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Open Access Article
1 - An Analyis about Etezad Al-Saltaneh‘s Narrativition Method in Iksir Al-Tavarikh
Mahbobe Taheri abbas sarafrazi mohmmad baghestani kozegar ardeshir asadbeigi mohammad nabi salimThe Examining the style of narration in historical sources is one of the most important points in historiography and causes the recognition of the constituent parts of a work such as perspective, linguistic structure, narrative techniques and art. The book Iksir Al-Tawā MoreThe Examining the style of narration in historical sources is one of the most important points in historiography and causes the recognition of the constituent parts of a work such as perspective, linguistic structure, narrative techniques and art. The book Iksir Al-Tawārīkh by I’tizād Al-Saltana, as a work in which the author, as a narrator, depicts historical events while expressing the function of the institution of power, using special narrative elements, can help to understand Qajar historiography. The present research is based on the hypothesis that due to some narrative features of the book Iksir Al-Tawārīkh how does make it as an outstanding work by showing the interaction of social and political conditions and historical figures. The author's narrative style is originated from the political, social, cultural and literary atmosphere of his time and he turned to historical events with a linear narrative and the historical characters are in accordance with social structure and way of thinking. Also, the structure of the narrative is formed by using reporting and aesthetic language, and as a result, by deciphering the narratives, one can understand the effect of power on the language of the historical narrative of the Qajar period Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Investigating the effect of geometrical asymmetry on conductance and TMR ratio in the ZnO rock salt-based MTJ: a DFT study
Masoud Ansarino -
Open Access Article
3 - Density functional theory study on the effect of Cu- and Na-substituted layers on spin-dependent transport and TMR in the Fe/ZnO/Fe MTJ
Masoud Ansarino -
Open Access Article
4 - Recognizing psychological effects of natural elements on Iranian vernacular houses (case study: vernacular houses in Yazd)
نفیسه افشاری بصیر Farah Habib Seyed Majid Mofidi ShemiraniGiven more than seven thousand years of urbanization and highly diverse topographic and geographical conditions, Iran is one of treasures through the world's architectural history. Climatic diversity, on one hand, and long history of living, on the other hand, has led t MoreGiven more than seven thousand years of urbanization and highly diverse topographic and geographical conditions, Iran is one of treasures through the world's architectural history. Climatic diversity, on one hand, and long history of living, on the other hand, has led to noteworthy and valuable achievement in architecture and urbanization within this country. But these elements are less utilized in today architecture. In today’s world, excessive population growth of cities and on the other hand, development of cities without rules as well as industrialization regardless of people’s health and welfare in residential spaces make human societies face a crisis. While in recent years, appreciation of nature and its proximity to residential areas have been concerned in most of countries and a great attention has been paid to association between human-made space and its natural context. Attention to natural elements, particularly the nature formed within courtyards next to houses, can improve quality of life and make houses a better space for human growth and sublimity. In other words urban life, technological advances and excessive economical demands have extremely made people apart from the nature and formed their mind within an iterative mechanized order. However, human is a part of nature and his close relationship to the nature provides him survival and longevity. In Iranian houses, a space indicating relationship between human and nature is courtyard. Central courtyards within vernacular houses in Yazd provided inhabitants with terrific living conditions and enhanced their living quality by utilizing natural elements such as water, wind, light, and plants. Actually vernacular architecture represents a strong relationship between human and nature by smoothing the nature and using natural elements. In historical houses of Yazd, the house was not separated from nature and there should be some natural representatives inside spatial configuration of house. In vernacular houses, nature was always presented in terms of three appearances: primary, secondary and abstract form and the sky, soil, water, wind and different living figures such as domestic plants and pets all were available in terms of primary nature and they interacted to each other. But today, due to providing more houses regardless of their quality, not only natural elements are ignored in human life; but also in many cases, buildings do not have essential features of living. This study seeks to answer the question what could be the effect of nature on human perception, visual pleasure, comfort and human mental relaxation? This paper aims to investigate impacts of natural elements on vernacular houses in Yazd. A descriptive, analytic methodology along with a case study (vernacular houses in Yazd) were employed and data was collected through library and field research. The questionnaires analysis was performed with SPSS. Natural elements directly affect physical, sensual, and spiritual dimensions of human existence. Among all natural elements, water had the greatest influence on human’s sensual dimension; and also green space and vegetation had the most significant impact on human’s physical dimension (cooling and humidifying the air). Furthermore, light had the highest effect on human’s sensual dimension. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Sustainable Prefabricated Structure Design by Salt Sediment Inspired from Material Distribution Optimization of Human Trabecular Bone
Azin Jalali mahmoud golabchiNature can be an interesting source of human inspiration for design and inventions. Man has been always related to the nature in different levels. Bionic Architecture is a new trend in contemporary world that benefits from sustainable nature`s solutions for human proble MoreNature can be an interesting source of human inspiration for design and inventions. Man has been always related to the nature in different levels. Bionic Architecture is a new trend in contemporary world that benefits from sustainable nature`s solutions for human problems. There are two main methods of bio inspired design, First: Bottom-Up or solution based method, Second: Top-Down or problem based method. The authors used Top-Down or problem based method to find the article`s main question: How to design a sustainable self-growing and self-compacting structure which is cheap and uses minimum material. First there was problem of construction with minimum material usage and ecosystem damage, then human bone as an inspiring source was focused on, and abstracted form modeled by 3D printers can lead this basic prototype to industrial mass production. This article aims to find a solution for problem of over extracting materials from environment which is a factor of unsustainability in architecture and construction industry. It tries to discover the pattern of how structures optimize their material usage to build their selves. Natural structures extract needed materials from their context gradually, an example of these structures in nature is human bone that have balance between strength, weigh and material distribution. How to simulate this semi prefabricated, self-compacting and intelligent structure able to self-healing and self-destroying itself in essential parts and gradually extract material from its context environment grows and completes itself is the result of this article. The process of simulation from natural model to industrial sample is discussed in the main text. The process contains these steps: Discovering bone structure, Abstracting bone pattern, Simulating bone growth, and providing sediment phase. Bone structure can be simulated into two different ways. One of them is using random points as basic matrix and the other one is Voronoi pattern. Both of these methods can be modeled by Grasshopper plugin and Rhino software. After modeling abstracted Trabecular pattern as basic matrix, it can be made by 3D printers which use cheap and abundant material like sand. The basic sand matrix is put into over salinized water to become more and more compacted by time duration and salt sediments. The Piezoelectric property of the bone cells could be ignited by external forces is the basic cause of calcium ions absorption from bloodstream and calcium precipitation on bone matrix. Bone grows up according to the direction of the external force vectors. Simulation of this dynamic process in a smart structure that builds and destroys and repairs itself is proposed to use Quarts sensors which has the same piezoelectric feature and can simulate the behavior of bone calcium precipitation by making heat from the forces that have to bear and making heat as reaction. The material for process of structure growth is salt (sea salt). As the water of Persian Gulf or Lake Urmia is facing over salinization crisis, extracting salt from these over salty water and returning less salty water to its source can supply environmental sustainability of this kind of construction method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Modeling Airflow in Urban Form against Sand Accumulation: a Case of Saltation in the Town of Timimoun in Southern Algeria
Djamel Mestoul Rafik Bensalem Luc Adolphe -
Open Access Article
7 - A Practical Desalinization Model for Large Scale Application
S. Asadi kapourchal M. Homaee E. Pazira -
Open Access Article
8 - Spectrophotometric Determination of Protonation Constants of T ry p to ph an at Different Ionic Strengths and Various Ionic Media
Al' Shamel Masumeh Asgharian Farrokh Gitarib -
Open Access Article
9 - Structural investigation of complexes formed by DNA+CTAB and DNA+DDAB and Designing a method to increase salt ions between DNA and the Surfactant rods.
E. Moniri F. Gharib M. Monajjemi K. Zare -
Open Access Article
10 - Selective Membrane Electrode for Bromide Ion Based on Aza Pyrilium Ion Derivative as a new Ionophore.
Hossein Aghaie Karim Zare Ali Reza Abedin Mehran Aghaie -
Open Access Article
11 - Interaction of Thallium (I) with Cytidine 5-Monophosphate in Different Ionic Strengths and Various Media
Farhoush i Kian Farrokh Gharib -
Open Access Article
12 - Salt Domes of Bastak, Hormozgan Province and its influence on the soil and water Resources
Mohammad Ebrahim Afifi Parviz KardavaniBastak Region is located in the northwest of Hormazgan Province. It is consideredas one of the poor regions of the country according to it's water resources while 7.24billion cubic meters of water run down to the sea in the form of waste water and floodsin Hormozgan eac MoreBastak Region is located in the northwest of Hormazgan Province. It is consideredas one of the poor regions of the country according to it's water resources while 7.24billion cubic meters of water run down to the sea in the form of waste water and floodsin Hormozgan each year without any further accessibility to it.Saline, alkaline and heavy ground water or the surface water flowing through thesaline formations are used for the irrigation of most agricultural territories of thisregion. However , the high level of ground water and severity of evaporation have stillreduced the soil fertility.On the other hand , the importance of water in this region increases with regard tothe dispersion of saline geological formations and improper quality of ground water.People suffer from the shortage of fresh and agricultural water most of the year. Thisregion is under the influence of two geological factors ie. The general folds of Zagrosmountaion chains and the phenomenon of diapirism.In addition to the saline and alkaline states of the soil, erosion has also largelyinfluenced on the decrease of its fertility. Therefore , this research mostly seeks for theeffective geomorphic evidence of the soil and water resources of the region while wehope to detect and offer some guidelines for it.Finally, salt domes are introdusing as one of the main factors of the salincty ofwater and soil in this region, We have used field activities and library and documentalmethods for achieving this purpose. Controling salinity plans should be implementedto prevent any further damage to the soil and water resources although manydifficulties are encountered when enforcing them due to several reasons. Thus, wehave tried to offer some reasonable suggestions base on two mechanical and biologicalstracthers for the reservation of soil and water resources according to regionalconditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Assessment of Spatial Distribution some Ground Water Quality Indexes in Adrabil Plain for Irrigation uses
Farrokh Asadzadeh Hossein Pirkharrati Zahra Sheikhi AlmanabadThe quantitative and qualitative decline of groundwater in recent years has needed for proper management of water from these valuable resources. One of the important ways to achieve this goal is to monitoring groundwater quality. In the present study, 12 water quality p MoreThe quantitative and qualitative decline of groundwater in recent years has needed for proper management of water from these valuable resources. One of the important ways to achieve this goal is to monitoring groundwater quality. In the present study, 12 water quality parameters related to 63 wells in Ardebil plain were measured in June and September (dry and wet season), 2013-2012, then water quality indices were studied. After calculating the indices, the ArcGIS10 software were used to prepare the maps and then calculate some important statistical parameters. The results showed that groundwater in Ardebil Plain with EC and SAR indexes average, 405.17 microseisms per cm and 2.8 in the C3-S1 class, according to Wilcox classification, and had a low to moderate limit Salinity and without any limit in term of penetration in the soil. RSC, KR and PI Indicators, which express the risk of sodium, indicate that there is no sodium constraint and have a good quality. The CR index with 0.8 average also indicated a lack of groundwater corrosion risk. Investigating the Na and Cl also indicates an average limit for water toxicity for the plants cultivated in Ardebil plain. On the other hand, the zoning maps of the studied indices showed that salinity in some parts of the plain has a low to moderate limit, and in eastern and southern parts, it has no limitation. According SAR index most part of plain was unlimited, with only a small portion of the southern plain with moderate constraints. The LSI index showed that in most plain areas, the value of this index is greater than zero, and therefore there will be a risk of droplets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Simulating water and soluble salts in deficit irrigation for some crops
Shabnam Alinejad Feridon KavehOne of the most efficient strategies for optimal use of water resources in arid and semi-arid regions is the so-called deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation by reducing number of irrigation or lowering volume of applied water in each irrigation may cause rela MoreOne of the most efficient strategies for optimal use of water resources in arid and semi-arid regions is the so-called deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation by reducing number of irrigation or lowering volume of applied water in each irrigation may cause relative yield reduction per unit of farm. This may also cause salt stress in addition to water stress. In arid and semi-arid regions, this may reduce soluble salt leaching from the root zone, especial when growing salt sensitive crops, which causes further yield reduction. It is understood that in these regions leaching salts by providing adequate drainage is the normal practice to cope with water and salinity stresses. In this research using steady state calculation and management salt balance model (SaltMod), the effect of deficit irrigation was studied for four salt tolerant and salt sensitive crops in a long period (20 years) to find out the effect of salt and water stresses on yield of these crops. The salt tolerant crops were wheat and sugar-beet, and salt sensitive crops were corn and sugarcane which are important cultivated crops in Khuzistan province of Iran. Long time changes in soil profile and drainage water was also calculated and simulated. The results of this study showed that in a representative soil of arid-region (central Khuzistan area) with very high salt content upon installing drainage system and required leaching to bring root zone salinity to normal range (ECe < 4 dS/m), there is a good chance to continue wheat and sugar-beet cultivation with normal deficit irrigation (around 20 percent) for a long time. However it was not possible to use normal deficit irrigation for maize and sugarcane for more than a few years without complete crop loss. Increasing salinity of root zone showed the above process very clearly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - A practical model for reclamation of saline and sodic soils
Maryam Mohamadzadeh Mehdi Homaee Ebrahim PaziraProper management of saline and sodic soils is essential for optimal conservation of soil and water resources. Accumulation of soluble salts within the root zone is one of the major problems in arid and semi-arid regions. To overcome this problem, leaching of accumulate MoreProper management of saline and sodic soils is essential for optimal conservation of soil and water resources. Accumulation of soluble salts within the root zone is one of the major problems in arid and semi-arid regions. To overcome this problem, leaching of accumulated salts from such soils is necessary. The most important task in leaching practices is assessment of water quantity required for leaching of saline and saline-sodic soils. Therefore, reliable estimation of the required leaching water quantity is vital for reducing soil salinity to a desirable level. The objectives of this study were to introduce an empirical model to account for reclamation water and to compare the obtained results with some available models. Consequently, a large scale field experiment was conducted in jofeir region at south part of west Khuzestan plains, covering an area of 21285 ha with S3A2 salinity-sodicity classes. The intermittent pounding experiment was conducted with six double ring infiltrometers in a circular array. All experiments were accomplished by applying 100 cm of water in four-25 cm intervals. The leaching water was supplied from Karun rive. Four mathematical models were applied to the collected experimental data to derive a suitable empirical model. The results indicated that the proposed power model with maximum correlation coefficient of 0.83 and minimum standard error of 0.44 can provide reasonable estimates for leaching process compares to the previously proposed models. The results indicated that the empirical relations given by Rajabzadeh (2009), Hoffman (1980) and Laffelar and Sharma (1977) can not resemble the field conditions. However, the empirical relationships introduced by Pazira and Kawachi (1981) and Revee (1957) overestimate the depth of reclamation water. The empirical models of Pazira and Keshavarz (1989), Asadi et al., (2013) and Dieleman (1963) underestimated the depth of required reclamation water compares to the newly proposed model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Modeling leaching requirement for desalinization of saline soils
Safoora Asadi Kapourchal Mehdi Homaee Ebrahim PaziraReclamation of saline soils is an important practice from soil and water resources conservation point of view. In saline soils, crop production is adversely affected by soluble salts within the root zone as well as by shallow saline water table. The first step MoreReclamation of saline soils is an important practice from soil and water resources conservation point of view. In saline soils, crop production is adversely affected by soluble salts within the root zone as well as by shallow saline water table. The first step for reclamation of such soils is reducing the soil salinity to optimum level by capital leaching. Reclamation of saline soils depends on quantity and quality of applied water, as well as soil drainage conditions. The objective of this study was to develop a model to estimate water requirement for reclamation of saline soils based on some obtainable soil physical characteristics. Consequently, a large area of 3,216 ha with S4A3 salinity/sodicity class in Khuzestan, Iran, was selected to obtain the required data. This experiment was conducted with two treatments and two replicates. In the first treatment, the experiment was conducted by applying just 100 cm water depth in four-25 cm intervals. In the second treatment, 5,000 kg/ha Sulfuric Acid was applied prior to salt leaching together with leaching water. The intermittent ponding method was conducted with double rings in a circular array. Soil samples were taken from 0-25, 25-50, 50-75, 75-100, 100-125 and 125-150 cm soil depths before, during and after each leaching water application interval. The required physical and chemical analyses were performed on the collected data. Several mathematical models were applied to the obtained data to verify their performances. The results indicated that the logarithmic model can estimate the capital leaching requirement much than other models. This empirical model with minimum weighted mean of capital leaching water (38 cm) represents the best performance from water saving point of view compares to other models. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Optimization of Rheological Properties and Emulsion Stability of Mayonnaise Using Formulated Frozen Pasteurized Egg Yolk
Sh. Fakhari B. Ghiassi TarziIntroduction: The egg yolks have limited shelf life, therefore they are subjected to freezing or spray drying processes. Freezing and thawing can increase irreversible viscosity and reduce the solubility and can affect the emulsion characteristics. Materials and Method MoreIntroduction: The egg yolks have limited shelf life, therefore they are subjected to freezing or spray drying processes. Freezing and thawing can increase irreversible viscosity and reduce the solubility and can affect the emulsion characteristics. Materials and Methods: Salt and sugar each alone and in combination with each other at the concentrations of 0, 5, and 10 percent were added to pasteurized egg yolks. The samples were divided into two categories including frozen storage temperature at -18ºC for 30 and 60 days and refrigeration temperature. Mayonnaises produced were tested 24 hours after preparation as a test sample at the moment of production and 3 months after preparation. The effect of sugar, salt and low storage temperature on egg yolks concerned with frozen and refrigerated forms in rheological properties and stability of mayonnaise were investigated and optimized by surface response methodology. Results: The percentage of salt on optimization was not affecting and sugar percentage at maximum concentration in every two categories of mayonnaise tested samples was selected as the optimized factor. Storage of egg yolk by freezing about 11 days for tested samples at the moment of production and about 26 days for the stored mayonnaise at 3 months, had the most desirability. Conclusion: Pasteurized liquid egg yolk using optimized sugar concentrations and optimized freezing storage time with the aim of increasing the shelf-life can be frozen and can improve the rheological properties and stability of mayonnaise than prepared mayonnaise with refrigerated and non-sugared yolk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Investigating the Possibility of Producing Low-sodium Yoghurt Drink Containing Dill Essential Oil and Potassium Chloride
S. Samaee L. Nateghi S. BerenjyIntroduction: Yoghurt Drink is an Iranian dairy drink with nutritional benefits. However dueto the presence of sodium chloride salt, it restricts the its use in people with hypertension. Onthe other hand, the antifungal and antibacterial effects and desirable aroma of d MoreIntroduction: Yoghurt Drink is an Iranian dairy drink with nutritional benefits. However dueto the presence of sodium chloride salt, it restricts the its use in people with hypertension. Onthe other hand, the antifungal and antibacterial effects and desirable aroma of dill essential oilhave been confirmed. Therefore, in order to help patients with blood pressure and to takeadvantage of the health benefits of Yoghurt Drink, a low-salt Yoghurt Drink product with thereplacement of potassium chloride instead of sodium chloride and the use of dill essential oilis produced to improve the taste and increase the shelf life of the Yoghurt Drink.Materials and Methods: Salts were substituted in Yoghurt Drink formulations withconcentrations of 0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100% by potassium chloride alone and with 0.3%of dill essential oil. Therefore, 10 treatments were designed according to completelyrandomized design. Physicochemical tests including acidity, pH, sedimentation, dry matterand sediment, mold and coliform, and sensory evaluation (taste, salinity, oral sensation, totalacceptance) were camied out in triplicate orden on the first and sixty days of maintenance.Results: The results of the tests were analyzed according to Duncan's one-way ANOVA testat 95% confidence level. The results of physicochemical and microbial properties showed thatreplacement of sodium salt with potassium chloride had no significant effect on acidity, pH,sedimentation, dry matter (p < 0.05). According to the results, by increasing the concentrationof potassium salt in respect of sodium salt at concentrations higher than 50% in the presenceof 0.3% of the essential oil, the organoleptic properties of the product significantly decreased(p < 0.05).Conclusion: The results of this study proved the possibility of replacing sodium salts withpotassium salts up to 50% in the presence of 0.3% of essential oils, without undesirableeffects on the physico-chemical, microbial and organoleptic properties of the product. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - The Effect of Stacking of Narrow-Barred Spanish Mackerel (Scomberoides commersonnianus) on Protein Composition and Amino Acid Profile
Z. هادی زاده N. موراکی S. معینی -
Open Access Article
20 - Statistical Modelling of a Preliminary Process for Depolymerisation of Cassava Non-starch Carbohydrate Using Organic Acids and Salt
B. Daramola -
Open Access Article
21 - Production of Lavash Bread by Yeast – Salt Method and Determining the Rheological Properties of Its Dough
S. Movahhed H. Ahmadi Chenarbon Gh. Rooshenas -
Open Access Article
22 - Control Release from Low Acyle Gellan Gum Gels
A. Rahman S. Bakalis -
Open Access Article
23 - Physicochemical and Rheological Properties of Toast Bread Baked by Yeast–Salt Method
M. Karamirad S. Movahhed A.R. Shahab Lavasani -
Open Access Article
24 - The effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and cadmium on biological uptake by bacteria Halomonas elongata IBRC-M10433
zahra kahrarian mojtaba taranBackground and Objective: Industrial waste is considered as the most important environmental pollutants that contain significant amounts of heavy metals are high salt density.Biotechnology removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater Babkargyry proved the ability MoreBackground and Objective: Industrial waste is considered as the most important environmental pollutants that contain significant amounts of heavy metals are high salt density.Biotechnology removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater Babkargyry proved the ability of microorganisms developing in this field as an appropriate and efficient.In this study, the ability of strains of bacteria isolated from sediments of Lake Urmia Halomonas longate IBRC-M10433 for the removal of cadmium was investigated. The aim of this study was to optimize the removal of cadmium by bacterial environment was Halomonas longate IBRC- M10433. Method: Design of Experiments Taguchi method to determine the optimum conditions relative to environmental factors such as Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) as a source of nitrogen, and phosphate potassium (K2HPO4) as a source of phosphorus and cadmium concentrations in biological removal of cadmium was studied by the bacterium Halomonas longata IBRC- M10433. Findings: The optimum conditions for absorption of potassium phosphate at a concentration of 3.0 g/L, cadmium 100 mg/L, Ammonium chloride 2 g/L, at 37 °C and pH 7, respectively. Level 1 means that 3.0 g of potassium phosphate absorption biological factors. Discussion and Conclusion: Due to high costs and environmental problems conventional methods to remove heavy metals, biological removal technique is effective and affordable. Use halophilic bacteria in biological treatment with high power absorption of heavy metals are useful. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Comparative Investigation of Bio and Mineral Absorbents on Water Salinity Reduction
fatemeh shokriyan K. Solaimani Gh. Nematzadeh P. BiparvaBackground and Objective: Available water resources are limited, thus use of saline water can protect water resources and compensated water scarcity. Since saline water cannot be used directly, this study investigated the adsorption capacity of Zeolite, Perlite as miner MoreBackground and Objective: Available water resources are limited, thus use of saline water can protect water resources and compensated water scarcity. Since saline water cannot be used directly, this study investigated the adsorption capacity of Zeolite, Perlite as minerals and rice husk and seashell as bio compounds in water solution. Methods: Particles were classified in five different sizes of 841, 400, 177, 125 and 74 µm which based on ASTM sieves. Sodium chloride solution was prepared in different concentration of 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500, 750, 1000, 3000, 5000, 7000 and 10000 ppm. The effects of the sizes, dosage, contact time, rate of mixing with duration of 10, 15, 25, 35, 45, 60 and 120 minutes for the salt removal done with batch experiments in 25oC. In this method the sodium chloride solution with certain amounts of adsorbent put on a shaker device with constant speed of 200 rpm and were mixed at intervals of 10, 15, 25, 35, 45, 60 and 120 minutes. Then the samples in centrifuged with 10000 rpm in 10 minute and the upper solution used for chloride titration. Findings: The effects of different amount of absorbent on salt absorbance showed that for all samples the highest absorbance is related to the range of 2 grams. Among the used sizes of particles, the most efficiency was related to the size of 74 µm in salt absorption. The optimum time of used samples was identified as 25, 15, 25 and 15 min for zeolite, perlite, rice husk and sea shell respectively. Based on isotherm model, perlite and rice husk followed Langmuir model, while zeolite and seashell followed Freundlich. Conclusion: Mineral and bio sorbents in different micron sizes have able to absorb salt ions. Among the use of different adsorbents, zeolite showed highest efficiency to salt adsorption. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Evaluation of sharp-interface simulation of saltwater intrusion into the multi-layered coastal aquifers exposed to pumping
