• List of Articles competition

      • Open Access Article

        1 - Local Competition in Bayhaq: Political Roots (3-7 AH)
        مرتضی دانشیار
        In the early Islamic centuries, Bayhaq region was a dependent ofNīshāpūr. In the first Islamic century when the Khurasan- Iraq- roadreplaced by Nīshāpūr-Bayhaq- Ray- Iraq highway, Bayhaq gainedincreasing commercial and military importance. So that, her safeguardbecame a More
        In the early Islamic centuries, Bayhaq region was a dependent ofNīshāpūr. In the first Islamic century when the Khurasan- Iraq- roadreplaced by Nīshāpūr-Bayhaq- Ray- Iraq highway, Bayhaq gainedincreasing commercial and military importance. So that, her safeguardbecame a priority for governors of Khurasan. Since then Bayhaqexperienced both local uprisings and competitions as well. Presentstudy intends to examine causes of this instability. The findingssuggest that policy of governors of Khurasan in changing the seat ofthe Bayhaq region was a main cause of local competition and conflict. Manuscript profile
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        2 - A Novel ICA-based Estimator for Software Cost Estimation
        Behrouz Sadeghi Vahid Khatibi Bardsiri Monireh Esfandiari Farzad Hosseinzadeh
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      • Open Access Article

        3 - Evaluate brand-based marketing based on competition strategy policies in the management of brand-owned state-owned companies
        soheil karimirad Leila andervazh
        10.30495/ijpa.2022.66749.10863
        Background: Given the competitive environment in the insurance industry, maintaining and developing market share is the result of competitive strategy policies. Therefore, identifying the factors influencing competition strategy policies is considered an important issue More
        Background: Given the competitive environment in the insurance industry, maintaining and developing market share is the result of competitive strategy policies. Therefore, identifying the factors influencing competition strategy policies is considered an important issue in strategic brand-based marketing decisions. According to the findings, brandorientation stimulates the development of organizational identity and organizational identity also plays an important role in implementing brand-oriented marketing and improving the strategy of competitive strategy policies. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of brand-based marketing on competition strategy policies with emphasis on the role of organizational identity intervener in Iran Insurance Company. Methods: The research method is descriptive-correlational. The research population includes 400 employees of Iran Insurance Company. The sampling method used was simple random and the sample size was 196 based on Morgan table. It was analyzed in descriptive statistics by SPSS software. SMART-PALS software was used to test the developed hypotheses. Results: Findings obtained from path coefficients and significant coefficients showed that brand-based marketing have a significant and positive effect on competition strategy policies (β = 0.407, t = 4.821). Brand-based marketing has a positive and significant effect on organizational identity (β = 0.828, t = 28.171). It was also concluded that organizational identity has a significant and positive effect on competition strategy policies (β = 0.489, t = 5.817). Another result of the study showed that organizational identity can play a mediating role between the relationship between brand-based marketing and competitive strategy policies. Conclusion: The result of this study indicates that paying attention to brand-oriented marketing equips Iran Insurance Company with capabilities and capabilities that can have many results and consequences for companies such as company growth, profitability, increasing market share and increasing competitiveness.  Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        4 - Business wargaming (typology, elements and process)
        samira shahmansouri
        Background: Studying and analyzing business aspects has a positive effect on the organization's capabilities in the field of dynamic competition. In this regard, this study tries to identify the need for the application of business wargaming in the dynamic decision-maki More
        Background: Studying and analyzing business aspects has a positive effect on the organization's capabilities in the field of dynamic competition. In this regard, this study tries to identify the need for the application of business wargaming in the dynamic decision-making process for the organization by trying to typologically approach the wargaming in the management literature and determine the position and goals related to each dimension. The business wargaming is an intellectually free and safe environment against failure that contributes to the factors influencing the success or failure of competition in a dynamic environment, and is a participatory and creative challenging process that is often judged or judged. To take. This leads to dynamic events in the decisions of its implementers following the analysis of the competitive situation and is used to provide a decision-making experience for managers. Method: Considering that the application of this approach in the field of management is at an early stage and in this field no study has been done in the country, we try to study the study abroad and review the related literature.Objective: To introduce and study the typology of wargaming, identify elements, processes and stages, applications and techniques, principles and instructions, maps and responsibilities, and to introduce this interdisciplinary approach.Conclusion: Mentioning the advantages and limitations of the business wargaming approach and presenting the goals related to each field of wargaming related to the field of management is the end of this research. Manuscript profile
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        5 - The Impact of Architectural Competitions on the Improvement of the Post-Revolution Architecture in Iran
        Reza FarmahiniFarahani Iraj Etesam Seyed Rahman Eghbali
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      • Open Access Article

        6 - Identifying the causal and contextual factors affecting the success of the Iranian military sports caravan in the CISM 2023 competitions
        Abdolreza Arianfard Reza Saboonchi Mohammad Nikravan
        10.30495/jism.2023.23192
        Objective: The aim of this article is to identify and analyze the causal and contextual factors affecting the success of the Iranian military sports caravan in the CISM 2023 competitions. This issue can lead to the improvement of the sports performance of this caravan. More
        Objective: The aim of this article is to identify and analyze the causal and contextual factors affecting the success of the Iranian military sports caravan in the CISM 2023 competitions. This issue can lead to the improvement of the sports performance of this caravan. The present research method is a combination of qualitative-quantitative type, which in the qualitative stage, using grounded theory, the factors affecting the success of CISM are identified and in the quantitative stage, these factors are confirmed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The statistical population of this research includes all experts in military champion sports or CISM, which includes managers, executives, professors and experts, officers and CISM athletes. The information was collected by in-depth interview method and using qualitative data analysis method and Strauss and Corbin paradigm model, the relationships between different categories were examined. The results showed that the success of the Iranian military sports caravan in the CISM 2023 competitions is dependent on optimal governance and operational strategies, which are influenced by causal, contextual and intervening conditions. Also, the use of appropriate strategies leads to the development of human capital and social-economic capital. Conclusion: This article, using a combined qualitative-quantitative approach, has identified and analyzed the causal and contextual factors affecting the success of the Iranian military sports caravan in the CISM 2023 competitions. This article can be used as a theoretical model for planning and implementing military sports activities in international competitions. Also, this article can be used as a basis for conducting future research in this field. It is suggested that in future research, the factors affecting the success of the military sports caravan in the CISM 2023 competitions be examined using other quantitative methods such as regression analysis or path analysis. It is also suggested that the views of other sports experts such as sports psychologists, sports coaches, sports referees, etc. be used in this topic. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        7 - Optimal design for competitive service facilities under certainty using an improved differential evaluation algorithm
        mohammad fallah Reza Tavakkoli-Moghaddam Ali Pahlavani alireza salamatbakhsh
        This paper presents a simultaneous optimization model of location and server allocation for a company that enters into a competitive market. The goal is company's profit maximization. Customers are likely to select the facility based on price, travel time and queue time More
        This paper presents a simultaneous optimization model of location and server allocation for a company that enters into a competitive market. The goal is company's profit maximization. Customers are likely to select the facility based on price, travel time and queue time. Furthermore, as a contribution to the literature, it is assumed that customer awareness of the levels of waiting times in the facilities will increase in stages and over the successive uses of the facilities network. Demand is defined elastic and as a function of the customer's desirability of network’s design and the cost of delivering service at a facility is defined as a function of its demand attraction. An improved differential evolution algorithm has been developed to solve the model and sample problems to demonstrate its efficiency have been solved. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        8 - The Effects of Product Market Competition on Agency Costs
        امید پورحیدری امیر سروستانی رحمت اله هوشمند
        In this paper , the effect of Product Market Competition on Agency Cost isinvestigated. In this regard, the effect of size is controlled. For measuring the ProductMarket Competition, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index of sales and entry barriers is used.For measuring agency More
        In this paper , the effect of Product Market Competition on Agency Cost isinvestigated. In this regard, the effect of size is controlled. For measuring the ProductMarket Competition, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index of sales and entry barriers is used.For measuring agency cost ,two criterion is used. The first criterion is the interaction ofthe firm’s growth prospects and its free cash flows. We used Tobin’s Q as a proxy for thefirm’s growth prospects. The other criterion is the assets turnover ratio.To test thehypotheses and data,multiple linear regression was used. findings of investigating 62firms in the 2003 to 2011 show that as the firm competition power increases and on theother hand the degree of the product market competition decreases, the agency cost wouldsignificantly increase. Moreover, the strength of the research results using annual datawere also exmined. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        9 - The Analysis of banking regulation on competition in Iranian Banking Industry R
        رضا طالبلو حمید بهمن پور
        This paper analyzes the effect of banking regulation on competition on in Iran’sbanking system, using unbalanced panel data models for 17 banks functioning in Iran'seconomy, spanning 1996-2009.In this paper we used lerner index as a proxy for competition. For this More
        This paper analyzes the effect of banking regulation on competition on in Iran’sbanking system, using unbalanced panel data models for 17 banks functioning in Iran'seconomy, spanning 1996-2009.In this paper we used lerner index as a proxy for competition. For this purpose,first translog cost function of each bank were estimated and then marginal costs wereestimated. For regulation proxy, using beck et al (2008) method, we use Capitalrequirment , information disclosure of banking and some other proxy. Results showthat Capital requirment increase banking competition. information disclosure ofbanking that is proxy of monitoring,and other regulations do not any sighnificanteffect on banking competition. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        10 - Identification of Capital Structure Adjustment Speed Using a Dynamic Model of Optimal Capital Structure; Emphasis on Product Market Competition Factor
        Amirmohsein Gorji Reza Raei
        Over 50 years of researching into capital structure provides different and sometimes conflicting theories in corporate finance. Among these theories, the trade-off theory with a long background; has been considered in many studies and still is being considered. One of t More
        Over 50 years of researching into capital structure provides different and sometimes conflicting theories in corporate finance. Among these theories, the trade-off theory with a long background; has been considered in many studies and still is being considered. One of the latest approaches of this theory is dynamic trade-off theory. Regarding to this approach, we have tried to identify the capital structure adjustment speed among the companies of Tehran stock exchange (TSE) in this thesis. Hence we employed a partial dynamic adjustment model with panel data and tried to estimate this speed with advanced econometric methods such as generalized method of moments. Our sample consists of 225 firms for 20 years (1992-2012). The results reveal that Iranian firms adjust quickly toward their target leverages (around 48% per year, according to instrumental variable method and 26% per year, according to generalized method of moments). These rapid adjustment speeds confirm the explanatory power of trade-off theory among Iranian firms in the analyzed period. The other purpose of this thesis is to analyze the relationship between product market competition (measured by Tobin’s Q) and the capital structure of Iranian firms. The results of generalized method of moments estimation, detect a positive relationship between the intensity of competition and leverage ratio, which supports the limited liability models. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        11 - Market Structure and Social Costs in Cement Industry: The Case study of Iran
        سید شمس الدین حسینی سمیه دودانگه
        This paper aims to highlight the structure of cement market in Iran and show how it has performed in the past, particularly over period of 2000 - 2007. Following the new policy guidelines notified by the supreme leader of Iran, I republic, pertaining the article 44 of T More
        This paper aims to highlight the structure of cement market in Iran and show how it has performed in the past, particularly over period of 2000 - 2007. Following the new policy guidelines notified by the supreme leader of Iran, I republic, pertaining the article 44 of The Constitution, it deemed necessary to carry out studies evaluating the viability these corporation exposed to market forces. The rationale behind  this new policy was to expedite the divestment process of state owned corporations to private entities as a step to enhance an environment of competitiveness in the economy, and also to promote productivity , social welfare and so forth,   As such, this study aims to fill this gap. To delineate the structure of Cement market, techniques such as Concentration index, Hirfindal-Hirshman index, and Entropy (both cases of including not including ownership effect) indexes are used. In the case Entropy including ownership effect, the result shows that over the period under study, the concentration ratio of top four firms were between 74 and 84 percent, and that of Herfindhal-Hirshman index was between 2018 and 2501 unit and Entropy index was between 0.74 and 0.83. In the case Entropy excluding ownership effect, the above observation can not be maintained. To measure social cost inflicted by Cement Industry Activities, Cowling-Mueller Method, was used. Cost function for cement industry (comprising of 10 firms) was estimated in an Integral Data Pattern Format using data covering the period of 2000 to 2007. Then, based on the information, the total cost of above mentioned firms, their price deviation from total cost, and the total welfare costs of the industry as a whole were calculated. The results of above calculations show that the welfare loss resulted from monopoly of these 10 firms, amounts to 44 percent of sale value. Moreover, economics of scale was taken care of while estimating marginal cost and average cost in this industry.   Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        12 - Effective Dimensions on Clinical Governance Success (Stimuluses, Enablers, Challenges) in a Private Hospital with Delphi-Fuzzy Approach
        zeinab mohammadi hosein didekhani
        10.30495/jhm.2023.70130.11073
        Introduction: Different countries have used methods and tools for promotion of health care to date. One of these methods is clinical governance. In this study, effective dimensions on clinical governance were evaluated in the point of view of health managers.Methods: In More
        Introduction: Different countries have used methods and tools for promotion of health care to date. One of these methods is clinical governance. In this study, effective dimensions on clinical governance were evaluated in the point of view of health managers.Methods: In this qualitative study, a comprehensive model of effective agents on clinical governance was presented by Delphi Fuzzy method. Using literature review and opinion of 30 experts and health managers of Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Goragn, and Phalsaphi privet hospital, impaired items on eight dimensions of clinical governance in Phalsaphi hospital were selected, designed as a model and assessed by Fuzzy analysis.Results: According to suggested model, effective dimensions and variables were in three groups including stimuluses, enablers and challenges. The significance level was 8.31 based on the mean of significance level column. According to it, the internal marketing dimension with the highest significance level (10.88) and after that dimensions including education (research and development) and empowering employees with the significance level 10.54 and 10.48, respectively, had the highest effect on clinical governance implementation. The lowest effect on successful implementation of clinical governance was belong to the education dimension with the significance level 2.95. Conclusion: The findings suggest that establishment of clinical governance in studied hospital specially needs strengthen internal marketing, education (research and development) and empowering employees and clinical governance can be used to improve the performance of the treatment centers. Manuscript profile
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        13 - Increasing performance and innovation in medical centers by implementing a competitive strategy
        mohamadtaghi amini Hassan Forati Mehdi Haddadzadeh mehrdad parisai
        Abstract: Introduction: the problems in the treatment industry have caused a decrease in the innovation and performance of the treatment centers, increased the cost of these centers and increased the recovery time of the patients. The government's attention to t More
        Abstract: Introduction: the problems in the treatment industry have caused a decrease in the innovation and performance of the treatment centers, increased the cost of these centers and increased the recovery time of the patients. The government's attention to this industry and cooperation with competition between these centers can be a solution in this field. The present study aims to identify the impact of this strategy on the innovation and performance of health centers, taking into account the effects of market instability, competition and the effects of medical teams have been made for these factors. Research method: This research is applied and a cross-sectional observational analytical study. Content validity was used to determine validity, and Cronbach's alpha and homogeneity criteria were used to determine reliability. The studied population was 1250 employees and doctors of private hospitals in the south. Sampling method is cluster and data collection is done through questionnaire. The sample size was estimated to be 205 people using Morgan's table and data analysis was done using structural equation modelin. Findings: The findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between competitive strategy and innovation and the performance of medical centers Conclusion: While increasing the innovation and performance of medical centers, this strategy helps to reduce costs, increase the quality of services, and reduce the recovery time of patients. The instabilities in the treatment market and the level of competition among hospitals moderate the relationship between the competitive strategy and the innovation of health centers Manuscript profile
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        14 - Applying Stackelberg Game to Find the Best Price and Delivery Time Policies in Competition between Two Supply Chains
        M. Fathian M. Narenji E. Teymoori G. Jalali
        Manuscript profile
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        15 - An Analysis of Factors Affecting to Sport Marketing Attitudes in Sport Boards Managers of Markazi Province
        mohsen esmaeili shamsoddin rezaei Tahmasb Shirvani
        Nowadays achieving financial and supportive resources is one of the main concerns of sport boards, which requires proper performance in marketing scope. The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the attitude of sport boards' managers towards marketing as More
        Nowadays achieving financial and supportive resources is one of the main concerns of sport boards, which requires proper performance in marketing scope. The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the attitude of sport boards' managers towards marketing as a preface to carry out operational activities.  The statistical population of the study was consist of all board of directors of sport boards of Markazi province as well as managers and staffs who works as experts at Markazi Sports and Youth organization  and it's sub branches. Total numbers of population were considered as samples and 104 researcher-made questionnaires were analyzed. The questionnaire was containing of 47 questions. The reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha (0.94) and university professors and experts confirmed the validity. To analyze data, descriptive and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov Smirnov test, T single-group, Friedman, exploratory, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equations) were used by 22nd version of and Smart Plus software. The results identified eight factors that were named in accordance with the nature of the research as follow: performance assess, pricing, competitiveness, program and goal, human resources, market attitude (environment), marketing strategy, customer orienting. The results showed that the mean of all factors was higher than average. The overall measurement results of the model, such as the Goodness Fitness Index (GOD), were indicative of the suitability of the proposed model. It is recommended to directors of Sport boards to pay special attention to these factors. Manuscript profile
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        16 - Investigate the Relationship between Talent Management, Product Market Competition and Intellectual Capital
        ali habibi arezo ziyari
        In the present study, the researcher examined the relationship between talent management, product market competition and intellectual capital. In this way; 100 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange were selected for a five-year period from the beginning of 2014 More
        In the present study, the researcher examined the relationship between talent management, product market competition and intellectual capital. In this way; 100 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange were selected for a five-year period from the beginning of 2014 to the end of 2018 through systematic sampling and the necessary data were extracted and the hypotheses developed were tested. The present research method is descriptive-correlational and its design is experimental using post-event approach. In order to test the research hypotheses, multivariate linear regression was used, which was based on panel data and a combination of cross-sectional and temporal series, which used statistical and econometric methods to examine the effect of independent variable on dependent variable. After going through the above steps; it was concluded that between talent management and product market competition; there is a positive and significant relationship between intellectual capital and competition in the product market; there is a positive and significant relationship. Manuscript profile
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        17 - Investigating the Relationship between Financing Constraints and Competition in the Product Market and Customer Focus in Automotive Companies Listed On the Tehran Stock Exchange
        Seyyed Alireza Mosavi mitra ghasemi panah
        Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between financing constraints with competition in the product market and customer focus in automotive companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The present research has been done by descriptive More
        Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between financing constraints with competition in the product market and customer focus in automotive companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The present research has been done by descriptive-correlation method with applied nature in 2020. The statistical population includes car companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The sample size is 35 and the sampling method has been done by systematic removal. The tools used in this research are reports published by the stock exchange, stock exchange monthly, modern savings software, Sahra and Dena and audit reports, financial statements and the web portal of the Society of Certified Public Accountants. Manna test, Pearson correlation and linear regression were analyzed. In this study, two hypotheses were proposed. In the first hypothesis, the relationship between financing constraints and competition in the product market was examined, and in the second hypothesis, the relationship between financing constraints with customer focus was examined. Both hypotheses were confirmed. Manuscript profile
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        18 - The relationship between Product Market Competition and Earnings Management: Evidence from Discretionary Accruals
