Identification of salt domes in Ravar region, Kerman province by using the radar Polarimetry technique of Palsar images and analyzing Sentinel-2 and Aster multispectral images
Subject Areas : Natural resources and environmental managementAli Mehrabi 1 , Sadegh Karimi 2 , Fatemeh Naghdi 3
1 - Assistant Professor, Faculty of Geography and Urban Planning, Department of Literature and Humanities Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
2 - Assistant Professor, Faculty of Geography and Urban Planning, Department of Literature and Humanities Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
3 - MSc Student of Environmental Hazard, Faculty of Geography and Urban Planning, Department of Literature and Humanities Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
Keywords: Ravar province of Kerman, Polarimetric SAR, Sentinel-2 images, Aster images, Salt Dome,
Abstract :
Background and ObjectiveIn addition to tourist attractions, salt domes are one of the most interesting geomorphic phenomena having different mineral resources and can in some cases act as an oil reservoir and oil trap. It is very important to identify them. Iran is very rich in evaporative deposits and also shows a unique abundance of emerged/outcropped salt domes. Most of the known salt domes are distributed in the south of Zagros and the Persian Gulf region. But they have also been reported in the other parts of Iran, including the Great Desert, Garmsar, Qom and the Ravar region. So far, no special study has been done on the salt domes of the Ravar region, so that only a few domes in the northern and eastern parts of Ravar have been mentioned. without specifying their location on the map. Therefore, the necessity for further study of this area is specified. The main purpose of this study is to identify the salt domes found/outcropped in the area of Ravar city, Kerman province, by using new remote sensing methods and using radar and multispectral images. Materials and Methods There are several ways to process multi-dimensional images that the analysis of the principle components and the false color combination are the most important ones. We will explain how these methods have been used in the present study. Aster thermal sensor bands were used to produce the false color combination, so that the mentioned minerals were exposed/highlighted by placing the 12, 11 and 13 bands in the red, green and blue channels respectively, Studies on the use of the main components analysis technique for Sentinel 2 satellite images to detect soil and rock salinity show that the false color combinations of PC7, PC6 and PC2, in red, green and green channels respectively is very suitable for this purpose. This is done in the same way in this study. Results and Discussion By performing atmospheric corrections on the multi-spectral images of Sentinel 2, the analysis of the main components was performed on it, as a result of which, the corresponding image was divided into 12 components. Using the three main components 2, 6 and 7, a false color combination was prepared. The results show that the different stone units are highlighted with different colors. Meanwhile, according to previous studies and by examining different colors and comparing and matching it with the geological map of the study area, it was specified that the light pink color indicates the salt units in the study area, This has been proven by field studies. It is noteworthy that in addition to determining the salt domes, the pink areas also show the secondary salts caused by weathering and erosion of these domes. Since the composition of the salt domes displayed in the Ravar salt basin varies so that some of these domes are dominated by salt minerals and polyalite, and others by sulfate minerals such as gypsum and Carbonate minerals such as anhydrite form the dominant mineral, different satellite images can be used to highlight the dominant minerals of each group in terms of their characteristics and spectral behavior. Thus Aster images were also used. Therefore, according to the specific spectral behavior of anhydrite and gypsum minerals in the thermal spectrum range, special color combinations can be combined to recognize salt domes by placing bands 12, 11 and 13 in the red, green and blue channels, respectively. As shown in this result, the salt domes having the dominant gypsum and anhydrite mineral are marked by light white. By performing the radar polarimetry technique and applying the CPR index, the relevant images were prepared. As mentioned earlier, CPR image suffering is closely related to the type and spectral behavior of different levels, In order to better analyze the images, the data suffering were normalized between 0 and 1. The closer these numbers are to the number one, the greater the roughness is due to surface erosion. As a result, the areas that are red in the image are usually very eroded. Conclusion The results of this study show that evaporative minerals and salt domes can be identified by using radar polarimetry method. In this study, with the application of CPR index, salt domes with red color were highlighted. In addition, due to the specific spectral behavior of the anhydrite and gypsum minerals in the thermal spectrum range, with the color combination of bands 12, 11 and 13, ASTER images of light-colored salt domes were identified. Also, the existing salt units in the study area were identified by using the three main components 2, 6 and 7 prepared from Sentinel 2 images,. Based on the obtained results, 27 salt domes were identified in the study area, which are in good agreement with the usual structural mechanism of salt domes creation. In addition, the accuracy of the results were confirmed by field survey.