S. Sadjad Mehdizadeh Freydoon VafaieBackground and Objective: Population growth and scarcity of coastal freshwater resources have increased the stresses on many coastal aquifers, leading to aquifer storage decline and salwater intrusion (SWI). Investigation of coastal aquifers routinely involves the appli MoreBackground and Objective: Population growth and scarcity of coastal freshwater resources have increased the stresses on many coastal aquifers, leading to aquifer storage decline and salwater intrusion (SWI). Investigation of coastal aquifers routinely involves the application of SWI models, which can be divided into two categories, namely sharp-interface and dispersive-interface approaches. There is no mixing between freshwater and saltwater at sharp-interface approaches. This makes them computationally more efficient while dispersive-modeling approaches are more numerically challenging, but allow for freshwater-saltwater mixing. Method: Most coastal aquifers comprise overlying sequences of geological strata, resulting in SWI characteristics that may differ significantly to those of homogeneous cases. The layered coastal aquifers have received significantly less attention than the more simplified single-layer case, despite the fact that stratified aquifers are widespread. In this study, a sharp-interface approach (named as SHI-SWIM) was developed using FORTRAN programming code. The model is first validated and then applied for the simulation of sand-tank experiment and field-scale multi-layered aquifers exposed to pumping in order to evaluate the strength and limitation of the developed model. Findings: SHI-SWIM model produced better result for higher pumping rates. Additionally, the results of fully penetrating wells and closer position of well to shoreline matched better with the dispersive modeling outputs. In real cases, where the saltwater may wend a long distance toward the well screen, the sharp-interface modeling weakly matched with the dispersive modeling, specially in terms of well salinities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - New Medias in Multi – Layer Filters and Comparing their Performance with Conventional Multi – Layer Filter
Mostafa Khezri Farima Roshan AbkenarBackground and Objective: In order to purify drinking water, we usually use different water treatment units which one of them is filtration. Today multi media and specially two media filtration one usual units in developed countries but unfortunately in Iran we still us MoreBackground and Objective: In order to purify drinking water, we usually use different water treatment units which one of them is filtration. Today multi media and specially two media filtration one usual units in developed countries but unfortunately in Iran we still use the single media filtration. In order to develop these types of media in Iran we perforemed this research. The purpose of this study is to investigate new media from waste material for alternative use in Sand – Anthracite media beds. Method: This study is the results from one of the experiential research in pilot scale. All of the experiments were done according to AWWA B 100 standard method and also different parameters including turbidity, running time were considered. Findings: Results showed average turbidity removal efficiency of three media Sand – Anthracite, Basalt – Anthracite, Granite – Anthracite are 91.4, 92.1, 92.9 respectively and best height of two media beds is 85 cm, and maximum running time belongs to Granite – Anthracite bed. Discussion and Conclusion: Performance of Basalt material is very similar to Sand from hardness and solubility in acid points. So we suggest that waste Granite and Basalt are very good substitution for sand in water treatment industries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Strategies to deal with salinity and oxidative stress in crops
Esmaeil Gholinezhad Reza Darvishzadeh Abbas AbhariBackground and Objective: A major challenge in global agriculture is to produce more food for another 2.3 billion people by 2050 worldwide. Salinity is a major stress that limits the supply of food products. The total land area is about 13.2 billion hectares, of which 7 MoreBackground and Objective: A major challenge in global agriculture is to produce more food for another 2.3 billion people by 2050 worldwide. Salinity is a major stress that limits the supply of food products. The total land area is about 13.2 billion hectares, of which 7 billion hectares are arable and 1.5 billion hectares are under cultivation, and about 23% of the cultivated lands around the world (about 345 million hectares) are affected by salinity stress and its amount is increasing day by day. Plants can be classified into two types, halophytes (which can resist salinity) and glycophytes (which cannot resist salinity and eventually die), and most major crops belong to this second category. The purpose of this article is to review scientific research related to the effects, mechanisms of tolerance, research methods, important measurable traits, management and control of salinity and oxidative stress in agricultural plants. Material and Methodology: This article is a review article that was obtained by searching related articles in reliable sites (Google scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, SID. Findings: Salinity have adverse effects on various plant characteristics such as physiological, metabolic, growth, germination, strength, quantity and quality of plants. The most important damages caused by salinity stress include ion imbalance due to reduced absorption of necessary ions, accumulation of harmful ions and dehydration due to decreased water absorption which reduces protein synthesis, transpiration, ion transfer and finally decreases seed yield. Mechanisms of salinity stress tolerance include ionic homeostasis, compatible salt accumulation and osmotic protection, antioxidant regulation, polyamines, nitric oxide, and hormonal regulation of salinity tolerance. Under stress, reactive oxygen species such as superoxide radicals, singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical are produced, which damage cell structure, proteins, cell membranes, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and eventually cause cell death. Discussion and Conclusion: Enzymatic or non-enzymatic antioxidants play a very important role in protecting plants against oxidative damage. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase are enzymatic antioxidants and ascorbic acid, glutathione, carotenoids and tocopherols are non-enzymatic antioxidants which can reduce the damage caused by reactive oxygen species. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Assessment the Quality of the Groundwater Resources Supplying the Drinking Water of Abadeh City
haniyeh nowzari Leila Nematollahir Physicochemical properties of water are among the important parameters that have a special place in the health of water consumption. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the quality parameters of drinking water in Abadeh to determine its healt Morer Physicochemical properties of water are among the important parameters that have a special place in the health of water consumption. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the quality parameters of drinking water in Abadeh to determine its health. Sampling was carried out during June and November 2015 and 15 physical and chemical parameters in 20 samples in total taken from 10 drinking water resources was determined. Physical and chemical analyses were done according to the standard methods. The study of measured mean concentration showed that all measured physical and chemical parameters (Cl, EC, NO2, NO3, pH, SO4, HCO3, F, Na, Mg, Ca, TH, TDS, temperature, turbidity) of the underground water resources were desirable and met the expectations of national and international standards. The discharge of water wells has been a significant decrease in November. On the other hand, the results showed significant positive associations between EC with (Cl, SO4, HCO3, Ca, TH, and TDS), TDS with (Cl, SO4, HCO3, Ca, and TH), TH with (Cl, SO4, HCO3, and Ca,), Ca with (SO4, Cl, and HCO3), Cl with (SO4 and HCO3), SO4 with HCO3 and pH with F. However, the result showed significant negative associations between temperature with (pH and F). The quality of the drinking water of Abadeh city has a good and desirable condition, except for total hardness, although is in the standard range the water of this city is classified as hard water. . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - A Study on Ethnic Characterizations in "Cities of Salt" Novel by Abdul Rahman Munif
Roohollah Sayyadi Nezhad Saeedeh Hassan ShahiArt of narration in Arabic literature does not own historical background – about a century and half. But novelty of this art in Arabic literature is not known as an obstacle to create works such as "Cities of Salt"; a work in which innovation is its initial featur MoreArt of narration in Arabic literature does not own historical background – about a century and half. But novelty of this art in Arabic literature is not known as an obstacle to create works such as "Cities of Salt"; a work in which innovation is its initial feature. Innovation in all elements specifically characterization, produces another question for the reader: what is the aim of creating various characters and general picture of this creation? The answer should be discovered in the characters' variety which is ethnic characterizations. This research studies characterization element in novels with the aim of clarifying the mentioned aspect of innovation followed by noticing two types of characterizations: individual characterization – the heroes of novel are analyzed; and ethnic characterizations which is the fundamental aim of the author. The studies of the present research show another characterization would manifest followed by Abdul Rahman Munif's political goals in which epic soul infuses and Arabic – ethic characterization would change by America's entrance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Identification and Enzymatic Characterization of Hyperhalophilic Bacteria Isolates from Howz Soltan Lake
Fahimeh MahmoudniaIntroduction: The study of microorganisms in specific regions with specific characteristics has long been important. Howz Soltan is a salt lake in the central desert zone of Iran, which is considered as an area of great salinity. The present study was conducted to isola MoreIntroduction: The study of microorganisms in specific regions with specific characteristics has long been important. Howz Soltan is a salt lake in the central desert zone of Iran, which is considered as an area of great salinity. The present study was conducted to isolate halophilic bacteria from Howz Soltan lake in order to achieve maximum information concerning to microbial diversity of the lake.Material and methods: For this purpose, samples were collected from five regions. Then the samples were diluted and cultivated on Molten haloid agar with different salt concentrations (5-35%). The plates were incubated at 37ºC in aerobic conditions. Biochemical characterizations, utilization of carbon sources and production of exoenzymes were investigated.Results: In total 205 different colonies were grew on medium with 5-35% salt concentrations. Of all isolates 18 strains were grew on medium with 15-35% salt concentrations. These strains were considered extreme halophilic bacteria and the rest were halotolerant and moderate halophilic bacteria. The results obtained from microscopic analysis of the isolates indicated that 178 isolates were gram positive bacilli, cocci and filamentous and 27 isolates were gram negative with bacilli shape. Phenotypic identification recognized that the isolated strains of extreme halophilic bacteria were Halobacterium ,Haloarcula ,Halorubrum and Halococcus. In addition, enzyme production assay of these strains showed some of them have capability to produce different enzymes viz., amylase, lipase, protease, DNase, urease, xylanase and gelatinase. Conclusion: In general, our finding showed the huge diversity of halophilic bacteria in Howz Soltan lake. Furthermore, these bacteria could be considered as sources of halotolerant enzymes in different industries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Reflection of Social Issues in Logbooks of the Qajar Period
Sedigheh Pourkhosh Saadat Ali Mohammad Moazeni Thoraleh Norouzi DaoodkhaniLogbook is a useful tool which provides relevant information to know various aspects of the history and culture of the people of an area. In the present research, four logbooks of “Mirza Fattah Khan, Haj Sayyah, Haji Pirzadeh and Etemad-ol-Saltaneh” have bee MoreLogbook is a useful tool which provides relevant information to know various aspects of the history and culture of the people of an area. In the present research, four logbooks of “Mirza Fattah Khan, Haj Sayyah, Haji Pirzadeh and Etemad-ol-Saltaneh” have been selected from the Qajar period. This study aims to examine the social issues and basic infrastructures in the structure of a society reflected in logbooks; Thus, this research uses a descriptive-analytical method to answer the question of what social issues are reflected in the selected logbooks of the Qajar period. The results indicated that logbook writers had two approaches to social issues: first, to raise issues and infrastructures, and second, to enumerate social problems. In both sections, Haj Sayyah and Haji Pirzadeh paid the most attention to social issues. Pirzadeh emphasized more on what was going on in other countries, especially in Europe, but Haj Sayyah focused more on social issues and problems in Iran. With a critical language, he complained about the poor state of social infrastructures in Iran. Comparison of tourists’ observations on social issues shows that during the Qajar period, social infrastructures were very unfavorable, which is not comparable to the progress of European countries in the same period. This led to dissatisfaction with the government, lack of social welfare, class discrimination, increased immigration and other social problems in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - A study of stylistic characteristic of "Focus" in Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar’s diaries and to come to know about an aspect of his personality accordingly along with a criticism of the non-specialized corrections of his works
Nasim Mohammadi Ali Mohammad Moazzeni In this article, for the first time we have studied "Focus" and its various types as one of the most important and most frequently used stylistic features in Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar's diaries with a linguistic, literary a More In this article, for the first time we have studied "Focus" and its various types as one of the most important and most frequently used stylistic features in Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar's diaries with a linguistic, literary and stylistic approach, along with a descriptive - analytical - statistical method. For this purpose, first we have shown the most important methods of "Focus" in speech in the form of a diagram, divided in two parts: Morphology and Syntax, by using the most important opinions of researchers and our personal efforts as well; Then we have examined the most important methods of "Focus" in these notes. By analyzing the obtained data, we have shown a new aspect of Nasir al-Din Shah's personality; Finnaly by selecting random examples from the original copy and confronting the corrections made from these works, we have shown that the misreadings, misunderstandings and unexplained eliminations made by the editors in these corrections, have made them unreliable and invalid for literary and linguistic research.. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Investigating the capabilities of desert areas in Iran in order to attract foreign tourists (Case Study: Mesr Desert and Maranjab Desert)
Fatemeh Douzandeh Ziabary Heydar Lotfi -
Open Access Article
35 - Identification of the new and active buried salt dome evidences in the Zagros region using interferometry method of SENTINEL-1 and ASAR radar images
Ali MehrabiSalt domes are one of the most beautiful natural phenomena. Despite the outcrops of many salt domes in the Zagros region, but many of them are still buried and hidden. Due to active Zagros tectonics, the movement and ascending trend of salt domes do not stop. In this re MoreSalt domes are one of the most beautiful natural phenomena. Despite the outcrops of many salt domes in the Zagros region, but many of them are still buried and hidden. Due to active Zagros tectonics, the movement and ascending trend of salt domes do not stop. In this research, with the aim of the changes monitoring in the Earth's crust in the Zagros area, one of the new, hidden and ascending probabilistic salt domes, was identified using a radar interferometry method. For this purpose, ASAR radar images for the years 2007 and 2012 and SENTINEL-1 for the years 2014 and 2017 were used. In order to determine the amount of changes in the earth's crust, during the process of unwrapping on the images, the interference of each of the images was extracted. According to the results of the analysis of ASAR images, the growth rate of the salt dome was 1.6 centimeters per year between 2007 and 2012. While according to the interferometry images that obtained from SENTINEL-1 the rising speed of this salt dome increased between 2014 and 2017, reaching 2.9 centimeters per year. The result of this study shows that the probabilistic salt dome is active. Consequently, due to the importance of salt domes in various fields of natural resources, especially in the formation of oil reservoirs in the Zagros region, as well as more accurate identification of the subject, it is necessary to carry out special geophysical studies in this area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Identification of salt domes in Ravar region, Kerman province by using the radar Polarimetry technique of Palsar images and analyzing Sentinel-2 and Aster multispectral images
Ali Mehrabi Sadegh Karimi Fatemeh NaghdiBackground and ObjectiveIn addition to tourist attractions, salt domes are one of the most interesting geomorphic phenomena having different mineral resources and can in some cases act as an oil reservoir and oil trap. It is very important to identify them. Iran i MoreBackground and ObjectiveIn addition to tourist attractions, salt domes are one of the most interesting geomorphic phenomena having different mineral resources and can in some cases act as an oil reservoir and oil trap. It is very important to identify them. Iran is very rich in evaporative deposits and also shows a unique abundance of emerged/outcropped salt domes. Most of the known salt domes are distributed in the south of Zagros and the Persian Gulf region. But they have also been reported in the other parts of Iran, including the Great Desert, Garmsar, Qom and the Ravar region. So far, no special study has been done on the salt domes of the Ravar region, so that only a few domes in the northern and eastern parts of Ravar have been mentioned. without specifying their location on the map. Therefore, the necessity for further study of this area is specified. The main purpose of this study is to identify the salt domes found/outcropped in the area of Ravar city, Kerman province, by using new remote sensing methods and using radar and multispectral images. Materials and Methods There are several ways to process multi-dimensional images that the analysis of the principle components and the false color combination are the most important ones. We will explain how these methods have been used in the present study. Aster thermal sensor bands were used to produce the false color combination, so that the mentioned minerals were exposed/highlighted by placing the 12, 11 and 13 bands in the red, green and blue channels respectively, Studies on the use of the main components analysis technique for Sentinel 2 satellite images to detect soil and rock salinity show that the false color combinations of PC7, PC6 and PC2, in red, green and green channels respectively is very suitable for this purpose. This is done in the same way in this study. Results and Discussion By performing atmospheric corrections on the multi-spectral images of Sentinel 2, the analysis of the main components was performed on it, as a result of which, the corresponding image was divided into 12 components. Using the three main components 2, 6 and 7, a false color combination was prepared. The results show that the different stone units are highlighted with different colors. Meanwhile, according to previous studies and by examining different colors and comparing and matching it with the geological map of the study area, it was specified that the light pink color indicates the salt units in the study area, This has been proven by field studies. It is noteworthy that in addition to determining the salt domes, the pink areas also show the secondary salts caused by weathering and erosion of these domes. Since the composition of the salt domes displayed in the Ravar salt basin varies so that some of these domes are dominated by salt minerals and polyalite, and others by sulfate minerals such as gypsum and Carbonate minerals such as anhydrite form the dominant mineral, different satellite images can be used to highlight the dominant minerals of each group in terms of their characteristics and spectral behavior. Thus Aster images were also used. Therefore, according to the specific spectral behavior of anhydrite and gypsum minerals in the thermal spectrum range, special color combinations can be combined to recognize salt domes by placing bands 12, 11 and 13 in the red, green and blue channels, respectively. As shown in this result, the salt domes having the dominant gypsum and anhydrite mineral are marked by light white. By performing the radar polarimetry technique and applying the CPR index, the relevant images were prepared. As mentioned earlier, CPR image suffering is closely related to the type and spectral behavior of different levels, In order to better analyze the images, the data suffering were normalized between 0 and 1. The closer these numbers are to the number one, the greater the roughness is due to surface erosion. As a result, the areas that are red in the image are usually very eroded. Conclusion The results of this study show that evaporative minerals and salt domes can be identified by using radar polarimetry method. In this study, with the application of CPR index, salt domes with red color were highlighted. In addition, due to the specific spectral behavior of the anhydrite and gypsum minerals in the thermal spectrum range, with the color combination of bands 12, 11 and 13, ASTER images of light-colored salt domes were identified. Also, the existing salt units in the study area were identified by using the three main components 2, 6 and 7 prepared from Sentinel 2 images,. Based on the obtained results, 27 salt domes were identified in the study area, which are in good agreement with the usual structural mechanism of salt domes creation. In addition, the accuracy of the results were confirmed by field survey. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Using wing geometric morphometric in identification of three species of grape cicads (Hem., Cicadidae) in Iran
N. Aghagoli Marzijarani F. Mozaffarian R. Vafaei ShoushtariGrape cicada Cicadatra alhageos (Kolenati, 1857) is known as one of the important pests in Iran. Two other species of cicadas, Chloropsalta ochreata (Melichar, 1920) and Chloropsalta smaragdula Haupt, 1920 have also been reported on Grape in Iran which both resembles ve MoreGrape cicada Cicadatra alhageos (Kolenati, 1857) is known as one of the important pests in Iran. Two other species of cicadas, Chloropsalta ochreata (Melichar, 1920) and Chloropsalta smaragdula Haupt, 1920 have also been reported on Grape in Iran which both resembles very similar to C. alhageos and diagnosing them is only possible by comparing their male genitalia. In this study, the morphometric variation among the three species was investigated base on their wing shapes. The analyses showed that the length ratio of two portions of veins CuA1 and M1+2 were the most important characters for distinguishing the three species in the field. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Comparison on some attractants and pheromone traps for capturing the Cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis ceraci L. (Dip.: Tephritidae)
A. R. Jalalizand H. MoghaddasThe cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Dip.: Tephritidae) is the most important pest of the cherry and sour cherry orchards with noticeable annual yield damage. This research was conducted in two 4.5 hectare cherry orchards located at two parts of Isfahan province MoreThe cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Dip.: Tephritidae) is the most important pest of the cherry and sour cherry orchards with noticeable annual yield damage. This research was conducted in two 4.5 hectare cherry orchards located at two parts of Isfahan province (Najafabad and Khomeinishahr), Iran. A comparison was done among different types of the fly attractants presented in different traps to find the most effective one in capturing the adults of cherry fruit fly and the peak of flight activity. The treatments were including the two food based traps containing hydrolyzed protein solution and Ammonium bi-carbonate presented in 1.5 L. plastic bottle and McPhall trap respectively. The Rebell traps with no attractant and two pheromones prepared from Green Universe and Russel companies were provided in delta traps. Results showed that in the first location (Najafabad) the highest number of flies with the mean of 28.75/trap were attracted to Rebell trap and the lowest with the mean of 0.5/trap in Russell pheromone trap. In the second location (Khomeinishahr), the Rebell traps were also the most attractive (mean=15.25/trap) and the hydrolyzed protein solution with no capture was the least effective attractant. It is concluded that the Rebell traps can be recommended as a part of IPM for cherry fruit fly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Pliocene volcanic activity of the Harrat Ash-Sham, South of Syria: geochemistry and petrogenesis
Safwan Dawod Ali Al-Mishwat Abdulkarim Al AbdallaThe Cenozoic volcanic activity of the Harrat Ash Sham volcanic field in south of Syria is a part of the extensive magmatism that took place in the auxiliary extension faults along the Dead Sea Fault Zone from upper Eocene to Holocene. Pliocene volcanic rocks form an imp MoreThe Cenozoic volcanic activity of the Harrat Ash Sham volcanic field in south of Syria is a part of the extensive magmatism that took place in the auxiliary extension faults along the Dead Sea Fault Zone from upper Eocene to Holocene. Pliocene volcanic rocks form an important part of igneous succession in Syrian Part of Harrat as Sham. These rocks vary from basalts flows to scoria. Pliocene basalts are divided into three primary petrographic groups: olivine basalt, olivine-pyroxene basalt and basanite. The three petro-types are alkaline and have similar compositional ranges of major and trace elements. Variations in the contents of major and minor elements in the Pliocene basaltic rocks are very slight. Such homogeneity in the chemical composition indicates to the operation of petrological processes that reinforced each other during the genesis of these rocks. The geochemical characteristics of the Pliocene basalt rocks reflect crystallization from primitive basic magmas that have experienced limited crystal fractionation process subsequent to their derivation by partial melting of the upper mantle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Distribution and geochemical variations among paleogene volcanic rocks from the north-central Lut block, eastern Iran
Saeed Saadat Charles SternThe Lut block in eastern Iran is a micro-continental block within the convergent orogen between the Arabian, Eurasian and Indian plates. Large areas of the north-central, eastern, and western Lut block are covered by volcanic rocks of Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary a MoreThe Lut block in eastern Iran is a micro-continental block within the convergent orogen between the Arabian, Eurasian and Indian plates. Large areas of the north-central, eastern, and western Lut block are covered by volcanic rocks of Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary age. Peak volcanic activity took place in the north-central part of the Lut block during the Eocene, and then dramatically decreased, becoming more restricted to the eastern and western margins of the block during the late Miocene and Quaternary. There is also significant variation in chemistry between the Paleogene igneous rocks from the north-central part compared to the Neogene and Quaternary volcanic rocks from the western and eastern margins of the Lut block. The Neogene and Quaternary olivine basalts, which were erupted along both margins of the Lut block, are similar in trace element chemistry to the average composition of oceanic island basalt. In contrast, the Paleogene volcanic units of the north-central Lut block, which include basalts through rhyolites, follow both calc-alkaline and alkaline trends. Low TiO2 and high Ba/Nb and La/Nb ratios for both Paleogene basalts and andesitic samples from the north-central Lut block suggest affinities, at least for some of these samples, with convergent plate boundary arc magmas. LILE/HFSE ratios, interpreted as an indication of subduction signature, increase to the south-southwest of the central Lut block, where Neotethys oceanic crust was subducted beneath Iran in a northeastern direction from approximately Late Triassic to Late Oligocene time. We suggest that components derived from low angle subduction of this crust during the Mesozoic and early Tertiary were stored in the mantle lithosphere below the north-central Lut block until the Paleogene, when changing subduction geometry, associated with the collision of Arabia with Iran and the closing of Neotethys, caused hot asthenosphere to well up under the Lut block. This created the Eocene peak in volcanic activity, generating basalts from asthenospheric mixed with lithospheric melts, with both alkaline and calc-alkaline affinities. After this volcanism waned, becoming restricted during the Neogene to OIB-type alkaline basalts erupted through deep lithospheric structures along both the western and eastern margins of the Lut block. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Petrology and Presentation: A Seven-Stage Model forGeodynamic Evolution of the Northeast Region of Birjand,East of Northern Lut, Eastern Iran
