• List of Articles cattle

      • Open Access Article

        1 - Evaluation of the biofilm-forming ability of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis in Iran
        بابک Khoramian M.E Emaneini محمود Bolourchi M.A Eslampour امیر Niasari-Naslaji مرضیه Aligholi عباس Barin سعید Sattari پرویز Hovareshti
        One important virulence trait utilized by Staphylococcus aureus is the ability to form biofilms ,this organism is able to adhere to and penetrate inside bovine mammary epithelial cells. In S.aureus polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) was encoded by icaA and icaD More
        One important virulence trait utilized by Staphylococcus aureus is the ability to form biofilms ,this organism is able to adhere to and penetrate inside bovine mammary epithelial cells. In S.aureus polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) was encoded by icaA and icaD genes.Production of PIA is currently responsible for staphylococcal biofilm development. BiofilmInfections are generally chronic and difficult to treat. The aim of this study was to determine theprevalence of phenotypic and genotypic of biofilms from bovine mastitis infections in Iran. Atotal of 90 samples of Staphylococcus aureus were collected from raw milks of five dairy farmsnear Tehran. All of the samples were diagnosed according to the National mastitis council(NMC) methods. Staph aureus isolates confirmed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-basedmethod. In order to determine the biofilm formation capacity of the studied S. aureus strains,microtiter plate assay was performed. All the strains were screened for the presence of ica locusand icaA and icaD genes by PCR. The results of this study showed that 79 of 90 (87.7%) strainsof S.aureus were found to possess the genes for biofilm production as evidenced by positiveamplification of the ica locus as well as the icaA and icaD genes. The analysis of phenotypic bymicrotiter plate method showed that 4.4%, 40%, 43.3% of the S. aureus isolates producedstrong, moderate or weak biofilm respectively, and 12.2% unable to produce biofilm. Manuscript profile
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        2 - Determination of the significance of beta-hydroxy butyrate, non esterified fatty acids and some other serum biochemical parameters as predictors of left displacement of abomasum in cattle
        نوید Basiri SH Safi ایرج Norouzian عباس Rahimi Foroushani
        Left displacement of abomasum (LDA) is one of the major metabolic diseases in dairy cattlewhich cause a large economic loss in dairy industry. Thus, predicting the occurrence of LDA,especially in early weeks post parturition is very important. In the present study, 14 b More
        Left displacement of abomasum (LDA) is one of the major metabolic diseases in dairy cattlewhich cause a large economic loss in dairy industry. Thus, predicting the occurrence of LDA,especially in early weeks post parturition is very important. In the present study, 14 biochemicalparameters of cows with LDA before and after parturition were compared to those of healthycows (control group) using logistic regression statistical model. Changes in six parameters,including beta-hydroxy butyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), aspartateaminotransferase (AST), calcium, sodium and potassium were significant (p<0.05) between thegroups and were included in the prediction model. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        3 - Identify of Sarcocytis hominis in cattle carcasses using PCR method
        ابراهیم رحیمی عباس دوستی سید رضا حسینی مجید همایونی رحمان عبدی زاده
        A survey was carried out to investigate the occurrence of Sarcocystis spp. and identification ofSarcocystis hominis slaughtered cattle's in Isfahan slaughterhouse. In all, the muscle tissue(cardiac and diaphragmatic muscles) of 768 samples from 384 cattle carcasses were More
        A survey was carried out to investigate the occurrence of Sarcocystis spp. and identification ofSarcocystis hominis slaughtered cattle's in Isfahan slaughterhouse. In all, the muscle tissue(cardiac and diaphragmatic muscles) of 768 samples from 384 cattle carcasses were examinedby microscopic method. Based on the microscopic examination the prevalence rate ofSarcocystis cysts in the cattle's were 62.8%. Based on the PCR method, 207 sample from 431infected samples (48.1%), were positive for Sarcocystis hominis. Not significant difference wasobserved between the prevalence in cardiac and diaphragmatic muscles (P>0.05). The resultsindicated that Sarcocytsis cysts in the Isfahan is consumption of under–cooked cattle meat mayresult in Sarcocytsis in humans. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        4 - A Case Report of Mixed Infection in Holstein cattle with Theileria annulata and Babesia bigemina in one of the Tabriz Traditional dairies
        امیررضا جوادی ممقانی عباس شهبازی اسماعیل فلاح مجید خانمحمدی احمد نعمت اللهی جواد اشرفی هلان مجید فرتاش وند محمود محامی اسکوئی
        Babesia bigemina and Theileria Anulata infection is common in tropical and sub tropical areasof Iran. Simultaneous infection with Theileria annulata and Anaplasma marginale in cattle hasbeen reported from Kerman, but there is not any published report on Simultaneous inf More
        Babesia bigemina and Theileria Anulata infection is common in tropical and sub tropical areasof Iran. Simultaneous infection with Theileria annulata and Anaplasma marginale in cattle hasbeen reported from Kerman, but there is not any published report on Simultaneous infection ofcattle with Theileria annulata and Babsia bigemina in Iran. The present report implies a case ofconcurrent infection of cattle with Theileria annulata and Babesia bigemina in one of thetraditional dairies of Tabriz. Clinical signs include swelling of the superficial lymph nodes,fever (40-41°C), anorexia, and increased hearing area of the heart sound, tachycardia, severeanemia, Haemoglobinuria, and Cachexia. Blood smears prepared from the ear vein and stainedwith Geimsa stain and observation of the morphologic characteristics by light microscope andresults of PCR method, showed simultaneous infection with Theileria annulata and Babsiabegemina. Manuscript profile
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        5 - A survey on the prevalence of mycoplasmal infections in infectious bovine keratoconjuntivitis
        افشین رئوفی، پرهام متقیان، امید مددگار، آریا بدیعی .
        Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is the most common infectious ocular disease of cattle throughout the world. In addition to Moraxella bovis as the principal causative agent, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus and Mycoplasma species probably act a More
        Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is the most common infectious ocular disease of cattle throughout the world. In addition to Moraxella bovis as the principal causative agent, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus and Mycoplasma species probably act as risk factors for IBK. The objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence of mycoplasma sp. in the conjunctival sac of dairy cattle and its relationship with different stages of IBK. A total number of 60 samples from IBK-affected and healthy eyes were collected from different dairy farms during outbreaks of IBK and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to investigate the presence of mycoplasma sp. in the conjunctival sac. In this study, affected and healthy eyes consisted 61.8% and 38.2% of those with positive PCR results. As well, cases of conjunctivitis, keratitis and corneal ulcers consisted 23.8%, 33.3% and 42.9%, respectively. In conclusion, although there was no significant difference, greater percentages of positive PCR results were IBK affected and in addition consisted more severe forms of the disease. Therefore, Mycoplasma sp. infection may have a role in the pathogenesis and severity of IBK lesions. Manuscript profile
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        6 - Profile of virulence genes of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from subclinical and clinical bovine mastitis in the Alborz province
        Pourtaghi, H. .
        The aim of this study was to determine virulence genes patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine subclinical and clinical mastitis. A total of 1,920 quarters of 480 dairy cattle in seven commercial dairy farms of Alborz province, Iran examined using CMT tes More
        The aim of this study was to determine virulence genes patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine subclinical and clinical mastitis. A total of 1,920 quarters of 480 dairy cattle in seven commercial dairy farms of Alborz province, Iran examined using CMT test. Staphylococcus aureuses were detected from clinical and subclinical samples with bacteriological culture. Based on coagulase reaction and 23sr DNA, a total of 33 and 12 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from subclinical and clinical mastitis cases respectively. The Staphylococcus aureus strains were characterized genotypically by polymerase chain reaction using oligonucleotide primers that amplified genes encoding clumping factor (clfA), coagulase (coa), the gene segments encoding the X region of protein A gene spa (SpaA-X), accessory gene regulator (agrIII), hemolysin A (hla), and hemolysin B (hlb). Based on a remarkable variability detected in the studied genes 17 different profiles were identified among the samples, indicating a great diversity of Staphylococcus aureus involved in the etiology of mastitis cases in this region. The predominant profile between subclinical and clinical cases was clfA, coa, agrIII. These results help in the understanding of the distribution of the prevalent Staphylococcus aureus strains among bovine subclinical and clinical mastitis isolates in Alborz province, and might contribute to the establishment of preventive strategies to decrease the spread of infection. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        7 - A survey of lead contamination in raw cow's milk by atomic absorption spectrophotometry from different region of Tabriz
        Rezaei Saber, A.P. .
        Toxicities by heavy metals especially by lead are a public health problem. The aim of this study by random sampling (n= 400, 100 samples of each geographical path) was conducted on the north, south, east, and west industrial and traditional cattle-farms of Tabriz. The s More
        Toxicities by heavy metals especially by lead are a public health problem. The aim of this study by random sampling (n= 400, 100 samples of each geographical path) was conducted on the north, south, east, and west industrial and traditional cattle-farms of Tabriz. The samples were freeze and then the lead amount of the samples was measured using flame atomic absorption method. The mean rate of lead in milk of the west, south, north, and east of Tabriz cattle-farms was reported as 0.531, 0.641, 0.686, and 0.656 ppm. A meaningful statistical difference was observed among the lead-mean of the different regions of Tabriz (P<0.05). Considering the obtained results as well as the standard rate of the lead, all the gathered samples were infected by lead lower than the standard rate. In the present study no meaningful statistical relationship (P > 0.05) was observed among the mean-rates of milk lead as well as daily milk production of the cattle in different understudied regions Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        8 - Sero-prevalence of subclinical paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in dairy farms of Tehran-Iran using absorbed ELISA assay
        Heidarnejhad, O., Safi, Sh., Mosavari, N., Keshavarz, R. .
        Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis causes Johne's disease in ruminants and have been also isolated from humans. Accurate statistical information about the disease prevalence in different regions of Iran is not available. The objective of the present study w More
        Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis causes Johne's disease in ruminants and have been also isolated from humans. Accurate statistical information about the disease prevalence in different regions of Iran is not available. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of subclinical Johne's disease in dairy cattle herds of Tehran province, Iran.  Knowing the disease prevalence and its damages could have an important role to manage the disease in the farms involved. In the present study which was conducted in the years 1391 to 1393, 338 serum and fecal samples from cows older than 18 months, were obtained from 14 dairy farms in Tehran province, Iran. Antibodies against Johne's disease were assayed using PARACHEK2 absorbed ELISA kit (ParaCheck, Prionics AG, Zurich, Switzerland). Fecal culture and Nested-PCR assays were performed to confirm the disease. The prevalence of the disease determined by ELISA and culture were 9.5% (95% CI: 6.66 - 13.23) and 3.6% (95% CI: 1.69 - 7.27), respectively. Furthermore, the herd prevalence of the disease was calculated using culture as 28.6% (95% CI: 9.58- 57.99) and ELISA as 57.14% (95% CI: 29.65- 81.19). To evaluate the diagnostic value of the test, ELISA results were compared to bacterial fecal culture as the gold standard test. According to the obtained results, ELISA can be considered as a suitable screening test for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis due to the convenient sampling, high speed and low price. It is suggested that precise control programs to be performed based on the prevalence of the disease in Tehran province. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        9 - Molecular epidemiology of isolated Mycoplasma bovis strains from clinical mastitis infections in Cattle
        Imandar, M., Pourbakhsh, S.A.*, Jamshidian, M., ZahraeiSalehi, T. .
        Mycoplasma bovis is one of the main pathogenic species and the most common cause of pneumonia, mastitis and arthritis in cattle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological factors (age, level of production,herd size, type of discharge, drop in p More
        Mycoplasma bovis is one of the main pathogenic species and the most common cause of pneumonia, mastitis and arthritis in cattle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological factors (age, level of production,herd size, type of discharge, drop in production and a history of clinical mastitis) in isolated Mycoplasma bovis strains from clinical mastitis infection in cattle. Samples from 328 cows with clinical mastitis were taken by purposive samplingmethod, and were sent with ice and up to 24 hours to Mycoplasma reference laboratory, Razi Vaccine and Serum Institute of Karaj. Isolation and identification by culture and PCR methods was done, Mycoplasma bovis was isolated and 31 isolates were confirmed by nucleotide sequencing method. One of the isolates had 100 percent genetic relationship with reference strain of Mycoplasma bovis PG45 ATCC25523. Also, one of the isolates was different in nucleotide sequence with other isolates and the rest had 99.7% homology. Most positive cases were present in the age group 4-6 years and 800 cattle herd size and in this sense there was a statistically significant difference between samples (P<0.05). In terms of production and consequent drop in production mastitis infection, there was no significant difference between positive samples (P>0.05). The results showed that the mammary secretions could not be definitivediagnosis of this type of mastitis. Also, more positive samples had one of mastitis in their history. The results showed the presence of Mycoplasma bovis in milk samples is significant in clinical mastitis of cows in Iran and principles of biosecurity and quarantine should be at the top of Mycoplasma bovis infection control programs. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        10 - Molecular detection of Theileria annulata and Theileria orientalis in cattle of Shahreza city, the south region of Isfahan province, Iran
        , MR. Soltani , V. Noaman , Y. Pirali , HR Azizi,
        Theileria are important hemoprotozoan parasites of cattle, transmitted by ixodid ticks leading to diseases which range from mild in apparent reactions to highly fatal diseases. This study aimed to determine the variety of Theileria species among cattle of Shahreza city, More
        Theileria are important hemoprotozoan parasites of cattle, transmitted by ixodid ticks leading to diseases which range from mild in apparent reactions to highly fatal diseases. This study aimed to determine the variety of Theileria species among cattle of Shahreza city, the south part of Isfahan Province. A total of 253 blood samples were randomly collected via the ear vein and jugular vein from healthy cattle for microscopy and molecular examination, respectively. The extracted DNA from blood cells was amplified by Theileria-all primers, which amplify an approximately 400bp DNA fragment from the region of the 18S rRNA gene from various members of the genus Theileria. All cattle positive samples were further analysed for the presence of Theileria annulata and Theileria orientalis by specific semi-nested PCR. T. annulata and T. orientalis were identified by specific semi-nested PCR in 54.9% and 47% of cattle blood samples, respectively. Chi-square (x2) tests were used to compare molecular prevalence values relative to Season, Farm, Type, Hygiene, Vectors, Age, and Milk Yield. T. orientalis prevalence was significantly higher in cattle in summer as compared to those in other seasons (p < 0.05). The prevalence rates of T. orientalis in different seasons, hygiene levels, and vectors were significantly different (p < 0.05). T. orientalis prevalence was higher in spring, farms with tick vectors and normal level of Hygiene. The examination of 50 microscopic fields showed 14.39% sensitivity and 99.12% specificity compared to molecular examination. The Kappa coefficient between molecular and microscopy (50 fields) techniques indicated a poor level of agreement (Kappa= 0.124). This study is the first molecular detection of Theileria species from cattle in the south of Isfahan province, Iran. Manuscript profile
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        11 - Frequency of Tritrichomonas foetus Infection in cows of Isfahan
        , H. Tafazzoli Ali Sharifzadeh
        Tritrichomonas foetus is a protozoan parasite that has been traditionally identified as a cause of reproductive tract disease in cattle and may lead to Infertility and abortion. The most common and widely used method of T. foetus detection is direct micro More
        Tritrichomonas foetus is a protozoan parasite that has been traditionally identified as a cause of reproductive tract disease in cattle and may lead to Infertility and abortion. The most common and widely used method of T. foetus detection is direct microscopic examination. When specimens cannot be tested immediately after collection it is necessary to use transport medium or culture medium. This survey aimed to review the current status of Tritrichomonas foetus in Isfahan,Iran By Molecular Assay. Tritrichomonas foetus infection was investigated in 73 Bulls and 27 cows slaughtered in two abbattoir different. Mucus samples were obtained from the vagina and from the vagina and uterus, respectively, using a "screw-head scraper rod". Extraction of DNA from samples was carried out using a DNA extraction kit (Cinnagen, Iran), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All samples were analyzed by Nested PCR technique using T. foetus-specific primers of Genus (TFR 1–2) and specie (TFR 3–4). All samples were analyzed by Nested PCR technique with the two sets of primers, respectively. Amplification products of 372 bp were observeded in 6 Bulls (8.2%) and 2 Cows (7.4%) isolates, with the genus specific primers and in 2 bulls also T. foetus yielded amplification products of the expected size (347 bp) showed. Other samples were related to non-T. foetus organisms. Therefore, based on the results of this survey, prevalence of Tritrichomonas genus and especially Tritrichomonas foetus in samples confirmed serious attention to screening test in bulls. Manuscript profile
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        12 - Study the frequency of Theileria, Babesia and Annapalsma infections from cattle in Alborz province using microscopic examination and PCR
        Mohammad Abdoli , L Abdolmohammadi Khiav
        Anaplasmosis, babesiosis and theileriosis is parasitic diseases that can cause significant damage to the livestock industry. Despite the importance of the pathogenicity of theileriosis, babesiosis and anaplasmosis in large animal populations, in Iran, studies have been More
        Anaplasmosis, babesiosis and theileriosis is parasitic diseases that can cause significant damage to the livestock industry. Despite the importance of the pathogenicity of theileriosis, babesiosis and anaplasmosis in large animal populations, in Iran, studies have been performed mainly on small ruminants. So, the aim of this study was to the diagnosis of the frequency of Theileria, Babesia and Annapalsma infections from cattle in Alborz province using microscopic examination and PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). For this purpose, out of 130 dairy cattle were taken blood samples and stained with Giemsa dye. Positive smear samples were incorporated for molecular detection. DNA was extracted from blood samples with phenol-chloroform and performed PCR using 18S rRNA, 16S rRNA and TamS primers to identify of the genus and species. The results of this study showed that frequency of piroplasmic form was observed in 9.23% of cases. The 18S rRNA PCR findings revealed 5.38%, were confirmed infection with Theileria and Babesia. Also, Tams1 PCR results were indicated Theileria anulata infection in all cases. 16S rRNA PCR was detected in 3.85% for Anaplasma. No case of Babesia was observed. Considering the cases of infection with T. anulata and Babesia and the importance of some species of Babesia, the importance of further studies to evaluate these diseases in order to improve the livestock industry seems necessary. Manuscript profile
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        13 - Diagnostic Value of Milk Enzymatic Markers Lactate Dehydrogenase and Alkaline Phosphatase for Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cattle
        سعید Akbari Aliabad S. O. Ghasemian S. Z. Peighambarzadeh
        Mastitis could be diagnosed by diverse methods, including physical, clinical, and laboratory tests. The present study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of subclinical mastitis diagnosis using enzymatic diagnostic tests for milk lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phos More
        Mastitis could be diagnosed by diverse methods, including physical, clinical, and laboratory tests. The present study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of subclinical mastitis diagnosis using enzymatic diagnostic tests for milk lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).  This study was performed on 90 Holstein cows selected randomly out of high- and low-yielding dairy cattle. According to the result of the California Mastitis Test, two milk samples were obtained from the intended udder quarters based on the principles of the National Mastitis Council. One specimen was used for microbial culture and the other one was utilized for somatic cell count (SCC), as well as milk LDH and ALP tests by diagnostic kits. Considering microbial culture as the gold standard for subclinical mastitis diagnosis, the sensitivity of SCC, ALP, and LDH tests was 87%, 59.3%, and 70.4%, respectively. Moreover, the specificity of these tests was 77.8%, 80.6%, and 77.8%, respectively. Our findings revealed a strong correlation between SCC, LDH, and ALP. It was observed that an increase in SCC was accompanied by augmented LDH response. According to the results of the present study, SCC was the most efficient test for diagnosing subclinical mastitis in dairy cows, followed by LDH and ALP. Manuscript profile
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        14 - Effect of zeolite application in combination with chemical and organic fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative traits of sunflower
        مجید غلامحسینی آیدین خدائی جوقان فرهاد حبیب زاده Amir Ghalavand
        In order to investigate the effects of zeolite in combination with chemical and organic fertilizers, applied inconventional and organic cropping systems, on sunflower quantitative and qualitative traits, an experiment wascarried out in 2011. The experiment was conducted More
