مروری بر عوامل‌مرتعی مؤثر بر مصرف ماده‌خشک گاوهای شیری در حال چرا
Subject Areas : Camelآ.ال. روکا فرناندز 1 , آ. گنزالو ردریگوئز 2
1 - Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, INGACAL, Apdo 10, 15080, A Coruna, Spain
2 - Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, INGACAL, Apdo 10, 15080, A Coruna, Spain
Keywords: فراوانی و شدت‌چرا, گاوهای شیری چرا کننده, ارزش غذایی علف, گونه‌های گرامینه / لگومینه, خصوصیات مرتع, مصرف ماده خشک مرتع,
Abstract :
سیستم‌های موفق مرتعی تولید شیر، بر اساس ایجاد توازن بین نیازمندیهای خوراکی دام با نوسانات فصلی و سالیانه در تولید مرتع پایه‌گذاری شده‌اند. به‌منظور حداکثر نمودن تولید گاوهای شیری در سیستم‌های چرا، دست‌یابی به استفاده با راندمان از علوفه چرا شده و توسعه سیستم‌های مدیریتی مناسب جهت حداکثر نمودن مصرف روزانه ماده خشک مرتع توسط هر گاو و در هر هکتار، ضمن داشتن یک مرتع با کیفیت بالا در طی فصل رشد از طریق حفظ سطوح بالای پروتئین خام، کربوهیدرات‌های محلول درآب، هضم‌پذیری ماده خشک و سطوح پایین الیاف‌های قابل حل در شوینده خنثی و اسیدی، ضروری است. برای حداکثر نمودن ماده خشک مصرفی از مراتع، لازم است تا گاوها از گیاهانی مصرف نمایند که دارای شاخصه‌های مصرف سریع بوده و منجر به نرخ سریع عبور از شکمبه شوند. در این مرور عوامل مرتعی که روی تنظیم کوتاه‌مدت مصرف خوراک گاوها تأثیر‌گذار بوده و بنابراین نیازمندیهای خوراکی دام‌های چرا کننده را مشخص می‌کنند، مد نظر قرار گرفته‌اند. گرچه مقدار علوفه مصرفی یک عامل تعیین‌کننده عمده تولید گاوها است، اما برآورد آن هنوز یکی از مشکل‌ترین جنبه‌های کیفی علوفه برای پیش‌بینی می‌باشد. در این مرور به سه روش خروجی مدفوعی / قابلیت هضم جیره‌ای، روش تفاوت مرتع و روش رفتار چرا برای محاسبه مصرف ماده خشک مرتع اشاره شده است. همچنین، سه معادله در بر گیرنده متغییرهای مرتعی و حیوانی برای تخمین میزان مصرف ماده خشک مرتع توصیف می‌شوند.
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