Investigation of Water Saving Strategies for Pinto Beans under Drought Stress
Subject Areas :
Journal of Crop Ecophysiology
Masoumeh Mohammadpur
1
(
Ph.D. Student, of Agronomy, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Khoy Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khoy, Iran
)
Ali Nasroallahzadeh Asl
2
(
Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Khoy Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khoy, Iran
)
Mohsen Roshdi
3
(
Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Khoy Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khoy, Iran
)
Farzad Jalili
4
(
Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Khoy Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khoy, Iran
)
Sasan Rezadoost
5
(
Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Khoy Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khoy, Iran
)
Received: 2020-09-26
Accepted : 2021-05-10
Published : 2022-07-23
Keywords:
Grain yield,
Chlorophyll,
Superabsorbent,
Proline,
Abstract :
In order to evaluate methods of reduce water consumption under the conditions of drought stress in the cultivation of pinto beans, an experiment was carried out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Salmas city, during of 2018. The main plot irrigation disruption at 3 levels (optimum irrigation, irrigation disruption at the end of flowering stage, irrigation disruption at the end of poding stage) and methods of reduce water consumption as the sub-factor in 5 levels including (control, use of superabsorbent, use of mycorrhiza fungi, use of nano-potassium fertilizer and seed priming with hydrogen peroxide) were considered. The results showed that the effect of irrigation disruption and water consumption reduction methods on yield, yield components, water use efficiency, total chlorophyll and proline content was significant. Also, the interaction of irrigation interruption factors and methods of reducing water consumption on grain yield, water use efficiency and proline was significant. Although the highest grain yield of 2133.24 kg.ha-1 was related to the experimental treatment of optimum irrigation with the use of superabsorbent polymer, but also it was observed that the experimental treatment of optimum irrigation without the use of water reduction methods by 1627.21 kg.ha-1 with experimental treatment of irrigation disruption from the end of poding stage with the use of superabsorbent at the rate of 1564.3 kg.ha-1 showed a yield increase of about 3.87% which was not statistically significant and this indicates a saving in water consumption using super absorbent. Also, in the experimental treatment of irrigation disruption in the poding stage using mycorrhizal fungus, compared to the optimum irrigation treatment, grain yield decreased by 12.3%, which indicates the greater effect of superabsorbent in preventing the reduction of grain yield compared to mycorrhizal fungus in conditions of drought stress. Also, the results showed that the water use efficiency in the experimental treatment of optimum irrigation compared to experimental treatment of irrigation disruption in the poding stage with the use of superabsorbent Decreased about 19%, which indicates an increase in water use efficiency under drought stress using superabsorbent materials.
References:
Abedi Koupai, J., M. Salehi-Sirzar, S.S. Eslamian, J. Khajeali, and Y. Hosseini. 2014. Effect of water and pests stresses on cowpea yield. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 18 (68): 157-170. (In Persian).
Abhari, A., A. Azizi, and B. Haresabadi. 2017. The effect of super absorbent on yield and yield components of chickpea under season terminal drought stress conditions. Journal of Crop Production. 10 (1): 191-202. (In Persian).
Aghchehli, S., A. Rahemi Karizaki, A. Gholamalipoor, and A. Gholizadeh. 2016. The effect of drought stress on some morphological characteristics in cold cereals under greenhouse conditions. 2nd National Congress of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Farhangian University. Gorgan. 1-7. (In Persian).
Allahyari, S., A. Golchin, and A.R. Vaez. 2013. Study on effect of super absorbent polymer application on yield and yield components of two chickpea cultivars under rainfed conditions. Journal of Plant Production. 20 (1): 125-139. (In Persian).
Allen, E.B., and M. Allen. 2016. Water relations of xeric grasses in the field interactions of mycorrhizas and competition. New Phytol. 104: 559-571.
Amanullah, S., A. Iqbal, M. Irfanullah, M. Irfanullah and Z. Hidayat. 2016. Potassium management for improving growth and grain yield of maize (Zea mays) under moisture stress condition. Scientific Reports. 6: 34627.
Amini, S., C. Ghobadi, and A. Yamchi. 2015. Proline accumulation and osmotic stress: an overview of P5CS gene in plants. Journal of Plant Molecular Breeding. 3(2): 44-55.
Arnon, D.I. 1949. Copper enzyme in isolated chloroplasts polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology. 24(1):1-15.
Ashley, M.K., M. Grant, and A. Grabov. 2006. Plant responses to potassium deficiencies: a role for potassium transport proteins. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2: 425-436.
