The effect of drought stress management by hormones and zinc on forage yield of Zea Mays L. 704 in Isfahan Province
Subject Areas : Genetic
Morteza Sam Deliri
1
,
Morteza Moballeghi
2
,
Sanaz Solymanpour
3
,
Amir Abbas Mousavi Mirkalaei
4
1 - Department of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch, Chalous, Iran
2 - Department of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch, Chalous, Iran
3 - Department of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch, Chalous, Iran
4 - Department of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch, Chalous, Iran
Keywords: Salicylic acid, crude protein, Abscisic acid, Chlorophyll index, Gibberellin,
Abstract :
In order to study the morphological traits and yield of maize 704 SC under the influence of spraying with growth regulators and drought stress conditions in Isfahan, an experiment was conducted for two years based on the split plot design with 3 replications. The main treatment included drought stress at three levels of control (irrigation based on 100% water requirement of corn), mild stress (based on 85% of the plant's water requirement), and severe stress (based on 70% of the plant's water requirement). The second treatment included spraying with distilled water as control, abscisic acid (100 mM), gibberellin (100 ppm), salicylic acid (5 mM), and Nano-zinc (2 gl-1 water). The results of this experiment showed that the effect of year on biological yield, crude protein, and forage yield were significant. Also, the effect of drought stress and spraying on leaf area index, chlorophyll index, biological yield, crude protein, and forage yield were significant. Also, the effect of drought stress and spraying on leaf area index, chlorophyll index, biological yield, crude protein and forage yield were significant. The highest forage yield (90.44 t ha-1) was obtained under the complete irrigation with salicylic acid treatment. Salicylic acid treatment resulted in higher forage yield under the complete irrigation conditions. Salicylic acid treatment also reduced the damage of mild and severe stress treatments by 27 and 9%, respectively. According to the results of the experiment and CGR, using salicylic acid treatment during three foliar application periods at eight-leaf, before tassel emergence, and at the milky stage was able to reduce drought stress and is recommended for conditions similar to the present experiment.
Abdel-Wahed, M.S.A., Amin, A.A. and Rashad, E.S. (2006). Physiological effect of some bioregulators on vegetative growth, yield and chemical constituents of yellow maize plants. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2(2): 149 -153.
Aboutalebian, M. and Khodabandehloo, N. (2017). Improving yield and water use efficiency of corn under water deficit conditions by using mycorrhiza and foliar application of zinc sulfate. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science. 48: 57-70.
Adhikari, T., Kundu, S., Biswas, A. K., Tarafdar, J. C. and Subba Rao, A. (2015). Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nano Particles and Their Effect on Growth of Maize (Zea mays L.) Plant, Journal of Plant Nutrition. 38(10): 1505-1515.
Ahmadaali, J. and Khalili, M. (2008). Study of yield and water use efficiency of corn in the planting of one and two rows in furrow and drip irrigation (Tape) systems. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage of Iran. 3: 71-78.
Akram, M. (2011). Growth and yield components of wheat under water stress of different growth stages. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research. 36: 455-468.
Akter, N., Rafiqul Islam, M., Abdul Karim, M., and Hossain, T. (2014). Alleviation of drought stress in maize by exogenous application of gibberellic acid and cytokinin. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology. 17(1): 41-48.
Akter, S., Rasul, M. G., Zakaria, M., Sarker, M. M., Nila, I. S., Dutta, S., Haque, M. M. and Rohman, M. M. (2019). Effect of Polyamine on Pigmentation, Reactive Oxidative Species and Antioxidant under Drought in Maize (Zea mays L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology. 6: 799-811.
Ansari, O. and Sharif-Zadeh, F. (2012). Does Gibberelic acid (GA), Salicylic acid (SA) and Ascorbic acid (ASc) improve Mountain Rye (Secale montanum) seeds germination and seedlings growth under cold stress. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences. 3(8):1651-1657.
Ashraf, M. and Foolad, M. R. (2007). Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59: 206-216.
