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Open Access Article
1 - Assessment of Tehran Beasat Thermal Power Plant Reuse Potential, Based on Adaptive Reuse Potential (ARP) Model
Mohammad Pourebrahimi Seyed Rahman Eghbali Hassan Ghafori FardMany buildings experience demolition while a significant part of their physical and structural life is still remain. Such buildings usually became abandoned before the end of their physical life as a result of various factors, such as the inability to meet the new requi MoreMany buildings experience demolition while a significant part of their physical and structural life is still remain. Such buildings usually became abandoned before the end of their physical life as a result of various factors, such as the inability to meet the new requirements and expectations. In such circumstances, adaptive reuse can have significant benefits compared to demolish and new construction. Demolition has some disadvantages, including waste of building embodied energy, building waste generation, use of new sources and greenhouse gas emissions as a result of new construction. Unlike demolition, adaptive reuse approach avoids the lavish process of demolition and new construction. Adaptive reuse approach can lead to materials waste reduction, maximum use of materials, embodied energy saving, time saving, economic saving, avoiding of overuse of resources and lands and preserve them for future generations. But the reuse of existing buildings need appropriate study and evaluating. Adaptive Reuse Potential (ARP) model through measuring building reuse potential and determining the best time to intervene for the reuse of building turns to an effective tool for decision-making in this area. Adaptive reuse potential (ARP) Model, which was introduced in 2007 by Professor Craig Langston, has a generic application to all countries. Adaptive reuse potential model (ARP) needs data such as the building physical life, current age of the building and building predicted useful life. Actually the useful life of a building is different from its physical life and there maybe buildings losing their utility because of obsolescence, years before the end of their physical life. This model uses 7 types of obsolescence includes, physical, economic, functional, technical, social, legal and political. A scale of 0–20% is used to assess obsolescence vulnerability, where 0% means it is effectively immune and 20% means it is significantly exposed. Adaptive reuse potential model (ARP) output is some indexes as percentage. ARP index more than 50% indicates high adaptive reuse potential, 20% to 50% indicates medium potential for reuse and ARP index below 20% indicates low potential for adaptive reuse. On the one hand, Fossil fuel power plants have valuable features for adaptive reuse, including large open internal spaces, solid structures, large and valuable tracts of land, existing infrastructure, interesting architecture features, historic preservation interest, and landmarks for a new generation. On the other hand, due to large scale of fossil fuel power plants, their demolition can cost a lot and cause waste generation and waste of embodied energy. New construction also involves the use of significant resources and land. Also given to greenhouse gas emissions by these power plants, determination of the useful life, potential and the best time for reuse are very important. Adaptive reuse potential (ARP) model is a useful tool in this regard. This paper assessed the adaptive reuse potential of Tehran Beasat power plant, based on Adaptive reuse potential (ARP) model. So, the Adaptive reuse potential (ARP) model has been studied through the practical application and meanwhile calculating the reuse potential of the power plant the obtained results are discussed and analyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - تأثیر سوختهای زیستی بر امنیت غذایی در کشورهای خاورمیانه
ابراهیم باباخانی رضا رستمیان مصطفی گودرزی -
Open Access Article
3 - Analysis of technical and managerial solutions to improve fuel efficiency in agricultural conversion and complementary industries in Kermanshah province
jafar yaghoubi sara poorjebrael Aliasghar mirakzadehAgricultural transformation and supplementary industries are one of the most important rural industries. The purpose of this research was to identify technical and managerial solutions to improve fuel efficiency in the conversion and complementary industries in Kermansh MoreAgricultural transformation and supplementary industries are one of the most important rural industries. The purpose of this research was to identify technical and managerial solutions to improve fuel efficiency in the conversion and complementary industries in Kermanshah province. Descriptive survey method was used in this research. A questionnaire used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by a panel of faculty member and related experts. Pre-test and calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were used to measure the reliability (0.71-0.94). Managers of agricultural transformation and supplementary industries units in Kermanshah province formed the population of this study (N=69) and 46 samples were selected using stratified random sampling. Based on exploratory factor analysis, the most important technical solutions to improve fuel efficiency in the agricultural conversion and supplementary industries of Kermanshah province was summarized in six factors including continuous updating of equipment, strengthening the use of equipment to reduce energy loss, automation of ventilation machines, technical management of systems, replacement of fuel with gas and periodical service of equipment. These factors explained 76.14 percent of the total variance of technical solutions. Management solutions to improve fuel efficiency were also summarized in four factors: investment in optimization and renovation, education and information, targeted government interventions with an optimization approach and reforming energy price policies, which explained 75.52% of the total variance of management solutions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Antioxidant effect of copper nanoparticles coated with Artemisia annua plant extract in the 2nd degree burns in mice
فرزانه Tavakoli بهناز Karimi babaahmadi موسی Javdani جهانگیر KaboutariBurns trigger intricate inflammatory processes and the generation of free radicals. The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial characteristics of the Artemisia annua plant have a significant potential for enhancing the healing process for wounds. This study e MoreBurns trigger intricate inflammatory processes and the generation of free radicals. The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial characteristics of the Artemisia annua plant have a significant potential for enhancing the healing process for wounds. This study examines the impact of an Artemisia annua extract-coated copper nanoparticle ointment on the antioxidant enzyme activity in second-degree burns in mice. After the green synthesis of coated copper nanoparticles, 100 male mice were divided into five groups: control without treatment, eucerin ointment group, 0.2% copper nanoparticle ointment, 0.2% copper nanoparticles coated with Artemisia annua extract ointment, and 5% Artemisia annua extract ointment. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and the level of lipid peroxidation in tissue homogenates were measured on days 14, 7, 3, and 21. SOD, CAT, and GPX activities were all significantly higher on day 7 in the coated copper nanoparticle ointment group compared to the control group (P˂0.05). The level of MDA was also significantly lower in the control group on days 7, 14, and 21 (P 0.05). The extract of the medicinal plant Artemisia annua is useful for making and coating copper nanoparticles. In addition to the advantages of plant extract, copper nanoparticles have a synergistic impact that speeds up the healing of second-degree burn wounds in mice by lowering lipid peroxidation in wound tissue and boosting antioxidant activity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Diesel-Biodiesel Blends on Brake Torque Characteristics and Specific Fuel Consumption in Diesel Engines
soodeh shaghaghi Mohammad Ghahderijani Mohammad hadi DehrouyehBackground and Objective: The number of diesel engines is increasing every year due to high yield and fuel economy and low greenhouse gas emission. Especially biodiesel and ethanol have been considered as major alternative fuels as they are derived from renewable source MoreBackground and Objective: The number of diesel engines is increasing every year due to high yield and fuel economy and low greenhouse gas emission. Especially biodiesel and ethanol have been considered as major alternative fuels as they are derived from renewable sources. These fuels are well oxygenated and therefore have a great potential to reduce emissions. Material and Methodology: The effect of engine load and speed and different percentages of diesel-biodiesel fuel blends on the performance characteristics of a diesel engine was investigated. Experiments were designed by response surface method (RSM), and optimal levels for independent variables were obtained to minimize or maximize response levels. Findings: According to the results, brake torque increased with increasing biodiesel level in fuel blends. Among independent variables, engine load and speed had the greatest impact on engine torque. The maximum torque was obtained for the fuel blend D36B64. Specific fuel consumption increased with increasing biodiesel level in fuel blends in comparison with the diesel fuel. The least specific fuel consumption was obtained for pure diesel fuel. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results, the highest torque was 315.55 Nm for fuel (D36.12B63.88) and the lowest torque was 44 Nm for pure diesel fuel (D100B0). According to fuel consumption results, the lowest fuel consumption occurs at 2323 rpm and for pure diesel fuel (D100B0). Also, the highest specific fuel consumption occurs at 67% engine load and 2800 revolutions per minute for pure biodiesel fuel (D0B100) at 304 g / kW. The results of multi-objective optimization indicated that the highest performance characteristics occurred at full load (100%) and engine speed of 1984 rpm for the fuel blend D22B78 (with a desirability of 91%). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Optimization Specific Fuel Consumption of Diesel, Biodiesel and Bioethanol Fuel Blends by Response Surface Methodology
