complete block design in three replications at the research field of Isl MoreIn order to study the effect of drought stress on seed yield and some physiological characteristics of different genotypes of red bean, an experiment was performed in split plot based on randomized complete block design in three replications at the research field of Islamic Azad University of Shiraz. The main plot factor was irrigation surfaces (normal and stress) and the sub plot factor was red bean genotypes including KS31169, D81083 and Goli. Samples were taken after drought stress in the 50% flowering stage, and the amounts of soluble sugars, proline content, sodium and potassium, relative water content and leaf chlorophyll index were measured. Grain yield and 100 grain weight traits were also estimated after harvesting. The results of the experiment showed that the concentration of soluble sugars, proline content, leaf chlorophyll index and K+ increased and relative water content decreased under drought stress. Sodium ions revealed no significance different among genotypes under normal and stress conditions. KS31169 genotype had the highest rain yield, 100 grain weight, leaf chlorophyll index and proline content. D81083 genotype had the highest 100 seed weight, relative water content and soluble sugar content. Amount of potassium ions, relative water content and chlorophyll index increased in Goli genotype. The results indicated that the accumulation of excess sugars, chlorophyll, potassium and proline content in beans can make the plant resistant to drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
224 - Effect of salicylic acid on physiological and biochemical parameters on resistant and sensitive chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes under drought stress
R. Ramezannezhad M. Lahouti A. GanjaliIn order to study the effect of drought stress and salicylic acid on parameters of physiology (membrane stability index ) and biochemical ( photosynthetis pigments) an experiment was conducted under four drought levels, based on Field Capacity (100% FC, 75% FC, 50% FC, MoreIn order to study the effect of drought stress and salicylic acid on parameters of physiology (membrane stability index ) and biochemical ( photosynthetis pigments) an experiment was conducted under four drought levels, based on Field Capacity (100% FC, 75% FC, 50% FC, 25% FC) and treatment of Salicylic acid (0 , 0.7 mM) using acompletely randomized design with three replications. The results showed increasing drought levels significantly decreased all parameters except chlorophyll a/b ratio in two genotypes. Application of salicylic acid (0.7 Mm) significantly increased membrane stability index and carotenoids in MCC358 genotype and also increased chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content in MCC441 genotype. It seems that inhibitory effect of drought stress in MCC441 genotype was more effective than MCC358 genotype. Also, Application of salicylic acid could not improve growth parameters in MCC441genotype. ir=RTL�� pn�~��)ir=RTL>) در چهار سطح تنش خشکی بر اساس ظرفیت زراعی ( ظرفیت زراعی، 75% ظرفیت زراعی، 50 % ظرفیت زراعی و 25% ظرفیت زراعی) و تیمار اسید سالیسیلیک با غلظت های 0 و 7/0 میلی مول به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که تنش خشکی در تمام موارد به غیر از نسبت کروفیل a/b با عث کاهش معنی دار شاخص های مورد بررسی شد. تیمار اسید سالیسیلیک باعث افزایش معنی دار شاخص پایداری غشاء و میزان کاروتینوئید در ژنوتیپ MCC358 شد. اسید سالیسیلیک توانست باعث افزایش معنی دار محتوای کلروفیل b و کلروفیل کل در ژنوتیپ MCC441 شود. اما در ژنوتیپ MCC358 محتوای کلروفیل b بعد از تیمار با اسید سالیسیلیک بطور معنی داری نسبت به شاهد کاهش یافت. به نظر می رسد که تاثیر بازدارنده ی تنش خشکی بر ژنوتیپ MCC441 بیشتر از ژنوتیپ MCC358 بوده است و کاربرد اسیدسالیسیلیک با توجه به تاثیر آنتی اکسیدانی آن، اثری بر بهبود شاخص های مورد بررسی در ژنوتیپ MCC441 نداشت. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
225 - Effects of supplemental irrigation and nitrogen levels on seed yield and some morphophysiological traits of two drlyland wheat cultivars
حمزه Felehkari M.E. Ghobadi G. Mohammadi S.J. Honarmand M. GhobadiIrrigation and nutrition are two most important factors in increasing crop grain yield. In order to elevate the effects of supplemental irrigation and nitrogen levels on grain yield and morphophysiological traits of two wheat cultivars, an experiment was carried out at MoreIrrigation and nutrition are two most important factors in increasing crop grain yield. In order to elevate the effects of supplemental irrigation and nitrogen levels on grain yield and morphophysiological traits of two wheat cultivars, an experiment was carried out at research Farm of Razi University in Kermanshah in 2008-2009. The experiment was conducted as split plots arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments included supplemental irrigation [control (dryland) and irrigation during stem elongation, anthesis and grain filling] in main plots, nitrogen at 4 levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1) (N net from urea source) in sub plots and two wheat cultivars ("Sardari" and "Cross-Alborz") in sub-sub plots. Supplemental irrigation had higher flag leaf area and chlorophyll contents than dryland state. Application of 150 kg ha-1 N produced higher flag leaf area. Supplemental irrigation had higher flag leaf area at anthesis and grain filling stages. The highest of grain yield was obtained with supplemental irrigation at anthesis (3622 kg ha-1) and booting stages (3520 kg ha-1). Cross alborz cultivar (with 3378 kg ha-1) was better in grain yield than Sardari cultivar (2982 kg ha-1). Based on the results of this experiment, supplemental irrigation at Anthesis or stem elongation stage has greater impact on grain yield and physiological traits compared to the grain filling stage. Also, application of 50 kg N ha-1 had higher grain yield (3350 kg ha-1). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
226 - Investigation effect of cultivar, planting date and humic acid on protein content, oil seed and chlorophyll content in (Ricinus communis L.)