Ashraf, M., Karim, F., and Rasul, E. (2002). Interactive effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and salt stress on growth, ion accumulation and photosynthetic capacity of two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Plant Growth Regulation. 36(1): 49-59.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists, (AOAC). (2005). Official Methods of Analyses, 14 Ed; Association of official Analytical Chemists: Washington, DC, USA.
Balashouri, P., and Prameeladevi, Y. (1995). Effect of zinc on germination, growth and pigment content and phytomass of Vigna radiata and Sorghum bicolor. Journal of Ecobiology. 7: 109-114.
Bandurska, H. (2005). The effect of salicylic acid on barley response to water deficit. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 27(3): 379-386.
Bijanzadeh, E., Naderi, R. and Egan, T. P. (2019). Exogenous application of humic acid and salicylic acid to alleviate seedling drought stress in two corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 42: 1483-1495.
Blumenthal, C., Stone, P. J., Gras, P. W., Bekes, F., Clarke, B., Barlow, E. W. R., Appels, R. and Wrigley, C. W. (1998). Heat-Shock Protein 70 and Dough-Quality Changes Resulting from Heat Stress During Grain Filling in Wheat. Cereal Chemistry. 75: 43-50.
Cag, S., Cevahir-Oz, G., Sarsag, M. and Goren-Saglam, N. (2009). Effect of salicylic acid on pigment, protein content and peroxidase activity in excised sunflower cotyledons. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 41: 2297-2303.
Cakmak, I. (2000). Tansley Review No. 111 Possible roles of zinc in protecting plant cells from damage by reactive oxygen species. The New Phytologist. 146(2): 185-205.
Cornish, K., and Zeevaart, J. A. (1986). Abscisic acid accumulation by in situ and isolated guard cells of Pisum sativum L. and Vicia faba L. in relation to water stress. Plant Physiology. 81(4): 1017-1021.
Daneshmand, F., Arvin, M. J., Keramat, B. and Momeni, N. (2012). Interactive Effects Of Salt Stress And Salicylic Acid On Germination And Plant Growth Parameters Of Maize (Zea Mays L.) Under Field Conditions. Journal Of Plant Process And Function. 1: 57-70.
El-Tayeb, M. A. (2005). Response of barley grains to the interactive e.ect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regulation. 45: 215-224.
Farooq, M., Basra, S. M. A., Rehman, H. and Saleem, B. A. (2008). Seed Priming Enhances the Performance of Late Sown Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by Improving Chilling Tolerance. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 194: 55-60.
Fathi, A. and Tari, D. B. (2016). Effect of drought stress and its mechanism in plants. International Journal of Life Sciences. 10: 1-6.
Fathi, G. (2005). Drought and nitrogen effects on nitrogen remobilization in six wheat cultivars. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Science, 36: 1093-1101.
Fayez, K. A. and Bazaid, S. A. (2014). Improving drought and salinity tolerance in barley by application of salicylic acid and potassium nitrate. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 13: 45-55.
Gardner, F. P., Pearce, R. B.and Mitchell, R. L. (2017). Physiology of crop plants, Scientific Publishers.
Guttieri, M. J., Ahmad, R., Stark, J. C. and Souza, E. (2000). End-use quality of six hard red spring wheat cultivars at different irrigation levels. Crop Science. 40(3): 631-635.
Hayat, Q., Hayat, S., Irfan, M. and Ahmad, A. (2010). Effect of exogenous salicylic acid under changing environment: A review. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 68: 14-25.
Hopkins, W. G. (1999). Introduction to plant physiology, John Wiley and Sons.
Hunt, R. (2012). Basic growth analysis: plant growth analysis for beginners. Springer Science & Business Media.
Iqbal, M. N., Rasheed, R., Ashraf, M. Y., Ashraf, M. A. and Hussain, I. (2018). Exogenously applied zinc and copper mitigate salinity effect in maize (Zea mays L.) by improving key physiological and biochemical attributes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 25: 23883-23896.