Esmail Elahpour Soraya Heuss-AßbichlerThe northeast region of Birjand is located in Lut structural and geological province. In this area we can distinguish two separate volcanic rock groups: intermediate to acidic volcanic rocks, including dacite, andesite, rhyolite and trachyandesite; and basic rocks, incl MoreThe northeast region of Birjand is located in Lut structural and geological province. In this area we can distinguish two separate volcanic rock groups: intermediate to acidic volcanic rocks, including dacite, andesite, rhyolite and trachyandesite; and basic rocks, including basaltic andesite, mugearite and basalt. In this region, intermediate to acidic rocks, which belong to the Eocene-Miocene period according to dating results, are the main formation, and we can see the second, younger (evidently Pliocene) volcanic rock group as outcrops with a northwest-southeast trend in the background of the intermediate to acidic volcanic rocks. Geochemical studies show the differences between these two distinctive groups clearly, and reveal that intermediate to acidic rocks belong to active continental margin calc-alkaline rocks. Studies also show the related mantle magma has been influenced by subducted lithospheric slab and metasomatized by crustal materials. The second volcanic rock group belongs to within-plate alkaline rocks. The linear successions and the arrangement of the basic volcanic rocks’ outcrop in a northwest–southeast trend is in relation to the right lateral fault zones that have branched out of the Nehbandan fault system. As a result of the extensional regime development, and the high depth of these faults, alkaline magma could have formed and ascended to the surface. Considering with accepted ideas concerning eastern Iran geodynamic evolution and our new data, we have tried to complete the previous findings and present a seven-stage model for geological evolution of eastern Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Inverse modeling of gravity field data due to finite vertical cylinder using modular neural network and least-squares standard deviation method
Ata Eshaghzadeh Sanaz Seyedi Sahebari Roghayeh Alsadat Kalantari -
Open Access Article
43 - Geochemistry and potential of toxic elements in sediments originating from salt domes, north of Hormuz strait (Pol, Gachin, Angouran and Hormuz)
Tooba Jalali Nezhad Hamid Reza Masoumi Mohammadsadegh Dehghanian Jamal Tarrah -
Open Access Article
44 - Pierced salt domes in the Persian Gulf and in the Zagros mountain ranges in southern Iran and their relationship to hydrocarbon and basement tectonics
J. Rahnama-Rad G. Farhoudi H. Ghorbani Sh. Habibi Mood R. DerakhshaniThe most enigmatic problems with the nearly 200 salt domes pierced in the Persian Gulf and in the Zagros Mountain Ranges (ZMR) in southern Iran, a unique morphology in the world, have been the matter of this study, which is based on a combination of field work, enhancem MoreThe most enigmatic problems with the nearly 200 salt domes pierced in the Persian Gulf and in the Zagros Mountain Ranges (ZMR) in southern Iran, a unique morphology in the world, have been the matter of this study, which is based on a combination of field work, enhancement of satellite and aerial photographs etc. In the ZMR, structural anomalies are frequently associated with similar facies distribution patterns. In the eastern portion of the region, emergent salt plugs of Infra-Cambrian age exhibit the same alignment patterns. Such trends bear no apparent genetic relationship to the Tertiary folding responsible for the present Zagros fold belt, but rather indicate their affinity with linear basement features which are readily observable on Land sat imagery and aerial photographs. Bending of anticlines in the competent cover rock, combined with minor strike-slip faults and horizontal displacements of parts of folded structures, strongly point to the presence of these basement faults. The salt plugs, which have pierced cover rocks of up to 10000 m thick, are distributed on the Arabian Platform along regional basement faults. The area of diapir outcrops is bounded by the Oman Line to the east and by the Kazerun fault to the west. Pieces of the basement have been brought up to the surface on some of the salt domes. The fragments were transported by rotational ascent of the Hormuz Salt Formation to the present and former land surfaces. The recognition of features related to basement tectonics and realization of their implication in the control and modification of geological processes are important adjuncts to the search for hydrocarbon accumulations in this region. To our best knowledge, data of basement faults in the study area are scarce. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine basement faults and their relation to salt dome distribution. Considering the fold axes bending, the trend of the salt plugs and also the distribution of epicenters of the last century, numerous new basement faults are introduced in this paper. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Fluvial Facies and Provenance of the Early Permian Warchha Sandstone Salt Range, Pakistan
Shahid Ghazi Nigel P. MountneyDeposits of the Warchha Sandstone in the Salt Range, Pakistan are characterised by a range of fluvial facies and architectural elements that together preserve a record of both the proximal and distal parts of a meandering river system that drained the northern margin of MoreDeposits of the Warchha Sandstone in the Salt Range, Pakistan are characterised by a range of fluvial facies and architectural elements that together preserve a record of both the proximal and distal parts of a meandering river system that drained the northern margin of Gondwanaland. Several fining-upward cycles are recognised and completely preserved cycles can be divided in to three parts; a lower part composed of an erosive base with gravel- and coarse sand-grade trough cross-bedded facies, a middle part composed of planar cross-bedded, ripple cross-laminated and horizontally laminated sandstone facies, and an upper part composed predominantly of horizontally laminated and massive mudstone facies. Nine architectural elements are recognised within these cycles and these record the presence of channels, downstream and laterally accreting barforms, laminated sand sheets, crevasse splays, levees, over-bank floodplain units and shallow lakes. A broad range of sedimentary structures is recognised, including different forms of bedding, cross bedding, ripple marks and stratification, channels, flute casts, load casts, desiccation cracks, rain prints, conein- cone structures, a variety of concretions and bioturbation. The occurrence and abundance of these structures varies in a systematic manner throughout the vertical thickness of the succession. Cross bedding is the most prominent and consistent sedimentary structure, including various trough and planar varieties. The clasts are mainly of plutonic and low-grade metamorphic origin, with an additional minor sedimentary component. Textural properties of the sandstone are fine- to coarse-grained, poorly to moderately sorted, sub-angular to sub-rounded and with generally loose packing. Based on modal analyses, the sandstone is dominantly a sub-arkose to arkose. Detrital constituents of this formation are mainly composed of monocrystalline quartz, feldspars (more K-feldspar than plagioclase) and various types of lithic clasts. XRD and SEM studies indicate that kaolinite is the dominant clay mineral. Detailed palaeocurrent analysis reveals a broad unimodal palaeocurrent pattern within each cycle but significant changes in local migration direction between each vertically stacked cycle, supporting the notion of a high-sinuosity system with an overall dominant flow direction to the north-northwest. Petrographic analysis indicates the provenance of the Warchha Sandstone to have been the Aravalli Range to the southeast and the Malani Range to the south of the Salt Range, suggesting northward transport across a broad alluvial plain towards the margin of the Tethys Ocean in the north. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Petrochemical Characteristics of Neogene and Quaternary Alkali Olivine Basalts from the Western Margin of the Lut Block, Eastern Iran
S. Saadat M. H. Karimpour Ch. SternThe Nayband strike-slip fault forms the western margin of the micro-continental Lut block in Eastern Iran. Neogene and Quaternary mafic volcanic rocks collected near Tabas, along the northern part of the fault (NNF; 15 Ma), and further to the south, along the middle par MoreThe Nayband strike-slip fault forms the western margin of the micro-continental Lut block in Eastern Iran. Neogene and Quaternary mafic volcanic rocks collected near Tabas, along the northern part of the fault (NNF; 15 Ma), and further to the south, along the middle part of the fault (MNF; 2 Ma), are within-plate sodic-series alkali olivine basalts with high TiO2 and up to >16% normative nepheline. Their high MgO, Ni and Cr contents indicate that they crystallized from relatively primitive magmas. Their low La/Nb and Ba/Nb ratios are similar to oceanic island basalts (OIB) and unlike convergent plate boundary arc basalts (IAB). These alkali olivine basalts show enrichment in LREE relative to HREE and limited variation in Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic values which all plot in the range of OIB. Ce/Pb (>39), Nb/U (44-120) and P2O5/K2O (~0.4) ratios suggest that crustal contamination was not significant for MNF basalts. The data may be interpreted as indicating the participation of upwelling mantle asthenosphere and the deeper continental mantle lithosphere in the generation of these basalts. They formed by generally low, but variable degrees of partial mantle melting, which decreased with time from 15 Ma NNF relative to2 Ma MNF basalts. The small volume of melts that formed the MNF basalts rose to the surface along the deep Nayband strike-slip fault with no interaction with the continental crust. The larger volume of NNF basalts interacted to some degree with the crust and are associated with basaltic andesites and andesites. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Evaluation Of Salicylic Acid Pretreatment On Germination And Seedling Growth Characteristics On Medicinal Plant Of Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa L.) under salt stress
فرشاد سرخیBlack cumin is used medicinally as a decongestant, regularizer, laxative, anti -constipation and sexual enhancer in men. It is also used in the treatment of cancer, diabetes, and ulcers . Salinity stress could decrease seed germination and growth of plants. It has been MoreBlack cumin is used medicinally as a decongestant, regularizer, laxative, anti -constipation and sexual enhancer in men. It is also used in the treatment of cancer, diabetes, and ulcers . Salinity stress could decrease seed germination and growth of plants. It has been found that salicylic acid as endogenous growth regulator of natural phenolic compounds that cause to reduce negative effects of the salt stress on different aspects of plant life. The current research was carried out to evaluate probable positive effects of salicylic acid on the germination and initial growth properties of Nigella Sativa when put with salinity stress. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted of factorial experiment in a randomized complete design in four replications. Treatments consisted of salicylic acid levels of 0, 0.2, 0.6 and 1 mm and salinity stress of 0, 100, 150, and 200 mm. The results indicated that salinity stress decreased germination percentage, rate of germination, radical and plumule length and seedling dry weight. The greatest effect of root/shoot ratio was obtained in concentration of 200mm salt stress. While salicylic acid increased the germination percentage, germination rate, root length, shoot length, seedling dry weight and root/shoot ratio under salt stress and non-stress. Most of these traits were observed at concentration of 1 mm salicylic acid. According to the results of seed priming by salicylic acid in regions with salt stree can increase the resistance of Nigella sativa seeds in the germination stage and initial seedling growth Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - New results on the extraction of Lithium ions from salt lake brine using ionic liquid tributyl phosphate
ABDOLREZA HORMATI Bahram Rezai Hadi Hamidian Shoormasti Ghodratollah Rostami Paydar -
Open Access Article
49 - اثر سرعت نسبی اولیه انحلال نمک موجود در مخزن بر تغییرات شوری بستر محیط پذیرنده انحلالپذیر (مطالعه موردی: سد گتوند علیا)
علی شفیعی سرارودی مهدی قمشییکی از مهمترین چالشهای ایجاد شده پیرامون سدهای مخزنی با سازندهای تبخیری، وجود گنبدها و رگههای نمکی در اطراف محل است که پس از آبگیری سد به زیر آب رفته و منجر به شوری بیش از حد آب درون مخزن و پاییندست این سدها شده است. هدف کلی در تحقیق حاضر دستیابی به یک برآورد از مقد Moreیکی از مهمترین چالشهای ایجاد شده پیرامون سدهای مخزنی با سازندهای تبخیری، وجود گنبدها و رگههای نمکی در اطراف محل است که پس از آبگیری سد به زیر آب رفته و منجر به شوری بیش از حد آب درون مخزن و پاییندست این سدها شده است. هدف کلی در تحقیق حاضر دستیابی به یک برآورد از مقدار انحلال سنگ نمک (موجود در محدوده مخزن سد گتوند) در آب است. از این رو، ابتدا سرعت نسبی انحلال سنگ نمک و سپس تاثیر میزان نمک آزاد شده بر تغییرات شوری ارتفاع­های مختلف آب مخزن در دوره 27 روز به صورت آزمایشگاهی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در این تحقیق، از یک مدل فیزیکی شامل یک مخزن از جنس پلی­اتیلن ۳ لایه عمودی و پنل الکترونیکی برنامه­ریزی شده با استفاده از یک دستگاه پی­ال­سی در دانشکده مهندسی علوم آب دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز استفاده شد. نتایج آنالیز نمونه­های سنگ نمک حل شده بر حسب میلی­گرم در روز نشان داد که تغییرات پروفیل شوری ابتدا افزایشی و به مرور زمان به مقداری تقریباً ثابت رسید. به گونه­ای که به طور متوسط روزانه 25 گرم از سطح سنگ نمک در آب مخزن حل شد که این امر بیانگر انحلال سالانه 5 سانتی­متر از سازند نمکی مخزن سد گتوند علیا بود. از سویی دیگر، تغییرات شوری بستر محیط پذیرنده انحلال­پذیر مخزن آزمایشگاهی حاکی از تفاوت 40 برابری میزان شوری اعماق پایین مخزن در مقایسه با لایه­های بالایی و یک محیط فوق اشباع شور در محیط پذیرنده بود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - ارزیابی کارایی مدلSALTMED در برآورد عملکرد محصول ذرت علوفهای در شرایط رایج آبیاری در دشتهای شهرکرد و خانمیرزا
حامد ریاحی فارسانی روح اله فتاحی نافچیامروزه حفظ منابع آب و خاک، بسیار مورد توجه مجامع مختلف بین­المللی قرار گرفته است و مدل­ها می‎توانند ابزارهای بسیار مفیدی برای مدیریت آب کشاورزی باشند. همچنین می­توانند در برنامه­ریزی آبیاری و محاسبه نیاز آبی گیاه و همچنین در پیش­بینی محصول به ما Moreامروزه حفظ منابع آب و خاک، بسیار مورد توجه مجامع مختلف بین­المللی قرار گرفته است و مدل­ها می‎توانند ابزارهای بسیار مفیدی برای مدیریت آب کشاورزی باشند. همچنین می­توانند در برنامه­ریزی آبیاری و محاسبه نیاز آبی گیاه و همچنین در پیش­بینی محصول به ما کمک کنند. در این پژوهش مدل SALTMED با استفاده از داده­های مزارع ذرت در دشت­های خان‎میرزا و شهرکرد برای شبیه‎سازی مقدار عملکرد محصول مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل از تجزیه و تحلیل داده­های مشاهده­ای و شبیه­سازی نشان داد تفاوت معنی‎داری بین این دو مقدار وجود ندارد. همچنین مقدار جذر میانگین مربعات خطا (RMSE) 84/9، ضریب جرم مانده (CRM) 127/0- و ضریب کارآیی مدل (EF) 329/0- به­دست آمدند. تمام نتایج این تحقیق نشان می‎دهد که مدل SALTMED به طور موفقیت‎آمیزی می‎تواند ابزاری مناسب برای مدیریت آبیاری و پیش­بینی عملکرد محصول در مزارع تحت آبیاری استان چهارمحال و بختیاری باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Petrology and petrography of quaternary volcanic rocks of north-northeastern Varzaghan (eastern Azarbaijan)
پروین Hajizadeh M.H EmamiThe studied area is located in the north-northeastern of Varzaghan in Eastern-Azarbaijan province, andfrom the structural point of view in Alborz-Azarbaijan Zone. In this area the Quaternary volcanicrocks are extended over the Pliocene units. The volcanic rocks under st MoreThe studied area is located in the north-northeastern of Varzaghan in Eastern-Azarbaijan province, andfrom the structural point of view in Alborz-Azarbaijan Zone. In this area the Quaternary volcanicrocks are extended over the Pliocene units. The volcanic rocks under study are basalt, trachybasalt,trachyandesite and basaltic trachyandesite. These rocks have porphyritic texture with microlitic matrixand their main minerals consist of pyroxene and plagioclase.On the basis of geochemistry studies the volcanic rocks in this area have alkaline nature with sodictendency and are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE) and depleted in heavy rare earthelements (HREE). Petrographic and geochemistry evidences show the effect of mantle partial melting,fractional crystallization, contamination and continental crustal anatexy phenomena in formation ofvolcanic rocks. According to geotectonic diagrams these volcanic rocks belong to intercontinentalbasalts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Feasibility study of influence of Abshirin and Deh-nar fault on salt structure of Nasr-Abad of Kashan In order to establishment of natural gas storage
Maryam Keshavarz Safiei Mohammad Ali Ganjavian Mohammad Ali Kavoosi Abbas BahroudiIn order to balance between gas produce and gas consumption in cold seasons which accounts as peak time, Gasstorage is as fundamental approaches which guarantee gas of country. In this regard, salt structure of Nasr Abadin Kashan has suitable potential and can be used a MoreIn order to balance between gas produce and gas consumption in cold seasons which accounts as peak time, Gasstorage is as fundamental approaches which guarantee gas of country. In this regard, salt structure of Nasr Abadin Kashan has suitable potential and can be used as the largest site of natural gas storage in central Iran scope.Feasibility study with purpose of determining fault mechanism around the salt structure is an essential thing. Inorder to eliminate ambiguities, field operation is with analysis of the structure and kinetic geometry of faults ,right on the diversion channel , analysis of stereo graphic images, gravity interpretations such as documents ofstrike- slip activity with reverse component of Abshirin fault. Abshirin fault with a length of about 10 km, withapproximate distance of 2-3 km in salt structure is depreciated, which stands in a separation about 3.5 km towardDeh-nar fault as right stepping pattern arrangement . According to the obtained results, finally we concluded thatAbshirin faults and Deh-nar faults are not so significant impact on gas storage site. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Salt tectonics of Garmsar basin (north of central Iran)
محسن Pourkermani Mahdi Nazarizadeh M.A GHorbaniEvaporate basin of North and West of Garmsar, tectonically is an east-west graben that located in thenorth border of central Iran back-arc basin. Garmsar fault as the most important tectonic structure ofthe studied area, trending east-west, is accommodated in north of G MoreEvaporate basin of North and West of Garmsar, tectonically is an east-west graben that located in thenorth border of central Iran back-arc basin. Garmsar fault as the most important tectonic structure ofthe studied area, trending east-west, is accommodated in north of Garmsar which declines towards thewest and its trend changes to NW-SE. The mentioned fault is a thrust dipping to the north with leftlateral attitude. Considering fracture system of salt structures in the studied area implies on influencingE-W structural trend of Garmsar thrust on salt structures. Garmsar thrust as the principle structure hasthe most important role in upwards movement of upper Eocene-Oligocene salt mass and taking themto the surface. Outcropped evaporate system imply existing a salt nappe aquifer in north of centralIran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Role of Diapirism on Stratigraphy Evolution of Mangrak Salt Dome Basin (South West Firozabad)
anahita keynezhad Ghis Badkhashan Moomtaz Moslem Ghavam Abadi Zahra RezaeeThe studied area is located in South West of Firozabad city in Fars province, south west of Iran, and structurally situated in Zagros zone. Tectonically, the area is active and has numerous salt domes. Existence of thick layers of salt in Hormuz complex and MoreThe studied area is located in South West of Firozabad city in Fars province, south west of Iran, and structurally situated in Zagros zone. Tectonically, the area is active and has numerous salt domes. Existence of thick layers of salt in Hormuz complex and consequently appearance of salt domes in this area, effected on the ancient deposition and sedimentary basin. Salt rising on one side and subsidence of sedimentary basin on another side, caused of drastic changes in sedimentary basin near the salt dome. Range of changes is related to the depth of sedimentary basin and tectonic movements, during Permian period to present. During of sea regression and transgression periods in the wide Zagros basin, these changes effected significantly in salt dome rising areas. To achieve this goal, Mangarak salt dome in the southwest of Firozabad was chosen and researched data. The result of these studies indicate that salt dome has been rising at late Cretaceous - Paleocene and found great changes in thickness of sediments which around it.Absolutely, this salt dome existed before deformation of Zagros basin and probably it has been exposed such as island in late paleogene and Neogene (such as the Persian Gulf Island’s salt domes). Manuscript profile -
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55 - Petrography and Geochemistry of the Basic Volcanic rocks of Kuh-e-Gharineh, north-east Ghorveh (west of Iran)
S.J SHikh Zakariyaei افشین Ashja Ardalan سحر TarabiThe volcano of Kuh-e-Gharineh is one of the volcanic areas of Ghorveh-Tekab in Sanandaj - Sirjan belt andlocated in Ghezelche Kand area. guartz xenocryst, plagioclase and granitoid xenolithe are seem in thecomposition of these rocks.Phenocrysts, xenocrysts, xenolithe ar MoreThe volcano of Kuh-e-Gharineh is one of the volcanic areas of Ghorveh-Tekab in Sanandaj - Sirjan belt andlocated in Ghezelche Kand area. guartz xenocryst, plagioclase and granitoid xenolithe are seem in thecomposition of these rocks.Phenocrysts, xenocrysts, xenolithe are seem in a backgrand of microcrystalline withporphyric texture and microlytic matrix to glassy vesicular. On the basis of conducted petrographic researches,all rocks are consisted of basalt, olivine basalt and andisi basalt compounds. According to geochemical studies,the studied alkaline basalt rocks (ultrapotassic) are categorized as intraplate alkaline shoshonitic rocks. Thenegative and positive anomalies of normalized patterns of incompatible rare elements show the contaminationwith the crust and the phenomenon of assimilation. The analysis of the portion of the LILE)Litofil Ion LargElements(, HFSE)High Field Small Elements(, and REE )Rare Earth Elements( elements shows a sign of anenriched source similar to OIB)Ocean Island Basalt( oceanic basalt and also considers the role of upper /lowercrusts to be more effective than that of the subcontinental lithosphere in magmascontamination. Manuscript profile -
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56 - Geochemical and Tectonomagmatic Characteristic Investigations of Intermediate Volcanic Rocks-North of Saveh
Sepideh Aghaverdizadezagheh Shiva Ansari Naser EbadatiThe study area is a part of Urmia-Dokhtar volcanomagmatic belt, the main outcrops of this magmatic belt form the Eocene volcanic units with the northwest-southeast trend. The unit is composed of basaltic, basaltic andesite, dacite, ignimbrite and tuff which is repeated MoreThe study area is a part of Urmia-Dokhtar volcanomagmatic belt, the main outcrops of this magmatic belt form the Eocene volcanic units with the northwest-southeast trend. The unit is composed of basaltic, basaltic andesite, dacite, ignimbrite and tuff which is repeated throughout the Urmia-Dokhtar area in the geological map and the intrusive masses are more granite, granodiorite to tonalite. The volcanic rocks of the region belong to the age of Eocene including andesitic, trachy andesitic, basaltic andesite, alkaline basalt, dacite and basalt composition which have porphyritic textures with glass groundmass, hyalo microlithic porphyritic, porphyry, porphyritic textures with microlithic groundmass, trachytic, trachytic, microlithic porphyry and Poikilitic textures. The studied samples are often calc-alkaline, high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonitic but some samples have tholeiitic nature. Some of the main elemental oxides such as CaO, TiO2 and MgO with decreasing trend and some of them such as K2O with increasing trend from basic rocks to intermediate-acidic rocks are compatible with the magmatic differentiation process. Some of the dispersions shown in these graphs can be attributed to processes such as alteration, emission and contamination of the magma of the volcanic rocks with crustal materials. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Investigation of Active Geodynamics Caused by Performance of Salt Dome Using Radar Interferometry (Case Study: The Salt Dome of Qeshm Island)
Leilaa hajiesmaeli kourosh RashidiQeshm salt dome is a part of Qeshm unique Geopark, the only Geopark in the Middle East. The present study is a descriptive-analytical. Qeshm Salt Dome study area and required information for this research are radar satellite images, optical satellite images as well as r MoreQeshm salt dome is a part of Qeshm unique Geopark, the only Geopark in the Middle East. The present study is a descriptive-analytical. Qeshm Salt Dome study area and required information for this research are radar satellite images, optical satellite images as well as rock, geological information of the area using radar interferometry and paired radar images taken from the site. The European Space Agency is first developing some ground-level models for the region by doing some processing. After constructing the elevation model, the Envi software performs several measurements on the ASAR satellite Envisat satellite radar data and performs interpolation to calculate the elevation of Qeshm Island and presents the results digitally. An adaptive filter was used to provide better results. Rate of salt dome changes in the period 2003-2005, 0 to 0.16 m, in the period 2005-2008, -0.03 to 0.085 m and in the period 2008 to 2010, -0.007 to 0.082 m was calculated. Rate of changes in Qeshm Island in the period 2005-2003, 0 to 0.23 m, in the period 2008-2005, -0.2 to 0.15 m and in the period 2010-2008, were -0.03 to 0.23 centimeter Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Investigating relative water content, electrolyte leakage, phenolic compounds and activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and tyrosine ammonia-lyase enzymes in triticale leaves treated with sodium chloride and calcium chloride
Malihe Jahani Mohammad Reza Hadi Mojtaba Jafarinia Sedighe JahaniIntroduction: Considering the increasing number of saline lands due to water scarcity, it seems necessary to investigate ways to increase tolerance to salinity stress. Also, in order to overcome the negative effect of salinity stress, the use of calcium ion supplement i MoreIntroduction: Considering the increasing number of saline lands due to water scarcity, it seems necessary to investigate ways to increase tolerance to salinity stress. Also, in order to overcome the negative effect of salinity stress, the use of calcium ion supplement in the growth environment is very useful and practical to improve the stress factor.Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate relative water content, electrolyte leakage, amount of mineral elements, antioxidant capacity, phenolic compounds and activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and tyrosine ammonia-lyase enzymes in leaves of triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) treated with sodium chloride and calcium chloride.Materials and methods: This experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with 3 replications in controlled greenhouse conditions. One-week-old seedlings were exposed with sodium chloride doses (0, 50, 100 and 150 mmol L-1) and calcium chloride doses (0, 6 and 10 mmol L-1) for 5 weeks and then some physio-morphological and biochemical characteristics including leaf number and surface, relative water content, ion leakage, contents of phenolic compounds (anthocyanin, total phenol, total flavonoid, total flavonol), enzymes activity (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, tyrosine ammonia-lyase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase), antioxidant capacity and amount of mineral elements (sodium, potassium, calcium) were measured in leaves.Results: The results showed that salt stress significantly decreased the number and surface of leaves, relative water content, activity of glutathione reductase enzyme, the amount of potassium and calcium in leaves, but increased ion leakage, the contents of phenolic compounds, activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, tyrosine ammonia-lyase and glutathione S-transferase enzymes, antioxidant capacity and sodium content in leaves. While the addition of calcium to saline environment increased the number and surface area of leaves, relative water content, activity of glutathione reductase enzyme, the amount of potassium and calcium in leaves, but decreased ion leakage, the contents of phenolic compounds, activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, tyrosine ammonia-lyase and glutathione S-transferase enzymes, antioxidant capacity and sodium content in leaves.Conclusion: Calcium reduced the harmful effects of salinity stress in leaves of triticale plant, so adding calcium to salty soils can be a simple, practical and economic solution to deal with salinity stress and increase soil productivity and a step towards to provide sustainable agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - A speculation at Political currier of "Memories and Dangers" of Mehdi Quli Khan Mokhber Al-Saltaneh Hedayat
usef motvaliThe longest period of Prime Ministry position during Reza Shah was served by Mehdi Quli Khan Mokhber Al-Saltaneh Hedayat. He served this position from 1306 to 1312 for 6 years. He has written his memory which covers his life during the Seven Qajari kings and Pahlavi, en MoreThe longest period of Prime Ministry position during Reza Shah was served by Mehdi Quli Khan Mokhber Al-Saltaneh Hedayat. He served this position from 1306 to 1312 for 6 years. He has written his memory which covers his life during the Seven Qajari kings and Pahlavi, entitle of "Memories and Dangers". The picture he has tired to show from himself in this book differs totally or some time is in contrast to what we know about his political currier comparing with other sources. In this book he has tried introduce himself as anti-western and against foreign influence and against despotism and Reza Shah's Reform, but his currier show something else. However, the main purpose of this paper is showing that contrast in this book. In this paper it has been tried, base on some other sources and documents and by using historical research methods to examine the character of Mehdi Quli Khan Mokhber Al-Saltaneh Hedayat, as it was, not as he introduced himself in his book. Manuscript profile -
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60 - The revolt of Khan Hsynqly Zfranlv in Quchan "Reads the report, together with Hossam regent" (1281 BC).
