Effect of Mycorrhizal Strain on Yield and Essence of Two Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Land Races under Water Stress Conditions
Subject Areas : Journal of Crop Ecophysiology
1 - Associate Prof., Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
Keywords: Relative water content, Seed inoculation, Chlorophyle content, Evaporation from pan,
Abstract :
This study was aimed at the evaluation of yield and essence responses of two fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) local varieties to mycorrhiza under water stress conditions. It was performed in a split split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Iran, during 2013. Factors under study were two fennel land races of Esfahan and Malayer assigned to main plots, three levels to irrigation (70, 100 and 130 mm evaporation from pan) to sub plots and use of two mycorrhizal strains (Rhizophagus intraradices and Funneliformis mosseaeas) and control to sub sub plot. Results revealed that relative water content of leaves in inoculated seeds were improved. It was also observed that chlorophyle content index of fennel leaves in inoculated plants increased by 39% compared to the control. When inoculated plants were irrigated at 100 mm evaporation from pan, it was increased in secondary branches by 4.7 per plant. Plants irrigated at 70 mm and 100 mm evaporation produced higher essence yield (18.5 l.ha-1), but its increase was only 11 l.ha-1 when plants irrigation at 130 mm evaporation. It is concluded that plants in semi arid areas may tolerate drought when seeds inoculated with mycorrhiza better than plants non-inoculated seeds.
Abreu, I.N., and P. Mazzafera. 2005. Effect of water and temperature stress on the content of active constituents of Hypericum brasiliense. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 43: 241-248.
Darzi, M.T., A. Galavand, and F. Rejali. 2009a. Effect of mycorrhiza, vermicompost and phosphate biofertilizer on flowering, biologic yield and root symbiosis on fennel. Journal of Agronomy Science. 10(1): 88-109. (In Persian).
Darzi, M.T., A.Galavand, F. Rejali, and F. Sefidkon. 2009b. Effect of biofertilizers on yield and yield components of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 22(4): 276-292. (In Persian).
Demir, S. 2004. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza on some physiological, growth parameters of pepper. Turkish Journal of Biology. 28: 85-90.
Dunford, N.T., and R.S. Vazquez. 2005. Effect of water stress on plant growth and thymol and carvacrol concentrations in Mexican oregano grown under controlled conditions. Journal of Applied Horticulture. 7(1): 20-22.
Fatima, S., A.H.A. Farooqi, S.R. Ansari, and S. Sharma. 1999. Effect of water stress on growth and essential oil metabolism in Cymbopogon martini (Palmarosa) cultivars. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 11: 491-496.
Freitas, M.S.M., M.A. Martins, and I.J.C. Vieira. 2004. Yield and quality of essential oils of Menthaarvensisin response to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Pesquise Agropecuaria Brasileira. 39(9): 887-894.
Giri, B., R. Kapoor, and K.G. Mukerji. 2002. VA mycorrhizal techniques/ VAM technology in establishment of plants under salinity stress condition. In: Mukerji, K.G., C. Manoracheir, and J. Singh, (eds) Techniques in mycorrhizalstueies Kluwer, Dordrecht. pp: 313-327.
Hornok, L. 1992. Cultivation and processing of medicinal plants. Academic Pub., Budapest, 221p.
Kapoor, R., B. Giri, and K.G. Mukerji. 2009. Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality in Foeniculum vulgare Mill on mycorrhizal inoculation supplemented with P-fertilizer. Bioresource Technology. 93: 307-311.
Kazemi, S., S. Farrahi Ashtiani, and E. Sharifi Ashourabadi. 2002. Effect of water stress on seed yield of cumin. Journal of Paghouhesh and Sazandegi. 58(1): 44-52. (In Persian).
Khalid, K.A. 2006. Influence of water stress on growth, essential oil, and chemical composition of herbs (Ocimum Sp.). International Agrophysics. 20: 289-296.
Khoramdel, S., A. Koucheki, M. Nasiri Mahallati, and R. Gorbani. 2009. Effect of biofertilizers on groth parameters of Nigella sativa. Journal of Agronomy Research. 6: 285-294. (In Persian).