Golmohammad Khoobbakht Mohammad ghahderijani Background and Objective: Recently much attention has been paid to the development of alternative fuels in order to meet the emission standards and to reduce the dependency on fossil fuel. Especially biodiesel and ethanol have been considered as major alternativ More Background and Objective: Recently much attention has been paid to the development of alternative fuels in order to meet the emission standards and to reduce the dependency on fossil fuel. Especially biodiesel and ethanol have been considered as major alternative fuels as they are derived from renewable sources. These fuels are well oxygenated and therefore have a great potential to reduce emissions. Method: This study is aimed at investigating the effect of operating factors of engine load and speed as well as blended levels of biodiesel and ethanol in diesel fuel on the specific fuel consumption of a DI diesel engine OM 314. The experiments were designed using a statistical tool known as response surface methodology (RSM). Findings: The results depicted that specific fuel consumption increased with increasing percentage of bioethanol and biodiesel and the minimum of the specific fuel consumption (156 g/kWh) was accured at full load and engine rotational speed of 2453 rpm for pure diesel (B0E0D100) Discussion and Conclusion: the maximum of specific fuel consumption was obtained with amount of 413 g/kWh at 20% engine load and rotational speed of 2800 rpm and for a fuel blend containing 0.4 l biodiesel, 0.4 l ethanol and 1l diesel (B22E22D56). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Investigating the Environmental Impacts for Four Varieties of Corn Based on Nitrogen Fertilizer Consumption through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Seyyed Mustafa Sadeghi Seyyed Ali NoorhosseiniBackground and Objective: The use of chemical fertilizers has many negative effects on the environment. Therefore, in order to evaluate the environmental effects of four maize cultivars based on the use of nitrogen fertilizer, research was conducted using the life cycle MoreBackground and Objective: The use of chemical fertilizers has many negative effects on the environment. Therefore, in order to evaluate the environmental effects of four maize cultivars based on the use of nitrogen fertilizer, research was conducted using the life cycle assessment method in Lahijan region. Method: For this purpose, a field experiment was performed as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were consisted different nitrogen levels (300, 400 and 500 kg/ha urea) as the main plot and four varieties of corn (KSC 647, KSC 700, KSC 704 and Local) as the subplots. In this studysix groups were investigated; the global warming, acidification, terrestrial eutrophication, the depletion of fossil resources, the depletion of potassium and the depletion of phosphate. Production of one ton of corn was considered as a functional unit to evaluate the environmental impacts. Findings: The results showed that maximum environmental index (1.53) and resources depletion index (1.11) was in production of one-ton local variety of corn with treatment 500 kg/ha urea. The minimum environmental index (0.39) and resources depletion index (0.45) was in production of one ton KSC 647 variety of corn with treatment 300 kg/ha urea. Discussion and Conclusion: Although there was not a difference between the different treatments of nitrogen in terms of corn yield, but the selection of superior varieties in terms of yield, by reducing nitrogen consumption, reduced damage to the environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Design, simulation and comparison of two novel renewable energy systems consisting of solar, biofuel and incineration plant to generate power and freshwater in Abu Musa Island
mohsen rostami Masoud Behzadinia Amirhamzeh FarajollahiBackground and Objective: With population growth and the pattern changes of the societies towards consuming more energy and resources, the reduction of fossil fuel reserves, lack of access to freshwater resources, and increasing environmental pollutants caused people to MoreBackground and Objective: With population growth and the pattern changes of the societies towards consuming more energy and resources, the reduction of fossil fuel reserves, lack of access to freshwater resources, and increasing environmental pollutants caused people to feel the need of using new and cleaner methods of energy production. Therefore, the use of renewable energy systems is one way to solve some of these problems. Material and Methodology: The present research is descriptive-analytical with an applied approach that its purpose is to use renewable energy in two design scenarios including solar collector, biofuels, and incineration plant in order to meet the partial need for the power and freshwater of the island. The simulation of the two proposed scenarios was performed by MATLAB, TRNSYS, and AspenTech engineering software. Techno-economical evaluations of the power and freshwater produced along with environmental impacts were also analyzed and reported. Findings: According to the results, it was found that the second scenario consisting of incineration plant - biofuel produced more power and freshwater than the first scenario and can also facilitate the management of waste in the region, while the first design including a solar collector - biofuel despite its lower power production, supplied cleaner energy with much better financial results. Discussion and Conclusion: To summarize, both proposed scenarios have high potential to meet a major portion of the region's needs, and, based on strategic policies and sustainable development, each design can be selected according to the current priorities of the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Long-term energy planning in industrial towns for the establishment of CHP projects (Lia industrial town case study)
mohammadsaied mohammadi Seyed Mostafa Khezri ali reza vafainezhadBackground and Objective: In recent decades, the improvement of living standards in developing societies has led to an increase in the demand of energy carriers (gas and electricity) in order to access more facilities and welfare. This study has been carried out with th MoreBackground and Objective: In recent decades, the improvement of living standards in developing societies has led to an increase in the demand of energy carriers (gas and electricity) in order to access more facilities and welfare. This study has been carried out with the aim of long-term energy planning in industrial cities for the establishment of CHP[1] projects, reducing energy consumption, using the heat resulting from energy consumption in different parts of production and the effect of different policies to reduce carbon dioxide. Material and Methodology: In line with the implementation of the study, firstly, the input values of different fuels in the industries and the effective factors in the consumption and heat demand in the industries were investigated based on the reference scenario, then the plans of the industries and government policies to reduce fuel consumption and the use of production heat. In line with this goal, the amount of fuel consumed in a base scenario (BAU)[2] in the existing industries in Leya industrial town (Qazvin province) was investigated during the years 2016 to 2019. Findings: The current and future productions in the country's industries and the investigation of energy consumption and usable heat generation during the use of fuel in the country's industries were determined by the LEAP[3] model in the base scenario. Then, the alternative methods of energy saving and the use of produced heat and the use of CHP technologies have been investigated for a period of 15 years. In 1414, about 30% of electricity and heat consumption is provided by CHP. Due to the replacement of CHP systems, the consumption of natural gas in the industrial sector will increase by 3% and the price of crude oil and petroleum products will decrease. Discussion and conclusion: The result of the simulation in the exploitation of the CHP system resource usage scenario for the next 15 years (1414), by LEAP software, shows that all the primary energy carriers in Lea Industrial City will reach the reference state and in the year 1414 with a reduction of about 30% in domestic electricity consumption from the public electricity network and its production by CHP systems 4- Combined Heat and Power 5- Business as Usual 6- Lang – Rang Energy Alternatives Planning System Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Evaluation of climate change and prediction of its impacts on efficiency and fuel consumption of thermal power plants in Iran in next decade
Andisheh Shiehbeigi Majid Abbaspour Mohammad Soltaniyeh Farhad Hosseinzadeh Zahra AbediSeveral studies yet have been conducted in the field of climate change in different parts of the worldin order to investigate the impact of meteorological parameters changes on the performance of energysector. In this study, the effect of climate change on the performan MoreSeveral studies yet have been conducted in the field of climate change in different parts of the worldin order to investigate the impact of meteorological parameters changes on the performance of energysector. In this study, the effect of climate change on the performance of energy generation sector atIran power plants in next decade has been investigated using the results of climate change calculationsin the country’s provinces obtained by downscaling through neural network. Calculations show thatthe efficiency of gas power plants averagely decreases by 0.6% per 1 oC temperature increase.Similarly, the efficiency of steam and combined cycle power plants averagely decreases by 0.5% and0.4% respectively. Considering the climate change consequences in Iran, the overall temperature willaveragely increase about 1.36 oC by the year 2025. Conduction a close investigation, the averagetemperature rise affecting the performance of power plants in the country - which would cause a dropin energy generation sector efficiency - was evaluated to be 1.13 oC. After making calculations andutilizing energy and environment software, it was found that the thermal power plants’ fuelconsumption will increase about 2.49%. The results revealed that the amount of carbon dioxideemission and social costs caused by emissions will increase by about 1.3% and 2%, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
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ابوالقاسم امامزاده حسین قدمیان فریده عتابی سامان چهرازی -
Open Access Article
12 - Estimation of Environmental Pollutants Shadow Price Resulting from Fossil Fuel Use in Different Economical Sectors Case study: Tehran Province
Mir Hosein Mousavi Narges Barzegar Abbas MemarzadeAbstractIntroduction: The economical sectors, being a main consumer of fossil fuels, play a basic role in theEmission of environmental pollutants. In the process of giving service, these sectors createUndesirable outputs, in addition to desirable ones. The cost of this MoreAbstractIntroduction: The economical sectors, being a main consumer of fossil fuels, play a basic role in theEmission of environmental pollutants. In the process of giving service, these sectors createUndesirable outputs, in addition to desirable ones. The cost of this polluting behavior, and also thescarcity of appropriate analytical methods for the purpose of environmental policy making, someefforts have been made. In this paper, to estimate shadow price of environmental pollutants created byfossil fuel consumption in the economical sectors of Tehran province.Material & Methods: The used methodology in this paper is input-output analysis and EPAcoefficients.Results: Results show that economic sectors include transportation sectors to create23548850629RSL social cost , service 88533443280 RLS, agricultural 74716821840 RLS andindustry7269567240 RLS among economic sectors of Tehran have the most shadow prices of environmentalpollutants resulting from fossil fuel respectively.Discussion : Considering the global movement towards sustainable development, it is essential tonotice to the environmental destruction caused by different economical sectors. The results show thatmost of the social costs of air pollutants examined in this study due to the use of gas to the price of796 RLS per liter consumption in the transportation sector, and the lowest induced kerosene to cost196 RLS per liter is consumed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Microbial fuel cell: a strategy for bioremediation and energy production