        Jamal Bahri Sales Asgar Pakmaram Ghodrat Ghaderi
        Competition mechanized infrastructure as a company is that the company's ability to create any shocks cost to customers, reduce volatility of cash flows and thus reducing the need to manipulate earnings. The present experimental study is based on previous studies Laksma More
        Competition mechanized infrastructure as a company is that the company's ability to create any shocks cost to customers, reduce volatility of cash flows and thus reducing the need to manipulate earnings. The present experimental study is based on previous studies Laksmana and colleagues (2014), Lerner indices, Lerner adjusted and Herfindahl Hirschmn with the accruals earnings management (management accounting profit) evaluate. The study population consisted of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2007 to 2014 and study data consisted of 816 years of the company. The method of Solidarity and test hypotheses, multivariate linear regression. The results showed that the index of product market competition (Lerner index) and third (Lerner adjusted index) had a significant relationship with management accounting profit. Also, the Herfindahl Hirschmn index significant relationship was observed with earnings management through accruals Manuscript profile
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        19 - The Role of Accounting Department in Outsourcing Decision-Making (Case Study: Yazd Textile Industry)
        شهناز نایب زاده علی مروتی شریف آبادی مریم گلشن
        The aim of the present research is The Role of Accounting Department in Decision-Making about Outsourcing in companies that activate in Textile industry in Yazd. The modelof this research has been formed with using variables, intensity of competition, firm size, firmper More
        The aim of the present research is The Role of Accounting Department in Decision-Making about Outsourcing in companies that activate in Textile industry in Yazd. The modelof this research has been formed with using variables, intensity of competition, firm size, firmperformance, cost leadership strategy and differentiation strategy as independent variable andparticipation level of Accounting Department in Decision-Making about Outsourcing asdependent variable. This research is applied research according to the purpose of research andAccording to research method is descriptive correlation. Required data is collected by usingquestionnaires and survey methodology. The statistical population of this research has beenactive companies in the textile industry in the city of Yazd and was used from Stratifiedsampling to select the sample and collected 175 acceptable samples. Data analysis wasaccomplished with using Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman. Research resultsshow that there are a significant relationship between intensity of competition and the firmsize with participation level of Accounting Department in Decision-Making about outsourcingand that there are not a significant relationship between, corporate performance, costleadership strategy and differentiation strategy with participation of Accounting Departmentin Decision-Making about Outsourcing. Manuscript profile
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        20 - The Effect of Product Market Competition on Tax Compliance of Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange
        Alireza Ma’toufi Faezeh Dehghanian
        Competition in product market is very likely the most powerful force leading economy of the world toward efficiency in the world which can impact behavior of lack of financial compliance. The aim of this study was to evaluate product market competition on tax compliance More
        Competition in product market is very likely the most powerful force leading economy of the world toward efficiency in the world which can impact behavior of lack of financial compliance. The aim of this study was to evaluate product market competition on tax compliance of companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange. In this research product market competition is used as the independent variable and tax compliance which is used as the dependent variable. The research in was conducted on the Stock Exchange companies during 2011-2016. The logistic regression model and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results showed a significant negative correlation between product market competition and tax compliance. Manuscript profile
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        21 - The Metaphysical Priority of Cooperation over Competition
        Mohsen Jamalimehr babak abbasi reza naderloo
        The understanding of diversity and relation between biological individuals are the first issue of environments observations. This leads to offer evolutionary theories for explaining those facts since ancient till now. The cooperation between individuals with their envir More
        The understanding of diversity and relation between biological individuals are the first issue of environments observations. This leads to offer evolutionary theories for explaining those facts since ancient till now. The cooperation between individuals with their environments was the basic idea of explanations in the history before Darwinian approaches. But Darwin offered his idea on base of a political economic theory which emphasis on competition between agents in economical activities. So the competition between biological entities is the foundation of Darwinian idea and any cooperation between entities in his approach explain away by consideration a competition between next level entities. On the other hand, there was not a well form and sound heredity theory in his time too. That’s why the Darwinian evolutionary theory faced some problems for explanation of some biological facts as same as others. Both of the cooperation and competition approaches alone could not explain the biological facts completely and coherently. It looks that while the basic relation between any biological individuals are cooperation with their environments, there are some race between almost same individuals for cooperation with their environments too. Manuscript profile
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        22 - Counteract between powre, policy and geography in important straits of the world
        Nasrin Khaniha Zahra Pishgahi Fard
        We have been faced considerable developments in maritime trade after 2nd worldwar. Development of maritime trade led to considerable dependence of countries tofree shipping. Thus, maritime issues are considered as subset of national security. Thisis because access to ca More
        We have been faced considerable developments in maritime trade after 2nd worldwar. Development of maritime trade led to considerable dependence of countries tofree shipping. Thus, maritime issues are considered as subset of national security. Thisis because access to capital and market is important factor of world new order and itdepends on sea lanes and important straits. Therefore, main security concern,especially in relation to opponents, requires precise strategic consideration forconfrontation with trade wars. Thus, this issue is reason for what cold warconsiderations are invalided and new problems are posed in front of countries.Alongside with ever-growing importance of maritime trade, international straits alsohave special position in sea new geopolitics. Although important straits had key role inpast too, but currently they are important economically. This issue in time after coldwar is reason which reduces importance of some straits and gives some other straitsspecial importance due to position that they have in world trade routes.This research along with considering changes made in meaning and context ofstrategic straits in two geopolitical periods, tries to analyze effects of policies andpowers on these straits. Results yielded from this issue indicate that Indian Ocean andits important straits due to key role that they play in maritime trade, they are veryimportant and this is reason of competition between world powers in these straits. Manuscript profile
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        23 - Enterprise Resource Planning Selection based on a Preference Voting and Data Envelopment Analysis
        Mohhamad Reza Shahriari
        10.30495/ijdea.2022.68959.1176
        Manuscript profile
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        24 - Determination of the Optimum Plot Size to Study the Spatial Patterns of Juniperus Excelsa Trees (Case study: Atashgah, Karaj)
        Vahid Alijani Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi Manouchehr Namiranian Reza Akhavan
        10.22034/jest.2018.19723.2857
        Background and Objective: In recent years, new methods have been developed for analyzing spatial pattern of trees, and for verifying the spatial pattern, they need to complete map of spatial location of these trees. The use of these methods depends on study scale in a w More
        Background and Objective: In recent years, new methods have been developed for analyzing spatial pattern of trees, and for verifying the spatial pattern, they need to complete map of spatial location of these trees. The use of these methods depends on study scale in a way that changes in study scale cause changes in spatial pattern. In this regard, present study aims to determine the optimum area of sample plots to quantify the spatial pattern of Juniperus Excelsa M. Beib. In southern facing slopes of Alborz mountains. Method: A plot with area of six hectares was selected and spatial pattern of trees were evaluated by using g(r) function. In next step, area of plot decreased to five, four, three, two, and one hectare and spatial pattern of trees were determined by using g(r) function and were compared with six hectare plot. Findings: The results of this function indicates regular spatial pattern in trees distances to four meter, cluster pattern at distances of six to ten meter, and random pattern shows in other distances. The results of comparing figures of g(r) functions in different area showed that the overall trend of this functions almost constant up to three hectares. Hence, in this study the appropriate area is achieved three hectares. Discussion and Conclusion: It should be noted that in structure studies to determine the best area of plot could reduce time and costs while increasing the precision of the study. Manuscript profile
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        25 - Identify the impact of free cash flows on the relationship between non-financial performance in product market and company's future capital expenditure
        Hamidreza Omourvand Zahra Pourzamoni
        One of the most basic factors of survival of a profit unit is market of its products. Also achieving excellence in the field of competition by companies depends on their ability to maintain capital assets. The purpose of This study focuses on analysis conditions prior t More
        One of the most basic factors of survival of a profit unit is market of its products. Also achieving excellence in the field of competition by companies depends on their ability to maintain capital assets. The purpose of This study focuses on analysis conditions prior to capital expenditures and also on study the matter that non-financial performance (NFP) of the state of product and product market (defect-free ratio, market share ratio, product market competition) can impact Check about companies’ financial investments. The study also describes the impact of agency costs (free cash flow) of companies on the relationship between the non-financial performance and the capital expenditures. The statistical sample includes 135 companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during the 2010 to 2014 years which have been selected by screening. The linear regression method and EViews software are used to study the research hypothesizes. The results of study indicate that there is a significantly relationship between the non-financial performance in the product market and the future capital expenditures so that the worse the current defect-free ratio and the lower the product market share ratio, the higher the future capital expenditures; And the higher the current product market competition, the lower the future capital expenditures. Also the results showed that the free cash flow doesn’t impact on the relationship between the non-financial performance in the product market and the future capital expenditures.     Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        26 - The Impact of Political Connections on Stock Price Crash Risk with an Emphasize on Product Market Competition in Tehran Stock Exchange listed companies
        Jamal Bahri Sales Mohammadreza Ebrati
        The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of political connections on stock price crash risk in 110 listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 2011-2016. To test the research hypotheses, the panel data model was used. In order to measure the s More
        The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of political connections on stock price crash risk in 110 listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 2011-2016. To test the research hypotheses, the panel data model was used. In order to measure the stock price crash risk, two indicators of the negative conditional return skewness and down-to-up volatility were used. The results showed that political connections has a positive impact on stock price crash risk. In the sense that executives show good face from position firms by hoarding bad news and, this behavior of managers in the long run will lead to a stock price crash. The companies also split through the advertising cost into two groups of companies with high and low information asymmetry, and the findings showed that the positive impact of political connections on stock price crash risk is more severe in companies with high information asymmetries.     Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        27 - Sport tourism marketing with emphasis on cultural factors
        Esmaeil Zabihi Masoud Jorabloo
        Manuscript profile
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        28 - The Effect of Competitive Factors on Asymmetric Cost Behavior
        Akbar Karimzadeh Nader Rezaei Zohreh Hajiha Rasoul Abdi
        Purpose: Cost management and resource consumption planning are among issues to deal with in management in order to create value for the agency under our direction. Yet, this subject requires full awareness of cost behavior and effective factors on that. Former studies a More
        Purpose: Cost management and resource consumption planning are among issues to deal with in management in order to create value for the agency under our direction. Yet, this subject requires full awareness of cost behavior and effective factors on that. Former studies about asymmetric cost behavior mostly focused on internal factors while the managers consider both internal and external factors simultaneously when they want to make strategic decisions about costs. Therefore, in order to focus on external factors, this research studies the impact of competitive factors on asymmetric cost behavior in the companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange.Methods: The present study has a practical purpose and it is correlational in terms of method or nature. In order to achieve the research objectives, the data of financial statements of 167 corporations during 2010 to 2019 were explored. For hypothesis testing, multivariate regression with mixed data was used.Results: The results of research hypothesis testing indicate that competitive factors such as product differentiation, input cost, and market size do not have a significant impact on asymmetric behavior of selling, administrative and public costs.Conclusions: Active corporations in competitive industries have less control over product costs and may decrease the costs to maintain definite profitability and or minimize loss. Furthermore, active corporations in industries with high input cost have less tendency to invest on committed sources such as advertisement, research and development as well as selling, administrative, and public costs to avoid the entrance of potential competitors to this market and their achievement of long-term exclusive power. As a result, the managers of these corporations may decrease these costs when they have less selling.   Manuscript profile
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        29 - The Relationship between the Conflicting Factorsand Their Solving Them
        مهدی ابزری مهدیه نجفی
          Abstract   The purpose of this research is to study the relation between factors causing conflict and solving them. To reach this purpose a research question was prepared which was based on two main and three questions. The statistical society under study consisted of More
          Abstract   The purpose of this research is to study the relation between factors causing conflict and solving them. To reach this purpose a research question was prepared which was based on two main and three questions. The statistical society under study consisted of the office employee of the Islamic Azad University of yazd. The sampling technique in this project was simple randonm. The statistical technique used in this research consisted of descriptive statistics processed over a meaningful level with P £ . The results showed that based on the view of the society under consideration, there was no relation between the confliding factors and the ways to solve them. Also, based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that variables such as sex (male-female), the educational degree, and experience of the employee have a relation with the ways the conflict is solved.   This paper consists of three parts. In the first part, the theoretical view and the research work about the conflict have been reviewed. In the second part the method of research has been discussed and in the last part the analysis of the date and conclusion is presented. Manuscript profile
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        30 - Predicting the Quality of Life and the Spirit of Competition-Cooperation using Personality Traits in Marketers in Hamedan
        mohammadreza zoghipaydar fateme behjame Ahmad Bayat
        10.30486/jsrp.2020.1872368.1903
        The purpose of this study was to predict the quality of life and the spirit of competition-cooperation using personality traits in marketers of Hamadan. The method was correlational. The statistical population included all marketers in Hamadan (both men and women), of w More
        The purpose of this study was to predict the quality of life and the spirit of competition-cooperation using personality traits in marketers of Hamadan. The method was correlational. The statistical population included all marketers in Hamadan (both men and women), of which 212 people were selected by available sampling method and answered to personality type A and B (Jenkins, 1971), the spirit of cooperation-competition (Martin, 1976), and SF36 (Var and Sherborne, 1992) questionnaires. Data were analyzed by regression analysis. The findings showed that personality traits A and B are related to quality of life and spirit of competitive-cooperation of marketers in Hamadan (P <0.05). Also, the quality of life and spirit of competition-cooperation in marketers of Hamedan can be predicted by personality traits A and B. Manuscript profile
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        31 - Platform-Based Business Strategy
        Marzieh Eskandari Fatemeh shokri saravi
        Abstract: Platform-based business strategy is actually a novel approach to industry and trade that has emerged by new technologies and methods. This strategy is not necessarily loyal to the business traditional rules, and has redefined a great number of the fundamental More
        Abstract: Platform-based business strategy is actually a novel approach to industry and trade that has emerged by new technologies and methods. This strategy is not necessarily loyal to the business traditional rules, and has redefined a great number of the fundamental concepts. The previous models such as value-chain analysis or Porter’s model (and its modified strategies which describes a couple of mix strategies such as three basic value disciplines) are replaced by network effects and monetization strategies and the success of platform-based business strategies has led to a noticeable growth in the field of business strategies instead of using traditional methods and the substitute of traditional methods with these new strategies are increasing more and more. In this study, we explore the idea of platform-based business strategies using a number of analytic approaches. Furthermore, employing several concepts such as the network effect and monetization strategies, we examine the economic and organizational aspects of this family of businesses. Manuscript profile
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        32 - Provide a new approach to identify and detect credit card fraud using ANN - ICA
        Javad Balaee kodehi Mohammad Tahghighi Sharabyan
        Introduction: The imperialistic competition algorithm is a method in the field of evolutionary computing that deals with finding the optimal answer to various optimization problems. This algorithm provides an algorithm for solving mathematical optimization problems by m More
        Introduction: The imperialistic competition algorithm is a method in the field of evolutionary computing that deals with finding the optimal answer to various optimization problems. This algorithm provides an algorithm for solving mathematical optimization problems by mathematical modeling the socio-political evolution process. The imperialistic competition algorithm forms an initial set of possible answers. These initial answers are known as chromosomes in the genetic algorithm, particles in the particle swarm algorithm, and countries in the imperialistic competition algorithm. The imperialistic competition algorithm gradually improves these initial solutions (countries) with a special process that follows and finally provides the appropriate solution to the optimization problem. By imitating the process of the social, economic, and political evolution of countries and by mathematically modeling parts of this process, this algorithm presents operators in a regular form as an algorithm that can help solve complex optimization problems. In fact, this algorithm looks at the solutions of the optimization problem in the form of countries and tries to gradually improve these solutions during an iterative process and finally reach the optimal solution of the problem.Method: The proposed algorithm of this article (combined algorithm of neural network and colonial competition) has used the social-political process of the imperialistic competition algorithm with mathematical modeling in order to provide a strong and efficient algorithm in the field of diagnosis optimization.Findings: Our experiments proved that neural data classification using the transaction rejection option can lead us to a very low error rate, while we are looking for a very high detection rate. In this study, we reached an accuracy rate of 98.54, which is a higher accuracy rate compared to previous methods.Discussion: In this research, credit card fraud detection has been done with the aim of identifying the fraud rate, increasing the accuracy, and applying the lowest system error rate using neural networks and combining it with the colonial competition algorithm. Also, effective features were extracted in the evaluation of fraud detection. It can be concluded that the proposed classification system can have a very high detection performance in credit card financial transactions. Manuscript profile
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        33 - A review of sustainable weed management in soybean
        rahman khakzad Rasoul Loghmanpour Zarini
        Weed management is an essential element of successful crop production. In recent years, an exponential rise in human population and drastic changes in climate and production techniques have intensified the crop production systems and increased the weed infestations. The More
        Weed management is an essential element of successful crop production. In recent years, an exponential rise in human population and drastic changes in climate and production techniques have intensified the crop production systems and increased the weed infestations. The evolution of herbicide resistance in a large number of weed species across the world has further aggravated the situation. These circumstances require sustainable weed management tools that can be used effectively to achieve decent crop yields without affecting the environment and ecosystem services negatively. Some of the conventional weed control methods, including the use of preventive measures, tillage and mechanical control, crop competition, soil coverage, crop rotations and crop diversification, are still effective and ecofriendly. No single weed management tactic has proven to be the “magic bullet” for eliminating weed problems, given the nature of weed communities, but a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms that influence the success or failure of weeds in agro-ecosystems will further favor the development and adoption of sustainable weed management systems for agricultural crops. Although the ecologically-based, cultural and physical weed control methods have great potential for sustainable weed management, herbicides cannot be completely left out. In fact, herbicides could be an effective tool in an integrated weed management kit. However, the true integrated weed management strategies must have a balance between chemical and non-chemical options that can be used judiciously in order to achieve a reasonable weed control. Sustainable weed management is an achievable goal provided that efforts are made to diversify the management. In this paper, we will review the most common conventional soybean weed management strategies from a sustainability perspective. Manuscript profile
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        34 - A Review of Weed Interference Models
        rahman khakzad Mostafa Oviesi Reza Deihimfard
        Weeds represent a continuous problem in agricultural production due to their dynamic and resilient nature. Mathematical models offer a significant tool for understanding and predicting the crop yield losses incurred due to weed-crop interference. Weed-crop competition m More
        Weeds represent a continuous problem in agricultural production due to their dynamic and resilient nature. Mathematical models offer a significant tool for understanding and predicting the crop yield losses incurred due to weed-crop interference. Weed-crop competition models help to inform weed management decisions, both on a short-term basis to tackle the present weed population and in the long term to plan sustainable weed management strategies. Most competition studies are based on empirical models. Empirical functions are the most commonly used models, which provide information for weed threshold values. The limitations of such models are that they are based on statistical functions and usually do not consider biological insights for crop-weed interference. Crop-weed competition is a complex phenomenon, and to understand this, a detailed mechanistic model offers better insights than an empirical model. Mechanistic or explanatory models take into account all underlying processes or mechanisms and their dependence on each other with respect to time and external drivers. Competition models can be integrated within the framework of a decision support system (DSS). In this review, we present empirical and mechanistic models that are currently in use for studying crop-weed interference. Manuscript profile
