Effects of Mycorrhizae and nano Fe-Zn oxide on nodulation and quantitative and qualitative yield of rain fed lentil (Lens culinaris L.)
Subject Areas : GeneticRavanbakhsh Aghahei 1 , Raouf Seyed sharifi 2 , Hamed Narimani 3
1 - Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
2 - اردبیل دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات
کد پستی 5619911367
3 - Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
Keywords: Grain yield, Microelement, Chlorophyll index, Protein content, Biofertilizers,
Abstract :
In order to study the effects of mycorrhizae and foliar application of nano Fe and Zn oxides on nodulation and quantitative and qualitative yield of lentil under rain fed conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in a farm at Zardalo village, Ardabil province during 2017-2018. Treatments included foliar application of nano Fe and Zn oxides at four levels (foliar application with water as control, foliar application of nano iron oxide (0.6 gL-1), nano zinc oxide (0.6 gL-1), combined foliar application of nano Fe and Zn oxides (0.3 g L-1 each), and application of mycorrhiza at four levels (no application of mycorrhiza as control, application of Mycorrhizae mosseae, Mycorrhiza intraradices, and combined application of Mycorrhiza intraradices with mycorrhiza mosseae). Means comparison showed that foliar application of nano Fe-Zn oxides as well as combined application of mycorrhizal mosseae and intraradices increased number of active nodules per plant, percentage of active nodules per plant, 100 grain weight, and grain yield by 173.2, 93.08, 36.58, and 58.34% respectively in comparison with no foliar application of nano Fe-Zn oxide and no application of mycorrhiza. Also, combined foliar application of nano Fe-Zn oxide along with mycorrhiza mosseae and intraradices increased respectively the number of grains per pod, number of pods per plant, dry weight of root, zinc content of grains, and protein contentof grains increased by 42.14, 95.17, 12o, 58.2, and 47.55%, respectively in comparison with no application of mycorrhiza and nano Fe-Zn oxide. It seems that foliar application of nano Fe-Zn oxide and mycorrhiza application owing to improving some morphophysiological traits can be considered as a proper method for increasing quantitative and qualitative yield and mitigating the effects of water deficit in rain fed conditions.
Abolfazli, B., Alikani, H.A. and Rejali, F. (2017). Evaluating synergistic effects of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on symbiotic nitrogen fixation in lentil plant under water stress conditions. Journal of Soil Biology. 4(2): 123-134.
Alizadeh, O., Alizadeh, A. and Aryana, L. (2010). Optimizing of nitrogen and phosphorus consumption in sustainable agriculture of corn using mycorrhizal and vermicompost. Science-Research Quarterly Journal New Finding in Agriculture. 3(3): 303-316.
Al-Karaki, G., McMichael, B. and Zak, J. (2004). Field response of wheat to Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and drought stress. Mycorrhiza. 14: 263-269.
Anoma, A., Collins, R. and McNeil, D. (2014). The value of enhancing nutrient bioavailability of lentils: The Sri Lankan Scenario. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 14(7): 9529-9543.
Antolin, M.C. and Sanches, D.M. (1993). Effects of temporary drought on photosynthesis of alfalfa plants. Journal of Experimental Botany. 44(265): 1341-1349.
Antunes, P.M., Deaville, D. and Goss, M.J. (2006). Effect of two AMF life strategies on tripartite symbiosis with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and soybean. Mycorrhiza. 16: 167-173.
Asrar, A.W.A. and Elhindi, K.M. (2011). Alleviation of drought stress of marigold (Tagetes erecta) plants by using Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 18: 93-98.
Auge, R.M. (2001). Water relations, drought and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhiza. 11: 3-42.
Beck, D.P., Materon, L.A. and Afandi, F. (1993). Practical Rhizobium legume technology manual, Technical Manual No: 19. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria.
Bianciotto, V., Andreotti, S., Balestrini, R., Bonfante, P. and Perotto, S. (2001). Extracellular polysaccharides are involved in the attachment of Azospirillum brasilense and Rhizobium leguminosarum to arbuscular mycorrhizal structures. European Journal of Histochemistry. 45: 39-49.
Cakmack, I. (2002). Plant nutrition research: Priorities to meet human needs for food in sustainable ways. Plant and Soil. 247: 3-24.
Caris, C., Hordt, W., Hawkins, H.J., Romhel, V. and Eckhard, G. (1998). Studies of iron transport by AM hyphae from soil to peanut and sorghum plants. Mycorrhiza. 8: 35-39.
Cooper, K.M. and Tinker, P.B. (2003). Translocation and transfer of nutrients in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal. Uptake and translocation of phosphorus, zinc and sulphur. New Phytologist. 81: 43-52.