mohammad reza ghsabiyan But in some cases due to the inability forced the princes to rule some areas such as Northern Khorasan (which is a combination of social and population) to the Heads of State and the Khans and the tribes were deposited. So that Quchan government (except for short) More But in some cases due to the inability forced the princes to rule some areas such as Northern Khorasan (which is a combination of social and population) to the Heads of State and the Khans and the tribes were deposited. So that Quchan government (except for short) is always the beginning of the reign of the Qajar dynasty Zfranlvha and Raza Khan and their children and their Amyrgvnh Qlykhan boy named Brave Dawla Quchan long the kingdom and its surrounding areas of interest and support Qajar kings and courts have been. Thus, despite the importance of special political Quchan border provinces - geographic area of influence and direct the court of Qajar princes were still around. While the rulers and rebellious spirits independence and rebellion of children and dependents to governors Quchan important events in the border region that is provided. One of the major events in Quchan Nasser era, Rebellion Hsynqly Khan's son, Reza Qlykhan Zfranlv shortly Quchan government in 1281 and was finally suppressed by Hossam became regent. This causes the appearance and manner, and finally the formation of the then governor of Khorasan regent Hossam Ghaylh with emphasis on reporting and analysis has been investigated. Manuscript profile -
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61 - Three Nasiruddin Shah Court’s Women and European Civilization
taherh azimzadehAmongst Qajar’s court men, Abas Mirza, Ghaem Magham and Amir Kabir were pioneers in Modernism and paying attention to European civilization. However, the extent of the familiarity of Qajar court’s women to western ideas is not clear. The research investigate MoreAmongst Qajar’s court men, Abas Mirza, Ghaem Magham and Amir Kabir were pioneers in Modernism and paying attention to European civilization. However, the extent of the familiarity of Qajar court’s women to western ideas is not clear. The research investigates the level of women’s acquaintance with the knowledge and Western Colonialism to lean on three women of Nasiruddin Shah’s Court like Mahd Oliya, Ezatodolleh and Tajosaltane who were Nasiruddin Shah’s mother, sister and daughter. It seems they did not try to improve Western civilization symbols such as schools, newspaper etc. Furthermore, they did not pay attention to the aspects of Western Colonialism Manuscript profile -
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62 - Fast Cellular Automata Implementation on Graphic Processor Unit (GPU) for Salt and Pepper Noise Removal
Afsaneh Jalalian Babak Karasfi Khairulmizam Samsudin M.Iqbal Saripan Syamsiah Mashohor -
Open Access Article
63 - Effect of Basalt and Polypropylene Fibers on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cement-Stabilized clay, an Experimental Approach
Seyed Hadi Sahlabadi Meysam Bayat Mohsen Mousivand Mohsen Saadat -
Open Access Article
64 - Allevation of Oxidative Damages Induced by Salinity in Cress (Lepidium sativum) by Pretreating with Arginine
الهام Asadi karam زهرا AsrarSalinity is one of the main stresses that have negative effectcs on seedling growth, and plant production. It inhibits growth of plants through disturbance of the balance between production of ROS and antioxidant defense mechanism which results in oxidative stress. Beca MoreSalinity is one of the main stresses that have negative effectcs on seedling growth, and plant production. It inhibits growth of plants through disturbance of the balance between production of ROS and antioxidant defense mechanism which results in oxidative stress. Because, arginine is a vital regulator of physiological and developmental processes the effect of different concentrations of arginine pretreatment of the plant on alleviation of oxidative stress induced by salt 50 and 100Mm NaCl was investigated. Arginine pretreatment increased chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid and seedling growth under salinity condition. Results also showed that salt stress increased proline, protein, H2O2, soluble sugar and the activity of ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase and catalase. Pretreatment of plants with Arg reduced proline, soluble sugar, H2O2 and antioxidant enzymes activity content significantly. The conclusion is that in garden cress plants, pretreatment with concentration of 5 µM and 10 μM arginine may protect cress under salinity stress, probably through the contracting with ROS and or induction of anti-oxidative enzymes Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Variation of Pigment Content and Antioxidant Enzyme Activites in Pinto Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Seedlings under Salt Stress
سجاد Moharramnejad M. ValizadehEffects of salt stress (NaCl) on fresh weight, pigment content and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and catalase (CAT) activities in nine genotypes of pinto bean exposed to two levels of NaCl )0 and 400 mM( were studied. A factorial experiment on the basis MoreEffects of salt stress (NaCl) on fresh weight, pigment content and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and catalase (CAT) activities in nine genotypes of pinto bean exposed to two levels of NaCl )0 and 400 mM( were studied. A factorial experiment on the basis of completely randomized design was carried out in laboratory conditions. Salinity stress increased carotenoids in the leaves while it decreased chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll significantly. Salinity reduced by 24.31% fresh weight. Electrophoretic analyses were performed by using 8% slab polyacrylamide gels. For each isozymic band the “density × area” scores onto gels were evaluated by MCID software as enzymatic activity. Three isozymes were observed for each of SOD and POX and one for CAT. Salt stress increased activities of all observed enzymes. Application of salt stress increased activities of SOD1, SOD2 and SOD3. Their activity increment was estimate to be 26.31, 13.89 and 17.64 percent respectively. POX1, POX2 and POX3 activity increment, were also estimated to be48.38, 21 and 43.02 percent respectively. In the case of CAT it was 43.85 percent. Antioxidant enzymes activity increment could be important strategy for reducing the damage caused by oxidative stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Response of Chlorophyll, Relative Water Content and Protein Percentage of Safflower Leaves to Salinity and Foliar Calcium, Potassium and Magnesium Applications
Mahmood Attarzadeh Asghar Rahimi Benyamin TorabiTo study the effect of Ca, K, and Mn foliar spray on chlorophyll and relative water contents of safflower (cv. Padideh) leaves under salinity condition a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at Vali-e-Asr U MoreTo study the effect of Ca, K, and Mn foliar spray on chlorophyll and relative water contents of safflower (cv. Padideh) leaves under salinity condition a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at Vali-e-Asr University Greenhouse in 2011. Factors were salinity with four levels: 0, 500, 1000, and 1500 mg NaCl kg -1, and foliar spraying of plants with four levels: distilled water, 10 mM CaNo3, 10 mM K2HPO4 and 1 mM MnSo4. Spraying were applied two weeks after emergence and continued every 2 weeks. Results showed that 1500 mg NaCl reduced SPAD value, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and relative water content. However, increasing salinity induced higher leaf water saturation. Foliar spraying of plants with MnSO4, K2HPO4 and CaNo3 nutrients, also reduced SPAD value. Foliar application of plants with Ca(NO3)2 increased leaf protein in 500 mg NaCl and without salinity. Application of MnSo4 increased chlorophyll b, a+b and also chlorophyll a (in 500 mg NaCl). Thus, in respect to the positive role of calcium and manganese in the production and preservation of chlorophyll and protein, foliar spray application can be a suitable strategy to reduce crop losses under salinity conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Effect of Salinity on Osmotic Adjustment, Yield and Essence of Local Landraces Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.)
Isa Piri Mousa Keshtegar Abolfazl Tavassoli Mehdi BabaeianAjowan is one of the most important medicinal plants in Zahedan region. Salinity and drought are the main causes of yield reduction of plants in Sistan and Balochestan. To evaluate the effect of salinity on yield and quality of ajowan a factorial experiment with randomi MoreAjowan is one of the most important medicinal plants in Zahedan region. Salinity and drought are the main causes of yield reduction of plants in Sistan and Balochestan. To evaluate the effect of salinity on yield and quality of ajowan a factorial experiment with randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the greenhouse of the Payam Noor University of Agriculture in Zahedan in 2016. Treatments were two populations of ajowan: C1: local and C2: Pakistani which were considered as the first factor and five salinity levels 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 d/ms as the second. The results of this experiment showed that highest root length, stem height, plant fresh weight and plant dry weight and yield of essence belonged to local population under saline condition. Increasing salinity levels beyond 4 ds/ms decreased quantitative traits significantly but increased essential oil content and concentrations of osmotic regulants (prolin and carbohydrate) as compared to that of control. This may indicate that ajowan is tolerant to salinity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Effect of Using Different Levels Manure on Quality and Quantity of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) under Salt Stress Condition
Issa Piri Abbas Harati Abolfazl Tavassoli Mahdi BabaeianTo study the effects of using different levels manure under salt stress conditions on the quantity and quality of rosemary a field experiment is conducted in split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Zahedan during fall s MoreTo study the effects of using different levels manure under salt stress conditions on the quantity and quality of rosemary a field experiment is conducted in split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Zahedan during fall season of 2013-2014. The experimental treatments consisted of salinity with two levels (irrigating the field with drinking water of Zahedan [EC = 1.1 ds/m (S1)] and irrigating the field with salty water of Zahedan [EC = 4.4 ds/m (S2)] considered as the main factor and using manure with four levels (M1- without manure, M2- 15 t.ha-1, M3 - 30 t.ha-1 and M4 - 45 t.ha-1) as sub factor. Traits evaluated were plant height, leaf dry weight, leaf to stem ratio, shoot dry weight, percentage and yield of essence. Experimental results showed the salt stress did not affect significantly plant height, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, biomass and essence of rosemary as comparied with drinking water (non-salinity), but a decreasing effect of saline water was observed. Using 45 t.ha-1 of manure, in comparison with other manure treatments, did have beneficial effect on most of the traits under study. However, no significant difference was observed between this treatment and with that of 30 t/ha. The simple correlation showed there is a positive and significant relationship between plant biomass and all other traits. The results also showed that there was positive and significant relationship between essence percentage and essence yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Impact of salt concentration on persistence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Iranian UF white cheese
Sh Hanifian حسین Jodeiri Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis) is considered as a potential significant public health threat due to its possible association with Crohn’s disease in humans. This is a study aimed to investigate the effect More Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis) is considered as a potential significant public health threat due to its possible association with Crohn’s disease in humans. This is a study aimed to investigate the effect of different salt concentrations on survival of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis during ripening and storage of Iranian ultra-filtrate-white cheese (IUFWC). For this purpose, retentate was inoculated with 2 Log cfu/g of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Afterwards, model cheeses were prepared with 2%, 3% and 4% of salt. Quantity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was estimated throughout the ripening and storage of IUFWC using F57-quantitative real time PCR (F57-qPCR) and culture assay. Along with, the populations of lactic acid bacteria as well as physicochemical properties of cheese samples were determined. According to the results, at the early stage of storage period (1 to 30 days) the number of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was almost constant; however, it was decreased significantly (p<0.01) during the late storage period (30 to 60 days). Data also suggested that Mycobacterium paratuberculosis could persist for a longer (p<0.01) period of time in the samples made with lower (2% and 3%) salt concentration. Consequently, higher salt concentration could shorten the survival of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in IUFWC. In addition, considering the effect of time on the persistence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, storage of IUFWC until the end of storage period (60 days) could inactivate more of the bacterium. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Effect of different concentrations of sodium chloride on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes in salted Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) fish fillets
نسرین Choobkar افشین آ Akhondzadeh Basti مهدی Soltani A.A Sari A.M Emami Rad منصوره Ghaeni لاله RoomianiSalting of fish is a traditional method for fish preservation which reduces corruption, increase shelf life and is used in order to have an access to the new markets. In some countries, consuming semi-cooked or raw salted and smoked fish is well-liked. Due to the presen MoreSalting of fish is a traditional method for fish preservation which reduces corruption, increase shelf life and is used in order to have an access to the new markets. In some countries, consuming semi-cooked or raw salted and smoked fish is well-liked. Due to the presence of halophilic microorganisms in salted fish, occurrence of food-borne infections is probable. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of NaCl on Staphlococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes in salted silver carp. Effect of different concentrations of NaCl (4, 8, 12 %) on behavior of Staphlococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes in 10˚C during 3 weeks (0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 days) was determined by evaluation of the bacterial growth in salted fish fillets. Statistical analysis showed that application of different concentrations of NaCl had significant inhibitory effect on the growth of S. aureus and L.monocytogenes in salted fish fillets compared to control group (p<0/05). This study indicated that application of NaCl without any complementary element is not considered as a good preservative for extending the salted fish shelf-life. Consequently using of other natural preservatives along with salting is suggested. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Prevalence study of Vibrio species and frequency of the virulence genes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from fresh and salted shrimps in Genaveh seaport
سحر Hosseini فرهاد Safarpoor Dehkordi ابراهیم Rahimi امیر ShakerianVibrio species are important seafood-borne pathogens that are responsible for 50-70% of gasteroenteritis. The present study was carried out in order to determine the prevalence of Vibrio species and the distribution of tdh, tlh and trh virulence genes in Vibrio parahaem MoreVibrio species are important seafood-borne pathogens that are responsible for 50-70% of gasteroenteritis. The present study was carried out in order to determine the prevalence of Vibrio species and the distribution of tdh, tlh and trh virulence genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from fresh and salted shrimp samples. Totally, 60 fresh and salted shrimp samples were collected from the Genaveh seaport. Microbial culture was used to isolate Vibrio species. In addition, the presences of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholera, Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio harveyi and the virulence genes of V. parahaemolyticus were studied using the PCR method. Results showed that 20% of fresh and 23.33% of salted shrimp samples were positive for Vibrio species. In studied samples, V. vulnificus had the highest prevalence rate (8.33%), while V. cholera had the lowest prevalence rate (1.66%). From a total of 4 detected V. parahaemolyticus, all of them had tlh gene (100%). The distribution of tdh and trh genes in isolated V. parahaemolyticus strains were 50% and 25%, respectively. High prevalence of Vibrio species and especially virulent V. parahaemolyticus in samples confirmed the lack of hygienic condition in the production and distribution centers of shrimp. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Effect of different concentrations of pure and mixed salt on the shelf life of salted rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) roe during refrigerated storage
B. Shabanpour G. Ghorbanian S.M. Ojagh P. Pourashouri S. M. Aghili NegadThis study aimed to investigate the effects of salting of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) roe by pure and mixed salts (3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 %) on the quality and shelf life of the product, with respect to the contents of Total Volatile base nitrogen (TVBN), lipid oxida MoreThis study aimed to investigate the effects of salting of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) roe by pure and mixed salts (3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 %) on the quality and shelf life of the product, with respect to the contents of Total Volatile base nitrogen (TVBN), lipid oxidation (TBA), and on the proximate compositions during storage. The processing of roe leaded to changes in its chemical composition. In comparison with fresh roe, salted roe presented higher contents of TBA and lower content of TVBN. The greatest increases of TVBN were observed in the samples salted by salt without additives, in which TVBN was detected at 43.43 mg/100 g. pH value, salt absorption and TVBN and lipid oxidation had significant increase during storage (p<0.05). By increasing the salt concentration of 3.5 to 4.5 and 5.5%, rate of lipid oxidation was increased; however, moisture, protein content and TVBN and pH were decreased. The addition of mixed salt as a preservative decrease the pH value had a significant effect in maintaining the quality of the roe. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Effect of light-salting and drying pre-treatments on physical characteristics and oil uptake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) nuggets
بهاره Shabanpour انیسه JamshidiReduction of oil uptake in battered and breaded products is one of the critical aspects to obtain a safe and good quality product. In this study, combined effects of light salting (8, 10 %) and microwaving (180 °C, for 30, 60 and 90 s) pre-treatments on physical par MoreReduction of oil uptake in battered and breaded products is one of the critical aspects to obtain a safe and good quality product. In this study, combined effects of light salting (8, 10 %) and microwaving (180 °C, for 30, 60 and 90 s) pre-treatments on physical parameters and oil uptake in rainbow trout nuggets were investigated. Based on results, highest moisture content was observed in control (p˂0.05) group. Moreover, the treatment with 10% light salting and 30 s pre-drying in 180 °C resulted in lowest oil uptake (p˂0.05). No significant differences was observed on the product yield, adhesion of coating, water holding capacity and sensory properties among the treatments. In comparison with control group, all treatments demonstrated lower levels of color indices as well as lower percentage of oil uptake (p˂0.05). As a result, treating the product with 10% light salting and pre-drying in microwave at 180 °C for 30 s is recommended for the reduction of oil uptake in rainbow trout nuggets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Effect of different amounts of pH, salt and temperature on survival rate of Lactobacillus casei in milk during storage time
حمید Mirzaei Considering that one of the most important points of probiotic products is the survival rate of live microbes during storage time, so the aim of this study was to determine the effect of different amounts of pH, salt and temperature on survival More Considering that one of the most important points of probiotic products is the survival rate of live microbes during storage time, so the aim of this study was to determine the effect of different amounts of pH, salt and temperature on survival rate of Lactobacillus casei in milk during 30 days of storing. For this purpose, at first four erlene Meyers with capacity of 2 litters were selected and 1.5 litter of sterilized milk was added to each of them. Two percent of yoghourt starter was inoculated to each of the first, second and third erlenes and 2% sterilized milk was inoculated to the forth erlene as control group and samples were incubated at 42 ˚C until the pH of first to third samples reached 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 respectively. Then the erlenes were heated at 90 ˚C for 10 minutes to inactivate the yoghourt starter bacteria and then 500 ml of each sample in first, second, third and forth erlenes was transported to three sterilized caped glass containers and so four groups consisting of 3 glasses were produced and in each collection 0, 2% and 4% of salt was added to first, second and third samples respectively and then 5 ml of McFarland solution containing 3× 109 cfu/ml of Lactobacillus casei was inoculated to each of the samples. This Procedure was repeated 12 times and obtained samples were stored at about 4˚C in the first six repetitions and at about 25˚C in the second six repetitions. The number of Lactobacillus casei in each of samples was counted soon after production, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 30 days after storing by pour plate method in MRS agar and obtained means were analyzed statistically. According to repeated measures analysis of variance and one way analysis of variance, the mean number of live Lactobacillus casei in samples with pH of 6.5 and 5.5 was significantly more than their numbers in the samples with pH of 4.5 and 3.5 and in the samples stored at 4˚C the number was more than those stored at 25˚C (P<0.01). Whereas salt concentration did not show significant effect on survival rate of Lactobacillus casei in milk. These results showed that milk with pH of 6.5 and 5.5 containing maximum salt of 4% at 4˚C for about 30 days and at 25˚C for about 15 days is a good environment for storage and transport of Lactobacillus casei to the consumers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Strategies for the development of geotourism Case Study: Qeshm salt cave
Mohammad Mohabati Hosein Rosta Reza vaisi sajad AhmadiQeshm Island in Iran can be said gate for Geotourism. The largest island in the Persian Gulf, due to its unique geological and Biodiversity Phenomenon, High potential for becoming a major hub for ecotourism and geotourism in the Persian Gulf basin. One of the forms is l MoreQeshm Island in Iran can be said gate for Geotourism. The largest island in the Persian Gulf, due to its unique geological and Biodiversity Phenomenon, High potential for becoming a major hub for ecotourism and geotourism in the Persian Gulf basin. One of the forms is longest salt cave of world in Namakdan salt dome with length is 6580 meters. with its great potentials and capabilities in the field of Geotourism development, has not been able to reach its real status yet. Therefore, this question arises: what are the potentials and limitations of developing the region’s geotourism? And, what strategies are required for developing this kind of tourism and national and regional development resulted from it? The present study, considering this aim, is of applied kind and regarding the methodology is analytical, descriptive and survey study. The population of the present study is Qeshm island and the community sample is the experts of tourism in Qeshm and bandarabbas town. To analyze the data and identify the strategies of the region’s geotourism development the SWOT model was used. The findings show that the region under study with 20 advantages and the weight score3.733, 21 opportunities with the weight score 3.960 versus 16 advantages and the weight score 3.768 , 14 threats and the weight score 3/535 , has great capabilities for developing in the Persian golf , however, the existing weaknesses and threats hinder the realization of these potentials and capabilities Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - The effects of different molten salt composition on morphology and purity of ZrB2 powder obtained via direct molten salt reaction method
mohammad velashjerdi Hossien sarpoolaky Alireza Mirhabibi -
Open Access Article
77 - Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Lithium-Based Geopolymer Composites Reinforced with Basalt Fibers
R. DavoudianDehkordi A. A Nourbakhsh H MonajatiZadeha -
Open Access Article
78 - Investigation of salinity stress effect on germination of 18 strains wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Mahboobeh Riahi Akbar Mostajeran Mehran MiroliaeiSalinity is a major environmental stress that causes severe damage to crops and horticultural crops and also reduces plant biodiversity. In order to study the resistance to salinity during seed germination and early growth, 18 strains of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestiv MoreSalinity is a major environmental stress that causes severe damage to crops and horticultural crops and also reduces plant biodiversity. In order to study the resistance to salinity during seed germination and early growth, 18 strains of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.; Including car, non-indigenous and hybrid carcasses) were investigated at four levels of control, 100, 200 and 250 mM sodium chloride. The experiments were conducted with a complete randomized block design in three replications in the research laboratory of department of Biology, University of Isfahan, 2015. The results showed that with increasing NaCl level in the culture media, germination indices were affected with more intense. Comparison of mean traits showed that different cultivars of wheat had different reactions. These cultivars were classified in two groups, so that Sorghtoghm, Hamon, Sivand, Bezostaya, Sepahan and Roshan were placed in resistant groups and Ghods, Guspard, Karaj and Navid cultivars were placed in sensitive and low dendrogram groups. Sorghtoghm and Ghods were shown to have the highest and lowest index for germination stress index (GSI) and salinity tolerance index (STI) respectively. The results showed that the different levels of salinity had significant effects on germination percent, germination rate, seedlings stem and root length, root, and shoot dry weight. All measured variables showed a significant decrease with increasing salinity level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - The interaction effect of sodium chloride and chromium on some physiological characteristics of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.)