Jeller, H. and Perez, S. C. J. G. D. (2001). Effects of water and salt stress and the gibberellln action in senna spectabilis seeds. ciência florestal. 11(1): 93-104.
Jiang, Y. and Huang, B. (2001). Drought and Heat Stress Injury to Two Cool-Season Turfgrasses in Relation to Antioxidant Metabolism and Lipid Peroxidation Contribution No. 00-227-J from Kansas Agric. Exp. Stn. Crop Science. 41: 436-442.
Kabiri, R., Nasibi, F. and Farahbakhsh, H. (2014). Effect of exogenous salicylic acid on some physiological parameters and alleviation of drought stress in Nigella sativa plant under hydroponic culture. Plant Protection Science. 50: 43-51.
Khajehpour, M. R. (2014). Cereal, University of Esfahan, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research.
Khan, A. G. (2006). Mycorrhizoremediation—an enhanced form of phytoremediation. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B. 7: 503-514.
Kong, J., Dong, Y., Xu, L., Liu, S. And Bai, X. (2014). Effects of foliar application of salicylic acid and nitric oxide in alleviating iron deficiency induced chlorosis of Arachis hypogaea L. Botanical Studies. 55(1): 9.
Kumudini, S., Hume, D. J. And Chu, G. (2001). Genetic Improvement in Short Season Soybeans The financial support for this research was received from Dep. of Plant Agriculture, Univ. of Guelph, Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada and OMAFRA. Crop Science. 41: 391-398.
Lee, T. M., Lur, H. S., and CHU, C. (1993). Role of abscisic acid in chilling tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. I. Endogenous abscisic acid levels. Plant, Cell and Environment. 16(5): 481-490.
Li, Y., Zhao, H., Duan, B., Korpelainen, H., and Li, C. (2011). Effect of drought and ABA on growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant system of Cotinus coggygria seedlings under two different light conditions. Environmental and experimental botany. 71(1): 107-113.
Liu, S., Dong, Y., Xu, L. and Kong, J. (2014). Effects of foliar applications of nitric oxide and salicylic acid on salt-induced changes in photosynthesis and antioxidative metabolism of cotton seedlings. Plant Growth Regulation. 73: 67-78.
Ma, D., Sun, D., Wang, C., Ding, H., Qin, H., Hou, J., Huang, X., Xie, Y. and Guo, T. (2017). Physiological responses and yield of wheat plants in zinc-mediated alleviation of drought stress. Frontiers in Plant Science. 8: 860.
Madadi, E. and Fallah, S. (2018). The Effect of Proline and Salicylic Acid on the Physiological Parameters and Yield of Silage Maize under Different Moisture Regimes. Journal of Crop production and processing. 8: 15-28.
Maheswari, M. (1999). Effect of GA, ABA and water stress on leaf elongation and XET activity in barley Hordeum vulgare L. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 37(10): 1001-1004.
Martin-Mex, R., Villanueva-Couoh, E., Herrera-Campos, T., and Larque-Saavedra, A. (2005). Positive effect of salicylates on the flowering of African violet. Scientia horticulturae. 103(4): 499-502.
Mehrabian Moghaddam, N., Arvin, M. J., Khajuee Nezhad, G.R. and Maghsoudi, K. (2011). Effect of Salicylic Acid on Growth and Forage and Grain Yield of Maize under Drought Stress in Field Conditions. Seed and Plant Production Journal, 27: 41-55.
Merah, O. (2001). Potential importance of water status traits for durum wheat improvement under Mediterranean conditions. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 137: 139-145.
Miar Sadegi, S., Shekari, F., Fotovet, R. and Zangani, E. (2011). The Effect of priming by salicylic acid on vigor and seedling growth of canola (Brassica napus) under water deficit condition. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 2: 55-70.
Misra, A. and Srivastava, N.K. (2000). Influence of Water Stress on Japanese Mint. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants. 7: 51-58.