Mehran Jafari Samaneh Sedighi KhavidakBackground and Objective: Application of microbial fuel cells (MFC) is a new method for wastewater treatment and environmentally friendly energy production. This technology converts the chemical energy derived from metabolic activity of living organisms into electrical MoreBackground and Objective: Application of microbial fuel cells (MFC) is a new method for wastewater treatment and environmentally friendly energy production. This technology converts the chemical energy derived from metabolic activity of living organisms into electrical energy. Method: A sample of raw wastewater was prepared as a source of microbial fuel cell substrate from the refinery of Yazd city. This study was carried out using a two-compartment bioreactor with wastewater as substrate and microbial flora. The containers were made of glass with a volume of 550 cc. In the anode chamber, under the anaerobic conditions, the wastewater was catalyzed by microbial flora. In the cathode chamber, potassium phosphate buffer was used to maintain the pH of the solution. The positive ions transferring from anode to cathode was done by positive salt bridge system. Findings: The findings showed that the maximum voltage of 1 V was produced during the early days in this reactor. Then gradually the amount of voltage was reduced and wastewater samples were refined to some extent. The highest rate of produced flow was 248 μA, and then the flow rate was decreased. Therefore, the dual role of the reactor in electricity production and wastewater treatment can be explained. Discussion and Conclusion: In this study, wastewater treatment and also electricity production could be performed using a microbial fuel cell based on salt bridge. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Establishment of a CNG Station and its Economic Savings in Reduction of Air Pollutions Adverse Health Effects in Comparison to a Gasoline Station in Tehran
Farideh Atabi Kamran Mahootchi Saeed Zahra AbediNatural gas as an environmentally friendly fuel will have the highest growth rate among energy carriers in the first two decades of this century which is an indication of its ever increasing s~i·re in global consumption of energy sources. & MoreNatural gas as an environmentally friendly fuel will have the highest growth rate among energy carriers in the first two decades of this century which is an indication of its ever increasing s~i·re in global consumption of energy sources. ~_~ The present study utilizes the most recent statistics and data about air pollution and fuel price to estimate the amount of saving that can be attained through the establishment of a single- purposed CNG station having 4 dispensers and consuming 10.512.000 cubic meters ofCNG annually. Thus, the economic losses of pollutants emissions from I cubic meter of CNG and I liter of gasoline were calculated. Finally, by considering the annual revenue of a CNG station, the total monetary saving through the consumption of gas in comparison to the equal amounts of gasoline (per kilometer) was calculated. The results indicate that the total savings for each single-purpose CNG station is about 26.088.303.168 Rials. The cumulative savings from a chain ofCNG stations will be remarkable and in long term it will have huge paybacks including air pollution reduction, public health improvement, gasoline and diesel consumption decrease, reduction in foreign currency expenditures, self sufficiency in use of modem technologies and preservation of petroleum resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
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الهه علیزاده -
Open Access Article
16 - Aerodynamic Simulation of a Container Ship and Evaluation of Cargo Configuration Effect on Fuel Consumption
Hamed Majidian Farhood AzarsinaBackground and Objective: Iran has access to open seas and plenty of sea transit around it has urged presence of merchant ships in the region. Fuel consumption has always been a matter of concern for ships. In this study, it is attempted to develop computer models for s MoreBackground and Objective: Iran has access to open seas and plenty of sea transit around it has urged presence of merchant ships in the region. Fuel consumption has always been a matter of concern for ships. In this study, it is attempted to develop computer models for several container ship cargo configurations and discuss an optimum configuration at a constant speed front wind. Method: The paper presents simulation results using ANSYS CFX commercial software for a Post-Panamax 9000 TEU container ship. The ship is modelled in a 1:4 scale, then using unstructured mesh the wind filed around it is solved. Drag force, drag coefficient, pressure contour and wind streamline velocity in ten different loading conditions are compared with each other. Finally, the optimized container configuration for loading on deck of the vessel is introduced. Findings: Simulation results demonstrate the influence of container configuration on wind load distribution. Also the numerical results are verified versus wind tunnel test data. Finally, the influence of container configurations on fuel consumption and reduction of pollutant emissions was calculated. Discussion and Conclusion: It is proposed to minimize empty spaces between the cargo containers and avoid unbalanced cargo distribution over deck in order to reduce the wind drag force and consequently reduce the fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. Also, it is suggested to make cargo distribution on the forward and aftward deck areas more streamlined. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Biodiesel Production Process from Waste Vegetable Oil and Optimization of its Physical Properties
Mahdy Turkish Boldaji Bahman Najafi Amir hossein Zamzamiyan Reza EbrahimzadehBiodiesel is Alkyl Ester of fatty Acids that is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel compared with diesel fbel contains less sulftir and aromatic compounds, and includes 10% oxygen in its molecular construction which results decreasing in exhaust emi MoreBiodiesel is Alkyl Ester of fatty Acids that is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel compared with diesel fbel contains less sulftir and aromatic compounds, and includes 10% oxygen in its molecular construction which results decreasing in exhaust emission pollutants of diesel engine. In this research biodiesel is produced from waste cooking oil by means ofTrans Esterification method in the presence ofNaOH catalyzes (0.5 % oil weight) and 6:1 of methanoi to oil ratio. For improving some physical properties of biodiesel, such as cloud point and pour point crystallization of ester with n-hexane solvent was used. Some blends with different levels of biodiesel and diesel fuel were obtained from each kind of blend fuel. Physical properties identified and compared to diesel fuel #2. Conclusions show: increasing of biodiesel percent in blend resulted increasing of density and viscosity. High percent of biodiesel in blends, has negative effect on cloud point and pour point, and so compared with diesel fuel, causes increasing these two properties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Supply Chain Management Models for the Development of Green Fuel Production from Microalgae in Iran
Shayan Mohseni Mir saman PishvaeeBackground and Objective: Environmental pollution and dependency on fossil fuels are the most important incentives for the development of biofuels in Iran. Microalgae are introduced as one of the best raw materials for the production of biofuels in the world. In additio MoreBackground and Objective: Environmental pollution and dependency on fossil fuels are the most important incentives for the development of biofuels in Iran. Microalgae are introduced as one of the best raw materials for the production of biofuels in the world. In addition, for the production of microalgae, the emissions from power plants are used which leads to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Method: This paper proposes a microalgae-based biofuel supply chain network design model to study the development of such fuels. First, a deterministic model was developed to model the all activities of the supply chain including provision of raw materials for the production of microalgae, microalgae cultivation, turning them into biofuel and eventually biofuel distribution. Then, the deterministic model was extended to a robust network design model to achieve a safe and stable supply chain decisions in the face of uncertainty. Findings: Results of using the proposed model for the development of microalgal biofuel production show that the cost biofuel production from microalgae is 88.5 thousand Rials per liter. Discussion and Conclusion: Current production cost of microalgae-based biofuel cannot compete with that of fossil fuel, but the cost can be significantly decreased with a slight increase in algae productivity or oil content in future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Elimination of Subsidy on Fossil Fuels and Reduction of Air Pollution in Mashhad (Using the Computable General Equilibrium Model)
Maryam Moghimi Naser Shahnoushi Shahnaz Danesh Bitollah Akbari Moghadam Mahmoud DaneshvarAbstract Nowadays, one of the most important subjects concerning environmental quality is urban renewal and air pollution. Therefore, governments should strive to take various policies and programs to overcome the environmental problems including air pollution or negati MoreAbstract Nowadays, one of the most important subjects concerning environmental quality is urban renewal and air pollution. Therefore, governments should strive to take various policies and programs to overcome the environmental problems including air pollution or negative effects of human functions on environment. This study uses an input-output table of the Khorasan-Razavi province in 2001 and amount of pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions to survey the welfare and environmental effects on decline of subsidy on fossil fuels. For this purpose, using MCP and GAMS software, welfare changes with and without environmental impact, changes in demand for fossil fuels and changes in pollutants for 4 scenarios have been studied. Results showed that the elimination of subsidy on fossil fuels would reduce the demand for fossil fuels as an intermediate input and final good. If the environmental effects are considered, in the all scenarios, the welfare changes will be positive and the welfare will increase with the omitting rate increase. The highest growth rate of welfare is obtained to be15%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - The study of Tehran gas stations pollution and its effect on the surface water