Zahra Talebzadeh Rahele Rahbarian Mohabat Nadaf Hamid SobhanianThe aim of this study was to investigate interaction of sodium chloride with chromium on vegetative, and physiological traits, uptake, and accumulation of sodium and chromium in roots and shoots of portulaca oleracea. In a completely randomized design with 3 replication MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate interaction of sodium chloride with chromium on vegetative, and physiological traits, uptake, and accumulation of sodium and chromium in roots and shoots of portulaca oleracea. In a completely randomized design with 3 replications, 4 salinity levels (0, 4, 8, 12 dsm-1) using sodium chloride every 4 days through irrigation water and five levels of chromium (0, 7, 14, 21, 28 mgkg-1 of dry soil weight) were applied in a pot experiment. Different levels of chromium treatment were prepared before sowing the seeds by adding potassium dichromate to the soil. The amounts of root chromium and shoots were measured by the atomic absorption spectrometry. Sodium contents of roots and shoots, root and stem length, root diameter and surface, greenness index, transfer factor, and bioaccumulation were measured after 60 days of cultivation. Results showed that an increase in different salinity level was associated with a significant increase in sodium and chromium content of roots, shoots and bioaccumulation factor. The highest amount of chromium, sodium, and bioaccumulation factor were observed at salinity levels of 12 dsm-1 and 28 mgkg-1. The interaction between salinity and chromium was significant. With an increase in the salinity level, the amount of plant root transfer factor showed an increasing trend and with increasing chromium, the transfer factor decreased. Root length, diameter, and surface as well as stem length and greenery index showed a significant decrease in plants treated with chromium and salinity. The combined effect of high levels of chromium and salinity led to a further reduction in the concentration and accumulation of minerals compared to each stress alone. Although salinity and chromium reduced the growth of portulaca oleracea, it seems that accumulation of significant amounts of sodium and chromium in the roots, prevents their excessive transfer to the shoots and further reduction in plant growth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Effect of culture medium on growth and salt tolerance of goldenrain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.)
Masoud Dashti Maryam Dehestani-Ardakani Mostafa Shirmardi Ali MomenpourGoldenrain-tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.) is a woody perennial ornamental tree, mainly used for landscape purposes. The aim of this study was investigation salt tolerance of this plant and the effect of cow manure and vermicompost on plant growth and increasing th MoreGoldenrain-tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.) is a woody perennial ornamental tree, mainly used for landscape purposes. The aim of this study was investigation salt tolerance of this plant and the effect of cow manure and vermicompost on plant growth and increasing the salt tolerance of two-year plants. In a factorial experiment and completely randomized design (CRD), three levels of organic amendments (soil, 80% v/v soil + 20% v/v vermicompost, and 80% v/v soil + 20% v/v cow manure) and three levels of salinity (1, 4, and 7 dS.m-1) with three replications per treatments in greenhouse were applied. In this experiment, media without organic amendment was were considered as control and stress duration was three months. Results showed that increasing soil salinity levels progressively decreased the number of shoots and fresh and dry weights of roots, shoots, and whole plant while it increased activity of peroxidase and sodium and chloride uptake. Vermicompost treatment increased fresh and dry weights of shoots, roots, and whole plant, peroxidase, sodium, potassium, and chloride uptake more than control and cow manure. The highest fresh and dry weights of shoots, roots, and whole plant as well as sodium potassium and chloride uptake were obtained in salinity level of 4 ds/m and under vermicompost treatment. Generally, application of vermicompost increased growth characteristics and salt tolerance of goldenrain tree better than cow manure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Fructan metabolism in wheat under abiotic stress conditions
Mehdi JoudiAccumulation of fructan in different organs of wheat plants is important physiological factor to cope with different environmental stresses. Fructans are fructose based oligo- and polysaccharides derived from sucrose. Depend on the linkage among frucosyle residues, diff MoreAccumulation of fructan in different organs of wheat plants is important physiological factor to cope with different environmental stresses. Fructans are fructose based oligo- and polysaccharides derived from sucrose. Depend on the linkage among frucosyle residues, different types of fructan molecules could be found in the plant species. In wheat stem, levan-type (containing β-(2,1) linkage) and graminan-type fructan (containing β-(2,1) and β-(2,6) linkages) are accumulated. Three different enzymes of 1-SST, 6-SFT, and 1-FFT are believed to be involved in wheat fructan biosynthesis. Since the fructan synthesis in wheat is complex, therefore various type and amount of fructan are found among wheat cultivars. Hydrolysis of fructans are catalyzed by 1-FEH and 6-FEH preferentially degrading β-(2,1) and β-(2,6) linked fructan, respectively. Wheat cultivar with greater fructan accumulation and mobilization in the stem are resistance to terminal heat and drought stresses. Fructans increases tolerance to salt stress by cell membrane stabilization, osmotic adjustment and preservation of current photosynthesis. During cold hardening, wheat seedling accumulates water soluble carbohydrates as well as fructan in their leaves and crown Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Response of genotypes of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. to salicylic acid priming under salinity stress
Sanaz Adalatzadeh-Aghdam Mahmoud Toorchi Mahmoud ZareiThe current study agreenhouse research was designed to evaluate the reaction of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) genotypes to salt stress (NaCl salinity) and Salicylic acid, to study of the proteome profile of leaves for identifying molecular pathway involved in salt s MoreThe current study agreenhouse research was designed to evaluate the reaction of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) genotypes to salt stress (NaCl salinity) and Salicylic acid, to study of the proteome profile of leaves for identifying molecular pathway involved in salt stress tolerance. The study was designed as factorial experiment using a randomized complete block design in three replications. Treatments are included NaCl solutions at three levels (0, 100, 200 mM) as salinity stress, Salicylic acid at two levels (0, 0/5 mM) and five genotypes. Agronomic and physiochemical traits were included: fresh and dry weight of ariel plant and roots, plant height, root length, fresh and dry weight of total plant, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, total chlorophyll, Na+ and K+ content, K+/Na+ ratio, malondialdehyde (MDA), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Total soluble carbohydrate (TSC) of leaves. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences for main and interaction effects in examined traits. German and Moghan genotypes were expressed as the most tolerant and sensitive genotypes based on Arunachalam method, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - The effect of external application of salicylic acid on some growth and biochemical indicators of rice (Oryza sativa) plants under salt stress
Bahram RazaviniaAbiotic constraints, such as salinity stress, reduce cereal production. Exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) can prevent the harm caused to rice by salinity, but the mechanisms by which it increases the tolerance of rice under salinity stress conditions are uncl MoreAbiotic constraints, such as salinity stress, reduce cereal production. Exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) can prevent the harm caused to rice by salinity, but the mechanisms by which it increases the tolerance of rice under salinity stress conditions are unclear. In this research, the effect of external application of SA on the growth and biochemical traits of rice plants under salinity stress was investigated as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design in hydroponic conditions. The results showed that salinity stress decreased photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids), K/Na ratio, and glutathione-ascorbic acid redox state, and, as a result, rice plant growth. However, the application of SA improved the growth and height of rice plants by reducing the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. By maintaining K/Na homeostasis and glutathione-ascorbic acid redox states, SA improved plant tolerance and increased photosynthetic pigments in rice plants. SA also increased the accumulation of osmolytes, including free proline and soluble sugars, which can play an important role in modulating the osmotic potential of plant cells under salt stress. The obtained results show that the positive effects of the external application of SA on the accumulation of osmolytes, the K/Na ratio, and the antioxidant defense system lead to increased tolerance to salinity and improved growth of rice plants under salinity stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - The effect of putrescine and calcium nanoparticle on photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes activities in stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) under salt stress
Seyedeh Fatemeh Ghaderi kolayi Mahyar Gerami Masoud Azadbakht Parastoo MajidianThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of calcium nanoparticle and putrescine on some physiological traits of the medicinal plant, stevia, under salt stress. In this regard, the experiment was performed based on a factorial co MoreThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of calcium nanoparticle and putrescine on some physiological traits of the medicinal plant, stevia, under salt stress. In this regard, the experiment was performed based on a factorial completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental treatments contained three levels of calcium nanoparticle (0, 75, and 150 ppm), two levels of putrescine (0 and 1 mM), and three levels of salt (0, 75, 150 mM). Based on analysis of variance results, the simple effect of each treatment as salt stress, calcium nanoparticle, and putrescine was significant at P≤0.05; however, their interaction effect was not significant. Results also showed that salt stress (150 mM) resulted in the reduction of chlorophyll a (0.21), chlorophyll b (0.47), and total chlorophyll (0.68 mg/g dry weight) compared to the control while, an increase in carotenoid content (0.10) was observed under 150 mM salinity. Also, the photosynthetic pigments content increased under 150 ppm calcium nanoparticle and 1 mM of putrescine. Considering antioxidant enzymes, the treatment with 150 mM salt increased catalase enzyme as 1.69 and as 5.02 g/wet weight. In addition, the effect of putrescine led to the increase of catalase and peroxidase by 2.18 and 4.46 g/wet weight of leaves, respectively. Moreover, the treatment with 150 ppm calcium nanoparticles resulted in increases in catalase and peroxidase contents by 1.87 and 4.84 g/wet weight of leaves, respectively. The most appropriate concentrations of putrescine and calcium nanoparticles were 1 mM and 150 ppm, respectively which are recommended for assessment of other physiological and biochemical properties of stevia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Study of interaction effects between NaCl and Ascorbic acid on some growth factors, proline content and changes Na and K ions in two cultivar of Brassica napus L. (RGS & Hayola 401 )
حسین Lari Yazdi رضوان Lak, مسعود GodarziIn this study, the salt stress was studied on the physiological responses of two cultivars of Brassica napus L. (RGS & Hayola 401). The research is done on 20 day plants in hydroponics (Hoagland) environment with three repeated in the similar room condition. In the MoreIn this study, the salt stress was studied on the physiological responses of two cultivars of Brassica napus L. (RGS & Hayola 401). The research is done on 20 day plants in hydroponics (Hoagland) environment with three repeated in the similar room condition. In the research, the increase of salinity is decreased the relative water content (RWC), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and leaf area rate (LAR), in roots and shoots of plants. In addition, the salt stress increased proline and sodium accumulation in different parts of plants, whereas decreased their potassium contents. Applying of exogenous ascorbate (0.2mM) to different NaCl treatments could adjustment adverse effects of salinity, so that increased growth factors and potassium content, and decreased proline and sodium accumulation. The results showed Hayola 401 cultivar is more tolerant to salinity than RGS cultivar. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Study of Differential Responses of Anti Oxidative Enzymes of Two Sensitive and Tolerant Cultivars of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to Salt Stress
فائزه Ghanati, الهام Nayyeri Torshizi,In this article the effects of salt stress on the activity of antioxidative anzymes and lipid peroxidation were studied in shoots and roots of two cultivars of wheat. The cultivar Mahooti and Alamoot were selected as salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive, respectively. The p MoreIn this article the effects of salt stress on the activity of antioxidative anzymes and lipid peroxidation were studied in shoots and roots of two cultivars of wheat. The cultivar Mahooti and Alamoot were selected as salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive, respectively. The plants were treated for 24, 48, 96 hours. Mostly salt stress increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in treated plants. Also, the increase in level of CAT activity in roots was more pronounced in the salt-tolerant than in the salt-stress that is indicated the role of CAT for tolerance in Mahooti. The increase in activity of these enzymes during 24 hours of treatment with NaCl in salt-tolerant plants were more than in salt-sensitive plants. Lipid peroxidation had a little increase in treated plants, compared to those of the control ones. Salt stress had no significant effect on accumulation of Na+ in two cultivars. The results indicated that the oxidative stress play an important role in the activity of different enzymes in salt-stress and salt-tolerant plants. Also, rate of enzyme activities showed some flactuations, which suggest the cooperation of antioxidant enzymes with each other corresponding to different times and different stages of the growth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Effect of salt, gibberellin and ascorbate on germination growth and anti oxidant system in Barely (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedling
مریم Niakan وحیده Rashidzadeh عباسعلی Norinia, AIn different stress such as salinity, strong oxidant as reactive oxygen species is produced that damages to membrane structure in plant. Different antioxidant as ascorbate scavenger them. Between hormone, gibberellic acid has different roles that depend to king of gibbe MoreIn different stress such as salinity, strong oxidant as reactive oxygen species is produced that damages to membrane structure in plant. Different antioxidant as ascorbate scavenger them. Between hormone, gibberellic acid has different roles that depend to king of gibberellin, density and plant space. In this research Hordeum (4222) treated to ascorbate (1mm), gibberellin (200 and 400ppm) and NaCl (150, 350mm) and the effect of them on germination percentage, radicle lenght and antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase,poly phenol oxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and phenolic compounds was evaluated. The result of this research showed that in present of NaCl germination decreased but in NaCl and Ascorbate and Gibberellin germination and radicle length increased significanty. Also in absence of ascorbate and gibberellin and present of NaCl activity of catalase, peroxidase decreased but activity of poly phenoloxidase and ascorbate peroxidase increased. Also NaCl cause decreased phenolic compounds in barley seedling but by increasing ascorbate and gibberellin the content of them increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Study of ascorbate and NaCl interaction on germination, growth and enzymes antioxidant activity in Soybean (Glycine max L. cv DPX) seedling
آتنا Diansaii مریم Niakan آرین SateeiIn different stress such as salinity, strong oxidant as Reactive Oxygen Species is produced that damages to membrane structure in plant. Different antioxidant as ascorbate scavenger them. In this research Soybean (Glycine max L. cv DPX) in different concentrations of as MoreIn different stress such as salinity, strong oxidant as Reactive Oxygen Species is produced that damages to membrane structure in plant. Different antioxidant as ascorbate scavenger them. In this research Soybean (Glycine max L. cv DPX) in different concentrations of ascorbate (1,2mM) and NaCl (50mM) and the effect of them on germination percentage, radicle length and antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and ascorbate peroxidase was evaluated. The results of this research showed that in absence of ascorbate and present of NaCl activity of enzymes increased but with increasing of ascorbate, activity of them decreased. Also in present of NaCl germination decreased but in NaCl and ascorbate germination increased significantly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - The effect of salt stress and proline on some morphological, physical and phytochemical traits of leaf in three olive cultivars
Naghimeh Poury Esmail Syfe Mahdi AlizadehOlive is one of the moderately resistant plants to salinity and the amount of resistance depends on the cultivar. Therefore, this species can be used as a model to study the responses of wooden plants to salt stress. In this study, six-months-old plantlets of three oliv MoreOlive is one of the moderately resistant plants to salinity and the amount of resistance depends on the cultivar. Therefore, this species can be used as a model to study the responses of wooden plants to salt stress. In this study, six-months-old plantlets of three olive cultivars, including Arbequina, Arbosana, and Koroneiki were under salt stress through various concentrations of sodium chloride, containing 0, 50, 100, and 200 mM for five months, and sprayed with proline at 0, 100, and 200 mg/L for three times. At the end of the stress period, the number of leaves on each plant was counted; and thickness, length and width, and fresh and dry weight of the leaves were measured. Carotenoid content of leaves was determined using DMSO, total leaf phenol was measured by Folinciocalteu reagent, and glucose levels were estimated based on McCready. The results indicated that the number of leaves was decreased by increasing salinity levels and Arbosana had the greatest reduction. Koroneiki showed a significant reduction in leaf length and width at 200 mM and application of proline could not prevent this decline. The lowest fresh and dry weight was observed at 200 mM salinity. Leaf thickness was increased in the response of salt stress and the content of carotenoids reduced. Among the cultivars studied, Arbosana had the lowest total phenolic contents. Also, at salinity 200 mM, the highest and the lowest sugar content was observed in Arbosana and koroneiki, respectively. Plantlets treated with proline 200 mg/L had the highest carbohydrates. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - The study of salinity stress influence on some morphological, biochemical and antioxidant responses of Securigera securidaca L.
Fateme Mirvakili Asghar Mosleh Arani Mohammad Reza Sarafraz Ardakani Hamid Sodaei-ZadehIn this research in order to study of stress influence(4, 8 and 12 ds/m of NaCl ) on some morphological, biochemical and antioxidantactivity of Securigera securidaca L. based on a randomized complete design with three replications, the seeds of plant were provided MoreIn this research in order to study of stress influence(4, 8 and 12 ds/m of NaCl ) on some morphological, biochemical and antioxidantactivity of Securigera securidaca L. based on a randomized complete design with three replications, the seeds of plant were provided from Esfahan Pakan Bazr Institute and were grown in growth chamber located in Yazd University during September, 2014. Biochemical and antioxidant traits were measured spectrophotometrically. Results were showed that some morphological traits significantly decreased when salinity were increased. The pigments content were not significantly affected by different levels of salinity. Proline, total soluble sugar, flavonoid and anthocyanin content significantly increased in highest level of salinity in compared with other salinity and control treatments. Malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly increased in salinity of 12 ds/m while the most significant activity of DPPH scavenging and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT) enzymes were showed in salinity of 8 ds/m. in concluded, due to non-significant changes of morphological, biochemical and antioxidant traits in salinity of 4 ds/m especially, it may be suggested that Securiger securidaca L. is a semi-tolerant genotype under salt stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Biological Response of Capparis spinosa L. to Nitrogen Application under Salinity Conditions
Mohsen Zafaranieh seyed masoud ziaeeSalinity stress is one of the major abiotic stresses, which reduces plant growth by reducing water absorption and disrupting the balance of nutrients. To study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the physiological traits of Capparis spinosa L. at high salt concentratio MoreSalinity stress is one of the major abiotic stresses, which reduces plant growth by reducing water absorption and disrupting the balance of nutrients. To study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the physiological traits of Capparis spinosa L. at high salt concentrations, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block with three replications in 2022. The first factor included 5 levels of salinity (100 (control), 200, 300, 400, and 500 mM), and the second factor comprised 4 levels of nitrogen fertilizer (50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm). The traits under study included shoot dry weight, proline content, soluble sugar, malondialdehyde enzyme activity, and catalase. Results showed that quantum yield, proline content, and soluble carbohydrate were affected by salinity and nitrogen concentrations. With increasing salinity levels from 100 to 500 mM, proline and soluble carbohydrate content increased, but with increasing nitrogen levels from 50 ppm to 200 ppm, soluble carbohydrates and proline content decreased and increased, respectively. Shoot dry weight and catalase activity were affected by the interaction of salinity and nitrogen levels. Results showed that at high levels of salinity and increasing nitrogen levels to 150 and 200 ppm, shoot dry weight content decreased while catalase, and peroxidase activity and shoot sodium content increased. According to these results, application of 200 ppm nitrogen is recommended in low (100 and 200 mM) and medium (300 mM) salinity levels while in high salinity (400 and 500 mM) levels, application of 50 ppm nitrogen in the nutrient solution of Capparis is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Considering why Ghavam handed over northern oil to the Soviet Union
Ali Rahmanpour Mohammadhasan Raznahan reza shabaniIran's strategic position has always been coveted by the colonialists due to the existence of oil wells in the north and south of Iran and its great importance in the world arena. During World War II, when Iran was occupied by the Soviet Union and Britain, and after the MoreIran's strategic position has always been coveted by the colonialists due to the existence of oil wells in the north and south of Iran and its great importance in the world arena. During World War II, when Iran was occupied by the Soviet Union and Britain, and after the end of the war, Britain withdrew its forces from Iran, but the Soviet Union sought to gain concessions under the pretext of that. It was at this time that Ghavam's role as prime minister of Iran, which had relatively good relations with the Soviet Union, was evident in the evacuation of Soviet forces. The main question is what was the role of Ghavam Al-Saltanah in handing over the northern oil concession and what was its purpose? Ghavam's policy on this issue was very complicated, because he, as prime minister, had to protect Iran's interests, and on the other hand, he had to protect the interests of the Soviet Union, which had supported him. This article aims to examine the relationship between Iran and the Soviet Union during this period and why Ghavam handed over northern oil to the Soviet Union, and tried to discuss how to negotiate and resolve the issue of Soviet withdrawal from Iranian territory. The research method is also qualitative and has historically described and analyzed the events. Findings show; Ghavam's main purpose in handing over this concession was not to betray the country, but only as a means to expel Soviet forces from Iranian territory. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - An Electrochemical Investigation on the Effect of Heat-Stable Salts on the Corrosion Resistance of Carbon Steel in MDEA Solution
Hojatollah Abnavi Esmaeil Jafari -
Open Access Article
94 - Robust Digital Image Watermarking against Cropping and Salt & Pepper Noise using two-step Sudoku
Mohammad Shahab Goli Alireza NsghshSeveral methods are exploited to watermark digital images as a safety measure for storing information, but an attacker can destroy the information by cropping a segment of the watermarked image or doing salt and pepper noise. In recent years, numerous schemes were propo MoreSeveral methods are exploited to watermark digital images as a safety measure for storing information, but an attacker can destroy the information by cropping a segment of the watermarked image or doing salt and pepper noise. In recent years, numerous schemes were proposed that reduce the impact of such attacks. A new method has been proposed to confront cropping attack and salt and pepper noise that is carried out using two Sudoku tables. In this method, the watermark image is scattered in two Sudoku table layouts with different solutions and is watermarked in the host image with Least Significant Bit(LSB). Using this method, the watermark image is repeated 81 times in the host image, and to this effect the watermark image can be reconstructed using other segments when cropped or salt and pepper noise by the attacker. Both Sudokus used in this paper are in the classic 9x9 form and using this method, resistance to cropping attacks increases up to 98.8% and resistance to salt and pepper noise increase up to 80% Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - A Joint Salt and Pepper Noise Removal and Resolution Enhancement Algorithm in Complex Wavelet Domain