Babaei, H., O. Sadeghipour, and A.R. Pazoki. 2017. Study the effect of pre-treatment of seed with hydrogen peroxide on physiological and yield attributes traits of mung bean (Vigna radiata) under drought stress conditions. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 9(31): 23-31. (In Persian).
Baghalian, K., Sh. Abdoshah, F. Khalighi-Sigaroodi, and F. Paknejad. 2016. Physiological and phytochemical response to drought stress of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita). Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 49: 201-207.
Bates, L.S., R.P. Waldern, and I.D. Tear. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
Davoodi, S.H., A. Rahemi-karizaki, A. Nakhzari-moghadam, and E. Gholamalipour alamdari. 2018. The effect of deficit irrigation on yield and physiological traits of bean cultivars. Plant Production Technology. 18(1): 83-95. (In Persian).
Eltayeb, M.A. 2005. Response of barley gains to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regulation. 45: 215-225.
Emadi, N., H.R. Balouchi, and Sh. Jahanbin. 2012. Effect of drought stress and plant density on yield, yield components and some morphological characters of pinto bean (cv.C.O.S16) in Yasouj region. Journal of Crop Production. 5 (2): 1-17. (In Persian).
Farooq, M., S.M. Basra, and A.N. Ahmad. 2006. Improving the performance of transplanted rice by seed priming. Plant Growth Regulation. 51: 129-137.
Flowers, T.J., P.F. Troke, and A.R. Yeo. 2000. The mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes Annu. Journal of Plant Physiology. 28: 89-121.
Ghanbari, A.A., and E. Beyzaei. 2007. Study of morphological and phenological traits and correlation analysis in white bean lines. Journal of Agricultural Science. 13: 629-638. (In Persian).
Ghooshchi, F. 2015. Investigation the possibility of decreasing the damage due to irrigation-cut tension on physiological characteristics and corn quality by applying the super absorbent polymer. Crop Physiology Journal. 7 (27): 85-94. (In Persian).
Harvy, J. 2000. Use of hydrogels to reduce leaf loos haster root. Journal of Forest Research. 45: 220- 28.
He, L., Z. Gao, and R. Li. 2009. Pretreatment of seed with H2O2 enhances drought tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings. African Journal of Biotechnology. 8(22): 6151-6157.
Hoseinzadeh, H., H.M. Mobser, A. Amiri, and A. Abdzadeh Ghohari. 2012. Bean plant reaction under different amounts of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer. 6th National Conference on New Ideas in Agriculture. Islamic Azad University Isfahan Khorasgan Branch. (In Persian).
Hung, S.H., C.W. Yu, and C.H. Lin. 2005. Hydrogen peroxide functions as a stress signal in plants. Botanical Bulletin- Academia Sinica. 46: 1-10.
Jafarian, T., and M.J. Zarea. 2015. Reduce the negative effect of salinity on wheat via pretreatment seed with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 7(23): 64-76. (In Persian).
Jahan, M., N. Kamayestani, and F. Ranjbar. 2013. Assay for applying super absorbent polymer in a low input corn (Zea mays) production system aimed to reduce drought stress under Mashhad conditions. Journal of Agroecology. 5(3): 272-281. (In Persian).
Jalili, S., M. Hadi, and R. Dalir Hasannia. 2017. Effect of water deficit tension and application of stockosorb superabsorbent on some agronomic traits of winter wheat in Tabriz. Journal of Crop Physiology. 8(32): 107-120. (In Persian).
Jalilian, J., A.M. Modarres Sanavi, and T. Sabagh pour. 2005. The effects of density and supplemental irrigation on yield, yield components and protein of pea cultivars in rainfall condition. Agriculture and Natural Resources. 12(5): 9-1.
Johansen, C., L. Krishnamurthy, N.P. Saxena, and S.C. Sethi. 2002. Genotypic variation in moisture response of chickpea grown under line sources sprinklers in a semi– arid tropical environment. Field Crops Research. 37: 103-112.
Kamrava, S., N. Babaeian Jolodar, and N. Bagheri. 2017. Evaluation of drought stress on chlorophyll and proline traits in soybean genotypes. Journal of Crop Breeding. 9(23): 95-104. (In Persian).
Karimi, A., and M. Naderi. 2008. Yield and water use efficiency of forage corn as influenced by superabsorbent polymer application in soils with different textures. Agricultural Research. 7(3): 187-197. (In Persian).