Mohammed, A. R. and Tarpley, L. (2011). Characterization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) physiological responses to a-tocopherol, glycine betaine or salicylic acid application. Journal of Agricultural Science (Toronto). 3: 3-13.
Moosavi, S., and Ragh ara, H. (2018). Effect of water deficit stress and application of humic and salicylic acid on physiological traits, yield and yield components of corn. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 13(50): 88-101.
Nadergoli, M. S., Yarnia, M. and Khoei, F. R. (2011). Effect of zinc and manganese and their application method on yield and yield components of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. CV Khomein). Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 8: 859-865.
Nasrollahzade asl, V., Moharramnejad, S., and Yusefi, M. (2017). Grain yield, chlorophyll content, osmolyte accumulation, total phenolics and catalase activity in maize (Zea mays L.) under drought stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 12(46): 1-14.
Neto, C.F., Klynger, A., Lobato, S., Gonçalves-Vidigal, C., Cezar Lobo Da Costa, R., Gomes, B., Filho, S., Antonio, G., Alves, G.A., Jose De Mello, W., Maia, S., Flávio, J., Cruz, F., Karina, H., Neves, B., Jeane, M., Lopes, M. and Rastilantie, M. (2009). Carbon compounds and chlorophyll contents in sorghum submitted to water deficit during three growth stages WFL Publisher Science and Technology. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 7: 588-593.
Nguyen, H.T., Leipner, J., Stamp, P., and Guerra-Peraza, O. (2009). Low temperature stress in maize (Zea mays L.) induces genes involved in photosynthesis and signal transduction as studied by suppression subtractive hybridization. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 47(2): 116-122.
Pakmehr, A., Rastgo, M., Shekari, F., Saba, J. and Zangani, E. (2012). Effect of pre-treatment of salicylic acid on some morphophysiological characteristics and yield of vignette (Vigna unguiculata L.) under water stress. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 9: 606-614.
Pandey, R., Maranville, J. and Admou, A. (2000). Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on maize in a Sahelian environment: I. Grain yield and yield components. Agricultural water management. 46: 1-13.
Peykarestan, B., and Basaki, T. (2017). Effect of spraying zinc sulfate solution on yield and enrichment of sweet corn (Zea mays var saccharata) varieties under different patterns of periodic irrigation. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 12 (47): 44-56.
Sadras, V.O. and Richards, R.A. (2014). Improvement of crop yield in dry environments: benchmarks, levels of organisation and the role of nitrogen. Journal of Experimental Botany. 65: 1981-95.
Selim, S., Hassan, Y.M., Saleh, A.M., Habeeb, T.H. and Abdelgawad, H. (2019). Actinobacterium isolated from a semi-arid environment improves the drought tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 142: 15-21.
Shahba, Z., Baghizadeh, A. and Yosefi, M. (2010). The salicylic acid effect on the tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) sugar, protein and proline contents under salinity stress (NaCl). Journal of biophysics and structural biology. 2(3): 35-41.
Sheykhbagloo, N., Gorttapeh, H., Baghestani, M., and Zand, B. (2009). Study of effect of zinc spraying on qualitative-quantitative yield of grain corn under water stress conditions. Electronic J Cultivated Plants. 2: 6-10.
Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., and Murphy, A. (2015). Plant physiology and development. Sinauer Associates.
Torabian, S., Zahedi, M. and Khoshgoftar, A.H. (2016). Effects of foliar spray of two kinds of zinc oxide on the growth and ion concentration of sunflower cultivars under salt stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 39: 172-180.
Voldabadi, S.A., Mazaheri, D., Nour Mohammadi, G. And Hashemi Dezfuli, S.A. (2009). The Effect of Drought Stress on Quantitative and Qualitative Properties and Growth Indices of Corn, Sorghum and Millet. Iranian Journal of crop Sciences. 2: 39-47.
Wang, W., Vinocur, B. and Altman, A. (2003). Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Scientia horticulturae. 218, 6.