Abdolahi M, Qishlaqi A, Abasnejad A. 2015. Environmental hydro geochemistry of groundwater resources of the Ravar plain, Northern Kerman province, Iran. Journal of Environmental Studies, 41(1): 81-95. (In Persian)
Aghanabati S A. 2003. Geology of Iran. Geological Survey of Iran. 583p. (In Persian)
Alexakis D, Daliakopoulos I, Panagea I, Tsanis I. 2018. Assessing soil salinity using WorldView-2 multispectral images in Timpaki, Crete, Greece. Geocarto International, 33(4): 321-338. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2016.1250826.
Almodaresi SA, Hatami J, Sarkargar A. 2016. Calculating the physical properties of snow, using differential radar interferometry and TerraSAR-X and MODIS images, Journal of RS and GIS for Natural Resources, 7(2): 59-76. (In Persian)
Asfaw E, Suryabhagavan KV, Argaw M. 2016. Soil salinity modeling and mapping using remote sensing and GIS: The case of Wonji sugar cane irrigation farm, Ethiopia. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 7(18): 213-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2016.05.003.
Campbell B A. 2002. Radar remote sensing of planetary surfaces. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press Location, 354p.
Choe B. 2017. Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) application for geological mapping and resource exploration in the Canadian Arctic. London, Canada: University of Western Ontario. Available from: https://ir. lib.uwo.ca/etd/5133.
Collingwood A, Treitz P, Charbonneau F. 2014. Surface roughness estimation from RADARSAT-2 data in a High Arctic environment. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 27: 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2013.08.010.
Dehaan R, Taylor G. 2003. Image-derived spectral endmembers as indicators of salinisation. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 24(4): 775-794. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160110107635.
Gorji T, Sertel E, Tanik A. 2017. Monitoring soil salinity via remote sensing technology under data scarce conditions: A case study from Turkey. Ecological Indicators, 74: 384–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.11.043.
Gupta RP. 2017. Remote sensing geology. Springer, 428 p.
Harrington E, Shaposhnikova M, Neish C, Tornabene L, Tornabene L, Osinski G, Choe B, Zanetti M. 2019. A Polarimetric SAR and Multispectral Remote Sensing Approach for Mapping Salt Diapirs: Axel Heiberg Island, NU, Canada, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 45(1): 54-72, https://doi.org/10.1080/07038992.2019.1610656.
Jahani S, de Lamotte DF, Letouzey J. 2009. Salt Activity and Halokinesis in the Zagros Fold-thrust Belt and Persian Gulf (Iran). In: Shiraz 2009-1st EAGE International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, pp cp-125-00012, https://doi.org/00010.03997/02214-04609.20145862.
Khaier F. 2003. Soil salinity detection using satellite remote sensing. In. ITC, International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, 1- 70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.1193.
Maleki M, Tavakkoli Sabour S M, Zeaieanfirouzabadi P, Raeisi M. 2018. Comparison of optic and radar data for terrain feature extraction, Journal of RS and GIS for Natural Resources, 9(2): 93-107. (In Persian)
Martín‐Martín J, Vergés J, Saura E, Moragas M, Messager G, Baqués V, Razin P, Grélaud C, Malaval M, Joussiaume R. 2017. Diapiric growth within an Early Jurassic rift basin: The Tazoult salt wall (central High Atlas, Morocco). Tectonics, 36(1): 2-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2016TC004300.
Mehrabi A, Pourkhosravani M. 2018. Identification of the geomorphological landscape of Hormoz salt domes based on the interpretation of satellite images. Journal of Natural Geography, 11(42): 113-124. (In Persian)
Mehrabi A. 2018. Identification of the new and active buried salt dome evidences in the Zagros region using interferometry method of SENTINEL-1 and ASAR radar images. Journal of RS and GIS for Natural Resources, 9(4): 90-101. (In Persian)
Morshed MM, Islam MT, Jamil R. 2016. Soil salinity detection from satellite image analysis: an integrated approach of salinity indices and field data. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(2): 119. doi:10.1007/s10661-015-5045-x.