R. Moradi H. Afshari J. Masoud Sinaki M. Zadeh BagheriIn order to investigate the effect of different planting dates and application of different sprayed humic acid compounds on physiological and chemical characteristics in different cultivars of grasses Castor (Ricinus communis L.), an experiment was conducted at the rese MoreIn order to investigate the effect of different planting dates and application of different sprayed humic acid compounds on physiological and chemical characteristics in different cultivars of grasses Castor (Ricinus communis L.), an experiment was conducted at the research farm of Agricultural Research Station located in Shiraz Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Fars, Iran (located at 29°37′N52°32′E and 1486 m altitude elevated from sea level) during spring 2013. The experiment design was laid out entirely in a split–factorial arranged in a randomized completed block design (RCBD) with three replications. In the present study, two different varieties of Ricinus communis L. named Impala and Local Dameghan cultivars were considered as the main factor, two levels of sprayed humic acid (1500 and 3000kg/ha-1) as the second factor and planting date as the third factor. During these treatments at harvest time stage, the quantitative and qualitative properties, including (seed yield, oil seed, protein content, total chlorophyll content, carotenoid content) were measured and compared with control. Result showed that total chlorophyll content and oil seed percent at 17 June planting date was significant at P <0.01. The results indicated that the highest seed oil (50.08%), chlorophyll a (5.17 mg/g), chlorophyll b(5.35 mg/g) and carotenoid content (59.17mg/g) were related to the application of 3000kg/ha-1 humic acid treatment. In addition, the results showed that the highest protein content (22.3%) was related to Local Dameghan cultivar. On the other hand, the highest seed oil (47.4%) and chlorophyll a (5.1mg/g) and chlorophyll b (5.2 mg/g) were recorded for improvement cultivar. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
227 - Allelopathic effects of some common weeds of Hormozgan province on seed germination and vegetative growth of onion (Allium cepa)
L. Jafari F. AbdollahiIn order to investigation of allelopathic activity of aqueous extract and different plant tissues residues of Amaranthus retroflexus, Portulaca oleracea, Chenopodiunm album, Dactyloctenium aegyptyum and Malva neglecta on seed germination and seedling growth of onion, la MoreIn order to investigation of allelopathic activity of aqueous extract and different plant tissues residues of Amaranthus retroflexus, Portulaca oleracea, Chenopodiunm album, Dactyloctenium aegyptyum and Malva neglecta on seed germination and seedling growth of onion, laboratory and pot experiments were performed as a factorial experiment basis of a completely randomized design with three replications in Horticultural science Department of Hormozgan University. In laboratory experiment, studied factors were included five weeds species, six concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 10 ml) of aqueous extract of different tissues (leaf, stem and root) of tested weeds and in pot study, experimental factors included five weeds species, six amounts (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 gram per pot) of ground residues of different tissues (leaf, stem and root) of studied weeds. Results of this study indicated that in laboratory experiment, A. retroflexus and D. aegyptyum had the most allelopathic effects on onion. Although in most of the studied traits no significant differences were observed between these two weeds, but inhibition effects of A. retroflexus was higher for germination rate, radicel length and dry weight and seedling dry weight. With increase in extract concentrations, almost of onion seedling growth characteristics decreased significantly. Results of pot experiment showed that the weed residues incorporated in soil inhibited the growth and leaf chlorophyll a content of onion. Both A. retroflexus and D. aegyptyum had the maximum inhibition effects on all of onion vegetative growth trails. But A. retroflexus allelopathic effects on seedling emergence percentage and chlorophyll a content were more obvious. Results of this study indicated that since between studied weed species, A. retroflexus and D. aegyptyum had the most allelopathic effects on onion seed germination and vegetative growth characteristics, therefore these two weeds must be controlled completely before onion cultivation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
228 - Effect of amino acids and microelements on the rate of photosynthetic pigments content and yield of red bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.)
A. Shamloo A. RoozbahaniTo evaluate the effect of amino acid application and micronutrient elements of iron and zinc on yield and yield components of red bean cultivar , a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Stati MoreTo evaluate the effect of amino acid application and micronutrient elements of iron and zinc on yield and yield components of red bean cultivar , a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University Roudehen branch in Damavand in 2013 was conducted. Main plots were amino acid levels including: control (non-application of amino acid), foliar application of amino acid (1 per ml), soil application of amino acids (3 kg.ha-1 by irrigation solution) and sub plot treatment was micronutrients applications including : control( non-application of micronutrients), foliar application of iron and zinc nano particles (2 per ml), soil application of nano particles of iron and zinc (5 kg.ha-1 dissolved in water), foliar application of chelated iron and zinc (2 per mil) and soil application of chelate iron and zinc (5 kg.ha-1 dissolved in water),Treatments were applied in three stages including: eight-leaf stage, before flowering stage and pods producing of plant. Total chlorophyll, carotenoide and chlorophyll ratio, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, 1000-seed weight and grain yield were majored. The results indicated that amino acids in the soil increase grain yield of bean. Also micronutrients chelated iron and spray application of iron and zinc increased pigment of photosynthesis, grain yield and yield components of bean. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
229 - بررسی تاثیر شوری های مختلف بر پارامترهای رشد و میزان کلروفیل a ریز جلبک هایSkeletonema sp. و Tetraselmis sp. در شرایط آزمایشگاهی
عصمت ابراهیمی رضا قربانی واقعی فلورا محمدی زاده -
Open Access Article
230 - بررسی اثر غلظت های مختلف نیترات بر میزان پروتئین، کلروفیل a و وزن خشک جلبک Tetraselmis suecica
حسن ساربان احسان کامرانی احسان بزرگی بیراندا کومار ساهو عبدالله اسماعیل زاده -
Open Access Article
231 - بررسی روند تغییرات تراکم زئوپلانکتون ها با غلظت کلروفیلa در دریاچه ولشت
مسعود هدایتی فرد رضوان موسوی ندوشن ناهید خم خاجی فاطمه وحیدی -
Open Access Article
232 - تأثیر اسید سالیسیلیک و تنش آبی بر کلروفیل برگ و روند تغییرات مراحل مختلف رشد گندم (Triticum aestivum L)
M. Sharafizad M.R. Naghashzadehبه منظور بررسی اثرات اسید سالیسیلیک و تنش آبی بر کلروفیل برگ و روند تغییرات مراحل مختلف رشد گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) رقم چمران، دو آزمایش مزرعه در سالهای 90-1389 و 1390-1390 انجام شد. هر آزمایش انجام شد. به صورت کرت های خرد شده فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصا Moreبه منظور بررسی اثرات اسید سالیسیلیک و تنش آبی بر کلروفیل برگ و روند تغییرات مراحل مختلف رشد گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) رقم چمران، دو آزمایش مزرعه در سالهای 90-1389 و 1390-1390 انجام شد. هر آزمایش انجام شد. به صورت کرت های خرد شده فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار. نتایج تجزیه ترکیبی نشان داد که سال تأثیر معنی داری بر کلروفیل برگ نداشته است. شرایط پرآبی و تنش آبی (Z55) به ترتیب دارای بیشترین و کمترین میزان کلروفیل بودند. زمان مصرف اسید سالیسیلیک و غلظت های مختلف اسید سالیسیلیک اثر معنی داری بر کلروفیل برگ داشتند. کلروفیل برگ در مراحل رویشی و زایشی با عملکرد دانه همبستگی مثبت و معنیداری داشت و در مرحله رشد دانه با عملکرد دانه همبستگی منفی معنیداری داشت. کلروفیل برگ در مرحله گلدهی با وزن هزار دانه همبستگی مثبت و معنیدار و در مرحله رشد دانه با وزن هزار دانه همبستگی منفی معنیداری داشت. دادهها نشان داد که کاربرد سالیسیلیک اسید منجر به افزایش کلروفیل برگ در مراحل رویشی و زایشی شد، بنابراین یک استراتژی مهم برای افزایش عملکرد در برابر اثرات مخرب تنش آبی بود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