Koucheki, A., M. Nasiri Mahallati, and K. Azizi. 2007. Effects of irrigation and density on yield and yield components of fennel. Journal of Agronomy Research. 1: 131-140. (In Persian).
Koucheki, A., L. Tabrizi, and R. Gorbani. 2009. Evaluation of biofertilizers on growth, yield and quality of Hyssopus officinalis. Journal of Agronomy Research. 6(1) 127-133. (In Persian).
Lebaschi, M.H., E. Sharifi Ashourabadi, and D. Mazaheri. 2003. Fluctuation of hypericin under water deficit. Journal of Paghouhesh and Sazandegi. 16(58): 44-51. (In Persian).
Mirshekari, B. 2012. Production of medicinal and spice crops. Islamic Azad University. Tabriz Branch, Iran. 212 pp. (In Persian).
Mohamed, M.A.H., and M. Abdu. 2004. Growth and oil production of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.): Effect of irrigation and organic fertilization. Journal of Biology Agriculture and Horticulture. 22: 31-39.
Omidbeigi, R., A. Hassani, and F. Sefidkon. 2003. Essential oil content and composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) at different irrigation regimes. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 6: 104-108. (In Persian).
Omidbeigi, R., and M. Mahmoudi Sourestani. 2011. Effect of water stress on morphology and essence yield of Mexican flower (Androfopapiani). Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 41(2): 153-161. (In Persian).
Pirzad, A., H. Aliari, M.R. Shakiba, S. Zehtab Salmasi, and S.A. Mohamadi. 2009. Effects of irrigation and density on water use efficiency of german chamomile. New Findings in Sustainable Agriculture. 2: 49-58. (In Persian).
Ritchie, S.W., and H.T. Nguyen. 1990. Leaf water content and gas exchange parameters of two wheat genotypes differing in drought resistance. Crop Science. 30: 105-111.
Said-alahl, H.A.H., E.A. Omer, and N.Y. Naguib. 2009. Effect of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer on herb and essential oil of oregano. Agrophysics. 23: 269-275.
Shubhra, K., J. Dayal, C.L. Goswami, and R. Munjal. 2004. Effects of water-deficit on oil of Calendula aerial parts. Biologia Plant. 3: 445-448.
Telci, I., I. Demirtas, and A. Sahin. 2009. Variation in plant properties and essential oil composition of sweet fennel (Foneiculum vulgare Mill.) fruits during stages of maturity. Industrial Cereal Crops Products. 30: 126-130.
Vinutha, T. 2005. Biochemical studies on Ocimum sp. inoculated with microbial inoculants. MSc. Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India. 165 pp.
_||_Abreu, I.N., and P. Mazzafera. 2005. Effect of water and temperature stress on the content of active constituents of Hypericum brasiliense. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 43: 241-248.
Darzi, M.T., A. Galavand, and F. Rejali. 2009a. Effect of mycorrhiza, vermicompost and phosphate biofertilizer on flowering, biologic yield and root symbiosis on fennel. Journal of Agronomy Science. 10(1): 88-109. (In Persian).
Darzi, M.T., A.Galavand, F. Rejali, and F. Sefidkon. 2009b. Effect of biofertilizers on yield and yield components of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 22(4): 276-292. (In Persian).
Demir, S. 2004. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza on some physiological, growth parameters of pepper. Turkish Journal of Biology. 28: 85-90.
Dunford, N.T., and R.S. Vazquez. 2005. Effect of water stress on plant growth and thymol and carvacrol concentrations in Mexican oregano grown under controlled conditions. Journal of Applied Horticulture. 7(1): 20-22.
Fatima, S., A.H.A. Farooqi, S.R. Ansari, and S. Sharma. 1999. Effect of water stress on growth and essential oil metabolism in Cymbopogon martini (Palmarosa) cultivars. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 11: 491-496.
Freitas, M.S.M., M.A. Martins, and I.J.C. Vieira. 2004. Yield and quality of essential oils of Menthaarvensisin response to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Pesquise Agropecuaria Brasileira. 39(9): 887-894.