Yadu, B., Chandrakar, V. and Keshavkant, S. (2016). Responses of plants to fluoride: an overview of oxidative stress and defense mechanisms. Fluoride. 49: 293-302.
Yang, J., Zhang, J., Huang, Z., Zhu, Q. and Wang, L. (2000). Remobilization of Carbon Reserves Is Improved by Controlled Soil-Drying during Grain Filling of Wheat. Crop Science. 40: 1645-1655.
Zarei, M., ABBASPOUR, H., SINAKI, J. and Rahbari, A. (2012). Quality traits of corn salicylic acid and sowing date in late summer planting in Damghan region. International Journal of AgriScience. 2: 635-641.
Khan, M.I.R., M. Fatma, T.S. Per, N.A. Anjum and Khan, N.A.J.F.I.P.S. (2015). "Salicylic acid-induced abiotic stress tolerance and underlying mechanisms in plants." 6: 462.
Perez, I.B. and Brown, P.J.J.F.I.P.S. (2014). "The role of ROS signaling in cross-tolerance: from model to crop." 5: 754.
Abdel-Wahed, M.S.A., Amin, A.A. and Rashad, E.S. (2006). Physiological effect of some bioregulators on vegetative growth, yield and chemical constituents of yellow maize plants. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2(2): 149 -153.
Aboutalebian, M. and Khodabandehloo, N. (2017). Improving yield and water use efficiency of corn under water deficit conditions by using mycorrhiza and foliar application of zinc sulfate. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science. 48: 57-70.
Adhikari, T., Kundu, S., Biswas, A. K., Tarafdar, J. C. and Subba Rao, A. (2015). Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nano Particles and Their Effect on Growth of Maize (Zea mays L.) Plant, Journal of Plant Nutrition. 38(10): 1505-1515.
Ahmadaali, J. and Khalili, M. (2008). Study of yield and water use efficiency of corn in the planting of one and two rows in furrow and drip irrigation (Tape) systems. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage of Iran. 3: 71-78.
Akram, M. (2011). Growth and yield components of wheat under water stress of different growth stages. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research. 36: 455-468.
Akter, N., Rafiqul Islam, M., Abdul Karim, M., and Hossain, T. (2014). Alleviation of drought stress in maize by exogenous application of gibberellic acid and cytokinin. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology. 17(1): 41-48.
Akter, S., Rasul, M. G., Zakaria, M., Sarker, M. M., Nila, I. S., Dutta, S., Haque, M. M. and Rohman, M. M. (2019). Effect of Polyamine on Pigmentation, Reactive Oxidative Species and Antioxidant under Drought in Maize (Zea mays L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology. 6: 799-811.
Ansari, O. and Sharif-Zadeh, F. (2012). Does Gibberelic acid (GA), Salicylic acid (SA) and Ascorbic acid (ASc) improve Mountain Rye (Secale montanum) seeds germination and seedlings growth under cold stress. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences. 3(8):1651-1657.
Ashraf, M. and Foolad, M. R. (2007). Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59: 206-216.
Ashraf, M., Karim, F., and Rasul, E. (2002). Interactive effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and salt stress on growth, ion accumulation and photosynthetic capacity of two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Plant Growth Regulation. 36(1): 49-59.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists, (AOAC). (2005). Official Methods of Analyses, 14 Ed; Association of official Analytical Chemists: Washington, DC, USA.
Balashouri, P., and Prameeladevi, Y. (1995). Effect of zinc on germination, growth and pigment content and phytomass of Vigna radiata and Sorghum bicolor. Journal of Ecobiology. 7: 109-114.
Bandurska, H. (2005). The effect of salicylic acid on barley response to water deficit. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 27(3): 379-386.
Bijanzadeh, E., Naderi, R. and Egan, T. P. (2019). Exogenous application of humic acid and salicylic acid to alleviate seedling drought stress in two corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 42: 1483-1495.