        In order to investigate the effects of zeolite in combination with chemical and organic fertilizers, applied inconventional and organic cropping systems, on sunflower quantitative and qualitative traits, an experiment wascarried out in 2011. The experiment was conducted in the research farm of Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran,Iran, in the base of a randomized complete blocks design with eleven treatments and three replicates. Thetreatments were divided into different groups (chemical, organic and integrated) with and without zeolite. Theresults indicated that different treatments had significant effect on most of the traits such as kernel yield, yieldcomponents, oil yield and nutrient content in the leaves (at the 1% level). The maximum kernel yield (2539 kgha-1), as the most important trait, was found when 50% of required nitrogen was supplied from zeolite compostedcattle manure and the rest was provided by chemical fertilizer (urea). In all nutrition methods, zeolite applicationimproved the oil yield trait. The highest oil yield (1165 kg ha-1) was obtained when 50% of required nitrogenwas supplied from composted cattle manure and the rest was provided by chemical fertilizer (urea) with 9 tonsper hectare of zeolite. Overall, supplying required nitrogen from both chemical and organic sources along withzeolite application can be considered as a great step towards reducing chemical input application to achievesustainable agriculture goals. Manuscript profile
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        15 - Investigation of pollution related to sludge obtained from the effluent treatment Of slaughter house and making the practical proposal (Study was conducted in mash had slaughter house)
        Mostafa Khezri Masoud Monavari Parvin Farshchi Shadi Kafi Mallak
        Sludge, as an additional element in the process of treatment will cause numerous problems in long runs. Therefore, it has to be collected and disposed in sanitary ways. Disposing the sludge requires certain rules and it is often polluted by not following the environment More
        Sludge, as an additional element in the process of treatment will cause numerous problems in long runs. Therefore, it has to be collected and disposed in sanitary ways. Disposing the sludge requires certain rules and it is often polluted by not following the environmental rules. Pollution will be transferred to human and agriculture crops through water and soil. The best method to control this problem is to utilize that material in an efficient way. In this paper, we proposed an efficient method to decrease the pollution of sludge obtained from Mashhad slaughter house, as an applicable sample, and we tried to optimize its usage in an efficient application. We sampled the sludge, obtained from the treatment process in Mashhad slaughter house, for several times. Then, we carried out the relative tests such as: chemical pollution (BOD, COD, PH, Nitrate, and phosphate), heavy metal (As, Hg, Ni, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, Co), microbiology pollution, and animal feeding tests on the sludge samples. The obtained results indicate that the sludge could be utilized as animal feed. We prepared the cattle ration by using the utilized sludge as a portion. After cattle ration, the animal feed was prepared together with sludge and other elements. For measuring the value of the obtained ration, different experiments were conducted and outcome was compared with other factories' concentrated animal feed obtained forms such as: rice bran, wheat bran, straw, sugar beet pulp and barley. By drawing the relative curves, results showed that, the sludge obtained from Mashhad slaughter house satisfied the animal feed standard rules and perform better than other factories' products. To the best of our knowledge, our proposed method is the first research which studies the sludge obtained from the treatment process and tries to utilize its application efficiently in an animal feed ration which is very important and significant applicable research work. Manuscript profile
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        16 - Improvement of Seed Yield, its Components and Oil Content of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) by Applications of Chemical and Organic Fertilizers
        Abdollah Javanmard Fariborz Shekari
        To evaluate the effect of different levels of chemical and organic fertilizers on seed yield, its components and oil content of sunflower (Hybrid Iroflor), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with 12 treatment and 4 replications was More
        To evaluate the effect of different levels of chemical and organic fertilizers on seed yield, its components and oil content of sunflower (Hybrid Iroflor), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with 12 treatment and 4 replications was carried out at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh during 2014 growing season. The first factor consisted of 3 levels of chemical fertilizer (C0: without using any fertilizer, C1: application of urea at the rate of 150 kg.ha-1 and C2:application of 75 kg.ha-1 urea + 50 kg.ha-1 super phosphate triple) and the second factor comprised of organic manure applications (O) with 4 levels (O0: without organic fertilizer, O1:animal manure application at the rate of 40 t.ha-1, O2: poultry manure application at the rate of 30 t.ha-1 and O3: %50 poultry manure+ %50 animal manure. Results showed that the highest chlorophyll index belonged to %50 nitrogen + 50% phosphorus plus poultry manure and nitrogen fertilizer plus poultry manure treatment combinations respectively. Applications of 75 kg N ha-1+ 50 kg P ha-1 and %50 poultry manure+ %50 animal manure treatment combination, resulted in grain yield increase by %42.02 as compared to the application of 75 kg N ha-1+ 50 kg P ha-1. Maximum kernel number per head was produced by interaction effect of chemical nitrogen fertilizer (150 kg N ha-1) animal manure (40 t.ha-1). Biological yield and harvest index were increased by %22.9 and %15.98 respectively, as compared to control and application of %50 poultry manure+ %50 animal manure. Highest percentage of grain oil (52.45%) was obtained by applications of 15 t.ha-1 poultry manure+ 20 t.ha-1 of animal manure, as compared to the control (30.13 percent). The highest oil yield (1784.57 kg.ha-1) was also belonged combined application of 75 kg N ha-1+ 50 kg P ha-1 and 15 t.ha-1 poultry manure+ 20 t.ha-1 animal manure. Thus, integrated application of organic and chemical fertilizers (75 kg N ha-1+ 50 kg P ha-1 and 15 t.ha-1 poultry manure+ 20 t.ha-1 animal manure) improved both grain yield and its oil content of sunflower more than their individual applications. Manuscript profile
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        17 - Effect of Fertilizers Containing Nitrogen on Yield and Mucilage of Isabgol (Plantago ovata L.) in Irrigation and Cutting off Irrigation
        Amir Toghraei Bahram Mirshekari Jahanfar Daneshian Hamdollah Kazemi Arbat Mehrzad i Mohasses Mostashar
        This experiment carried out during 2010-11 and 2011-12 cropping years to study the effect of variant levels of fertilizers containing nitrogen, normal irrigation and irrigation hindering on some agronomical characteristics of isabgol, in Smaeel-Abad Agriculture Research More
        This experiment carried out during 2010-11 and 2011-12 cropping years to study the effect of variant levels of fertilizers containing nitrogen, normal irrigation and irrigation hindering on some agronomical characteristics of isabgol, in Smaeel-Abad Agriculture Research Center of Qazvin. The research was carried out by using two split plot experiments based on randomized complete block designs with three replications. The experiments were repeated for two consecutive years and finally the research results were performed by combined analysis. Main plots were normal irrigation (I1) and cutting off irrigation during seed filling stage (I2), sub plots were nitrogen containing fertilizers: vermicompost, cattle manure and chemical nitrogen fertilizer (urea 46%) with three levels, containing 30, 60 and 90 kg.ha-1 of pure nitrogen. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen containing fertilizers on mucilage yield (P≤0.01) and mucilage percentage (P≤0.05) were significant. Interactions of irrigation × nitrogen containing fertilizers on biological yield and relative water content (P≤0.05), seed yield and 1000 seed weight (P≤0.01) were also significant. According to results of this research; the highest application level of vermicompost in normal irrigation condition, showed better results for production of isabgol plant in the research area. Manuscript profile
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        18 - A survey on Sarcocystis contamination in slaughtered cattle by PCR method in Urmia abattoir and comparing with macroscopic and microscopic methods
        F. Ghasemi Kahrizeh A.A. Motallebi Moghanjoghi S. Rasouli
        10.30495/jfh.2021.1919362.1303
        Sarcocystis is one of the most important protozoa belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa, which is common among warm-blooded animals in all parts of the world, some of which are of zoonotic importance. Sarcocystis cruzi, S. bovifelis, and S. homini More
        Sarcocystis is one of the most important protozoa belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa, which is common among warm-blooded animals in all parts of the world, some of which are of zoonotic importance. Sarcocystis cruzi, S. bovifelis, and S. hominis are recognized in cattle. Due to the high occurrence of Sarcocystis in cow carcasses slaughtered in Iran, this study was conducted to investigate the contamination of Sarcocystis in beef slaughtered in Urmia industrial slaughterhouse using PCR. Also, the efficiency of the PCR method was compared with macroscopic and digestive (microscopic) methods. For this, a total of 80 esophageal and tongue samples, obtained from 40 carcasses was assayed. The Sarcocystis DNA was extracted according to the instructions of the Qiagen kit and the 18sRNA gene fragment was used using specific primers. The DNA product was digested with restriction enzymes, and their fracture pattern was evaluated. Out of 40 carcasses, in macroscopic and microscopic methods 2.5% and 72.5% were found positive for Sarcocystis, respectively. Besides, 36 cows were reported positive in terms of PCR contamination, which is 90% of the total samples. The results showed that the efficiency of PCR in detecting Sarcocystis is higher than the other two methods (p < /em><0.05). Moreover, it was revealed that the tongue contamination in both male and female cattle carcass was higher (p < /em>< 0.05) than the level of esophageal contamination. It was concluded that for efficient detection of Sarcocystis in cattle carcass, PCR can be applied along with the conventional methods. Manuscript profile
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        19 - Occurrence of liver abscesses and identification of bacterial etiology in cattle carcasses of Tabriz abattoir
        منصور Khakpour بهرام Amoghli Tabrizi عارف Alinasab
           The aim of this survey was to determine the occurrence of liver abscesses and identification of associated bacterial etiology in cattle carcasses of Tabriz industrial abattoir. A total of 355 cattle carcasses were inspected for the presence of liver abscess More
           The aim of this survey was to determine the occurrence of liver abscesses and identification of associated bacterial etiology in cattle carcasses of Tabriz industrial abattoir. A total of 355 cattle carcasses were inspected for the presence of liver abscesses. In the case of liver abscess presence, some characteristics of the carcasses were recorded; such as cattle’s age, gender, pregnancy and also abscesses’ characteristics (i.e., number, size and location of abscesses on liver). Abscesses as whole, were sampled and kept cold until microbiological examinations. Microbial analysis was performed on samples and cultures were incubated at aerobic, anaerobic and microaerophilic atmospheres. From 355 cattle carcasses, liver abscess was found in 28 (7.8%). Among positive results, 22 (78.57%) of livers had only 1, while 6 (21.42%) had 2 or more abscesses. Fusobacterium necrophorum was isolated from 15 (53.57%) and Arcanobacterium pyogenes from 10 (35.71%) of abscesses. According to the results of this study, Fusobacterium necrophorum was found as the most frequent bacterial causative agent of cattle liver abscess in Tabriz industrial abattoir, while Arcanobacterium pyogenes was considered as the second most frequent agent.       Manuscript profile
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        20 - Investigating serumic levels of antibodies against Mycobacterium avium supspecies paratuberculosis using the ELISA method in Holstein dairy cattle
        yavar heydarzadeh Asiabi Behboud Jafari Ali hassanpour
        Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) is achronic bacterial infection of ruminants causing body wasting due to severe and protracted diarrhea. The aim of the present study was to investigate the rate of infection to Johne’s disease in cattle of Moghan agro-busi More
        Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) is achronic bacterial infection of ruminants causing body wasting due to severe and protracted diarrhea. The aim of the present study was to investigate the rate of infection to Johne’s disease in cattle of Moghan agro-business and animal husbandry complex by detecting antibody titers against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) using the absorptive ELISA method. For this purpose, blood samples were collected from 738 randomly selected milking cattle of Moghan agro-business and animal husbandry complex and their sera were assessed by ELISA method. The results indicated that 58 cattle had antibody titers against MAP with S/P percentage over 60% (infection rate of 7.86%) of which 25 cattle were positive (with S/P percentage over 70%) and 33 were suspicious (with S/P percentage between 60-70%). Because Johne’s disease is manifested as a subclinical disease and infected cattle seem to be apparently healthy, bacteria are shed through faeces and body secretions causing infection of the rest of the herd. Thus performing periodic herd screening tests and testing recently introduced animals alongside other preventive measures is strictly advised. Manuscript profile
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        21 - Evaluation of bacterial causes of subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle of Negine sabze Makoo agro-industrial and animal husbandry complex
        mehdi shokohi changiz ahmadizadeh amir ali kaveh
        Acute clinical mastitis resulting from udder infections and reduced resistance to pathogenic organisms is an important issue in cattle production. The aim of this study was to identify the causes of subclinical mastitis as a first step in prevention of hygienic and econ More
        Acute clinical mastitis resulting from udder infections and reduced resistance to pathogenic organisms is an important issue in cattle production. The aim of this study was to identify the causes of subclinical mastitis as a first step in prevention of hygienic and economic losses. Daily milk samples were collected every morning after milking and mixed with equal volume of mastitis test reagent and the mixture was rotated in a figure of 8 fashion for a few minutes. Presence of subclinical mastitis was confirmed by clotting of this mixture. The collected samples from each milking were sent to the microbiology laboratory alongside ice for bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility tests. Results indicated that the highest number of isolated bacteria consisted of Corynebacteria (12.54%), Staphylococcus aureus (7.92%), Streptococcus agalactiae (4.62%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (4.62%), Staphylococcus epidermis (3.3%), Bacillus (2.64%) and Streptomyces (1.98%). Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed the greatest susceptibility to gentamicin and resistance to penicillin indicating the presence of resistance in isolated bacteria against commonly used antibiotics like penicillin, streptomycin and to some extent tetracycline but susceptibility towards the lesser used gentamicin was high. Manuscript profile
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        22 - Isolation and identification of the conjunctival fungal flora in healthy Holstein cattle in Urmia district
        M. Soodi A. Araghi-Sooreh
        Fungi are considered as normal inhabitants of the ocular surface of healthy animals, however under certain conditions such as eye trauma could cause disease. This study was conducted with the purpose of identifying  the fungal isolates of healthy eyes from Holstein More
        Fungi are considered as normal inhabitants of the ocular surface of healthy animals, however under certain conditions such as eye trauma could cause disease. This study was conducted with the purpose of identifying  the fungal isolates of healthy eyes from Holstein cattle in Urmia district . Conjunctival swabs were taken from both eyes of 40 healthy Iranian Holstein cattle and cultured onto Sabouraud dextrose agar and malt extract agar. Plates were incubated at 25°C for 14 days. Effect of host age and sex on prevalence of isolates were analyzed by mann whitney and fisher’s exact tests using SAS software. Overall, 34 filamentous fungi were isolated from 24 (60%) cattle and 27 (33.75%) eyes. The isolated fungal genera in order of frequency were Aspergillus (44.12%), Curvularia (20.59%), Penicillium (14.7%), Pseudallescheria (14.7%), Fusarium (2.97%) and Scopulariopsis (2.97%). Isolation rate of fungi in older cattle (p=0.04) and male cattle (p=0.032) was significantly higher. This is the first report of ocular fungal flora in Iranian Holstein cattle.  Manuscript profile
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        23 - Molecular identification of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in cattle and sheep of Gilan province
        nasrollah Vahedi Nouri Vahid Noaman Ebrahim Rahimabadi
        10.30495/jvcp.2020.1904886.1274
        Anaplasma phagocytophilum is one of the emerging pathogenic bacteria transmitted by mites, which causes zoonotic disease, between humans and many animals. Hence, its importance in public health is significant. The aim of this study was molecular identification of Anapla More
        Anaplasma phagocytophilum is one of the emerging pathogenic bacteria transmitted by mites, which causes zoonotic disease, between humans and many animals. Hence, its importance in public health is significant. The aim of this study was molecular identification of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in cattle and sheep of Gilan province. For this purpose, during 2018, 200 blood samples of cattle, and 200 blood samples from sheep were collected randomly via the jugular vein from different parts of Gilan province. The extracted DNA from blood cells were amplified by Anaplasma-all primers, which amplify an approximately 1468bp DNA fragment from region of 16S rRNA gene from various members of the genus Anaplasma. All 70 bovine positive specimens wereanalyzed for the presence of A. phagocytophilum with proprietary nested-PCRand 66 of blood samples (33%) were positive for A. phagocytophilum. In addition, 38 sheeppositive samples with proprietary nested-PCR wereanalysed for the presence of A.phagocytophilum and 10 of sheep blood samples (5%) were positive for A. phagocytophilum. The chi-squaretest was used to compare the percentage of A.phagocytophilum contamination of cattle and sheep in association with different seasons, different ages, animal gender, sea level, carriers and type of animal husbandry (semi-industrial-traditional). The results of this comparison indicated that only the abundance of A. phagocytophilum in sheep of Gilan province had a significant difference between the first and second half of the year (p <0.05). The results of this study showed that A.phagocytophilum is a common species of Anaplasma in livestock of Gilan province. Given the role of this species in the occurrence of granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans, this issue is important in terms of public health. Manuscript profile
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        24 - Evaluation of oxidative stress in cattle with subclinical ketosis and clinical endometritis
        farhad Balari Mahyari maryam karimi dehkordi mohammadreza nazem
        10.30495/jvcp.2020.670410
        Today, the most important factor in the occurrence of metabolic and reproductive diseases in dairy cattle is the disturbance of natural process in body’s cellular-molecular events that occur after increasing of oxidants and the formation of oxidative stress. The a More
        Today, the most important factor in the occurrence of metabolic and reproductive diseases in dairy cattle is the disturbance of natural process in body’s cellular-molecular events that occur after increasing of oxidants and the formation of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of a significant association between the serum concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), as oxidative stress indexes, with the incidence of subclinical ketosis and clinical endometritis in dairy cows. For this purpose, 101 Holstein dairy cows were divided into 4 groups (healthy, subclinical ketosis, clinical endometritis, and both of them subclinical ketosis-clinical endometritis), and serum levels of MDA and TAC were measured in one month before delivery. The lowest serum concentration of TAC and the highest plasma MDA levels were observed in cows with both of diseases, while control group (healthy cows) had the highest serum concentration of TAC and lowest MDA levels (P≤0.05). There was no significant difference in serum concentrations of TAC and MDA between clinical endometritis and subclinical ketosis groups (p>0.05). The results of this study demonstrated a significant correlation between serum concentrations MDA and TAC with the incidence of clinical endometritis and prevalence of ketosis-endometritis in dairy cows (P≤0.05). Conflict of interest: None declared.Keywords: Malondialdehyde, Total Antioxidant Capacity, Clinical Endometritis, Subclinical Ketosis. Manuscript profile
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        25 - Determination of infestation rate of Ixodidae ticks to Theileria annulata in Urmia region by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
        Ahmad Nematoallahi Iraj Panahi
        10.30495/jvcp.2021.1917167.1287
        Theileriosis is one of the most important protozoan parasitic diseases in Iran that causes economic losses and mortality in livestock. The disease is transmitted by Ixodid ticks and is characterized by fever, anemia, anoxia and eventually death. Diagnosis of the disease More
        Theileriosis is one of the most important protozoan parasitic diseases in Iran that causes economic losses and mortality in livestock. The disease is transmitted by Ixodid ticks and is characterized by fever, anemia, anoxia and eventually death. Diagnosis of the disease was previously based on staining of blood and lymph node samples by Giemsa method. The use of molecular methods is preferred over previous methods due to their high sensitivity and specificity. Due to the fact that Ixodid ticks that can carry the disease are found in many traditional Iranian farms, it is very important to identify and introduce these ticks. The aim of this study was molecular identification of Theileria annulata infection in ticks isolated from cows in Urmia region. A total of 100 ticks from herds with a history of Theileria annulata infection in the area were collected and transferred to the laboratory. Ticks were identified using diagnostic keys. Salivary glands of ticks were separated and analyzed by PCR after isolation using Theileria annulata specific primer (N516, N517). Out of 100 ticks, ten genera and species including Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (33%), Hy. detritum (16%), Boophylus anulatus (16%), Dermacentor marginatum (14%), Rhipicephalus bursa (9%), Hy. anantolicum excavatum (7%), D. niveus (4%) and Haemaphysalis punctate (1%) were identified. The predominant tick was identified as Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. PCR test showed the presence of 721 bp specific band on agarose gel in 62% of tick samples. The high rate of infection in vector mites in the area indicates their high potential for infection of cows with the agent of Theileria annulata. Manuscript profile
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        26 - Prevalence and risk factors of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina infection in cattle in northwestern Iran
        Rahim Ghadimipour Vahid Noaman Morteza taghizadeh
        10.30495/jvcp.2020.1892944.1258
        This study was designed to investigate the epidemiological distribution of B. bovis and B. bigemina using molecular method and related risk factors in a number of cattle in northwestern Iran. For this purpose, 153 blood samples were randomly collected in the East and We More