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        35 - Effect of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and Common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) Densities on Yield and Yield Components of Cotton
        Seyed Ahmad Hosseini Mojtaba Velayati Mahmoud Attarzadeh
        In order to evaluate the effect of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) densities on yield and yield components of cotton, a field experiment was conducted in the Agricultural Research station in Birjand University, Iran. A factorial More
        In order to evaluate the effect of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) densities on yield and yield components of cotton, a field experiment was conducted in the Agricultural Research station in Birjand University, Iran. A factorial experiment was carried out in a complete block design with three replications. Treatments included weed density (0, 6, 9, 12 plants.m-2) and crop density (6, 9, 12 plants.m-2). Three pure stand of common lambsquarter densities (6, 9, 12 plants.m-2) was added to each block. Results indicated that there was a significant decrease in yield and yield components of cotton under weed densities. Six plants.m-2 of weed caused 15% decrease in seed cotton and increase of weed density up to 9 and 12 plants/m2 caused further decrease in seed cotton. These weed densities (6, 9 and 12 plants.m-2) caused 16, 30 and 45% decrease in cotton seeds respectively. Lint yield was decreased 13, 24 and 42% as weed density increased from 6 plants.m-2 to 9 and 12 respectively. In this experiment, increasing cotton density was able to soften the negative impact of increasing weed density. Increasing crop density can be utilized effectively to minimize cotton yield reduction due to weed interference. Manuscript profile
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        36 - Effect of Cultivar and Different Plant Density of Red Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on Population and Weed Growth
        Masoud Kamel Seyed Hossein Nazer Kakhki Nasim Rezvani Nader Mohammadi
        This study was carried out to investigate the competition of weeds with different cultivars and planting densities of red beans over two years. The experiment was completely randomized block with factorial arrangement and three replications per treatment. The treatments More
        This study was carried out to investigate the competition of weeds with different cultivars and planting densities of red beans over two years. The experiment was completely randomized block with factorial arrangement and three replications per treatment. The treatments included beans cultivars (Sayyad, Derakhshan and Zanjan local seed lot), row spacing (20 and 30 cm)anddensities (20, 30, 40 and 50plants persquare meter). The number and the dry weight ofweedspecieswere determined at four-leafstage, 50% flowering and maturity. The resultsshowed thatweedspecies of bean were green foxteil(Setaria viridis),tumble weed(Amaranthus albus),lambsquarter(Chenopodium album),barnyardgrass(Echinochloa crus-galli)andredroot pigweed(Amaranthus retroflexys) within two years. Zanjan local seed lot with densities of 30 and 40 plants per square meter and row spacing of 30 cm and densities of 40 plants per square meter with 20 cm row spacing were the most tolerance to the presence of weeds along with higher yield. Manuscript profile
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        37 - The investigation of the affectivity of various types of cash flows in a diversified capital structure based on the type of strategy
        Mehrdad Ghanbari Mahsa Moradi
        10.22034/amfa.2019.584639.1177
        Manuscript profile
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        38 - The power indexes of the CEO and the performance of the company under pressure based on product market competition
        Majid Aliabadi Fatemeh Sarraf Roya Darabi
        10.22034/amfa.2020.1867187.1215
        Manuscript profile
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        39 - Using Contingency Approach to Improve Firms’ Financial Performance Forecasts
        Saman Mousanezhad Esfandyar Mohammadi Rahmatolah Mohammadipour Farshad Sabzalipour
        10.22034/amfa.2020.1886008.1345
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        40 - Moderating Role of Managerial Entrenchment to Effect of Technology-Based Capabilities on Product Market Competition: Resource-Based View (DEA)
        Hamideh Ajazm Ekrani Mohammadreza Abdoli Hossien Bakhshi
        10.22034/amfa.2021.1933756.1611
        The development of knowledge and advancement in technology has created a wide-ranging transformation in societies and has led to changes in the per-formance of companies in order to respond to environmental turmoil and social expectations. In this way, they tried to gai More
        The development of knowledge and advancement in technology has created a wide-ranging transformation in societies and has led to changes in the per-formance of companies in order to respond to environmental turmoil and social expectations. In this way, they tried to gain a significant competitive advantage over other competitors. The purpose of this study was to investi-gate the moderating role of managerial fortification in relation to the impact of technology-based capabilities on the product market competition of knowledge-based companies in the capital market: a source-based capabili-ties (DEA). This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data envelopment analysis is a quasi-experimental and post-event research in the field of positive accounting research. Then, based on multivariate regression, the research hypothesis was tested using Eviews software. The statistical population studied in this study consisted of knowledge-based companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2015 to 2019 and 79 companies were selected and reviewed based on systematic screening. The result of testing the research hypothesis is that the technological capabilities have a positive and significant effect on the product market competition of knowledge-based companies in the capital market. This result demonstrates that the resource-based technology capability based on the source-based capabilities is seen as a resource against stagnation in a competitive environ-ment and helps the company, to maintain flexibility in the face of environ-mental change in order to respond faster, at the same time to develop the company's competitive capacity to create new resources or new and innova-tive products, and to make the company's future more attractive to stake-holders with greater returns and potential risk control. Manuscript profile
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        41 - The Causal Model of Export Entrepreneurship and Export Market Orientation‎ on Export Performance: a Case Study of Food and Agricultural Products Export Companies
        Ali Kazemi Alireza Rousta Abdullah Na'ami
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        42 - The Cognition of Iranian Traditional Architecture’s Elements in Award-Winning Projects (Case Study: Memar-Award, 2008 to 2017)
        Sama Modirrousta Vida Norouz Borazjani Mahmud Rezaei
        10.30495/ccd.2022.693204
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        43 - Importance Monopoly and Importance Competition on the Urban Network Infrastructure (Case study: Public transportation lane No.10 and 96 of Mashhad bus system)
        Farhad Karimani Mahtab Saeedi Manesh
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        44 - Competition between Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Different rate of Nitrogen
        Pejman Behdarvand Ganesh Shridhar Chinchanikar Kondiram Nathuji Dhumal
        Manuscript profile
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        45 - Decision Making in Two-Echelon Supply Chain under Stackelberg and Cornot Structures
        Morteza Taherifard Ebrahim Teimoury Marzie Ebrahimi Shaghaghi
        This article considers pricing and ordering decisions in the two-echelon supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and two rival retailers under stochastic demand. A Stackelberg structure is considered between two echelons of the supply chain that manufacturer acts as More
        This article considers pricing and ordering decisions in the two-echelon supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and two rival retailers under stochastic demand. A Stackelberg structure is considered between two echelons of the supply chain that manufacturer acts as a leader, and retailers act as followers making decisions about pricing and ordering. Also, in the echelon of retailers, optimal pricing policy and profits of chain members are calculated and, in the special case that retailers are faced with similar market demand, Stackelberg structure is compared with Cornot structure. This research shows that among two competitive scenarios, Cornot structure causes that retailers set lower sale price as compared with Stackelberg structure and consequently retailers earn less profit in Cornot structure. Also in both competitive structures, manufacturer’s profit is higher than double of total retailers’ profit.                 Manuscript profile
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        46 - Prioritizing the Components that Affect the Security Management of Sport Events (Case Study: Student Competitions)
        Kazem Shiralipour Saeid Amirnejad Mohammad Sanaei
        10.30495/kmsj.2022.1967063.1040
        The aim of the current research was to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the security management of sports events (case study: student competitions). The method of this research was conducted qualitatively and based on the foundation's data approach in the G More
        The aim of the current research was to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the security management of sports events (case study: student competitions). The method of this research was conducted qualitatively and based on the foundation's data approach in the Glazerian approach and in the field. In order to collect information, unstructured interviews were conducted with 17 experts familiar with the security of sports events, school sports, and sports management specialists until theoretical saturation was reached, and the data were collected simultaneously using a set of open, axial coding. and selectively analyzed. Also, to measure the reliability of the interview retest reliability method, which was obtained as 0.85. Factor ranking was analyzed using Shannon's entropy test and SPSS24 and MAXQDA18 software. The results showed that factors such as health management, human resources management, financial resources management, organizational and managerial developments, the event's contribution to achieving the organization's goals, the consequences of holding the event, and safety and security management as factors affecting the security of sports events in knowledge competitions. The students were identified. Entropy analysis showed that security management, financial resources management, and human resources management have the highest score and the lowest score respectively in the degree of influence on the security management of student sports events. Based on the results of the research, it is suggested that the categories extracted from this research should be taken into consideration in order to compile checklists for holding student competitions, emphasizing the prevention of accidents in student sports events. Manuscript profile
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        47 - Presenting a model of determinants of venture investment using the Soccer League Competition Algorithm (SLCA)
        Nahid Naeemi Ramin Zeraatgari Gholamreza Rezaei
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        48 - Optimization of geometric parameters of brushless electric motor
        Naser Nemati Abdollah Khalesi Doost Mohammad T.Askari
        In this research, a new method is proposed to reduce the coincidence of the volume, losses and cost of making a DC motor without brushes using colonial competition optimization algorithms. In the first step, all electric motor relations are extracted and expressed based More
        In this research, a new method is proposed to reduce the coincidence of the volume, losses and cost of making a DC motor without brushes using colonial competition optimization algorithms. In the first step, all electric motor relations are extracted and expressed based on its geometric parameters. In the second step, the function of competence, which is the same reduction in the volume, losses and cost of construction of a DC motor without brush, is defined on the basis of the relationships obtained in the previous stage. In the third step, the colonial competition algorithm is used to select the best values of the geometric parameters of the engine so that the objective function is minimized. The results of simulations show that the colonial competition algorithm has a good performance and can dramatically reduce the size, loss, and cost by appropriate selection of geometric parameters. Manuscript profile
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        49 - Historical role of sects and religions in Genesis jurisprudential schools
        ghorban ali esmaile
        Islamic education began learning the learning of Koran. So it is obvious that there must be a strong connection between Islamic education and religious issues. Emergence of different religions and the demise of Mohammad Rasoul-allah (PBUH), followed the religious, polit More
        Islamic education began learning the learning of Koran. So it is obvious that there must be a strong connection between Islamic education and religious issues. Emergence of different religions and the demise of Mohammad Rasoul-allah (PBUH), followed the religious, political and social rivalries using historical methodology. This study is intended to clarify the influence of religious rivalries emergence of different faiths and the efforts of religious celergymen to develop social-political influence in emergence of schools. Study of the sources and refrences shows that religions political and social rivalries have been effective in emergence of the first schools. Celergymen, sometimes, in the form of ideological defense, and sometimes for developing a large-scale hnfluence, spending their properties or mulem's or using political force as well as financial of statemen have established schools. Manuscript profile
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        50 - Study on shiism and Sufism places in safavids policy
        Yosef Motavali Haghighi
        Safavids were the first Iran's government (kingdom) who could made anImportand and useful combination between shi ism and safism and setupthir government an it. These two important elements had a determiningrole in different political issues such as, military, economic, More
        Safavids were the first Iran's government (kingdom) who could made anImportand and useful combination between shi ism and safism and setupthir government an it. These two important elements had a determiningrole in different political issues such as, military, economic, religious andin all their government aspects shiism as the most important thought ofsafavids government made wide changes in Iran sociely. Althoughsafavids kings religious behaviors with shiism and the scholars weren’tthe same ,like dismiss . of fagraup of Iranian shiit scholars and Invitationof scholars jibah Amel in lebonan JiB ALAMEL scholers tried toset upthe Ideas of shiit government in Iran. But soon they understonded thatthe main point in their invidatian was to firm the polidical life of shi itkings.Though they never stoped trying to gain control over palidical power andthey could gain power during some weals safavid kings.The net wery important element in safavid king power after shi ism wasSufism. Befor safavids use shi ism for their political aims they were sufi.And after that they tried to gain material power through Sufism thoughtsand it got faster whe timur (goorlcani) sat free a group of ttoman(osmanlis) slaves to khoeh ali. Safavid sufies whom absolutely obeyedtheir masters were the most important weapon for safavids in gainingpower. Although some times after safavid dynasty sat up, the ill_use ofsome suflism radical thought caused tensions between safavid kings andsufids. To solve and decrease these ten sions safavid rulers decreasedtheir connections with masters and that in long term causes the weaknessof sufids and consguently caused the weakness of safavids. Manuscript profile
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        51 - Effective Factors in the Movement of the Political and Social Environment of Iran (Case of study: Islamic Republic period)
        Alijan Moradi jou
        In this article, the issue of movement in the political and social atmosphere of Iran has been examined and analyzed. This issue is raised because in the last four decades, we are justified by a kind of movement-type participation rather than political competition withi More
        In this article, the issue of movement in the political and social atmosphere of Iran has been examined and analyzed. This issue is raised because in the last four decades, we are justified by a kind of movement-type participation rather than political competition within the framework of a common meaning system and the objective type of political parties. Because when parties play a role in elections and contests, the political atmosphere does not take on a dynamic state and does not create a wave. The results of the research show that the lack of civil and independent institutions from the government, the lack of suitable platforms for the formation of stable parties, the lack of compliance with the principles of civil political competition, and the lack of democratic culture among social forces are effective factors in creating a movement atmosphere in society. Manuscript profile
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        52 - Future studies of competition and political participation in the Islamic Republic of Iran
        mohammad Agha alikhani Asghar Partovi Mehdi Zakerian
        The concept of development in the Islamic Republic of Iran is institutionalized based on competition and partnerships, and paying attention to the future of these two factors indicates the strength or weakness of the Islamic Republic system. Increasing participation, as More
        The concept of development in the Islamic Republic of Iran is institutionalized based on competition and partnerships, and paying attention to the future of these two factors indicates the strength or weakness of the Islamic Republic system. Increasing participation, as a multidimensional process, affects or is influenced by many components; In such a way that its realization requires teamwork, intellectual-procedural stability of the system's agents, in relation to positive trends and optimal synergy of potential and actual capacities and infrastructures. Therefore, the question of the present article is, what are the future-oriented guidelines for increasing competition and political participation in Iran? The current research is analytical-descriptive with a future research approach, using the scenario method. The findings indicate a scenario development for a favorable future for civil society in relation to political participation; which includes the possible scenario; possible scenario; He pointed out the favorable future scenario. Manuscript profile
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        53 - Application of the Principles of Competition and Transparency in Supporting the Weak in Government Contracts
        Karim Farhadi Khairullah Parvin Mohammad Hassan Habibi
        The special features of government contracts, such as the annexation of these contracts and the priority of public interests over private interests, create a situation that distorts the principle of equality of the parties and their freedom of will and also weakens the More
        The special features of government contracts, such as the annexation of these contracts and the priority of public interests over private interests, create a situation that distorts the principle of equality of the parties and their freedom of will and also weakens the private party to these contracts. Weaknesses in the private side of the contract are not always in the public interest, and the escalation of this situation can lead to the weakening of the private sector and ultimately damage the public economy of countries. The purpose of this study is to apply the principles of competition and transparency in supporting the weak in government contracts. Research question: What are the principles of competition and transparency in supporting weak parties in government contracts? The result of weak party support in government transactions is to create a balance in the benefits of concluding and implementing these contracts and thus achieving public goals while strengthening and maintaining the interests of the private sector.   Manuscript profile
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        54 - Study of Sociological Obstacles Political Competition in Islamic Republic of Iran
        mohammad Agha alikhani asghar partovi Mehdi Zakerian
        The Islamic Republic of Iran was formed by holding a referendum based on parameters of democratic systematization and then afterward during all these years by holding different elections with various tastes it has proved that the criterion of sovereignty in the Islamic More
        The Islamic Republic of Iran was formed by holding a referendum based on parameters of democratic systematization and then afterward during all these years by holding different elections with various tastes it has proved that the criterion of sovereignty in the Islamic Republic of Iran is people’s vote. The researcher’s purpose is to study this topic which includes different aspects of the election. The best term in this field was a political competition that has shown itself in all recent elections, but it hasn’t been able to find its certain legal place among the laws. The main question is based on what the most important sociological obstacles of political competitions are in Iran. This is a descriptive-analytical study, and its results showed that in addition to structural obstacles, sociological features such as historical features, lack of political culture, lack of political competition, and lack of partisanship are among the most significant characteristics. Manuscript profile
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        55 - The relationship between product market competition, earnings management and earnings persistence
        leila Masroor Akbar Mirzapourbabajan
        The main aim of the present study is to examine the relationship between competition in product market, earnings management and earnings sustainability in companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange. Statistical population of the present study is consisted of companies li More
        The main aim of the present study is to examine the relationship between competition in product market, earnings management and earnings sustainability in companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange. Statistical population of the present study is consisted of companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange during the time frame of 2008 to 2014 and sample volume is taken equal to 114 companies by using screening method. In this study, competition in product market was taken as independent variable in order to study its effect on earnings management and earnings sustainability in examined companies. the present study is an applied study in terms of goal of study and in terms of method of study is a descriptive – correlation study. On the other hand, the present study is an ex post facto study (semi-empirical), which means, it is conducted on the basis of past and historical data analysis (financial statements of companies). In addition, this study is based on panel data analysis as well. In this study, in which panel data was used, results obtained from firms data analysis by using multiple-variable regression at 95% confidence indicated that there is a direct and reverse significant relationship between competition in product market with earnings management and earning sustainability, respectively Manuscript profile
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        56 - Study of Students Persuasion Guidelines to Non – Text book Reading
        Afkaneh Soghra Abbas Shakouri Shaldehi
        This research is purposed to direct students toward reading non-textbooks more than academic textbooks-to develop their knowledge and qualifications. This direction can be facilitated by university purposeful planning. Statistical population of this research consists of More
        This research is purposed to direct students toward reading non-textbooks more than academic textbooks-to develop their knowledge and qualifications. This direction can be facilitated by university purposeful planning. Statistical population of this research consists of male and female students of human sciences in Azad University of district 8 and 540 of them were selected by multi-level accidental method. A researcher- made questionnaire distributed, which is taken from was motivating factors in university such as holding book-studying festivals, utilizing various teaching methods by professors, the ways of presenting library services and interests of the students to their fields of study. After collecting data and statistical analysis, the findings of this study showed that the following factors can have the efficient role on attitudes of university students to help them read non-textbooks: The role of the instructor’s teaching method, holding book reading competitions, Holding book fair, Reviewing the way of giving library services. Manuscript profile
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        57 - Interference Effect of Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) on Maize (Zea mays L.) Yield and its Morphological Characteristics
        Ghorban didehbaz Moghanlo Mehdi Joudi Ahmad Tobeh Parviz Sharifi ziveh Mohammad Reza Shiri
        10.30495/jcep.2019.664845
        Maize is one of the important cereal crops in Iran. Moghan, in Ardabil province, is an appropriate region to grow it in the country. Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) is one of the major noxious weed in maize fields worldwide and also in Iran. To study the int More