Shirin Salehi Homayoun Mahdavi-Nasab Hossein PourghassemMost of the existing image resolution enhancement algorithms assume that the image is clean and noise free, but this assumption is not practically valid. One strategy for interpolation of noisy images is to denoise the image first and then interpolate the denoised image MoreMost of the existing image resolution enhancement algorithms assume that the image is clean and noise free, but this assumption is not practically valid. One strategy for interpolation of noisy images is to denoise the image first and then interpolate the denoised image. However, this strategy does not lead to satisfying results because denoising may smooth image details and also other artifacts such as blurring and blocking introduced due to image denoising will be amplified in the following interpolation stage. Thus, in this paper we propose a joint salt and pepper noise removal and resolution enhancement algorithm using dual-tree complex wavelet transform and feedforward neural networks. In this algorithm, the wavelet subbands corresponding to noise free high resolution image are estimated from noisy low resolution image by multi-layer perceptron (MLP). Therefore the noise free high resolution image is obtained by complex wavelet reconstruction of the estimated subbands. Takeing advantages of complex wavelet transform such as nearly shift invariance and directional selectivity the subband estimation by neural networks is done with high accuracy. As it is verified in the experimental results, the proposed algorithm has better performance both subjectively and objectively and is able to maintain the image fine structures well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Leveling the nature attractions of Hormoz Island using Peralong model
Emad Esteki Amir Gandomkar Alireza AbbasiA very important part of tourism activities in the world is based on enjoying nature, and areas that have more valuable natural resources are given more attention in this field. In this research, using Peralong model, Hormoz Island nature tourism was prioritized. This r MoreA very important part of tourism activities in the world is based on enjoying nature, and areas that have more valuable natural resources are given more attention in this field. In this research, using Peralong model, Hormoz Island nature tourism was prioritized. This research is applied based on purpose and descriptive-analytical based on nature. The results show that by combining 5 main criteria of physical beauty, scientific criterion, historical-cultural criterion, socio-economic criterion, land form criterion, distance criterion, access criterion and coverage criterion, the final ranking was prepared in Vikor operator. In Pralong method, by combining 4 criteria of aesthetic value, scientific value, historical-cultural value and socio-economic value and 2 criteria of productivity quality value and productivity value, the total value of each landform was calculated and then prioritization was done accordingly. . In this method, the sculpture of the Statue Valley and the Rainbow Valley are of the highest value and the mangrove forest and salt cave are of medium value, and the Red Beach, Tombak Beach, Colorful Cave, Turtle Beach, White Valley, and Sandy Beach are of low value. The statue valley and the rainbow valley have gained high ranks in the two criteria of scientific value and physical beauty of the projected place compared to other criteria. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Effect of Bunium Persicum Essential Oil,, NaCl and , Bile Salts on viability of Lactobacillus-acidophilus (ATCC4356)
Zhaleh KhoshkhoThe viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus in the commercial preparation process and its usage as probiotic Bactria is useful. The main purpose of this paper is to study the effect of Bunium persicum essential oil (BEO) stress, NaCl, bile salts, and their combinations o MoreThe viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus in the commercial preparation process and its usage as probiotic Bactria is useful. The main purpose of this paper is to study the effect of Bunium persicum essential oil (BEO) stress, NaCl, bile salts, and their combinations on the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus Bactria. In the following, the effect of BEO stress (0.5 percent), Nacl (2 percent), bile salt (0.15 percent) in comparison with the treatment instance was studied on the Lactobacillus acidophilus population in the refrigerator. Furthermore, the data analysis process was done with the two-way ANOVA and comparing the means by LSD method in SAS software version 9. The conclusions have been out coming from three-time tests with the consideration of P<0.05 in all test steps. After four weeks of 4-Celsius degree temperature conditions, the viability of Bactria and PH decreased, while the amount of degradation in the treated sample was less than the index in the stressed samples. Moreover, the amount of acidity raised in all samples and this growth in stressed samples was more than a treatment sample (P< 0.05). As a conclusion, using BEO with NaCl and bile salt in the densities below of MIC can lead to the viability of Bactria till the end of 14th-day maintenance in the probiotic product. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - اثر عصاره اتانولی برگ Bryophyllum pinnatum بر پروفایل لیپیدی، نشانگرهای زیستی کلیوی و کبدی موشهای صحرایی نژاد آلبینو تغذیه شده با میزان نمک بالا
اوبینا آجا چیکا اونبو چوکودی اونووسونیه چیوندو نوروم کیوما دوروBackground & Aim: Salt is an essential electrolyte; however, high salt loading is associated with numerous adverse effects including alterations in many biochemical parameters. This study investigated the effect of ethanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves on t MoreBackground & Aim: Salt is an essential electrolyte; however, high salt loading is associated with numerous adverse effects including alterations in many biochemical parameters. This study investigated the effect of ethanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves on the biochemical indices of high salt-fed albino rats.Experimental: Twenty-four male healthy albino rats weighing 110-150g were randomly divided into four groups of six rats per group. Group 1 was administered with feed and water, which was the normal control. Group 2 was administered with 10 mL/kg of 18% NaCl only (Negative control), and groups 3 and 4 were administered with 10 mL/kg of 18% NaCl as well as 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the extract, respectively.Results: The acute toxicity of the methanol leaves extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum in rats recorded no mortality even at a high dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight of the animal, thus LD50 could not be determined. The negative control group was significantly (P<0.05) higher in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, cholesterol (CHOL), triacylglycerol (TAG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and bilirubin level when compared with other groups. There was a significant reduction in the Urea and Creatinine levels in the group administered with 400 mg/kg extract. The administration of high salt (18%) increased serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, Bilirubin, Urea, creatinine, TAG, Cholesterol, and LDL and reduced the high-density lipoprotein (HDL).Recommended applications/industries: The result of the high salt-fed untreated rats suggested inflammation of the liver and lipid dysfunction; however, the extract showed a highly potent effect in preventing cell damage that could be caused by high salt intake. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - تاثیر محلول پاشی با کیتوزان بر عملکرد و اسانس گیاه مرزه (Satureja isophella L) تحت تنش شوری
سمیه صالحی زهرا رضایتمندمقدمه و هدف:گیاه مرزه Satureja isophella L.)) یکی از گیاهان دارویی متعلق به خانواده نعنا است. تنش شوری در رشد و نمو و کیفیت و کمیت اسانس گیاهان دارویی اثر دارد. نقش کیتوزان نیز به عنوان یک الیسیتور زیستی در بهبود تولید مواد ثانویه گیاهان دارویی عنوان شده است. تحقیق حاضر Moreمقدمه و هدف:گیاه مرزه Satureja isophella L.)) یکی از گیاهان دارویی متعلق به خانواده نعنا است. تنش شوری در رشد و نمو و کیفیت و کمیت اسانس گیاهان دارویی اثر دارد. نقش کیتوزان نیز به عنوان یک الیسیتور زیستی در بهبود تولید مواد ثانویه گیاهان دارویی عنوان شده است. تحقیق حاضر به منظور بررسی اثر غلظت های مختلف کیتوزان بر برخی شاخص های رشد و کمیت و کیفیت اسانس گیاه مرزه تحت تنش شوری انجام گرفت. روش تحقیق: در این تحقبق گیاه مرزه تحت تیمارهای کیتوزان در سه سطح (4/0، 2/0 و 0) درصد و تیمار با آب نمک (Nacl) در غلظت های (100، 50 و 0) میلی مولار قرار گرفت. پس از دو هفته از تیمار دهی وزن خشک ریشه و ساقه و ارتفاع گیاه و تعداد برگ و شاخه های جانبی گیاه اندازه گیری شد، همچنین تجزیه و شناسایی اجزاءاسانس گیاه بااستفاده از دستگاه GC/MS انجام گرفت. نتایج وبحث: نتایج این تحقیق نشان می دهد که تنش شوری باعث کاهش وزن خشک ریشه و ساقه و ارتفاع گیاه و تعداد برگ و شاخه های جانبی گیاه می شود و تیمار کیتوزان می تواند این کاهش را تعدیل نماید. تیمار متقابل کلرید سدیم در غلظت 50 میلی مولار وهمچنین کیتوزان در غلظت 2/0 در صد اثر معنی داری بر روی افزایش حجم و کیفیت اسانس در گیاه مرزه دارد. که با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده از آنالیز GC/MS 14 ترکیب اصلی در اسانس تشخیص داده شد که بیشترین ترکیبات P-Cymene به میزان 13/3 ، Y-Terpinene به میزان 97/28 و Caryacrolبه میزان 64/59 بدست آمده است. نتایج نشان می دهد که با افزایش تنش شوری در غلظت 100 میلی مولار نمک و غلظت 4/0 کیتوزان بیشترین میزان کارواکرول و در غلظت 50 میلی مولار نمک و 4/0 کیتوزان بیشترین میزان P-Cymene و Y-Terpinene بدست آمده است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - An environmentally friendly approach to the synthesis of azo dyes based on 2-naphthol using kaolin-SO3H nanoparticles
Abdolhamid Bamoniri Bi Bi Fatemeh Mirjalili Nahid Yaghmaeiyan-Mahabadi -
Open Access Article
101 - Spotlight: Organic salts: With Y-aromatic counter ions (Part II)
Meysam Yarie -
Open Access Article
102 - Friedel–Crafts synthesis of triarylmethanes over 3-methyl-1-sulfonic acid imidazolium tetrachloroaluminate under solvent-free conditions
Saeid Azimi Mohammad Ali Zolfigol Ahmad Reza Moosavi-Zare -
Open Access Article
103 - Spotlight: [Dsim]X: As multi-purpose compounds
Mahmoud Zarei -
Open Access Article
104 - Organic salts with acetic acid tags: As multi-purpose catalysts
Mahmoud Zarei -
Open Access Article
105 - Nano silica chromic acid/wet SiO2 and NaNO2 as an efficient reagent system for synthesis of azo dyes based on 1-naphthol at room temperature and solvent-free conditions
Abdolhamid Bamoniri Bi Bi Fatemeh Mirjalili Arash Ghorbani-Choghamarani Mohammad Yazdanshenas Abbas Shayanfar Ahmad Akbari -
Open Access Article
106 - Application of multipurpose dimethyl formamide-like task specific ionic liquid as a recyclable reagent for direct iodination of alcohols
Ahmed Ali Hullio G.M. Mastoi -
Open Access Article
107 - Bi(NO3)3.5H2O: An efficient acidic reagent for synthesis of azo dyes at room temperature
Bi Bi Fatemeh Mirjalili Abdolhamid Bamoniri Naimeh Salehi -
Open Access Article
108 - Spotlight: Imidazolium-based salts: With Y-aromatic counterions
Meysam Yarie -
Open Access Article
109 - In vitro Evaluation of Oil Releasing Extent from a Calcium Salt of Fatty Acids in Different Sites of Gastrointestinal Tract
P. Peravian H. Mirzaei-Alamouti M. Dehghan-Banadaky H. Amanlou M. Vazirigohar H. Khalilvandi P. Rezamand -
Open Access Article
110 - Evaluation of Gibberellin Synthesis Genes (GA3OX) expression and Antioxidant Capacity in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Sadri) Seeds induced by Chitosan under Salinity
Haniyeh Saadat Mohammad Sedghi raouf Seyed Sharifi salim farzaneh -
Open Access Article
111 - Selenium enhances nutrient uptake and rosmarinic acid biosynthesis in Melissa officinalis L. under salinity stress
Sara ghasemian Nahid Masoudian Fatemeh Saeid Nematpour Akbar Safipour Afshar -
Open Access Article
112 - The influence of salt stress on the morpho physiological and biochemical parameters of durum wheat varieties (Triticum durum Desf.)
Nadia CHIAHI -
Open Access Article
113 - Efficiency of selenium and salicylic acid protection against salinity in soybean
Narges Oraghi Ardebili Alireza Iranbakhsh Zahra Oraghi Ardebili -
Open Access Article
114 - Effects of exogenous salicylic acid on antioxidative responses, phenolic metabolism and photochemical activity of strawberry under salt stress
Soheila Samadi Ghader Habibi Atousa Vaziri -
Open Access Article
115 - Enhancement of salt tolerance in black bean variety (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by silicon nutrition
Fatemeh Heidarian Parto Roshandel -
Open Access Article
116 - Effect of Potassium Silicate on Growth and Biochemical Attributes of Tomato under Salt Stress
Riti Kapoor Pooja Yadav -
Open Access Article
117 - Soil supplementation with silicon nanoparticles to alleviate toxicity signs of salinity in strawberry
Alireza IranBakhsh Reza Soleymanzadeh Ghader Habibi Zahra Oraghi Ardebili -
Open Access Article
118 - Salt Stress and tolerance mechanisms by plants: A Review
REYAZ MIR Ramamurthy Somasundaram -
Open Access Article
119 - Photosystem II Efficiency of Primed Canola under Salt Stress
Zahra Karimi Jalil Khara Ghader Habibi -
Open Access Article
120 - Comparative ionomics and growth factors alteration in Lotus corniculatus under salt stress.
Marjan Azarafshan Azarafshan Nasser Abbaspour -
Open Access Article
121 - Physiological and phytochemical changes induced by seed pretreatment with hydrogen peroxide in Artemisia sieberi under salt stress.
Forouzan Azimian Parto Roshandel -
Open Access Article
122 - Effect of short-term salinity on photosynthesis and ion relations in two sugar beet cultivars.
Alireza Dadkhah Ghorbanali Rassam -
Open Access Article
123 - Effects of salinity on antioxidant system in ten grape genotypes.
Nayer Mohammadkhani Nasser Abbaspour -
Open Access Article
124 - Impulsive Noise Elimination Considering the Bit Planes Information of the Image
Hamid Hassanpour Zahra Mortezaie -
Open Access Article
125 - اثر سالیسیلیکاسید بر تحمل به شوری چمن کنتاکی بلوگراس
مسعود ارغوانی سعیده سوادکوهی سید نجمالدین مرتضویشوری یکی از بزرگترین چالش­هایی است که رشد و نمو گیاهان را در قرن بیست و یکم تحت تاثیر قرار داده است. سالیسیلیک اسید یک ترکیب فنلی است که به عنوان یک مولکول پیامرسان پاسخ­های گیاهان را در برابر تنش­های زیستی و غیر زیستی تنظیم میکند. این پژوهش گلخانهای به م Moreشوری یکی از بزرگترین چالش­هایی است که رشد و نمو گیاهان را در قرن بیست و یکم تحت تاثیر قرار داده است. سالیسیلیک اسید یک ترکیب فنلی است که به عنوان یک مولکول پیامرسان پاسخ­های گیاهان را در برابر تنش­های زیستی و غیر زیستی تنظیم میکند. این پژوهش گلخانهای به منظور بررسی اثر سالیسیلیک اسید بر پاسخ­های چمن کنتاکی بلوگراس (Poa pratensis L.) به تنش شوری اجرا شد. سه سطح شوری (0، 40 و 80 میلیمولار کلرید سدیم) در محلولهای غذایی اعمال گردید و تیمارهای سالیسیلیک اسید (0، 1 و 2 میلیمولار) به صورت محلول پاشی در فواصل دو هفتهای انجام شدند. شوری رشد ریشه و شاخساره، کیفیت ظاهری چمن، میزان کلروفیل و پتاسیم برگ­ها را کاهش داد در صورتی­که نشت یونی، محتوای پرولین و سدیم برگ­ها با افزایش غلظت نمک در محلول غذایی افزایش یافت. کاربرد سالیسیلیک اسید در تمامی صفات اثرات منفی شوری را بهبود بخشید و این اثر در تیمار 80 میلیمولار نمک چشمگیرتر بود. در صفات رشد ریشه، میزان سدیم، پرولین و نشت یونی برگ­ها، کاربرد 2 میلیمولار سالیسیلیک اسید نتیجه بهتری نسبت به 1 میلیمولار در بر داشت. این نتایج نشان میدهد که مطالعات بیشتر به­منظور یافتن سطح مناسب کاربرد سالیسیلیک اسید در سطوح مختلف تنش شوری مورد نیاز است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Study on Various Level of Salinity on Some Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Rosa Hybrid
, S MobasheriCrisis due to global warming and its associated damaging consequences, including salinity, it is essential to develop plant resistance to salinity level. In this study, an experiment was conducted using different levels of salinity (0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2% sodium chlor MoreCrisis due to global warming and its associated damaging consequences, including salinity, it is essential to develop plant resistance to salinity level. In this study, an experiment was conducted using different levels of salinity (0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2% sodium chloride) had on Rosa hybrida, as the most important cut flowers in the world. Results showed that by increasing of salinity, sodium increased in the tissues and root dry/fresh weight declined. Salinity stress influenced significantly shoot growth and declined it. It seems this cultivar is resistant to salinity. However, further studies must be done to clarify the amount of resistance this cultivar against salinity in comparison to other cultivars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - غربالگری توده های بومی Festuca arundinacea در ایران برای تحمل به NaCl با هدف کاربرد در فضای سبز
آزاده موسوی بزاز علی تهرانی فر محمد کافی علی قزنچیان محمود شورنیاز به تولید گرا سهای متحمل به دلیل استفاده فزاینده از آب شور و غیرقابل مصرف در حال افزایش است. آزمای شهای گلدانی به صورت گلخان های جهت تعیین تحمل نسبی و)Festuca arundinacea Schrub( پاس خهای رشدی به شوری 11 توده بومی فستوکا بلند شامل: سمیرم، مشهد، سنندج، یاسوج، یزد آبا Moreنیاز به تولید گرا سهای متحمل به دلیل استفاده فزاینده از آب شور و غیرقابل مصرف در حال افزایش است. آزمای شهای گلدانی به صورت گلخان های جهت تعیین تحمل نسبی و)Festuca arundinacea Schrub( پاس خهای رشدی به شوری 11 توده بومی فستوکا بلند شامل: سمیرم، مشهد، سنندج، یاسوج، یزد آباد، داران، کامیاران، گندمان، بروجن، نصیرآباد و البرز به مدت 8 هفته مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. همچنین فستوکا تجاری به عنوان شاهد مورد در گراس های )NaCl 90 و 135 میلی مولار ،45 ، استفاده قرار گرفت. چهار سطح آب شور ) 0کشت یافته در گلدان های پلاستیکی پر شده از ماسه خالص به عنوان بستر، مورد استفاده قرار گرفت و محلول هوگلند جهت تغذیه به کار رفت. نتایج نشان داد که صفات بیوماسقسمت هوایی، بیوماس ریشه، سطح برگ کل، طول برگ، عرض برگ و درصد خسارت برگ به طور معنی داری با افزایش شوری، افزایش یافت. کمترین درصد خسارت برگی در سطوح90 و 135 میلی مولار مربوط به توده سنندج و فستوکا تجاری بود، همچنین بیشترین درصد90 و 135 میلی مولار به ترتیب مربوط به تود ههای البرز، ، خسارت برگی در سطوح 45گندمان و گندمان بود. بیوماس قسمت هوایی، سطح برگ کل و طول برگ توده سنندج درمقایسه با سایر تود ههای بومی، کمتر تحت تاثیر شوری قرار گرفت. بر اساس داد ههای حاصلاز پارامترهای رشدی )بیوماس ریشه و قسمت هوایی، خسارت برگی، عرض برگ، طول برگ وسطح برگ(، رتبه بندی توده های بومی برای تحمل به شوری، عبارتند از: سنندج، داران، یاسوج،کامیاران، نصیرآباد، سمیرم، مشهد، البرز، یزدآباد، بروجن و گندمان. این نتایج بیانگر پتانسیل وتوان رقابتی توده های بومی با نوع تجاری آن می باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - The Study of salinity (NaCl) stress on ontogeny of vegetative organs in Luffa cylindrica L
Sayeh Jafari Marandi masoomeh MahootforoshhaLuffa cylindrica L. (Cucurbitaceae family) is an herbal plant with high medicinal and economical usage. Due to the salinity problem in soils of the country, the effect of salinity stress on the development of vegetative organs of luffa was investigated. Seeds were plant MoreLuffa cylindrica L. (Cucurbitaceae family) is an herbal plant with high medicinal and economical usage. Due to the salinity problem in soils of the country, the effect of salinity stress on the development of vegetative organs of luffa was investigated. Seeds were planted in pots (control and 3 treatments with four replications) and treated with 15, 30 and 45 mM NaCl under drip irrigation two weeks before flowering. The root, stem, leaf and petiole of plants were fixed in Glyceraldehide fixator solution. The common methods of cell – histology was used for preparing of section. Vegetative meristem was removed in different stages, fixed in FAA70% and maintained in ethanol70%. The microtome was used for vegetative meristem sections and staining was carried out with PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) and Hematoxyline. The results showed increasing salinity decreased the height, internode distance and overall size of plant. Increasing salt concentration causes the growth in the thickness of methaxylem elements at the root, leads the stem to go to subsequent structure earlier than normal process, have the cell layers increase in number, and increase the activity of the generative layers. In leaves, findings also showed that different salt concentration lead to increasing of ladder parenchyma layers, number and length of trichomes. Under the treatment meristem vegetative tip of the stem was layered. At the higher concentration vegetative tip became wide and got homogeneous pigment similar to what is seen in generative meristem. This phenomenon can be the sign of premature aging of the plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - Effect of endophytic fungus, Piriformospora indica, on growth parameters and activity of antioxidant enzymes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under salinity stress
Ali Asghar Bagheri Fariba KhosravinejadAbiotic stress including salinity is the major limiting factors of growth and crop production in arid and semiaridregions. The endophytic fungus,Piriformospora indica has a pronounced growth-promoting activity and also increasesplant resistance to environmental stresses MoreAbiotic stress including salinity is the major limiting factors of growth and crop production in arid and semiaridregions. The endophytic fungus,Piriformospora indica has a pronounced growth-promoting activity and also increasesplant resistance to environmental stresses including salinity, drought and plantpathogens. In order to study, experiment was conducted in completely randomized block design with three replicationsand with two levels of p.indica–inoculated and non-p.indica-inoculated rice(control) and four levels of NaCl (0, 100, 200 and 300 mM). This research deals with the potential of P. indica to improve growth parameters of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and increase its resistance to salt stress with base on increasing of antioxidant enzyme activities. Our study demonstrated P.indica significantly increased growth parameters for example shoot and root biomass, Relative Water Content(RWC), proline content and activities of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and in contrast, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content (produced from peroxidation of membrane lipids) in p.indica–inoculated than non-p.indica-inoculated rice under all of salt stress conditions.So our results showed that P. indica-induced protection of O.sativa against salt stress could be mediated by antioxidant enzymes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Sources of Nitrate and Bromide ContaminantsinGroundwater ofthe Alluvial Aquifer of Arak, Iran
Feridon Ghadimi Mohammad Ghomi Reza Azimi -
Open Access Article
131 - The study of drip and drip protein in Pomadasys kaakan, Caranx ignobilis, Nemipterus japonicas and Ctenopharyngodon idella held in of 2 and 5 percent salt
A. Askary Sary M. Velayatzadeh M. Moaref S. Majdinasab M. Samadi Sh. NabizadehProtein components of living body are affected by environmental factors such as temperature, salinity and pH. This study was carried out to measure and compare drip and drip protein in four fishes Pomadasys kaakan, Caranx ignobilis, Nemipterus japonicas and Ctenopharyng MoreProtein components of living body are affected by environmental factors such as temperature, salinity and pH. This study was carried out to measure and compare drip and drip protein in four fishes Pomadasys kaakan, Caranx ignobilis, Nemipterus japonicas and Ctenopharyngodon idella holding condition without and with 2 and 5 percent salt in house refrigerators with -19, 2010. 108 samples of fishes were investigated. Drip was measured using Spectrometer T80 uv/lis PG Instruments and percent of drip protein was done by kjeldahl method. In this study data were analyzed with SPSS17 software in terms of oneaway (ANOVA). According to the results, highest of drip 50.43±14.56 g and drip protein 3.40±1.17 % was in Pomadasys kaakan in5 percent salt and lowest of drip 1.32±0.36 g was in Pomadasys kaakan without salt, respectively. Also, the lowest of drip protein was 2.75±0.46 % in Pomadasys kaakan in 2 percent salt. Salting caused an increase in drip loss (P<0.05) but had no significant effect on drip protein content (P≥0.05). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Effect of different consentration of NaCl on growth, ammonium releasing,nitrate reductase activity and total protein contents in Dunaliella salina
A.S. Borhani Sabzevar M.L. GhorbanliIn this experiment, we studied the effects of different NaCl solutions on (2.5%, 7.5% and 12.5% NaCl) proliferation, nitrate reductase activity, ammonium release, and protein content in the unicellular, biflagellate, halophilic micro algae, Dunaliella salina. Johns MoreIn this experiment, we studied the effects of different NaCl solutions on (2.5%, 7.5% and 12.5% NaCl) proliferation, nitrate reductase activity, ammonium release, and protein content in the unicellular, biflagellate, halophilic micro algae, Dunaliella salina. Johnson medium with 2.5%, 7.5% and 12.5% NaCl were selected for treatment. Growth condition was maintained in all experiments (light, 5000 Lux, aeration 1hour daily, temperature 25±5◦C,). The microscopic results showed that in the salt solutionsDunaliella salina can proliferate and shows normal morphology and mobility. Based on results of this experiment, optimum proliferation occurred in 7.5% NaCl. Protein content didn’t show significant changes (P Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - رفتار خزش کامپوزیت های اپوکسی تقویت شده بازالت و الیاف شیشه
رضا اسلامی فارسانی سید محمدرضا خلیلی وحید دقیقی رضا فاضلی -
Open Access Article
134 - Effect of Halophyte Patches on Some Soil Properties of a Saline Rangeland Around Urmia Lake, Iran
Javad Motamedi Arezu Alizadeh Esmaeil Sheidai Karkaj -
Open Access Article
135 - Effect of Drought and Salinity Stress on Morpho-physiologycal Variation of the Iranian Endemic Stachys multicaulis Benth. in Different Soil Textures
Habib Yazdanshenas Mohammad Jafary Ali Tavili Hossein Arzani Hossain Azarnivand -
Open Access Article
136 - Remote Sensing Monitoring of Vegetation Area and Species Diversity over Fifteen Years in Sirjan Salt Lake, Iran
Reza Atighi Abbas Ahmadi Javad Varvani Hamid Toranjzar Nourollah Abdi -
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137 - Effect of Salinity Stress and Salicylic Acid on Morpho-physiological and Growth Characteristics Satureja mutica Fisch. & C. A. Mey.