Kazemi Arbat, H. 2008. Gronomy cereal crops. Tehran University Press, Tehran, Iran. 315 pp. (In Persian).
Liang, X., L. Zhang, S.K. Natarajan, and D.F. Becker. 2013. Proline mechanisms of stress survival. Antioxid Redox Signal. 19 (9): 998–1011.
Li, X., J.Z. He, J.M. Hughes, Y.R. Liu, and Y.M. Zheng. 2014. Effects of superabsorbent polymers on a soil- corn system in the field. Applied Soil Ecology. 73:58-63.
Moazen Ghamsari, B., G.A. Akbari, M. Zohorian, and A. Birdianic. 2018. Investigation and growth indices of forage maize under the influence of different amounts of superabsorbent polymer under drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 4 (3): 1-8. (In Persian).
Mortezavi, S.M., A. Tavakoli, M.H. Mohammadi, and K. Afsahi. 2015. Effect of superabsorbent on physiological traits and yield of wheat Azar2 cultivar under dry farming condition. Pajouhesh-va-Sazandegi. 1(6): 112-118. (In Persian).
Nazarli, H., M.R. Zardashti, R. Darvishzadeh and S. Najafi. 2010. The effect of water stress and polymer on water use efficiency, yield and several morphological traits of sunflower. Notulae Science Biologicae. 4: 53-58.
Nouriyani, H. 2013. Effect of water deficit tension on yield and yield components of mung bean (Vigna radiata) in different planting densities. Crop Physiology Journal. 5 (18): 35-47. (In Persian).
Parsa, M., and A.R. Bagheri. 2008. Pulses. Ferdowsi University Press, Mashhad, Iran. 496 pp. (In Persian).
Paula, J.T.J., C.O. Rotter, and B. Hou. 2007. Effects of soil moisture and sowing depth on the development of bean plants grown in sterile soil infected by Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma harzanium. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 119: 193-202.
Pour Ismail, P., D. Habibi, A. Tavasoli, H. Zahedi, and H.R. Tohidi-Moghadam. 2017. The effect of super absorbent polymer on physiological and agronomic traits of different red bean varieties under drought stress in green house condition. Plant Management of Ecosystems. 6(21): 92-75.
Qiao, G., X.P. Wen, L.F. Yu, and X.B. Ji1. 2011. The enhancement of drought tolerance for pigeon pea inoculated by arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi. Plant Soil Environment. 57: 541-546.
Rabbani, J., and Y. Emam. 2011. Yield response of maize hybrids to drought stress at different growth stages. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 1(2): 65-78. (In Persian).
Rajabi, L., N.A. Sajedi, and M. Roshandel. 2013. Response of yield and yield component of dry land chick pea to salicylic acid and superabsorbent polimer. Journal of Crop Production Research. 4 (4): 343-353. (In Persian).
Rahimi, M., and A. Salahizadeh. 2015. Effect of different levels of irrigation and potassium on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the beans in Yasooj, Iran. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences. 4 (1): 50-56.
Sadaf, A., and M. Tahir. 2017. Effect of potassium on growth, yield and quality of mung bean under different irrigation regimes. Bulletin of Biological and Allied Sciences Research. 2(4):1-10.
Sadegipour, O. 2009. The influence of water stress on biomass and harvest index in three mungbean (Vigna radiata). Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 8(3): 245-249.
Safavi Gordini, F., M. Galavi, M. Ramroodi, and M.R. Asgharipoor Chaman. 2017. Effect of super absorbent polymer, manure and potassium on some physiological and morphological characteristics of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) on drought steress. Journal of Shebak. 3 (2): 1-9. (In Persian).
Sawant, V., K. Bansode, S. Bavachkar, and U. Bhale. 2013. Potential of various fungi for biomass production of castor. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences.16: 1378-1382.
Seghatoleslami, M.J., E. Ansarinia, and A. Ghasemi. 2012. Effect of salinity stress on germination and growth parameters of seedlings of (Securigera securidaca). Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 2(10): 342-345.
Sepasi, Sh., K. Kelarastaghi, and H. Ebrahimi. 2012. Effects of different levels drought stress and plant density on yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays, 704). Journal of Crop Physiology. 6 (3): 279-288. (In Persian).
Shadmand, H., and A. Afkari. 2018. The Effect of superabsorbent polymer application on some biochemical traits and relative water content of bean cultivars under drought tension. Journal of Crop Physiology. 10(39): 61-77. (In Persian).