        This study was designed to investigate the epidemiological distribution of B. bovis and B. bigemina using molecular method and related risk factors in a number of cattle in northwestern Iran. For this purpose, 153 blood samples were randomly collected in the East and West Azarbaijan provinces. The extracted DNA from blood cells was analyzed using a set of primers derived from the 18s rRNA gene for members of the genera Babesia by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A semi-nested PCR technique was used for the identification of B. bovis and B. bigemina species. Based on the results of the present study, out of 153 blood samples, 39 (25.49%) were infected with a species of Babesia protozoan parasite, one of which was simultaneously infected with both Babesia species, and B. bovis and B. bigemina were detected in 38 (97.43 %) and 2 (5.12 %) samples, respectively. Our findings showed a high prevalence of B. bovis in comparison with B. bigemina in the animals (24.83% vs. 1.30%). In present research, the prevalence of Babesia species in West Azarbaijan province was significantly higher than that in East Azarbaijan (70% vs. 30%). Risk factors analysis revealed that although statistically significant differences in the prevalence of the Babesiosis were observed based on climate, season, flock management, feeding and race (p < 0.05) but the effect of age, gender, and tick burden was not statistically significant. Our data provide valuable information regarding the epidemiology of B. ­bovis and B. ­bigemina infection in cattle in northwestern Iran which will likely be very beneficial for the management and control programs of the disease. Manuscript profile
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        27 - Clinical evaluation of the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Hypericum perforatum on the healing of oral lesions of Foot and mouth disease in cattle
        mohammad tolouei amir daneshvar hosein tayefi-nasrabadi omid madadgar
        10.30495/jvcp.2021.1923074.1299
        Formation of excessive blisters and sores on the mouth of affected cattle with Foot-and-Mouth disease and the insufficiency of existing therapeutic methods, leads to extensive damages to the affected herds. The extract of Hypericum perforatum and its active ingredient, More
        Formation of excessive blisters and sores on the mouth of affected cattle with Foot-and-Mouth disease and the insufficiency of existing therapeutic methods, leads to extensive damages to the affected herds. The extract of Hypericum perforatum and its active ingredient, Hypericin, have inhibitory effects on the adsorption ability of Foot-and-Mouth virus to host cells in vitro. The medicinal plant also has an effective role in healing various kinds of wounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of H. perforatum extract on the healing of FMD oral lesions in affected cattle. In this study, 72 affected cattle (36 heads in 3 treatment groups of 12 and 36 heads in 3 control groups of 12) from 3 conflict centers in West-Azarbaijan province were selected. Determination of serotype by complement fixation method indicated that the studied animals were infected with serotype O of FMD. Dry aerial parts of H. perforatum were extracted with maceration method and 0.25, 0.5 and 5% concentrations of hydroalcoholic extract were prepared. In control groups, normal saline solution and in treatment groups, the extract with the mentioned concentrations was used as an oral spray (twice a day for 4 days). Cattle treated with 5% extract had a significant improvement in oral lesions and lesion repair during the treatment period was significantly different from the control groups (p<0.05). The results showed that spraying 5% concentration of H. perforatum extract had significant healing effects on oral lesions caused by FMD. Manuscript profile
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        28 - Serological study of leptospirosis in slaughtered cows of Guilan province during 2023
        Navid Ranjbar niaki Gholamreza Abdollahpour Taghi zahraei salehi alireza bahonar Pejvak khaki
        Leptospirosis is a multi-faceted global disease, which causes great economic and health losses to the livestock and human population of our country each year. The northern provinces of Iran are among the rainy and humid regions of Iran, and the prevalence of waterborne More
        Leptospirosis is a multi-faceted global disease, which causes great economic and health losses to the livestock and human population of our country each year. The northern provinces of Iran are among the rainy and humid regions of Iran, and the prevalence of waterborne diseases such as leptospirosis is high in these regions. In ruminants, cattle are more susceptible to leptospirosis than small ruminants. The purpose of this study was to determine the serological prevalence of leptospirosis in slaughtered cows in Guilan province using the standard microscopic agglutination test (MAT). For this purpose, 300 blood samples were collected from slaughtered cows in Guilan province during the spring and summer of 2023. After separating the serum and sending them to the leptospirosis research laboratory, all the samples were tested by MAT method using five serotypes of Leptospira Grippotyphosa, Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola and Hardjo. The results of this study showed that 62 samples (20.66 percent) had anti-leptospiral antibodies against one of the above-mentioned 5 serotypes. The highest titer was related to Hardjo serotype with 37 samples (59.6 percent) and the lowest was related to Icterohaemorrhagiae serotype with 5 cases (8.06 percent). Titration of positive samples showed that 59 samples (86.8 percent) had a titer of 1:100 to 1:200 and 9 samples (13.2 percent) had a titer of 1:400. In conclusion, this study revealed that infection with L. interrogans is highly prevalent in slaughterhouse cows of Guilan province and the active presence of the cause of this disease in the province. Manuscript profile
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        29 - Evaluation of clinical and intestinal ultrasonographic findings in cows with Johne's disease
        mohammad tooloei gholamali moghaddam mohaddeseh fahimi
           Paratuberclosis or Johne’s disease is an infection of small intestine caused by Mycobacteriom avium paratuberculosis characterized by persistent and progressive diarrhea, weight loss, debilitation, and eventual death in cattle. A suitable and rapid me More
           Paratuberclosis or Johne’s disease is an infection of small intestine caused by Mycobacteriom avium paratuberculosis characterized by persistent and progressive diarrhea, weight loss, debilitation, and eventual death in cattle. A suitable and rapid method for diagnosis of the disease in farms is not available. Trans-abdominal ultrasound is a rapid, clinical and non-invasive diagnostic method recommended for diagnosis of animals with chronic inflammation of the intestine. The purpose of the present study was clinical and trans-abdominal ultrasound examination of cattle infected with organism of the Johns disease. This study was done on 20 female Holstein cattle with consist chronic diarrhea and/or weight loss. All animals were blindly tested for Mycobacteriom paratuberculosis antibodies in blood samples by ELISA and also examined by trans-abdominal ultrasound for intestinal wall thickness. The result of the ELISA test showed that 35% of the samples had antibodies against Mycobacteriom paratuberculosis. The rates of chronic diarrhea, low body condition score and both of them in cattle with positive ELISA were 100%, 71.4% and 71.4%, respectively. In the trans-abdominal ultrasound examination, the intestinal wall thickness of the infected animals (7.9±1.54 mm), was significantly (p<0.001) more than non- infected group (2.7±0.13 mm). This study indicates that the ultasonographic evaluation of the intestine and abdomen can be a quick, useful and on farm method with relatively high specificity in the diagnosis of cattle with John's disease. Manuscript profile
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        30 - Evaluation of cardiac injury biomarkers in cattle with acute clinical mastitis
        meysam fllah majid fartashvand hossein kouchakzadehomran amirali kaveh
        Abstract    This study was carried out on 30 Holstein dairy cattle with acute clinical mastitis (ACM) and 30 healthy ones. After confirmation of ACM through clinical examination, venous blood samples were collected and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) was measured u More
        Abstract    This study was carried out on 30 Holstein dairy cattle with acute clinical mastitis (ACM) and 30 healthy ones. After confirmation of ACM through clinical examination, venous blood samples were collected and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) was measured using chemiluminescence assay. Cardiac enzymes activities including CK-MB, AST and LDH were analyzed with special kits and spectrophotometric method. According to the findings mean heart rate (p=0.001), respiratory rate (p=0.026), and rectal temperature (p=0.030) were significantly increased in diseased group. cTnI level was 1.018 ± 0.235 ng/ml in cattle with ACM, which was significantly higher than healthy cattle (0.011±0.006 ng/ml; p=0.000). Other cardiac biomarkers were increased in diseased group, however elevation of serum activities of AST (p=0.047) and CK-MB (p=0.000) were statically significant. Although serum LDH activity in diseased group was higher than control group; but this difference was statistically non-significant (p=0.454). There were significant positive correlations between cTnI concentration with heart rate (p=0.018; r=0.853), respiratory rate (p=0.024; r=0.671), and rectal temperature (p=0.038; r=0.542). Heart rates were significantly correlated with serum activities of CK-MB (p=0.047; r=0.722) and AST (p=0.035; r=0.649). These results indicate some degree of heart damage caused by acute clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. Manuscript profile
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        31 - Seasonal evaluation of serumal Ca, P and ALP of slaughtered cattle in Tabriz abattoir
        A.P Rezaei-Saber مجید Khoylou یوسف Nouri Khashandarag
             Increasing knowledge of metabolic disorders and prevention of any prduction decrease is beneficial in animal breeding. Problems related to calcium and phosphorus deficiency in high producing animals are among the most important metabolic disorders wi More
             Increasing knowledge of metabolic disorders and prevention of any prduction decrease is beneficial in animal breeding. Problems related to calcium and phosphorus deficiency in high producing animals are among the most important metabolic disorders with disease such as osteomalacia, rickets, milk fever, pos parturition hemoglobinuria and reproductive disorders named as the metabolic complications. This study was conducted on non pregnant crossbreed dairy cattle. In the middle of each season with daily referral to the abattoir, blood samples were collected in veneject tubes and after transfer to the laboratory, the serumic levels of Ca, P and ALP were measured by spectrophotometry. One hundred samples for each season and a total of 400 samples were studied. The mean serumic levels of Ca, P and ALP were 8.83±0.02 mg/dl, 3.88±0.07 mg/dl, 163.4±0.8 Iu/lit; 9.05±0.03mg/dl, 4.19±0.01mg/dl, 240.7±1.2 Iu/lit; 9.03±0.07 mg/dl, 5.33±0.02mg/dl, 185.06±2.3 Iu/lit and 9.33±0.09 mg/dl, 5.74±0.08 mg/dl, 230.03±7.4 Iu/lit, in the spring, summer, autumn and winter respectively. Considering the normal Ca, P and ALP values in cattle, 6.3% and 83% of cases had Ca and P deficiency respectively in the spring, 80% of cases had subclinical phosphorus deficiency in the summer, 7.3% of cases had subclinical phosphorus deficiency in the autumn and 9.45% and 7.36% of cases had Ca deficiency and ALP elevation respectively in the winter. The significant decrease in Ca and P levels in the spring and P levels in the summer (p<0.05) is probably to due to the use of green forage with high carotene levels which interferes with Vit D absorption while Ca reduction in the autumn and winter can be due to the cold weather, hand made diets and low sunshine. The increase in ALP levels also correlates with Ca deficiency in the winter. Furthermore reduction of the serumic levels of Ca and P in the age of 4-5 years was significant (p<0/01) compared with the other ages which could be due to high production at this period.   Manuscript profile
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        32 - A survey on the rate of abomasal ulcers of local cattle slaughtered in Noor city abattoir
        seyyed mohsen mousavi saeed azimpour seyyed mohammad hosseini
           Abomasal ulcers are usually seen in dairy cattle with high production following the stress of parturition. Primary and secondary abomasal ulcers are seen in cows and suckling calves. Some ulcers are life-threatening, but the majority are without any clinica More
           Abomasal ulcers are usually seen in dairy cattle with high production following the stress of parturition. Primary and secondary abomasal ulcers are seen in cows and suckling calves. Some ulcers are life-threatening, but the majority are without any clinical signs and only diagnosed in slaughterhouse. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of abomasal ulcers in local cattle slaughtered at noor city abattoir. For this purpose, the abomasum of 200 cows (92 bulls and 108 cows) aged 2.5 to 11 years (5.21±2.5) were investigated randomly after slaughter. For accurate diagnosis and grading of the lesions, tissue samples were prepared for histopathological investigation. Six cases (3%) of the examined abomasa had various types of abomasal ulcers. In this study, abomasal ulcer type 1 was observed with the highest frequency (3 cases). Type 2 and type 3 were seen in 2 and 1 case respectively. There was no type 4 abomasal ulcer. The highest number of ulcers was seen in pylorus and cardia. The highest percentage of abomasal ulcer was observed in cattle older than 9 years (4.77%). Significant difference was observed in the occurrence of abomasal ulcers in different ages (p<0.05). There was no significant association between sex and the incidence of abomasal ulcers.  Manuscript profile
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        33 - Study of serum heat shock protein-27, adenosine deaminase, homocysteine and lipid profiles in bovine leptospirosis in Kurdistan province
        kave azimzade
           The aim of this study was to investigate changes of serum parameters such as adenosine deaminase (ADA), heat shock protein-27 (HSP-27), homocysteine (Hcy) and lipid profiles (LDL,HDL,VLDL and Triglyceride) in bovine leptospirosis. After diagnosis of acute l More
           The aim of this study was to investigate changes of serum parameters such as adenosine deaminase (ADA), heat shock protein-27 (HSP-27), homocysteine (Hcy) and lipid profiles (LDL,HDL,VLDL and Triglyceride) in bovine leptospirosis. After diagnosis of acute leptospirosis in cattle, blood samples were collected from 12 cases of bovine leptospirosis and 12 healthy samples via jugular vein and all parameters along with zinc (Zn2+) were measured. The results denoted a significant increase in Hcy, HSP-27, TG, VLDL, along with a significant decrease in HDL-C, ADA, LDL-C and zinc (Zn2+) in patients compared to healthy ones (p≤0.01). Based on the results, the listed parameters may be used in the management of bovine leptospirosis. Manuscript profile
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        34 - Histopathology of gallbladder lesions of confiscated livers from cattle slaughtered in urmia abattoir
        amir amniattalab araz manaffar
           During one month carcasses of 323 cattle (213 bulls and 110 cow) were inspected by referring to Urmia slaughter-house. Livers and gallbladders of 47 cattle had macroscopic changes. Histopathologic sections were prepared from injured tissues and for bacterio More
           During one month carcasses of 323 cattle (213 bulls and 110 cow) were inspected by referring to Urmia slaughter-house. Livers and gallbladders of 47 cattle had macroscopic changes. Histopathologic sections were prepared from injured tissues and for bacteriology, contents of injured and normal gallbladders were cultured. Major macroscopic changes that were observed in damaged livers and gallbladders were: increasing of gallbladder thickness, petechiae, choleliths in gallbladder, hepatolithiasis, hepatic fascioliasis and presence of dicrocoelium in gall bladder. Histological sections were stained by hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid schiff and masson’s trichrome staining methods. Cholecystitis, hyperplasia of seromucosal glands’ congestion, hemorrhage, fat necrosis and increased thickness of gallbladder layers were observed. Also Escherichia coli was isolated from 4 gallbladders. In females, the incidence of microscopic changes including cholecystitis, increasing of mucosal layer thickness, hyperplasia of seromucosal glands, hemorrhage in layers except the mucosal layer and presence of bacteria in culture of gallbladder contents was more than males (p<0.05). Also incidence of cholecystitis in native breeds was more in comparison with hybrid and Holstein breeds (p<0.05). According to the results, prevalence of hepatic fascioliasis is a predisposing factor for cholecystitis in this area. Also traditional feeding and diet regimen of native cattle are effective in creation of cholelithiasis which arise as a result of cholecystitis.  Manuscript profile
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        35 - Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in sheep and cattle in Lorestan province
        saeed hashemi
        Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by an intracellular protozoan of  Toxoplasmagondii, that has not been examined in Lorestan yet; this study aimed at the prevalence rate of IgG in the domestic ruminants, based on the variable factores of species, sex and G More
        Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by an intracellular protozoan of  Toxoplasmagondii, that has not been examined in Lorestan yet; this study aimed at the prevalence rate of IgG in the domestic ruminants, based on the variable factores of species, sex and Geographic region. Therefore, from October toFebruary 2012, 572 blood samples (174 Cattles and 398 sheep) were collected from the slaughterhouses of Khoramabad, Boroujerd and Aligoudarz. The serum samples of sheep, were examined by indirect ELISA method, and the result was calculated based on the ratio of the absorbancevalues of the samples to the positivecontrol, so that ≤30% as negative, and ≥50% was considered as positive.The Cattle serum samples,were examined via Indirect Immunoflourecence antibody test, and the Titer ≥ 1:16 was considered as positive. In this study, the IgG prevalence rate in cattles and sheep was 28.73% and 53.01% respectively, and the statistic analysis of the results, demonstrated that based on the sex and species, there was a considerable statistic difference, so the lowest infection rate was observed in cattle, and the most infection rate was observed in the sheep, The prevalence rate in females was higher than that in males but there was no significant difference geographically (P<0.05).In Lorestan similar to other areas of the country, there is a high frequency rate of Toxoplasmosis in sheep and because their meat is considered as an important source of protein, public information and training is essential for the prevention of disease.  Manuscript profile
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        36 - Molecular diversity of Pasteurella multocida isolated from cattle and buffaloes in East Azerbaijan province based on restriction endonuclease analysis
        jalal shayegh alireza monadi jalil Dolgari Sharaf
           In order to increase information about the molecular diversity of Pasteurella multocida isolated from cattle and buffalo, 2 buffalo and 8 cattle isolates were investigated by Restriction Endonuclease Analysis (REA). REA was performed with Hha-I Endonuclease More
           In order to increase information about the molecular diversity of Pasteurella multocida isolated from cattle and buffalo, 2 buffalo and 8 cattle isolates were investigated by Restriction Endonuclease Analysis (REA). REA was performed with Hha-I Endonuclease which established 2 distinct profiles: I and II.  Cattle and buffalo isolates fell into both REA profiles. Contrary to previous studies, the genetic diversity of the isolates was negligible. Considering the similarity of cattle and buffalo isolates is the present study, further studies witch larger samples should be carried out to investigate the possibility of inter-species transmission.      Manuscript profile
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        37 - Investigation on the rate of cattle infestation with Hypoderma larvae in Sarab slaughterhouse
        yousef davoodi
             This investigation was carried out on cattle slaughtered in Sarab abattoir during four seasons of the year. In order to find second and third instar hypoderma larvae, area under the skin and body surface were examined and for first instar larvae, the More
             This investigation was carried out on cattle slaughtered in Sarab abattoir during four seasons of the year. In order to find second and third instar hypoderma larvae, area under the skin and body surface were examined and for first instar larvae, the internal surface of the esophagus from its cranial to caudal end and the spinal canal from cervical to sacral regions were examined in slaughtered cattle. In this study, from a total of 453 slaughtered cattle which were examined, first  instar larvae of Hypoderma bovis were found in the epidural fat of the spine initially in November - December (0/03%), the larvae continued to be found in the spine canal for the next four months. The peak rate of infestation was 0/2% in January - February. The second and third instar larvae of  Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum were found initially in subcutaneous tissues and body surface of  slaughtered cattle February (0/14%) and their presence continued till July - August of the following year. Maximal infestation rate of the subcutaneous tissues was recorded during March - April (0/21%). The findings of this research indicated that infestation of cattle with Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum is present in Sarab region and the more suitable time for destroying hypoderma larvae in this region is an early autumn of each year. Manuscript profile
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        38 - A study on fungal flora of the normal eye surface in Iranian native cattle
        tohid nouri abdollah araghisoureh
        The microflora of the normal ocular surface is one of the sources supplying fungal agents for keratomycosis. This study was conducted to identify fungal isolates of the conjunctiva in clinically healthy Iranian native cattle in Urmia district. Swabs were taken from both More
        The microflora of the normal ocular surface is one of the sources supplying fungal agents for keratomycosis. This study was conducted to identify fungal isolates of the conjunctiva in clinically healthy Iranian native cattle in Urmia district. Swabs were taken from both eyes of cattle (n=45) and cultured onto Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and malt extract agar. Plates were incubated at 25°C and examined for 7 days. Data were analyzed for the effect of age and sex by fisher’s exact test. Thirteen cattle (28.89%) were found to be positive for fungal growth. The isolated fungal genera were Aspergillus spp-7 cases (53.84%), Penicillium spp-6 cases (46.15%), Rhodotorula sp-1 case (7.69%) and Candida sp-1 case (7.69%). Yeast genera represented 13.3% of all the isolates. Sex and age of cattle had no significant effect on prevalence of isolates. Incidence of fungal colonization of the eyes compared with similar studies was low which may reflect differences in season and technique of sampling. Unexpected high frequency of Aspergillus may be due to geographic differences.   Manuscript profile
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        39 - The study of infection rate to Bovine Herpes Virus – 1(BHV-1) in milk samples of dairy cattle in Urmia and Maku by ELISA method
        احمد Gharekhani احمد Morshedi
        A cross sectional study was performed to find out and compare the infection rate to BHV-1 of dairy cattles in Urmia and Maku. Random sampling in three age groups of (3-4, 5-6 and 7 years and more) was done. In every region 22 cattle herds were selected, from each cattle More
        A cross sectional study was performed to find out and compare the infection rate to BHV-1 of dairy cattles in Urmia and Maku. Random sampling in three age groups of (3-4, 5-6 and 7 years and more) was done. In every region 22 cattle herds were selected, from each cattle herd 10 cows were picked out and a sample of milk was collected from each cow. Individual milk samples were investigated by indirect ELISA method in order to determine the presence of BHV-1 antibodies in the sample. By determining the OD of the samples and the percentage of positive and negative ELISA, the results were compared. Data analysis was performed by SPSS (Ver.16) and S-plus 2000 software with Mann-Whitney, Chi- square and Kruskal-Wallis tests to find out the difference between the average infection in the two regions and the difference between the total average of infection rate between the age groups (p<0.05). The results showed that the rate of infection in Maku was 34/08% (with 75 positive milk samples) and in Urmia it was 13/04% (with 29 positive milk samples). It shows that the rate of infection in Maku is much higher to the extent that a significant difference in the infection rate between the two regions is observed. Also upon the study of the total average of infection rate between the age groups of the two regions the rate of infection cases in the first group (32%) was meaningfully higher than the other two age groups amounting to 14% and 6% respectivety.                                               Manuscript profile