Amir Hesam Hassani Golnaz Sajadi NaeiniThe issue of non-point pollution sources is among the topics which are studied in the world at the present time. Gas stations are an example of such sources the pollution of which can affect the environment, especially the area around them and in rainy weather. In this MoreThe issue of non-point pollution sources is among the topics which are studied in the world at the present time. Gas stations are an example of such sources the pollution of which can affect the environment, especially the area around them and in rainy weather. In this research, the gas stations located in the city of Tehran were identified. Then, among the city’s 104 gas stations, 9 were selected in the different parts of the city and their contamination level was studied. The tests of pH, EC (Electrical Conductivity), TSS (Total Suspended Solid), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), and TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) were performed in three time periods, from October to February, on the samples of the 9 gas stations. The samples were taken from the surface water channels around the gas stations. The results demonstrated that the areas of gas stations were polluted due to their fuel run-off. The concentration of COD and TSS of the samples were 110 to 1140 mg/lit and 100 to 800 mg/lit, respectively. The amount of TPH detected in the samples was high in flat areas. The maximum contamination level occurred in November (a rainy month). The results also indicated that gas stations played an important role in polluting the surface water around stations and discharging hydrocarbon compounds in the environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - A new design algorithm for modeling and comparative evaluation of compound regenerative fuel cell (RFC) systems
Hossein Ghadamian Farideh Atabi Hassnali OzgoliThe results of calculation, modeling and engineering design of RFCs reveal that energy carrier change, from electrical to cold chemical combustion in the fuel cell section, is considered as an internal energy production and significantly increases the produced energy in MoreThe results of calculation, modeling and engineering design of RFCs reveal that energy carrier change, from electrical to cold chemical combustion in the fuel cell section, is considered as an internal energy production and significantly increases the produced energy intensity rate and the performance coefficient of the system. By connecting photovoltaic system to electrolyze/fuel cell units and using the energy produced in photovoltaic section, the internal energy generation for a multiple case system with 1 kW capacity will be 2.302 kW, and the energy produced in the RFC complex will increase so that the efficiency of the total integrated system will be 29.45%. In this article, the general performance of the system and its related sub-systems together with capacity studies has been investigated. Then, using electrolyze formulation, fuel cell, and photovoltaic cells separately, modeling has been carried out with non-linear algorithms, and system integration has been done with GAMS software. Also, a step-by-step approach to the calculation and engineering design of the RFC is presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Technical and economic study of using Tehran rejected solid waste as a fuel in cement kilns
Azadeh Panahandeh Gholamreza Asadollahfardi Mohsen MirmohammadiBackground and Objective: Daily 7500 tons of municipal solid waste generated in Tehran and after processing, 4000 tons of them remain as rejected waste. Reuse of waste to conserve resources and reduce environmental pollution is necessary. The objective of this study was MoreBackground and Objective: Daily 7500 tons of municipal solid waste generated in Tehran and after processing, 4000 tons of them remain as rejected waste. Reuse of waste to conserve resources and reduce environmental pollution is necessary. The objective of this study was to investigate the technical and economic possibilities of using Tehran rejected waste in cement kilns. Method: The amount of rejected waste was askesd from the Waste Management Organization and their heat value was computed using the Dulong Formula. Then, physical and chemical characteristics of the rejected waste were computed using ultimate analysis. Finally, the cost of producing 1 ton of clinker using gas, Mazut and waste fuel, as well as the cost saving by using waste in kiln No. 8 of the Tehran cement factory were calculated. Findings: Tehran rejected waste contains chemical formulas of C71H107O32NS0.07, 24.72% moisture, 21% ash content and 21.4-23.6 MJ/kg heating value. Therefore, we can produce 3613.54 tons/day of waste fuel with a heat value of 19.63 MJ/kg and 20% moisture content. Also, replacement of 10% of the heating value used in kiln NO. 8 of the Tehran cement factory with waste instead of Mazut will result in a 4.16 billion Rial annual revenue and 282.6 million Rial saving in the cost of waste landfilling. Conclusion: The heating value and sulfur content of Tehran rejected waste meet the requirements of alternative fuel; however, reduction of ash, moisture content and size of waste, as well as increase of heating value of the rejected waste is necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Causes increased past maturity and delayed debt real customers bank mellat branches of Tehran
Hosein Safarzadeh Mohammadhasan Ebrahimi Sarvolia Abdol Rasul Karimi Yazdi Since the delayed demand result in sources loss,Blocking the sources Of markazi bank , loss cush , profit , rate of cash flowing , and totally decrease the power of the competition of the bank. So it shows the importance of delayed demands. and the del More Since the delayed demand result in sources loss,Blocking the sources Of markazi bank , loss cush , profit , rate of cash flowing , and totally decrease the power of the competition of the bank. So it shows the importance of delayed demands. and the delayed demand directly or indirectly offect on profit . and the profit of markazi bank has a direct effect on the share market. because of the importance this study is about identifing the causes rising in the delayed demand (debt).the static sample in this study is all of the Tehran branches and is about 250 people from the mangers , experts , credit clerks of the mellat bank in tehran branches. The casuses of the rising in delayed debt is categorized in tree groups ,quantity information , quality information analysed and the actions of mangers and clerks . and by testing the z or t samples with statistic soft ware and finally the results categorized with fredman test . the results show that , the customer quality information the action of mangers , and clerks , the quantity information of the customers effect on vising the delayed debt respectivly. In other word , customers quality in formation has high and quantity informqtion has low effect on creating delayed debt and among secondry variables and the value of security (quality variable) has high importance , and among the credit policy (the variable of clerks and mangers)has low importance so the aftention of the clerks to the quality information of the customers has high importance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Applications Of Nanotechnology In Environmental Engineering
Reza Alizadeh Sodeh AbediniNanotechnology is science of employment materials device and systems in Nano scale that applications of Nano technology is reach in environmental engineering. For example water treatment by Nano filtration wastewater reatment clean energy produ MoreNanotechnology is science of employment materials device and systems in Nano scale that applications of Nano technology is reach in environmental engineering. For example water treatment by Nano filtration wastewater reatment clean energy production and nanotube for toxic gas adsorption. In this paper and research several application of this science for example fuel cell for energy production from clean sources, using from Nano filters for remove of hard water, water treatment for power plants, several application of carbon nanotube in the industry for example hydrogen storage in fuel cells for increase of yield them, toxic gas adsorption, using them instead ofgas sensors.. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Electricity production from living plants
Forouzan Vakili Lobat Taghavi Ebrahim AlaieLimited amounts of fossil fuels and energy sources in addition to their high pollution potential, make it necessary to replace it by renewable sources. The contribution of this kind of energy in the world energy supply system is increasing. In order to worldwide sustain MoreLimited amounts of fossil fuels and energy sources in addition to their high pollution potential, make it necessary to replace it by renewable sources. The contribution of this kind of energy in the world energy supply system is increasing. In order to worldwide sustainable development, International programs and policies including United Nations programs, has been assigned an essential role to renewable energy sources. So, new technologies inspired on nature, could be developed to produce electricity from sunlight by living plants action and photosynthesis. It’s based on cooperation and interaction between living plants, bacteria and a microbial fuel cell called Plant- MFC. In the Plant-MFC, living plants and bacteria were present to convert solar energy into green electricity. Microbial fuel cells could adsorb the energy produced from the reactions take place in rhizosphere by microbial actions and transformed it to the electricity. The main idea is that living plants produce rhizodeposites, mostly in the form of carbohydrates, and the bacteria convert these rhizodeposits into electrical energy via the fuel cell. This will not only provide the continuous use of solar energy in electricity generation, but also mitigate GHGs and other pollutants emission. In this article, the action of PMFCs in” green electricity” production from living plants, is explained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - A review of Bioethanol production through biomass bioprocessing
Hossein Motamedi Abolghasem Hedayatkhah Mostafa Amopour BahnamiryIn order to preserve fossil fuel reservoirs, it is necessary to find renewable resources. One option is biomass that can be converted to biofuels. One of the most important biofuels is ethanol that has been regarded as the best substituent for benzene. Bioconversion is MoreIn order to preserve fossil fuel reservoirs, it is necessary to find renewable resources. One option is biomass that can be converted to biofuels. One of the most important biofuels is ethanol that has been regarded as the best substituent for benzene. Bioconversion is one of the bioremediation methods in which, biomass is converted to biofuel. In this process carbohydrate content is converted to simple sugars and then fermented to ethanol. With regard to the unique structure of lignocellusic materials the pretreatment is necessary that can be done by physical and chemical methods. In saccharification, the biomass is degraded to 5 and/or 6 carbon sugars and then the fermenter microorganism is selected based on the produced sugar. In order to improve final yeild, usually this two steps will be done simulatneously. One of the most important subjects in biofuel production is development of fermentation methods to reach maximum yield one of them is biphasic fermentation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - proposition a model for estimating the enviromental impacts(externalities) of urbar transportation in Tehran