Shao, H.B., L.Y. Chu, C.A. Jaleel, and C.X. Zhao. 2008. 'Water-deficit stress-induced anatomical changes in higher plants. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 331(3): 215-225.
Sharifi, P., N. Karbalavi, and H. Aminpanah. 2013. Effects of drought stress and potassium sulfate fertilizer on green bean yield. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. (4): 137-149.
Shekari, F. 2011. Investigation of drought tolerance traits in beans. Report of Research Project. Agricultural Physiology and Biotechnology Research Institute. University of Zanjan. 53pp.
Shekari, F., A. Javanmard, and A. Abbasi. 2015. Effects of super-absorbent polymer application on yield and yield components of rapeseed (Brassica napus). Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 7(3): 361-366.
Siddiqui, M.H., M.Y. Al-Khaishany, M.A. Al-Qutami, M.H. Al-Whaibi, M.S. Al-Wahibi, and N.A. Bukhari. 2015. Response of different genotypes of faba Bean plant to drought stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 16: 10214-10227.
Slesak, I., M. Libik, B. Karpinska, S. Karpinski, and S. Miszalskiz. 2007. The role of hydrogen peroxide in regulation of plant metabolism and cellular signalling in response to environmental stresses. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 54: 39-50.
Sohrabi, Y., G. Heidari, W. Weisany, K. Ghasemi-Golezani, and K. Mohammadi. 2012. Some physiological responses of chickpea cultivars to arbuscular mycorrhiza under drought stress. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 59: 708-716.
Sosulski, F.W., and N.W. Holt. 1980. Amino acid composition and nitrogen-to-protein factors for grain legumes. Canadian Journal of Plant 60(4): 1327-1331.
Sylvia, D., L. Hammond, J. Bennett, J. Haas, and S. Linda. 2012. Field response of maize to a VAM fungus and water management. Agronomy journal. 85: 193-198.
Tabiei, H., and R. Baradaran. 2020. Effect of irrigation intervalsand plantingdate on agronomic characteristics of degen and drfi (Securiger securidaca) in birjand region. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12(1): 80-90. (In Persian).
Tohidi Moghaddam, H., and A.H. Mazaheri. 2012. Effect of manuring fertilizer and super absorbent polymers on qualitative and quantative characteristics of soybean under water deficit stress conditions. Journal of Crop Production Research. 3 (4): 125-139. (In Persian).
Tongo, A., A. Mahdavi, and E. Sayad. 2014. Effect of superabsorbent polymer Aquasorb on growth, establishment and some physiological characteristics of Acacia victoriae seedlings under drought stress. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 5: 951- 963. (In Persian).
Ullah, A., J. Bakht, M. Shafi, and W.A. Islam. 2002. Effect of various irrigations levels on different chickpea varieties. Asian Journal of Plant Science. 4: 355-357.
Wang, M., Q. Zheng, Q. Shen, and S. Guo. 2013. The critical role of potassium in plant stress response. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 14(4): 7370–7390.
Wilson, R. 2004. The Arbortum at flag staff extension Bulletin. pp: 91-99.
Wu, L., M. Liu, and R. Liang. 2008. Preparation and properties of a double coated slowrelease NPK compound fertilizer with superabsorbent and water-retention. Bioresource Technology. 99: 547-554.
Zareh, M. 2011. Analysis of the data in the study of natural resources with the software SPSS. Publications University of Tehran. 249-251. (In Persian).
_||_
Abedi Koupai, J., M. Salehi-Sirzar, S.S. Eslamian, J. Khajeali, and Y. Hosseini. 2014. Effect of water and pests stresses on cowpea yield. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 18 (68): 157-170. (In Persian).
Abhari, A., A. Azizi, and B. Haresabadi. 2017. The effect of super absorbent on yield and yield components of chickpea under season terminal drought stress conditions. Journal of Crop Production. 10 (1): 191-202. (In Persian).
Aghchehli, S., A. Rahemi Karizaki, A. Gholamalipoor, and A. Gholizadeh. 2016. The effect of drought stress on some morphological characteristics in cold cereals under greenhouse conditions. 2nd National Congress of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Farhangian University. Gorgan. 1-7. (In Persian).
Allahyari, S., A. Golchin, and A.R. Vaez. 2013. Study on effect of super absorbent polymer application on yield and yield components of two chickpea cultivars under rainfed conditions. Journal of Plant Production. 20 (1): 125-139. (In Persian).