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        40 - Evaluation of the relationship between some blood metabolites and elements on the ovarian persistent follicle formation in dairy cattle
        زهرا Merati GH Moghaddam S.A Rafat
        The object of this study was to investigate the effect of some blood metabolites and elements on the ovarian persistent follicle formation in dairy cattle. Blood samples were obtained from 117 lactating cows in two groups of normal and persistent follicle status. Glucos More
        The object of this study was to investigate the effect of some blood metabolites and elements on the ovarian persistent follicle formation in dairy cattle. Blood samples were obtained from 117 lactating cows in two groups of normal and persistent follicle status. Glucose, urea, total protein, phosphorus and betahydroxy butyrate were measured by spectrophotometer method. Estradiol concentration in blood serum was measured by ELISA method. Effects of calving season, parity and milk production at 50-60 days postpartum were studied on persistent follicle status. Status of animal (presence or absence of resistant follicle) had significant effect on urea, protein, beta-hydroxybutyrate, phosphorus and estradiol (p<0.05). Logistic regression results indicated that if a cow were to increase her urea by one point, it is expected that the probability of resistant follicle formation increases by 0.548 units while the other variables in the model are held constant and if a cows phosphorus level increase one unit, it is expected that the probability of resistant follicle formation decreases by 1.06 units. Some metabolites and hormonal factors such as phosphorus and blood urea may play an important role in persistent ovarian follicle formation. Manuscript profile
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        41 - Evaluation of the correlation between serum levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), total bilirubin (TB) and glucose (Gluc) and prevalence of fatty liver syndrome based on uterine status in dairy cattle of Tabriz province
        A.P Reazei Saber
        Fatty liver is major metabolic disorder that affects approximately half of multiparous dairy cows mildly or severely in early lactation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of fatty liver syndrome by measuring the serum levels of NEFA, TB and Gluc in More
        Fatty liver is major metabolic disorder that affects approximately half of multiparous dairy cows mildly or severely in early lactation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of fatty liver syndrome by measuring the serum levels of NEFA, TB and Gluc in dairy cattle of Tabriz province. For this propose, 400 blood samples were collected from cattle. The sampled cows were divided into four groups according to their pregnancy status: 1-8 months pregnant, 8-9 months pregnant, less than a month after parturition and more than a month after parturition. Serum levels of NEFA, TB and Gluc were measured spectrophotometrically. In this survey, serum NEFA levels were significantly different between the four treatment groups (p<0.001).  Also it was noticed that serum NEFA concentration was significantly higher (p<0.001) during the first month of parturition (1125.58±123.60 mEq/L). Also, serum TB and Gluc levels were significantly different between the four treatment groups (p<0.001) during the first month of parturition. The results also showed that with increase in levels of serum NEFA in four treatments groups, serum levels of TB was increased and serum levels of Gluc was decreased (p<0.001). The results also indicated that among the cows studied, fatty liver syndrome is prevalent especially in the first month after parturition. There was no significant correlation between serum NEFA levels and age of the cows (p>0.05). Manuscript profile
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        42 - Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea disease investigated with indirect ELISA method in dairy Holstein cows of Tabriz region
        افشین Davasaz Tabrizi پیمان Zare یوسف Davoudi صمد Mosaferi مهران Alamdari
        Bovine viral diarrhea suppresses the immune system and makes animals susceptible to other diseases. Considering that the most common form of this disease is the chronic form, it is not considered seriously in our country. Since in many dairy herds there are many inferti More
        Bovine viral diarrhea suppresses the immune system and makes animals susceptible to other diseases. Considering that the most common form of this disease is the chronic form, it is not considered seriously in our country. Since in many dairy herds there are many infertility cases without any specific cause and there are no vaccinations or control programs against bovine viral diarrhea in dairy farms of Tabriz, the need to investigate the prevalence of this disease in dairy farms across the region becomes obvious. Venous blood samples were obtained from 508 Holstein cows of dairy of Tabriz. Sera were maintained until testing at temperature of -20°C. Serum samples were tested using indirect ELISA and commercial kits for inspecting specific antibodies of bovine viral diarrhea. From the total of 508 cows that were studied, 95 cases (18.7 percent) had antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea.  Manuscript profile
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        43 - Assessment of thyroid hormones, insulin and magnesium in dairy cattle with subclinical ketosis
        علی Sadeghi-nasab علی Hassanpour حبیب Sabaghsaray سعید Amiri- Sadeghan
        Ketosis, with ethologically energy deficiency, is one of the commonest metabolic diseases of dairy cattle. Assessment of some serum hormonal and metabolic status can be beneficent in prediction and diagnosis of subclinical ketosis. This study is performed for evaluation More
        Ketosis, with ethologically energy deficiency, is one of the commonest metabolic diseases of dairy cattle. Assessment of some serum hormonal and metabolic status can be beneficent in prediction and diagnosis of subclinical ketosis. This study is performed for evaluation and comparison of thyroid hormones, insulin and magnesium of subclinical ketosis and healthy cows. During 60 days in milk (DIM) serum Beta hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA) and glucose levels of 200 dairy cattle have been measured. Based on 1.4 mmol/l of BHBA as a cut of point experimented animals separated to subclinical and healthy groups. Mean values of serum T3 and T4 of affected cows were significantly higher than non-affected (p<0.05). On the other hand, magnesium and insulin level of subclinically cases were significantly lower than control group (p<0.01 and p<0.05 respectively). There was significant correlation coefficient between BHBA and insulin levels of ketosis cows (p<0.05, r=0.37). In conclusion, increasing levels of thyroid hormones and decreasing magnesium and insulin of subclinically affected cattle could be used for diagnosis and prediction of this kind of ketosis at the herd level.   Manuscript profile
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        44 - Study on the relationship between milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and fertility in dairy cattle houses in Tabriz
        صمد Mosaferi سعید Ettehad حسین Kooshavar
        The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between milk urea nitrogen (MUN) level and reproductive performance in high yielding dairy cattle houses in Tabriz, Iran. Among 213 selected dairy cattle, 76 heads (35.7%) have MUN < 16.00mg/dl (mean = 15.38 mg/dl) More
        The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between milk urea nitrogen (MUN) level and reproductive performance in high yielding dairy cattle houses in Tabriz, Iran. Among 213 selected dairy cattle, 76 heads (35.7%) have MUN < 16.00mg/dl (mean = 15.38 mg/dl) and 137 heads (64.3%) have MUN > 16 mg/dl (mean = 17.46 mg/dl). Our results indicated that MUN level in 81 heads of dairy cattle (total 124 heads) with mastitis, dystocia, laminitis, uterine infections or placenta replacement was higher than 16 mg/dl. We only observed a significantly positive association between MUN levels and dystocia (p= 0.032), while the association between MUN levels and incidence of other diseases was not statistically significant. The results of this study indicated that MUN level significantly influences the reproductive parameters including days open, calving to first service, first service conception risk, and number of services per conception (p<0.001). We concluded that measurement of MUN level in dairy cattle may be an effective approach to assess the outcome of the nitrogenous ingredients of ratios and prediction of reproductive status in post parturition stage.  Manuscript profile
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        45 - Idiopathic pendular nystagmus in cattle of Urmia district
        عبداله Araghi – Sooreh کومار Hosseinzadeh
        Idiopathic pendular nystagmus is a benign disorder of eye movement without visual or neurologic problem. This study was aimed to determine the occurance of pendular nystagmus in cattle of Urmia, Iran. A total of 375 cattle were examined at slaughterhouse of Urmia. All a More
        Idiopathic pendular nystagmus is a benign disorder of eye movement without visual or neurologic problem. This study was aimed to determine the occurance of pendular nystagmus in cattle of Urmia, Iran. A total of 375 cattle were examined at slaughterhouse of Urmia. All animals were selected from two sexes (male 40, female 335), four breeds (Holstein 108, Brown Swiss 49, native 65, crossbred 153) and four age  groups (yearlings 68, 2 years 124, 3 years 120, 4 years and above 63). In total, 3(0.8%) cases of pendular nystagmus were founded. No positive cases were seen in males and native cattle. There was no significant difference between sexes, breeds and age groups (p>0.05).    Manuscript profile
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        46 - A survey on the concentration of thyroid hormones and insulin hormone in cow with theilleriosis
        علی Hasanpour سعید Gasemzadeh بهرام Amuoghli Tabrizi
        Manuscript profile
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        47 - Comarison of direct microscopic examination, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), culture and Nested-PCR for diagnosis of herds bulk tank milk infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
        آریا Badiei فرهاد Mousakhani عباس Barin امیر Hamidi محسن Zafari
        Causative agent of Johne’s diseases is Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and each year, it hurts dairy cattle industry worldwide by depression of production and reproductive indexes and culling of affected animals. This bacteria is known as a z More
        Causative agent of Johne’s diseases is Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and each year, it hurts dairy cattle industry worldwide by depression of production and reproductive indexes and culling of affected animals. This bacteria is known as a zoonotic pathogen and recent researches explain its probable role in Crohn’s disease in humans. This study compared four laboratory diagnostic tests; including Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA), direct microscopic examination, milk culture and Nested-PCR for diagnosis of herds bulk tank milk infection with MAP bacteria. 100 bulk tank milk samples were obtained from 100 industrial dairy herds of Tehran province. Samples were screened by four tests and 82 samples (82%) detected as positive in culture media, 94 milk samples (94%) were positive by Nested-PCR test and 98 samples were positive in ELISA test results (98%). But direct microscopic examination identified just 33 milk samples as positive. Four positive samples of ELISA test were detected as negative samples by Nested-PCR. These 4 samples in addition to 12 other samples which diagnosed as positive by ELISA, had no growth in culture media (16 samples). These results indicated superiority of Nested-PCR among these four tests for diagnosis of bulk tank milk infection with MAP bacteria. Furthermore, the results represent high prevalence of MAP bacteria in bulk tank milk of dairy herds in Tehran province and it needs more serious eradication efforts.   Manuscript profile
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        48 - Idedtification of bacterial agent isolated from liver abscesses of cows slaughterd at Urmia abbatoire
        عبداله Araghi – Sooreh عبداله Habib-Savodjbolaghi
        The purpose of this research was to determine frequency and bacterial agents of hepatic abscesses of cattle slaughtered at Urmia abattoir, Iran.Post-mortem examination of 2179 cattle showed that 36 (1.65%) exhibited liver abscesses. All abscesses were cultured for aerob More
        The purpose of this research was to determine frequency and bacterial agents of hepatic abscesses of cattle slaughtered at Urmia abattoir, Iran.Post-mortem examination of 2179 cattle showed that 36 (1.65%) exhibited liver abscesses. All abscesses were cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Isolates were identified as follows: Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus spp. and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. This study revealed that A. pyogenes is the most important isolate of liver abscesses (58.33%) and F. necrophorum is the second important isolate of liver abscesses (52.77%) in cattle of Urmia district. In the present study C. pseudotuberculosis is reported for the first time from bovine liver abscesses (5.55%).    Manuscript profile
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        49 - Effect of oral supplement of zinc and copper on lameness and reproductive performance in dairy cattle
        حسین Koochekzadeh Omran میثم Fallah مجید Fartashvand A.M Vatankhah
        The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral supplements of zinc and copper on lameness and reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Performance indicators on a dairy farm are very different. In this study which was conducted on 40 Holstein cows at one of More
        The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral supplements of zinc and copper on lameness and reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Performance indicators on a dairy farm are very different. In this study which was conducted on 40 Holstein cows at one of Amol's dairy farms, some of these indicators include lameness, abortion; retained placenta and open days were studied. 360 mg zinc and 125 mg copper were added to rations of daily 20 heads of cattle (case group) daily for one year. Control group was given same diet without the supplement. Regular and seasonal blood sampling were done and serum levels of zinc and copper were analyzed. The results suggested that lameness (p<0.01), retained placenta (p<0.05), open day (p<0.05) and abortion (p<0.05) were reduced significantly after treatment. There is a significant difference in these incidence, between case and control group (p<0.01). Due to the simultaneous increase in serum levels of copper and zinc with reduction the incidence of the disease, we conclude that the use of trace elements such as copper and zinc in improving reproductive performance and lameness were useful. Manuscript profile
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        50 - The relationship between vitamin A, E, and some trace minerals and poor growth in replacement heifers
        علی Sadeghi-nasab بهرام Dadmehr S.M Zolhavarieh علی Hassanpour A.A Bahari
        One of the most important principles of cattle breeding is rearing and feeding of replacement calves. In this clinical survey three groups, consisting of 12-13 months old heifers, inseminated heifers up to 45 days of gestation and 4-5 months pregnant heifers suffering f More
        One of the most important principles of cattle breeding is rearing and feeding of replacement calves. In this clinical survey three groups, consisting of 12-13 months old heifers, inseminated heifers up to 45 days of gestation and 4-5 months pregnant heifers suffering from nutritional problems which exhibited clinical signs of decreased growth rate, general debility, poor coat growth and discoloration and infertility were selected for pooled blood sampling and analysis of vitamin A, E and selenium, copper, zinc and manganese values. There was clear deficiency of vitamin E and manganese while selenium deficiency was slight correlating with clinical signs. It is suspected that improper and mouldy feeds presented to these non-lactating groups resulted in primary and secondary deficiencies of mentioned elements and finally have led to poor growth rate and fertility insufficiency in affected animals.       Manuscript profile
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        51 - A survey on the status of BIV-infection and associated clinical findings in old- age Holstein cattle of some dairy farms aruond of Tabriz
        mohammad tooloei samad farrashi hamed panahpour
        Bovine immunodeficiency virus is a Lentivirus from the large family of retroviridae. Different opinions have been submitted about the possibility of varieties of infectious complications due to Bovine immunodeficiency virus and induced losses to dairy industry. Consider More
        Bovine immunodeficiency virus is a Lentivirus from the large family of retroviridae. Different opinions have been submitted about the possibility of varieties of infectious complications due to Bovine immunodeficiency virus and induced losses to dairy industry. Considering the worldwide distribution of the BIV infection in cattle herds and correlation of the infection with different kinds of clinical disorders and consequent severe economic losses to dairy cattle industry and the fact that only few surveys about the status of the BIV infection have been performed in Iran as well as the probability of increasing infection rate with aging and therefore increasing the culling rate, this study was done to identify the BIV infection rate in aged Holstein cattle and evaluation of their associated clinical disorders in some dairy herds around Tabriz. In this study which was performed in some industrial or traditional especially the small dairy farms around Tabriz, 50 Holstein dairy cattle with the age of higher than 6 years old were selected and their clinical characteristics recorded. Blood samples were taken to detect BIV genome. According to the results of the Nested-PCR method in this study, 2% (1/50) of the aged cattle were infected with BIV. There wasn’t any significant correlation between BIV infection rate and age. Also there weren’t any significant correlations between BIV infection rate and BCS, milk production rate, any clinical problems, enlarged lymph nodes and haemal nodes. The results showed that the BIV infection rate among the aged cattle was relatively low and in contrast to some other studies, aging does not affect the sensitivity to infection. Decreasing the population in the livestock units and farms, could be helpful in prevention and control of BIV infection in cattle.    Manuscript profile
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        52 - Evaluation of Medicinal infusions signs in cattle slaughtered at the abattoir Sari
        mohsen yadollahi Nasrollah Vahedi Nouri Yazdan Khodabakhsh
        Summary: Today, Antibiotics are mainly used to treat and also stimulate the growth of livestock in the diet. In the event of uncontrolled consumption of drugs especially antibiotics and lack of observance Contraception time (Withdrawal time), Causes harmful effects such More
        Summary: Today, Antibiotics are mainly used to treat and also stimulate the growth of livestock in the diet. In the event of uncontrolled consumption of drugs especially antibiotics and lack of observance Contraception time (Withdrawal time), Causes harmful effects such as: Bacterial resistance, allergic reactions, poisoning, Carcinogenicity and disturb the natural microflora of the intestines in the body of the consumer. This study was conducted to determine the rate of injection of drugs and its effects on cows' carcasses. This study is descriptive-cross sectional. Within six months, From June to December 2016, a total of 8630 cow carcasses were surveyed from Sari industrial slaughterhouse. For this purpose, carcasses were examined (Effects of Injection, Smell the drug odor) daily at the slaughterhouse. Of the 8630 carcasses examined, 1,500 carcasses (17.38 %) had injectable effects. The results of the research show that there the difference between males and females in terms of the effects of drug injections is statistically significant in both summer and autumn (P‹0.05).But between summer and autumn, the difference is not statistically significant(P›0.05). Manuscript profile
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        53 - Identification of Sarcocystis in raw hamburgers in Kashan,Iran.
        Hossein Hooshyar Zaker AbbasZadeh Reza Sherafati Mohsen Arbabi Gholam Abbas Mousavi
        Sarcocystis is one of the most prevalent parasitic protozoa infecting human and animal with worldwide distribution. Cattle as an intermediate host of Sarcocystis are important sources of meat production for human. The aim of this study is determine of prevalence of Sarc More
        Sarcocystis is one of the most prevalent parasitic protozoa infecting human and animal with worldwide distribution. Cattle as an intermediate host of Sarcocystis are important sources of meat production for human. The aim of this study is determine of prevalence of Sarcocystis in hamburgers in Kashan region, central Iran. This descriptive study was conducted in Kashan region, 2015. Two hundred humburgers pieces with approximately 60% meat randomly collected in different brands. About 15-20 gram of each pieces digested in digest solution overnight at 28 °Caccording Douby method. Two smear prepared from sediment and stained by gimsa solution and microcopy examined for Sarcocystis cystizoite by 400 and 1000 maginification. Totally, 52.5% of samples were positive for sarcocystis spp. in various degrees. Forty samples (38.5%) of humburgers with 60-75% meat and 66 sample (68.75%) of humburgers with 90% meat were infected. High prevalence of infection to microscopic cyst of Sarcocystis in humburgers indicated a high rate of infection in meat production animals. Properly cooked meat before consumption is recommended for prevention of infection. Monitoring of health condition and food of animal which act as intermediated host and kept them from definitive host can be effective in decrease of animal infections. Manuscript profile
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        54 - Frequency of Listeria species contamination in raw meat of cattle collected from abattoirs and butcher shops of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiary Province
        S. Siavash Saei-Dehkordi
        The contamination of foodstuffs with different bacteria such as Listeria spp, is important from the viewpoint of public health. Therefore, this study was conducted to check the presence and occurrence of Listeria species in cattle meats from abattoirs and butcher shops More
        The contamination of foodstuffs with different bacteria such as Listeria spp, is important from the viewpoint of public health. Therefore, this study was conducted to check the presence and occurrence of Listeria species in cattle meats from abattoirs and butcher shops located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiary province. Two hundred and fifty-five of meat samples were collected. The total prevalence of Listeria spp. was equal to 12.94%.  The highest (16.4%) and the lowest (8%) prevalence of Listeria spp. was found in samples from Farrokhshar abattoir and Shahrekord butcher shops, respectively. Among the six species of Listeria, Listeria innocua was the most prevalent (7.4%) species; while Listeria seeligeri and Listeria ivanovii were the least prevalent (0.4%) species. The highest percentage of prevalence (6.7%) of Listeria monocytogenes was detected in meat samples from the Hafshejan butcher shops. In the current study, none of the samples was contaminated by Listeria welshimeri. Of the ten isolates of Listeria monocytogenes, the most prevalent (40%) serotypes were 1/2a and 4b. In addition, the prevalence of serotype 1/2b was 20%. The results indicated that, due to the presence of Listeria contamination, improvement of sanitation principles in abattoirs and butcher shops is a guarantee of public health safety. Manuscript profile
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        55 - Prevalence of Sarcocystis in slaughtered cattle in Kashan by‌ digestion method, 2019.