233 - The effect of lead and copper on some physiological traits in plant species of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus (
Mahtab Beladi Ali Kashani Davoud Habibi Farzad Pak nezhad Mahya GolshanSome plant species are tolerant to environmental adverse conditions so that with their functional mechanisms prevent more production of free radicals of oxygen or counter with produced free radicals of oxygen. This study was done to investigate the effect of lead and co MoreSome plant species are tolerant to environmental adverse conditions so that with their functional mechanisms prevent more production of free radicals of oxygen or counter with produced free radicals of oxygen. This study was done to investigate the effect of lead and copper on Lathyrus sativus in contaminated soils with these elements. To evaluate and recognize the study species ability against heavy metals lead and copper an experiment was carried out on Lathyrus sativus cultivar Zanjan in 2009. The experiment was carried out factorially as randomized complete design with four levels of lead Pb (NO3)2 (0, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg) and four levels of copper Cu (So4)2 (0, 150, 300, 450 mg/kg) were used.Although the results suggested the decrease in total chlorophyll content and lipid membrane under the toxicity of lead and copper, the more activity of the enzyme Superoxide dismutase (SOD) along with the increase in the levels of lead and copper in thid species prevented the more production of free radicals of oxygen in the study species, so that a negative coloration was observed between chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll and the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Also the coloration between Malondialdehyde (MDA) which is a means for measuring the lipid per oxidation process, and the enzyme Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was positive that means the increase in this biomarker content which is a sign of more production of oxygen for lipid membrane destruction, was accomplished with the more activity of enzyme Superoxide dismutase (SOD) for more digestion and elimination of destructive oxygen. Also the water condition in leaf tissues (RWC) was not effective by these elements. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
234 - Competition effects of lambs quarters (Chenopodium album) on physiological characteristics and rapeseed yield (Brassica napus cv. Hyolla 401)
B. Mirshekari In order to determination of effects of lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) on physiological characteristics and yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), cv. Hyolla, a factorial experiment was carried out. Factors were wee More In order to determination of effects of lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) on physiological characteristics and yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), cv. Hyolla, a factorial experiment was carried out. Factors were weed densities (4, 8 and 12 plants per meterof row) and relative time of weed emergence (emerged with rapeseed, 15 and 30 days after crop emergence). Crop leaf area index decreased from 3.1 in control to 1.4 in full season interference of 12 weeds per meterof row (121% reduction). Regarding to leaf chlorophyle content, difference between treatments of full season interference of 12 weeds and control was significant. Rapeseed green cover was the highest, when weed emerged 30 days after crop. Crop yield reduced 47%, compared with control, when 12 weeds competed with crop until late growth season. Rapeseed green cover, thousands seed weight and fruit number per plant could totally explain 895 of crop yield changes. Threshold of economical damage of lambsquarter in rapeseed field was in 4 weeds per meter of crop row in 30 days after emergence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
235 - Effect of Physical Treatments on Stand Establishment, Phenology and Yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Alvand)) under different sowing dates
Bahram Mirshekari Reza Siyami To investigate the effect of physical treatments on stand establishment, phenology and yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Alvand)) under different sowing dates an experiment was conducted in Tabriz, Iran. The wheat seeds were tr More To investigate the effect of physical treatments on stand establishment, phenology and yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Alvand)) under different sowing dates an experiment was conducted in Tabriz, Iran. The wheat seeds were treated by ultrasonic, laser, magnetic field, gamma and beta irradiations for 3.5 and 5 min. and were sown on dates of 27th September and 17th October. All the seed priming treatments improved the coefficient of uniformity of emergence compared with non-primed seeds. Seedling vigor index responded positively and significantly to seed priming agents. There was no significant difference among laser, gamma and beta irradiations with a view to time from sowing to harvesting. Wheat seeds primed by magnetic fields, ultrasonic waves and lower exposure time of gamma irradiation had high chlorophyll in leaves. There is no significant difference between seed yields from sowing dates of 27th September and 17th October, and the yield ranged from 334 g.m-2 in average of control; laser and beta irradiations and higher exposure time of gamma up to 480.1 g.m-2 in other treatments. It is concluded from the study that wheat seed priming by magnetic fields, ultrasonic waves and lower exposure time of gamma irradiation can be effectively used to improve the crop performance and yield especially in late sown plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
236 - Effects of salicylic acid on response of Brassica napus to lead stress in hydroponic culture
Sh. Boroumand Jazi M. Ranjbar H. Lari yazdi Kh. Esteki In this research the effects of lead poisons with different concentration 0,0.25,0.5,0.75,1,1.5 and 2 mM, also above concentration it was accompanied by salicylic acid (5 and 10μM)on parameters of growth&nb More In this research the effects of lead poisons with different concentration 0,0.25,0.5,0.75,1,1.5 and 2 mM, also above concentration it was accompanied by salicylic acid (5 and 10μM)on parameters of growth and change of chlorophyll a, b and a+b in Brassica napus L. Cultivar Opera was investigated. The Rapeseed was planted in hydroponic culture for 10 days.At the end of treatment the roots and shoots of canola were harvested separately and the length of root and shoot, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, SLA, SLW, LAR and LWCA and change of chlorophyll a, b and a+b were measured. Collected data were extracted and statistical analysis with SPSS statistical soft ware and test of Duncan performed. The result was shown that the length of root and shoot, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, SLA, LAR and amount of chlorophyll a, b and a+b with increasing the concentration of Pb (No3)2 in comparing with control group was significantly decreased and SLW and LWCA was significantly increased (p<0.01). With application of salicylic acid with concentration of (5 and 10 μM) all damage due of lead stress modified. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
237 - Effect of different levels of zeolite and irrigation interval on yield and some trait of potato