Erskine, W., Muehlbauer, F.J. and Short, R.W. (1990). Stages of Development in Lentil. Experimental Agriculture. 26(3): 297-302.
Eydizadeh, K., Mahdavi Damghani, A., Sabahi, H. and Soufizadeh, S. (2010). Effect of integrated application of biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer on growth of maize (Zea mays L.) in Shushtar. Journal of Agroecology. 2(2): 292-301.
Giri, B. and Mukerji, K.G. (2004). Mycorrhizal inoculant alleviates salt stress in Sesbania aegyptiaca and Sesbania grandiflora under field condition: evidence for reduced sodium and improved magnesium uptake. Mycorrhiza. 14: 307-312.
Goos, R.J. and Johnson, B.E. (2000). A comparison of three methods for reducing iron-deficiency chlorosis in soybean. Agronomy journal. 92: 1135-1139.
Hadi, H., Seyed Sharifi, R. and Namvar, A. (2016). Phytoprotectants & Abiotic Stresses. Urmia University Press. Urmia.
Hamzei, J., Seyedi, M., Azadbakht, A. and Fesahat, A. (2018). Effect of foliar application of iron on growth, nodulation and quantity and quality of yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in Hamedan. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 12(3): 427-444.
Hosseini, F.S., Nezami, A., Parsa, M. and Hajmohammadnia Ghalibaf, K. (2016). Effects of supplementary irrigation at phenological stages on some growth indices of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivars in Mashhad region. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research. 7(1): 120-105.
Irmak, S., Nuran Cıl, A., Yucel, H. and Kaya, Z. (2012). The effects of iron application to soil and foliarly on agronomic properties and yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 10(3and4): 417-422.
Jalil Shesh Bahre, M. and Movahedi Dehnavi, M. (2012). Effect of zinc and iron foliar application on soybesn seed vigour grown under drought stress. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 5(1): 35-19.
Khaledbarin, B. and Eslamzadeh, T. (2002). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Shiraz University Press. Shiraz.
Lawlor, D.W. and Cornic, G. (2002). Photosynthetic carbon assimilation and associated metabolism in relation to water deficits in higher plants. Plant, Cell and Environment. 25: 275-294.
Loggini, B., Scartazza, A., Brugnoli, E. and Navari Izzo, F. (1999). Antioxidative defense system pigment composition and photosynthetic efficiency in two wheat cultivars subjected to drought. Plant Physiology. 119: 1091-1100.
Maougal, R.T., Brauman, A., Plassard, C., Abadie, J. Djekoun, A. and Drevon, J.J. (2014). Response of Dahilia pinnata L. plant to foliar spray with putrescine and thiamine on growth, flowering and photosynthetic pigments. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences. 10: 769-775.
Mehraban, A. (2017). Effect of foliar application of iron on yield, yield component, and grain protein of lentil crop. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 12(45): 27-37.
Monica, R.C. and Cremonini, R. (2009). Nanoparticles and higher plants. Caryologia. International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics. 62(2): 161-165.
Movahhedi Dehnavi, M., Modarres Sanavi, A.M., Soroush-Zade, A. and Jalali, M. (2004). Changes of proline, total soluble sugars, chlorophyll (SPAD) content and chlorophyll fluorescence in safflower varieties under drought stress and foliar application of zinc and manganese. Biaban. 9: 1.93-110.
Namvar, A., Seyed Sharifi, R., Sedghi, M., Khandan, T. and Eskandarpour B. (2011). Study on the effects of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components, and nodulation state of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 42(9): 1097-1109.
Nasiri, Y. and Najafi, N. (2015). Effects of soil and foliar applications of iron and zinc on flowering and essential oil of chamomile at greenhouse conditions. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 105: 33-41.
Nasrollahzadeh Asl, A. and Gorbannezhad, H. (2015). Effect of biological and mineral phosphorus fertilizers together with microelement sprayings on yield and component of yield in pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 8(32. 4): 451-464.
Pandey, A.C., Sanjay, S.S. and Yadav, R.S. (2010). Application of ZnO nanoparticles in influencing the growth rate of Cicer arietinum L. Journal of Experimental Nanoscience. 5: 488-497.
Peoples, M.B., Bowman, R.R., Gault, D.F., Herridge, M.H., McCallum, K.M., McCormick, Scammell G.J. and Schwenke G.D. (2001). Factors regulating the contributions of fixed nitrogen by pasture and crop legumes to different farming systems of eastern Australia. Plant and Soil. 228: 29-41.