Borzou Yousefi Roya Karamian -
Open Access Article
138 - Growth Responses of Secale cereale and S. ceremont to Priming Treatments under Salinity Stress
Seyed Morteza Araghi Shahri Ghasem Ali Dianati Tilaki Behzad Behtari Mohammad Ali Alizadeh -
Open Access Article
139 - The Role of Environmental Factors of Revived Historical Collections in Promoting Social Interactions of Users (Case Study: Saad al-Saltaneh Qazvin Historical Collection)
mahtab soleimanim alamooti Sara Jalalian Omid DezhdarSocial interactions are one of the most important factors that must be carefully considered in the design of urban spaces and architecture. What causes the creation and promotion of social interactions is the presence of humans in space. When the solidarity between man MoreSocial interactions are one of the most important factors that must be carefully considered in the design of urban spaces and architecture. What causes the creation and promotion of social interactions is the presence of humans in space. When the solidarity between man and space is created; As a result, interactions also arise. The aim of this research is to know the role of environmental factors affecting the promotion of social interactions in historical collections of revitalization. It seems that the revival of historically valuable collections can lead to the creation of new spaces, the interaction of people and the improvement of the level of social interactions, as well as having a significant role in the creation of social and cultural platforms. The research is practical in terms of its purpose and has been done in two steps. In the first step of the research, a theoretical framework based on theoretical studies and text analysis has been formed. The second step; Field studies were conducted with the case study method in combination with the survey strategy (localization) and the questionnaire tool; Statistical analysis was done using spss and pls software. Sampling was done by random method in Saad al-Sultaneh collection of Qazvin and using Cochran's formula. The results of this research show that the environmental factors of the loser collections, which lead to the formation of a sense of belonging to the place, activity, readability, permeability and accessibility, are effective in improving the social interactions of users. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Review on halophytes Researches in Iran: Explanation of Challenges and Offer Approaches
Gholam Hossein Ranjbar Hadi Pirasteh-Anosheh Mohammad Hossein Banakr Hamidreza MiriBased on definition in this study, “halophytes are the plants adapted to saline conditions via one of the mechanisms of prevent salt entry to plant or reduced salt concentration in cytoplasm”. Therefore, the halophytes can be divided in two major classes: eu MoreBased on definition in this study, “halophytes are the plants adapted to saline conditions via one of the mechanisms of prevent salt entry to plant or reduced salt concentration in cytoplasm”. Therefore, the halophytes can be divided in two major classes: eu-halophytes and facultative halophytes. Literature review of the country revealed that considerable researches in halophytes has begun from the last half century and were remarkably increased from 2001 right now. The plants such as kochia (Kochia scoparia), purslane (Portulaca oleracea) and lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) have been well evaluated in terms of different growing aspects and it seems that some other plants such as quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), salicornia (Salicornia spp.) and harmal seeds (Peganum harmala) have greater potential for attracting the researches. About 30%, 11%, 11%, 11%, 9%, 7% and 28% of these researches were conducted on growth aspects, physiological and biochemical traits, forage quality, implementation of strategies to improve production, plant nutrient and fertilization, oil status and others, respectively. The experiments in controlled conditions were more than twice as field experiments. In general, regard to more investigation on forage and oil quality of halophytes, the aspects of medical, sanitary and ornamental of halophytes should be evaluated in sustainable agriculture systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Effect of water salinity and organic and chemical fertilizer on morphological and agronomic characteristics of borage (Borago officinalis)
P. Yadollahi M. R. AsgharipourIn this study, the effect of water salinity accompanied by organic and inorganic fertilizer was examined on the growth, quantitative characteristics and photosynthetic pigments in borage plants. The experimental was split plot based on complete block design with three r MoreIn this study, the effect of water salinity accompanied by organic and inorganic fertilizer was examined on the growth, quantitative characteristics and photosynthetic pigments in borage plants. The experimental was split plot based on complete block design with three replicates. Treatments were two irrigation sources: irrigation with fresh and saline water (EC: 4.18 dS m-1) as the main plots, and four fertilization systems: application of NPK at 80:40:30 kg ha-1, 40 t ha-1 of manure, NPK at 40:20:15 kg ha-1 plus 20 ton of manure ha-1 and no soil fertility as sub-plot. The experiment was conducted in 2012 at the Zabol University Research Farm, Zabol, Iran. The results showed that irrigation with saline water significantly reduced plant height, flowering stem height, inflorescence height, number of flowers per inflorescence, number of branches, content of chlorophyll and carotenoid. Application of fertilizer significantly increased all studied traits compared with the control. Combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer was more effective than sole application and increased inflorescence height, number of lateral branches, number of flowers per inflorescence, chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll and carotenoids by 19.4, 30.9, 31.5, 25.6, 24.8 and 25.3 percent over control, respectively. Interaction of water quality and fertilization was significant on plant height, inflorescence height, chlorophyll b, plant dry weight and flowering shoot weight and fertilization protect economic yield against saline water. It is concluded that fertilization, especially combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer, could be recommended for economical production of borage under saline condition in Zabol. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Effect of Salinity on Seed Germination of Four Different Groundnut Genotype
Rushita Parmar Kiran Dangar Suhas Vyas -
Open Access Article
143 - Response of Badami-Zarand Pistachio Rootstock to Salinity Stress
M. Adish M. Fekri H. Hokmabadi -
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144 - Growth and Chemical Composition of Pistachio Seedling Rootstock in Response to Exogenous Polyamines under Salinity Stress
S. Karimi M. Rahemi -
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145 - A Change in Leaves Protein Pattern of Some Pistachio Cultivars under Salinity Condition
N Sohrabi A Tajabadipour N Motamed M Seyedi -
Open Access Article
146 - Efficacy of Calcium Salts on Controlling Phytophthora pistaciae, the Cause of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Gummosis
Hossein Najarpour Fatemeh Hasanzadeh Davarani Mohammad Moradi -
Open Access Article
147 - Saltgrass, a True Halophytic Plant Species for Sustainable Agriculture in Desert Regions
Mohammad PessarakliOriginal Research Research on Crop Ecophysiology Vol. 9/1, Issue 1 (2014), Pages: 1 -11 Saltgrass, a True Halophytic Plant Species for Sustainable Agriculture in Desert Regions Mohammad Pessarakli Professor. School o MoreOriginal Research Research on Crop Ecophysiology Vol. 9/1, Issue 1 (2014), Pages: 1 -11 Saltgrass, a True Halophytic Plant Species for Sustainable Agriculture in Desert Regions Mohammad Pessarakli Professor. School of Plant Sciences, the University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721, USA * Corresponding author E-mail:pessarak@ag.arizona.edu Received: 4 April 2013 Accepted: 12 November 2013 Abstract Continuous desertification of arable lands due to urbanization, global warming, and shortage of water mandates use of low quality/saline water for irrigation, especially in the regions experiencing water shortage. Using low quality/saline water for irrigation imposes more stress on plants which are already under stress in these regions characterized with saline soils and shortage of water. Thus, there is an urgent need for finding salt/drought tolerant plant species to survive/sustain under such stressful conditions. Since the native plants are already growing under such conditions and are adapted to these stresses, they are the best and the most suitable candidates to be manipulated for use under these stressful conditions. If stress tolerant species/genotypes of these native plants are successfully identified, there would be a substantial savings in cultural practices and inputs in using them by the growers and will result in substantial savings in the currencies of the countries. My investigations at the University of Arizona on saltgrass (Distichlis spicata L.), a euhalophytic plant species, have indicated that this plant has an excellent drought and salinity tolerance with a great potential to be used under harsh and stressful environmental conditions. This grass has multi usages, including animal feed, soil conservation, saline soils reclamation, and combating desertification processes. The objectives of this study were to find the most salt tolerant of various saltgrass genotypes for use in arid and semi-arid regions for sustainable agriculture and biologically reclaiming saline soils. Twelve saltgrass clones were studied in a greenhouse, using the hydroponics technique to evaluate their growth responses in terms of shoot and root lengths and DM weights, and general grass quality under salt stress conditions. Grasses were grown vegetatively in Hoagland solution for 90 days prior to exposure to salt stress. Then, 4 treatments [EC of 6 (control), 20, 34, and 48 dSm-1 salinity stress] were replicated 3 times in a RCB design experiment. Grasses were grown under these conditions for 10 weeks. During this period, shoots were clipped bi-weekly, clippings were oven dried at 65o C and DM weights were recorded, and shoot and root lengths were also measured. At the last harvest, roots were also harvested, oven dried, and DM weights were determined. General grass quality was weekly evaluated and recorded. Although, all the grasses showed a high level of salinity tolerance, there was a linear reduction in their growth responses as salinity level increased. However, there was a wide range of variations observed in salt tolerance of these saltgrass clones. The superior stress tolerant genotypes were identified which could be recommended for sustainable production under arid regions and combating desertification. This grass proved to not only have a satisfactory growth under the harsh desert conditions, but also to substantially reduce salinity level of the rhizosphere, which indicates that saltgrass can effectively be used for biological salinity control or reclamation of desert saline soils and combating desertification processes. Keywords: Salt stress, Arid regions, Saltgrass, Sustainable agriculture, Saline soil reclamation, Combating desertification processes Introduction Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene var. stricta (Gray) Beetle) (Gould, 1993), indigenous to the Southwest, a potential animal feed plant, saline soil reclamation, soil establishment/erosion control, and use as a turfgrass species for lawns/recreation areas, grows in very poor to fair condition soils, in both salt-affected soils and soils under poor fertility as well as drought and harsh environmental conditions (Gould, 1993 O’Leary and Glenn, 1994). Its dominant and most common habitats are arid and semi-arid regions (Marcum et al., 2005 Pessarakli and Kopec, 2010 Pessarakli and Kopec, 2011 Pessarakli et al., 2011a, 2011b Pessarakli et al., 2012). The plant is abundantly found in areas of the western parts of the United States as well as on the sea-shores of several Middle-Eastern countries, Africa, South and Central American countries (Pessarakli et al., 2005 Pessarakli, 2007 Pessarakli and Kopec, 2010 Pessarakli et al., 2011a, 2011b Pessarakli et al., 2012). The species can be manipulated to modify its performance and increase its yield and productivity. This plant has multi-purpose usages. It can be substituted for animal feeds like alfalfa, used for biological reclamation of saline soils, soil conservation and erosion control for covering road sides and soil surfaces in lands with high risks of erosion, and use as a turfgrass species. Recently, the United States Golf Association (USGA) and the US Bureau of Land Management (BLM) have shown a great deal of interest in financing research work on this plant to use it as a turfgrass or for soil erosion control and saline soil reclamation. Most of these research works have been conducted at the University of Arizona and Colorado State University. Consequently, the USGA and the BLM funds for the investigations on this grass species have been allocated to these institutions. Positive and promising results have already been obtained from these studies (Gessler and Pessarakli, 2009 Kopec et al., 2000, 2001a, 2001b, 2006 Marcum et al., 2001, 2005 Pessarakli, 2005a, 2005b, 2007, 2008 Pessarakli and Kopec, 2005, 2006, 2008a, 2008b, 2010 Pessarakli and Marcum, 2000 Pessarakli et al., 2001a, 2001b, 2001c, 2003, 2005, 2008 2011a, 2011b, 2012). Most of the published reports on saltgrass, including those of Sigua and Hudnall (1991), Sowa and Towill (1991), Enberg and Wu (1995), Miyamoto et al. (1996), Rossi et al. (1996), and Miller et al. (1998) are concern only with the growth of this species, usually concentrated only on one grass genotype or the species of a specific location. The objectives of this study were to find the most salinity tolerant of various saltgrass genotypes and to recommend them as the potential species for use under arid, semi-arid, and areas with saline soils and limited water supplies for sustainable agriculture and combating desertification. Materials and Methods Plant Materials Twelve inland saltgrass (Distichlis spicata L.) clones (A37, A49, A50, A60, 72, A86, A107, A126, A136, A138, 239, and 240), collected from different locations in several western states of the United States (Arizona, California, Nevada, and Colorado) were used in a greenhouse experiment to evaluate their growth responses in terms of shoot and root lengths as well as shoot and root dry weights, and visual grass quality under different levels of salinity stress conditions, using a hydroponics technique. Plant Establishment The plants were grown as vegetative propagules in cups, 9 cm diameter and cut to 7 cm height. Silica sand was used as the plant anchor medium. The cups were fitted in plywood lid holes and the lids were placed on 42 cm X 34 cm X 12 cm Carb-X polyethelene tubs containing half strength Hoagland nutrient solution (Hoagland and Arnon, 1950). Three replications of each treatment were used in a randomized complete block (RCB) design in this investigation. The plants were allowed to grow in this nutrient solution for 8 weeks. During this period, the plant shoots were harvested weekly in order to reach full maturity and develop uniform and equal size plants. The harvested plant materials were discarded. The culture solutions were changed biweekly to ensure adequate amount of plant essential nutrient elements for normal growth and development. At the last harvest, 10th week, the roots were also cut to 2.5 cm length to have plants with uniform roots and shoots for the stress phase of the experiment. Salt Treatments The salt treatments were initiated by gradually raising the EC (electrical conductivity) of the culture medium to 6, 20, 34, and 48 dS m-1 by adding Instant Ocean salt to the nutrient solutions, followed procedures used by Pessarakli and Kopec (2005, 2006). The EC of the culture solutions were raised by increments of 6 (first day) and 7 every other day until the desired EC levels were reached. Four treatments were used, including control (EC = 6 dS m-1, several of my salinity stress experiments showed that saltgrass at relatively low level of salinity for this high salinity tolerant halophytic grass performs better than growing in normal condition, therefore, for the control, usually, I use EC = 6 dS m-1), 20, 34, and 48 dS dS m-1 (EC = 48 dS dS m-1 is a good representative of the EC of sea water which is normally between 30 and 60 dS dS m-1). The culture solution levels in the tubs were marked at the 10 liter volume, and the solution conductivities were monitored/adjusted to maintain the prescribed treatment salinity levels. After the final salinity levels were reached, the shoots and the roots were harvested and the harvested plant materials were discarded prior to the beginning of the data collection of the salinity stress phase of the experiment. Then, plant shoots were harvested bi-weekly for 10 weeks for the evaluation of the dry matter (DM) production. At each harvest, both shoot and root lengths were measured and recorded. The harvested plant materials were oven dried at 65o C and DM weights were measured and recorded. The recorded data were considered the bi-weekly plant DM production. At the termination of the experiment, the last harvest, plant roots were also harvested, oven dried at 65o C, and dry weights were determined and recorded. Weekly visual evaluation of the grass quality was also performed and recorded. The data were subjected to Analysis of Variance, using SAS statistical package (SAS Institute, Inc. 1991). The means were separated, using Duncan Multiple Range test. Results and Discussion Shoot Dry Matter (DM) Weight The shoot dry matter (DM) weights of all the saltgrass clones decreased with increased salinity stress level. A marked reduction in shoot dry weights occurred at the higher salinity levels (EC 34 and EC 48 dS m-1) across all the clones (Table 1). For the dry weights of the shoots, the gap between the means of the stressed plants and the control (EC = 6 dS m-1) was wider as the exposure time to salinity stress progressed. Root Dry Matter (DM) Weight The effect of salinity on root dry weight was less severe compared to that of shoot dry mass (Table 2). Similar results were reported on different genotypes/ accessions/clones of this grass in other studies by this author and his co-workers Table 1. Saltgrass shoot dry weight (DM) under salt stress Grass ID Shoot 6 DM (g)* 20 at EC 34 dS m-1 48 A37 1.10cde** 0.57bcde 0.27cde 0.15c A49 1.26bcd 0.77ab 0.32bcde 0.13c A50 1.65ab 0.60bcd 0.21de 0.17bc A60 1.03cde 0.38e 0.17e 0.13c 72 1.38bc 0.82a 0.38abc 0.19bc A86 1.66ab 0.86a 0.26cde 0.14c A107 0.95de 0.52cde 0.30bcde 0.20bc A126 0.83e 0.41de 0.18e 0.15c A128 1.37bc 0.73abc 0.52a 0.30a A138 1.09cde 0.46de 0.36abcd 0.25ab 239 1.67ab 0.88a 0.44ab 0.15c 240 1.94a 0.91a 0.49a 0.24ab *The values are the means of 3 replications of each treatment. **The values followed by the same letters in each column are not statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level. Table 2. Saltgrass root dry weight (DM) (cum. values) under salt stress Grass ID Root 6 DM (g)* 20 at EC 34 dS m-1 48 A37 0.74cde** 0.99def 1.10cdef 0.78cd A49 1.61b 1.11cdef 1.56bcd 1.03bcd A50 1.83b 1.65a 1.94abc 0.74cd A60 1.46bc 1.71a 1.31bcde 0.84bcd 72 0.77cde 0.93def 0.72def 0.50d A86 1.06bcde 1.18bcde 0.76def 0.81bcd A107 0.68de 0.84ef 0.53ef 0.68cd A126 0.50e 0.68f 0.26f 0.48d A128 3.46a 1.50abc 2.05ab 1.18bc A138 1.17bcde 0.88def 0.43ef 2.28a 239 1.31bcd 1.30abcd 2.82a 1.21bc 240 3.36a 1.63ab 1.25bcde 1.42b *The values are the means of 3 replications of each treatment. **The values followed by the same letters in each column are not statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level. (Marcum et al., 2005 Pessarakli, 2007, 2008 Pessarakli and Kopec, 2005, 2006, 2010 Pessarakli and Marcum, 2000 Pessarakli et al., 2001c, 2005, 2008, 2011a, 2012). Sagi et al. (1997) and Pessarakli and Tucker (1985, 1988) also found the adverse effect of salinity stress was more pronounced on plant shoots than the roots. This is a common phenomenon in halophytic plant species that usually under salinity stress conditions, their shoots are more severely affected than their roots. Clone 240 had excellent root growth at EC 6 dS m-1 and the second highest root production at EC 48 dS m-1 (Table 2), but had poor quality under high salinity level. The same was true for clone 239. Clone A138 had twice the root mass of most other clones at EC 48 dS m-1, but essentially had no green foliage at EC 48 dS m-1 at the close of the test. At EC 6 dS m-1, clone A128 produced twice the test mean average for roots (3.46 g) with fairly good absolute root production afterwards, but showing a significant change in root production as EC levels increased (Table 2). Although the root dry weight was enhanced at the lower level of salinity for most of the clones, there was not statistically significant difference detected between the means of the different treatments (Table 2). Grass Visual Quality Any level of salinity stress had a significant adverse effect on the grass visual quality (Table 3). Quality scores for various clones ranged from 9.7 to 2.6 at different salinity stress levels. At EC 20 dS m-1, quality scores ranged from 5.1 to 9.7 (Table 3) throughout the entire test. As shown in Table 3, all clonal entries had good quality and full maintenance of green tissue retention at EC 6 dS m-1 at the end of the trial. After 10 weeks growth at EC 34 dS m-1 (salinity level equal to that of sea level salinity), entries 239 and 240 were the only clones to have quality ratings of 6 (acceptable quality, on the scale of 1 - 10) or greater (Table 3). These two clones represented the best quality clones at EC 34 dS m-1 at the end of the test. At EC 48 dS m-1, no entries produced an acceptable plant quality (scores of 6 or higher). Most clones decreased in (final) quality as EC increased from EC 6 to EC 48 dS m-1, but the entries 239 and 240 showed a more of typical halophytic response, having an increase in quality at EC 20 dS m-1 over that observed at EC 6 dS m-1 (Table 3). Table 3. Saltgrass visual quality under salinity stress Grass ID General 6 quality* 20 at 34 EC 48 A37 8.0cde** 5.1f 3.3g 2.6e A49 7.7def 6.4d 4.3ef 2.8e A50 8.6abc 7.2bc 5.0cd 4.0bc A60 8.2bcd 5.5ef 3.9fg 3.5cd 72 9.0a 7.4bc 5.9b 4.8a A86 8.5abc 6.7cd 5.7b 3.9bc A107 7.5def 5.9def 5.4bc 4.4ab A126 6.7g 5.3f 4.6de 3.9bc A128 7.1fg 6.2de 5.0cd 3.0de A138 8.6abc 7.9b 5.4bc 4.2ab 239 8.9ab 9.3a 6.6a 4.2ab 240 9.2a 9.7a 7.1a 2.8e *The quality values are the means of 3 replications of each treatment and 10 weekly evaluations. **The values followed by the same letters in each column are not statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level. Salt Tolerance Ranking of the Various Clones of Saltgrass Salinity tolerance ranking of the various saltgrass clones used in this study based on shoot DM weight, root DM weight, grass visual quality, or overall ranking considering all the study parameters together, are presented in Table 4. Although there are some minor differences in salt tolerance ranking of the clones when compared based on shoot DM weight, root DM weight, or grass visual quality, the overall ranking is the best representation of the salinity tolerance of the various tested clones. Considering all the study parameters together, there was a wide range of salinity tolerance found among the 12 saltgrass clones. The 240 and 239 clones were the most salt tolerant clones (especially, up to EC of 34 dS m-1) followed by A128, 72, A138. These were closely followed by A50, A86, and A49 in salinity tolerance. A49 clone laid between this and the last group in regards to salinity tolerance. A60, A107, A37, and A126 were among the lowest salinity tolerant grasses which the A126 was the least tolerant clone. Table 4. Salt tolerance ranking of Saltgrass based on shoot weight, root weight, or grass visual quality Tolerance Salt Shoot wt. tolerance Root wt. based Quality on Overall High 240a* A128a 240a 240a A128ab 240ab 239a 239a 239ab 239ab 72ab A128ab 72ab A50ab A138ab 72ab A86ab A60abc A50abc A138ab A138abc A138abc A86bc A50b A50bc A49bc A60bcd A86b A49bc A86bc A49cde A49bc A107cd A37cd A128de A60cd A37cd 72cd A107de A107cd A126d A107cd A37de A37cd Low A60d A126d A126e A126d *The clones followed by the same letters in each column are not statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level. Overall, the results of the shoot and the root dry mass and the visual grass quality showed that the maintenance of green foliage and tolerance under saline hydroponic conditions are under physiological conditions/adjustments that are not totally related to dry matter (DM) production in shoots and roots. This was corroborated by the results that clones which maintained the highest quality under EC 34 dS m-1 exhibited either a large increase in root mass (i.e., clone 239), or only a small increase of the root mass (i.e., clone 240) produced at EC 6 dS m-1. Likewise, clone A138 produced a large increase of its EC 6 dS m-1 root mass at the highest EC level of 48 dS m-1. However, it could not maintain green foliage at 10 weeks of exposure to this high EC. The same was true for shoot DM production that occurred in a more narrow range of values than did root DM production. In short, saltgrass shoot DM weight decreased linearly with increased salinity levels for all clones. For most clones, there was no difference among the root DM of the grass at different salinity levels. Visual quality of the grass followed the same pattern as the shoot DM weight. It decreased linearly with increased salinity levels for all clones. Clones differed greatly in their maintenance of green color retention (quality) as EC levels (salinity) increased. Two clones which produced acceptable quality at the EC level of 34 dS m-1 were clones 239 and 240. No clones could maintain adequate quality color at EC level of 48 dS m-1 after 10 weeks of exposure at this EC level. The difference in salinity tolerance level among the clones was significant. The grasses were separated in several groups with different degrees of salt tolerance. Considering all the study parameters together, there was a wide range of salinity tolerance found among the 12 saltgrass clones. The 240 and 239 clones were the most salt tolerant clones (especially, up to EC of 34 dS m-1) followed by A128, 72, and A138. These were closely followed by A50, A86, and A49 in salinity tolerance. A49 clone laid between this and the last group in regards to salinity tolerance. A60, A107, A37, and A126 were among the lowest salinity tolerant grasses which the A126 was the least tolerant clone. Conclusions In terms of salinity tolerance (quality), green foliage retention was empirically the best assessment of the clonal response to increased salinity. For large scale screening of saltgrass germplasm, the maintenance of green tissue at a specific EC level would seem to be adequate as a simple selection method for salinity tolerance. Shoot and root lengths and dry weights decreased with increased salinity stress. However, shoots were more severely affected by salinity stress than the roots. Grass visual quality was significantly affected (lower quality) as the salinity levels of the culture solutions increased. Overall, the results of this investigation indicate that saltgrass is a very high salinity tolerant species, and the results further suggest that this grass growing even under poor soil conditions (salt-affected desert soils) can be a suitable and beneficial plant species for growth and production in arid regions, and still show a favorable growth. Acknowledgments This study was financially supported by a grant from the United States Golf Association (USGA). References Enberg A, Wu L. 1995. Selenium assimilation and differential response to elevated sulfate and chloride salt concentrations in two saltgrass ecotypes. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 32(2):71‑178. Gessler N, Pessarakli M. 2009. Growth Responses and Nitrogen Uptake of Saltgrass under Salinity Stress. 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Kopec DM, Adams A, Bourn C, Gilbert JJ, Marcum K, Pessarakli M. 2001b. Field Performance of Selected Mowed Distichlis Clones, United States Golf Association (USGA) Research Report #4. Turfgrass Landscape and Urban IPM Research Summary 2001, Cooperative Extension Agriculture Experiment Station, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Publication AZ1246 Series P-126, pp. 305-312. Kopec DM, Marcum K, Pessarakli M. 2000. Collection and Evaluation of Diverse Geographical Accessions of Distichlis for Turf-Type Growth Habit, Salinity and Drought Tolerance. Report #2, Cooperative Extension Agriculture Experiment Station Service, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, 11p. Kopec DM, Nolan S, Brown PW, Pessarakli M. 2006. Water and Turfgrass in the Arid Southwest: Water Use Rates of Tifway 419 Bermudagrass, SeaIsle 1, Seashore Paspalum, and Inland Saltgrass. 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In: Halophytes as a Resource for Livestock and for Rehabilitation of Degraded Lands (V.R. Squires and A.T. Ayoub, Eds.). pp7-19. Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht. Pessarakli M. 2005a. Supergrass: Drought-tolerant turf might be adaptable for golf course use. Golfweek’s SuperNews Magazine, November 16, 2005, p 21 and cover page. http://www.supernewsmag.com/news/golfweek/ supernews/20051116/ p21. asp?st=p21_s1.htm Pessarakli M. 2005b. Gardener’s delight: Low-maintenance grass. Tucson Citizen, Arizona, Newspaper Article, September 15, 2005, Tucson, AZ, USA. Gardener'sdelight:Low-maintenancegrasshttp://www.tucsoncitizen. com/ Pessarakli M. 2007. Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), a Potential Future Turfgrass Species with Minimum Maintenance/Management Cultural Practices. In: Handbook of Turfgrass Management and Physiology (M. Pessarakli, Ed.), pp. 603-615, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Publishing Company, Florida. Pessarakli M. 2008. Nitrogen Nutrition of Distichlis (Saltgrass) under Normal and Salinity Stress Conditions Using 15N. Turfgrass and Environment, United States Golf Association (USGA), p. 70. Pessarakli M, Gessler N, Kopec DM. 2008. Growth Responses of Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) under Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Salinity Stress. United States Golf Association (USGA) Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online, October 15, 2008, 7(20):1-7. http://turf.lib.msu.edu/tero/ v02/n14.pdf Pessarakli M, Harivandi MA, Kopec DM, Ray DT. 2012. Growth Responses and Nitrogen Uptake by Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata L.), a Halophytic Plant Species, under Salt Stress, Using the 15N Technique. International Journal of Agronomy, Volume 2012, Article ID 896971, 9 pages, doi:10.1155/2012/896971. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2005. Responses of Twelve Inland Saltgrass Accessions to Salt Stress. United States Golf Association (USGA) Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online 4(20):1-5. http://turf.lib.msu.edu/tero/ v02/ n14.pdf Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2011. Responses of Various Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) Clones to Drought Stress at Different Mowing Heights. Journal of Food, Agriculture, and Environment (JFAE), Vol. 9(3 and 4):665-668. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2006. Interactive Effects of Salinity and Mowing Heights on the Growth of Various Inland Saltgrass Clones. Turfgrass and Environment, United States Golf Association (USGA), pp. 83-84. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2008a. Establishment of Three Warm-Season Grasses under Salinity Stress. Acta HortScience, International Society of Horticultural Science (ISHS), Vol. 783:29-37. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2008b. Growth Response of Various Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) Clones to Combined Effects of Drought and Mowing Heights. United States Golf Association (USGA) Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online, January 1, 2008, 7(1):1-4. http://turf.lib. msu.edu/tero/v02/n14.pdf Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2010. Growth Responses and Nitrogen Uptake of Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), a True Halophyte, under Salinity Stress Conditions using 15N Technique. Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Soils and Ground Water Salinization in Arid Regions, Vol. 2, 1-11, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM, Koski AJ. 2003. Establishment of Warm-Season Grasses under Salinity Stress. American Society of Agronomy-Crop Science Society of America-Soil Science Society of America (ASA-CSSA-SSSA) Annual Meetings, Nov. 2-6, 2003, Denver, CO. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM, Ray DT. 2011a. Growth Responses of Various Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) Clones Under Salt Stress Conditions. Journal of Food, Agriculture, and Environment (JFAE), Vol. 9(3 and4):660-664. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB, Emam Y. 2011b. Relative droughttolerance of various desert saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) genotypes. Journal of Food, Agriculture, and Environment (JFAE), Vol. 9(1):474-478. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB. 2000. Growth Responses and Nitrogen-15 Absorption of Distichlis under Sodium Chloride Stress. American Society of Agronomy-Crop Science Society of America-Soil Science Society of America (ASA-CSSA-SSSA) Annual Meetings, Nov. 5-9, 2000, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB, Kopec DM. 2001a. Drought Tolerance of Twenty one Saltgrass (Distichlis) Accessions Compared to Bermudagrass. Turfgrass Landscape and Urban IPM Research Summary 2001, Cooperative Extension, Agricultural Experiment Station, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Publication AZ1246 Series P-126, pp. 65-69. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB, Kopec DM. 2001b. Drought tolerance of turf- type inland saltgrasses and bermudagrass. 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Dry matter yield and nitrogen-15 uptake by tomatoes under sodium chloride stress. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 52:698-700. Rossi AM, Brodbeck BV, Strong DR.1996. Response of xylem‑feeding leafhopper to host plant species and plant quality. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 22(4):653‑671. Sagi M, Savidov NA, L’vov NP, Lips SH. 1997. Nitrate reductase and molybdenum cofactor in annual ryegrass as affected by salinity and nitrogen source. Physiologia Plantanum, 99:546-553. SAS Institute, Inc. 1991. SAS/STAT User’s guide. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC. Sigua GC, Hudnall WH. 1991. Gypsum and water management interactions for revegetation and productivity improvement of brackish marsh in Louisiana. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 22(15/16):1721‑ 1739. Sowa S, Towill LE. 1991. Effects of nitrous oxide on mitochondrial and cell respiration and growth in Distichlis spicata suspension cultures. Plant‑Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture (Netherlands), 27(2):197‑201. 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Open Access Article
159 - Investigation of Daljin Growth Regulator (Ascophyllumnodosum Extract) under Salt Stress Conditions on Agronomic and Physiological Traits of Barley (Hurdeumvulgare L.)