hamid Madani arash Moghimi nor ali Sajedi In order to study the effect of different levels of zeolite and irrigation interval on yield and yield components of potato var. Sante an experiment was conducted in strip plot design base on CRB with 4 replications. It was done in r More In order to study the effect of different levels of zeolite and irrigation interval on yield and yield components of potato var. Sante an experiment was conducted in strip plot design base on CRB with 4 replications. It was done in research field of ArakAzadUniversity during 2009. Treatments were 3 levels of zeolite (0, 1500 and 3000 kg/ha) and 3 irrigation intervals (after 5, 10 and 15 days). The weight of dry matter, LAI, tuber yield, number of tuber per plant and chlorophyll index were studied. The result showed that zeolite application have a significant effect on yield , LAI ,total dry weight but have no significant effect on number of tuber per plant and amount of chlorophyll index. Using 3000 kg/ha zeolit could increased yield in respect with no zeolit, but has not significant effect on chlorophyll index and number of tuber. Moreover, the irrigation intervals have significant effect on yield, chlorophyll index, number of tuber per plant, leaf area index, total dry weight but the interaction between irrigation and zeolite was not significant in any traits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
238 - Determine relationship of leaf chlorophyll concentration and yeild using chlorophyll meter in sugar beet
Shadi Javaheri Mohamad Abdollahian-Noghabi Ali Kashani Davod Habibi Hmid NoshadIn order to determine relationship of leaf chlorophyll concentrationand yield and quality using chlorophyll meter in sugar beet research was conducted using various levels of nitrogenfertilizer during different growth stages of sugar beet plants on research f MoreIn order to determine relationship of leaf chlorophyll concentrationand yield and quality using chlorophyll meter in sugar beet research was conducted using various levels of nitrogenfertilizer during different growth stages of sugar beet plants on research farmof Sugar beet Institute located in Karaj Kamal- Abad during 2007, design based on Randomized Complete Blocks infour replications. Five level pre-sowing nitrogen from the source of urea wasapplied in amounts of 0(as control), 120, 160, 200 and 240 kg/h. Chlorophyllconcentration leaf blade number 5 was measured by chlorophyll meter (SPAD) at12-15 leaf stage. In the same leaves, concentrations of nitrogen (by Kjeldahl method) wasmeasured. The results showed that moreover 50% of the variability in yield isexplained by the SPAD reading in the growth stages 12-15 leaf in sugar beet. SPADvalue was, also related whit N concentration and α- amino N in root. Thehighest SPAD reading showed maximum α- amino N in root. Nitrogen fertilizer hadsignificant effect on the chlorophyll meter reading. The least number read fromSPAD was 38, which associated with no-applied nitrogen treatment. highest yieldof root (ton / hac) in this experiment was related to with N160, which the number read from thechlorophyll meter in levele was equal with 41/2. According to the obtainedresults, therefore, whit further research chlorophyll meter (SPAD) can be usedas a simple rapid and non- destructive and may be useful to predict yield andmay be a useful tool determine which field to harvest late in season. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
239 - Effect of seed inoculation with nitragin and different levels of urea on physiological traits and biologic yield of maize, cv. 704 grown in cold and semi-arid regions
B. Mirshekari S. Baser A. JavanshirIn order to study effect of seed inoculationwith nitragin and different levels of urea rate on physiological traits and biologic yield of maize (Zea mays L.), cv. 704, a factorial experiment was conducted based on RBCD. Treatments were six levels of urea rate (0, 30, 60 MoreIn order to study effect of seed inoculationwith nitragin and different levels of urea rate on physiological traits and biologic yield of maize (Zea mays L.), cv. 704, a factorial experiment was conducted based on RBCD. Treatments were six levels of urea rate (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 kg/ha) and seed inoculation with nitragin or non-inoculation. Based on results, when seeds inoculated with nitragin, LAI in corn reduced from 2.4 to 2 in non-inoculated seeds. Treatment of inoculated seeds×application of 60 kg/haurea had the highest LAI (3.4). The highest chlorophyll content index obtained from interaction ofinoculation with nitragin+120 kg/haurea. Treatments of 150, 120 and 90 kg/haurea with 212, 202 and 191 g/m2 dry weight of ear had significant difference with control and 30 kg/haurea rate. Ear weight in inoculated seeds was 10% greater than non-inoculated ones. Biologic yield in corn was affected by seed inoculation and urea rate. The highest corn biomass (27t/ha) obtained from treatment fertilized with150 kg/haurea. It is recommended that in order to improvement of forage yield, corn must be inoculated with nitragin and fertilized with 150 kg/haurea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
240 - Effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels and plant density on seeds quantity and quality of wheat
Javad Hamzei mohsen Seyedi afshar Azadbakht Ayob FesahatIn order to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and plant density on wheat yield and yield component an experiment was done as factorial bases on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and plant density on wheat yield and yield component an experiment was done as factorial bases on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bu-Ali Sina, during 2011-12 growing season. Experimental factors were: fertilizer levels (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N ha-1) and plant density (150, 300 and 450 plant m2). According to the data analysis, effect of nitrogen and plant density on all traits except harvest index were significant. Means comparison showed by increasing at N fertilizer; plant height, grain number per spike, 1000-seeds weight, biological yield, chlorophyll index and protein percentage were increased. But, by increasing at plant density; grain number per spike, 1000-seeds weight, chlorophyll index and protein percentage were decreased. The traits such as spike number per m2, grain yield and protein yield were affected by fertilizer × density interaction, significantly. The highest grain yield and protein yield (500 and 68.50 g m-2, respectively) were achieved at 160 kg N fertilizer × 300 plant per m2 treatment. So, pay attention to the results of present research, it seems that density of 300 plants with consumption of 120 kg N ha-1 is suitable for producing maximum grain and protein yields of wheat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
241 - Leaf characteristics of Basilicum (Ocimum basilicum L) affected by different levels of humic acid and tea compost
Hamideh Fazel Tehrani mohammad nabi Ilkaei خداداد مصطفویبهمنظور بررسی اثر کودهای آلی اسید هیومیک و کمپوست چای بر خصوصیات برگ گیاه ریحان، شامل تعداد برگ، کلروفیل کل برگ، نیتروژن برگ، وزن تر برگ، وزن خشک برگ، سطح برگ و وزن مخصوص برگ، آزمایشی بهصورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی در 4 تکرار در شرایط گلدانی در گلخانه تحقی Moreبهمنظور بررسی اثر کودهای آلی اسید هیومیک و کمپوست چای بر خصوصیات برگ گیاه ریحان، شامل تعداد برگ، کلروفیل کل برگ، نیتروژن برگ، وزن تر برگ، وزن خشک برگ، سطح برگ و وزن مخصوص برگ، آزمایشی بهصورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی در 4 تکرار در شرایط گلدانی در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرج اجرا شد. فاکتورهای آزمایشی شامل، مقادیر مختلف اسید هیومیک (HA) (صفر، 50 و 150 میلیگرم در کیلوگرم) و کمپوست چای (CT) (صفر، 5/0 و 1 درصد وزنی خاک) بود. مطابق نتایج اثر متقابل هیومیک اسید و کمپوست چای بر صفات تعداد برگ در سطح احتمال یک درصد و بر صفات کلروفیل کل برگ، نیتروژن برگ وزن تر و خشک برگ در سطح پنج درصد معنیدار بود. همچنین بیشترین میزان کلروفیل برگ در مصرف 100 میلیگرم در کیلوگرم اسید هیومیک و بیشترین میزان نیتروژن برگ، وزن تر برگ، وزن خشک برگ، سطح برگ و وزن مخصوص برگ در مصرف 50 میلیگرم در کیلوگرم اسید هیومیک و کمترین میزان صفات مذکور در تیمار عدم مصرف اسید هیومیک مشاهده شد. همچنین بیشترین میزان تعداد برگ، کلروفیل برگ، درصد نیتروژن، وزن تر برگ، وزن خشک برگ و وزن مخصوص برگ در تیمار 1 درصد از وزن خاک مصرف کمپوست چای مشاهده شد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
242 - The effects of salinity stress and vermicompost application on some morpho-physiological characteristics, yield and amount concentration of elements of Borago (Borago officinalis L.)