        Hossein Hooshyar Fereshteh Chehrazi Mohsen Arbabi Reza Sharafti-Chaleshtori Mahdi Nazeri
        Sarcocystis is one of the most prevalent protozoan parasite that infected humans and many animals worldwide. Cattle as one of the sources of meat products for the human is exposed to contamination with these parasites.The aim of this study was the determination of preva More
        Sarcocystis is one of the most prevalent protozoan parasite that infected humans and many animals worldwide. Cattle as one of the sources of meat products for the human is exposed to contamination with these parasites.The aim of this study was the determination of prevalence of sarcocystis in slaughtered cattle in Kashan region, 2019.In this cross-sectional study, 162 meat samples from 54 slaughtered cattle ( three samples from muscle, esophagus, and diaphragm of each cattle) were collected. After recording of data, about 15-20 gram of each samples were digested in digestion solution overnight at 27 °C according to Douby method. Two smears prepared from sediment and stained by Giemsa stain, and microcopy observed for Sarcocystis cystizoite. Totally, 94.4% of samples were positive for sarcocystis spp. Microscopic cysts were positive in 90.7%, 87% and 81.5% of muscle, esophagus, and diaphragm samples, respectively. The results showed no significant difference between different muscles. Only one case of the macroscopic positive sample was seen that simultaneous was infected microscopic. The present study showed a high prevalence of infection to Sarcocystis in cattle slaughtered in Kashan similar to another region of Iran. So conduct of preventive measures for the reduction of animal infection and Properly cooked meat before consumption are recommended for the prevention of human infection. Manuscript profile
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        56 - Recent Nutritional Advances to Mitigate Methane Emission in Cattle: A Review
        A. Hadipour ا. محیط H. Darmani Kuhi F. Hashemzadeh
        Manuscript profile
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        57 - Effect of Metabolic Stress on Ovarian Activity and Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cattle: A Review
        م. فرمان س. ناندی و. گریش کومار س.ک. تریپاسی پ.س.پ. گوپتا
        Manuscript profile
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        58 - Integrating Analysis of Publicly Available Microarray Data to Study the Immune Response of Cattle to Infection with Mycobacterium bovis
        Nemat Hedayat-Evrigh R. Khalkhali-Evrigh Y. Ramezani R. Seyed Sharifi M.D. Shakouri
        Manuscript profile
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        59 - Recognition of Hereford and Simmental Cattle Breeds via Computer Vision
        M.I. Yeşil S. Göncü
        Manuscript profile
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        60 - Principal Component Analysis of Biometric Traits in Guilan Native Cattle of Iran
        M. Golshani Jourshari A.A. Shadparvar ن. قوی حسین زاده F. Rafeie M.H. Banabazi A.M. Johansson
        Manuscript profile
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        61 - Utilization of a 17 Microsatellites Set For Bovine Traceability in Czech Cattle Populations
        L. Putnova I. Vrtkova P. Srubarova L. Stehlik
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        62 - Nutritional Status of Dairy Cattle in theNorth-Western Himalayan Region of the Kashmir Valley
        S.H. Bhat D. Medhi H.A. Ahmed F.A. Matto
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        63 - Fertility of Holstein Cattle in a Subtropical Climate of Egypt
        El-Wishy El-Wishy
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        64 - اثر استفاده از فن آوری های تولیدمثلی در پیشرفت ژنتیکی گاوهای بومی سیستانی ایران: مطالعه شبیه سازی
        ه. فرجی-آروق م. رکوعی ع. مقصودی م. مهری س. انصاری مهیاری ا. کریستین سورنسن
        اثر تلقیح مصنوعی (AI)، انتقال جنین (ET) برای مادر نرها (BD) و اسپرم تعیین جنس شده (SS) برای مادر گاوها (CD) با و بدون کنترل هم ­خونی با استفاده از شبیه ­سازی تصادفی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. سه سطح انتقال جنین (بدون انتقال جنین، انتقال جنین برای کل مادر نرها و انتق More
        اثر تلقیح مصنوعی (AI)، انتقال جنین (ET) برای مادر نرها (BD) و اسپرم تعیین جنس شده (SS) برای مادر گاوها (CD) با و بدون کنترل هم ­خونی با استفاده از شبیه ­سازی تصادفی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. سه سطح انتقال جنین (بدون انتقال جنین، انتقال جنین برای کل مادر نرها و انتقال جنین برای 20 درصد مادر نرها)، پنج سطح اسپرم تعیین جنس شده (اسپرم معمولی، اسپرم حاوی کروموزوم X برای کل و 20 درصد مادر گاوها، اسپرم حاوی کروموزوم Y برای کل و 20 درصد مادر گاوها)، سه سطح تلقیح مصنوعی (بدون تلقیح مصنوعی، تلقیح مصنوعی برای 50 و 90 درصد گاوها) و دو سطح آمیزش (تصادفی و حداقل هم­تباری) باهم ترکیب شده و 66 راهبرد مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و ترکیب بدون تلقیح مصنوعی، انتقال جنین و اسپرم معمولی به‌ عنوان گروه کنترل منظور گردید. جمعیت شبیه­ سازی شده شامل 40 گله 50 رأسی برای مدت 30 سال بود. نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از تکنیک­ های تلقیح مصنوعی، انتقال جنین و اسپرم تعیین جنس شده نرخ سالیانه شاخص شایستگی کل (TMI)، هم­ خونی و صحت انتخاب را افزایش دادند. در مقایسه با گروه کنترل، نرخ تغییرات سالیانه شاخص شایستگی کل برای استفاده از تکنیک ­های تلقیح مصنوعی، انتقال جنین و ترکیب سه تکنیک (تلقیح مصنوعی، انتقال جنین و اسپرم تعیین جنس شده) به ترتیب 95/41، 91/36 و 91/83 درصد و تغییرات سالیانه هم­خونی به ترتیب 192، 57 و 207 درصد افزایش یافت. آمیزش با حداقل هم ­تباری هم­خونی را کاهش داد، اما بر پارامترهای دیگر تأثیری نداشت. نتایج پیشنهاد می­ کند که استفاده از انتقال جنین برای 20 درصد مادر نرها، اسپرم حاوی کروموزوم Y برای کل مادر گاوها و تلقیح مصنوعی برای 90 درصد گاوها به تنهایی و در ترکیب با یکدیگر به همراه آمیزش حداقل هم ­تباری ممکن است منجر به پیشرفت ژنتیکی بیشتر و کمترین نرخ هم­ خونی شود. این فن­ آوری‌ها و استراتژی کنترل هم ­خونی ممکن است نسبت تغییر سالیانه شاخص شایستگی کل به تغییرات سالیانه هم­ خونی را افزایش دهد. Manuscript profile
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        65 - پروتئین سرم گوساله‌های ماده هلشتاین تغذیه شده با شیر از طریق مرحله پایین (step-down) و روش‌های متداول
        آ.سی.اس. سوآرس اف. مورایس کوستا ای.ر. دوآرت ل.سی. گراسیو م.جی. فریرا جی.آ. باستوس م.م. ملو ، ر.ر. ونکسلاو ن.جی.اف. اُلیویرا
        پروتئینوگرام‌های سرم 10 گوساله ماده هلشتاین تغذیه شده با شیر از طریق روش‌های متداول (COV) و تغذیه شیر مرحله پایین (step-down) (STP) در سنین مختلف ارزیابی شد. گوساله‌های تغذیه شده با استفاده از روش COV در طول 24 ساعت اول با آغوز تغذیه شدند که آنها با مادرهایشان مانده بود More
        پروتئینوگرام‌های سرم 10 گوساله ماده هلشتاین تغذیه شده با شیر از طریق روش‌های متداول (COV) و تغذیه شیر مرحله پایین (step-down) (STP) در سنین مختلف ارزیابی شد. گوساله‌های تغذیه شده با استفاده از روش COV در طول 24 ساعت اول با آغوز تغذیه شدند که آنها با مادرهایشان مانده بودند و برای دو روز دیگر و بعد جایگزین شیر دریافت کردند، و به مقدار 4 لیتر در روز برای 59 روز شیر دریافت کردند. گوساله‌ای تغذیه شده با استفاده از روش STP با آغوز تغذیه شدند و سپس شیر به شکل زیر: 6 لیتر شیر در هر روز از روز 6 تا 25 بعد از تولد، 4 لیتر شیر در روز از روز 26 تا 45، و 2 لیتر شیر در روز از روز 46 تا 59 بعد از تولد. نمونه‌گیری خون در سنین 7، 21، 28، 42، 49 و 56 روزگی انجام شد. برای گوساله‌های تغذیه شده با استفاده از هر دو روش تغذیه با شیر، غلظت آلبومین سرم افزایش داشت، اگرچه غلظت بتا-گلوبولین سرم با افزایش سن گوساله کاهش داشت. گوساله‌های تغذیه شده با استفاده از روش COV غلظت‌های پروتئین تام سرم، گلوبولین، بتا-گلوبولین، و گاما گلوبولین بیشتری داشتند، اگرچه غلظت‌های A/G، آلفا 1-گلوبولین، و آلفا 2-گلوبولین برای گوساله‌های در گروه STP بالاتر بود. این نتایج برای ایجاد پروفایل پروتئین سرم گوساله‌ها مهم است که به‌ طور معنی‌داری توسط روش‌های تغذیه شیر و سن گوساله تحت تأثیر قرار می‌گیرد. Manuscript profile
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        66 - Genetic Predisposition to Abortions in Iranian Holstein Cows
        S. Nadri P. Zamani A. Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi R. Abdoli A. Ghazi Khani Shad
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        67 - Effect of Dietary and Animal Factors on Milk Fatty Acids Composition of Grazing Dairy Cows: A Review
        A.I. Roca Fernandez A. Gonzalez Rodriguez
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        68 - Economic Opportunity Survey of Small Dairy Farms in the Southwest Part of Iran
        M. Vatankhah M. Faraji A.A. Gharadaghi A.R. Aghashahi
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        69 - Cortisol and Postpartum Luteal Function in Cattle
        A. Ezzat Ahmed M.N. Ismail M.S. Aref A. Zain El-Abedin A.Y. Kassab
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        70 - Increased Fecal Ethanol and Methanol Concentration in Dairy Heifers after Grazing
        H. Sato T. Kurosawa
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        71 - The Relationship between Different Body Types of Kalmyk Steers and Their Raw Meat Production and Quality
        I.F. Gorlov M.I. Slozhenkina A.V. Randelin A.A. Mosolov B.K. Bolaev A.I. Belyaev E.Y. Zlobina D.A. Mosolova
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        72 - Association between Plasma and Milk Urea on the Insemination Day and Pregnancy Rate in Early Lactation Dairy Cows
        A. Chaveiro M. Andrade A.E.S. Borba F. Moreira da Silva
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        73 - Estimation of the Methane Emission Factor for Buffalo Cattle and Bulls
        F. Sarubbi R. Baculo R. Palomba G. Auriemma
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        74 - تعیین توالی ترانسکریپتوم گاو بومی گیلان در مقایسه با ژنوم مرجع bosTau4
        م. مریدی س.ح. حسینی‌مقدم س.ض. میرحسینی
        تعیین توالی RNA روش جدید تعیین خصوصیات ترانسکریپتوم موجودات زنده می­باشد. با در نظر گرفتن ماهیت نژادی و ارتباطات خویشاوندی، تنوع ژنتیکی گسترده­ای بین نژادهای مختلف گاو وجود دارد. هدف از مطالعه حاضر تعیین توالی ترانسکریپتوم گاو بومی گیلان و مقایسه آن با ژنوم مرجع More
        تعیین توالی RNA روش جدید تعیین خصوصیات ترانسکریپتوم موجودات زنده می­باشد. با در نظر گرفتن ماهیت نژادی و ارتباطات خویشاوندی، تنوع ژنتیکی گسترده­ای بین نژادهای مختلف گاو وجود دارد. هدف از مطالعه حاضر تعیین توالی ترانسکریپتوم گاو بومی گیلان و مقایسه آن با ژنوم مرجع موجود با استفاده از روش RNA-sequencing می­باشد. نمونه­های خون از 14 رأس گاو بومی گیلان جمع­آوری و با نسبت مشابه 3 میکروگرم به ازاء هر نمونه با یکدیگر ادغام شدند. توالی‌یابی نمونه ادغام شده توسط دستگاه Illumina Hiseq 2000 از هر دو جهت و با طول خوانش 100 جفت بازی انجام شد. از نرم­افزار TopHat2 جهت هم‌تراز کردن خوانش­ها با ژنوم مرجع و تشخیص جایگاه­های برش، حذف و اضافه­ توالی استفاده شد. از نرم­افزار Cufflinks جهت سرهم کردن ترانسکریپت­ها و محاسبه فراوانی آنها استفاده شد. تعداد کل قطعات RNA تعیین توالی شده 28434708 و نرخ کلی تطابق با ژنوم مرجع 4/87 درصد بدست آمد. تعداد کل ژن‌های بیان شده 24616 ژن بود که از این بین تعداد 19994 ژن کد کننده پروتئین و 3825 ژن غیر کد کننده پروتئین بودند. ژن‌های ATP6 (آدنوزین تری فسفات سنتاز 6) و RPLP1 (پروتئین ریبوزومی، بزرگ، P1) بالاترین فراوانی را در تمامی ژن‌های بیان شده نشان دادند. اکثریت ژن‌های دارای بیان بالا در ساختار ریبوزومی و فعالیت­های ترجمه دخالت داشتند که به عنوان ژن‌های خانه­دار در نظر گرفته می­شوند. مطالعه حاضر گزارشی از تعیین توالی ترانسکریپتوم گاو بومی گیلان می­باشد که تا به حال گزارش نشده است. با توجه به این که گاو بومی گیلان بزرگ­ترین جمعیت را در میان جمعیت­های گاو بومی ایران دارا می‌باشد، این قبیل مطالعات می­توانند به ارزیابی پتانسیل ژنتیکی این ذخیره ژنتیکی با ارزش در ناحیه غرب آسیا کمک کند. Manuscript profile
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        75 - Evaluation of Fertility and Calving Ease of Small Holder Indigenous Cattle Herds in Semi-Arid Zone of Nigeria
        G.N. Akpa M.L. Umar C. Alphonsus
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        76 - Effect of a Multispecies Probiotics on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Holstein Cows
        Z. Merati A. Towhidi
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        77 - Body Conformation Analysis through Biometric Traits in Borgou Cattle Breed Reared in on Station Conservation Farm in Northern Benin
        H.S.S. Worogo U. Tchokponhoué Y. Idrissou A.S. Assani C.D.A. Alabi M. Azalou J.S. Adjassin I.T. Alkoiret
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        78 - چندشکلی‌های تک نوکلئوتیدی (SNPs) جدید در ناحیه‌های اینترون 2 و اگزون 3 ژن لپتین در گاوهای Sumba Ongole
        و.پ.ب. پوترا پ.پ. آگونگ
        ژن لپتین (LEP) گاوی به ­طور وسیعی به­ عنوان یک ژن کاندیدا برای انتخاب مولکولی برای بهبود صفات تولیدی گاوها استفاده شده است. این پژوهش برای تعیین چندشکلی‌های تک نوکلئوتیدی (SNPs) در ژن LEP گاوهای Sumba Ongole (SO, Bos indicus) با استفاده از روش توالی­ یابی ان More
        ژن لپتین (LEP) گاوی به ­طور وسیعی به­ عنوان یک ژن کاندیدا برای انتخاب مولکولی برای بهبود صفات تولیدی گاوها استفاده شده است. این پژوهش برای تعیین چندشکلی‌های تک نوکلئوتیدی (SNPs) در ژن LEP گاوهای Sumba Ongole (SO, Bos indicus) با استفاده از روش توالی­ یابی انجام شد. در این پژوهش مجموعه‌ای از 31 حیوان برای تجزیه و تحلیل استفاده شدند. تحقیق نشان داد که مجموعه‌ای از 16 SNPs در ژن LEP شناسایی شدند. یک توالی 2025 جفت بازی از ژن LEP در این مطالعه بررسی شد و شامل اینترون 2 (1002 جفت باز) و اگزون 3 (1023 جفت باز) بود. مقدار محتوای اطلاعات چندشکلی (PIC) از 0.06 (پایین) تا 0.37 (متوسط) متغییر بود. مجموع 16 چندشکلی در ژن LEP گاوهای SO ارزش PIC متوسط داشتند (0.25<PIC<0.50) و شامل 12 چندشکلی در اینترون 2 و چهار چندشکلی در اگزون 3 می‌شدند. چندشکلی‌های با ارزش PIC متوسط در اینترون 2 (g.2325G/T؛ g.2423A/C؛ g.2448C/T؛ g.2456C/G؛ g.2466C/T؛ g.2778T/A؛ g.2857G/A) و اگزون 3 (g.3260T/C؛ g.3272T/C؛ g.3356C/T؛ g.3468G/A) شناسایی شدند. چندشکلی g.3468G/A به­ عنوان چندشکلی جدید در ژن LEP گاوهای SO معرفی شد که در دیگر نژادهای گاو گزارش نشده است. این چندشکلی باعث تغییر اسیدآمینه از گلایسین (GGG) به آرژنین (AGG) شد. دو نوع از جهش در ژن LEP گاوهای SO شناسایی شد و شامل ترانسورژن (44 درصد) و ترانزیشن (56 درصد) بود. نتیجه گرفته شد که ژن LEP در گاوهای SO چندشکلی نشان داد و دارای پتانسیل برای انتخاب مولکولی در برنامه اصلاح نژادی از طریق تحقیقات عمیق است. Manuscript profile
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        79 - Gasconne Beef Breed, an Explorative Study of Trans‐Border Differences in Management and Commercialization
        A. Guerrero C. Sanudo J.A. Mateas S. Caillaud W.S. Sepulveda J. Toustou J.P. Gajan P. Santolaria
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        80 - Association of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase Expression with Cattle Milk Characteristics
        M.R. Ahsani M.R. Mohammadabadi V. Buchkovska Y. Ievstafiieva D.M. Kucher O.A. Kochuk-Yashchenko O.I. Babenko R.V. Stavetska V.P. Oleshko O. Kalashnyk
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        81 - Community‐Based Productivity Veterinary Services Increase Smallholder Dairy Farms’ Income and Number of Cows for Breeding at Mymensingh of Bangladesh
        A.K. Talukder M. Shamsuddin
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        82 - بررسی چند شکلی ژن کاپا کازئین با استفاده از تکنیک PCR-RFLP در جمعیت گاوهای نجدی استان خوزستان
        گ. فرهادی م.ت. بیگی نصیری ج. فیاضی ه. روشنفکر
        کازئین‌ها بیش از 80 درصد کل پروتئین شیر را به خود اختصاص می‌دهند و به اشکال AlphaS1، AlphaS2، بتا کازئین و کاپا کازئین می‌باشند. کاپا کازئین از نظر اندازه از دیگر کازئین‌ها کوچکتر بوده ولی به دلیل نقش آن ‌در اندازه و پایداری میسل، تعیین ‌کننده‌ی خصوصیات کارخانه‌ای شیر م More
        کازئین‌ها بیش از 80 درصد کل پروتئین شیر را به خود اختصاص می‌دهند و به اشکال AlphaS1، AlphaS2، بتا کازئین و کاپا کازئین می‌باشند. کاپا کازئین از نظر اندازه از دیگر کازئین‌ها کوچکتر بوده ولی به دلیل نقش آن ‌در اندازه و پایداری میسل، تعیین ‌کننده‌ی خصوصیات کارخانه‌ای شیر می‌باشد. مطالعه حاضر به بررسی چند شکلی ژن کاپا کازئین می‌پردازد. این مطالعه اولین بررسی چند شکلی ژن کاپا کازئین در گاو نجدی ایران است. واکنش زنجیر‌ه‌ای پلیمراز جهت بررسی چند شکلی DNA در 80 گاو استفاده شد. در همه گاوها، تکثیر قطعه 453 جفت بازی از اگزون 4 ژن کاپا کازئین انجام شد. قطعه تکثیر شده ژن کاپا کازئین به وسیله آنزیم محدودکنندهHinfI، مورد هضم قرار گرفت. محصولات هضم شده توسط الکتروفورز بر روی ژل آگارز 3 درصد تفکیک شدند. محصولات هضم شده وجود دو آلل A و Bبا فراوانی‌های 54/0 و 46/0 را آشکار ساخت. همچنین ژنوتیپ‌های AA، AB و BBبا فراوانی‌های 35 درصد، 5/37 درصد و 5/27 درصد در کل جمعیت مورد مطالعه وجود تعادل هاردی-واینبرگ را نشان دادند که نشان می‌دهد که هیچ گونه انتخاب در جهت افزایش یا کاهش فراوانی ژنوتیپی ژن کاپا کازئین در این گله صورت نگرفته است. همچنین سطح هتروزیگوسیتی مربوط به ژن کاپا کازئین در جمعیت مورد مطالعه متوسط ارزیابی گردید. Manuscript profile
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        83 - توصیف چندمتغیره گاوهای اوولمس-زائر و تیدیلی با استفاده از صفات ظاهری
        آی. بوجنان
        14 صفت مختلف ظاهری در 169 گاو اوولمس-زائر و 131 گاو تیدیلی رکورد برداری شده و با روش آنالیز چندمتغیره مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. صفات اندازه­گیری شده شامل دور سینه، ارتفاع جدوگاه، ارتفاع کفل، طول کفل، عرض کفل، عمق قفسه سینه، طول بدن، طول گردن، دور استخوان کانن، More
        14 صفت مختلف ظاهری در 169 گاو اوولمس-زائر و 131 گاو تیدیلی رکورد برداری شده و با روش آنالیز چندمتغیره مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. صفات اندازه­گیری شده شامل دور سینه، ارتفاع جدوگاه، ارتفاع کفل، طول کفل، عرض کفل، عمق قفسه سینه، طول بدن، طول گردن، دور استخوان کانن، طول گوش، عرض گوش، طول سر، طول شاخ و طول دُم بودند. نژاد تأثیر معنی ­داری بر روی همه صفات مطالعه شده داشت. ضرایب همبستگی بین اندازه­های بدنی در گاوهای اوولمس-زائر بین 12/0 تا 85/0 و در گاوهای تیدیلی بین 14/0- تا 81/0 متغیر بوده است. در تحلیل مختصات اصلی چرخش­یافته واریمکس، سه فاکتور استخراج گردیدند که حدود 1/65 درصد از تنوع در گاوهای اوولمس-زائر و 4/55 درصد از تنوع در گاوهای تیدیلی را توصیف می­کنند. اشتراک در گاوهای اوولمس-زائر از 28/0 (طول شاخ) تا 82/0 (دور سینه) و در گاوهای تیدیلی از 25/0 (طول شاخ) تا 79/0 (ارتفاع کفل) متغیر بوده است. آنالیز تشخیص پلکانی نشان داد که 9 صفت از 1 صفت مورد بررسی قدرت تشخیصی دارند. آنالیز تشخیصی استاندارد نشان داد که فاصله ماهالانوبیس بین میانگین­های نژادی معنی ­دار است. این موضوع حاکی از آن بود که تفاوت­های معنی­ داری بین نژادهای گاو اوولمس-زائر و تیدیلی وجود دارد. ضرایب استاندارد خام برای نخستین متغیر استاندارد بیشترین تفاوت بین میانگین­های نژادی (498/1 در برابر 933/1-) را نشان داد. دومین متغیر استاندارد تفاوتی بین میانگین­ها نشان نمی­داد. آنالیز تشخیص نشان داد که نژادهای اوولمس-زائر و تیدیلی به­ترتیب 2/98 درصد و 100 درصد به ­طور صحیح طبقه­بندی شده­اند. از داده­های حاصل چنین نتیجه­گیری شده است که تفاوت­های ظاهری واضحی بین نژادهای اوولمس-زائر و تیدیلی وجود داشته و این موضوع حاکی از آن است که این دو نژاد، جمعیت­های جداگانه و متمایزی هستند. Manuscript profile