zahra Abedi Milad Saffari vahid SharifiPositive and negative externalities are one of the most important issues in economic analysis. In economics, an externality, or transaction spillover, is a cost or benefit not transmitted through prices that is incurred by a party who did not agree t MorePositive and negative externalities are one of the most important issues in economic analysis. In economics, an externality, or transaction spillover, is a cost or benefit not transmitted through prices that is incurred by a party who did not agree to the action causing the cost or benefit.In this article we try to estimate the effect of extention of urban transportation on Carbon monoxide in the air of Tehran as a positive or negative externality.The models in this article are estimated by Ordinary least squares method.According to the results in both estimated models for two separate stations Metro and BRT have positive externality and Gross domestic product has negative externality Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Earth-Sheltered Building, an Idea Compatible with Environment
Fatemeh Akrami AbarghuieChemical pollution caused by the production of building materials, carbon dioxide emissions and particulate matter released into the air, including the major environmental pollution affecting the construction industry. Also a lot of fuel and natural resources consumes t MoreChemical pollution caused by the production of building materials, carbon dioxide emissions and particulate matter released into the air, including the major environmental pollution affecting the construction industry. Also a lot of fuel and natural resources consumes to provide heating and cooling of buildings, financing future of generations and the environment at risk. Moreover, the removal part of virgin land in certain areas and replace it with a special mass, disrupts the ecosystem of the region. Therefore, it is essential to design strategies in new buildings, with the aim of environmental harmony. So to achieve this aim, the design of the building with the idea of compatibility with the environment has long been considered among different communities. Earth-Sheltered Building such examples that follows energy idea for reducing building energy consumption. This study discusses how to organize the building and its environmental impacts associated with the environment is concerned. Depending on the capabilities this type of architecture to reduce the consumption of fuel and energy, as well as environmental compatibility, it can propose for contemporary architectural and urban purposes Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - A Comparative study of The reflection of continental and rural traits in Novels "Scorched Earth" by Ahmad Mahmoud and " Malekat Al-Enab " by Najib Al-Kilani
Hayedeh Azimoghli Oskooi Hojjat Rasouli Seyyed Ebrahim ArmanContinental literature is one of the important sub-branches of fiction has influenced the social and political developments of most societies. Najib Al-Kilani and Ahmad Mahmoud, two great contemporary Persian and Arabic writers including committed writers based on indig MoreContinental literature is one of the important sub-branches of fiction has influenced the social and political developments of most societies. Najib Al-Kilani and Ahmad Mahmoud, two great contemporary Persian and Arabic writers including committed writers based on indigenous culture, addressed the problems of society and their minds for solutions in the form of their stories. The story " Malekat Al-Enab" (Grape Queen) is one of the noble works of Kilani about a village with hope and suffering along with the contemporary historical developments of Egypt in the middle of the twentieth century. The story of "Scorched Earth" by Ahmad Mahmoud is also depicted as a socio-historical plan of the events of the war and the reflection of the southern climate and the suffering of the people by mastering the scenes in a realistic style in the eyes of the critic. The importance of studying this issue becomes clear when many economic and social problems were solved in the development of Islamic societies. The present study has investigated and evaluated the characteristics of influential climatic and indigenous elements in the two novels with a comparative approach. The results of this study: Achieving effective climatic and indigenous elements in the mentioned novels is necessary for the goals of sustainable development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - برنامهریزی منطقهای بکارگیری انرژی خورشیدی در مزارع تولید مرغ گوشتی در استان سمنان
محسن محمدی محمدصادق صبوری -
Open Access Article
31 - چالش ها و راههای پیش رو برای استفاده از سوخت های زیستی و اثرات زیست محیطی آن ها
فاطمه بیضاوی عبدالکریم زارعی کیارش جمشیدی گوهر ریزی -
Open Access Article
32 - Immobilization of laccase in nafion and carbon nanotubes biocathode of Biofuel cells and Biosensors
maasome ahmadiNowadays demands for clean power source enhanced. Bio-fuel cell (BFC) can convert chemical energy to electrical energy. The enzyme-based biofuel cell (BFC) is a special fuel cell using enzyme as catalyst and can directly convert chemical energy to electrical energy. Bio MoreNowadays demands for clean power source enhanced. Bio-fuel cell (BFC) can convert chemical energy to electrical energy. The enzyme-based biofuel cell (BFC) is a special fuel cell using enzyme as catalyst and can directly convert chemical energy to electrical energy. Bio-fuel cells are energy conversion devices based on bio-electrocatalysis leveraging on enzymes or microorganisms. Enzymatic fuel cells are promising low cost, compact and flexible energy resources. The basis of enzymatic fuel cells is transfer of electron from enzyme to the electrode surface and vice versa.. The DET of laccase enzyme has been studied using Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/Nafion polymer. Laccase was entrapped by nafion polymer . As Nafion is a proton exchange polymer but not an electron conductive, the MWCNTs were also used to facilitate electron transfer of laccase. Cyclic voltammetric results showed a well-defined redox peaks at 170 µA in a solution containing 10 µM o-dianisidine as a substrate for MWCNTs/Nafion composite. The cyclic voltammetric results showed that laccase immobilization on MWCNTs/Nafion is efficient. Therefore, this method can be used to fabricate biocathode of biofuels cellor laccase based biosensors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Identification and Pattern of Antibiotic Bacterial Sensitivity and Resistance in Patients in the Nekoi Hospital of Gom City in 1395
mohammad Dakhili Mansorah hodaeiIntroduction: Burns are one of the most devastating types of injuries and wounds considered. Aware of the bacterial agents and antibiotic resistance an important role in the prevention and treatment of its accurate and timely. The aim of this study was to evaluate the p MoreIntroduction: Burns are one of the most devastating types of injuries and wounds considered. Aware of the bacterial agents and antibiotic resistance an important role in the prevention and treatment of its accurate and timely. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and susceptibility pattern of burn wound infections in patients admitted to hospital burn the goodness of Qom province. Methods: In a descriptive study, sampling of 100 patients admitted to hospital burn Nekuei of Qom over a period of 5 months old. Identification of microorganisms using biochemical tests were conducted according to existing standards.tyyn antibiotic-resistance patterns of isolates was performed using disk diffusion method. Results: In this study of 100 samples taken, 62% of men and 38 percent of women were reported. 70 per cent of the samples had positive culture Pseudomonas aeruginosa was reported as the most common infection with 31% abundance. Staphylococcus aureus (15.5%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (11.62%) and Enterococcus faecalis (7.75%) were reported in the following ranks. Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of infection in burn wounds needs new strategies in order to control the distribution of infectious agents as well as the treatment of this condition.in survey, the most effective antibiotic to treat infections after burn amikacin and gentamicin is known. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - The trace of “Vasukht” in Persian Poetry (From Khorasani style to shine in an Independent school)
Hadi khadivar Shima farajifarFirst, the authors try to give a precise definition of “Vasukht”, and its types and purposes. They want to determine when and why the poet wrote these poems.also The achievement of this study is that the authors have described the similarities and difference MoreFirst, the authors try to give a precise definition of “Vasukht”, and its types and purposes. They want to determine when and why the poet wrote these poems.also The achievement of this study is that the authors have described the similarities and differences in themes “Vasukht”, in Khorasani and Iraqi style with “Vasukht”, school.“Vasukht”, is a combined infinitive And it is without the letter "n"Means Hatred and back Lover of the Beloved.“Vasukht” somehow was along with the “sukht” flow from start to the present time, not as inclusive as “Sukht” but having different strength and weakness. It is used in the theme today with some modifications.In Khorāsāni School, “Vasukht” has a relative moderation and this behavior occurs the same in beloved and lover. In Arāqi style, although beloved performs “Naz” and lover shows his “Niaz”, there are pale streaks of “Vasukht” speech which is remarkable in its type. It must be said that this method of vasukht was used more during sukht poems, changed with the arrival of the, “vughu” school and “Vasukht”, And it became an independent manner.“Vasukht”, and “sukht” both came out of the hearts of “Vughu” And “Vughu” also Formed by the pattern of telling of Truth and Verisimilitude. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Nano-structural Development of Ni/GDC Anode for LT-SOFC by Palladium Infiltration
F.S. Torknik A. Maghsoudipour M. Keyanpour-Rad G.M. Choi -
Open Access Article
36 - Determining the Optimal Conditions for In-situ Grown Carbon Nanotubes on Carbon Paper Substrate by Chemical Vapor Deposition as an Electrocatalytic Electrode for Polymer Fuel cell
H. Rajaei-Litkohi A. Bahari -
Open Access Article
37 - Dependence of Size of YSZ Nanoparticles in Electrophoretic Deposition on Conducting Method on the Surface of NiO-YSZ Composite for SOFCs
T. Talebi A. Maghsoudipour B. Raissi M. Haji -
Open Access Article
38 - Synthesis and Investigation of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 Nanocrystals Prepared by Co- precipitation Method
A. Asjodi B. Raissi A. Maghsoudipour E. Marzban-Rad -
Open Access Article
39 - The study of slang and the status of allegory in the works of contemporary female fiction writers relying on Burned Hanay story series