        Maize is one of the important cereal crops in Iran. Moghan, in Ardabil province, is an appropriate region to grow it in the country. Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) is one of the major noxious weed in maize fields worldwide and also in Iran. To study the interference of effect of this weed on maize seed yield and its morphological characteristics, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out at the research field of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Ardabil (Moghan) in 2012. The experimental factors were maize plant densities with four levels (70000, 75000, 80000 and 85000 plant.ha-1) and redroot pigweed densities with four levels (0, 4, 8 and 12 plant/m per row). The results showed that increasing density of maize and redroot pigweed, grain yield, biological yield and chlorophyll content of maize leaves were significantly reduced. The highest grain yield (11.88 t.ha-1) at density corn of 80000 plants.ha-1 of maize under weed free condition and lowest grain yield (7.92 t.ha-1) at maize density of 75000 plants.ha-1 with the presence of the 12 plant/m per row of redroot pigweed. The highest biomass of redroot pigweed (497.8 g/m per row) was produced at density of 85000 plants.ha-1 of maize with the presence of the 12 plant/m per row of redroot pigweed. Generally, the results of this research showed that 80000 plants.ha-1 of maize resulted in highest control of redroot pigweed and grain yield. Manuscript profile
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        58 - Critical Interference Period of Weeds with Rice ‎ ‎(Oryza sativa L.) in Mazandaran ‎
        Rahmatollah Salehi Zarkhouni Saeed Vazan Hemmatollah Pirdashti Ali Kashani Farid Golzardi
        To investigate the effect of weed interference on the yield and yield components of rice an experiment was conducted in 2014 at Amol and Mahmoudabad cities in Mazandaran. The experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and three rep More
        To investigate the effect of weed interference on the yield and yield components of rice an experiment was conducted in 2014 at Amol and Mahmoudabad cities in Mazandaran. The experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and three replications. Treatments to control weeds were of two types. The first treatment consistsed of controling weeds 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 days after rice transplanting and then weeds interfered with plant during rest of growing season. A whole season weed control was used as check. The second type treatment at weed interference until 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 days after rice transplanting and then weeds were controlled during rest of growing season. A whole season interference treatment was used as a weed infested check. The results of variance analysis showed a significant difference for grain yield in either weed free or weed infested treatments between two places. Weed control and interference (except panicle number and biological yield) significantly affected grain yield, grain numbers per panicle and 1000 grain weight. The highest grain yield (3010.83 kg.ha-1) belonged to weed control during whole growing season and lowest grain yield (2075 kg.ha-1) was obtained from weed infested check. Weed infested check resulted in lower grain yield (by 8.31%), panicle number (by 8.33%) and grains number per panicle (by 10.26%) as compared to the control. The critical period of weed control, based on the amount of 5 and 10 percent of yield losses, were fitted by Gompertz and Logestic regression to weed infested weed free treatments, respectively. The results showed that the critical period of weed control in Mahmoudabad region occurred during the days of 22 to 59 and 27 to 36 (from early to end of tillering) based on 10 and 5 percent of yield loss, respectively. The critical point was calculated to be 32 days after transplanting.Thecritical period for Amol region occurred during days of 15 to 54 and 20 to 37 (from early to end of tillering) based on 10 and 5 percent of yield loss, respectively. The critical point was calculated for day 25 after transplanting. In conclusion, the critical period of weed control seems to begin earlier in Amol than in Mahmoudabad and it also had a longer range. Manuscript profile
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        59 - Weeds Control by Living Mulch of Maize and Their Effect on Two Potato Cultivars
        Zohrab Adavi
        Using live mulches is one of the biologic methods for weed control in potato. This research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on RCBD with four replications at the Research Field of Fereydunshahr of Esfahan during 2015. The treatments consisted of two cultiv More
        Using live mulches is one of the biologic methods for weed control in potato. This research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on RCBD with four replications at the Research Field of Fereydunshahr of Esfahan during 2015. The treatments consisted of two cultivars: Arinda and Agria and three planting systems of potato: weedy sole cropping, weed-free sole cropping and potato inter cropped with maize. Analysis of variance showed that all traits like plant height, plant dry weight, tuber number per plant and tuber yield, except average weight of tuber, were influenced by variety at five percent level of significance. However, plant height and tuber number per plant were influenced by planting system at the level of one percent and plant dry weight, average weight of tuber and tuber yield at the level of five percent significance. The results also showed that potato intercropped with maize reduced highly weed density. The highest and the lowest penetration light were related to weed-free and maize, respectivey. The highest reduction in potato height was found in maize. This might be due to correlation of height and competitiveness of species, because by increasing plant competition height was increased. The highest plant dry weight of potato (121.79g) was related to weed free condition and following by maize, weedy sole cropping. The highest average tuber weight (65.33 g) and tuber yield (677.44 g) belonged to maize, weed free treatments, and lower values of these traits were founded in weedy sole cropping treatment. Overall, live mulches by reducing density of Amaranth (plants per 38.4 m2) was able to control weeds in potato field. This could be attributed to its effects on shading and/or higher competitivness. Manuscript profile
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        60 - The Effect of Split Application of Nitrogen and Herbicide Doses on Yield and Yield Components of Wheat in Competition with Weeds
        R. Mohaghegh Nezhad, M. Armin M. Heydari
        In this study, the effect of split application of nitrogen and herbicide doses on the yield and yield components of wheat as infested with weeds were evaluated at the Research Field of Motahari Agricultural School of Sabsevar, Iran. The experiment was conducted in split More
        In this study, the effect of split application of nitrogen and herbicide doses on the yield and yield components of wheat as infested with weeds were evaluated at the Research Field of Motahari Agricultural School of Sabsevar, Iran. The experiment was conducted in split plot with three replications. The three split applications of 150 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen as urea [30% at planting and 70% at stem elongation (T1), 25% at planting, 25% at tillering and 50% at stem elongation (T2), 25% at planting, 50% at tillering and 25% at stem elongation (T3)] were assigned to main plots, and five doses of herbicide applications (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of recommended dosage of Imazamethabenz-methyl) to sub- plots. The results showed that herbicide doses significantly affected yield and yield components of wheat and weed population. Increasing of herbicide doses affected biological and grain yield of wheat positively. The results also indicated effect of nitrogen application methods were more pronounced than that of herbicide doses. The highest spike per m2, thousand grain weight, biologic and grain yield, as well as the least number of infertile spikelet, were obtained by T3 treatment of nitrogen fertilization and herbicide application at recommended doses. These results suggested that 75% recommended dosage of Imazamethabenz-methyl and application of nitrogen by using T3 treatment would increase, economic yield of wheat. Manuscript profile
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        61 - Integrated Weed Management of Cotton Planting in Conventional and Ultra-Narrow Row Space
        Ali Reza Ghavi Mohammad Armin
        10.30495/jcep.2021.679981
        To determine the most appropriate method of weed management in conventional row and ultra narrow row spacings of cotton, a factorial experiment was based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in Sabzevar in 2015-2016. Factors under More
        To determine the most appropriate method of weed management in conventional row and ultra narrow row spacings of cotton, a factorial experiment was based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in Sabzevar in 2015-2016. Factors under study were plant spacings in two levels, conventional (70 cm row spacing) and ultra-narrow row (20 cm row spacing) and weed management in six levels: without controlling of weeds (control), application of herbicide at recommended dose of Ethalfluralin (Treflan 48% EC) at 1160 g/ai ha), application of herbicide at 50% recommended dose + hand weeding at 45 days after emergence (DAE), application of herbicide at 50% recommended dose + two times hand weeding at 30 and 60 DAE, three times hand weeding at 30, 45 and 60 DAE, and full weed free condition. The results showed that traits like weed density, by 33.71 percent, lateral branches by 14.77 percent, number of bolls per plant by 16.88 percent, and boll weight by 12.30 percent were lower in narrow row spacing, while seed cotton yield by 39.85 percent and fiber yield by 23.71 percent higher, as compared to, conventional row spacing. In the conventional cultivation system, if 50% of the herbicide dose is reduced, it needs two hands weeding at 30 and 60 DAE; while in ultra-narrow row spacing condition, with a 50% reduction in the recommended herbicide dose, one hand weeding at 45 DAE is needed to achieve suitable seed cotton yield. As a whole, the results showed that, under ultra-narrow row spacing, with a 50% reduction in herbicide dose and reduced weed control times (only one hand weeding at 45 DAE) it can be obtained seed cotton yield similar to other control treatments. Manuscript profile
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        62 - Effect of Weed Interference Period on Forage Yield of Maize (Zea mays cv. 454) as Second Crop
        P. Mobasseri F. Farahvash
        Controling weeds at their critical periods of growth leads to low production costs and injurious effects of using chemical weed controling methods. In this experiment we studied the timinig effects of weed control (interference of weeds after 20, 40 and 60 days and comp More
        Controling weeds at their critical periods of growth leads to low production costs and injurious effects of using chemical weed controling methods. In this experiment we studied the timinig effects of weed control (interference of weeds after 20, 40 and 60 days and complete control of weeds) and weed interference periods for 20, 40 and 60 days after planting and complete interference) on growth and yield of forage maize CV. 454. The experiment was conducted incomplete randomized blocks design with three replications at the Research Farm of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz Branch in 2013. According to the results, maintenaning the farm for 40 and 60 days under weed interference after 20 days prevented reduction of maize biomass, while weeds interference after 20 days, weed interference and controling weeds after 40 and 60 days resulted in 41.2%, 35%, 25% and 32.5% reduction of forage maize biomass, respectively. Reduction in fresh weight of corn and fresh weight of leaf and stem were also observed due to interference of weeds after 20 days. If weeds are controlled after 60 days, reduction of corn weight and fresh weight of stem will also results in reduction of biomass. Also, if weeds are controlled after 40 days, stem fresh weight of maize will result in biomass reduction. Corn traits were affected by weeds control treatments. Being affected by treatments of weeds interference after 20 days, weeds non-interference, controlling weeds after 40 and 60 days, the height of corn was reduced by 29.9%, 41.4%, 27.6% and 37.2%, respectively. The stem diameter demonstrated a significant reduction, although it was only affected by treatments of weeds interference and weeds control after 60 days. Based on the results of this study, it may be suggested that controling weeds during initial 20-60 days of maize growth would prevent the undesirable effect of weeds on growth, production and biomass production of maize and also results in production costs. Manuscript profile
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        63 - Weed Interference Duration Effect on Yield and Yield Components of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) in Conventional and Organic Conditions
        Masoud Zarei Mohammad Armin Mosarreza Hokmabadi
        10.30495/jcep.2020.671177
        To investigate the effect of duration of weed interference on yield and yield components of cumin grown under conventional and organic condition, a field experiment was conducted in a private farm in Sabzevar in 2017-2018. A split plot experiment based on a randomized c More
        To investigate the effect of duration of weed interference on yield and yield components of cumin grown under conventional and organic condition, a field experiment was conducted in a private farm in Sabzevar in 2017-2018. A split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted. Factors were conventional and organic growing was considered as the main factor and duration of weed interference (0, 2, 4, 6 weeks after emergence and weedy) as subplots. The results showed that conventional farming in terms of weed density, weed dry matter, plant height, lateral branch number, number of seed per umbrella, biologic and seed yield were better than organic farming, while, number of umbrella per plant under organic farming was higher than that of conventional farming. Increasing duration of interference decreased plant height (20.21%), lateral branches (42.85%), the number of umbrella per plant (47.91%), the number of seeds per umbrella (37.5%), biological yield (33.96%) and seed yield (43.90%). Fitted logistic regression function coefficients showed that the onset of yield loss was earlier (11 days after emergence) in conventional condition while in organic condition it was postponed to 17.5 days after emergence. Overall, the results showed that weed interference, under both conventional and organic conditions, reduced seed yield. Weed interference under organic farming delayed 4 weeks and under conventional condition to 2 weeks after cumin emergence and yield reduction was not significant. Thus, control of weeds in conventional conditions should commence from 12 days after emergence and under organic conditions from 18 days after emergence. Manuscript profile
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        64 - Civil liability in competition law and intellectual property law in Islamic law and the European Union
        yahya mirzamohammadi fard garakhanlou naser masuodi مصطفی نوراللهی
        10.3495/jiil.2023.1972103.1684
        Due to the many formal and substantive differences in competition law and its consequent impact on intellectual property, it has been very difficult to achieve international coordination in this area. In today's civil liability systems, pure and proxy responsibilities a More
        Due to the many formal and substantive differences in competition law and its consequent impact on intellectual property, it has been very difficult to achieve international coordination in this area. In today's civil liability systems, pure and proxy responsibilities are increasing day by day, while such a responsibility does not have much deterrent effect, because in pure liability, a person who is cautious may still be held responsible, and in proxy liability, such as The fault is committed by another person, the person in charge, no matter how careful, can not prevent the damage. Personal responsibility is also based on objective guilt in many cases, they can not help prevention. The Civil Liability Law in 1339, by inserting Article 8, declared any damage to the dignity and credibility of individuals to be claimable. In 1983, the Law on Penalties for Conspiracy and Fraud in Business and Commerce allocated Articles 120 to 125 to this issue. With the approval of the section on punishments and deterrents to the Islamic Penal Code in 1375, only Articles 529 and 530 have been mentioned regarding forgery. EU law also provides for civil liability in competition law and intellectual property rights, and provides for remedial action for damages resulting from errors and omissions. This article seeks to examine the issue of civil liability in competition law and intellectual property law in Islamic law and the European Union in a descriptive-analytical manner. Manuscript profile
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        65 - Modeling the Impact of Raw Materials Suppliers Competition on Procurement Costs in the Green Closed Loop Supply Chain
        saeed saljooghi Ramin Sadeghian
        10.30495/qjopm.2020.1896080.2807
        Nowaday, competition affects all processes of production and supply of products, so that most manufacturers and suppliers of materials can not have a market share if they do not think about increasing quality and reducing prices, so in this article the effect of competi More
        Nowaday, competition affects all processes of production and supply of products, so that most manufacturers and suppliers of materials can not have a market share if they do not think about increasing quality and reducing prices, so in this article the effect of competition of raw material suppliers on supply and procurement costs Materials for manufacturers in a multi-product supply chain Green closed loop is examined. First, competitive modeling in the supply process between raw material suppliers in different groups is done by estimating the demand for each of the chain products and setting the demand quantity parameters of each product. And the rate of return flow in the competitive model using the principles of game theory to find the equilibrium point of competition among each group of chain suppliers. Then by solving the model of changes in the cost of supply and goods for manufacturers and suppliers of chain raw materials in two cases The existence of competition and its absence are compared and decisions are made Manuscript profile
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        66 - The Relationship Between Institutional Cross-Ownership and the Cost of Equity according to Product Market Competition
        Mansour khojasteh ahvazi fatemeh Sarraf
        As institutional investors can influence corporate decisions and product market strategies, institutional cross-ownership changes the way companies operate and make decisions. The relationship between Institutional Cross-Ownership and the cost of equity according to pro More
        As institutional investors can influence corporate decisions and product market strategies, institutional cross-ownership changes the way companies operate and make decisions. The relationship between Institutional Cross-Ownership and the cost of equity according to product market competition. The statistical population of the study is all companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange and using the systematic elimination sampling method, 152 companies were selected as the sample of the research in an 8-year period between 2013 and 2021. The method used to collect information is a library and the relevant data for measuring variables were collected from Codal website and companies' financial statements and then Eviews software was used to test the research hypotheses. The results of the research hypotheses test showed that the cost of equity for companies with Institutional Cross-Ownership is lower than other companies, and the negative effect of Institutional Cross-Ownership on the cost of equity is greater in markets with higher product competition. Manuscript profile
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        67 - Optimal Placement based on Distributed Generation to Improvement of Voltage Stability in Multi-Phase Distribution Systems
        Mohammad Kazeminejad Saheb Khanabdal Mozhdeh Karamifard
        Manuscript profile
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        68 - Measuring Monopoly Power of Manufacturing Industry in Iran: Stochastic Frontier Functions Approach
        Farhad Khodadad Kashi Jafar Ebadi Seyed Ziaoddin Kiaalhoseini Khalil Heidari
        Abstract The aim of this paper is introducing a new method to estimation monopoly power and uses it for 136 Iranian manufacturing industries at 4 digits ISIC level during 2005-2013. The method used is stochastic frontier approach. The results indicate that the markup o More
        Abstract The aim of this paper is introducing a new method to estimation monopoly power and uses it for 136 Iranian manufacturing industries at 4 digits ISIC level during 2005-2013. The method used is stochastic frontier approach. The results indicate that the markup of nearly 98 percent of manufacturing industries is between 10 and 40 percent and they have an uncompetitive behavior. The average industries markup in Iran had a rising trend over time, reducing their average returns to scale. According to the results; there are suggested canceling the exclusive advantages that used to grant to some industries, lowering the tariff for increasing foreign competition with implementation necessary standards in order to production, importing industerial outputs and expanding industerial activities in the form of cooperatives.  Manuscript profile
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        69 - Assessing the Structure of Bank Deposits Market in Iran
        mohammad nabi shahiki tash kamran mahmoodpour
        Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the structure of banking structure in Iran and assess the monopoly power factor based on Bresnahan and Lau approach. In this paper, the market situation of monetary in Iran consisted 18 active banks are studied dur More
        Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the structure of banking structure in Iran and assess the monopoly power factor based on Bresnahan and Lau approach. In this paper, the market situation of monetary in Iran consisted 18 active banks are studied during 2007–2011. By the use of Bresnahan's market power model, it is found that there is no deposit market for pre-said banks in Iranian banking industry. The coefficients estimated by the research model have represented that the hypothesis of perfect competition without any withholding rates and deposit rates can be rejected for the entire market. Manuscript profile
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        70 - The Home Market Effect on Exports and Manufacturing Products in Iran
        Rahman Saadat Esmaeil Abounoori Saeed Rasekhi mohammad reza mardani
        Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the home market effect in the monopolistic competition market in Iran. The home market effect was investigated in 12 industries based on ISIC two-digit classification published provincially by the Iranian Statistics More
        Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the home market effect in the monopolistic competition market in Iran. The home market effect was investigated in 12 industries based on ISIC two-digit classification published provincially by the Iranian Statistics Center for the period 2001 to 2013. Results show that home market effect exist only in the industry of "production of motor vehicles, trailer and semi-trailer". Therefore, high demand for the products of this industry can lead to exports. In other industries, relatively high demand for the products of these industries in country will generally lead to be a net importer of these goods. Based on the results, investment in the industry, which has the home market effect, is suggested. Manuscript profile
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        71 - Investigating the Impact of Competition in the Product Market Using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index on the Efficiency of Investing in Human Resources in Companies Listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange
        Hamid Reza Mohammadi Atefeh Abbasi
        Nowadays, Daneshgar human resources are considered as the most important ability of the organization to gain a competitive advantage and also the main intangible asset, and the organization believes that employees should be the basis for improving the quality and effici More
        Nowadays, Daneshgar human resources are considered as the most important ability of the organization to gain a competitive advantage and also the main intangible asset, and the organization believes that employees should be the basis for improving the quality and efficiency of all organizational processes The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of competition in the product market using Herfindahl-Hirschman index on the efficiency of investment in human resources in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The research data has been prepared using the library-documentation method and the statistical population of this research is the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 1393 to 1398. Sampling was done by systematic elimination method and 124 companies were selected as a sample. This research is random, correlation and post-event. Multivariate regression technique using panel data method has been used to test the hypotheses. The findings showed that there is a significant inverse relationship between competition in the product market using the Herfindahl-Hirschman index and the efficiency of investment in human resources. Manuscript profile
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        72 - investigate risk, financial flexibility and the role of product market competition in Tehran Stock Exchange companies
        ahmed khodamipour Hadis Javanmard
        It is important that financial flexibility is very important in the development of company financial decisions in the market. Financial by researchers is considered as one of the important components of the company's decisions, as well as the company's viewpoints to ris More