atena Seyeed Razavi meysam Ovissi pourangh KasraeiIn order to study the effect of different levels of Daljin growth regulator on agronomic and physiological traits of barley under salt stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design at the Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, MoreIn order to study the effect of different levels of Daljin growth regulator on agronomic and physiological traits of barley under salt stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design at the Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva Branch, in 2016-2017. The treatments consisted of salt stresses at zero (control), 75 and 150 mM, and foliar application of Daljin in zero (control), 0.5, 1 and 2 at 1000. The measured traits included 1000 seed weight, yield of a plant, seed protein percent, proline, catalase and leaf relative water content. The results showed that salt stress reduced the weight of 1000 seeds, yield of a plant, relative water content of leaves and increased protein content of grain, catalase and proline. Also, Daljin spraying resulted in 1000 seed weight gain, yield of a plant, relative water content of leaves and proline. In the salinity conditions of 75 mM, the highest yield of a plant was related to treatments 1 and 2 at 1000 Daljin (8.49 and 8.9 grams respectively). The highest protein content of the seeds was 16.6% in the 150 mM salinity treatments and in the absence of spraying. It can be concluded from the results of positive effects of Daljin, especially in salt stress conditions, and the reduction of the negative effects of salinity in barley plants, and the highest positive effect was obtained by spraying 1 and 2 at 1000 dalijin. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Study of priming (hydro priming, salicylic acid and nano silver atomic) seed on the improve indices germination and seedling growth triticale (X Triticosecale Vittmack) under salt stress
Nafiseh Arab AliKhani Farshad Ghooshchi Alireza Safahani langerudiSalinity of the limiting factors crop production in world. For interdict of effects harmful this salinity an test order to the effect of priming (hydro priming, salicylic acid and nano silver atomic) seed on the improve indices germination and seedling growth triticale MoreSalinity of the limiting factors crop production in world. For interdict of effects harmful this salinity an test order to the effect of priming (hydro priming, salicylic acid and nano silver atomic) seed on the improve indices germination and seedling growth triticale (x triticosecale vittmack) under salt stress operating on four levels of salinity (0,6,10,14 dsm-1) and, salisylic acid 20 ppm and nano silver particles 10 ppm). This research in a factorial completely randomized design with three replications implement in the laboratory expertise Agricultural University- Varamin in year 2014- 2015. The results showed that high salinity stress reduce rate and percentage of germination in testes standard germination and cold test and accelerated aging test. Interactive effects of salinity and nano silver particles and Salicylic acid could also have a significant effect on the length seedling, length plumule, length root and rate of germination and rising tension in the plant (at 14 dsm-1), nano silver particles and Salicylic acid failed to prevent damage to the plant. most rate germination in treatment without salinity and pretreatment salicylic acid with mean 8.07 seed in day and least rate germination product in treatment salinity 14dsm-1 and un priming with mean 2.68 seed in day. most length seedling, length root, length plumule in treatment without salinity and pretreatment nano sillver mean order occur by 191 mm, 105mm, 85mm and least quantity factors mean order cause by mean 72mm, 34mm, 37 mm in treatment salinity 14dsm-1 and un priming. most rate appearance seedling accrue in treatment without salinity with mean 10/81% and least rate appearance seedling in salinity 14dsm-1 with mean 7/91 and in treatments priming most rate appearance seedling in treatment nano silver with mean 10/57 % and least that come in treatment un priming with mean 6/85.in treatments salinity most rate germination in cold test in treatment control with mean 65% and least that accrue in salinity 14dsm-1 with mean 43% .most percentage germination in treatment nano silver with mean 62% and least that accrue in treatment control with 37%. in treatments salinity most percentage germination in accelerated aging test in treatment control with mean 52% and least that in salinity 14dsm-1 with mean 30%.in accelerated aging test most percentage germination in treatment nano silver with mean 51% and least that accrue in treatment control with mean 29%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - Priming effect of auxin and gibberellic acid on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under salt stress
Mojtaba Aghebat Bekheir Golfrani Farshad Ghooshchi meysam oveysiIn order to evaluate the effect of auxin and gibberellic acid priming on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in terms of soil salinity project in the laboratory and greenhouse Shnasy- Physiology, Islamic Azad University o MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of auxin and gibberellic acid priming on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in terms of soil salinity project in the laboratory and greenhouse Shnasy- Physiology, Islamic Azad University of Varamin rector in 1393 was performed. Plan factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications and 48 treatments were performed. The factors studied included hormone actions (lack of hormones, 50 ppm auxin, 50 ppm gibberellic acid, 25 ppm and 25 ppm gibberellic acid auxin) and salinity concentrations (0, 30, 60, 90 mM NaCl) was. In the house the best treatment of the interaction of auxin foliar application of 25 ppm with 25 ppm gibberellic acid in the absence of stress, so that in these conditions the maximum yield was 325 grams per square meter and the same minimum yield due to lack of hormone treatment with 90 mM NaCl salinity, which amounted to 113 grams per square meter, respectively. Most proline micromoles per gram fresh weight of leaf by leaf 7/60 in 90 mM NaCl, with no spraying and the lowest 5.25 micromoles per gram fresh weight of leaf leaf proline to the use of 25 ppm and 25ppm GA in terms of auxin lack of salinity (zero mM NaCl) was obtained. Most of the water content relative to the amount of 7/62 of the treatment of stress (zero mM NaCl) with 25 ppm and 25 ppm auxin and gibberellic least 9/37 of the water content of the non-application of maximum salt spray of the hormone in the 90 mM, respectively. The main effects and interaction of salinity and hormonal priming at 1 and 5 percent on grain yield, total chlorophyll content, relative water content, proline and electrical conductivity were significant. In this experiment, it was found that with increasing salinity levels remain functional attributes of pits chlorophyll and relative water content decreased also in part due to the actions of hormones sprayed incur bean plant was under stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Study of priming (hydropriming, gibbberllic acid and nano silver atomic) seed on the improve indices germination and seedling growth Avena (Avena sativa L.) under salt stress
Faezeh Thaleghni moghadam Farshad Ghooshchi Alireza SafahaniThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid and silver nano particles and hydro priming mitigate the effects of salinity on oatsIs at the stage of germination and growth. In order to evaluate the effect of hydro-priming, pre-treatment of gibbere MoreThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid and silver nano particles and hydro priming mitigate the effects of salinity on oatsIs at the stage of germination and growth. In order to evaluate the effect of hydro-priming, pre-treatment of gibberellic acid and silver nano particles (priming in the lab and sprayed in the greenhouse) to improve germination and seedling growth indices oats in salinity stress conditions (0,4,8,12 ) dS m and gibberellic acid at a concentration of 20ppm and 10ppm silver nano particles factorial design quite "random with three replications. The criteria evaluated were germination percentage, seed yield and shoot and root weight seedling dry, electrical conductivity, the results showed that salinity significant effect (P>0.01) on all of these things and be reduced. the interaction of salinity and priming on germination was not significant. the interaction of salinity and dissolved application on grain yield, root length, shoot length and root dry weight were significant (P>0.01). average interaction between salinity and foliar showed that the highest yield (2.49 grams per plant) the maximum root length (13.29cm) and, most during the shoot (14.99cm) and the highest seedling dry weight (24.819mg) of silver nanoparticles with an average salinity and pretreatment (18.98) Was obtained . The lowest grain yield (1.4999 grams per plant), root length (2 cm, 10 cm stem length) of 12 dS m salinity treatments and anti-stress lack of substance was achieved.According to the results obtained from the use of silver nanoparticles and priming effect of intense passion to improve hydro-priming reduced grain yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - The effect of mycorrhizal fungi, water stress and year on flower yield and some characteristics of medicinal plant of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) in Yasouj region
Ali RahimiIdentifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal MoreIdentifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been used in many plants to deal with dehydration and drought stress. In this regard, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Yasuj region at years 2015 and 2016. Water stress was considered as the main factor in the form of irrigation after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan class A and mycorrhizal fungus was considered as a secondary factor in the form of no application, application of Glomus mosseae and application of Glomus intraradices. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation and mycorrhizal fungi on flower phosphorus, flower yield, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage was significant. In irrigation levels after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan, the use of mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices compared to the absence of fungi respectively increased the yield of plant flowers (30.04% and 27.35 %), (90.2% and 90.98%), (93.21% and 94.1%) and (81.73% and 78.86%), also, at these levels of irrigation, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage flower achieved a significant increase in the presence of mycorrhizal fungus, compared to the absence of mycorrhizal fungus application. Application of both strains of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices in irrigation levels after 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan compared to no application of mycorrhizal fungus, respectively, resulted in a significant increase in the harvest index of Borage flower (44.55% and 43.36%), (13.21% and 15.96%) and (5.6% and 5.41%) and flower phosphorus (44.69% and 20.45%), (150% and 125%) and ( 267.74% and 235.48%). Mycorrhizal fungus was able to moderate the negative effects of drought stress and increase the above-mentioned traits in those irrigation levels, and based on the results of this study, irrigation treatment after 90 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan + the use of Glomus mosseae mycorrhizal fungi is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - Battal Nameh, a prose epic, common heritage in Arabic, Turkish and Persian Literature
milad Ja&amp;#039;afarpoorFor the first time in Iran this article introduces a trilogy of religious epic in Turkish literature, the emphasis being upon the introduction of the Persian translation of the prose epic Battal Nameh and some of its most important characteristics. Based on this b MoreFor the first time in Iran this article introduces a trilogy of religious epic in Turkish literature, the emphasis being upon the introduction of the Persian translation of the prose epic Battal Nameh and some of its most important characteristics. Based on this background first the authenticity and the Arabic fountainhead of this epic is verified, second the distinct presence of its hero, Arab in origin in Turkish literature is referred to, next full account of Saltikh Nameh, and Daneshmand Nameh is given, and the historical identity of the protagonist of Battal Nameh epic, that is Ja’far Ebn Hossein, titled Seyyed Battal Ghazi is introduced and in the end his connection with Sufism, Ayyars or rogues and his presence in Mosayeb Nameh, Persian epic is pointed out. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - Kaabol’s Shahnameh of the Safavi era
Mahmoud TavoosiDespite the fact that hundreds of manuscripts of shahnameh have been investigated by the scholars, yet sometimes quite accidently mystery is unveiled from an abandoned and forsaken copy only to bewilder the eager artists and literary figures. Of such works, is a complet MoreDespite the fact that hundreds of manuscripts of shahnameh have been investigated by the scholars, yet sometimes quite accidently mystery is unveiled from an abandoned and forsaken copy only to bewilder the eager artists and literary figures. Of such works, is a complete Shahnameh, illustrated and gilded with beautiful calligraphy produced by the calligrapher Abdul Razzagh Ghazvini and with the artistic collaboration of other infamous painters in the year 1044 Hijra found in Ghazvin’s Darossaltaneh. This invaluable manuscript is currently kept in the national archive of Kabul, in Afghanistan and has not yet been introduced to the artistic and literary circles. The purpose of this article is to introduce this artistic work for the first time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - Effect of pond dimensions on water requirement of basil in novel integrated system of greenhouse and saltwater evaporation pond
Ahmad Ahmadinik Ali Rahimikhoob Sasan Ali niaeifardNovel integrated system of greenhouse and saltwater evaporation pond is a recently developed idea to provide the possibility of producing freshwater and crop growth in arid and semi-arid areas using saltwater. The system greatly reduces the water requirement of the crop MoreNovel integrated system of greenhouse and saltwater evaporation pond is a recently developed idea to provide the possibility of producing freshwater and crop growth in arid and semi-arid areas using saltwater. The system greatly reduces the water requirement of the crop in cultivating environment controlling atmospheric conditions and increasing relative humidity to saturation point. To evaluate the effect of saltwater evaporation pond dimensions on basil water requirements in greenhouse condition of the proposed system, a pilot project was done using pond dimensions of 1, 2, and 3 meter in southeast of Tehran. The average daily requirements of the basil in pilot projects of numbers 1, 2, and 3 in two cultivation periods were measured as 2.4, 1.9, and 0.8 mm, respectively which were significantly different. Increasing the length of saltwater evaporation pond in the system improved system capability to reduce crop water requirement. Therefore, implementation of larger ponds is recommended in commercial scale of this integrated system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - Appropriate empirical model for salt leaching of saline soils at Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh Branch cultivated lands
Naser NazariIn natural resources sustainable management, reclamation of saline soils meets high impact, because excess of soluble salts in root zone can reduce plant water uptake due to osmotic potential decrement of soil solution.The necessary strategy would be leaching of accumul MoreIn natural resources sustainable management, reclamation of saline soils meets high impact, because excess of soluble salts in root zone can reduce plant water uptake due to osmotic potential decrement of soil solution.The necessary strategy would be leaching of accumulated salts from these soils to overcome this challenge. The most important issue is in leaching practices is assessment of water quantity required for saline soils reclamation. This current study objective was to introduce an empirical model to measure of leaching water and its comparison with some experimental available models. An area of 30 ha with S4A1 salinity/sodicity class in Miyaneh, East Azerbayjan, Iran was selected for this study. The field experiment was conducted in intermittent ponding method by double rings with square arrangement in three replications. Inleaching process no amendment was used and only 100 cm water leaching was applied in 25 cm intervals.Soil samples were taken from 0-25, 25-50, 50-75, 75-100, 100-125, 125-150 cm of soil depths before, during and after each water rotation and required physical and chemical analyses were performed. The leaching water was supplied from Qizel-Ouzan river. Four mathematical models were fitted to our collected data and logarithmic model was selected as the best model. Using this model in Saline Soils of Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh Branchlands, for one unit porevolume, almost 70 and for two unit pore volume about 79% of salts of these soilswere leached. Thus, leaching of soluble salts from the profile of saline soils of Mojtame series soilusing alternating flooding method was effective in reduction of soluble salts, especially in superficial layers of soil profilesdue to intermittent changes of soil moisture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - The necessity of water and salt balance monitoring in sugarcane root zone on middle part of Khuzestan province, Iran farmlands
Faezeh RajabzadehConsidering of saline soils in middle part of Khuzestan province, Iran and also the leached soils having capacity to be saline, the irrigation agenda or the percent of irrigation water emission from the roots region must be adjusted and controlled so that a desirable ba MoreConsidering of saline soils in middle part of Khuzestan province, Iran and also the leached soils having capacity to be saline, the irrigation agenda or the percent of irrigation water emission from the roots region must be adjusted and controlled so that a desirable balance of soil salinity in roots growth region is created to prevent salinization of soil after soil optimization. Therefore, current research is about the water and salt balance in roots growth region of sugarcane cultivated soils. Accordingly, the values of ΔZ (the variations of salinity supply), Z1, Z2 (the first and second concentration of salt level in the region of roots growth) and ECe (electrical conductivity level of saturated soil) in different months of cultivation year were calculated. The results indicated that calculated ECe had the intervals between 2.26 dS/m and 2.59 dS/m that by 10% crop decrement, it is less than determined allowable maximum,that is, ECe = 3/4 dS/m. On the other hand, the level of depth percolations resulting from irrigation showed the control sufficiency of salt accumulation in the depth of roots growth and the desirable agronomic conditions to plant growth are provided. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - The effect of pretreatment of salicylic acid on radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seed germination under salt stress
Mojgan Ghanbari alireza eftekharian jahromi Shourangiz Javanmardi Mohsen FarzanehOptimal germination and plant establishment is an important consideration for agricultural productivity in arid and semi-arid areas. Priming is an approach for increasing plant establishment especially in undesirable conditions. To evaluate the effects of radish seeds p MoreOptimal germination and plant establishment is an important consideration for agricultural productivity in arid and semi-arid areas. Priming is an approach for increasing plant establishment especially in undesirable conditions. To evaluate the effects of radish seeds priming with salicylic acid (SA) on seed germination indices and inducing tolerance to salt stress condition, this experiment was carried out. SA was applied as seed priming in 0, 1, 2 and 3 mM concentrations on radish seeds for 24 hours, then transferred to sterile Petri dishes and added 10 ml of NaCl solution with different concentrations including 0, 4, 8 and 12 dS/m. Germination rate and percentage, radicle and plumule length ratio, radicle / plumule weight ratio and proline content in radicle and plumule were recorded. Salinity decreased radish seed germination in high NaCl concentrations (12 dS/m). Application of SA increased germination percentage in stress and non-stress conditions. SA increased the plumule and radicle length ratio. However, 1 mM SA was the most effective treatment on the percentage and rate of seed germination. Proline content in plumule and radicle was increased under salt stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - The study of seed viability, amount of proline and chlorophyll of local genotypes of rice under salt stress
Shahin Mardani nezhad Mansoureh VazirpourChanges of seed germination percentage and proline and chlorophyll amounts of Nogoran and Sorkheh and their known cultivars including, Zayandehrud, Sazandegi, and purred lines of 67-47 and 67-97 in reaction to 0-10 dsm/m sodium chloride concentrations were investigated MoreChanges of seed germination percentage and proline and chlorophyll amounts of Nogoran and Sorkheh and their known cultivars including, Zayandehrud, Sazandegi, and purred lines of 67-47 and 67-97 in reaction to 0-10 dsm/m sodium chloride concentrations were investigated to compare salinity tolerance of local rice genotypes. Experiment was done in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance and comparison of means were also done with Duncan multiple range test at 1% probability level. Increasing of sodium chloride's concentration in environment decreased seed germination percentage, radicle and coleoptile dry weight and chlorophyll amount of local rice genotypes at 1% probability level. Results of comparison of seed germination percentage means showed better performance of 67-47, Nogoran, Sorkheh and 67-97 than other genotypes. However, dry weight of radicle and coleoptile and amount of chlorophyll were seen in higher rate in genotype 67-47. Amount of proline amino acid in all genotype was increased with increasing of sodium chloride concentration. The highest amount of root and leaf proline was belonged to Sorkheh. Cultivation of genotype 67-47 was recommended in attention to relative salinity of soil in studied region and planting of 67-97 was not recommended duo to sensitivity of it’s chloroplasts to high sodium chloride concentrations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Effect of salicylic acid on salinity stress tolerance improvement of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) in greenhouse
Hassan NourafcanPeppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants belonging to the Lamiaceae. In order to study the effect of different concentration of salicylic acid (SA) and salinity stress on peppermint morphological characteristics, an experiment was co MorePeppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants belonging to the Lamiaceae. In order to study the effect of different concentration of salicylic acid (SA) and salinity stress on peppermint morphological characteristics, an experiment was conducted as a factorial design based on completely randomized design with four replications. To investigate the interaction of salicylic acid and salinity stress, the following treatments were used: four NaCl concentrations of 0, 50,100 and 150 mmolL-1 and four salicylic acid 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mmolL-1. The plants were grown in pots until they grow to harvesting stage. At the end of experiments, various traits such as height of plants, number of lateral branches, node and leaf, diameter of main shoot and shad of canopy, dry and fresh weight of shoot, fresh weight of root, length of internodes and root were measured. Plants that were under salinity stress level of 150 mmolL-1 died before end of experiments. The results showed that effects of salinity stress on number of lateral branches, number of node and leaf, shoot diameter, dry and fresh weight of shoot, length of internodes and root and fresh weight of root, SA on number of lateral branches and dry weight of shoot and their interaction on height of plants and shad of canopy were significant on peppermint. The highest suppress effect in salinity stress was obtained in 100 mmolL-1 NaCl and the effective in SA were 0.1 and 0.5 mmolL-1. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - The effect of salinity on some morphological characteristics of two varieties of rice (Oryza Sativa L.) at seedling stage.
Ammar Bahari عباس عظیم نژاد yousef NikNezhad hormoz falah amoliIn order to evaluate the morphological changes of rice seedlings (variety of Neda and Fajr) under salinity management in 1394 was conducted in Islamic Azad University, Ayatollah Amoli. This factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with two genotypes (varie MoreIn order to evaluate the morphological changes of rice seedlings (variety of Neda and Fajr) under salinity management in 1394 was conducted in Islamic Azad University, Ayatollah Amoli. This factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with two genotypes (varieties Neda and Fajr) in four salinity levels (zero, 40, 80 and 120 mM sodium chloride) and was performed in triplicate. Results Mean Square showed that the cultivars of leaf length, plant height, root length, total dry weight and chlorophyll content, significant differences exist. But between different levels of salinity treatments in terms of the significant difference was observed on the surface of a percent. Based on the results, all growth traits including plant height, leaf length, root length, seedling dry weight and chlorophyll index significantly decreased salinity meters. In general, the results show that the difference in salinity tolerance and morphological changes in plants under stress, even among different varieties within a species can also be seen. Manuscript profile
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