Malihe Sharilo1 Abdolhossein Farzad2 Shahin Ojagh Alizadeh3Persian prose in the course of their history, including their many factors influenced slang elements, although the impact of these elements is not the same in all periods of Persian literature. Slang language as the criterion containing several elements that significant MorePersian prose in the course of their history, including their many factors influenced slang elements, although the impact of these elements is not the same in all periods of Persian literature. Slang language as the criterion containing several elements that significantly manifested in the works of novelists. S. Parvin spirit of contemporary modernist writers that a considerable amount of slang elements in his work benefited. The use of various forms of slang in the story of the past Parvin spirit that characterizes his stories language, psychological and simplicity also brought his word. zban Slang used in the collection of short stories burned henna can be divided this way: phoneme, word, deed, including overnight, emotional sentences, numbers, language and local dialects and the like. Parvin frequency of the cases mentioned in the story are not the same spirit. The elements of the story such as "burnt henna," "spell", "twin" and "Mr. guidance" Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - The Effects of Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells Associated with Gum of Pistacia atlanticafor Burn Wound Healing
الهام حویزیBackground: Burn is a common wound in the world and consider the novel methods such as cell therapy can be a helpful strategy in the treatment. The purpose of the present study is investigating the effects of using ointment of animal oil mixed with Gum of Pistacia atlan MoreBackground: Burn is a common wound in the world and consider the novel methods such as cell therapy can be a helpful strategy in the treatment. The purpose of the present study is investigating the effects of using ointment of animal oil mixed with Gum of Pistacia atlantica associated wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) on rat third-degree burn models. Methods:In this experimental study, WJMSCs were extracted from human umbilical cord. For this study, 28 Wistar rats were burned by heating a metal rod of 1cm in diameter and then randomly divided into the control (7 rats) and treatment (21 rats) groups. The treatment group was divided into three groups (each group of 7 rats) of daily scrubbingof ointment, cell therapy, and cell therapy+ ointment. 106 cells (passage3) were injected into each rat subcutaneously. On day 30 after treatment, animals killed by chloroform and histological sections were prepared by staining Hematoxylsene-Eosin (H&E) and Trichromosone done for microscopic study. Results: Macroscopic and microscopic results indicated that in the experimental groups, the recovery was significantly more than the control. Also, the cell therapy+ ointment was significantly more effective than ointment and cell alone after 30 days. Histological analysis demonstrated a significant increase in angiogenesis, collagen synthesis, number of cells, thickness of skin layers, and totally acceleration wound healing in experimental groups compared to controls. Conclusion: Based on these data, it can be suggested that simultaneous cell-therapy and traditional medicine accelerate the repair of skin burns in the animal models more significantly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Evaluation of Bacteriovorus Stalpii predator on the healing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected burn wounds in rats
Mohammad Shahbazzadeh Elham Moazamian Alireza Rafati Masoud FardinInroduction & Objective: Drug-resistant infection is one of the leading causes of death from burn injuries. Bacteriovorus stalpii, like other predators, invades and destroys the periplasmic space of gram-negative bacteria. The aim of the present study was to investi MoreInroduction & Objective: Drug-resistant infection is one of the leading causes of death from burn injuries. Bacteriovorus stalpii, like other predators, invades and destroys the periplasmic space of gram-negative bacteria. The aim of the present study was to investigate the Bacteriovorus stalpii on the healing rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected burn wounds in rats. Material and Methods: 30 albino rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of positive, negative, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and staphylococcal bacteriorex after 3 burn wounds.30 rats N-MRI were randomly divided in to 5 groups positive and negative control, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and Bacteriovorus stalpii, and except for the negative control group, all groups Burned and Infected by 4 multidrug resistant Pseudomonas isolates. After treatment with bacteria and antibiotics, wound colonies were reported every other day and wound area was measured within 20 days. Results: The results of colony count showed that Bacteriovorus stalpii in infected wounds significantly reduced the amount of bacteria in 21 days compared to other groups and this decrease was better than the performance of gentamicin and ciprofloxacin antibiotics. Measurement of wound area over 20 days also showed that the use of predatory bacteria reduced wound area in burnt rat compared to control groups. Histological examination of the resulting wounds showed that the predatory bacteria reduced inflammation, increased fibroblasts cell and increased tissue collagen compared to the control group. Conclusion: Bacteriovorus stalpii can accelerate the treatment process in drug-resistant infections. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Antimicrobial and Healing Effect of Nettle, Purslane and Hedge Nettle Extracts on Burn Infections of Staphylococcus aureus in Mice
Nader Kazemi Mahdi Arfaei Mona GhasemiIntroduction & Objective: Staphylococcus aureus is cause of hospital infections and infectious illnesses. Urtica dioica, Portulaca oleracea and Stachys schtschegleevii have more antimicrobial and healing effects. In this project, the antimicrobial and healing effect MoreIntroduction & Objective: Staphylococcus aureus is cause of hospital infections and infectious illnesses. Urtica dioica, Portulaca oleracea and Stachys schtschegleevii have more antimicrobial and healing effects. In this project, the antimicrobial and healing effects of plants extracts with silver sulfadiazine were studied on burn infections of Staphylococcus aureus in rats. Materials & Methods: Firstly, ethanolic and acetonic extracts of plants were prepared in the laboratory. Then, the MIC and MBC of the extracts were determined by the dilution method in the Muller Hinton broth. In study of animal model, firstly the bacteria were inoculated with a concentration of (5×105 CFU/ml) to the wound site on rats. After 24 hours, ointments were prepared based on MBC concentration from extracts of mentioned plants for 1g of silver sulfadiazine and was used to treatment.Results: In studies conducted on rats, it was found that ethanolic and acetonic extracts of Urtica dioica, as well as the acetonic extract of Portulaca oleracea had more antimicrobial and healing effect on Staphylococcus aureus. But in the wound treated with ethanolic and acetonic extract of Stachys schtschegleevii, bleeding was seen. Conclusions: Ethanolic and acetonic extracts of Urtica dioica and the acetonic extract of Portulaca oleracea had more antimicrobial and restoration effects on burn wound infection. Ethanolic and acetonic extract of Urtica dioica had better healing effects than acetonic extract of Portulaca oleracea. As a result, extract of Urtica dioica could be used in preparation of burn ointments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Investing effect of Malva , Thymus , Viola and Pinus, Extracts on Candida Glabrata in the In vitro and Animal model.
Seyedeh maryam Moosavinejad shahrzad Nasiri Semnani Rasol Shikri Reza ShapouriInroduction & Objective:The skin infected wound and wounds caused by burn are very epidemic in society, and these kind wounds rate treatment in effective to alleviate the patint, applying the herbal drugs with less complications to treat the wounds. Considering this MoreInroduction & Objective:The skin infected wound and wounds caused by burn are very epidemic in society, and these kind wounds rate treatment in effective to alleviate the patint, applying the herbal drugs with less complications to treat the wounds. Considering this significance , surveying Investing effect of Malva , Thymus , Viola and Pinus, Extracts on Candida Glabrata in the In vitro and Animal model. Material and Method:In this study, hydroalcholic extracts of Malva , Thymus , Viola and Pinus were prepared in the laboratory. Then, the MIC and MLC of the extract were determined by dilution method in the broth. In the study of the animal model, the bacteria were first inoculated with a concentration of (5×106CFU/ML) to the wound site on Syrian mice. After 24 hours, an ointment prepared with MLC concentration was prepared from extracts was used to treat burns and infections withCandida Glabrata. In the animal model, the extracts of have antimicrobial activity against growth of Candida Glabrata. Results: In this study, The MIC and MLC of the extracts model, the microbia were first inoculated with a concentration of (5×106CFU/ML) to the wound site on Syrian mice. After 24 hours, an ointment prepared with MBC concentration was prepared from extracts of the nettle, watercress and burdock root for 1 g of silver sulfadiazine and was used to treat burns and infections with Candida Glabrata. In the animal model, the extracts antimicrobial activity against growth of Candida Glabrata.In this case, the extract of Pinus and Viola have growth inhibitory Candida Glabrata activity stronger than Malva , Thymus extract. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the extract of these 4 plants on an animal model has antimicrobial and healing effects on Candida Glabrata. It can be used as an anti-inflammatory agent orointment microbia to be raised. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Screening bean genotypes ) Phaseolus vulgaris( for resistance to common bacterial blight disease in Markazi Province, Iran
Mohammad Reza Lak Hamid Reza DorriCommon bacterial blight (CBB), caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap), is one of the major diseseas in bean fields leading to significant losses in yield and seed quality. Chemical control is ineffective, therefore, the use of resistant varieties becomes an MoreCommon bacterial blight (CBB), caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap), is one of the major diseseas in bean fields leading to significant losses in yield and seed quality. Chemical control is ineffective, therefore, the use of resistant varieties becomes an interesting alternative. The object of this experiment was to screen resistant bean genotypes to CBB. The experiment was conducted at Arak Station of Agricultural and Natural Resources Center of Markazi Province. Bean genotypes were planted in the field at 2 locations. In one locations Xap suspension with 107 cfu/ml was sprayed onto plants befor flowerhng stage. Disease scale was rated from 1 (Immune) to 5( susceptible). The experiment was carried out in agment design in 12 blocks with 234 bean genotypes with 3 checks including Khomein Local Chitti bean, Daneshkadeh white bean and Goli red bean. Evaluated traits in 3 bean checks had no significant difference that meaned the experiment accuracy was high. Fourty one bean genotypes with disease scale ≥ 3 was selected as resistant and semi resistant to CBB. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Optimization of double strand RNA extraction from some isolates of Fusarium sp.