Ahmad AfkariInorder to evaluate the effect of salinity and vermicompost application on some morpho- physiological charactristics, yield and concentration of the elements of borago. A pot experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with four replicati MoreInorder to evaluate the effect of salinity and vermicompost application on some morpho- physiological charactristics, yield and concentration of the elements of borago. A pot experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with four replications in the greenhouse of the Research Station of Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University in 2015. The study treatments consisted of four vermicompost levels (V1= 0, V2= 5, V3= 10 and V4= 15 wt % potted soil in dry weight) and four salinity levels (S1= 0 (control), S2= 4, S3= 8 and S4= 12 ds/m NaCl). The results also showed that different levels of salinity significantly increased all measured traits except for the phosphorus concentration. The impact of salinity and vermicompost interaction on magnesium, sodium and chloride traits was significant at 1 percent level and the impact of their interaction on dry flower yield and chlorophyll content was significant at 5 percent level. Comparison of treatments mean showed that with any increase in salinity levels, soluble carbohydrates, proline, phosphor, sodium and chlorine will increase, but plant height, yield of the air organs in the plant, dry flower yield, chlorophyll, potassium and nitrogen will decrease. In the meantime, the highest values of physiological traits and nutrients of borage were obtained from the treatment with 15 percent wt. vermicompost. Therefore, the use of vermicompost as an organic fertilizer, not only increases plant growth, but can be a good strategy to reduce the negative impacts of high soil sodium and chlorine concentrations on growth of borage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
243 - The effect of methanol foliar application on some physiological traits of cowpea bean (Vigna unguiculata L.) under drought stress conditions
ali akbar saneinejad Mahmood Tohidi Behnam Habibi Khaniani Mehdi Sadeghi Mohamad KhoramianThe aim of this study id analysis the effect of methanol foliar application on the physiological traits of beans genotype under water deficit stress as a split plot design was conducted in a randomized complete block design in Safiabad Dezful Agricultural Research and N MoreThe aim of this study id analysis the effect of methanol foliar application on the physiological traits of beans genotype under water deficit stress as a split plot design was conducted in a randomized complete block design in Safiabad Dezful Agricultural Research and Natural Resources and Center in 2018 and 2019 years. Water deficit stress was the main plots include four levels (25, 50, 75 and 100% of plant water requirement) and combined foliar aplication of methanol including 3 levels (control, 10 and 20%) and genotype treatment including two cultivars omidbakhsh 1057 And Mashhad was in sub-plots. The results showed that the interaction of water deficit stress and foliar application of methanol on ion leakage, chlorophyll a, carotenoids, leaf soluble carbohydrates and proline grains was significant at the 1% probability level. The lowest amount of ionic leakage observed under the interaction of 100% water deficit stress and 10% foliar aplication of methanol (25/23 μmos/cm) and The highest amount of ion leakage under the interaction of 25% water deficit stress and the without foliar aplication of methanol (control) (42.25 μmos/cm). The highest amount of chlorophyll a was observed in line 1057 under the 100% water deficit stress and 20% foliar aplication of methanol (0.19 µmol.g-1 FW). The highest concentration of carotenoids in line 1057 under the treatment of 100% water deficit stress (0.19 µmol.g-1 FW) and the highest amount of soluble carbohydrates under the treatment of 100% water deficit stress and 20% foliar aplication of methanol (50.83 µmol.g-1 FW) was observed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
244 - The effects of foliar application of Glycine Betaine on yield and physiological variables of rapeseed (Brassica Nupus L.) under different irrigation regimes
Mohsen Bourboor meysam oveysi Mohammad NasriThe aim of current study was to study the effect of glycine betaine spraying under different levels of available water on agronomical and physiological attributes of rapeseed (Brassica unpus L.) plants. In this respect an experiment was conducted in randomized complete MoreThe aim of current study was to study the effect of glycine betaine spraying under different levels of available water on agronomical and physiological attributes of rapeseed (Brassica unpus L.) plants. In this respect an experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design in three replications as split plot in research field of Varamin Islamic Azad University. The factors included irrigation at three levels (I1-normal irrigation, 60 mm tub evaporation, I2-mild stress, 90 mm tub evaporation and I3 – sever stress, 120 mm tub evaporation) and glycine betaine (GB) at four levels (B1 – pure water (without GB), B2 – 1.5 /1000, B3 – 2/1000, and B4 – 2.5 /1000). The interaction between two factor on grain yield, content of chlorophyll a and b, glycine betaine, malon dealdehyde (MDA) was significant. In general, higher concentration of GB as foliar spray especially under lower soil moisture level led to higher grain yield and higher content of measured variables (except MDA). The interaction effect on prolin content and relative water content (RWC) wasn’t significant but simple effects of irrigation and foliar GB were significant. The highest values of RWC (80.87 %) and prolin (15.7 µmol.g.FW) respectively were observed by using 2.5/1000 and 1.5/1000 concentrations of GB. The lowest values proline was showed by using 2.5 / 1000 concentration of GB. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
245 - Effect of seaweed extract and vermicompost on yield and yield components and phosphor and chlorophyll of Mung bean in Varamin region
Ramila Basimfar Mohammad Nasri Kaveh ZargariAn experimental trial was conducted In order to evaluate the effect of extracts of seaweed and vermicompost fertilizer on mung bean in the summer 2014 in Varamin. A split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Treatments i MoreAn experimental trial was conducted In order to evaluate the effect of extracts of seaweed and vermicompost fertilizer on mung bean in the summer 2014 in Varamin. A split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Treatments included seaweed extract under the brand Liquid Steamplex, vermicompost fertilizer and mung bean Partoo and a promising line vc6173B. The first factor with 3 levels, without the use of seaweed extract, seaweed extract sprayed 2 times and 4 times during the growing season with a concentration of 2 per thousand, the second factor with 2 levels of no use and the use of vermicompost (10 tons per hectare) and mung bean Partoo variety and a promising line vc6173B was used as the third factor. Simple effects results showed that maximum grain yield obtained with 2 time seaweed spraying, using vermicompost and the Partoo variety with 1553, 1600 and 1573.3 kg h-1 respectively.Highest foliar biomass was produced by 4 times seaweed spraying, using vermicompost treatment and Partoo variety with 6240, 5880 and 5880 kg h-1 respectively. Among the three-way interactions the highest grain yield and biological yield was produced by using four times seaweed spraying with the use of vermicompost in Partoo variety with 1720 and 6960 kg h-1 respectively. According to the results, seaweed extract spraying increased the vegetative growth and the use of vermicompost by creating a favorable conditions, provided a better plant growth. Also Partoo variety had a higher yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
246 - Effects of manure and zeolite on heavy metal (cadmium) adsorption and chlorophyll content of mungbean (Vigna radiate L.)