Pinto, A., Mota, M. and Varennes, A. (2005). Influence of organic matter on the uptakc of zinc, copper and iron by Sorghum plants. Science Total Environment. 326: 239-247.
Prasad, T.N., Sudhakar, P., Sreenivasulu, Y., Latha, P., Munaswamy, V., Raja Reddy, K., Sreeprasad, T.S. and Sajanlal P.R. (2012). Effect of nanoscale zinc-oxide particles on the germination, growth and yield of peanut. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 35: 905-927.
Mohajerani; Sh., Alavi Fazel, M., Madani, H., Lak, Sh. and Madhaj, A. (2015). Effects of water shortage at different growth stages on physiological and biochemical traits in red bean genotypes (Phaseolous vulgaris L.). Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 10 (40): 41-50
Safari, D. (2019). Effect of zinc and boron spraying on yield and yield components of two spring lentil cultivars in Kermanshah climatic condition. Agroecology Journal. 15(1): 25-33.
Salehi, M. and Tamaskoni, F. (2008). Effect nano oxide at seed treatment on germination and seedling growth of wheat under salinity. Seed Science and Technology. 2: 204-209.
Schutz, H. and Fangmier, E. (2001). Growth and yield responses of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Minaret) to elevated CO2 and water limitation. Environmental Pollution. 114: 187-194.
Sepetoglu, H. (2002). Grain Legumes. Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agric, Univ of Ege Pupl. 24/4, Izmir, Turkey.
Seyed Sharifi, R. and Namvar, A. (2015). Bio Fertilizers in Agronomy. University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Press.
Seyed Sharifi, R., Khalilzadeh, R. and Soltan Moradi, S. (2017). The effects of mycorrhizal fungi and nano zinc oxide on yield, dry matter accumulation, rate and duration of grain filling of wheat under soil salinity condition. Applied Field Crops Research. 30(2): 31-49.
Solaiman, A.R.M., Rabbani, M.G. and Molla, M.N. (2005). Effects of inoculation of Rhizobium and Arbuscular mycorrhiza, poultry litter, nitrogen, and phosphorus on growth and yield in chickpea. Korean Journal of Crop Science. 50: 256-261.
Subramanian, K.S., Tenshia, J.V., Jayalakshmi, K. and Ramachandran, V. (2011). Antioxidant enzyme activities in Arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomus intraradices) fungus inoculated and non-inoculated maize plants under zinc deficiency. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 51(1): 37-43.
Tanhaei, R., Yadavi, A.R., Movahedi Dehnavi, M. and Salehi, A. (2018). Effects of Mycorrhizal fungi and biofertilizer on yield and yield components of Red Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in drought stress conditions. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 28(3): 277-291.
Verma, J., Yadav, J. and Tiwari, K. (2010). Application of Rhizobium sp. BHURC01 and plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria on nodulation, plant biomass and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). International Journal of Agricultural Research. 5(3): 148-156.
Wang, M., Christie, P., Xiao, Z., Wang, P., Lio, J. and Xia, R. (2008). Arbuscular mycorrhizal enhancement of iron concentration by Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf and Citrus reticulate Blanco grown on sand medium under different pH. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 45: 65-72.
Welch, R.M., Allaway, W.H., House, W.A. and Kabota, J. (1991). Geographic distribution of trace element problem. PP. 31-57. In: Micronutrients in Agriculture. 2nd ed. Ed: J. J. Mortvedt et al. Soil Science. Society of American. Madison, WI.
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Abolfazli, B., Alikani, H.A. and Rejali, F. (2017). Evaluating synergistic effects of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on symbiotic nitrogen fixation in lentil plant under water stress conditions. Journal of Soil Biology. 4(2): 123-134.
Alizadeh, O., Alizadeh, A. and Aryana, L. (2010). Optimizing of nitrogen and phosphorus consumption in sustainable agriculture of corn using mycorrhizal and vermicompost. Science-Research Quarterly Journal New Finding in Agriculture. 3(3): 303-316.
Al-Karaki, G., McMichael, B. and Zak, J. (2004). Field response of wheat to Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and drought stress. Mycorrhiza. 14: 263-269.
Anoma, A., Collins, R. and McNeil, D. (2014). The value of enhancing nutrient bioavailability of lentils: The Sri Lankan Scenario. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 14(7): 9529-9543.
Antolin, M.C. and Sanches, D.M. (1993). Effects of temporary drought on photosynthesis of alfalfa plants. Journal of Experimental Botany. 44(265): 1341-1349.
Antunes, P.M., Deaville, D. and Goss, M.J. (2006). Effect of two AMF life strategies on tripartite symbiosis with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and soybean. Mycorrhiza. 16: 167-173.