Davoud KOOLIVAND Mahdi DAVARI Nemat SOKHANDAN BASHIR Mahdi ARZANLOUThe majority of viruses infected fungi which have been reported contain double-strand RNA (dsRNA) genomes. Mycoviruses are introducing as agent of the biological control of fungi according to hypersensitive properties. In this research, eight isolates belong to Fusarium MoreThe majority of viruses infected fungi which have been reported contain double-strand RNA (dsRNA) genomes. Mycoviruses are introducing as agent of the biological control of fungi according to hypersensitive properties. In this research, eight isolates belong to Fusariumgenus include ofF. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. tricinctum, F. proliferatum and F. incarnatum survived to dsRNA infection. Due to using of hazardous material such as phenol and complicated procedure in different dsRNA extraction protocols in mentioned research phenol and chlorophorm was removed , using less tissue and dsRNA extraction time was reduced compared to other methods. Result showed that four isolates infected by dsRNA also, mentioned method has sufficient efficiency and convenient for dsRNA extraction from fungi tissue. Also, dsRNA was reported fromF. incarnatum (F. semitectum) for first time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Design, Fabrication and Evaluation of a Portable Harvesting Machine for Rosa Damascena
Mohammad Younesi Alamooti Omid Reza RoustapoorRosa damascena is one of the significant Rosa flower in all over the world and one of the famous plant in horticulture history. Rosa flowers will harvest from the first of Ordibehesht to the end of Khordad before rising sun and in the cool air of morning. In the current MoreRosa damascena is one of the significant Rosa flower in all over the world and one of the famous plant in horticulture history. Rosa flowers will harvest from the first of Ordibehesht to the end of Khordad before rising sun and in the cool air of morning. In the current research, a portable machine for flower harvesting designed and developed. This machine contains a cutter, suction pipe, fuel motor, frame, backpack and a cyclone separator. All components of the machine including the motor and the cyclone separator are assembled on frame and transported by workers. Flower cut exactly under the receptacle by a reciprocating cutter and sucked to the flexible pipe by the fuel motor and after that transferred to a cyclone separator. Finally, flower is collected in a canvas bag installed at the end of cyclone. Evaluation of the machine was done using completely randomized design with three treatments and three replications in the flower plain of Lizangan from Darab. The treatments were the revolution of motor shaft in three levels of 900, 1200 and 1500 rpm. The parameters including fuel consumption and harvesting period time in every treatment were measured. The control treatment was considered traditional flower harvesting by hand. Based on the evaluation results, increasing the rpm of motor was caused to increase fuel consumption and decrease the net harvesting period time. Also, harvesting time at maximum revolution of motor was decreased in comparison with hand harvesting. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - پتانسیلیابی جایگاههای سوخت CNG شهر اهواز با استفاده از مدلهای تصمیمگیری و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی
سعید امان پور فرشته شنبه پور -
Open Access Article
48 - Indian style and Nezami’s Panj Ganj
Mohammad Amir Obeidiniya Vahdat Motallebi RadThe Indian style of Persian poetry originated in the 11th century. Invention of new themes, fancy, brevity, paradox, personification, and most significantly, parallelism are among the characteristics of this style of poetry. Some other literary schools such as Vasukht, MoreThe Indian style of Persian poetry originated in the 11th century. Invention of new themes, fancy, brevity, paradox, personification, and most significantly, parallelism are among the characteristics of this style of poetry. Some other literary schools such as Vasukht, or shunning the beloved, preceded and coexisted with the Indian style. Since one can find the roots of any style or literary school in the preceding ones, one can find the roots of some characteristics of the Indian style, especially parallelism, and the concept of Vasukht, in some preceding styles, such as the Azerbaijani style or in the work of some celebrated poets like Nezamis. Since from among the characteristics of the Indian style, parallelism has a special place in Nezami’s Panj Ganj, after some preliminary words about Nezami and the Indian style and a review of the concept of Vasukht and the history of parallelism in Persian literature, we show the roots of Indian style features and the concept of Vasukht in Nezami’s Panj Ganj. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Cardio metabolic adaptation to exercise: a review article
Nahid Mohammadi javid Mehran GhahramaniAbstract Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the Cardio metabolic adaptation to exercise. Methods: In this research, cardiac muscle metabolism, myocardial energy production, myocardial energy storage and myocardial energy use, cardiac metabolism MoreAbstract Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the Cardio metabolic adaptation to exercise. Methods: In this research, cardiac muscle metabolism, myocardial energy production, myocardial energy storage and myocardial energy use, cardiac metabolism in ischemia and arrhythmia, the role of AMPK enzyme in cardiac energy metabolism and its different forms of AMPK during reperfusion, the role of AMPK during reperfusion, adaptation of cardiac metabolism to chronic hypoxia, the role of mitochondrial calcium in myocardial metabolism and finally the effect of endurance training and cardiac metabolism were investigated. Results: The finding showed that the myocardium has the ability produce energy from several substrates including: it contains fatty acids, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, ketone bodies and some amino acids. The use of substrates specifically depends on the concentration of these substances in cardiac muscle cells and blood. Conclusion: It can be concluded that cardiac muscle metabolism is affected by exercise and endurance training has a positive effect on myocardial metabolism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Dynamic modeling of a specific electro-pump liquid-propellant rocket
Davoud Ramesh Hassan Naseh Hadiseh Karimaei Seyedeh Fatemeh Mirmohammadi Seyed Mohammad Javad Hashemi HomamiThis research aims to model the nonlinear dynamics of the space propulsion system equipped with an electro-pump. For modeling, this system includes the combustion chamber, fuel and oxidizer tanks, and the corresponding pressurization system. A set of governing equations MoreThis research aims to model the nonlinear dynamics of the space propulsion system equipped with an electro-pump. For modeling, this system includes the combustion chamber, fuel and oxidizer tanks, and the corresponding pressurization system. A set of governing equations has been modeled in the Simulink of MATLAB software. The results of the modeling including changes in the angular velocity versus the time, changes in combustion chamber pressure versus the time, and changes in the mass flow rate of the fuel and oxidizer to the combustion chamber versus the time, are presented. In the end, the obtained results are compared with the results of the available engine and in addition to validating the results, it is possible to confirm and validate the performance of the electro-pump in a liquid fuel engine. The results showed that the angular velocity rate, the average acceleration rate of the combustion chamber, the average flow rate of the oxidizer to the combustion chamber and the average flow rate of the fuel to the combustion chamber obtained from the simulation and the available reference have a maximum error of 20%. The amount of difference in the conceptual design stage is free of problems. In addition, the trend of the graphs is similar. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Site selection of Optimum Positions of CNG Fuel Supply Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) In Line With Sustainable Urban Development Policy (Case Study: Ahvaz City)
Parisa Shabani Soolmaz DashtiUrban growth and urban development have created many problems for cities, and Site selection of urban services can be effective in regulating the functioning of cities in large measure. The network of fuel stations is a municipal service, which acts as a fuel supplier t MoreUrban growth and urban development have created many problems for cities, and Site selection of urban services can be effective in regulating the functioning of cities in large measure. The network of fuel stations is a municipal service, which acts as a fuel supplier to the urban transport sector and in turn is important for traffic considerations, urbanization, safety and environmental issues. In this study, at first, 18 criteria in three socio-economic, physical, technical and operational environments were selected as effective criteria. Then the spatial data became standard in the GIS environment and turned into new information layers. Each of the criteria and sub-criteria were weighed in terms of their importance in site selection of optimum positions of CNG fuel supply through the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) process, and after integrating the weighted layers, the map of the optimum location areas for CNG fuel was produced. According to the results 48.58% of the area, it has the potential to build the CNG fuel supply location. Also, of the 8 CNG and dual fuel stations in Ahvaz, only 2 stations with suitable conditions are located in the north of zone 2. 3 stations in completely inappropriate areas, 2 stations in inappropriate areas and 2 positions in the middle areas. As a result, it can be argued that Ahvaz has a high potential for building Fuel station, but with a lack of site selection of CNG fuel, which can be solved with proper management and appropriate allocation of funds for the implementation of site selection design projects for CNG fuel and it is possible to take steps in the direction of rural sustainable development policy Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - The feasibility study of applying an acid boric and glass infiltrated mica to prevent the leakage and mixture of use gasses for hightemperature fuel cells
Hamid Abdoli Alireza Hosseini Moghadam Seyed Amir RastialhosseiniIn this study, the possibility of using mica for this application was investigated. First, mica gasket includingsmall Phlogopite flakes with organic binders was used and its performance duringas leakage was simulated in asmall set-up simulating fuel cell operating condi MoreIn this study, the possibility of using mica for this application was investigated. First, mica gasket includingsmall Phlogopite flakes with organic binders was used and its performance duringas leakage was simulated in asmall set-up simulating fuel cell operating condition (air atmosphere, temperature of 800 °C and time of 100 h).Due to heating of mica during operation, binders were burned out and remaining pores acted as leakage path.These leakage paths were filled by acid boric and the mica performance was enhanced up to 20%. The majorleakage path (mica and its adjacent interface) was filled by a glass and a successful application of mica-glasslayer was obtained for leakage prevention. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - First report of pear trees buds and twigs blight caused by Phoma glomerata in Iran