Blumenthal, C., Stone, P. J., Gras, P. W., Bekes, F., Clarke, B., Barlow, E. W. R., Appels, R. and Wrigley, C. W. (1998). Heat-Shock Protein 70 and Dough-Quality Changes Resulting from Heat Stress During Grain Filling in Wheat. Cereal Chemistry. 75: 43-50.
Cag, S., Cevahir-Oz, G., Sarsag, M. and Goren-Saglam, N. (2009). Effect of salicylic acid on pigment, protein content and peroxidase activity in excised sunflower cotyledons. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 41: 2297-2303.
Cakmak, I. (2000). Tansley Review No. 111 Possible roles of zinc in protecting plant cells from damage by reactive oxygen species. The New Phytologist. 146(2): 185-205.
Cornish, K., and Zeevaart, J. A. (1986). Abscisic acid accumulation by in situ and isolated guard cells of Pisum sativum L. and Vicia faba L. in relation to water stress. Plant Physiology. 81(4): 1017-1021.
Daneshmand, F., Arvin, M. J., Keramat, B. and Momeni, N. (2012). Interactive Effects Of Salt Stress And Salicylic Acid On Germination And Plant Growth Parameters Of Maize (Zea Mays L.) Under Field Conditions. Journal Of Plant Process And Function. 1: 57-70.
El-Tayeb, M. A. (2005). Response of barley grains to the interactive e.ect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regulation. 45: 215-224.
Farooq, M., Basra, S. M. A., Rehman, H. and Saleem, B. A. (2008). Seed Priming Enhances the Performance of Late Sown Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by Improving Chilling Tolerance. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 194: 55-60.
Fathi, A. and Tari, D. B. (2016). Effect of drought stress and its mechanism in plants. International Journal of Life Sciences. 10: 1-6.
Fathi, G. (2005). Drought and nitrogen effects on nitrogen remobilization in six wheat cultivars. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Science, 36: 1093-1101.
Fayez, K. A. and Bazaid, S. A. (2014). Improving drought and salinity tolerance in barley by application of salicylic acid and potassium nitrate. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 13: 45-55.
Gardner, F. P., Pearce, R. B.and Mitchell, R. L. (2017). Physiology of crop plants, Scientific Publishers.
Guttieri, M. J., Ahmad, R., Stark, J. C. and Souza, E. (2000). End-use quality of six hard red spring wheat cultivars at different irrigation levels. Crop Science. 40(3): 631-635.
Hayat, Q., Hayat, S., Irfan, M. and Ahmad, A. (2010). Effect of exogenous salicylic acid under changing environment: A review. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 68: 14-25.
Hopkins, W. G. (1999). Introduction to plant physiology, John Wiley and Sons.
Hunt, R. (2012). Basic growth analysis: plant growth analysis for beginners. Springer Science & Business Media.
Iqbal, M. N., Rasheed, R., Ashraf, M. Y., Ashraf, M. A. and Hussain, I. (2018). Exogenously applied zinc and copper mitigate salinity effect in maize (Zea mays L.) by improving key physiological and biochemical attributes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 25: 23883-23896.
Jeller, H. and Perez, S. C. J. G. D. (2001). Effects of water and salt stress and the gibberellln action in senna spectabilis seeds. ciência florestal. 11(1): 93-104.
Jiang, Y. and Huang, B. (2001). Drought and Heat Stress Injury to Two Cool-Season Turfgrasses in Relation to Antioxidant Metabolism and Lipid Peroxidation Contribution No. 00-227-J from Kansas Agric. Exp. Stn. Crop Science. 41: 436-442.
Kabiri, R., Nasibi, F. and Farahbakhsh, H. (2014). Effect of exogenous salicylic acid on some physiological parameters and alleviation of drought stress in Nigella sativa plant under hydroponic culture. Plant Protection Science. 50: 43-51.
Khajehpour, M. R. (2014). Cereal, University of Esfahan, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research.
Khan, A. G. (2006). Mycorrhizoremediation—an enhanced form of phytoremediation. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B. 7: 503-514.