Motamedi H, Sepehr M, Sherkati S, Pourkermani M. 2011. Multi‐phase Hormuz salt diapirism in the southern Zagros, SW Iran. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 34(1): 29-43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-5457.2011.00491.x.
Pourkaseb H, Demiri K, Rangzan K, Saiedi S. 2013. The Jahani salt dome lithographic unit’s enhancement (Firoozabad), using the principle components analysis, Journal of Economic Geology, 1(5): 83-92. (In Persian)
Saiedian R, Honarmand M, Hasanzadeh R, Hosseinjanizadeh M. 2017. The enhancement of the southwest of Saveh Salt domes using ASTER images, 10th National Geological Conference of Payame Noor University, Tabriz, 23-35. (In Persian)
Shayan S, Zare G, Sharifikia M, Amiri S. 2012. Identification and analysis of geomorphological forms related to the evolution of salt domes (Case study: Karsia Salt Dome - Darab Plain), Quantitative Geomorphological Research, 1(2): 73-86. (In Persian)
Taghadosi MM, Hasanlou M, Eftekhari K. 2019. Retrieval of soil salinity from Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery. European Journal of Remote Sensing, 52(1): 138-154. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/22797254.2019.1571870.
Tayebi MH, Tangestani MH, Roosta H. 2013. Mapping salt diapirs and salt diapir-affected areas using MLP neural network model and ASTER data. International journal of digital earth, 6(2): 143-157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2011.606336
Van der Meer FD, van der Werff HMA, van Ruitenbeek FJA, Hecker CA, Bakker WH, Noomen MF, van der Meijde M, Carranza EJM, Smeth JBd, Woldai T. 2012. Multi- and hyperspectral geologic remote sensing: A review. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 14(1): 112-128. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2011.08.002.
Yellala A, Kumar V, Høgda KA. 2019. Bara Shigri and Chhota Shigri glacier velocity estimation in western Himalaya using Sentinel-1 SAR data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 40(15): 5861-5874. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2019.1584685.
Zarekamali M, Almodaresi S A, Naghdi K. 2017. Comparing the magnitude of the earth’s vertical relocation using the SBAS algorithm in X and C radar bands (Case study: Tehran lands), Journal of RS and GIS for Natural Resources, 8(3): 104-120. (In Persian)
_||_
Abdolahi M, Qishlaqi A, Abasnejad A. 2015. Environmental hydro geochemistry of groundwater resources of the Ravar plain, Northern Kerman province, Iran. Journal of Environmental Studies, 41(1): 81-95. (In Persian)
Aghanabati S A. 2003. Geology of Iran. Geological Survey of Iran. 583p. (In Persian)
Alexakis D, Daliakopoulos I, Panagea I, Tsanis I. 2018. Assessing soil salinity using WorldView-2 multispectral images in Timpaki, Crete, Greece. Geocarto International, 33(4): 321-338. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2016.1250826.
Almodaresi SA, Hatami J, Sarkargar A. 2016. Calculating the physical properties of snow, using differential radar interferometry and TerraSAR-X and MODIS images, Journal of RS and GIS for Natural Resources, 7(2): 59-76. (In Persian)
Asfaw E, Suryabhagavan KV, Argaw M. 2016. Soil salinity modeling and mapping using remote sensing and GIS: The case of Wonji sugar cane irrigation farm, Ethiopia. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 7(18): 213-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2016.05.003.
Campbell B A. 2002. Radar remote sensing of planetary surfaces. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press Location, 354p.
Choe B. 2017. Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) application for geological mapping and resource exploration in the Canadian Arctic. London, Canada: University of Western Ontario. Available from: https://ir. lib.uwo.ca/etd/5133.
Collingwood A, Treitz P, Charbonneau F. 2014. Surface roughness estimation from RADARSAT-2 data in a High Arctic environment. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 27: 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2013.08.010.
Dehaan R, Taylor G. 2003. Image-derived spectral endmembers as indicators of salinisation. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 24(4): 775-794. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160110107635.
Gorji T, Sertel E, Tanik A. 2017. Monitoring soil salinity via remote sensing technology under data scarce conditions: A case study from Turkey. Ecological Indicators, 74: 384–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.11.043.
Gupta RP. 2017. Remote sensing geology. Springer, 428 p.