Nader Rahimi Hossein Ali Shaibani Pourangh KasraeiA greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the Effects of manure and zeolite on heavy metal (cadmium) adsorption and chlorophyll content of mungbean (Vigna radiate L.) an experiment in Factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 20 MoreA greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the Effects of manure and zeolite on heavy metal (cadmium) adsorption and chlorophyll content of mungbean (Vigna radiate L.) an experiment in Factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2013 at varamin were performed. Treatments were: first factor manure in three levels including 0, 20 and 40 kg/ha and the second factor zeolite in three levels including 0, 10 and 20 kg/ha. Results showed a significant effect of manure and zeolite on stems Cd content, roots Cd content, grain Cd content, absorption factor of Cd, chlorophyll content a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, had a significant effect, but the effect of manure and zeolite on transmission factor was not significant. Interaction between manure and zeolite on chlorophyll content a, total chlorophyll was significant. The maximum and minimum total chlorophyll to 20 ton/ha of zeolite + 40 ton/ha of manure and control treatments with 1.153 and 0.852 mg.gfw-1 respectively. Generally, application of manure and zeolite on chlorophyll content and also reduce the absorption of cadmium was significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
247 - Application of biochar and superabsorbent on the morphological characteristics of forage maize (Zea mays L.) in Varamin region.
mohammad Pakdel mohammadreza Momayezi Mohammad NasriIn order to investigate the application of biochar and superabsorbent on some morphological characteristics of the forage maize plant (Zea mays L) in Varamin region was performed in the field. The experiment was performed as split plots in a randomized complete block de MoreIn order to investigate the application of biochar and superabsorbent on some morphological characteristics of the forage maize plant (Zea mays L) in Varamin region was performed in the field. The experiment was performed as split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor is superabsorbent in 100% bile concentrations (S0, S1, respectively), the second factor is biochar coal consumption with a ratio of 0, 5 and 10 tons per hectare (B0, B1 and B2, respectively). The title of the treatment was considered. The water cycle included seven, 10, 13 days and 10 and 13 (D0, D1 and D2, respectively) as the main plot. The superabsorbent factor had a significant effect on the saturation loss percentage traits. Biochar factor had a significant effect on leaf fresh weight and leaf dry weight, total chlorophyll, relative water content, saturation loss percentage. The dual effects of irrigation and superabsorbent had a significant effect on leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, total fresh weight, total dry weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, saturation loss percentage. Factor of dual effects of irrigation and biochar significant effect on plant height, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, total fresh weight, total dry weight, leaf area index, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, saturation loss percentage Had. The dual effects of superabsorbent and biochar had a significant effect on leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, total fresh weight, total dry weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, saturation loss percentage. Factor of triple effects of irrigation, superabsorbent and biochar A significant effect on plant height, fresh leaf weight, leaf dry weight, crack weight and total dry weight, leaf area index, chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, relative water content And had a saturation loss percentage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
248 - Effect of foliar application of ascorbic acid (vitamin c) and irrigation withholding in different growth stages on quantitative and qualitative characteristics and some biochemical's changes in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Malahat Davoodi Mackinejad Hamid Reza Tohidi Moghadam Nabi-Alah NematiIn order to study the effects of water deficit stress and foliar application of ascorbic acid, an experiment was conducted in research field of Islamic Azad University, Varamin Branch in Iran during 2012 growing season. The experimental design was laid out in a randomiz MoreIn order to study the effects of water deficit stress and foliar application of ascorbic acid, an experiment was conducted in research field of Islamic Azad University, Varamin Branch in Iran during 2012 growing season. The experimental design was laid out in a randomized complete block design with a split plots arrangement in three replications. Main plots included four different levels of irrigation (complete irrigation, irrigation withholding at 8-leaf stage, irrigation withholding at grain filling stage and irrigation withholding at both 8-leaf and grain filling stages) and three different concentration of Ascorbic Acid foliar application (0, 100 and 200 ppm) was allocated to subplots. The results showed that irrigation withholding conditions in different growth stages significantly decreased seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, oil and protein percentage, oil and protein yield and total chlorophyll content but by contrast increased proline content and superoxide dismutase activity in leaves. Foliar application of ascorbic acid as antioxidant enzyme could increased quantitative and qualitative yield and chlorophyll content and decreased proline and superoxide dismutase activity in leaves by reduction of water deficit stress. Foliar application of Ascorbic Acid with 200 ppm under irrigation withholding at both 8-leaf and grain filling stages increased 38/46% yield seed compared with treatment that foliar application without Ascorbic Acid. In addition, Ascorbic Acid foliar application reduced the harmful effects of water deficit stress as antioxidant and improved growth conditions for water deficit stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
249 - Effect of defoliation and on morphophysiological characteristics under drought stress condition in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)
Mohsen Porahmadi Rahim Honarnejad meysam oveysiIn order to investigate effect of drought stress and defoliation on sorghum an experiment were conducted in form of split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications at field of Islamic Azad University, Varamin branch in 2011. Treatments are in MoreIn order to investigate effect of drought stress and defoliation on sorghum an experiment were conducted in form of split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications at field of Islamic Azad University, Varamin branch in 2011. Treatments are include drought stress in three levels (irrigation after 50, 90 and 130 mm evaporation from pan class A) and defoliation in three level (Control, Defoliation 33 and 66). The results showed that drought stress had significant effect on leaf area at floury stage, Biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, lead fresh and dry weight at flowering stage, stem fresh weight at flowering stage, leaf dry weight at floury stage, stem fresh and dry weight at floury stage, flower dry weight at floury stage, stem length at floury stage, thousand seed weight, panicle length at floury stage, stem diameter, dry weight at physiologic maturity. Defoliation showed significant difference on leaf area at flowering and floury stage, biologic yield, grain yield, harvest index, flower fresh and dry weight at flowering stage, stem dry weight at flowering stage leaf fresh and dry weight at floury stage, stem fresh and dry weight at flowering stage, flower fresh and dry weight at floury stage, thousand seed weight, panicle length at floury stage, stem diameter, dry weight at physiologic maturity. Chlorophyll amount, EC, biological yield, panicle length at flowering and flouring stage under drought stress in contrast to normal irrigation decreased respectively 5, 36, 5, 3 and 3. By increasing in water deficit and Defoliation decreased plant morphologic and physiologic characteristics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
250 - Effect of B spraying on yield and physiological traits of wheat underwaterdeficit stress (Triticum aestivum L.)