Allen, E.B., and M. Allen. 2016. Water relations of xeric grasses in the field interactions of mycorrhizas and competition. New Phytol. 104: 559-571.
Amanullah, S., A. Iqbal, M. Irfanullah, M. Irfanullah and Z. Hidayat. 2016. Potassium management for improving growth and grain yield of maize (Zea mays) under moisture stress condition. Scientific Reports. 6: 34627.
Amini, S., C. Ghobadi, and A. Yamchi. 2015. Proline accumulation and osmotic stress: an overview of P5CS gene in plants. Journal of Plant Molecular Breeding. 3(2): 44-55.
Arnon, D.I. 1949. Copper enzyme in isolated chloroplasts polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology. 24(1):1-15.
Ashley, M.K., M. Grant, and A. Grabov. 2006. Plant responses to potassium deficiencies: a role for potassium transport proteins. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2: 425-436.
Babaei, H., O. Sadeghipour, and A.R. Pazoki. 2017. Study the effect of pre-treatment of seed with hydrogen peroxide on physiological and yield attributes traits of mung bean (Vigna radiata) under drought stress conditions. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 9(31): 23-31. (In Persian).
Baghalian, K., Sh. Abdoshah, F. Khalighi-Sigaroodi, and F. Paknejad. 2016. Physiological and phytochemical response to drought stress of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita). Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 49: 201-207.
Bates, L.S., R.P. Waldern, and I.D. Tear. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
Davoodi, S.H., A. Rahemi-karizaki, A. Nakhzari-moghadam, and E. Gholamalipour alamdari. 2018. The effect of deficit irrigation on yield and physiological traits of bean cultivars. Plant Production Technology. 18(1): 83-95. (In Persian).
Eltayeb, M.A. 2005. Response of barley gains to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regulation. 45: 215-225.
Emadi, N., H.R. Balouchi, and Sh. Jahanbin. 2012. Effect of drought stress and plant density on yield, yield components and some morphological characters of pinto bean (cv.C.O.S16) in Yasouj region. Journal of Crop Production. 5 (2): 1-17. (In Persian).
Farooq, M., S.M. Basra, and A.N. Ahmad. 2006. Improving the performance of transplanted rice by seed priming. Plant Growth Regulation. 51: 129-137.
Flowers, T.J., P.F. Troke, and A.R. Yeo. 2000. The mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes Annu. Journal of Plant Physiology. 28: 89-121.
Ghanbari, A.A., and E. Beyzaei. 2007. Study of morphological and phenological traits and correlation analysis in white bean lines. Journal of Agricultural Science. 13: 629-638. (In Persian).
Ghooshchi, F. 2015. Investigation the possibility of decreasing the damage due to irrigation-cut tension on physiological characteristics and corn quality by applying the super absorbent polymer. Crop Physiology Journal. 7 (27): 85-94. (In Persian).
Harvy, J. 2000. Use of hydrogels to reduce leaf loos haster root. Journal of Forest Research. 45: 220- 28.
He, L., Z. Gao, and R. Li. 2009. Pretreatment of seed with H2O2 enhances drought tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings. African Journal of Biotechnology. 8(22): 6151-6157.
Hoseinzadeh, H., H.M. Mobser, A. Amiri, and A. Abdzadeh Ghohari. 2012. Bean plant reaction under different amounts of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer. 6th National Conference on New Ideas in Agriculture. Islamic Azad University Isfahan Khorasgan Branch. (In Persian).
Hung, S.H., C.W. Yu, and C.H. Lin. 2005. Hydrogen peroxide functions as a stress signal in plants. Botanical Bulletin- Academia Sinica. 46: 1-10.
Jafarian, T., and M.J. Zarea. 2015. Reduce the negative effect of salinity on wheat via pretreatment seed with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 7(23): 64-76. (In Persian).
Jahan, M., N. Kamayestani, and F. Ranjbar. 2013. Assay for applying super absorbent polymer in a low input corn (Zea mays) production system aimed to reduce drought stress under Mashhad conditions. Journal of Agroecology. 5(3): 272-281. (In Persian).
Jalili, S., M. Hadi, and R. Dalir Hasannia. 2017. Effect of water deficit tension and application of stockosorb superabsorbent on some agronomic traits of winter wheat in Tabriz. Journal of Crop Physiology. 8(32): 107-120. (In Persian).