        It is important that financial flexibility is very important in the development of company financial decisions in the market. Financial by researchers is considered as one of the important components of the company's decisions, as well as the company's viewpoints to risk the company's decisions. Therefore, this study was aimed at studying the relationship between risk, financial flexibility and the role of product market competition in Tehran Stock Exchange companies. Research method of this study based on the purpose of implementation, of the type of applied research, which is done in a correlation method. Information required for testing and analyzing hypotheses from financial statements and their accompanying commentary notes from 130 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange as a statistical sample of 2014 to 2019 and has been edited. Systematic removal method (screening) was also used to determine the sample size and size. Linear regression data and linear regression model are used to test the research hypotheses. The findings from the test hypotheses test showed that the risk and competitiveness of the product market are positively related to financial flexibility and that product market competition has no effect on the relationship between risk and financial flexibility. Manuscript profile
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        73 - Disclosure of E-commerce Secrets Stipulated Under the Competition Law of Iran and Law of European Union
        vadood barzi Ali Gharibe Ismaeil Saghiri Nsaer Masoudi
        10.30495/cyberlaw.2022.696587
        In free commercial competition, each company has its own competitive policy, programs and special goals. Each of these entities has two categories of news and information. Some of this information do not have any special confidentiality and, therefore, the other compani More
        In free commercial competition, each company has its own competitive policy, programs and special goals. Each of these entities has two categories of news and information. Some of this information do not have any special confidentiality and, therefore, the other companies in addition to the general buyers and consumers of products have the right to be aware in order to step into deal with them having sufficient knowledge and information. But, the other category of the information which companies possess are completely confidential and classified. All companies must refrain from acquiring and disseminating such type of information pursuing the aims which include weakening or elimination of competitors, elimination of competition and creation of monopoly. Competition Law covering issues such as electronic commerce regulations under the Iran's legal system and certain treaties, agreements and directives in the European Union's legal system constitute attempts at protecting these trade secrets through prohibition of such actions and incorporation of multiple execution guarantees. In terms of special importance these secret information has in free competition and global trade, the present research tries to study, analyze and assess the concept and state the types of secrets and the legal bases of banning its disclosure in electronic commerce as stipulated under the Competition Law of Iran and Law of European Union by referring to the reliable and valid domestic and international sources. Manuscript profile
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        74 - China's economic presence in Africa and the areas of competition with the United States
        Mohammad Javad Hosseini Ardeshir Sanaie
        10.30495/pir.2019.667205
        Africa with many abundant political and economic capacities, has succeeded to attract the attentions of Chinese elites who placed their policy priorities on promotion of economic power as the centerpiece of their national power.The political, security and economic impor More
        Africa with many abundant political and economic capacities, has succeeded to attract the attentions of Chinese elites who placed their policy priorities on promotion of economic power as the centerpiece of their national power.The political, security and economic importance of Africa especially the concern for development of extremist violent activities and existence of threats including: Piracy, Human trafficking,.. provided the ground for the US to adopt a new strategy towards the continent. The purpose of this article is to examine the activities of China and areas of competition with the US in Africa.The main question: How has China's economic presence on the continent of Africa influenced the interests, goals and areas of American activities in the continent? and the research hypothesis is: China's expansion in Africa during the new century, along with the priority of non-military strategies on both sides on the continent, have caused the US and China's two-way vulnerability and susceptibility toward each other policies in Africa which drives Washington and Beijing towards cooperation and avoidance of any destructive competition. This research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile
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        75 - Syrian Crisis and Iran's National Security
        حسین ربیعی جعفر نقدی سجاد نجفی
        Abstract: The Syrian crisis is one of the most important event that has influenced Iran’s foreign policy and also national security in a way that the situation in Syria has become a zero sum game for Iran. Any development in the political structure of Syria can af More
        Abstract: The Syrian crisis is one of the most important event that has influenced Iran’s foreign policy and also national security in a way that the situation in Syria has become a zero sum game for Iran. Any development in the political structure of Syria can affect the security of Iran. For years Syria has been the gateway for Iran’s presence in the Arab world. The weakening and fall of the position of President Bashar Assad would undermine Iran’s influence in the Arab world. Taking into consideration the above situation, the present article pursues the following objectives: 1. Explaining the strategic importance of Syria for Iran, 2. Explaining the impact of Syrian crisis on national security of Iran in different areas, 3. Explaining Iran’s competition with regional and extra- regional powers in Syria, 4. Explaining the security strategy of Iran vis-à-vis the Syrian crisis. The paper also examines this hypothesis that the national security of Iran will decline with the continuation of Syrian crisis by the threats of regional and extra-regional powers. The paper makes use of the theory of balance of threat to evaluate the hypothesis which can explain the threats to Iran in Syria. The methodology used in the paper is historical, descriptive and analytical. The finding of the study shows that the continuation of Syrian crisis has led to change of balance of threat against Iran and that is why Iran intervened to balance the situation. Therefore Iran’s strategy for ending the crisis in Syria is full-fledged support for Bashar Assad’s regime. Manuscript profile
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        76 - Confrontation and Competition of Iran and the United States in Afghanistan after 11 September 2001
        Morteza Mossadeghi Seifolah Fazlinejad
        Abstract: Afghanistan’s developments are important for Islamic Republic of Iran which is having long borders with that country. The September 11th events and the invasion of the United States to Afghanistan and overthrow of Taliban added to sensitivity and importa More
        Abstract: Afghanistan’s developments are important for Islamic Republic of Iran which is having long borders with that country. The September 11th events and the invasion of the United States to Afghanistan and overthrow of Taliban added to sensitivity and importance of this country. Iran and the United States had common interests in overthrowing Taliban but this periodic understanding was marred after the United States president George Bush Junior  declared Iran as “Axis of Evil” in January 2002 and hostility between the two countries further increased. After Obama came into power in 2009, the possibility of military confrontation lowered. The signing of strategic treaty between the United States and Afghanistan added to Iran’s security concern and mutual concern continued and in some stages Iran was accused of helping Taliban. The withdrawal and the departure of American troops provided another opportunity for interaction with Iran. The United States after a decade of unsuccessful intervention in Afghanistan should realize that Iran is a good partner for improving the prospect of peace and stability in Afghanistan. Both the countries have common interests in many issues in Afghanistan including helping Afghan government, fighting smuggling of narcotic drugs, dealing with crisis of Afghan refugees, helping strengthening Afghan security forces and creating suitable atmosphere for national reconciliation but the tensions in relations of Iran and the United States have hindered attaining these objectives. Manuscript profile
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        77 - Explaining the Relations of Iran and Saudi Arabia within the Framework of Cold War
        Nozar Shafiee Farhad Ghanbari
        Abstract: The 1979 Iranian revolution and coming into power of a Islamic Shiite government in Iran brought Iran and Saudi Arabia into an embittered rivalry. The later developments like fall of the Saddam following US led invasion in 2003, the establishment of a Shiite g More
        Abstract: The 1979 Iranian revolution and coming into power of a Islamic Shiite government in Iran brought Iran and Saudi Arabia into an embittered rivalry. The later developments like fall of the Saddam following US led invasion in 2003, the establishment of a Shiite government in Iraq and the Arab uprising in 2011 further confronted Iran and Saudi Arabia. These developments divided the countries of the Middle East region into two groups on the basis of religious ideology. The question raised by the paper is "whether the competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia had led the two into a cold war in the Middle East region? The underlying hypothesis is that the regional competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia and the efforts of the two for bringing an equilibrium and strategic balance in the region has practically put both the countries in a rivalry situation and cold war. The paper uses descriptive-analytical framework to substantiate the hypothesis. The finding of the study shows that Iran and Saudi Arabia practically are in a state of cold war and the practical finding of the paper and suggestion is that Iran and Saudi Arabia should not close the diplomatic and negotiations channel because in the absence of diplomacy there is possibility that the management of relations may go out of hands of the statesmen and the military commanders may take control of the situation. In that case both the countries will face difficult and unpredictable conditions. Manuscript profile
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        78 - Evolution in Saudi Arabia's Military Strategy: Backgrounds and Reasons
        Nader Pourakhondi
        Abstract: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is more known as an oil exporting state than a military power. Saudi Arabia have always been claiming as the leader of the Arab World and protector of the countries of Saudi Arabia Peninsula but its military force despite spending More
        Abstract: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is more known as an oil exporting state than a military power. Saudi Arabia have always been claiming as the leader of the Arab World and protector of the countries of Saudi Arabia Peninsula but its military force despite spending considerable amount of money does not have the ability for playing a prominent role in Persian Gulf region’s developments but from 2003, especially after Arab Spring events it has improved its military capabilities and interferes in regional developments. The Saudi Arabia military entered Bahrain after the unrest in that country. At present the Saudi Arabia military forces simultaneously participates in two military operations i.e. air attack in Syria along with international coalition and air and land operation against the Houthies in Yemen. The present article wants to examine the reason of Saudi Arabia military doctrine change from defensive to offensive position. The hypothesis is that the changes which have taken place in security environment of Saudi Arabia have led this country to adopt an offensive military doctrine. The present article has used descriptive-analytical method. The finding of the study shows that the purpose of the change in the military strategy of Saudi Arabia is to contain the regional influence of Iran.    Manuscript profile
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        79 - Analysis of Relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia on the Basis of Motivational Realism (2005-2015)
        Hadi Sadeghi Asl جعفر نقدی عشرت آباد امیرهوشنگ میرکوشش
        Abstract After the victory of Islamic revolution in Iran the relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia as two regional powers moved in a conflicting direction. There are several reasons for this trend. Reasons like Iran's competition with Saudi Arabia for leadership of I More
        Abstract After the victory of Islamic revolution in Iran the relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia as two regional powers moved in a conflicting direction. There are several reasons for this trend. Reasons like Iran's competition with Saudi Arabia for leadership of Islamic world, leadership of Shiites versus leadership of Wahhabi and Saudi's cooperation with West versus Iran's anti-West stands but there has been change and fluctuation in these policies due to change of governments in Iran. The present paper wants to examine the relations between the two countries from a different perspective and distinct from the existing international relations theories and is called motivational realism. The paper examines the relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran from the time of coming into power of Ahmadinejad till now and studies the relations between the two countries in these two periods by a comparative method. The paper wants to know that despite considerable differences between the foreign policies of Ahmadinejad and Rouhani government what has been the Saudi Arabia's reaction to moderate foreign policy of Rouhani? What has been the impact of moderate foreign policy orientation of Rouhani on regional policies of Iran and Saudi Arabia? Manuscript profile
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        80 - Artificial intelligence; The new arena of power competition between China and the United States
        Mehdi Hedayati Shahidani Javad Ramezanpour Shalmani
        10.30495/pir.2023.1976353.3594
        New technologies in the post-industrial revolution era have the ability to change the balance of power. Artificial intelligence is no exception. This technology has the ability to penetrate all areas from economy, business and services to security and defense issues. Ac More
        New technologies in the post-industrial revolution era have the ability to change the balance of power. Artificial intelligence is no exception. This technology has the ability to penetrate all areas from economy, business and services to security and defense issues. Accordingly, none of the major countries and powers want to be left behind in this field. The main research question is, what effect has artificial intelligence had on the competition between China and the United States? Based on the findings, despite the increased competition and challenge between Beijing and Washington in artificial intelligence and related technologies and the imposition of sanctions by the United States against China in the field of hardware related to artificial intelligence, there is significant cooperation between the scientists of these two countries in the field of producing articles and scientific research. There is. Also, Beijing has been able to overtake the United States in the production of scientific articles, patents related to artificial intelligence and big data. The United States is also a leader in the production of hardware and chips and is trying to use this advantage to stop China's progress. This article is done using descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile
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        81 - A Study of United States and Saudi Arabia's Reactions to people's Uprising in Bahrain (2011-2012)
        Shahrooz Ebrahimi Mohammad Reza Salehi Syed Mohammad Parsaei
        Bahrain is one of the countries which under the impact of unsuitable political and social conditions and also under the inspiration of Islamic-Arabic awakening in the Middle East and North Africa is witnessing people’s uprising. The present paper is of the view th More
        Bahrain is one of the countries which under the impact of unsuitable political and social conditions and also under the inspiration of Islamic-Arabic awakening in the Middle East and North Africa is witnessing people’s uprising. The present paper is of the view that the real cause of people’s uprising in Bahrain is in domestic factors and the structure of society and politics of that country. Saudi Arabia with a different motivation and interpretation on the morning of 14 March dispatched its forces and militarily intervened in Bahrain. The United States also for different reasons kept silent about these developments and in other instances it merely suggested holding of talks between the oppositions and Bahraini government and implementing reforms. The present article wants to answer three basic questions: 1.What are the grounds of people’s uprising in Bahrain? 2. On what logic and basis the United States has kept silent about Bahrain crisis? 3. What are the motivations of Saudi Arabia in militarily intervening in Bahrain? The underlying hypothesis is that the struggle for power and national interest at the macro and regional level for the United States and in regional and internal level for Saudi Arabia is basis of the United States and Saudi Arabia behaviour in Bahrain. The finding of the study shows the main cause of people’s uprising in Bahrain is the cleavage between the government and people due to unequal distribution of wealth, power and position. The United States wants to sustain its hegemony in international system by controlling the lifeline of energy in strategic Persian Gulf region. In this direction the United States wants to retain its security links with the countries of Persian Gulf Cooperation Council by military presence and opposition to Islamic Republic of Iran. To sum up, power and national interests justify the logic of the United States policy in Bahrain. On the other hand, the nature of political system of Saudi Arabia and the resultant fear of expansion of democracy to Saudi Arabia along with competition and regional opposition to Iran is the main motivation of Riyadh in question of Bahrain. The present paper by a descriptive-analytical method wants to study the above issue. Manuscript profile
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        82 - The Application of Games Theory in Describing the Elections Competitions
        Majid Golparvar Mahdieh Shahabi
        The Games theory is a mathematical theory for designing، analyzing، and describing conflicting situations. In this game the players involved، on the basis of certain rules are exposed to several choices. The Games theory is a study instrument for use in different level More
        The Games theory is a mathematical theory for designing، analyzing، and describing conflicting situations. In this game the players involved، on the basis of certain rules are exposed to several choices. The Games theory is a study instrument for use in different level of analysis، from economic، political and military approaches of the government till individual and group relations. By using this theory one can study the logical behaviour of the players and analyze the strategies that they use and give sound suggestions for improving the choices for achieving maximum benefit and suffering the minimum loss. This theory also introduces a set of related concepts that one can use them as a framework for thought about complilcated phenomena. The basic assumption of the Games theory is rationality of the behaviour and the choices of man. Nowadays the games theory is having application in various social and political fields including elections competitions. In the present article by a descriptive-analytical method and by making use of mathematical calculations tries to explain and analyze how Games theory can be used in illustrating elections competitions( rules، kind of game and the possible strategy). It seems that by determining the strategy، kind of game، consequences، the cost of probability matrice and the equilibrium point of the players based on the rules of the games، one can describe and explain elections competitions. The main question of the article is how can we describe and explain the elections competitions on the basis of Games theory? Manuscript profile
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        83 - An Investigation of the Reasons for Conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia (The Case Study Conflicts in Iraq, Bahrain, and Yemen)
        Ehsan Khazri Seyed Hamzeh Safavi Amin Parhizkar
        Abstract: Iran and Saudi Arabia are two prominent countries in the Islamic World. They play important role in the Middle East region’s developments. The present article examines the developments of the three countries of Iraq, Bahrain and Yemen as the sphere of i More
        Abstract: Iran and Saudi Arabia are two prominent countries in the Islamic World. They play important role in the Middle East region’s developments. The present article examines the developments of the three countries of Iraq, Bahrain and Yemen as the sphere of influence of Iran and Saudi Arabia to find out the root cause competition and rivalry between the two governments and give suggestion for solving the problem. The aim of the present study is to show that the nature of the conflict between the two countries has roots in ideological consideration which originates from the prevalence of contrasting ideological and value system which has led to wide gulf between Iran and Saudi Arabia and strained regional relations. It seems that any attempt to strengthen the grounds of cooperation and interaction and attenuating the tension between the two depends on change in semantic structure of the two governments and flexibility on both sides. Manuscript profile
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        84 - To Present Method for Rice Variety Identification with Fuzzy-imperialist Competitive Algorithm
        Zeinab Faraji Farhad Ramezani Homayun Motameni
        Manuscript profile
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        85 - Quantification the effects of reduced herbicide doses and nitrogen levels on wheat-Avena ludoviciana Duriu competition
        Iman Ahmadi1* Abdolmahdi Bakhshandeh Mohmmad-Hossein Gharineh
        A better understanding of factors affecting competition between wheat and weeds can facilitate the development of more effective crop management methods. In order to quantification wheat- Avena ludoviciana Duriu competition in response to nitrogen and Othello OD herbici More
        A better understanding of factors affecting competition between wheat and weeds can facilitate the development of more effective crop management methods. In order to quantification wheat- Avena ludoviciana Duriu competition in response to nitrogen and Othello OD herbicide. A field experiment in 2018-19 was conducted as split plots in a randomized complete block design with four replications at Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. Nitrogen fertilizer in included five levels of 0, 80, 160, 240 and Unconventional consumption 320 kg ha-1 of Nitrogen fertilizer was considered as the main plot and the herbicide dose of Othello OD herbicide in five levels of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 times the recommended dose (The recommended dose of herbicide is 1.6 L ha-1) was considered as the sub plot. The results showed the dose required for 50% reduction of weed biomass in non-fertilized conditions, was equal to 75% of the recommended herbicide was used. That with increasing nitrogen fertilizer consumption led to lower herbicide dose. So that by consumption 320 kg N ha-1 reached 37% of the recommended dosage of this herbicide. Also, to achieve about 700 g m-2 of wheat biomass, using 185 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer plus 85% of the recommended herbicide dose, or applying 320 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer and 65% of the recommended dose of herbicide. Manuscript profile
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        86 - استراتژیهای بازاریابی محصولات ارگانیک در ایران
        محمود محمدیان محمدعلی داداشی
        Manuscript profile
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        87 - Developing two 4-parameter and 5-parameter exponential smoothing methods with multiplicative trend for demand forecasting
        Sobhan Davarpanah Reza Yousefi Zenouz Amir-Reza Abtahi
        10.30495/jiei.2021.1922678.1096
        Manuscript profile
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        88 - A novel hybrid meta-heuristic technique applied to the well-known benchmark optimization problems
        Amir-Reza Abtahi Afsane Bijari
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        89 - Investigating the effective factors on the application of internet marketing dimensions from the point of view of managers and employees of Ramek Dairy Products Company
        Mohammad Bahrami Marzieh Yari Zanganeh
        Objective: This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the application of Internet marketing dimensions from the perspective of managers and employees in Ramek Dairy Products Company.    Method: The current research is applied More
        Objective: This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the application of Internet marketing dimensions from the perspective of managers and employees in Ramek Dairy Products Company.    Method: The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the research is all the managers and administrative employees of Ramek company, there are 442 people, among them, a sample of 206 people was selected using Cochran's formula. Shaltoni (2017) questionnaire including seven dimensions (comparative advantage, complexity, adaptability, innovativeness, competitor pressure, customer pressure of Internet marketing application) and 19 Likert scale items were used to collect data. The results of Cronbach's alpha test, 0.74, indicate the acceptable reliability of the tool. Data analysis and research hypotheses were done with one-sample t-test, one-way variance and Pearson correlation and SPSS software. Findings: The findings of the research showed that there is a significant relationship between all factors using internet marketing from the point of view of managers and employees, the highest correlation is related to the adaptability dimension (0.865) and the lowest is related to the innovativeness dimension (0.653) and the hypotheses of the research was confirmed. Also, the findings showed that there is no difference in the willingness to use internet marketing between men and women. The relative advantage variable is affected by age and the complexity variable is dependent on age, education and work experience. Conclusion: The results obtained from this research showed that the benefits of using internet marketing dimensions can be a strategy to maintain competitive advantage and maintain relationships with customers and finally find new customers and satisfy them in Ramek Company.     Manuscript profile