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        84 - Anti-Apoptotic Role of p21 and p27 Genes during Different Stages of Corpus Luteum Progression in Bovine
        H. Ali S. Hayat S. Ahmad M. Ibrahim S.A. Haider S. Ullah S. Ahmad H. Khan I. Ul Haq
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        85 - توزیع فراوانی آلل‌ها در ناحیه ′5 ژن‌های CYP19 و ERα در گاوهای سیمنتال و سه نژاد بومی ایران
        ف. محمد نژاد سنگدهی ق. رحیمی میانجی م. صفدری شاهرودی س.ع. رضوی-ششده م. غلامی
        پژوهش حاضر به منظور بررسی دو جایگاه پلی مورف از ژن CYP19 (PvuII و MspI) و یک جایگاه پلی مورف از ژن ERα (SnaBI) در چهار نژاد گاو شامل مازندرانی، تالشی، سیستانی و سیمنتال انجام شد. در مجموع 278 نمونه برای ژن CYP19 و 206 نمونه برای ژن ERα با استفاده از تکنیک PC More
        پژوهش حاضر به منظور بررسی دو جایگاه پلی مورف از ژن CYP19 (PvuII و MspI) و یک جایگاه پلی مورف از ژن ERα (SnaBI) در چهار نژاد گاو شامل مازندرانی، تالشی، سیستانی و سیمنتال انجام شد. در مجموع 278 نمونه برای ژن CYP19 و 206 نمونه برای ژن ERα با استفاده از تکنیک PCR-RFLP تعیین ژنوتیپ شدند. برای جایگاه CYP19/PvuII، فراوانی آلل A دامنه­ای از 89/0 در نژاد مازندرانی تا 98/0 در نژاد تالشی داشت. برای جایگاه CYP19/MspI، تالشی تنها نژاد مونو مورف با ژنوتیپ AA بود. سایر نژادها پلی مورف بودند و فراوانی آلل A از 93/0 (سیمنتال) تا 98/0 (سیستانی) متغیر بود. ژنوتیپ BB در نمونه مورد مطالعه مشاهده نشد. با در نظر گرفتن دو جایگاه در ترکیب با یکدیگر، تنها 5 ژنوتیپ از 8 ژنوتیپ ترکیبی ممکن مشاهده شد. برای جایگاه ERα/SnaBI، همه جمعیت­ها پلی مورف بودند. بیشترین و کمترین فراوانی آلل A به ترتیب در نژادهای سیستانی (55/0) و سیمنتال (96/0) مشاهده شد. بر اساس شاخص نی، بیشترین فاصله ژنتیکی بین دو نژاد سیستانی و سیمنتال، و کمترین فاصله ژنتیکی بین دو نژاد مازندرانی و تالشی مشاهده شد. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان دهنده وجود اختلاف معنی دار در فراوانی­های ژنوتیپی و آللی در بین چهار نژاد مورد بررسی بود. این یافته­ها ممکن است در مطالعات آتی مانند مطالعات ارتباطی برای صفات عملکردی در اصلاح نژاد گاو مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. Manuscript profile
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        86 - Identification of Complex Vertebral Malformation Carriers in Holstein and Guilan Native Cow Breeds in Iran Using SSCP Markers
        H. Alaie S.Z. Mirhoseini M. Mehdizadeh S.B. Dalirsefat
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        87 - Effects of Surgical Spaying on Heifer Feedlot Growth Performance and Dietary Energetics
        A. Plascencia V.M. González-Vizcarra Y.S. Valdés-García A. Barreras A. Estrada-Angulo J.D. Urías-Estrada R.A. Zinn
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        88 - تنوع ژنتیکی بین گاوهای Bali (Bos javanicus) و هیبریدهای آن‌ها با استفاده از نشانگرهای ریزماهواره
        ج. جاکاریا ا. آلیاه ف. سپوترا م. بیهقی ر.ر. نور
        هدف از این مطالعه ارزیابی تنوع ژنتیکی گاوهای Bali و گاوهای هیبرید با استفاده از نشانگرهای ریزماهواره بود. نمونه‌های خون (192n=) از نژادهای گاو متفاوت جمع­آوری شد، برای نمونه Bali (n=96)، Madura (n=46)، وPeranakan Ongole (PO) Kebumen (n=48). جایگاه ژنی ریزماهواره است More
        هدف از این مطالعه ارزیابی تنوع ژنتیکی گاوهای Bali و گاوهای هیبرید با استفاده از نشانگرهای ریزماهواره بود. نمونه‌های خون (192n=) از نژادهای گاو متفاوت جمع­آوری شد، برای نمونه Bali (n=96)، Madura (n=46)، وPeranakan Ongole (PO) Kebumen (n=48). جایگاه ژنی ریزماهواره استفاده شده برای دست‌یابی به تنوع ژنتیکی INRA035، ILSTS006، ETH225 و HEL9 بود، اگرچه پروفایل ژنتیکی با استفاده از برنامه‌های GenAlEX، Cervus، MEGA6، structure و R توضیح داده شدند. به عنوان یک نتیجه، 46 آلل در چهار لوکوس ریزماهواره مطالعه­شده یافت شد. تنوع ژنتیکی گاوهای Bali از جزیره Bali (H0=0.337) و جزیره Nusa Penida (H0=0.375) پایین‌تر از هیبریدها رکوردبرداری شدند، برای نمونه گاوهای نژاد Madura (H0=0.474) و PO Kebumen (H0=0.567). اختصاصاً، ما یافتیم 283 جفت باز (لوکوس ILST006)، 194 جفت بازی (لوکوس ETH225)، 147 جفت بازی و 151 جفت بازی (لوکوس HEL9) نشان دهنده آلل‌های متمایز برای گاوهای Bali. همچنین، داده‌های آزمایشگاهی ما نشان داد که نشانگرهای ریزماهواره استفاده شده اجازه می‌دهد به ما برای تولید یک تفرق آشکار از خوشه گاوها بین گاوهای Bali و هیبریدها، که برای برنامه‌های اصلاح نژادی آینده گاوها معنی‌دار بود. Manuscript profile
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        89 - Association of Somatic Cell Score with Production Traits in Iranian Holstein Cows
        Z. Ghasemi A.A. Aslaminejad M. Tahmoorespur M. Rokouei H. Faraji Arough
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        90 - Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Milk Production, Oxidative Stress, and Blood Metabolites of Holstein Dairy Cows during Summer Season
        F. Sehati A. Towhidi M. Zhandi M. Ganjkhanlou A.H. Nasiri F. Parnian-Khajehdizaj
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        91 - CSN1S1 Gene: Allele Frequency, and the Relationship with Milk Production Traits in Three Indigenous Cattle Breeds and Holstein
        S. Zakizadeh E.M. Prinzenberg M. Reissmann S.R. Miraei Ashtiani P. Reinecke G. Erhardt
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        92 - استفاده از کاه برنج غنی‌ شده با اوره و اوره‌آز در تغذیه گاوهای گوشتی بومی در حال رشد
        آ. اکتر م. اسدوزمان م.م. حسین ال. اسد
        این آزمایش به منظور مطالعه اثر تیمار کاه برنج با اوره و خاک میدن (midden soil) حاوی اوره­آز، روی ترکیب شیمیایی کاه برنج، مصرف خوراک حیوانات، قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی، افزایش وزن بدن، راندمان تبدیل خوراک و بازده اقتصادی کلی تغذیه برای یک دوره 105 روزه انجام شد. دوازده گا More
        این آزمایش به منظور مطالعه اثر تیمار کاه برنج با اوره و خاک میدن (midden soil) حاوی اوره­آز، روی ترکیب شیمیایی کاه برنج، مصرف خوراک حیوانات، قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی، افزایش وزن بدن، راندمان تبدیل خوراک و بازده اقتصادی کلی تغذیه برای یک دوره 105 روزه انجام شد. دوازده گاو گوشتی بومی (وزن زنده 67/1±130 کیلوگرم) انتخاب و به چهار گروه حاوی سه حیوان در هر گروه تقسیم شدند. حیوانات، جیره­های حاوی کاه برنج تیمار شده با 1) 3 درصد اوره + 2 درصد خاک میدن (گروه A)، 2) 3 درصد اوره + 3 درصد خاک میدن (گروه B)، 3) 3 درصد اوره + 4 درصد خاک میدن (گروه C) و 3 درصد اوره + 5 درصد خاک میدن (گروه B)، دریافت کردند. به­علاوه، 2 کیلوگرم علوفه سبز، 450 گرم مخلوط کنسانتره و 40 گرم نمک برای هر 100 کیلوگرم وزن بدن، در اختیار تمامی حیوانات قرار گرفت. تیمار کاه برنج با 3 درصد اوره و 2 درصد خاک میدن منجر به یک افزایش در محتوای پروتیین خام جیره از 3/3 به 08/7 درصد شد. این مقدار به ترتیب به 4/7، 9/7 و 14/8 درصد در تیمارهای B،C  و D افزایش یافت. کل افزایش وزن در پایان آزمایش (روز 105) 39، 5/42،5/46 و 49 کیلوگرم به ترتیب برای گروه­های A، B،C  و D بود. افزودن کاه برنج تیمار شده با 5 درصد خاک میدن به­عنوان منبع اوره­آز + 3 درصد اوره به­ طور معنی ­داری ضریب قابلیت هضم ماده خشک، پروتیین خام، عصاره اتری و عصاره عاری از ازت را در مقایسه با سایر تیمارها افزایش داد. ماده آلی، پروتییین خام، الیاف خام، عصاره عاری از ازت قابل هضم و مجموع مواد مغذی قابل هضم به ­طور معنی ­داری در تیمار D بیشتر از سایر تیمارها بود. سود کلی تولید گوشت در تیمار D به ­طور معنی ­داری بالاتر از سایر گروه­ها بود. Manuscript profile
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        93 - Meta-Analysis of Methane Mitigation Strategies: Improved Predictions of Mitigation Potentials and Production Implications
        آ. چیجیوک اوگبانا ا. رودینو سائتنان
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        94 - پیش‌بینی جزایر CpG و بررسی ارتباط آنها با ویژگی‌های ژنومی با استفاده از مدل مخفی مارکوف در گاو
        A. برازنده م.ر. محمدآبادی م. قادری ح. نظام آبادی پور
        گاو یکی از مهمترین تأمین کننده­های مواد غذایی و مغذی بشر در جهان است. جزایر CpG نواحی مهم و مفیدی هستند که دارای ارتباط عملکردی با رویداد­های مهم اپی ژنتیکی در سطح ژنوم می­باشند. با توجه به اینکه تاکنون جزایر CpG در سطح ژنوم گاو بررسی نشده­اند هدف از این More
        گاو یکی از مهمترین تأمین کننده­های مواد غذایی و مغذی بشر در جهان است. جزایر CpG نواحی مهم و مفیدی هستند که دارای ارتباط عملکردی با رویداد­های مهم اپی ژنتیکی در سطح ژنوم می­باشند. با توجه به اینکه تاکنون جزایر CpG در سطح ژنوم گاو بررسی نشده­اند هدف از این مطالعه بررسی این جزایر در ژنوم گاو با استفاده از مدل­های محفی مارکوف است. تعداد 90668 جزیره CpG در ژنوم گاو پیش­بینی گردید. تغییرات تعداد و تراکم جزایر CpG در طول کروموزوم­ها بسیار کم بود. کروموزوم 25 دارای بیشترین تعداد (4556) و تراکم (CGIs/Mb 106٫20) جزایر CpG بود. همبستگی مثبت و معنی­دار بین تراکم جزایر CpG با محتوی GC، نسبت مشاهده شده به مورد انتظار CpG، نرخ نوترکیبی و تراکم ژن مشاهده گردید. با افزایش سایز کروموزم­ها تراکم جزایر CpG کاهش یافت و همچنین تراکم جزایر CpG در نواحی تلومری کروموزم­ها بیشتر از سایر قسمت­ها مشاهده گردید که می­تواند علت همبستگی مثبت بین نرخ نوترکیبی و تراکم جزایر CpG باشد. جهت یافتن تفاوت­های جزایر CpG بین ژنوم گاو و سایر مهره­داران جزایر CpG در یازده مهره­دار دیگر بررسی گردید. تغییرات تراکم جزایر CpG در بین حیوانات مورد مطالعه بسیار متفاوت بود. یافته­های این مطالعه می­تواند در درک بهتر نقش اپی ژنتیکی و نقش تکامل مولکولی جزایر CpG در ژنوم گاو مؤثر باشد. Manuscript profile
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        95 - ارتباط ژن PIT1 با درصد چربی شیر در گاو هلشتاین
        ز. ابراهیمی حسین‌زاده م.ر. محمدآبادی ع. اسمعیلی‌زاده الف خضری ع. نجمی نوری
        ژن فاکتور نسخه برداری ویژه هیپوفیز (PIT1) مسئول رشد و توسعه هیپوفیز و بیان ژن ترشح این هورمون در پستانداران است. ژن PIT1 به عنوان یک نشانگر ژنتیکی کاندیدا برای صفات رشد، لاشه و نیز تولید شیر معرفی شده است. در حیوانات شیری مزرعه­ای، هدف اصلی انتخاب بهبود و افزایش تول More
        ژن فاکتور نسخه برداری ویژه هیپوفیز (PIT1) مسئول رشد و توسعه هیپوفیز و بیان ژن ترشح این هورمون در پستانداران است. ژن PIT1 به عنوان یک نشانگر ژنتیکی کاندیدا برای صفات رشد، لاشه و نیز تولید شیر معرفی شده است. در حیوانات شیری مزرعه­ای، هدف اصلی انتخاب بهبود و افزایش تولید شیر و ترکیبات شیر می­باشد. ژن­های پروتئین شیر و هورمون­ها ژن­های کاندیدای عالی برای آنالیز پیوستگی با جایگاه­های صفات کمی (QTL) می­باشند، زیرا دارای اهمیت بیولوژیکی روی صفات کمی جالب و مفید هستند. لذا در این مطالعه، ارتباط و همبستگی بین چند شکلی ژن PIT1 و درصد چربی شیر در گاوهای هلشتاین استان خراسان رضوی ایران مورد آنالیز قرار گرفت. تعداد 100 گاو هلشتاین از یک گله 1000 رأسی در استان خراسان رضوی مطالعه شد. DNA ژنومی از خون کامل استخراج گردید. یک جفت پرایمر برای تکثیر ژن PIT1 استفاده شد و محصولات PCR روی ژل آگارز 1 درصد الکتروفورز شدند. سپس محصولات PCR با آنزیم برشی HinfI هضم شدند. نتایج به وسیله نرم افزار PopGene آنالیز شدند و فراوانی آللی A و B برای ژن PIT1 به ترتیب 25/0 و 75/0 به دست آمد. فراوانی ژنوتیپ‌های AA، AB و BB، تعداد آلل واقعی، تعداد آلل مؤثر، هتروزیگوسیتی مورد انتظار، هتروزیگوسیتی مشاهده شده، متوسط هتروزیگوسیتی، هموزیگوسیتی مورد انتظار، هموزیگوسیتی مشاهده شده، شاخص نئی و شاخص شانون به ترتیب 6، 40 و 54 درصد، 2، 60/1، 37/0، 40/0، 37/0، 62/0، 59/0، 37/0 و 56/0 محاسبه شد. نتیجه آزمون کای اسکور نشان داد که در جمعیت تعادل هاردی- واینبرگ برقرار است. برای محاسبه ارتباط بین درصد چربی شیر و ژنوتیپ‌های مشاهده شده از نرم افزارSAS  و رویه آماری GLM استفاده شد و نتایج نشان داد که اثر ژنوتیپ بر درصد چربی معنی دار است (01/0>P) و ژنوتیپ AB بیشترین اثر را بر روی درصد چربی شیر داشت. نتایج نشان داد که ژنوتیپ‌های PIT1 روی درصد چربی شیر اثر دارند، لذا پیشنهاد می­دهند که این چندشکلی می­تواند به عنوان یک نشانگر ملکولی برای این صفت استفاده شود. Manuscript profile
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        96 - Association between the Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R) Gene Polymorphisms and Growth Trait in Sumba Ongole Cattle
        A. Fathoni S. Sumadi I.G.S. Budisatria A.P.Z.N.L. Sari D. Maharani
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        97 - مروری بر عوامل‌مرتعی مؤثر بر مصرف ماده‌خشک گاوهای شیری در حال چرا
        آ.ال. روکا فرناندز آ. گنزالو ردریگوئز
        سیستم‌های موفق مرتعی تولید شیر، بر اساس ایجاد توازن بین نیازمندی‌‌‌های خوراکی دام با نوسانات فصلی و سالیانه در تولید مرتع پایه‌گذاری شده‌اند. به‌منظور حداکثر نمودن تولید گاوهای شیری در سیستم‌های چرا، دست‌یابی به استفاده با راندمان از علوفه چرا ‌شده و توسعه سیستم‌های مدی More
        سیستم‌های موفق مرتعی تولید شیر، بر اساس ایجاد توازن بین نیازمندی‌‌‌های خوراکی دام با نوسانات فصلی و سالیانه در تولید مرتع پایه‌گذاری شده‌اند. به‌منظور حداکثر نمودن تولید گاوهای شیری در سیستم‌های چرا، دست‌یابی به استفاده با راندمان از علوفه چرا ‌شده و توسعه سیستم‌های مدیریتی مناسب جهت حداکثر نمودن مصرف روزانه ماده‌ خشک مرتع توسط هر گاو و در هر هکتار، ضمن داشتن یک مرتع با کیفیت بالا در طی فصل ‌رشد از طریق حفظ سطوح بالای پروتئین ‌خام، کربوهیدرات‌های محلول درآب، هضم‌پذیری ماده خشک و سطوح پایین الیاف‌های قابل‌ حل در شوینده خنثی و اسیدی، ضروری است. برای حداکثر نمودن ماده‌ خشک مصرفی از مراتع، لازم است تا گاوها از گیاهانی مصرف نمایند که دارای شاخصه‌های مصرف سریع بوده و منجر به نرخ سریع عبور از شکمبه شوند. در این مرور عوامل ‌مرتعی که روی تنظیم کوتاه‌مدت مصرف ‌خوراک گاوها تأثیر‌گذار بوده و بنابراین نیازمندی‌های خوراکی ‌دام‌های چرا کننده را مشخص می‌کنند، مد نظر قرار گرفته‌اند. گرچه مقدار علوفه‌ مصرفی یک عامل تعیین‌کننده عمده تولید گاوها است، اما برآورد آن هنوز یکی از مشکل‌ترین جنبه‌های کیفی علوفه برای پیش‌بینی می‌باشد. در این مرور به سه روش خروجی مدفوعی / قابلیت ‌هضم جیره‌ای، روش تفاوت مرتع و روش رفتار ‌چرا برای محاسبه مصرف ماده‌ خشک مرتع اشاره شده است. همچنین، سه معادله در بر گیرنده متغییرهای مرتعی و حیوانی برای تخمین میزان مصرف ماده ‌خشک مرتع توصیف می‌شوند. Manuscript profile
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        98 - اثر دانه‌های سویا و کانولای برشته بر بیان ژن PPARG و خصوصیات شیر گاو
        م. اَحسنی م.ر. محمدآبادی م. اسدی فوزی ع. اسمعیلی زاده کوشکوئه ا. خضری م. ویتالیونا بوشتراک M. Vitaliivna Bushtruk س. واسیلیوویچ تکاچنکو ر. ولادیمیریونا استاوتسکا ن. ایگوریونا کلاپمکو
        هدف این پژوهش بررسی تغییرات تولید و ترکیبات شیر، پروفایل اسیدهای چرب و بیان ژن PPARG در بافت چربی گاوهای هلشتاین ایران در پاسخ به جیره­های ایزونیتروژنوس و ایزوکالریک، در دانه­های روغنی متفاوت (دانه­های سویا و کانولا) بود. بیست گاو به صورت تصادفی با جیره­ More
        هدف این پژوهش بررسی تغییرات تولید و ترکیبات شیر، پروفایل اسیدهای چرب و بیان ژن PPARG در بافت چربی گاوهای هلشتاین ایران در پاسخ به جیره­های ایزونیتروژنوس و ایزوکالریک، در دانه­های روغنی متفاوت (دانه­های سویا و کانولا) بود. بیست گاو به صورت تصادفی با جیره­های آزمایشی تست شدند. نمونه‌برداری از بافت چربی زیرپوستی انجام شد. به علاوه، ترکیب اسید چرب آنالیز شد، RNA کل استخراج شد، cDNA سنتز شد و نمونه­ها تکثیر شدند. نرم افزارهای SPSS 16.0، LinRegPCR و REST برای آنالیز نتایجReal-Time PCR  بیان ژن مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. مقدار بیان ژن PPARG در بافت چربی برای تیمار دانه کانولا در مقایسه با دانه سویا بالاتر بود. تولید شیر، شیر تصحیح شده بر اساس چهار درصد چربی، درصد چربی، نیتروژن اوره­ای شیر و نمره وضعیت بدنی بین دو تیمار تفاوت معنی­داری داشت (05/0>P). نتایج نشان داد که مقدار بعضی اسیدهای چرب استخراج شده از بافت چربی با تغییر جیره تغییر می­کند. به طوریکه، برای اسیدهای چرب C16:1، C18:0 و C18:3t اثر معنی‌داری بین دو تیمار وجود داشت (05/0>P). به طور کلی، بیان ژن PPARG در کانولا معنی­دار نبود که می­تواند به دلیل شباهت بیشتر اسیدهای چرب بین کانولا و سویا و شباهت و تعادل مواد مغذی جیره باشد. بنابراین، دانه کانولا می­تواند گزینه خوبی برای جیره گاو شیری، به دلیل سطوح بالای چربی و پروتئین و قیمت پایین­تر آن نسبت به دانه سویا باشد. این دانه همچنین برای بهبود شیر، با تأثیرات تغذیه­ای بر ترکیب اسیدچرب شیر می­تواند استفاده شود. Manuscript profile
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        99 - تأثیر پروتئین خام پلاسمای سمینال گاوی روی انجماد اسپرم بز
        ت. وایو سوپرایوگی س. سوسیلواتی
        این پژوهش با هدف بهبود کیفیت انجماد اسپرم بز برای تلقیح مصنوعی توسط اضافه کردن پروتئین خام پلاسمای سمینال گاوی انجام شد. اسپرم از گاوها جمع‌آوری شد و برای به‌دست آوردن پلاسمای سمینال سانتریفیوژ شد. سپس برای به‌دست آوردن پروتئین خام تخلیص شد. رقیق‌کننده استفاده شده در ای More
        این پژوهش با هدف بهبود کیفیت انجماد اسپرم بز برای تلقیح مصنوعی توسط اضافه کردن پروتئین خام پلاسمای سمینال گاوی انجام شد. اسپرم از گاوها جمع‌آوری شد و برای به‌دست آوردن پلاسمای سمینال سانتریفیوژ شد. سپس برای به‌دست آوردن پروتئین خام تخلیص شد. رقیق‌کننده استفاده شده در این پژوهش زرده‌ تخم‌ مرغ بود. سه گروه وجود داشت، گروه شاهد بدون پروتئین خام (P0)؛ اضافه کردن 2.5 میلی‌گرم پروتئین خام به ازای میلی‌لیتر رقیق­کننده (P1)؛ و اضافه کردن 5 میلی‌گرم پروتئین خام به ازای میلی‌لیتر رقیق­کننده (P2). نتایج نشان دادند که P1 بیشترین درصد حرکت پیش‌رونده و زنده‌مانی را داشت. در این بین، P1 کمترین درصد بیان سیتوکروم C را داشت. کمترین درصد بیان سیتوکروم C نشان می‌دهد که میتوکندری عملکرد خوبی دارد. بنابراین، با اضافه کردن 2.6 میلی‌گرم پروتئین خام به ازای میلی‌لیتر رقیق‌کننده، کیفیت اسپرم فریز شده بز به لحاظ جنبایی اسپرم، زنده‌مانی، و بیان سیتوکروم C در اسپرماتوزوآ می‌تواند بهبود یابد. Manuscript profile
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        100 - هزینه و درآمدهای روش‌های پروار گاو در برخی از مناطق انتخاب شده شمال غرب تانزانیا
        J.L. Malole R.J.M. Kadigi A.Z. Sangeda
        این مطالعه هزینه‌ها و مزایای طرح گاو بومی پرواری در حومه شهر شینیانگا و کیشاپو در تانزانیا را بررسی می‌کند. به طور خاص، در این مطالعه سود خالص (NP) برای پرواربندها بین طرح‌های پرواربندی گاو مشخص شده است. طرح به دو دسته اصلی تقسیم شد شامل طرح 1 که در آن حیوانات پوسته پنب More
        این مطالعه هزینه‌ها و مزایای طرح گاو بومی پرواری در حومه شهر شینیانگا و کیشاپو در تانزانیا را بررسی می‌کند. به طور خاص، در این مطالعه سود خالص (NP) برای پرواربندها بین طرح‌های پرواربندی گاو مشخص شده است. طرح به دو دسته اصلی تقسیم شد شامل طرح 1 که در آن حیوانات پوسته پنبه دانه (CSHL) و در طرح 2 با جیره غذایی بر پایه کیک پنبه دانه (CSC) تغذیه شدند. نظر سنجی با استفاده از یک نمونه از 144 پاسخ دهنده انجام شد. روش جمعآوری دادهها بر پایه پرسشنامه، مصاحبه، مشاهده شخصی، ارتباطات، بررسی مستندات (به عنوان مثال از اینترنت، کتابخانه) و افراد مطلع بنا شد. دادهها با استفاده از آمار توصیفی و آمار کمی و روش استاندارد انجمن شیمیدانان تحلیلی رسمی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان میدهد که سود خالص مثبت نسبتاً در طرح 2 (شیلینگ تانزانیا (119512.87 76.03/USD (TAS) به ازای هر حیوانی پروار شده در سه ماهه از سال) از طرح 1 (TAS 92993، 90/ USD 59.17بر جیره حیوانات بر سه ماهه از سال) بالاتر بود. این نشان میدهد که حرفه پرواربندی در طرح 2، امکان پذیری، سودآوری و کارآمدی بیشتری برای اجرای پایدار دارد. علاوه بر این، متوسط افزایش وزن روزانه (ADG) 5/1، 3/1 و 0/1 برای گاو کوهاندار شاخ کوتاه تانزانیا (TSHZ) نر، گوساله و ماده به ترتیب بالاتر از 2/1، 0/1 و 9/0 برای نر TSHZ، گوساله و ماده در طرح 1 بود. علاوه بر این، ضریب تبدیل غذایی (FCRs) در حدود 0/5، 5/5، 3/6 برای TSHZ نرها، گوساله و ماده‌ها در طرح 2 کمتر از 2/7، 6/8، 6/8 برای نر TSHZ، گوساله و ماده در طرح 1 بود. بنابراین، طرح 2 به لحاظ اقتصادی امکان پذیر و سودآور است و در نتیجه برای بهبود درآمد، معیشت، کاهش فقر و تجاری سازی صنعت گوشت گاو، برای اجرا و پشتیبانی مالی توصیه می‌شود. Manuscript profile