Jalilian, J., A.M. Modarres Sanavi, and T. Sabagh pour. 2005. The effects of density and supplemental irrigation on yield, yield components and protein of pea cultivars in rainfall condition. Agriculture and Natural Resources. 12(5): 9-1.
Johansen, C., L. Krishnamurthy, N.P. Saxena, and S.C. Sethi. 2002. Genotypic variation in moisture response of chickpea grown under line sources sprinklers in a semi– arid tropical environment. Field Crops Research. 37: 103-112.
Kamrava, S., N. Babaeian Jolodar, and N. Bagheri. 2017. Evaluation of drought stress on chlorophyll and proline traits in soybean genotypes. Journal of Crop Breeding. 9(23): 95-104. (In Persian).
Karimi, A., and M. Naderi. 2008. Yield and water use efficiency of forage corn as influenced by superabsorbent polymer application in soils with different textures. Agricultural Research. 7(3): 187-197. (In Persian).
Kazemi Arbat, H. 2008. Gronomy cereal crops. Tehran University Press, Tehran, Iran. 315 pp. (In Persian).
Liang, X., L. Zhang, S.K. Natarajan, and D.F. Becker. 2013. Proline mechanisms of stress survival. Antioxid Redox Signal. 19 (9): 998–1011.
Li, X., J.Z. He, J.M. Hughes, Y.R. Liu, and Y.M. Zheng. 2014. Effects of superabsorbent polymers on a soil- corn system in the field. Applied Soil Ecology. 73:58-63.
Moazen Ghamsari, B., G.A. Akbari, M. Zohorian, and A. Birdianic. 2018. Investigation and growth indices of forage maize under the influence of different amounts of superabsorbent polymer under drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 4 (3): 1-8. (In Persian).
Mortezavi, S.M., A. Tavakoli, M.H. Mohammadi, and K. Afsahi. 2015. Effect of superabsorbent on physiological traits and yield of wheat Azar2 cultivar under dry farming condition. Pajouhesh-va-Sazandegi. 1(6): 112-118. (In Persian).
Nazarli, H., M.R. Zardashti, R. Darvishzadeh and S. Najafi. 2010. The effect of water stress and polymer on water use efficiency, yield and several morphological traits of sunflower. Notulae Science Biologicae. 4: 53-58.
Nouriyani, H. 2013. Effect of water deficit tension on yield and yield components of mung bean (Vigna radiata) in different planting densities. Crop Physiology Journal. 5 (18): 35-47. (In Persian).
Parsa, M., and A.R. Bagheri. 2008. Pulses. Ferdowsi University Press, Mashhad, Iran. 496 pp. (In Persian).
Paula, J.T.J., C.O. Rotter, and B. Hou. 2007. Effects of soil moisture and sowing depth on the development of bean plants grown in sterile soil infected by Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma harzanium. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 119: 193-202.
Pour Ismail, P., D. Habibi, A. Tavasoli, H. Zahedi, and H.R. Tohidi-Moghadam. 2017. The effect of super absorbent polymer on physiological and agronomic traits of different red bean varieties under drought stress in green house condition. Plant Management of Ecosystems. 6(21): 92-75.
Qiao, G., X.P. Wen, L.F. Yu, and X.B. Ji1. 2011. The enhancement of drought tolerance for pigeon pea inoculated by arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi. Plant Soil Environment. 57: 541-546.
Rabbani, J., and Y. Emam. 2011. Yield response of maize hybrids to drought stress at different growth stages. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 1(2): 65-78. (In Persian).
Rajabi, L., N.A. Sajedi, and M. Roshandel. 2013. Response of yield and yield component of dry land chick pea to salicylic acid and superabsorbent polimer. Journal of Crop Production Research. 4 (4): 343-353. (In Persian).
Rahimi, M., and A. Salahizadeh. 2015. Effect of different levels of irrigation and potassium on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the beans in Yasooj, Iran. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences. 4 (1): 50-56.
Sadaf, A., and M. Tahir. 2017. Effect of potassium on growth, yield and quality of mung bean under different irrigation regimes. Bulletin of Biological and Allied Sciences Research. 2(4):1-10.
Sadegipour, O. 2009. The influence of water stress on biomass and harvest index in three mungbean (Vigna radiata). Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 8(3): 245-249.