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        90 - Analytical evaluation of Iran's national architecture competitions and explanation of its effective components in promoting the country's contemporary architecture
        Seyyed mohammad Soghrati Heydar Jahan bakhsh Hossein Safari
        This research was carried out in a situation where attention to the concept of quality and returning to one's identity is the focus of attention of the country's officials. Examining the process of holding Iran's national architectural competitions as a p More
        This research was carried out in a situation where attention to the concept of quality and returning to one's identity is the focus of attention of the country's officials. Examining the process of holding Iran's national architectural competitions as a platform for expressing intellectual tendencies and comparing the language of contemporary architectural elites can play a significant role in identifying the cities and contemporary architecture of the country. The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the effective components of Iran's national architecture competitions in promoting the country's contemporary architecture in the 1390s. And it is in the applied qualitative-quantitative research group, which collects first qualitative data and then quantitative data with the help of an exploratory design with a mixed method. Its data was obtained through in-depth interviews with 30 experts and experts and after reaching theoretical saturation, the qualitative data collection process was completed. The quantitative part of the current research was conducted in the form of a survey according to the obtained indicators, and then a preliminary questionnaire was designed. After collecting the questionnaires, the answers were analyzed in two parts, descriptive and inferential. Structural equation modeling was done using Amos Graphic software for the inferential analysis of the research, and the most important factors were obtained from second-order confirmatory factor analysis. In this research, the components involved in holding Iran's national architecture competitions, which can be effective in the growth and promotion of the country's contemporary architecture, were identified and explained. Manuscript profile
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        91 - بحران سوریه: تجزیه و تحلیل راهبردهای سیاسی و امنیتی کنشگران درگیر
        احسان تقی زاده سالاری
        در یکی از خونبارترین تحولات خاورمیانه، از سال 2011 بحرانی سخت سوریه و منطقه را درگیر خود نموده است. در این میان هر کدام از بازیگران منطقه‌ای و یا قدرت‌های فرامنطقه‌‌ای به فراخور وزن و جایگاه و همچنین به تناسب منافع و ملاحظات خود در این بحران مداخله، نقش‌آفرینی و یا حداق More
        در یکی از خونبارترین تحولات خاورمیانه، از سال 2011 بحرانی سخت سوریه و منطقه را درگیر خود نموده است. در این میان هر کدام از بازیگران منطقه‌ای و یا قدرت‌های فرامنطقه‌‌ای به فراخور وزن و جایگاه و همچنین به تناسب منافع و ملاحظات خود در این بحران مداخله، نقش‌آفرینی و یا حداقل اعلام موضع نموده‌اند. این مقاله درصدد است تا با بررسی راهبرد سیاسی امنیتی کنشگران منطقه ای و فرامنطقه ای در قبال بحران سوریه دلایل و عوامل موثر بر این سیاستها را شناسایی نموده و راهبردها و تاکتیک‌های اتخاذ شده توسط این بازیگران را مطالعه نماید. برای بررسی این موضوع سه نظریه سازه انگاری، مکتب کپنهاگ و رئالیسم تدافعی به عنوان چارچوب نظری مورد توجه قرار گرفته و برای آزمون فرضیه از روش تبیینی- تحلیلی بهره برده و با استفاده از ابزار فیش برداری، اسناد و منابع کتابخانه‌ای و اینترنتی و مکتوبات موجود این فرضیه به اثبات رسیده که با توجه به وجود سه نوع از منافع اعم از موازی، متقابل و متداخل، الگوی رفتاری بازیگران دخیل در بحران سوریه، نشان دهنده سه سطح همکاری، رقابت و تقابل در صحنه سیاسی و میدانی سوریه است و هر یک از طرفهای درگیر می کوشند تا با فزون سازی قدرت و نفوذ خود ضمن حفظ و ارتقاء منافع ملی خود و کنترل و تحدید نفوذ و حضور طرف مقابل، دست برتر را داشته باشد. Manuscript profile
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        92 - Hows and Whys of Reuter’s Agreement: From Contraction to Cancellation
        Abbasali Rahbar Hassan Sadeghian-e Kumar Olia Farzad Nemati
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        93 - Iran's Regional Role and Russia-US Rivalry in West Asia
        Ali Eskandari Jahangir Karami
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        94 - Syrian Crisis: An Analysis of Political and Security Strategies of Involved Actors
        Ehsan Taghizadeh Salari Mehdi Zakerian Amiri Davood Hermidas Bavand Kayhan Barzegar
        Manuscript profile
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        95 - The Role of Space in Cooperation and Competition Between Great Powers
        Maryam Dorri Vernosfaderani Ardeshir Sanaie Alireza Soltani Kabak Khabiri
        Space has increasingly shaped the discourse of international relations in the 21st century. Space has always been an attractive area for cooperation and competition between governments and especially great powers. Space is a relatively new and developing scene in the in More
        Space has increasingly shaped the discourse of international relations in the 21st century. Space has always been an attractive area for cooperation and competition between governments and especially great powers. Space is a relatively new and developing scene in the international system. The launch of Sputnik not only created the space race, but also accelerated the arms race and intensified the Cold War between the two rival superpowers. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union dominated space activities. At the same time as the competition that has formed in space, there are sometimes collaborations, the International Space Station is one of the projects that brings together space countries and is seen as a symbol of cooperation between governments in space. However, there is still a sense of competition for supremacy in space even in the presence of such cooperation among all governments, whether those who are superior in terms of space technology or those who have less technological ability. The main question in this article is what role does space play in cooperation and competition between great powers? The hypothesis is that the great powers were always competing and seeking superiority in space from the beginning, and based on the theory of neo-realism, they cooperate with each other in space only to secure their interests and protect their space assets. Manuscript profile
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        96 - Limitation or Extension of Competition Law from the Point of the View of Imamiah Jurisprudence (Case Study of Lazarar, Yad, Taslit, Jurisprudential Rulest and the institution of Hesbah)
        Adel Ebrahimpoor Asanjan alireza naseri
        Competition is one the important matters in nowadays economics which its effects on countries economy is at high importance. According to Iranian constitution and priority of Islamic rules and jurisprudence to other legal sources in any fields, analysis on compliance or More
        Competition is one the important matters in nowadays economics which its effects on countries economy is at high importance. According to Iranian constitution and priority of Islamic rules and jurisprudence to other legal sources in any fields, analysis on compliance or noncompliance of Islamic rules with competition Acts and regulations is at great importance, since its sequences on country economy has determinative role. Some of Islamic rule such as “la zrar” seems to be in compliance with competition and others such as “yad” doesn’t have this feature. The other issue should be mentioned in this article is scope of government interference in economy and its analysis according to Islamic rules and jurisprudence based on pros and cons opinions through descriptive-analytical method. It is concluded that the concepts and issues related to competition rights can be seen in the original Islamic resource more frequently than within the framework of laws and regulations of Islamic Republic of Iran Manuscript profile
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        97 - Compilation of hosting strategies for World Armies Sports Competitions (CISM) in the Islamic Republic of Iran
        HAMID OMIDI , Farideh Ashraf Ganjouei, Esmaili, Mohammad Reza
        The purpose of this study was to Compilation of hosting strategies for World Armies Sports Competitions (CISM) in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method was qualitative. This research is descriptive and is in the field of strategic studies. The statistical po More
        The purpose of this study was to Compilation of hosting strategies for World Armies Sports Competitions (CISM) in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method was qualitative. This research is descriptive and is in the field of strategic studies. The statistical population of the study included all individuals active in physical training of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and active specialists in physical training of AJA, as well as athletes and coaches who had a history of participating in seismic competitions. The statistical sample was purposefully selected from the community and continued until the theoretical saturation of the interview (12 open interviews). The tools used in this study were interviews and discussions with elites, library studies. To achieve the objectives of the research using the Delphi method, a list of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of hosting and hosting World Army competitions in Iran was prepared and finalized in three stages with the opinion of experts. The results of this study showed that the strategic position of the country in hosting seismic competitions was in a so or competitive situation. Also, 9 general strategies in the field of seismic hosting in the country were developed by the Strategic Research Council. Manuscript profile
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        98 - Explaining the factors affecting the quality of hosting international military competitions (SIZM) based on the oral history approach
        Hooman Ordookhani farshad Tojari Zinat Nikaeen
        Considering the increasing importance of international military competitions (SISM) at the global level, the need to improve the quality of hosting in these competitions is felt more and more. This research aims to explain the factors affecting the quality of hosting in More
        Considering the increasing importance of international military competitions (SISM) at the global level, the need to improve the quality of hosting in these competitions is felt more and more. This research aims to explain the factors affecting the quality of hosting international military competitions by using the oral history approach and the descriptive-analytical research method. Based on the findings of the research, the responses of the statistical community of the research were focused on five components, which include security, location and accommodation conditions, socio-cultural conditions, political conditions and finally the opening and closing conditions of the games. Based on the answers of experts; Iran's conditions and performance in order to improve the security of all players and spectators have been evaluated as very favorable. In addition, the opening and closing conditions, as well as the accommodation of the athletes, and all the basic indicators in the location of the temporary residences of the players, were given due attention. However, one of the main restrictions on Iran's hosting conditions in Sizm competitions based on the response of the statistical community is the socio-cultural and political conditions governing the country, which are mentioned in detail at the end of the research. Manuscript profile
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        99 - Rejection and organization justice
        Mahin Tavakoli Warren Thorngate
        Content analysis of semi-structured       adults about losing an important organizational competition examined how three types of social justice : procedural, distributive, and interactional, affect the experience of rejection. All participants reacted More
        Content analysis of semi-structured       adults about losing an important organizational competition examined how three types of social justice : procedural, distributive, and interactional, affect the experience of rejection. All participants reacted to losing with feeling of sandness, anger, frustration, and a tendency to criticize the decision –       participants also withdrew from subsequent competitions. These negative feelings motivated all respondents engage in social comparison with the winner, and use the comparison to judge whether the decision – making process was fair. Social comparisons that led to a judgment of being unfairly treated, or that showed the winner to be less qualified, intensified the respondents’ negative feelings towards the judges and retarded recovery from negative feeling and thoughts associated with the rejection or loss. To cope with these negative feelings, participants adopted various psychological and behavior strategies such as finding meaning or benefit in the rejection or loss, and trying other competitions. Persistent negative feelings were related to receiving impolite, disrespectful, or insufficient feedback about competition results. Managerial implications are discussed.     Manuscript profile
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        100 - A comparative study of repressive measures against economic competition in Iranian and European Union criminal law
        Rana Nadali Jaloukhani Mohsen Shekarchizade Faramarz Atrian
        10.30495/alr.2022.1952512.2293
        It reveals the need to reactive appropriate legal measures, the violation of competition law and committing the criminal phenomenon of disturbing economic competition. Guiding the process of verdict and implementing of these measures, requires the establishment of legal More
        It reveals the need to reactive appropriate legal measures, the violation of competition law and committing the criminal phenomenon of disturbing economic competition. Guiding the process of verdict and implementing of these measures, requires the establishment of legal institutions, that in the European Union, it has been subjected to a system of multiplicity of complaints and follows the principle of unity in Iranian competition law. the application of criminal repression, as the last solution in the chain of legal measures, is exclusively within the jurisdiction of the competent national courts in both systems of criminal policy, despite this difference, its role in Iran's legislative criminal policy has been more prominent than the European Union and has created challenges. However, it has not been ignored the attention of both criminal policy systems to the necessity of a Variety of reactionary measures to the alleged criminal phenomenon and it has caused anticipate mechanisms based on non-criminal repression and also restorative measures, however, recent measures are still recent and require further support in both criminal policy systems. Manuscript profile
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        101 - The Influence of Real Exchange Rate Fluctuations on the competition indices in Iran’s Economy (1979-2013)
        وحید منافی انور فرهاد خداداد کاشی جهانگیر بیابانی فاطمه پاسبان
        Abstract In every country the value of money is closely related to economic power, continual and stable growth of physical commodities and the more production stability would continue, the cost index is more steady.One country that has desirable and fast economic growt More
        Abstract In every country the value of money is closely related to economic power, continual and stable growth of physical commodities and the more production stability would continue, the cost index is more steady.One country that has desirable and fast economic growth, as compared with other countries , its money will be strengthened. Growth of each economic factors such as gross domestic product and partial sale and employment result in demand increasing for that foreign currency and consequently its strengthening.On other hand, some policies can increase the international competition power for one country in clued micro economics and macro economics.The purpose of this research would be considering the change real exchange rate and its effects on the competition indices in Iran’s economy during the period of 1979-2013 The equations are estimated by VAR test and using eviews6. Estimation results show that oil incomes and budget deficits had negative effects on real exchange rate, and GDP and liquidity had positive effects on real exchange rate.   Manuscript profile
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        102 - The Merging and the efficiency of banking industry in Iran
        Hamid Shahrestani Soghra Ghobadi
        The main goal of this paper is to identify the factors affecting the efficiency of banking industry in Iran. Towards this ends, two methods namely, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) have been employed to investigate the issue in deta More
        The main goal of this paper is to identify the factors affecting the efficiency of banking industry in Iran. Towards this ends, two methods namely, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) have been employed to investigate the issue in detail. The data needed for this study covers the period of 1002 to 1002 and are compiled from balance sheets of commercial banks, specialized banks and also from private banks. The results obtained by the application of DEA method indicate that in terms of economic, allocation, and technical consideration, the average efficiency of banking sectors has been in the order of 265, 775 and 715, respectively. In the SFA method, the overall average efficiency of banking system is estimated to be around %45. the results of our model and its coefficient estimates indicate that the efficiency of banking industry is inversely related to the size of the banks, its overall assets and concentration index while factors such as number of bank branches, its skilled and educated labor force, loan to asset ratio, ratio of credit risk to asset, and e-banking index have a positive impact on efficiency index of banking industry. Promotion of efficiency in the banking sectors can be ensured only when the non viable banks are taking over by acquisition or merging practices Manuscript profile
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        103 - A Comparative Study of Iran and South Korea's Policy on Automotive Industry
        Seyed Esmaeil Hosseinigoli Ahmad Saei
        Abstract: The automotive industry in Iran and South Korea began simultaneously at a particular time, but the achievements of the two countries are not comparable in this area. Korea was able to make a huge contribution to the global market, but Iran failed to achieve i More
        Abstract: The automotive industry in Iran and South Korea began simultaneously at a particular time, but the achievements of the two countries are not comparable in this area. Korea was able to make a huge contribution to the global market, but Iran failed to achieve its goals. In this article, we plan to examine the paths that the two countries have taken and examine the barriers to the success of the first and the causes of the success of the latter. For this purpose, we must look at the nature of the political system and, consequently, the economics of the political system and the policies of the two countries. Since the beginning of industrialization, especially in the automotive sector, Iran has always had a limited access system (consistent with Douglas North.) And rarely provided a platform for private sector entry into economic activity and the formation of competition. But South Korea, although initially had a limited access system, gradually shifted from fragile access to the base and then to the mature, and eventually became open access to the political system. The government of Korea, with the right solutions, could provide the necessary space to form a strong private sector in this field and compete Manuscript profile
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        104 - Comparative Study on America and Policies Relating to Energy Security in Southern Caucasia
        Seyednurollah Mirashrafi Davoud Kiyani Ali Shirkhani
        AbstractNew geopolitics competition between the United States and Russia in order to control and reach energy resources and transfer lines are controversial in southern Caucasia. In recent years, in the field of the competition, the United States and Russia have been ma More
        AbstractNew geopolitics competition between the United States and Russia in order to control and reach energy resources and transfer lines are controversial in southern Caucasia. In recent years, in the field of the competition, the United States and Russia have been main actors of geopolitics play, oil play, and pipe line play or great play. Russia, as the earliest power to access the region oil transfer to the world market, has emphasized on its role and importance, placing traditional and monopolistic energy transfer to Europe in the center of its plans. The US, on the other hand, with the idea of predominating energy reserves and maintaining the security of pipe lines, follows the strategy of multiple pipe lines, while pivoting on the elimination of Russia from Southern Caucasia. With all this in mind, in this article, we are trying to research the two countries’ different policies in Southern Caucasia.Key words: Southern Caucasia, interaction of America and Russia policies, security of energy, transfer of energy, competition of the America and Russia Manuscript profile
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        105 - New Cold War Rivalry between World Powers in Cyberspace
        Mohammadreza Mayeli Mohammadsaeid Bahmani
        Abstract If a few years ago, the Cold War arms competition between the great powers of the West and East, was the first concern of rulers and peoples of the world, but nowadays, cyber warfare and cyber arms competition, and not at all sides of the globe, the world has More
        Abstract If a few years ago, the Cold War arms competition between the great powers of the West and East, was the first concern of rulers and peoples of the world, but nowadays, cyber warfare and cyber arms competition, and not at all sides of the globe, the world has become a strategic issue. You can use the tools in this space and know that they will be used against you. For example, you use exactly the same tools that you can use to spy on you and you realize that this issue was not the main victim of your own. In this space, you can be sure that someone does not follow you and it may be harsh to use against you and your goals. Concepts of power and war, after a period of literature accumulated during the Cold War years of the last century and the beginning of the new millennium became paradigm of security - cultural - political areas. The Internet is considered to be the largest ever human-system design, engineering and implementation. This system is a vast network of millions of computers that have multiple users and multiple goals but ultimately a global network, and the unit is connected to the global scale and find the media and its role in stimulating social movements that quickly cuts across borders in and the social ills is not negligible. The importance of the internet for the world has doubled in cyber space. This paper attempts to analyze new cold war rivalry between world powers in cyberspace.       Manuscript profile
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        106 - Mental Integration of Political Elites inside Government and Forming Stability in Political System
        Reza Jalali Mehdi Gholami
        Abstract A historical studies show the key role of elites in cultural, economic and social changes of the society. Attention of the most advanced countries is based on country elite’s especially political elites of the ruler class who have a major role in the proc More
        Abstract A historical studies show the key role of elites in cultural, economic and social changes of the society. Attention of the most advanced countries is based on country elite’s especially political elites of the ruler class who have a major role in the process of country decision-making and development. Then, this will shape in the shadow of stability in the society. In reality, political stability is an observer of the balance of nation demands from one side, and state function from other side. Other analyzers believe to the structural point of view which means the importance of political system. In their views, the system could give a direction to the political elites. Hence, this group is concentrating on the mental integration of political elites in terms of political stability. One of the major factors of stability in the political system is political elite’s consensus of opinions inside the government. This paper is attempting to analyze and compare these views about mental integration of political elites inside government and forming stability in political system Manuscript profile
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        107 - Fighting methods in the field of political competitions of the Islamic Republic of Iran (case study: the period of reformists and fundamentalists)
        علی جان مرادی جو
         Social forces are one of the most important ways to influence the process of political competition. Among the social forces, reformists and fundamentalists manage this influence through organizing these forces and by influencing the institutionalization of politic More
         Social forces are one of the most important ways to influence the process of political competition. Among the social forces, reformists and fundamentalists manage this influence through organizing these forces and by influencing the institutionalization of political participation through political parties and institutions and on the other hand, managing the activities of political organizations plays a role in the qualitative growth of political participation. They play a role. This process will eventually lead to political competition in the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This article has been written with the aim of explaining the central slogan and methods of struggle in the field of political contests of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In terms of methodology, it is a descriptive-analytical study that has been used to collect information from library and documentary methods. In total, the results of the research show that the most important methods of reformists in political competitions are to use the press, to get the support of artists, writers, intellectuals and experts, to use the movements of women, students and youth, and the most important methods of fundamentalists in political competitions are to rely on mandatory votes. Use of religious boards and national media and white beard method to reach consensus. Manuscript profile