Mohammad Reza Moeinian Kaveh Zarghari Javad HasanpoorAn experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of B spraying and drought stress on water relations of wheat, in varamin agricultural research center in 2009-10. A split-plot layout within randomized complete block design with three replications were used. MoreAn experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of B spraying and drought stress on water relations of wheat, in varamin agricultural research center in 2009-10. A split-plot layout within randomized complete block design with three replications were used. Main plots were three irrigation treatments (normal irrigation , non-irrigation at 50% stem elongation stage and non-irrigation at 50% flowering stage ) and sub plots were three levels of B spraying ( spraying with pure water, B spraying with 0.5% concentration and B spraying with 1% concentration ). The result showed that, the highest amount of grain yield was belonged to normal irrigation + B spraying with 1% concentration treatment (5632.5 kg/hac). This treatment had 53.9% yield increasing comparing with non-irrigation + spraying with pure water treatment (2591.4 kg/hac). Prolin percentage affected significantly with irrigation and B spraying treatments,. The highest and the lowest amount of Prolin was belong to non-irrigation at 50% flowering stage+ B spraying with 1% concentration treatment (1/01 Mg/g.fw) and normal irrigation + spraying with pure water (0/803 Mg/g.fw), respectively. Irrigation effects on cell membrane stability and chlorophyll content of leaves was affected but the effect was not affected B spraying, RWC affected significantly with irrigation and B spraying treatments, normal irrigation + B spraying with 1% concentration treatment had the highest amount of RWC (94%) and the lowest amount of RWC was belong to non-irrigation at 50% stem elongation stage + spraying with pure water treatment (56%) Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
251 - Effect of foliar application of humic acid micronutrients and cytokinin on yield and some quality traits of Italian basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under hydroponic cultivations
Roma Kalhor. monfared Mohamad Nabi.ilkayi Farzad Paknejad One of the most important applications of nanotechnology in agriculture is the use of Nanofertilizers to feed plants to improve plant nutrition and minimize the costs of environmentalprotection, and hydroponic cultivation, due to the lack of environmental pollutio More One of the most important applications of nanotechnology in agriculture is the use of Nanofertilizers to feed plants to improve plant nutrition and minimize the costs of environmentalprotection, and hydroponic cultivation, due to the lack of environmental pollution to the soil, isa suitable method. To produce agricultural products. For this purpose, a factorial study wasconducted in the form of a complete randomized design with three replications in a greenhouselocated in Nazarabad, Karaj, on Italian basil as hydroponic cultivation. The treatments of thisexperiment include foliar application of humic acid at three levels (no consumption control ascontrol, 500, 1000 mg.l-1), foliar application of micronutrients at three levels (0, iron Nanochelate and zinc Nano chelate) and solution Spray of cytokinin hormone was at two levels (0and 100 μM). The results showed that after increasing in humic acid concentration, the yieldand quality traits of Italian basil increased and foliar application of micronutrients (iron andzinc) as well as cytokinin hormone increased the traits studied compared to the control. Humicacid 1000 mg.l-1 × Nano-chelate on × cytokinin leads to an increase of 39.99% and also theinteraction of humic acid 1000 mg/l iron Nano-chelate × cytokinin gained to 115.34% increasein plant dry weight ratio Witnessed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
252 - Investigation the effect of chitosan foliar application on yield and qualitative traits of Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.)
A. Naeimi far L. Pourhosseini M.N. Ilkaee R. Kalhor Monfared Biological stimulants can play an important role in increasing the essential oil of medicinalplants, through positive effects on growth and effective substances. In this research, the effectof chitosan foliar application as a biological stimulus on the quantitativ More Biological stimulants can play an important role in increasing the essential oil of medicinalplants, through positive effects on growth and effective substances. In this research, the effectof chitosan foliar application as a biological stimulus on the quantitative and qualitative traitsof Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) was investigated. This research was carried out in 2017in the greenhouse of Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch, in three replications. Theexperimental treatments included: chitosan at 4 levels, zero (control), 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 gramsper liter. The results show that the effects of chitosan on morphological traits including thelength of the main stem, the number of secondary stems, the diameter of the main stem, thelength of the main root, the dry weight of the stem and root, as well as chlorophyll a andchlorophyll b were significant. The maximum mentioned traits were obtained in the treatmentof 1.5 grams per liter of chitosan. The maximum percentage of essential oil was obtained in thetreatment of 2 g/l and the maximum percentage of geraniol and geranial were obtained inconcentration of 1 g/L Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
253 - The effect of mycorrhizal fungi and compost on growth characteristics of lawn (Ray grass/ Perennial ryegrass) species (Lolium perenne L.)
Seyed Mohsen Nabavi Kalat Parvaneh Nezamolmolki Reza Sadrabadi HaghighiIn order to study the effect of mycorrhizal fungi and compost on some of the growth ‎characteristics of lawn (Ray grass/Perennial ryegrass) a greenhouse experiment was conducted ‎in factorial in completely randomized design with 3 replications at Plant Productio MoreIn order to study the effect of mycorrhizal fungi and compost on some of the growth ‎characteristics of lawn (Ray grass/Perennial ryegrass) a greenhouse experiment was conducted ‎in factorial in completely randomized design with 3 replications at Plant Productions Center, ‎Mashhad Municipality, during cropping season 2015-2016, Mashhad, Iran. The factors were ‎included five levels of compost (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 Wt% flower pot soil) and two species of ‎mycorrhizal fungi in four levels (Without application (Control), Glomus intaradices, Glomus ‎mosseae and Glomus intaradices + Glomus mosseae). The result of variance analysis showed ‎that the effect of compost on all traits, and mycorrhizal fungi on leaf length, root length, root ‎fresh and dry weight, root length / shoot length and chlorophyll content were significant. ‎However the effect of interaction between the two factors on traits was not significant. Based ‎on mean comparison of traits, the highest amount of all traits (Expect: root length/shoot ‎length) were obtained by 5% compost. The highest amount of root length/shoot length ‎obtained by 7% compost. The most root length, root fresh and dry weight and root ‎length/shoot length were influenced by Glomus intaradices + Glomus mosseae application. ‎Overall, the results of this study showed positive effect of the application of compost on all ‎traits and mycorrhizal fungi on root growth characteristics of lawn.‎ Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
254 - Effects of different concentrations of lead on some biochemical and physiological parameters of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Javad Salvati Hormoz Fallah yousof niknejad Davood Barari TariLead (Pb) not only negatively alters plant growth and yield but may also have potentially toxic risks to human health. In the present study, the effects of different concentrations of Pb (150 and 300 μM) on growth, physiological and biochemical attributes of rice under MoreLead (Pb) not only negatively alters plant growth and yield but may also have potentially toxic risks to human health. In the present study, the effects of different concentrations of Pb (150 and 300 μM) on growth, physiological and biochemical attributes of rice under hydroponic conditions were investigated. The results showed that Pb treatments with negative effects on chlorophyll metabolism reduced photosynthetic pigments and, consequently, diminished the growth and biomass of rice plants. Pb stress induced oxidative stress and damage to bio-membranes by increasing the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and methylglyoxal. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and glyoxalase cycle was upregulated in rice leaves under Pb toxicity. Pb treatments altered the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds (glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (ASA)) in the leaves of rice plants by reducing the ratios of reduced ASA to oxidized ASA and reduced GSH to oxidized GSH compared to control plants. Therefore, concentrations of 150 and 300 μM Pb in the soil can induce negative effects on important physiological and metabolic processes of rice, which reduce plant growth and biomass. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
255 - Effect of cold stress on chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence and activity of oxidative enzymes of barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Ali Bashirzadeh Khanlar Dayyan Abdullayev Zaman MahmudovCold is one of the most important abiotic stresses that limits crop growth and yield worldwide. In order to investigate how 20-day-old barley seedlings adapt to short-term cold stress, the present study was carried out in a factorial experiment with four replications in MoreCold is one of the most important abiotic stresses that limits crop growth and yield worldwide. In order to investigate how 20-day-old barley seedlings adapt to short-term cold stress, the present study was carried out in a factorial experiment with four replications in the seed laboratory of Karaj Seedling and Seed Breeding Research Institute. The experimental factors included barley cultivars (cold-sensitive Karon, semi-cold-tolerant Fasih, and cold-tolerant Makoi) and cold stress with three levels of 4, 8, and 22 oC (control). Temperature treatments were applied to barley seedlings for 48 hours. The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction of cold and cultivar was significant on most of the measured traits in this study. The mean comparison also showed that the highest value of F0 was observed in Karun and Fasih cultivars at 8 oC and in Makoi cultivar at 4 oC, while in all three cultivars, Fv value and chlorophyll a content decreased with decreasing temperature. The ratio of Fm/Fv in Makoui and Fasih cultivars decreased with decreasing temperature, however no significant change was observed in Karon cultivar. In addition, with decreasing temperature, malondialdehyd (MDA) and H2O2 concentration and peroxidase (POX) activity increased in all three cultivars, especially Karon cultivar, but catalase (CAT) and super oxid dismutase (SOD) activity were not affected by the cultivar, and the highest CAT and SOD activity were obtained at 8 and 4 oC, respectively. The obtained results showed that the cultivars more tolerant than the sensitive cultivar (Karon) at low temperatures by limiting the production of compounds such as H2O2 and MDA, had higher chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency, which probably reflects greater adaptation to cold. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
256 - Study of the effect of auxin and gibberellin on growth, total chlorophyll, carotenoid and terpenoid content in Euphorbia trigona Mill.