Giri, B., R. Kapoor, and K.G. Mukerji. 2002. VA mycorrhizal techniques/ VAM technology in establishment of plants under salinity stress condition. In: Mukerji, K.G., C. Manoracheir, and J. Singh, (eds) Techniques in mycorrhizalstueies Kluwer, Dordrecht. pp: 313-327.
Hornok, L. 1992. Cultivation and processing of medicinal plants. Academic Pub., Budapest, 221p.
Kapoor, R., B. Giri, and K.G. Mukerji. 2009. Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality in Foeniculum vulgare Mill on mycorrhizal inoculation supplemented with P-fertilizer. Bioresource Technology. 93: 307-311.
Kazemi, S., S. Farrahi Ashtiani, and E. Sharifi Ashourabadi. 2002. Effect of water stress on seed yield of cumin. Journal of Paghouhesh and Sazandegi. 58(1): 44-52. (In Persian).
Khalid, K.A. 2006. Influence of water stress on growth, essential oil, and chemical composition of herbs (Ocimum Sp.). International Agrophysics. 20: 289-296.
Khoramdel, S., A. Koucheki, M. Nasiri Mahallati, and R. Gorbani. 2009. Effect of biofertilizers on groth parameters of Nigella sativa. Journal of Agronomy Research. 6: 285-294. (In Persian).
Koucheki, A., M. Nasiri Mahallati, and K. Azizi. 2007. Effects of irrigation and density on yield and yield components of fennel. Journal of Agronomy Research. 1: 131-140. (In Persian).
Koucheki, A., L. Tabrizi, and R. Gorbani. 2009. Evaluation of biofertilizers on growth, yield and quality of Hyssopus officinalis. Journal of Agronomy Research. 6(1) 127-133. (In Persian).
Lebaschi, M.H., E. Sharifi Ashourabadi, and D. Mazaheri. 2003. Fluctuation of hypericin under water deficit. Journal of Paghouhesh and Sazandegi. 16(58): 44-51. (In Persian).
Mirshekari, B. 2012. Production of medicinal and spice crops. Islamic Azad University. Tabriz Branch, Iran. 212 pp. (In Persian).
Mohamed, M.A.H., and M. Abdu. 2004. Growth and oil production of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.): Effect of irrigation and organic fertilization. Journal of Biology Agriculture and Horticulture. 22: 31-39.
Omidbeigi, R., A. Hassani, and F. Sefidkon. 2003. Essential oil content and composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) at different irrigation regimes. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 6: 104-108. (In Persian).
Omidbeigi, R., and M. Mahmoudi Sourestani. 2011. Effect of water stress on morphology and essence yield of Mexican flower (Androfopapiani). Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 41(2): 153-161. (In Persian).
Pirzad, A., H. Aliari, M.R. Shakiba, S. Zehtab Salmasi, and S.A. Mohamadi. 2009. Effects of irrigation and density on water use efficiency of german chamomile. New Findings in Sustainable Agriculture. 2: 49-58. (In Persian).
Ritchie, S.W., and H.T. Nguyen. 1990. Leaf water content and gas exchange parameters of two wheat genotypes differing in drought resistance. Crop Science. 30: 105-111.
Said-alahl, H.A.H., E.A. Omer, and N.Y. Naguib. 2009. Effect of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer on herb and essential oil of oregano. Agrophysics. 23: 269-275.
Shubhra, K., J. Dayal, C.L. Goswami, and R. Munjal. 2004. Effects of water-deficit on oil of Calendula aerial parts. Biologia Plant. 3: 445-448.
Telci, I., I. Demirtas, and A. Sahin. 2009. Variation in plant properties and essential oil composition of sweet fennel (Foneiculum vulgare Mill.) fruits during stages of maturity. Industrial Cereal Crops Products. 30: 126-130.
Vinutha, T. 2005. Biochemical studies on Ocimum sp. inoculated with microbial inoculants. MSc. Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India. 165 pp.