Asrar, A.W.A. and Elhindi, K.M. (2011). Alleviation of drought stress of marigold (Tagetes erecta) plants by using Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 18: 93-98.
Auge, R.M. (2001). Water relations, drought and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhiza. 11: 3-42.
Beck, D.P., Materon, L.A. and Afandi, F. (1993). Practical Rhizobium legume technology manual, Technical Manual No: 19. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria.
Bianciotto, V., Andreotti, S., Balestrini, R., Bonfante, P. and Perotto, S. (2001). Extracellular polysaccharides are involved in the attachment of Azospirillum brasilense and Rhizobium leguminosarum to arbuscular mycorrhizal structures. European Journal of Histochemistry. 45: 39-49.
Cakmack, I. (2002). Plant nutrition research: Priorities to meet human needs for food in sustainable ways. Plant and Soil. 247: 3-24.
Caris, C., Hordt, W., Hawkins, H.J., Romhel, V. and Eckhard, G. (1998). Studies of iron transport by AM hyphae from soil to peanut and sorghum plants. Mycorrhiza. 8: 35-39.
Cooper, K.M. and Tinker, P.B. (2003). Translocation and transfer of nutrients in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal. Uptake and translocation of phosphorus, zinc and sulphur. New Phytologist. 81: 43-52.
Erskine, W., Muehlbauer, F.J. and Short, R.W. (1990). Stages of Development in Lentil. Experimental Agriculture. 26(3): 297-302.
Eydizadeh, K., Mahdavi Damghani, A., Sabahi, H. and Soufizadeh, S. (2010). Effect of integrated application of biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer on growth of maize (Zea mays L.) in Shushtar. Journal of Agroecology. 2(2): 292-301.
Giri, B. and Mukerji, K.G. (2004). Mycorrhizal inoculant alleviates salt stress in Sesbania aegyptiaca and Sesbania grandiflora under field condition: evidence for reduced sodium and improved magnesium uptake. Mycorrhiza. 14: 307-312.
Goos, R.J. and Johnson, B.E. (2000). A comparison of three methods for reducing iron-deficiency chlorosis in soybean. Agronomy journal. 92: 1135-1139.
Hadi, H., Seyed Sharifi, R. and Namvar, A. (2016). Phytoprotectants & Abiotic Stresses. Urmia University Press. Urmia.
Hamzei, J., Seyedi, M., Azadbakht, A. and Fesahat, A. (2018). Effect of foliar application of iron on growth, nodulation and quantity and quality of yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in Hamedan. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 12(3): 427-444.
Hosseini, F.S., Nezami, A., Parsa, M. and Hajmohammadnia Ghalibaf, K. (2016). Effects of supplementary irrigation at phenological stages on some growth indices of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivars in Mashhad region. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research. 7(1): 120-105.
Irmak, S., Nuran Cıl, A., Yucel, H. and Kaya, Z. (2012). The effects of iron application to soil and foliarly on agronomic properties and yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 10(3and4): 417-422.
Jalil Shesh Bahre, M. and Movahedi Dehnavi, M. (2012). Effect of zinc and iron foliar application on soybesn seed vigour grown under drought stress. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 5(1): 35-19.
Khaledbarin, B. and Eslamzadeh, T. (2002). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Shiraz University Press. Shiraz.
Lawlor, D.W. and Cornic, G. (2002). Photosynthetic carbon assimilation and associated metabolism in relation to water deficits in higher plants. Plant, Cell and Environment. 25: 275-294.
Loggini, B., Scartazza, A., Brugnoli, E. and Navari Izzo, F. (1999). Antioxidative defense system pigment composition and photosynthetic efficiency in two wheat cultivars subjected to drought. Plant Physiology. 119: 1091-1100.
Maougal, R.T., Brauman, A., Plassard, C., Abadie, J. Djekoun, A. and Drevon, J.J. (2014). Response of Dahilia pinnata L. plant to foliar spray with putrescine and thiamine on growth, flowering and photosynthetic pigments. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences. 10: 769-775.
Mehraban, A. (2017). Effect of foliar application of iron on yield, yield component, and grain protein of lentil crop. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 12(45): 27-37.
Monica, R.C. and Cremonini, R. (2009). Nanoparticles and higher plants. Caryologia. International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics. 62(2): 161-165.
Movahhedi Dehnavi, M., Modarres Sanavi, A.M., Soroush-Zade, A. and Jalali, M. (2004). Changes of proline, total soluble sugars, chlorophyll (SPAD) content and chlorophyll fluorescence in safflower varieties under drought stress and foliar application of zinc and manganese. Biaban. 9: 1.93-110.