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        101 - The Effect of SNP c.100800G > A on CAST|Cfr13I Gene Polymorphisms with Ultrasound Imaging of Meat Characteristics and Growth Traits in Bali Cattle
        N.M.P. Setyani R. Priyanto J. Jakaria
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        102 - تأثیر تکنیک‌های مختلف برداشت بر بازیابی و کیفیت ساختارهای اووسیت کومولوس گاوی
        اس.اچ. بهلولی اس. بزگلو اف. سدن
        در این مطالعه اثر تکنیک­های مختلف برداشت بر بازیابی و کیفیت ساختارهای اووسیت کومولوس (COC) گاوی و ویژگی­های تکاملی بعدی آنها شامل بلوغ آزمایشگاهی، باروری و تشکیل بلاستوسیست مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. COC‌ها از تخمدان­های دام­های ذبح شده با استفاده از مکش More
        در این مطالعه اثر تکنیک­های مختلف برداشت بر بازیابی و کیفیت ساختارهای اووسیت کومولوس (COC) گاوی و ویژگی­های تکاملی بعدی آنها شامل بلوغ آزمایشگاهی، باروری و تشکیل بلاستوسیست مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. COC‌ها از تخمدان­های دام­های ذبح شده با استفاده از مکش، برش یا مکش پس از برش برداشت شدند. COC‌ها به صورت میکروسکوپی کنترل شده و سپس در گروه­های A (حداقل سه لایه کومولوس)، B (دو لایه کومولوس)، C (یک لایه کومولوس یا سیتوپلاسم تخریب شده) و D (غیرطبیعی) دسته­بندی گردیدند. انواع COC‌ها به­ ازای هر تخمدان در بین سه روش مکش (21/0‌±‌31/2)، برش (65/1‌±‌65/6) و مکش پس از برش (43/1‌±‌72/3) متفاوت بودند (05/0‌≥‌P). تفاوت در کیفیت COC‌ها بین دسته­های A، B و C مشاهده گردیده ولی برای دسته D تفاوتی مشاهده نشد. قطر اووسیت و ویژگی­های تکاملی آزمایشگاهی بین روش­های مختلف برداشت تفاوتی نداشتند. نتیجه­گیری می­شود که مکش می­تواند تعداد متوسطی از اووسیت­های تخمدانی را برداشت نموده و حدود نیمی از آنها نمی­توانند توسط این روش برداشت گردند. بنابراین در مواردی که تعداد اووسیت­ها اهمیت دارد، باید از مکش خودداری کرده و از برش استفاده نمود. Manuscript profile
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        103 - Investigation of Differences in Biochemical and Mineral Composition of Urine between Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Crossbred Dairy Cattle
        م.م. خان اس. پراساد اف.آ. خان اچ.پ. گوپتا
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        104 - Thermoregulatory Mechanisms of Jersey Adult Cattle and Calves Based on Different Body Sites Temperature
        ی. بدخشان م.ر. محمد‪آبادی
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        105 - Genetic and Economic Aspects of Applying Embryo Transfer in Traditional and Genomic Evaluation in Iranian Holstein Dairy Cattle
        آ. بوستان ا. نجاتی-جوارمی ا. رضوان نژاد ع. مجتهدین
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        106 - Comparison of Different Lactation Curve Models to Describe Lactation Curve in Moroccan Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cows
        I. Boujenane
        In this study, the incomplete gamma function, an exponential function, a mixed-log function and a polynomial function were evaluated to describe the lactation curve in Moroccan Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Data from 1990 to 1999, comprising 77130 monthly milk yields of More
        In this study, the incomplete gamma function, an exponential function, a mixed-log function and a polynomial function were evaluated to describe the lactation curve in Moroccan Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Data from 1990 to 1999, comprising 77130 monthly milk yields of 6029 dairy cows in 280 dairy herds, were used. Edits were carried out by considering the lactation length (5 d and Manuscript profile
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        107 - فقدان ارتباط معنی‌دار بین ناحیه از ژن گیرنده هورمون رشد و وزن‌تولد گاوهای بومی سیستانی
        آ. جوانمرد س. ر. میرایی آشتیانی آ. ترکمن زهی م. مرادی شهر بابک
        تحقیق حاضر برای بررسی ارتباط چند‌شکلی موجود در ناحیه پروموتور ژن‌ گیرنده‌ رشد با وزن ‌تولد در گاوهای سیستانی انجام شد. به این منظور ساختار شجره موجود، با تعداد کل 1173 حیوان و 600 گوساله حاوی رکورد دقیق وزن ‌تولد، متعلق به ایستگاه اصلاح‌نژاد زهک سیستان و بلوچستان مورد م More
        تحقیق حاضر برای بررسی ارتباط چند‌شکلی موجود در ناحیه پروموتور ژن‌ گیرنده‌ رشد با وزن ‌تولد در گاوهای سیستانی انجام شد. به این منظور ساختار شجره موجود، با تعداد کل 1173 حیوان و 600 گوساله حاوی رکورد دقیق وزن ‌تولد، متعلق به ایستگاه اصلاح‌نژاد زهک سیستان و بلوچستان مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. در گام اولیه برآورد مولفه‌های واریانس ژنتیکی و وراثت‌پذیری وزن ‌تولد و با استفاده از مدل حیوانی مناسب و روش حداکثر درستنمایی محدود شده و به طریق تک صفته مورد برآورد قرار گرفت. میانگین وزن ‌تولد در گاو سیستانی صرفه ‌نظر از لحاظ جنسیت گوساله، حدود 16/3 ± 9/23 کیلو‌گرم برآورد شد. البته این برآورد، با تصحیح اثر عوامل ثابت مانند جنسیت و تعداد شکم بر روی این صفت صورت گرفت. وراثت‌پذیری وزن ‌تولد 06/0 ± 31/0 برآورد شد. استخراج دی‌ان‌آ، از خون کامل ورید وداجی و اسپرم‌های موجود به روش‌های متفاوت صورت پذیرفته و سپس چند شکلی قطعات حاصل از هضم آنزیمی متعاقب پی‌سی‌آر بر روی این ژن کاندیدا مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق نشان داد اندازه قطعات حاصل از پی‌سی‌آر و هضم آنزیمی با تحقیقات مشابه همخوانی داشته و پس از محاسبه فراوانی ژنوتیپی و اللی، سه ژنوتیپ مشاهده شده هیچ ارتباط معنی‌داری را با وزن تولد نشان ندادند. بررسی چند شکلی ناحیه‌های دیگر ژن کاندیدای مذکور یا سایر ژن‌های مرتبط با رشد برای درک مکانیزم کنترل کننده رشد در گاو سیستانی پیشنهاد می‌شود. Manuscript profile
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        108 - Antioxidant enzymes response to medicinal plant of Bakhtiari savory Satureja bachtiarica Bunge.affected by density and organic fertilizers in dryland farming conditions
        Ahmad Mirjalili Mohammad Hossein Lebaschi M.Reza Ardakania Hossein Heidari Sharifabad Mehdi Mirza
        10.30495/ijpp.2021.685348
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        109 - Pathologic changes of the spleen in cattle slaughtered in Urmia abattoir
        Hadi Razeghi-fam Amir Amniattalab Abdullah Araghi-sooreh
        In the current study, 490 cattle (293 female and 197 male) were inspected at Urmia abattoir. In these inspections, 17 cattle (3.4%) had splenic lesions and that of these, 6 animals had some lesions in other organs in addition to the spleen. Tissue sampling from abnormal More
        In the current study, 490 cattle (293 female and 197 male) were inspected at Urmia abattoir. In these inspections, 17 cattle (3.4%) had splenic lesions and that of these, 6 animals had some lesions in other organs in addition to the spleen. Tissue sampling from abnormal spleens was performed. After tissue fixation, sections with 6 μ in thickness were prepared and stained by hematoxylin and eosin method. In the macroscopic inspection lesions such as splenomegaly, change of tissue consistency, color change and cyst had more abundance compared to other lesions. In the microscopic pathological evaluations, hemosiderosis, parenchymal fibrosis, tumor, necrosis, hemorrhage and focal necrosis areas were found in damaged spleens. In statistical analysis, color changes of the spleen between breed groups and consistency change of the spleen between sex groups showed significant difference (p<0.05). Indeed, abundance of injured spleens had a significant relation with age and sex of slaughtered cattle (p<0.05). Manuscript profile
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        110 - Evaluation of counter-immunoelectrophoresis for detection of somatic circulating antigen in bovine sera naturally infected to Fasciola gigantica.
        وجیهه Khodadadian A. Hasanvand M.H Razi Jalali مسعود Ghorbanpoor
        Diagnosis of fasciolosis is based on antibody or antigen detection in serum. Antigen detection provided early diagnosis of infection. With counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) antibody or antigen existence can be detected in less than 3 hours. This study assessed this te More
        Diagnosis of fasciolosis is based on antibody or antigen detection in serum. Antigen detection provided early diagnosis of infection. With counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) antibody or antigen existence can be detected in less than 3 hours. This study assessed this test for diagnosis of Fasciola gigantica antigen in cattle. For this purpose, Fasciola gigantica were collected from liver of infected slaughtered cattles. Somatic antigen was prepared from collected parasites and was injected into 2 healthy rabbits for production of hyperimmuniune sera. For evalution of CIEP totally 20 negative and 40 positive sera were collected from slaughtered cattles. All sera were evaluated for diagnosis of fasciolosis by CIEP for detection of circulating antigen of Fasciola gigantica. Thirty six of forthy infected cattle sera were positive and twenty uninfected cattle sera were negative in CIEP. Sensitivity and specificity of CIEP for detection of Fasciola gigantica antigen were 100% and 90%, respectively. It is concluded that CIEP has acceptable sensitivity and specificity for rapid and early diagnosis of Fasciola gigantica. Manuscript profile
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        111 - The Role of Livestock Cooperatives in Improving Economic Status of Animal Raisers: A Case Study on Cattle Breeders, Hamedan, Iran
        Samira Jeyhooni Mohammad Karim Motamed Reza Movahedi Hadi Fathi
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        112 - Comparison of the Efficiency of Traditional and Industrial Milk Production Units in Khuzestan Province
        M. A. Sabaghi H. Badavi A. R. Ommani
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        113 - Impact of Small-Holders’ Cattle Fattening on Household Income Generation in Fadis District of Eastern Hararghe Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
        Jafer Mume Fikadu Tadesse
        At the household level, livestock plays a critical economic and social role in pastoralists and at the household level, livestock plays a critical economic and social role in pastoralists and smallholder farm households. The objectives of this study were to analyze fact More
        At the household level, livestock plays a critical economic and social role in pastoralists and at the household level, livestock plays a critical economic and social role in pastoralists and smallholder farm households. The objectives of this study were to analyze factors affecting participation in cattle fattening and its impacts on household income in Fadis district of Eastern Hararghe. Both primary and secondary data were used. The data were collected by means of a semi-structured questionnaire from 124 samples during the period of April 20-May20/ 2017. Logit estimation revealed that participation in cattle fattening is significantly influenced by five variables. Age of household head, labor force in family member, market information, access to agricultural extension services and number of livestock are significant variables which affect the participation of the household in cattle fattening practices. Propensity score matching method was applied to analyze the impact of the cattle fattening on the household income generation. In matching processes, kernel matching with 0.25 band width was resulted in relatively low pseudo-R2 with best balancing test was found to be the best matching algorithm. This method was checked for standardized bias, t-test, and joint significance level. Propensity score matching results revealed that household participated in cattle fattening practice have got 14,071 more farm income and 12,617 total household income in Ethiopian Birr (ETB) than those household that were not participated in fattening practices. This income difference shows how non-farm and off-farm income compensated for income obtained from cattle fattening activities with farm income.    Manuscript profile
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        114 - Livestock Marketing Decisions Among Pastoral Communities: The Influence of Cattle Rustling in Baringo District, Kenya
        Kaimba George Kinyua Guliye Abdi Yakub Njehia Bernard Kamau Hillary Kiplangat Bett
        The study sought to determine whether pastoralists have resorted to sale of livestock as a form of insurance against commercialization of cattle rustling in which well structured and managed cartels have organised more intense and frequent cattle raids on pastoralist, a More
        The study sought to determine whether pastoralists have resorted to sale of livestock as a form of insurance against commercialization of cattle rustling in which well structured and managed cartels have organised more intense and frequent cattle raids on pastoralist, and how their decisions have affected their herd size. The study was conducted among the pastoral Baringo community of Kenya. A sample size of 110 households was selected using multi-stage sampling procedures and interviewed using a questionnaire. Binary Probit Model and Ordinary Least Squares were used in the analysis. Results indicated that cattle rustling, particularly in its predatory state significantly contributes to spontaneous sale of livestock even under very low prices that in themselves could be described as raiding. The results further indicated that the number of livestock lost through cattle rustling dominated livestock sale and hence reduced herd size and the numbers of livestock available for sale. The insecurity generated by cattle rustling, coupled with the poor marketing infrastructure make market inaccessible by both buyers and sellers, resulting to increased poverty and dependency amongst the pastoralists. Consequently, pastoralism has become a source of misery rather than source of livelihood. Manuscript profile
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        115 - Livestock Farming Systems and Cattle Production Orientation in Eastern High Plains of Algeria, Cattle Farming System in Algerian Semi-Arid Region
        Lounis Semara Charefeddine Mouffok Toufik Madani
        This study was an attempt to devise productive orientations of cattle herds in eastern high plains of Algeria. In this regard, 165 farms randomly identified were investigated. The selection of breeders was based to existence of cattle on the farm, and the farmer propose More
        This study was an attempt to devise productive orientations of cattle herds in eastern high plains of Algeria. In this regard, 165 farms randomly identified were investigated. The selection of breeders was based to existence of cattle on the farm, and the farmer proposed to investigation must have at least two cows. The approach taken was to identify all systems adopted by farmers in a region through the analysis of the relationship between the maintenance of different types of cattle and preferred marketing policies. The model has been emerged as a result of functional typology established using the procedure categorical principal components analysis (CATPCA) of optimal coding in SPSS [19.2010]. Following this approach, five types of cattle productive orientation have been identified, the balanced mixed system (dairy-beef), beef mixed system, dairy mixed system, dairy system and beef system. These results showed that the breeders were oriented towards specialization (dairy or beef) in less than 20% of situations. Farmers in our context prefer mixed systems when beef mixed system was the model type frequently encountered in the region (over than 50% of farms). Manuscript profile
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        116 - Detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by Nested PCR in dairy cattles suspected to john’s disease
        Abbas Doosti Saadat Moshkelani
        Backgorund and Objectives: Johne’s disease is a chronic intestinal disease of domestic and wild ruminants that is caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. So that Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is a widespread zoonotic disease, necessary to use prevention and con More
        Backgorund and Objectives: Johne’s disease is a chronic intestinal disease of domestic and wild ruminants that is caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. So that Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is a widespread zoonotic disease, necessary to use prevention and control methods to eliminate this agent matter needs the attention of corresponding managers. The aim of this study is base on use of Nested PCR as an accurate and rapid method to detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis bovine feces. Material and Methods: Fecal samples from 120 dairy cattle were collected and DNA extraction was performed from the samples. Then, samples were evaluated with specific primers for the Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-specific IS900 gene by Nested-PCR assay. Finally, PCR products were electrophoresis on agarose gel. Results: In total, from 120 samples were enrolled in this study, 22 specimen (18.33%) were found positive on the basis of Nested-PCR analysis. Conclusion: Nested PCR technique is considered as a fast, reliable and affordable assay to detect Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Manuscript profile
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        117 - A Review on Bush Encroachment Effect on Cattle Rearing in Rangelands
        Shimels Ali Getachew Muche
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        118 - Assessment of Forage Production and Its nutritional Values for Local Cattle Farming in Rangelands of Kupang Regency Indonesia
        Edi Sulistijo Ifar Subagyo Siti Chuzaemi Herni Sudarwati
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        119 - Effects of utilizing manure, vermicompost, chemical fertilizer, Triple superphosphate and urea in agriculturing flax plant (Linum usitatissimum L.)