Hakimeh Rezaei Aryan Sateei Tahereh A. Aghajanzadeh Mehdi EbadiThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of auxin and gibberellin on Euphorbia trigona Mill. in a randomized complete block design in 2020, and in greenhouse conditions. One minute pretreatments including auxin regulators NAA, IBA and IAA at a concentration of MoreThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of auxin and gibberellin on Euphorbia trigona Mill. in a randomized complete block design in 2020, and in greenhouse conditions. One minute pretreatments including auxin regulators NAA, IBA and IAA at a concentration of 500 mg / l and treatments containing GA, IAA, IBA and NAA, 250 mg / l were compared with each other and with control plants. Stems and roots fresh weight, dry weight, dry weight percentage, total photosynthetic pigments content as well as total terpenoids were measured. Fresh and dry weight and the percentage of dry weight of stem did not show sensitivity to the treatments and pretreatments, and the effects were not significant. NAA treatment had the most positive effect on roots fresh and dry weight, although the percentage of root dry weight was not significantly affected by the treatments. The highest significant increase in terpenoid content was observed in NAA treatment and NAA and IBA pretreatments. GA treatment had the most positive effects on the content of each of chlorophylls a and b, total and carotenoid content. In terms of effect on photosynthetic antenna composition, the most positive effects on the ratio of total chlorophyll to carotenoids were observed in GA, NAA, IAA and IAA pretreatments. IAA treatment also showed a significant increase in chlorophyll a to b ratio. The correlation between growth parameters with each other and also the correlation of chlorophyll content with each other and with carotenoids was positive and significant. However, the correlation of terpenoid content with none of the other traits was significant. On the other hand and from an application point of view, based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry measurements, naphthalene-acetic-acid treatment was effective in severely increasing the content of valuable medicinal compound, bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, compared to the control. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
257 - The effect of hydrogen peroxide pretreatment and copper foliar application on some physiological traits and quantitative yield of SC704 maize hybrid under water deficit stress
Abdollah Ayaran Mohamad Reza Dadnia mojtaba alavifazel شهرام لک Tayeb SakinejadIn order to investigate the effect of hydrogen peroxide pretreatment and copper foliar application on some physiological traits and quantitative yield of corn under water deficit stress, a Split split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design w MoreIn order to investigate the effect of hydrogen peroxide pretreatment and copper foliar application on some physiological traits and quantitative yield of corn under water deficit stress, a Split split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications, plants were planted in during two years (2017-19) in Baghmalek. The main plot of the irrigation regime with 4 normal levels, stopping irrigation 40, 55 and 70 days after the appearance of tassels, the sub-plot of copper foliar spraying with two control levels and 0.30 kg net per hectare from the source of copper sulfate 50% 25 days after the emergence of tassel and sub-plot of seed treatment with hydrogen peroxide with 3 control levels, 30 and 60 mM. The results showed that the triple interaction of irrigation regime, copper foliar application and hydrogen peroxide on chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b, total carotenoid, catalase activity, plant height, number of seeds in a row and seed yield was significant at the probability level of 1%. The highest plant height and the number of seeds in the row were obtained from copper foliar spraying treatments and the application of 60 mM hydrogen peroxide under normal irrigation conditions. Also, the highest seed yield (9530.07 kg/ha) was obtained under normal irrigation conditions and copper foliar spraying and the application of 60 mM hydrogen peroxide, which showed an increase of about 42% compared to the cessation of irrigation 40 days after the emergence of tassels and the absence of copper foliar spraying and the absence of hydrogen peroxide application. The activity of catalase increased by 67% in the condition of stopping irrigation 40 days after the appearance of tassel and copper foliar application and application of 30 mM hydrogen peroxide compared to normal and control irrigation conditions. In general, the results of the experiment showed that copper foliar spraying and application of 60 mM hydrogen peroxide in suitable humidity conditions can increase chlorophyll content, grain yield and overall improvement of corn production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
258 - The Effect of Different Amounts of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Yield and Some Physiological Traits of Guar Pakistani Ecotype (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) in Different Planting Densities
zahra ghorabaei toghrekan Ahmad Aien gholamreza afsharmanesh محمدحسن شیرزادیIn order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus levels on yield and some physiological traits of Pakistani Guar ecotype at different planting densities, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultura MoreIn order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus levels on yield and some physiological traits of Pakistani Guar ecotype at different planting densities, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research and Training Center and Natural Resources Jiroft was implemented in two cropping years of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. Experimental design was factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments included nitrogen fertilizer at three levels (20, 60 and 100 kg of pure nitrogen in the soil from urea fertilizer source), phosphorus fertilizer at two levels (zero and 75 kg P2O5 from monopotassium phosphate fertilizer source) and plant planting densities of 24, 31 and 24. In square meters, distances between planting rows (30, 45 and 60 cm) were considered. The results showed that nitrogen, phosphorus and planting density had a significant effect on all traits. The highest seed yield and yield components in the first and second year were obtained from nitrogen and phosphorus application at 60 and 75 kg.ha-1, respectively, along with planting density of 31 plants per square meter at 4300 and 4200 kg.ha-1 and more. The highest levels of carotenoids and chlorophyll a and b were related to the application of 100 and 75 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, with plant density of 24 m2. Based on the results of this study, it seems that this plant does not need high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in terms of legume, but is affected by nitrogen and phosphorus for high yield and product quality. Regarding planting density, if the goal is to achieve high yield, planting density of 31 plants per square meter and for high quality planting density of 24 plants per square meter is suitable. Guar can be considered as a plant with low expectations in terms of nutritional needs in the planting pattern program in the climatic conditions of southern Kerman and similar areas. Manuscript profile
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