Harrington E, Shaposhnikova M, Neish C, Tornabene L, Tornabene L, Osinski G, Choe B, Zanetti M. 2019. A Polarimetric SAR and Multispectral Remote Sensing Approach for Mapping Salt Diapirs: Axel Heiberg Island, NU, Canada, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 45(1): 54-72, https://doi.org/10.1080/07038992.2019.1610656.
Jahani S, de Lamotte DF, Letouzey J. 2009. Salt Activity and Halokinesis in the Zagros Fold-thrust Belt and Persian Gulf (Iran). In: Shiraz 2009-1st EAGE International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, pp cp-125-00012, https://doi.org/00010.03997/02214-04609.20145862.
Khaier F. 2003. Soil salinity detection using satellite remote sensing. In. ITC, International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, 1- 70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.1193.
Maleki M, Tavakkoli Sabour S M, Zeaieanfirouzabadi P, Raeisi M. 2018. Comparison of optic and radar data for terrain feature extraction, Journal of RS and GIS for Natural Resources, 9(2): 93-107. (In Persian)
Martín‐Martín J, Vergés J, Saura E, Moragas M, Messager G, Baqués V, Razin P, Grélaud C, Malaval M, Joussiaume R. 2017. Diapiric growth within an Early Jurassic rift basin: The Tazoult salt wall (central High Atlas, Morocco). Tectonics, 36(1): 2-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2016TC004300.
Mehrabi A, Pourkhosravani M. 2018. Identification of the geomorphological landscape of Hormoz salt domes based on the interpretation of satellite images. Journal of Natural Geography, 11(42): 113-124. (In Persian)
Mehrabi A. 2018. Identification of the new and active buried salt dome evidences in the Zagros region using interferometry method of SENTINEL-1 and ASAR radar images. Journal of RS and GIS for Natural Resources, 9(4): 90-101. (In Persian)
Morshed MM, Islam MT, Jamil R. 2016. Soil salinity detection from satellite image analysis: an integrated approach of salinity indices and field data. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(2): 119. doi:10.1007/s10661-015-5045-x.
Motamedi H, Sepehr M, Sherkati S, Pourkermani M. 2011. Multi‐phase Hormuz salt diapirism in the southern Zagros, SW Iran. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 34(1): 29-43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-5457.2011.00491.x.
Pourkaseb H, Demiri K, Rangzan K, Saiedi S. 2013. The Jahani salt dome lithographic unit’s enhancement (Firoozabad), using the principle components analysis, Journal of Economic Geology, 1(5): 83-92. (In Persian)
Saiedian R, Honarmand M, Hasanzadeh R, Hosseinjanizadeh M. 2017. The enhancement of the southwest of Saveh Salt domes using ASTER images, 10th National Geological Conference of Payame Noor University, Tabriz, 23-35. (In Persian)
Shayan S, Zare G, Sharifikia M, Amiri S. 2012. Identification and analysis of geomorphological forms related to the evolution of salt domes (Case study: Karsia Salt Dome - Darab Plain), Quantitative Geomorphological Research, 1(2): 73-86. (In Persian)
Taghadosi MM, Hasanlou M, Eftekhari K. 2019. Retrieval of soil salinity from Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery. European Journal of Remote Sensing, 52(1): 138-154. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/22797254.2019.1571870.
Tayebi MH, Tangestani MH, Roosta H. 2013. Mapping salt diapirs and salt diapir-affected areas using MLP neural network model and ASTER data. International journal of digital earth, 6(2): 143-157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2011.606336
Van der Meer FD, van der Werff HMA, van Ruitenbeek FJA, Hecker CA, Bakker WH, Noomen MF, van der Meijde M, Carranza EJM, Smeth JBd, Woldai T. 2012. Multi- and hyperspectral geologic remote sensing: A review. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 14(1): 112-128. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2011.08.002.
Yellala A, Kumar V, Høgda KA. 2019. Bara Shigri and Chhota Shigri glacier velocity estimation in western Himalaya using Sentinel-1 SAR data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 40(15): 5861-5874. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2019.1584685.
Zarekamali M, Almodaresi S A, Naghdi K. 2017. Comparing the magnitude of the earth’s vertical relocation using the SBAS algorithm in X and C radar bands (Case study: Tehran lands), Journal of RS and GIS for Natural Resources, 8(3): 104-120. (In Persian)