Kong, J., Dong, Y., Xu, L., Liu, S. And Bai, X. (2014). Effects of foliar application of salicylic acid and nitric oxide in alleviating iron deficiency induced chlorosis of Arachis hypogaea L. Botanical Studies. 55(1): 9.
Kumudini, S., Hume, D. J. And Chu, G. (2001). Genetic Improvement in Short Season Soybeans The financial support for this research was received from Dep. of Plant Agriculture, Univ. of Guelph, Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada and OMAFRA. Crop Science. 41: 391-398.
Lee, T. M., Lur, H. S., and CHU, C. (1993). Role of abscisic acid in chilling tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. I. Endogenous abscisic acid levels. Plant, Cell and Environment. 16(5): 481-490.
Li, Y., Zhao, H., Duan, B., Korpelainen, H., and Li, C. (2011). Effect of drought and ABA on growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant system of Cotinus coggygria seedlings under two different light conditions. Environmental and experimental botany. 71(1): 107-113.
Liu, S., Dong, Y., Xu, L. and Kong, J. (2014). Effects of foliar applications of nitric oxide and salicylic acid on salt-induced changes in photosynthesis and antioxidative metabolism of cotton seedlings. Plant Growth Regulation. 73: 67-78.
Ma, D., Sun, D., Wang, C., Ding, H., Qin, H., Hou, J., Huang, X., Xie, Y. and Guo, T. (2017). Physiological responses and yield of wheat plants in zinc-mediated alleviation of drought stress. Frontiers in Plant Science. 8: 860.
Madadi, E. and Fallah, S. (2018). The Effect of Proline and Salicylic Acid on the Physiological Parameters and Yield of Silage Maize under Different Moisture Regimes. Journal of Crop production and processing. 8: 15-28.
Maheswari, M. (1999). Effect of GA, ABA and water stress on leaf elongation and XET activity in barley Hordeum vulgare L. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 37(10): 1001-1004.
Martin-Mex, R., Villanueva-Couoh, E., Herrera-Campos, T., and Larque-Saavedra, A. (2005). Positive effect of salicylates on the flowering of African violet. Scientia horticulturae. 103(4): 499-502.
Mehrabian Moghaddam, N., Arvin, M. J., Khajuee Nezhad, G.R. and Maghsoudi, K. (2011). Effect of Salicylic Acid on Growth and Forage and Grain Yield of Maize under Drought Stress in Field Conditions. Seed and Plant Production Journal, 27: 41-55.
Merah, O. (2001). Potential importance of water status traits for durum wheat improvement under Mediterranean conditions. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 137: 139-145.
Miar Sadegi, S., Shekari, F., Fotovet, R. and Zangani, E. (2011). The Effect of priming by salicylic acid on vigor and seedling growth of canola (Brassica napus) under water deficit condition. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 2: 55-70.
Misra, A. and Srivastava, N.K. (2000). Influence of Water Stress on Japanese Mint. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants. 7: 51-58.
Mohammed, A. R. and Tarpley, L. (2011). Characterization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) physiological responses to a-tocopherol, glycine betaine or salicylic acid application. Journal of Agricultural Science (Toronto). 3: 3-13.
Moosavi, S., and Ragh ara, H. (2018). Effect of water deficit stress and application of humic and salicylic acid on physiological traits, yield and yield components of corn. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 13(50): 88-101.
Nadergoli, M. S., Yarnia, M. and Khoei, F. R. (2011). Effect of zinc and manganese and their application method on yield and yield components of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. CV Khomein). Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 8: 859-865.
Nasrollahzade asl, V., Moharramnejad, S., and Yusefi, M. (2017). Grain yield, chlorophyll content, osmolyte accumulation, total phenolics and catalase activity in maize (Zea mays L.) under drought stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 12(46): 1-14.