Safavi Gordini, F., M. Galavi, M. Ramroodi, and M.R. Asgharipoor Chaman. 2017. Effect of super absorbent polymer, manure and potassium on some physiological and morphological characteristics of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) on drought steress. Journal of Shebak. 3 (2): 1-9. (In Persian).
Sawant, V., K. Bansode, S. Bavachkar, and U. Bhale. 2013. Potential of various fungi for biomass production of castor. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences.16: 1378-1382.
Seghatoleslami, M.J., E. Ansarinia, and A. Ghasemi. 2012. Effect of salinity stress on germination and growth parameters of seedlings of (Securigera securidaca). Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 2(10): 342-345.
Sepasi, Sh., K. Kelarastaghi, and H. Ebrahimi. 2012. Effects of different levels drought stress and plant density on yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays, 704). Journal of Crop Physiology. 6 (3): 279-288. (In Persian).
Shadmand, H., and A. Afkari. 2018. The Effect of superabsorbent polymer application on some biochemical traits and relative water content of bean cultivars under drought tension. Journal of Crop Physiology. 10(39): 61-77. (In Persian).
Shao, H.B., L.Y. Chu, C.A. Jaleel, and C.X. Zhao. 2008. 'Water-deficit stress-induced anatomical changes in higher plants. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 331(3): 215-225.
Sharifi, P., N. Karbalavi, and H. Aminpanah. 2013. Effects of drought stress and potassium sulfate fertilizer on green bean yield. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. (4): 137-149.
Shekari, F. 2011. Investigation of drought tolerance traits in beans. Report of Research Project. Agricultural Physiology and Biotechnology Research Institute. University of Zanjan. 53pp.
Shekari, F., A. Javanmard, and A. Abbasi. 2015. Effects of super-absorbent polymer application on yield and yield components of rapeseed (Brassica napus). Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 7(3): 361-366.
Siddiqui, M.H., M.Y. Al-Khaishany, M.A. Al-Qutami, M.H. Al-Whaibi, M.S. Al-Wahibi, and N.A. Bukhari. 2015. Response of different genotypes of faba Bean plant to drought stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 16: 10214-10227.
Slesak, I., M. Libik, B. Karpinska, S. Karpinski, and S. Miszalskiz. 2007. The role of hydrogen peroxide in regulation of plant metabolism and cellular signalling in response to environmental stresses. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 54: 39-50.
Sohrabi, Y., G. Heidari, W. Weisany, K. Ghasemi-Golezani, and K. Mohammadi. 2012. Some physiological responses of chickpea cultivars to arbuscular mycorrhiza under drought stress. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 59: 708-716.
Sosulski, F.W., and N.W. Holt. 1980. Amino acid composition and nitrogen-to-protein factors for grain legumes. Canadian Journal of Plant 60(4): 1327-1331.
Sylvia, D., L. Hammond, J. Bennett, J. Haas, and S. Linda. 2012. Field response of maize to a VAM fungus and water management. Agronomy journal. 85: 193-198.
Tabiei, H., and R. Baradaran. 2020. Effect of irrigation intervalsand plantingdate on agronomic characteristics of degen and drfi (Securiger securidaca) in birjand region. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12(1): 80-90. (In Persian).
Tohidi Moghaddam, H., and A.H. Mazaheri. 2012. Effect of manuring fertilizer and super absorbent polymers on qualitative and quantative characteristics of soybean under water deficit stress conditions. Journal of Crop Production Research. 3 (4): 125-139. (In Persian).
Tongo, A., A. Mahdavi, and E. Sayad. 2014. Effect of superabsorbent polymer Aquasorb on growth, establishment and some physiological characteristics of Acacia victoriae seedlings under drought stress. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 5: 951- 963. (In Persian).
Ullah, A., J. Bakht, M. Shafi, and W.A. Islam. 2002. Effect of various irrigations levels on different chickpea varieties. Asian Journal of Plant Science. 4: 355-357.
Wang, M., Q. Zheng, Q. Shen, and S. Guo. 2013. The critical role of potassium in plant stress response. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 14(4): 7370–7390.
Wilson, R. 2004. The Arbortum at flag staff extension Bulletin. pp: 91-99.
Wu, L., M. Liu, and R. Liang. 2008. Preparation and properties of a double coated slowrelease NPK compound fertilizer with superabsorbent and water-retention. Bioresource Technology. 99: 547-554.
Zareh, M. 2011. Analysis of the data in the study of natural resources with the software SPSS. Publications University of Tehran. 249-251. (In Persian).