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        108 - The Evaluation of Market Competition in Iranian Banking System (Panzar and Rosse Approach)
        Hossein Sharifinia Hooshang Momeni Vesalian Alireza Daghighiasli Marjan Damankeshideh Majid Feshari
          The evaluation of market competition is one of the main issues in the industrial and monetary economics. So, the main objective of this article is to estimate the banking market structure in private and governmental banks during the period of 2006-2017. For achie More
          The evaluation of market competition is one of the main issues in the industrial and monetary economics. So, the main objective of this article is to estimate the banking market structure in private and governmental banks during the period of 2006-2017. For achieving this purpose, at the first step we computed the banking sector's market competition by Panzar-Rosse approach. In the second step we evaluated the impact of market competition on total revenue of banks by using dynamic panel data regression with generalized method of moment approach. The results of model estimation indicated that the market competition in thesae banks has been estimated over the 0.59. Henve, the market structure is similar to incomplete competition. Moreover, the lag of total revenue and equity return have positive and wage rate has negative impact on total revenue of banks during the period of study. Keywords: Market Competition, Banking System, Private and Government Owened Bank's. Panzar and Rosse Approach Manuscript profile
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        109 - The Effect of Adaptation, Communication and Cooperation on Commitment and Trust and Their Role in Export Performance
        Sahba Banparvar zohreh mousavi kashi
        The main purpose of this study is to investigate effect of adaptation, communication and cooperation on commitment and trust and their role on export performance by considering the moderating role of inefficient competition. This study is categorized as applied and desc More
        The main purpose of this study is to investigate effect of adaptation, communication and cooperation on commitment and trust and their role on export performance by considering the moderating role of inefficient competition. This study is categorized as applied and descriptive. The statistical population was consisted of 600 managers and experts of companies exporting petroleum and petrochemical products in Tehran. According to the Cochran's formula, the sample size was calculated to 234 people and for sampling, the available sampling method was used. Data collection was done by a questionnaire of Hasaballah et al. (2019), Li & Zhang (2007) and Boso et al. (2019). The content validity of questionnaire was confirmed using Delphi model and expert's opinion and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) in Amos software. Findings showed that Adaptation, communication and cooperation have a positive and significant effect on trust and commitment in companies exporting petroleum and petrochemical products. Also, commitment and trust have a positive and significant effect on the export performance of these companies. In addition, the moderating role of inefficient competition in the relationship between trust and commitment to export performance was confirmed Manuscript profile
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        110 - The Relationship between the Product Market Competition and Information Asymmetry; Structural Equation Modeling Approach
        اکبر کنعانی رضوان حجازی مهرداد قنبری بابک جمشیدی نوید
        Since competition in the product market is one of the factors influencing the decisions of managers and investors, it is therefore considered as an important component in the reduction of information asymmetry in terms of insiders and outsiders decision making.The purpo More
        Since competition in the product market is one of the factors influencing the decisions of managers and investors, it is therefore considered as an important component in the reduction of information asymmetry in terms of insiders and outsiders decision making.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of competition in product market on information asymmetry.The statistical population of this research is the companies accepted in the TSE  by using structural equation modeling approach. In order to measure the level of competition, the Herfindahl-Hirschman index and to measure the information asymmetry, Bid-Ask criteria and firm size, earning forecast error and growth opportunities was used. After assuring the ability to measure the information asymmetry variable by the indicated indicators as well as the appropriate fit for the measurement and structural model of the research, the results indicate that the level of competition in the product market has a significant effect on the information asymmetry. In other words, with increasing competition in the product market, information asymmetry decreases. Manuscript profile
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        111 - The Effect of Passive Institutional Ownership Focus, CEO Tenure and Product Market Competition on the Relationship between Distracted Passive Institutional Investors and Firms Transparency
        Ali Badiee Nezhad Afsaneh Tavangar
        10.30495/faar.2022.693676
        AbstractDisclosure of information plays a key role in the correct and informed decisions of various user groups, especially investors, but economic units without external pressures and legal and professional requirements, are reluctant to disclose sufficient information More
        AbstractDisclosure of information plays a key role in the correct and informed decisions of various user groups, especially investors, but economic units without external pressures and legal and professional requirements, are reluctant to disclose sufficient information because disclosure of information is costly(Pourheidari, and.Foroughi, 2019).This study examines the effect of distracted passive institutional shareholders on firm transparency by considering the level of concentration of passive institutional ownership, product market competition and the tenure of the CEO.In this study, using data from 150 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, the issue was investigated.To test the research hypotheses, multivariate regression models were used with panel data method and fixed effects approach.The results of testing the research hypotheses showed that distracted passive institutional investors has negative and significant effect on the firm transparency and despite the fact that the ownership concentration of passive institutional investors in both levels of concentration more than 5% and concentration more than 15% have aposotive and significant Have a posotive and significant effect on firm transparency, but distrated institutional investors only in companies with a level of passive institutional ownership concentration of more than 15%, has a negative and significant effect on companies' with information transparency.Also, based on the results of testing research hypotheses, Distractedpassive institutional investors in companies with new CEOs has a posotive and significant effect on the firmstransparency,However, in companies with competitive product market level, it does not have a significant effect on companies' firm transparency. Manuscript profile
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        112 - Strong Shareholder Rights, Internal Capital Allocation Efficiency, and the Moderating Role of Market Competition and External Financing Needs
        Fereshteh Feizabadi
        10.30495/faar.2023.707974
        Abstract Nowdays, the capital market in developing countries is considered as a tool to increase investment and economic growth. Since efficiency is the main and most The purpose of this study was to Investigate strong shareholder rights on the internal capital allocat More
        Abstract Nowdays, the capital market in developing countries is considered as a tool to increase investment and economic growth. Since efficiency is the main and most The purpose of this study was to Investigate strong shareholder rights on the internal capital allocation efficiency, the role of competition and external financing in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange.The spatial domain of this research was the companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange . In this research, the rights of the strong shareholders of the independent variable and the efficiency of internal capital allocation  of the dependent variable were considered..In the data section of the study, data were collected from sample companies by referring to financial statements, explanatory notes and stock exchange monthly.Based on systematic elimination method, 100 companies were selected as statistical sample.Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to describe and summarize the data collected.In order to analyze the data, pre-tests of variance homogeneity, F-Lemer test, Hausman test, and Dicky-Fuller  test and then multivariate regression test were used to confirm and reject the research hypotheses (EViews  software).The results showed that strong shareholder rights significantly increase the internal capital allocation efficiency.However, the moderating effect of market competition and external financing needs is not found to be significant. Manuscript profile
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        113 - Design and Explain Stock Market Liquidity Model of Product Market Competition Based on Adaptive Econometric Model and Fuzzy Logic Approach
        hassan Heydari Sultan Abadi hossein panahian
        One of the risks associated with a company's stock is liquidity. Stock with high liquidity are attractive to shareholders and investors and increase demand. Stock liquidity is one of the most effective measures of market efficiency, especially in terms of information an More
        One of the risks associated with a company's stock is liquidity. Stock with high liquidity are attractive to shareholders and investors and increase demand. Stock liquidity is one of the most effective measures of market efficiency, especially in terms of information and is widely used in examining the factors affecting the supply of useful information. in this study, we designed and explained the stock liquidity model with respect to the product competition component. To select the sample, all companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2007 to 2019 are surveyed. not eligible were removed. Ten main variables affecting liquidity based on previous research were entered into the research model and the hypotheses were tested using regression model. Then, stock liquidity model was introduced through teaching and learning in Fuzzy neural network, which is an analytical-mathematical research method. The prediction obtained from fuzzy neural network is very accurate due to the comprehensive search method and the final model is confirmed with adjusted coefficient of determination of 77%. According to the results, liquidity depends on five influential factors including stock return, firm size, investment opportunity, Herfindahl Hirschman index and Lerner index Manuscript profile
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        114 - Risk modeling of financing structure according to probabilistic decision theory through ANP
        Hamidreza Iravani Hamidreza Kordlouie Freydoon Rahnamay Roodposhti Narges Yazdanian
        Different types of risks threaten financial and credit institutions. Therefore, managers of organizations must identify and manage the existing risks. The risk that directly affects the profitability of financial and credit institutions is called financial risk. Financi More
        Different types of risks threaten financial and credit institutions. Therefore, managers of organizations must identify and manage the existing risks. The risk that directly affects the profitability of financial and credit institutions is called financial risk. Financial risks include: balance sheet structure risks, income and profitability structure, capital adequacy, credit risk, liquidity risk, interest rate risk, market risk and exchange rate risk. Banking industry is one of the most sifnificant and critical section of economics which faces many sorts of risk. Financial structur risk is the most threating one that in case of non centrolling will lead to bankruptcy . the purpose of study is modeling risk in compaliance with finance structure in money market based of probabilistic decition theory. The populational of the research is experts and bank fanciancial statements after reviewing the literature all the aspects of risks and also financial ratios are being identifined. After gathering data ANP techinques are being app;ied . resuls show that the srquence of risks are, market , credit, liquidity, capital. The significance of risks are as follow: credit, capital, liquidity, income disturbution, market and systematic. Manuscript profile
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        115 - DYNAMIC COMPLEXITY OF A THREE SPECIES COMPETITIVE FOOD CHAIN MODEL WITH INTER AND INTRA SPECIFIC COMPETITIONS
        N. Ali Santabrata Chakravarty
        Manuscript profile
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        116 - Influence of seeding rate and reduced doses of haloxyfop-R-methyl herbicide on weed control, yield and component yield of mung bean
        abdolraheem shakibapoor Saeed Saeedipour
        Crop-weed competition has a profound effect on the seed yield of mung bean. We evaluated the effects of both the seed rate and weeding regime on the weed infestation and crop performance of mung bean. Two factors via seed rate (15, 25 or 35 kg ha-1) and different doses More
        Crop-weed competition has a profound effect on the seed yield of mung bean. We evaluated the effects of both the seed rate and weeding regime on the weed infestation and crop performance of mung bean. Two factors via seed rate (15, 25 or 35 kg ha-1) and different doses of haloxyfop-R-methyl (0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 L ha-1) were included in the experiment. The experiment was implemented in a split-plot design accommodating seed rate in the main plot and doses of herbicide in the subplot with four replications. Mean data from the experiment showed that weed density and weed dry weight were significantly affected by seed rate: these two variables decreased with the increase in the seed rate (p<0.01). The seed rate significantly influenced plant height, number of pod per plant, biological yield and seed yield. Different variables that included: Plant height, number of pod per plant, 1000 seed weight, harvest index and seed yield were significantly influenced by variations of herbicide doses. Seed yield was significantly improved in dose of 1.2 L ha-1. Overall, the interaction effect of seed rate and herbicide doses was not significant in respect to the plant characteristics except harvest index and seed yield. Nevertheless, a seed rate of 35 kg ha-1, coupled with volume of 0.8 L ha-1, illustrated the best seed yield. Therefore, crop competition can be explored as an effective alternative weed management strategy and achieving optimal yield of bean Manuscript profile
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        117 - Yield and productivity indices of common bean and sunflower intercropping in different planting ratios
        محمد قلی‌پور Peyman Sharifi
        Intercropping beside of increasing of yield than sole crops, enhance heterogeneity and biodiversity in agroecosystems. To evaluate yield and productivity indices of Guilan lanrace bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) intercropping, a field e More
        Intercropping beside of increasing of yield than sole crops, enhance heterogeneity and biodiversity in agroecosystems. To evaluate yield and productivity indices of Guilan lanrace bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) intercropping, a field experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications in 2014-15 growing season, at Somea-Sara, Iran. The planting ratios were 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0 (bean: sunflower) using replacement method. Intercropping had significant effect on pods per plant and seed yield of bean, and it had significant on plant height, head diameter, heads per plant, 100 seed weight, seeds per head and grain yield of sunflower. The land equivalent ratio (LER) were less than one in 75:25 and 50:50 (bean: sunflower) intercropping ratios, while it was equal to 1.15 in 25:75 bean-sunflower intercropping ratio, which indicates the intercropping cultivation of beans-sunflower had the highest efficiency by 15%. Sunflower in the planting ratios of 25:75 and 50:50 (bean: sunflower) had the highest relative crowding coefficient (RCC), therefore it was a dominant crop and bean had the least RCC and was a reccesive crop. The competitive ratio value (CR) of bean was less than one, which this means that bean was less competitive than sunflower in the intercropping system. It is concluded that sunflower and bean intercropping system have a substantial advantage compared to sole cropping systems and the intercroping ratios of 25:75 (bean-sunflower) was as superior planting ratio. Manuscript profile
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        118 - Effect of Planting Patterns on Grain Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Soybean (Glycine max L.) in the Competition with Weeds
        zahra Jouzayan Alireza Yadavi Mohsen Movahedi Dehnavi Eisa Maghsoudi
        To investigate the effect of planting patterns on morphological characteristics of soybean (cv. Villiam) in the competition with weeds, an experiment was carried out in summer of 2010 at the field of Agriculture Research Station of Yasouj University. In this study a spl More
        To investigate the effect of planting patterns on morphological characteristics of soybean (cv. Villiam) in the competition with weeds, an experiment was carried out in summer of 2010 at the field of Agriculture Research Station of Yasouj University. In this study a split factorial was used based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The main factors were (weedy and weed control) and subplots were row spacing (30, 45 and 60 cm) and soybean plant density (40, 50 and 60 plants m -2). The results showed that plant density and row spacing of soybean had significant effects on plant height, leaf area index, stem diameter and grain yield of soybean. With increasing of density and reduction of row spacing, increased grain yield of soybean, so that among the density different treatments the highest grain yield (240.6 gr m-2) was obtained from density of 60 plants m-2 and among the treatments of row spacing different the most grain yield (236.8 gr m-2) was obtained from 30 cm row spacing. Weed morphological characteristics (Lambsquarters and Amaranthus) was significantly affect by the plant density and row spacing of soybean, so that increasing of plant density and reduction of row spacing led to reduction of 22.7 and 29.8 percent dry weight of Amaranthus of weeds, respectively. The results, totally showed that changes in soybean planting patterns (plant spacing and row spacing) via effects on plant competitive ability against weed can be used as an cultural and non-chemical method for weed control. Manuscript profile
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        119 - Evaluation of competitive ability and yield of some bean cultivars in weed interference
        Ahmad Mehraban
        In order to study effect of competitive ability in some of the cultivars bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in weed interference, an experiment was conducted at a field in Karaj during 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. Experiment was conducted as factorial bases on randomized co More
        In order to study effect of competitive ability in some of the cultivars bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in weed interference, an experiment was conducted at a field in Karaj during 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. Experiment was conducted as factorial bases on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Experimental treatments include weeding and no weeding of weeds and five cultivars of bean (Naz, Goli, Sayyad, Derakhshan and Akhtar). Analysis of variance showed that the effect of weed control and cultivars on most of the traits was significant. But, the effect of year and weed control × Cultivar interaction was not significant. Naz cultivar had the lowest weed density and biomass density (17 plant per m-2 and 92 g m-2, respectively). Also, the highest grain yield (261.81 and 230.58 g m-2) were obtained at weeding treatment and Naz cultivar, respectively. Also, the results indicated that Naz cultivar had highest competitive index (1.52) and Akhtar cultivar had the lowest (0.83). Grain yield loss in weeding and non-weeding condition at Naz, Goli, Sayyad, Derakhshan and Akhtar cultivars was 30.25, 32.91, 37.36, 38/50 and 38.78 %, respectively. Generally, evaluation of different traits showed indeterminate and runner cultivars (Naz and Goli) showed higher competitive ability compared to determinate and erect cultivars (Akhtar and Derakhshan). So, pay attention to condition of this study, Naz cultivar is suggested for same environments. Manuscript profile
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        120 - Evaluation of economic yield and productivity indices in row intercropping of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata) and alyssum (Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv.)
        Mohammad Hassan Hatefi Farajian Alireza Koocheki Mehdi Nassiri Mahallati
        In order to study the effect of row intercropping patterns of lettuce and alyssum economic yield and productivity indices, a field experiment was conducted as a completely randomized blocks design with three replications during growing in 2014-2015 at Agricultural Resea More
        In order to study the effect of row intercropping patterns of lettuce and alyssum economic yield and productivity indices, a field experiment was conducted as a completely randomized blocks design with three replications during growing in 2014-2015 at Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Treatment included 1 row of lettuce + 1 row alyssum (1:1), 2 rows lettuce + 2 rows alyssum (2:2), 3 rows lettuce + 3 rows alyssum (3:3) and their monoculture. The results showed that the effect of row intercropping patterns of lettuce and alyssum was significant on fresh weight of both crops. The highest fresh weight of lettuce and alyssum was observed in monoculture with 36200 and 5909.2 kg per hectare, respectively. The highest total land equivalent ratio (1.04) was obtained from 2:2 treatment, indicating 4% yield advantage of intercropping and represents a more efficient use of land in this cropping pattern compared to the monoculture of two crops. The highest competition index was achieved from 3:3 treatment (2.96). In addition, the highest system productivity index was obtained in row intercropping pattern 2:2 with 35466.5. Therefore, it seems that the row intercropping pattern of 2:2 was higher in land equivalent ratio and as well as system productivity index compared to other row intercropping patterns to obtain the highest yield and income than monoculture. Manuscript profile
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        121 - The effect of nitrogen application on the competitiveness of corn at different densities of Johnson grass (Sorghum halapense)
        A. Keivanlo mohammad Armin
        In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen application on corn competitive ability with Johnson grass (Sorghum halapense) at different densities, An experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement based on completely randomized block design with three replications More
        In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen application on corn competitive ability with Johnson grass (Sorghum halapense) at different densities, An experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement based on completely randomized block design with three replications at researcher greenhouse of Islamic Azad university, Sabzevar Branch in 2015. Factors were: Nitrogen Levels (recommended (90 Kg.ha-1 of N) and recommended+50%(135 Kg.ha-1 of N)) and Johnson grass density (0, 1, 2 and 3 plants. Pot-1(0, 15, 30 and 45 plants. m-2, Respectively). Corn and Johnson grass were planted in pot with 30 cm diameter containing approximately 10 kg soil. Corn density was five plants per pot. Analysis variance result showed that chlorophyll index, stem dry weight, root diameter, root volume, root dry matter and root/shoot ratio affected by nitrogen levels. Increasing nitrogen amount increased these characteristics. Increasing Johnson grass density decreased chlorophyll index (7.89%), stem dry weight (16.48%), root diameter (21.31%), root area (22.18%), root volume(22.99%) and plant height (1.1%). Other corn root trait was not affected by Johnson grass density. Overall. Nitrogen application increased competition ability of corn with johnson grass, whereas increasing of Johnson grass density had negative impact on corn root morphological. Manuscript profile
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        122 - The effect of different phosphorous fertilizer on yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L.) under with and without pigweed (Amaranths retroflexus)
        سیروس منصوری فر مسعود کرکه آبادی A. Fallah
        In this research grain yield and yield components of corn were examined under competition with pigweed on P in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design (CRD) with four replicates. The treatments included planting methods: pure corn, corn /pigweed int More
        In this research grain yield and yield components of corn were examined under competition with pigweed on P in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design (CRD) with four replicates. The treatments included planting methods: pure corn, corn /pigweed intercropping and pure pigweed; and P amount in five levels: 0 (as control), 80, 160, 240 and 320 kg ha-1 as triple superphosphate resource. The results showed that P fertilization as 320 kg ha-1 increased grain number in ear (41.6%), thousand grain weight (19.2%), grain yield (33.4%) and biological yield (31.8%) of corn, as well as, plant height (27.0%) and dry weight (34.3%) of pigweed in pure culture. However, thousand grain weight of corn in the last P level (320 kg ha-1) and plant height and dry weight of pigweed in last two levels of P (240 and 320 kg ha-1) in intercropping were reduced. Intercropping of pigweed had negative effect on yield and yield components of corn, especially in lower P levels; while there is no significant effect in highest P level. This means that P had positive effect on competitiveness of corn against pigweed. Overall, for achieving to greater competition ability of corn against weeds such as pigweed and lower cost, 240 kg ha-1 P fertilizer can be recommended for future investigations. Manuscript profile
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        123 - Investigation of dry matter partitioning amount between different organs in faba (Vicia faba L.)