Namvar, A., Seyed Sharifi, R., Sedghi, M., Khandan, T. and Eskandarpour B. (2011). Study on the effects of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components, and nodulation state of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 42(9): 1097-1109.
Nasiri, Y. and Najafi, N. (2015). Effects of soil and foliar applications of iron and zinc on flowering and essential oil of chamomile at greenhouse conditions. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 105: 33-41.
Nasrollahzadeh Asl, A. and Gorbannezhad, H. (2015). Effect of biological and mineral phosphorus fertilizers together with microelement sprayings on yield and component of yield in pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 8(32. 4): 451-464.
Pandey, A.C., Sanjay, S.S. and Yadav, R.S. (2010). Application of ZnO nanoparticles in influencing the growth rate of Cicer arietinum L. Journal of Experimental Nanoscience. 5: 488-497.
Peoples, M.B., Bowman, R.R., Gault, D.F., Herridge, M.H., McCallum, K.M., McCormick, Scammell G.J. and Schwenke G.D. (2001). Factors regulating the contributions of fixed nitrogen by pasture and crop legumes to different farming systems of eastern Australia. Plant and Soil. 228: 29-41.
Pinto, A., Mota, M. and Varennes, A. (2005). Influence of organic matter on the uptakc of zinc, copper and iron by Sorghum plants. Science Total Environment. 326: 239-247.
Prasad, T.N., Sudhakar, P., Sreenivasulu, Y., Latha, P., Munaswamy, V., Raja Reddy, K., Sreeprasad, T.S. and Sajanlal P.R. (2012). Effect of nanoscale zinc-oxide particles on the germination, growth and yield of peanut. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 35: 905-927.
Mohajerani; Sh., Alavi Fazel, M., Madani, H., Lak, Sh. and Madhaj, A. (2015). Effects of water shortage at different growth stages on physiological and biochemical traits in red bean genotypes (Phaseolous vulgaris L.). Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 10 (40): 41-50
Safari, D. (2019). Effect of zinc and boron spraying on yield and yield components of two spring lentil cultivars in Kermanshah climatic condition. Agroecology Journal. 15(1): 25-33.
Salehi, M. and Tamaskoni, F. (2008). Effect nano oxide at seed treatment on germination and seedling growth of wheat under salinity. Seed Science and Technology. 2: 204-209.
Schutz, H. and Fangmier, E. (2001). Growth and yield responses of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Minaret) to elevated CO2 and water limitation. Environmental Pollution. 114: 187-194.
Sepetoglu, H. (2002). Grain Legumes. Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agric, Univ of Ege Pupl. 24/4, Izmir, Turkey.
Seyed Sharifi, R. and Namvar, A. (2015). Bio Fertilizers in Agronomy. University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Press.
Seyed Sharifi, R., Khalilzadeh, R. and Soltan Moradi, S. (2017). The effects of mycorrhizal fungi and nano zinc oxide on yield, dry matter accumulation, rate and duration of grain filling of wheat under soil salinity condition. Applied Field Crops Research. 30(2): 31-49.
Solaiman, A.R.M., Rabbani, M.G. and Molla, M.N. (2005). Effects of inoculation of Rhizobium and Arbuscular mycorrhiza, poultry litter, nitrogen, and phosphorus on growth and yield in chickpea. Korean Journal of Crop Science. 50: 256-261.
Subramanian, K.S., Tenshia, J.V., Jayalakshmi, K. and Ramachandran, V. (2011). Antioxidant enzyme activities in Arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomus intraradices) fungus inoculated and non-inoculated maize plants under zinc deficiency. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 51(1): 37-43.
Tanhaei, R., Yadavi, A.R., Movahedi Dehnavi, M. and Salehi, A. (2018). Effects of Mycorrhizal fungi and biofertilizer on yield and yield components of Red Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in drought stress conditions. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 28(3): 277-291.
Verma, J., Yadav, J. and Tiwari, K. (2010). Application of Rhizobium sp. BHURC01 and plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria on nodulation, plant biomass and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). International Journal of Agricultural Research. 5(3): 148-156.
Wang, M., Christie, P., Xiao, Z., Wang, P., Lio, J. and Xia, R. (2008). Arbuscular mycorrhizal enhancement of iron concentration by Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf and Citrus reticulate Blanco grown on sand medium under different pH. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 45: 65-72.
Welch, R.M., Allaway, W.H., House, W.A. and Kabota, J. (1991). Geographic distribution of trace element problem. PP. 31-57. In: Micronutrients in Agriculture. 2nd ed. Ed: J. J. Mortvedt et al. Soil Science. Society of American. Madison, WI.