        laila bahari shahab madah hosaini hamed bekhrad fateme niknam
        To investigate effects of utilizing manure, vermicompost, triple superphosphate and urea chemical fertilizer in agriculturing flax plant, a split plot experiment, designed on randomized complete block with three replications, was conducted at research farm of agricultur More
        To investigate effects of utilizing manure, vermicompost, triple superphosphate and urea chemical fertilizer in agriculturing flax plant, a split plot experiment, designed on randomized complete block with three replications, was conducted at research farm of agriculture faculty of Valieasr University of Rafsanajn. Main plots were four combinations of fertilizers including: nitrogen+phosphorus nitrogen+phosphorus+cattle manure (NPM), nitrogen+phosphorus+cattle manure+sulphur (NPMS) and vermicompost and subplots were four flax seed genotype as Kurdistan Native, E37, L22 and L18. Results showed that NPM and NPMS decreased the height of plant. Oil yield in Kurdistan Native, L22 and L18 were equal to NP when vermicompost applied but for E37 was significantly higher. Kurdistan Native had relatively high oil yield in all four fertilizer treatment. This genotype had the lowest leaf area, plant height, biological yield, as well as the shortest growth cycle. It seems that in Kurdistan Native, relatively high partitioning of photo assimilates to economic organs is directed which leads to better regulation of source-sink relations. Since adding cattle manure or sulphur to base level of fertilizer (NP) had inhibitory effects on some vegetative and reproductive traits, it is not suggested to use this fertilizer combination in saline and sodic soils similar to this experiment situation. Reduction in soil osmotic potential or toxic effects of some minerals, e.g. Na may be the cause of these effects. Manuscript profile
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        120 - Effects of organic amendments and zinc application on yield, nitrogen and zinc uptake in a rapeseed-wheat rotation
        Ruhollah Naderi Somayeh Moradnia E. Bijanzadeh
        To investigate the effect of organic amendments and zinc on grain yield of rapeseed and wheat, nitrogen and zinc uptake of wheat in a rapeseed-wheat rotation, a two-year study was conducted at the Agricultural college of Darab, Shiraz University in 2012-2014.In the firs More
        To investigate the effect of organic amendments and zinc on grain yield of rapeseed and wheat, nitrogen and zinc uptake of wheat in a rapeseed-wheat rotation, a two-year study was conducted at the Agricultural college of Darab, Shiraz University in 2012-2014.In the first year of the study, treatments consisted of nitrogen fertilizer, municipal waste compost, vermicompost, sheep manure, cattle manure, and control (no fertilizer) and zinc sulphate rates of 0, 10 and 20 mg kg-1 and two rapeseed cultivars (Sarigol and RGS). In the second year of the study, in the same pots as the last year two durum wheat cultivars (Behrang and Yavarus) were sown. Results showed that sheep manure increased rapeseed yield more than the other fertilizers. Also, grain yield of Yavarus was higher than that of Behrang. The greatest grain yield observed in sheep manure treatment (5.71 g pot-1). The residual effect of sheep manure on wheat yield was more than the other organic amendments. All organic amendments except vermicompost increased nitrogen content in wheat grain significantly compared to control and the highest amount of zinc in wheat grain obtained in sheep manure treatment (39 mg kg -1). Results showed that the different rapeseed and wheat cultivars showed various responses to organic amendments and chemical N fertilizers and the type of cultivars should be taken into account while recommending these fertilizers. Manuscript profile
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        121 - بررسی تنوع گونه و توزیع کنه های سخت (آکاری: ایکسودیده) گاو و گاومیش های شهرستان میاندوآب، ایران
        سهراب رسولی فائزه حیدربیگی مهدی سیف احمدی آتوسا نوعی
        10.30495/jbcvm.2023.1968502.1029
        خانواده ایکسودیده یکی از بزرگ‌ترین خانواده‌های کنه‌های حیوانات اهلی است که شامل 13 جنس و 650 گونه در پنج زیر خانواده است. هدف از این تحقیق، بررسی شیوع آلودگی گاو و گاومیش های شهرستان میاندوآب به گونه‌های مختلف کنه‌های سخت از نظر کمیت و همچنین شناسایی تنوع گونه‌های کنه‌ه More
        خانواده ایکسودیده یکی از بزرگ‌ترین خانواده‌های کنه‌های حیوانات اهلی است که شامل 13 جنس و 650 گونه در پنج زیر خانواده است. هدف از این تحقیق، بررسی شیوع آلودگی گاو و گاومیش های شهرستان میاندوآب به گونه‌های مختلف کنه‌های سخت از نظر کمیت و همچنین شناسایی تنوع گونه‌های کنه‌ها می‌باشد. در این مطالعه که از ابتدای بهار 1395 تا پایان زمستان سال 1396 انجام شد، 406 کنه از کل گاوها و 187کنه از کل گاومیش های مورد مطالعه، جمع آوری و شناسایی شدند. از مجموع گاوهای مورد مطالعه، هیالوما آناتولیکم آناتولیکم با 179 عدد (44/09%) به عنوان بیشترین عامل آلوده کننده و بوآفیلوس آنولاتوس با سه عدد (0/74%) به‌عنوان کم‌ترین عامل آلوده‌کننده شناخته شدند. از مجموع گاومیش های مورد مطالعه، هیالوما آناتولیکم آناتولیکم با 101 عدد (54/01%) به عنوان بالاترین عامل آلوده کننده و رپی سفالوس سانگوینوس با 21 عدد (11/23%) به عنوان کمترین عامل آلوده کننده شناخته شدند (0.05>P). در مطالعه حاضر، از نظر شیوع فصلی آلودگی کنه سخت، بیشترین میزان آلودگی در فصل بهار و کمترین میزان آلودگی در فصل زمستان مشاهده شد (0.05>P). بیشترین میزان کنه های سخت در کشاله ران و کمترین آن در سطح بیضه مشاهده شد (0.05>P). Manuscript profile
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        122 - بررسی فون کنه‌های سخت گاو در شهر مراغه، ایران
        سهراب رسولی امید محمدپور سید محمد راه چمنی
        10.30495/jbcvm.2021.1930418.1010
        هدف از مطالعه حاضر، ارزیابی گسترش آلودگی گاوهای شهرستان مراغه به گونه­های مختلف کنه­های سخت از نظر کمی و همچنین شناسایی تنوع گونه­ای کنه­های یافت شده می­باشد. . در این مطالعه که از ابتدای پائیز 1394 تا انتهای تابستان 1395 انجام شده است از کل گاوهای م More
        هدف از مطالعه حاضر، ارزیابی گسترش آلودگی گاوهای شهرستان مراغه به گونه­های مختلف کنه­های سخت از نظر کمی و همچنین شناسایی تنوع گونه­ای کنه­های یافت شده می­باشد. . در این مطالعه که از ابتدای پائیز 1394 تا انتهای تابستان 1395 انجام شده است از کل گاوهای مورد بررسی در شهرستان مراغه، 328 کنه جمع­آوری و شناسایی گردید که شامل 4 جنس و 8 گونه بود. هیالوما آناتولیکم آناتولیکم با فراوانی 151 (46.06 درصد) بعنوان بیشترین عامل آلودگی و رپی سفالوس تورانیکوس با فراوانی 2 (0.61 درصد) بعنوان کمترین عامل آلودگی شناسایی شدند در حالی که بعد از هیالوما آناتولیکم آناتولیکم، رپی سفالوس بورسا با فراوانی 58 (17.58 درصد)، هیالوما آناتولیکم اکسکاواتوم با فراوانی 41 (12.50 درصد)، رپی سفالوس سانگوینوس با فراوانی 38 (11.59 درصد)، هیالوما دتریتوم با فراوانی 32 (9.76 درصد) و هر یک از درماسنتور مارژیناتوس و بوآفیلوس آنوالتوس با فراوانی 3 (0.91 درصد) به ترتیب بالاترین آلودگی بودند. در تحقیق حاضر، از لحاظ شیوع فصلی آلودگی به کنه سخت، در بهار 168 کنه، در تابستان 89 کنه و در پاییز و زمستان به ترتیب 45 و 26 کنه یافته شد و بیشترین میزان آلودگی در گاوها در فصل بهار و کمترین میزان آلودگی در فصل زمستان مشاهده شد. بیشترین پراکندگی کنه در کشاله ران و کمترین پراکندگی کنه در روی بیضه ­ها مشاهده شد. Manuscript profile
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        123 - The Molecular Study of Babesia Species in the Cattles of Mazandaran Province
        Nasrollah Vahedi Nouri Vahid Noaman
        Different Babesia species originating from the Apicomplexa family are the parasites existing in red blood cells, and they can widely affect the domestic and wild animal and also human. Babesiosis is a serious disease in cattle breeding industry that has affected more th More
        Different Babesia species originating from the Apicomplexa family are the parasites existing in red blood cells, and they can widely affect the domestic and wild animal and also human. Babesiosis is a serious disease in cattle breeding industry that has affected more than 0.5 billion of the cattles in the world. This study has been performed aiming to determine the Babesia species in the cattles of Mazandaran province. A total number of 210 blood samples were randomly collected from the jugular vein of the cattles. In the beginning, the DNA extracted from the blood sampleswas replicated with a primer pair  replicating a 400-bp fragment of the Babesia 18S rRNA gene. All the positive bovine samples were examined with the specific semi nested-PCR for checking Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis. The results showed that the overall prevalence rates of Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis infection in the cattles were 33.33% and 28.6%, respectively. Chi-square test was used to compare the prevalence of the infetion in terms of seasons, the livestock age, and the type of livestock husbandry (traditional - semi-industrial). SPSS software was used for data analysis and the significance level was considered p < 0.05. The results of this study show that Babesiosis is one of the most important diseases in the cattles of Mazandaran province, especially in the seasons of the ticks activity. Manuscript profile
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        124 - Effect of Open Days in Holstein Dairy Cows on Genetic Ranking of the Bulls
        Roohallah Barzehkar Nasser Emam jomeh kashan Masuod Asadi fozi Mohammad Chamani
        10.22034/ascij.2023.1982339.1478
        Milk production and fertility are important traits for genetic evaluation of bulls in breeding programs. The goal of this research was to investigate the reproduction and fertility status in Iranian Holstein dairy cattle and effect of days open on the milk production an More
        Milk production and fertility are important traits for genetic evaluation of bulls in breeding programs. The goal of this research was to investigate the reproduction and fertility status in Iranian Holstein dairy cattle and effect of days open on the milk production and genetic ranking of bulls. A total number of 706,653 test day records of first parity of 78,517 Holstein cows in 448 herds during the years from 1991 to 2016 were used. The phenotypic and genetic relationship of the amount of milk production in 270 days and the number of open days and their genetic parameters were estimated through a two-trait model. Also data were analyzed using a random regression model and predicted the breeding values of bulls. The results showed that in the studied population, 7.7 and 60% of the cows in the herds became pregnant by 45 and 112 days after calving, respectively and 54.6% of successful pregnancies occur after 90 days in milk. The heritability of 270 days milk and open days and their genetic correlation were estimated of to be 0.257 (±0.016) and 0.0314 (±0.004) and 0.538 (±0.06) respectively. The range of estimated heritability of 270 days milk for first to ninth groups were 0.11-0.26. Days open was a source of variation of the parameter. The results showed that number of open days affected the predicted breeding value of bulls and their ranking. It is concluded that, in sire evaluation programs in order to increase the accuracy of breeding value prediction of the sires it is necessary to include the variable of number of open days in the statistical models. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        125 - Survey infection of Genetic diversity of E. coli strains isolated from beef cattle in sanandaj
        Hiva karimi darhabi
        10.30495/vmj.2022.701371
        Escherichia coli often lead to foodborne pathogen and generally considered public health importance. Escherichia coli can be produce one or more Shiga toxins, which may produce diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndromein humans and ani More
        Escherichia coli often lead to foodborne pathogen and generally considered public health importance. Escherichia coli can be produce one or more Shiga toxins, which may produce diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndromein humans and animals .The aim of the present work was to investigate the Escherichia coli groups A, B1, B2 and D of 80 samples from beef cattle in sanandaj . result shows that 34 samples(42.5%) E. coli isolated and identified based on standard procedures and PCR method with uidA gene .phylogenetic group of each strain was determined by using multiplex PCR method with chuA ,yjaA and segment of DNA TspE4C2. In this study, Among the strains isolated e.coli from beef cattle were allocated into phylogenetic group A (61.76%), B2 (5.8%), D(26.62%) and group B 1 (8.82%). Detection of E.coli isolation is very important and shows that food of animal origin can be of a reservoir that potentially could be transferred to humans the food chain. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        126 - Prevalence of Sarcocysts in cows slaughtered in Kermanshah slaughterhouse
        Ali Moghadam saied shahram Shekarforoush
        10.30495/vmj.2022.691086
        Sarcocystis infection is one of the most common protozoan infections between humans and animals that is caused by different species of Sarcocystis. The parasite is pathogenic to animals, including cattle and sheep, and also causes gastrointestinal symptoms in humans. Du More
        Sarcocystis infection is one of the most common protozoan infections between humans and animals that is caused by different species of Sarcocystis. The parasite is pathogenic to animals, including cattle and sheep, and also causes gastrointestinal symptoms in humans. Due to the health importance of this parasite, in this study, the rate of infection with macroscopic and microscopic sarcocystis cysts in cows slaughtered in Kermanshah slaughterhouse was investigated.In this study, 100 carcasses of cows were randomly selected and samples of esophagus, diaphragm, heart and tongue were prepared and examined. . The samples were examined by direct observation (macroscopic) and compression smear (Impression smear), which are diagnostic methods in animal tissues. The basis for the diagnosis of microscopic cysts was the preparation of pressure spread of the samples and then staining them with Giemsa dye and microscopic observation of parasitic bradyzoites.No macroscopic cysts were observed in the direct observation method. However, in the compression expansion method, 100% of the studied cows were positive for microscopic cysts. There was also a significant difference between the amount of infection in different muscles.All of the studied cows were infected with the parasite Sarcocystis, and the heart was identified as the most infected tissue.The present study shows that the compression propagation method, which is a simple, inexpensive and rapid method, has an acceptable sensitivity for detecting microscopic sarcocystis cysts. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        127 - Pathological study of confiscated livers of slaughtered cattle in Urmia Abattoir
        Amir Amniattalab Reza Alizadeh
        In this study, livers of 1286 cattle are inspected grossly during five months according to their color and consistency changes with referring to Urmia Abattoir. Among the inspected carcasses, livers of 110 cattle had lesions. The collected tissues samples of confiscated More
        In this study, livers of 1286 cattle are inspected grossly during five months according to their color and consistency changes with referring to Urmia Abattoir. Among the inspected carcasses, livers of 110 cattle had lesions. The collected tissues samples of confiscated livers are placed in 10% buffered formalin as a fixative solution and are sent to pathology laboratory for preparation of tissue microscopic sections with a thickness of 6 μm. Pathologic sections are stained by haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and periodic acid schiff (PAS) methods. The most pathologic changes in cattle livers are fatty change (33.6%), congestion (27.3%), hepatitis and cholangitis (25.5%), and bile duct hyperplasia (39.3%) respectively. Results of this survey showed that there was a significance relation (p Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        128 - Occurrence of botulism due to consumption of bread waste mixed with meat pieces in feedlot cattle in suburb of Tehran
        Peyman Dehghan Rahimabadi Diba Golchin Babak Bastani Amin Anoushepour Javad Abbasi Hasan Asgari Rad
        In August 2020, 10 feedlot cattle were presented with weakness of the hind limbs, ataxia and incoordination, paralysis, and eventually sternal recumbency, in a farm in the suburban area of Tehran. Hypothermia, ruminal hypomotility, constipation, tongue paralysis, hypers More
        In August 2020, 10 feedlot cattle were presented with weakness of the hind limbs, ataxia and incoordination, paralysis, and eventually sternal recumbency, in a farm in the suburban area of Tehran. Hypothermia, ruminal hypomotility, constipation, tongue paralysis, hypersalivation, paralysis of the tail and anus sphincter, bradycardia and arrhythmia were recorded in clinical examination. Necropsy revealed severe impaction in the forestomaches, and endocardial hemorrhage. 0.5ml of gastrointestinal contents of affected cattle was administered to three mice, via intraperitoneal route. Signs of botulism was noticed following the injection; hence the diagnosis was confirmed. Microscopic examination revealed nonspecific histopathologic changes in different organs including heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and abomasum. Analysis of the ingested feed confirmed the presence of meat pieces mixed with bread waste, which provides an excellent environment for C. botulinum spores to germinate and produce toxins. Eventually, after 45 days of botulism outbreak, a total number of 98 affected cows were slaughtered and the carcasses were destroyed according to guidelines issued by Iran veterinary organization. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        129 - A study on the possible effects of administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin, at 5th day after AI, to improve conception rate and serum progesterone concentration in Holstein dairy cattle
        , O Ataie بهرام Salasel, A. Mehrabi
        The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of administration of exogenous hCG 5 days after artifcialinsemination (AI) on serum progesterone concentration and conception rate in dairy cows.39 lactating dairy cattlerandomly allotted to 2 experimental groups More
        The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of administration of exogenous hCG 5 days after artifcialinsemination (AI) on serum progesterone concentration and conception rate in dairy cows.39 lactating dairy cattlerandomly allotted to 2 experimental groups: Treated group included 19 dairy cows that received 3000IU hCG on day5 after AI and non treated (control) group included 21 dairy cows that only received 5ml normal saline 5 day after AI.Blood sampling obtained on day 5, before administration of exogenous hCG and normal saline, and also on day 13after AI to measure serum progesterone concentrations. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by rectal palpation 40-60 days after AI. On day 13 average serum progesterone concentrations were 7.72ng/ml and 8.25ng/ml in hCG andcontrol groups respectively. Pregnancy proportion in hCG and control groups were 31.6% and 47.6% respectively.Statistical analysis of results did not show any signifcant difference between two groups in respect to pregnancyproportion or progesterone concentrations (p>0.05). Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        130 - Prevalence of BVD in bovine aborted fetuses of dairy cattle herds by RT� PCR in Tehran province
        آریا Badii, فرهاد Mousakhani, علی Zolfaghari, محسن Zafari, , M Malekan
        Bovine viral diarrhea disease virus (BVDV) from flaviviridae family and pestiviruses can cause reproductive complications including abortion, stillbirth, infertility, congenital defects and many other economic losses. Becauseof diffcult clinical diagnosis, many laborator More
        Bovine viral diarrhea disease virus (BVDV) from flaviviridae family and pestiviruses can cause reproductive complications including abortion, stillbirth, infertility, congenital defects and many other economic losses. Becauseof diffcult clinical diagnosis, many laboratory methods including reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) can be used to exact diagnosis.In this study, 251 samples of aborted fetuses were referred from industrial dairy farms of Tehran province andevaluated in a reference laboratory during one year. samples tested were tissues, including liver, kidney, spleenand heart were the fetus.Based on the results, the estimated prevalence of abortion due to BVD in Tehran province was 25.2% and basedon the season, respectively, spring 33.3%, summer 18%, atom 34.2%, winter 23.7%.In order to reduce the prevalence of BVD abortions the following points should be noted: identifcation and elimination PIs, vaccination, application of bio-security principles and etc Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        131 - Clinical reaction and hematological and serum biochemical alterations in interspecies blood transfusion from sheep to cow
        saeed Azimpour saeed Nazifi parham Mottaghian
        In cattle, blood transfusion is done in severe anemia as a result of abomasal ulcers, parturition accident and hemolytic diseases. The aim of this investigation was to observe the clinical reactions, hematological and serum biochemical alterations in interspecies blood More
        In cattle, blood transfusion is done in severe anemia as a result of abomasal ulcers, parturition accident and hemolytic diseases. The aim of this investigation was to observe the clinical reactions, hematological and serum biochemical alterations in interspecies blood transfusion from sheep to cow. 5 sheep aged 2 – 3 years old and 5 calves aged around 1 year old were selected. Blood was collected from the selected sheep. 280 ml of blood were transfused from sheep to calves. No any serious clinical reactions was observed after blood transfusion. Blood samples were taken from recipients before blood transfusion and at the times 12 and 24 hours post-transfusion. Total white blood cells, differential leukocyte count and determination of serum total protein, total bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, total globulin and albumin were performed. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test to detect significant differences among the means. There were no significant hematological and biochemical changes in the calves (p≥0.05), maybe as a result of vast variety of blood groups in cattle.   Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        132 - A case report of Mycotoxicosis due to Trichothecium Contamination in a dairy farm in Shahriar province
        فرزانه Tajdini مهران Farhoodi Moghadam بنفشه Gholamhosseini
        Trichothecium is well know as soil saprophytes or plant pathogenic fungi and contaminates cereals specially wheatand barley in the diets. Tricothecium, fusarium and stachybotrys. Can produce trichothecenes mycotoxine. This mycotoxin has very potent toxic effects on huma More
        Trichothecium is well know as soil saprophytes or plant pathogenic fungi and contaminates cereals specially wheatand barley in the diets. Tricothecium, fusarium and stachybotrys. Can produce trichothecenes mycotoxine. This mycotoxin has very potent toxic effects on human and animal bodies.Clinical signs of trichothecene mycotoxicosis includes lower feeding rate, vomiting. Diarrhea, disorders in reproductive system, hematological changes like leucopenia trombocyto penia, and pathologic defects like Epithelionecrosisand gastroentritis also would be observed.In a dairy cattle herd in shahriar province, many cases of abortion, diarrhea and blood in the feces were observed.After mycological investigations for other purposes, 30 samples of their ration and vaginal samples which were contaminated with trichothecium samples were cultured in SDA and PDA.There is possibility of trichothecium mycotoxicosis in this herd because the clinical signs disappeared with replacingthe contaminated diet with a clean diet. The result suggests that trichthecium contamination should be considered indary cattles. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        133 - Relationship between teat-end hyperkeratosis at the beginning of dry period and new mammary infection rate in dairy cattle
        اورنگ Ataee علی Khalaf محمد Emadi
        Milk samples in an aseptic manner at the beginning of dry period and three days after parturition from 124 mammary quarters (37 cows) were collected to determine somatic cell count (SCC). All quarters were scored (1 to 5)on the basis of teat–end hyperkeratosis to More
        Milk samples in an aseptic manner at the beginning of dry period and three days after parturition from 124 mammary quarters (37 cows) were collected to determine somatic cell count (SCC). All quarters were scored (1 to 5)on the basis of teat–end hyperkeratosis to establish a correlation between the score and new infection rate andSCCs. After the last milking, a commercial intramammary antibiotic was used for all quarters. In this study criticalvalue of 250000 cell/ml was set for SCCs. Samples with somatic cell count lower and greater than this critical valuewere considered healthy and infected respectively. The statistical analysis showed 26.5 % new infection rate and5% cure rate at 3 days after parturition. The score were 1, 2, 3 and greater than 3 for 40%, 36%, 21% and 3% ofevaluated teats respectively. There was signifcant difference between milk SCC at the beginning of the dry periodand SCC of three days after parturition (p=0.0005, r = 0.8) Statistical analysis also showed signifcant differencesbetween teat-end hyperkeratosis and SCC at the same periods (p=0.0005, r = 0.66).There was no signifcant differences between teat score and new infection rate (P>0.05). Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        134 - Effect of cattle manure and mycorrhiza on growth physiological indices of naked seed pumpkin in different moisture conditions
        Mohsen Yousefi Jahanfar Daneshian
        AbstractDetection of medicinal plants growth under different irrigation conditions and drought stress can be a guide to planting resistant plants in arid or low water areas. In order to evaluate the effect of manure and mycorrhizal fungi on physiological indices of grow More
        AbstractDetection of medicinal plants growth under different irrigation conditions and drought stress can be a guide to planting resistant plants in arid or low water areas. In order to evaluate the effect of manure and mycorrhizal fungi on physiological indices of growth of naked seed pumpkin seedlings (cucurbita pepo L.) in underwater stress conditions, a split factorial in randomized complete block design with four replications in spring and summer 2009 The research center of Faizabad, Qazvin Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, was conducted. Irrigation at three levels including: I1 = 60, I2 = 120 and I3 = 180 (millimeter evaporation from a class A evaporation pan) in the main plots that were applied in the pre-flowering stage and the manure factor was at three levels: 0, 15 and 30 ton/ha, along with mycorrhizal fungi in two levels (application and non-application) in subplots. The results of four sampling stages showed that application of 30 tons per hectare of manure and application of mycorrhiza in dry matter conditions increased dry matter, relative growth rate and growth rate of crop. Also, after applying stress, physiological indices decreased. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        135 - Long Term Feeding Effects of a Vaccine against of Endotoxemia (ENDOVAC-Beef) on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Growing-Finishing Calf-Fed Holstein Steers
        B.C.  Latack P.H.  Carvalho A.  Plascencia R.A.  Zinn
        The objective was to evaluate the long-term effects of vaccination against endotoxemia on calf-fed Holstein steer growth performance, dietary energetics, and carcass characteristics. Fifty Holstein steer calves were used in a 322 d trial. Calves (134±5 kg) were randomly More
        The objective was to evaluate the long-term effects of vaccination against endotoxemia on calf-fed Holstein steer growth performance, dietary energetics, and carcass characteristics. Fifty Holstein steer calves were used in a 322 d trial. Calves (134±5 kg) were randomly assigned to treatments within weight groups to 10 pens (5 steers per pen). Five pen groups received an endotoxemia vaccination on d 28 and 56 of the study (EV), and the remaining 5 pens did not receive vaccination. Calves were weighed (off-truck weight, no shrink applied) at start of the study, and on days 122 and 322 (shrunk 4% to account for gut fill). All steers were fed with a steam-flaked corn-based diet. Vaccination did not affect (P≥0.10) live weight, average daily gain, and dry matter intake during the experiment. Although vaccination increased (P=0.04) gain efficiency during the initial 112 d, differences in gain efficiency from d 112 to 322, and during the cumulative feeding period (1 to 322 d) was not appreciable (P≥0.14). Vaccination did not affect (P≥0.31) hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, or marbling score. However, vaccination increased (P<0.01) longissimus muscle area (86.5 vs. 76.8 cm2) and retail yield (51.3 vs. 50.4); but, also tended to increase (P=0.07) carcass fat thick-ness. Morbidity and pink eye rate infection were low and not affected by treatment (P≥0.18). We conclude that whereas vaccinating Holstein calves with EV at days 28 and 56 from arrival did not have an overall effect on growth-performance, it increased (13%) longissimus area and retail carcass yield (1.8%). Manuscript profile

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