        Ali Baghban Amin Ali Rahemi Karizaki Ali Nakhzari Moghadam Abbs Biabani Ali Mansouri Rad
        Quantitative information regarding biomass partitioning in faba (Vicia faba L.) is limited. The purpose of this study was to obtain the values of the distribution coefficients of dry matter between different parts of faba plant under different sowing dates and densities More
        Quantitative information regarding biomass partitioning in faba (Vicia faba L.) is limited. The purpose of this study was to obtain the values of the distribution coefficients of dry matter between different parts of faba plant under different sowing dates and densities conditions. This experiment was conducted in Gonbad Kavoos during 2012-2013 in rainfed conditions. Experimental design was a factorial arrangement of treatments based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were combinations of sowing dates (27 November 2012, 14 December 2012 and 7 January 2013) and four plant densities (8, 12, 16 and 20 plants m-2). Dry weight of the separation of different organs and phenological stages were measured between emergence and maturity. A linear relation was found for biomass partitioning between leaves and stems before podding stage (R3). Ratio of dry matter distribution among leaf and stem on 27November 2012, 14 December 2012 and 7 January 2013 were 62:37, 60:39 and 54:40, respectively. Dry matter that was dedicated to stem more than leaf. On the other hand competition between of plants had not significant effect on dry matter distribution. Dispersion between data was more after podding stage than before it, which is probably due to translocation of dry mater. Manuscript profile
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        124 - Investigation the different barley (Hordeum vulgare) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum) growth characteristics intercropping under nitrogen fertilizer at barley flowering stage
        Shahnaz Toreifi Asfandiar Fateh Amir Aynehband
        In order to study the competition ability and production potential of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum) intercropping under nitrogen fertilizer in barley flowering stage a field experiment was conducted in experimental farm of Agricultu More
        In order to study the competition ability and production potential of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum) intercropping under nitrogen fertilizer in barley flowering stage a field experiment was conducted in experimental farm of Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz at 2015-2016 growing season. Experimental design was randomized complete block as a factorial arrangement with three replications. The first factor was 8 planting patterns includes barley sole cropping, fenugreek sole cropping, fenugreek-barley intercropping ratios includes 2:1, 2:2, 3:1, 1:3, as replacement series, 100% barley+20% fenugreek as additive series and mixed intercropping. The second factor was two nitrogen fertilizer application includes control (no nitrogen fertilizer) and 40 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer. The results of showed the highest total dry matter at barley flowering stage (1345.1 gr/m2) was obtained at 3:1 barley-fenugreek intercropping and the lowest one (482.6 gr/m2) was recorded at fenugreek sole cropping without nitrogen fertilizer. Also the results revealed that all intercropping treatments had the highest dry matter than sole cropping that it showed the intercropping had superiority than sole cropping. The highest Land Equivalent Ratio (LER=1.5) was obtained at 3:1 barley-fenugreek intercropping. So that it is concluded that at barley flowering stage the best treatment was 3:1barley-fenugreek intercropping with 40 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer. Manuscript profile
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        125 - Comparison of two mycorrhizal species in improving the absorption of nutrients and beneficial indicators of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) intercropping
        Tahmine Salahi Alireza Yadavi Hamidreza Balouchi Amin Salehi Mohammad Hamidian
        This study was used in order to diversify agricultural system by using fenugreek in mixed cultivation with linseed with the aim of determining the effect of mycorrhizal fungus symbiosis on the plant elements and the effect on intercropping indices. The farm factorial ex More
        This study was used in order to diversify agricultural system by using fenugreek in mixed cultivation with linseed with the aim of determining the effect of mycorrhizal fungus symbiosis on the plant elements and the effect on intercropping indices. The farm factorial experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications and 15 treatments in Yasouj University in 2016. The experimental factors include the bio-fertilizer in three levels (control, the use of mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae and the use of mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis) and cultivation ratios at 5 levels (pure cultivation of oilseed and fenugreek and mixed cultivation of linseed and fenugreek with ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:2). The results showed that the application of mycorrhiza along with mixed cultivation improved the absorption of macro and micro elements, so that the highest concentration of iron, nitrogen and potassium in oilseeds leaves was seen in the ratio of 1:1 mixed culture along with mycorrhiza fertilizer. Also, mycorrhizal fungus F. mosseae together with 1:1 mixed culture brought the most nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus of fenugreek leaves. The interaction of mixed cropping and mycorrhizal fertilizer was not significant on any of the indicators of the usefulness of mixed cropping; but the use of mycorrhizal fertilizers increased the amount of actual lost yield and the ratio of the total land. In general, the use of mycorrhizal fertilizer, in addition to improving the absorption of elements, made the mixed cultivation of flax and fenugreek superior to their single crop. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        126 - Growth and competitiveness of wheat against C3 and C4 plant in CO2 enrichment and drought condition
        farahnaz momtazi hamidreza miri
        Prediction climatic models show that atmospheric CO2 concentration will be increase and this has considerable effect on plant growth and their interaction. In addition to this CO2 changes water availability will affect plant growth and development. A greenhouse experime More
        Prediction climatic models show that atmospheric CO2 concentration will be increase and this has considerable effect on plant growth and their interaction. In addition to this CO2 changes water availability will affect plant growth and development. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in Arsanjan Islamic Azad University in 2012 in order to evaluate effect of drought and CO2 elevation on growth and competitiveness of wheat against C3 and C4 crops and weeds. Wheat, sunflower, wild oat and lumbsquarters as C3 crops and weeds and corn, millet, redroot pigweed and wild johnsongrass as C4 crops and weed were subjected to two CO2 concentrations (400 and 700 ppm) and two irrigation treatments (control and drought). The results showed that by increasing CO2 concentration total dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, root dry weight and leaf area of wheat increased significantly, but CO2 elevation had no significant effects on C4 plants. CO2 elevation increased dry weight of wheat by 30.7%. Drought stress reduced dry weight of wheat by 25.3%, but, under high CO2 condition there was no reduction in dry weight of wheat. This means that high CO2 reduced harmful effect of drought on C3 and C4 plants. The results also showed that by increasing CO2 competitive ability of wheat increasing against C4 plants. This change the competitive interaction of C3 and C4 crops and weeds at different CO2 and drought condition.   Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        127 - Vertical leaf area and dry matter distribution in potato canopy in response to weed competition
        M. R. Haj seyed hadi Gh. Noormohamadi M. Nasiri Mahalati H. Rahimi E. Zand
        To study the competitive effects of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) on potato, an additive experiment was conducted in the spring of 2004 and 2005 in split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with 4 replicat More
        To study the competitive effects of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) on potato, an additive experiment was conducted in the spring of 2004 and 2005 in split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with 4 replications at the Seed Potato Production Station of RAN in Firouzkooh. Treatments were included 2 weed species in main plots (Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album), weed density in sub plots (2, 4 and 8 plants per meter of row) and relative time of weed emergence in sub-sub plots (8 and 4 days prior to potato and the same time with potato emergence in 2004 and the same time with potato, 2 and 4 weeks after potato in 2005). Results showed increasing weed density resulted in reduction in potato LAI, but leaf area distribution in canopy layers was not affected and maximum LAD was recorded in second layer (20-40 cm) in all treatments. In 2004, redroot pigweed in 2, 4 and 8 plants per meter of row put 29, 42.1 and 44.6 percent of LAI above the potato canopy, respectively. These amounts for lambsquarter were 30.6, 38 and 43 percent. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        128 - Effect of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) competition on some physiological traits and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)
        B. Mirshekari
        In order to evaluation of the effect of redroot pigweed density and interference time on some physiological traits of sunflower two factorial experiments were performed with sunflower cultivars (Azarghol, Hysun and Allstar), redroot pigweed densities (8.3, 25 and 41.7 p More
        In order to evaluation of the effect of redroot pigweed density and interference time on some physiological traits of sunflower two factorial experiments were performed with sunflower cultivars (Azarghol, Hysun and Allstar), redroot pigweed densities (8.3, 25 and 41.7 plants/m2) and relative times of weed emergence (emerged with sunflower, 15 and 30 days after sunflower emergence) during 2005-2006. Results revealed that in three sunflower cultivars, at high densities and early interference times of redroot pigweed leaf area index decreased, significantly. In Azarghol, reduction amount of leaf area per plant in emerging of 41.7 weeds/m2 was 12%, compared with control. In Allstar, weed density was more effective than interference time, while, in Azarghol and Hysun interference time was more effective than weed density with a view to effect on leaf area duration. Azarghol could tolerate 41.7 and 8.3 weeds/m2 from 30 and 15 days after sunflower emergence later, respectively, without reduction on yield. While intensity of inter-specific competition between redroot pigweed and sunflower in Allstar was higher than Azarghol and Hysun. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        129 - Evaluation of integrated weed management of corn (Zea mays L.) in Qazvin province
        Amrhoseien Shirani Rad Raheleh Rostami Fariba Meighani Eskandar Zand
            In order to determine best density of silo corn (zeamays L) for good competition with weeds and attainment of acceptable economical yield, an experiment was conducted during 2009 as second cultivation in research farm of Takestan. The experiment was c More
            In order to determine best density of silo corn (zeamays L) for good competition with weeds and attainment of acceptable economical yield, an experiment was conducted during 2009 as second cultivation in research farm of Takestan. The experiment was carried out as RCBD in factorial with four replications. Treatments were included density factor (recommended density, 25 and 50% more than recommended one) and weed management (two time weeding, without weeding, nicosolforon herbicide in 2-4 leaved of corn, 1 time cultivation in 20 cm height ,two times cultivation in 35 cm of corn). Results showed that corn density and weed management had no significant effect on plant height, diameter of corn with hide, the number of row in corn, the number of seed in row, the number of seed in corn, the grain yield and the weight of 1000 seeds. Corn recommended density together no weeding caused the most diameter of stem, the number of seed in row, the number of seed in corn and corn density 50% more than  recommended cause the most biological yield. The density of corn had a significant effect on density and dry weight of Amaranthus blit oides two months after treatments, while weed management had significantly effect in 1% probability level on density and the weeds dry weight in all sampling steps. Corn density by 50% more than recommended caused mostcontro of density and dry weight of Amaranthus blit oides and most decrease in the density and dry weight of Chenopodium album... The most control of dry weight of Amaranthus blit oides and Chenopodium album and most decrease density in Chenopodium album in all samplings most control of density of Amaranthus blitoides in last sampling in response to the treatments, two times weeding and one and two times cultivation was obtained. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        130 - Examining the effect of product market competition on capital structure adjustment speed considering the moderating role of CEO extroversion
        Mahdi Filsaraei
        10.30495/afi.2023.1984892.1218
        Objective: This research aims to examine the relationship between market competition, CEO extraversion, and the speed of capital structure adjustment in the capital market.Research Methodology: This study is applied in terms of its objective, quantitative in terms of da More
        Objective: This research aims to examine the relationship between market competition, CEO extraversion, and the speed of capital structure adjustment in the capital market.Research Methodology: This study is applied in terms of its objective, quantitative in terms of data, deductive in terms of logic, and descriptive-correlational in terms of execution. The preferred method for gathering evidence is post-event. Relationships between variables have been examined using correlation and multiple regression models with a panel data approach. The study employs data from 143 publicly traded companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period from 2012 to 2021. Company data is analyzed and processed using the R software, and multiple regression is used to estimate the research model.Findings: Data analysis results, using multiple regression with a panel data approach at an expected error level of five percent, reveal a significant relationship between market competition and the speed of capital structure adjustment. Furthermore, CEO extraversion strengthens the relationship between market competition and the speed of capital structure adjustment.Originality/Scientific Contribution: The findings of this research not only contribute to the literature on capital structure adjustment speed and market competition but also assist all stakeholders and users in assessing companies' attention to the impact of market competition and capital structure adjustment speed using the theories of limited liability and opportunistic behavior. Additionally, this relationship is analyzed and dissected based on the personality type of the CEO (extraversion). No previous domestic studies have investigated the effect of CEO extraversion on the speed of capital structure adjustment. Therefore, this research is innovative within the country. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        131 - Investigating the efficiency internal capital markets of business groups in allocating resources and performance; the effect of ownership-control wedge and product Market competition
        Faramarz Karami Taleghani Mohammad Reza Vatanparast Javad Rezazadeh Keyhan Azadi Hir
        10.30495/afi.2023.1983050.1207
        Purpose: The common feature of the theoretical approaches adopted to study business groups is the presence of internal capital markets in these groups. The accounting literature shows that the efficiency of these markets in allocating resources and performance can be af More
        Purpose: The common feature of the theoretical approaches adopted to study business groups is the presence of internal capital markets in these groups. The accounting literature shows that the efficiency of these markets in allocating resources and performance can be affected by self-interested motives resulting from the agency problem. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of the ownership-control wedge on the efficiency of internal capital markets of business groups in resource allocation and performance with regard to product market competition.Methodology: This descriptive-correlation research has been done from the perspective of practical purpose and using the post-event approach. . In order to achieve the goal of the research, the data of 18 business groups whose parent companies are listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange or OTC were collected during the years 2015 to 2022 and the study hypotheses were tested using multiple regression with panel data.Findings: the findings of the study show that the ownership-control wedge has a negative and significant effect on the efficiency of resource allocation and the efficiency of the internal capital markets of business groups. Also, the findings only show that the relationship between the ownership-control wedge and the efficiency of the internal capital markets of business groups weakens with the increase in product market competition. However, there was no evidence of the effect of product market competition on the relationship between ownership-control wedge and resource allocation efficiency.Originality / Value: It is important to pay attention to the internal capital markets of business groups as a potential mechanism to facilitate the efficient allocation of resources and achieve strategic advantages. Therefore, by knowing more about the phenomenon of ownership-control gap and its effect on the efficiency of internal capital markets of business groups in the allocation of resources and performance, basic steps can be taken to achieve strategic benefits (such as the development of the domestic economy). Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        132 - Effect of weed competition on yield, yield components maize cultivar Early 704 (the second culture) in Lorestan Kuhdasht
        Amin Adinehvand Masoud Rafeiee Manouchehr Sayah far
        In order to effect of weeds relative time of emergence on single cross 704 Corn (Zea mays) yield was studied in different density levels of the mentioned weed. The experimental design was split plot based on Randomized Completed Block Design (RCBD) with three replicatio More
        In order to effect of weeds relative time of emergence on single cross 704 Corn (Zea mays) yield was studied in different density levels of the mentioned weed. The experimental design was split plot based on Randomized Completed Block Design (RCBD) with three replications in 2012 was carried out in Koohdasht, Lurestan. The emergence time was considered in 3 levels of E1, E2 and E3 (emergence of the weed 14 days earlier, 7 days earlier and simultaneously with corn, respectively) as main plots and density of weed in 6 levels of D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 plants per m2, respectively)as subplots. The height, laef area index (LAI) of corn decreased with earlier emergence time and increasing the density of the Weeds. Also, earlier emergence time of weeds at high densities lead to the reduction in yield component (ear length, diameter and weight, number of seed row in ear, number of seed in row and thousand seed weight). The results showed that a decreasing in grain and biological yield of Corn, as the emergence time of Corn delayed in comparison with the emergence time of weeds. The maximum reduction in grain and biological yield of Corn was observed in 14 days earlier emergence of weeds compared to Corn in high density of this weed (20 plants per m2) with 100 and 99 percent respectively, as Corn plants were put in canopies of weeds plants. Totally, based on the results of this research it can be stated that as the number of the earlier emergence days of weeds compared to the Corn increase, the competitive potential of the Corn reduces and an intense decrease is being observed in its yield. Though, the increase in density of the weed resulted in grain and biological yield reduction, there was no difference between the process of reduction in high densities of weed.    Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        133 - Prioritizing the Economical Strategies of Sporting Companies by Using the AHP-TOPSIS Integration Method
        ahmad torkfar
        This research aimed to identify and prioritize the strategies of sports production companies in the direction of economic development of sports using AHP-TOPSIS integration method (case study: Jame Jam Sports Company). The research method was survey. In order to identif More
        This research aimed to identify and prioritize the strategies of sports production companies in the direction of economic development of sports using AHP-TOPSIS integration method (case study: Jame Jam Sports Company). The research method was survey. In order to identify the strategies of Jame Jam Sports Company, the theoretical saturation method and identifying the experts of the studied company by snowball method were used to identify the strategies. In order to analyze the research data, AHP and TOPSIS methods were used SUPER DECISION software and BT TopSis SoLver software. According to the results of the research, it was found that the most important strategies of Jame Jam Sports Company included the strategy of merging with other companies, the strategy of vertical integration upwards and the strategy of heterogeneous diversity. Therefore, the company needs to integrate with other companies in order to create a stronger structure through the development and improvement of its capabilities. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        134 - Russia's ethics for the Syrian civil war and the US response
        fatemeh sadat maloomi afshin zargar
        The Syrian civil war, which has been the most important crisis in the Middle East over the past seven years, has turned the region into a rivalry and rivalry between regional and trans-national powers. The geographic extent of the conflict, the high volume of damage, th More
        The Syrian civil war, which has been the most important crisis in the Middle East over the past seven years, has turned the region into a rivalry and rivalry between regional and trans-national powers. The geographic extent of the conflict, the high volume of damage, the occurrence of extreme violence and the direct and indirect presence The numerous international actors on the scene of operational battles have made the crisis one of the most unique examples of the past decade. The nature of international phenomena has shown that great powers in a multilateral structure, along with co-operation and competition, seek to stabilize the power equivalence in the international environment. Russia has been the main actor in Syria in recent years and has been the strongest player among foreign actors in Syria, but on the other side of the United States, with multiple instruments under the pretext of confronting ISIL's threat and preventing Iran from penetrating Syria in this crisis-affected country. Has played a role that has not been in line with the interests of Russia. In this way, there is a clear and secret opposition between Russia and the United States in Syria. In this article, we examine this contradiction. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        135 - The Process of Iran's Membership in the World Trade Organisation from the Perspective of International Competition Law
        Rahmat Hajimineh Taher Haidar Zadeh
        Joining the World Trade Organization opens up a competitive market to Iranian producers through which they can market their capabilities. As a country that is not a member of the World Trade Organization, which is responsible for the free trade and full mobility of good More
        Joining the World Trade Organization opens up a competitive market to Iranian producers through which they can market their capabilities. As a country that is not a member of the World Trade Organization, which is responsible for the free trade and full mobility of goods and services worldwide, it will not be able to compete in global markets. International competition law is also cited as one of the essentials and factors contributing to the success of free market economies. If there is healthy competition among production and distribution actors, economic efficiency will rise and public welfare will increase and violations of international competition law will have adverse effects on economic efficiency. Therefore, legal systems are designed to counteract anti-competitive practices and to compensate for them by designing legal mechanisms. The purpose of this study is to examine Iran's WTO membership process from the perspective of international competition law. This study raises the question: what are the challenges in terms of Iran's international competition rights to join the World Trade Organisation? Descriptive-analytically evaluates the hypothesis that from the perspective of Iran's international competition for membership in the World Trade Organisation, there must be a great deal of effort in reforming laws and regulations, industrial and economic infrastructure, global quality production, business environment, banking system and Customs and privatisation. The findings of the study also prove this. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        136 - New middle class capitals in the field of political competitions of the Islamic Republic of Iran (case of study: period of reforms and fundamentalism)
        alijan moradi jo
        10.30495/psq.2023.1985069.2199
        The upcoming article seeks to investigate the role of the influential capitals of the new middle class in the political competitions of the Islamic Republic of Iran; In this regard, while examining Bourdieu's practical theory, explaining the types of capital and the com More
        The upcoming article seeks to investigate the role of the influential capitals of the new middle class in the political competitions of the Islamic Republic of Iran; In this regard, while examining Bourdieu's practical theory, explaining the types of capital and the compatibility of this theory with the political environment of Iran, the author has addressed the role of new middle class capitals in the political contests of the period known as reformism and fundamentalism. In terms of methodology, it is a descriptive-analytical study that has been used to collect information from library and documentary methods. What economic, social, political, cultural and symbolic capitals did the new middle class use in the political contests of the Islamic Republic of Iran and how did they exploit these capitals? It constitutes the most important question of the present research. In sum, the results of the research show that the most important influential capitals of the new middle class are intellectuals, students, civil and non-governmental organizations, celebrities, national bourgeoisie, strategic agencies, prestigious groups, the press, and political parties and organizations that compete with the traditional middle class in They used them during national elections. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        137 - The role of Yemen's internal developments in the regional competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia in 2010-2020
        narjes arabshahi behnaz azhdari
        The continuous and stable competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the Middle East region has a long history,and according to internal,regional and international tensions and issues,the rules of their behavior and performance are different from each other.The politi More
        The continuous and stable competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the Middle East region has a long history,and according to internal,regional and international tensions and issues,the rules of their behavior and performance are different from each other.The political approach emanating from this competition has been less based on cooperation,more based on confrontation and sometimes conflict. Yemen's internal developments after the Arab Spring, and Saudi Arabia's role as a godfather to this country due to Yemen's strategic location, caused Saudi Arabia to adopt a hostile policy.Accusing Iran of supporting Yemen's Ansarullah turned this crisis-stricken country into a field of competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia. This research seeks to answer the question, what role does Yemen's internal developments play in the regional political competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia?The hypothesis of the research in response to the question is that the internal developments in Yemen have caused the direction of the aggressive foreign policy of Saudi Arabia towards Iran.The purpose of the research is to investigate the role of the Houthis in the rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia, and the method of data collection is the use of library and internet documents. The findings of the research show that Saudi Arabia has made a systematic change in its foreign policy under the title of "Salman Doctrine" due to the challenges facing the region.The competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the field of Yemen is analyzed in the framework of Barry Buzan's regional security theory as a theoretical framework. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        138 - Explanation of Obstacles to the Realization of Silk from the Perspective of the Convergence Theory
        Ghasem Torabi Raziye Saneie
        China’s one belt one road (OBOR) initiative unveiled by President Xi Jinping in 2013, aims to restore the country’s old land and sea trade routes and to boost economic connectivity between Asia, Europe and Africa. It covers 65 countries and six economic corr More
        China’s one belt one road (OBOR) initiative unveiled by President Xi Jinping in 2013, aims to restore the country’s old land and sea trade routes and to boost economic connectivity between Asia, Europe and Africa. It covers 65 countries and six economic corridors accounting for two thirds of the world’s population and one third of the world’s GDP. In this paper the authors look at the opportunities it offers and some of the challenges for investors China’s one belt one road.  In this sense, we focused on domestic constraints, tensions in China's neighbourhood, and great power rivalries. Finally, we tried to offer several suggestions regarding the improvement of China’s initiative. The suggestions concern the initiative’s planning and implementation, the means to improve its bilateral relations with neighbours and great powers, in order to be perceived as a responsible power on the international arena.   Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        139 - The effect of various plant density on the competitiveness of corn with natural population of weeds
        عبدالنور  چعب محمد حسين قرينه
        In order to study the effects of increasing corn plant density on competitive ability of corn with natural weed population in Khuzestan climate, a Randomized Complete Block design with four replications was conducted in the experimental field station at Ramin Agricultu More
        In order to study the effects of increasing corn plant density on competitive ability of corn with natural weed population in Khuzestan climate, a Randomized Complete Block design with four replications was conducted in the experimental field station at Ramin Agricultural and Natural resources, Mollasani university of Ahwaz. Treatments included pure stands of corn at three density ( 40000, 70000 and 100000 plants ha) and weed interference period to v9 and v13 in any of plant density ( 40000, 70000 and 100000 plant ha ). Also another additional treatment was adopted as weed-interference during the growth season with density of 70000 plant ha. Results showed that there was significant difference between the studied characters, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, grain number per ear, and row number per ear, grain number per row and 1000-kernel weight among treatments. The studied characters were severely reduced by increasing the duration of weed interference after corn emergence. In addition, results showed that with corn plant increasing density, corn plants tolerated the presence of weeds until v9 stage with approximately 6-15% in yield loss. Manuscript profile

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