Neto, C.F., Klynger, A., Lobato, S., Gonçalves-Vidigal, C., Cezar Lobo Da Costa, R., Gomes, B., Filho, S., Antonio, G., Alves, G.A., Jose De Mello, W., Maia, S., Flávio, J., Cruz, F., Karina, H., Neves, B., Jeane, M., Lopes, M. and Rastilantie, M. (2009). Carbon compounds and chlorophyll contents in sorghum submitted to water deficit during three growth stages WFL Publisher Science and Technology. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 7: 588-593.
Nguyen, H.T., Leipner, J., Stamp, P., and Guerra-Peraza, O. (2009). Low temperature stress in maize (Zea mays L.) induces genes involved in photosynthesis and signal transduction as studied by suppression subtractive hybridization. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 47(2): 116-122.
Pakmehr, A., Rastgo, M., Shekari, F., Saba, J. and Zangani, E. (2012). Effect of pre-treatment of salicylic acid on some morphophysiological characteristics and yield of vignette (Vigna unguiculata L.) under water stress. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 9: 606-614.
Pandey, R., Maranville, J. and Admou, A. (2000). Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on maize in a Sahelian environment: I. Grain yield and yield components. Agricultural water management. 46: 1-13.
Peykarestan, B., and Basaki, T. (2017). Effect of spraying zinc sulfate solution on yield and enrichment of sweet corn (Zea mays var saccharata) varieties under different patterns of periodic irrigation. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 12 (47): 44-56.
Sadras, V.O. and Richards, R.A. (2014). Improvement of crop yield in dry environments: benchmarks, levels of organisation and the role of nitrogen. Journal of Experimental Botany. 65: 1981-95.
Selim, S., Hassan, Y.M., Saleh, A.M., Habeeb, T.H. and Abdelgawad, H. (2019). Actinobacterium isolated from a semi-arid environment improves the drought tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 142: 15-21.
Shahba, Z., Baghizadeh, A. and Yosefi, M. (2010). The salicylic acid effect on the tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) sugar, protein and proline contents under salinity stress (NaCl). Journal of biophysics and structural biology. 2(3): 35-41.
Sheykhbagloo, N., Gorttapeh, H., Baghestani, M., and Zand, B. (2009). Study of effect of zinc spraying on qualitative-quantitative yield of grain corn under water stress conditions. Electronic J Cultivated Plants. 2: 6-10.
Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., and Murphy, A. (2015). Plant physiology and development. Sinauer Associates.
Torabian, S., Zahedi, M. and Khoshgoftar, A.H. (2016). Effects of foliar spray of two kinds of zinc oxide on the growth and ion concentration of sunflower cultivars under salt stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 39: 172-180.
Voldabadi, S.A., Mazaheri, D., Nour Mohammadi, G. And Hashemi Dezfuli, S.A. (2009). The Effect of Drought Stress on Quantitative and Qualitative Properties and Growth Indices of Corn, Sorghum and Millet. Iranian Journal of crop Sciences. 2: 39-47.
Wang, W., Vinocur, B. and Altman, A. (2003). Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Scientia horticulturae. 218, 6.
Yadu, B., Chandrakar, V. and Keshavkant, S. (2016). Responses of plants to fluoride: an overview of oxidative stress and defense mechanisms. Fluoride. 49: 293-302.
Yang, J., Zhang, J., Huang, Z., Zhu, Q. and Wang, L. (2000). Remobilization of Carbon Reserves Is Improved by Controlled Soil-Drying during Grain Filling of Wheat. Crop Science. 40: 1645-1655.
Zarei, M., ABBASPOUR, H., SINAKI, J. and Rahbari, A. (2012). Quality traits of corn salicylic acid and sowing date in late summer planting in Damghan region. International Journal of AgriScience. 2: 635-641.
Khan, M.I.R., M. Fatma, T.S. Per, N.A. Anjum and Khan, N.A.J.F.I.P.S. (2015). "Salicylic acid-induced abiotic stress tolerance and underlying mechanisms in plants." 6: 462.
Perez, I.B. and Brown, P.J.J.F.I.P.S. (2014). "The role of ROS signaling in cross-tolerance: from model to crop." 5: 754.