Parsa Teymuri sayed vahid AlaviDue to the observation of a disease symptoms resembling fire blight in pear orchards of Mazandaran province, sampling of the symptoms of blight of buds took place through winter 2018-spring 2019. Samples from infected bud and blighted twigs were cut into 2- to 3-mm piec MoreDue to the observation of a disease symptoms resembling fire blight in pear orchards of Mazandaran province, sampling of the symptoms of blight of buds took place through winter 2018-spring 2019. Samples from infected bud and blighted twigs were cut into 2- to 3-mm pieces, surface of the leaves was sterilized by 75% ethanol for 10 s followed by drowning 3 min in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed three times with sterile distilled water, and cultured on water agar (WA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) with 1.5% streptomycin and tetracycline. Petri dishes were incubated at 25°C. The cultures were initially pale brown and turned dark green with age. Embedded pycnidia were generally formed after 5 days. The pycnidia were agglutinating, globose to subglobose. Hyphal tip from the growing edge of colonies cultured for 3 days at 25°C was transferred to PDA to obtain pure cultures. The colonies were whitish initially and then became olive green to dark brown. Conidia were long, ellipsoid, single-celled, and hyaline or slightly pigmented. The fungus was identified as Phoma glomerata morphologicaly (Boerema et al., 2004). Koch's postulates was done for pathogenicity test. Symptom-free one year old plants and branches were inoculated with spore suspension (1×106 spores/ml). Sterile water was sprayed on another set of plants as non-inoculated control. Each inoculated branch was wrapped in a plastic bag and maintained in a greenhouse at two temperature ranges of 15 ± 2°C and 23± 2°C with 90% rational humidity. After 10 days, symptoms similar to references (Chohan and Chand, 1980) were observed and the same fungus (P. glomerata) was re-isolated. The species of the fungus was confirmed by extraction of genomic DNA from a single spore isolate (Amirdehi et al., 2017 and Doyle and Doyle, 1987). Then, ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2 were amplified with universal primers ITS1 (5'-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3') and ITS4 (5'-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3') and maintained at 95°C for 3 min. Thirty eight cycles of PCR were performed by heating at 94°C for 1 min, 55°C for 1 min, and 72°C for 1 min, followed by a final period at 72°C for 10 min (White et al., 1990). The amplicon was sequenced and analyzed using BLAST software, and showed a homology of 99% with a corresponding sequence of Phoma glomerata (Corda) Wollenw & Hochapfel. The fungus was reported by Mathur (1979) on Ficus elastica for the first time from India. The fungus was also reported with symptoms of wilting and burning of the lateral buds of the pear (Pyrus communis) for the first time by Chohan and Chand (1980) from India. In Iran Phoma glomerata was reported from wheat Triticum aestivum L. and cucumber Cucumis sativus L. (Safaee et al., 2000; Hatami et al., 2008), Ficus elastica (Aghapour et al., 2009), Mandarin (Rostami et al., 2011), Rosemary (Moshrefi et al., 2015). Nevertheless, this species has not been observed on P. communis from Iran. This is the first report of bud and twig blight disease of Pear (P. communis) in Iran caused by the fungus Phoma glomerata. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - The study of the efficacy of some herbal essences and chitosan in controlling Rhizoctionia solani, rice sheath blight fungus disease
Saba Souhangar Vahid Zarrinnia Saeed Mohammadzade NaminThe use of natural compounds for disease control and prevention has been considered because of the benefits. Using herbal essences has been developed due to having medicinal properties, antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant secondary metabolites in the control of pa MoreThe use of natural compounds for disease control and prevention has been considered because of the benefits. Using herbal essences has been developed due to having medicinal properties, antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant secondary metabolites in the control of pathogens. In this study, the performance of three plant essential oils Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and peppermint (Mentha sp.) and soluble chitosan in the prevention and treatment of rice sheath blight caused by the fungus Rhizoctionia solani in vitro and in Ziveh, were studied. This experiment was done in a completely randomized design with 500 treatments and 3 replications. Treatments consisted of three factors essential oils, each in five different concentrations (100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 ppm) and the Factor chitosan in two concentrations 800 and 1000 milligram per liter and also two control included a positive control (culture medium along with tilt PDA) and negative control (dextrose agar medium potatoes without oil). Each treatment consists of three replicates each also includes three petri dish (for all treatments and positive and negative controls), respectively. Inhibition of different concentrations was determined using the Abbott formula. The full minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oils (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration of essential oils (MFC) was also calculated. The factorial experiment was considered in a completely randomized design with three replications in which every essence as a factor and different concentrations of essential oils, different levels of each factor. The results showed that essential oils of cinnamon and cumin inhibited 100% of the growth of R. solani were in effect concentrations ppm 200. The essential oil and chitosan 100% inhibition at concentrations of 600 and 1000 were one of their own. In addition to these three extracts of cinnamon, cumin and mint with a percentage of inhibition, respectively, 67/81, 50/82 and 33/83 showed similar results, with 50% inhibition chitosan least inhibition of pathogenic fungi on plant show. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Pathogenic variability of Didymella rabiei, the agent of ascochyta blight of chickpea in Kermanshah province
Elahe Paymard Mohammad Torabi Dariush ShahriariBlight disease of chickpea caused by Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab.is one of the most important chickpea diseases in the world and Iran, which causes huge damages to chickpea farm in the suitable climatic conditions. Study of genetic diversity and various races exist in MoreBlight disease of chickpea caused by Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab.is one of the most important chickpea diseases in the world and Iran, which causes huge damages to chickpea farm in the suitable climatic conditions. Study of genetic diversity and various races exist in the different regions would be necessary for resistant cultivars development. In this research physiological races of 28 isolates of A. rabiei which were collected and purified from five region of Kermanshah province during 2012-2013 were determined using seven differential chickpea cultivars (ILC-202, ILC-1929, ILC-5928, ICC-3996, ILC-194, ILC-1929 and ILC-72). All isolates were classified in six physiological races. Among the all isolates, seven isolates (25%) belonged to race 1, Five isolates (17.8%) belonged to race 2, Seven isolates (25%) belonged to race 3, Four isolates (14.4%) belonged to race 4, two isolates (7.2%) belonged to race 5 and three isolates (10.6%) belonged to race 6. Races 1, 2, 3 and 4 with 23 isolates (82.1%) were occurred in all areas of the province while race 6 with high virulence was detected only in one area (Sararood). Investigation of the morphological traits of isolates on CSA (Chickpea sucrose Agar), showed differences in view of diameter, color and form of colony, pycnidium density and pycnidium size among the isolates, but there was not any difference in term of pycnidiospore size. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Identification of Pathotypes in Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr., the agent of Ascochyta blight in chickpea in provinces of Kermanshah and Ilam and resistance evaluation of chickpea cultivars and lines against disease
Shahrzad Khalatbari Dariush Shahriari Mojdeh MalekiAscochyta blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei Pass. (Labr.)is one of the greatest disease in chickpeathat cause total yield loss if the environmental conditions are favorable. The use of resistant cultivars is the most effective management strategy for ascochyta blight in MoreAscochyta blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei Pass. (Labr.)is one of the greatest disease in chickpeathat cause total yield loss if the environmental conditions are favorable. The use of resistant cultivars is the most effective management strategy for ascochyta blight in chickpea. In our study, 24 different isolates of A. rabiei from plants infected by this disease were obtained in provinces of Kermanshah and Ilam and then isolated and purified. For evaluation of the morphological characteristics, discs of colonies of fungal isolates were sown in PDA, CDA, CSA and WA media. For pathotypes identification, the isolates were sporulated on differential chickpea cultivars by concentrations with 106 spores per ml. 41 genotypes and chickpea cultivars inoculated by three A. rabiei pathotype like pathogenicity method in greenhouse. The severity of the disease index is noted from 1 to 9, according to the scale of Jan and Wiese and 12 days later when the intensity of symptoms reached to 90 percent on susceptible cultivar. The results of our study revealed morphological and genetic diversity of the fungus. In this survey, three pathotypes identified in different districts of Kermanshah and Ilam, respectively. Pathotypes 1 of 13 of total isolates was the most widely distributed then, pathotype II with 6 isolates and pathotype III with 5 isolates were the least ones. The response of 41 cultivars against three pathotype of A. rabiei, Adel, Azad cultivar that have just been released by the Agricultural Research Institute of Dryland over the past few years together with advanced line of Flip 03-109C against the pathotype III showed moderately resistant response while other lines and cultivars were susceptible or highly susceptible. In total, lines of Flip51-87C, Flip03-119C, Flip04-13C and Flip04-10C showed resistant or moderately resistant response for pathotypes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Studies on pathogenicity differences of the fungus isolates of Ascochyta fabae Speg., the causal agent of Ascochyta blight and evaluating the resistance of the faba bean cultivars to disease
Atefeh Shiravi Dariush Shahriari Fatemeh ShaikhAscochyta blight caused by the fungus Ascochyta fabae Speg., is known as one of the most destructive diseases of faba bean worldwide. Yield losses due to attacks by this fungus can reach more than 90% when cultivars are sown under cool and wet conditions. Disease Contro MoreAscochyta blight caused by the fungus Ascochyta fabae Speg., is known as one of the most destructive diseases of faba bean worldwide. Yield losses due to attacks by this fungus can reach more than 90% when cultivars are sown under cool and wet conditions. Disease Control by using crop rotation, clean seed and chemical treatments cannot be fully effective. Therefore, using the resistant cultivars as a reduction factor of the disease severity and infection type is very important for disease control. At first, different fungal isolates were collected from northern areas of Iran, purification and pathogenicity was carried out on the susceptible cultivar of Barkat with spore suspension by concentrations of 106 spores per ml on leaves in the greenhouse condition. For identifying isolates virulence, the fungus inoculated was done on the susceptible cultivar of Barkat like pathogenicity test method. Disease severity index implemented when the symptoms appeared and was carried out 15 days after sporulating by Sillero and Rubiales method. The responses of 14 faba bean genotypes and cultivars were evaluated to disease in randomized complete block design in field conditions with three replications. Among total sampling of different regions, 10 pure isolates of A. fabae with high virulence totally obtained which indicated a high variability in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces. The results of resistance evaluation of faba bean genotypes and cultivars in field conditions revealed the resistance response of genotypes of G-faba-67, G-faba-95, G-faba-100, G-faba-133 and Zereshki cultivar along with disease severity index 25.66 to 40.33 percent and the other cultivars (6 genotypes and 3 cultivars) equal to 64% of all tested cultivars susceptible and genotypes showed a susceptible or highly susceptible response. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Experimental Investigation of a Hybrid System of Fuel cell/Thermoelectric for Waste Heat Recovery
نادر رهبر مصطفی حسنیIn this article, waste heat recovery from a PEM fuel cell using of thermoelectric generators has been experimentally evaluated. An experimental setup has been constructed which consists of a heat exchanger, thermoelectric modules and heat sink with built-in temperature MoreIn this article, waste heat recovery from a PEM fuel cell using of thermoelectric generators has been experimentally evaluated. An experimental setup has been constructed which consists of a heat exchanger, thermoelectric modules and heat sink with built-in temperature sensors. The setup is evaluated under operating conditions of a 5 kW PEM fuel cell. The results of the experimental setup shows that use of thermoelectric generators can be a good strategy for the recovery of waste heat from PEM fuel cells. For this purpose, the design of the heat exchanger in the hot and cold side of the thermoelectric are very important. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Construction reviewing the performance of a solar cell samples under climatic conditions Sabzevar software scaps
reza mazinani javad baedi mahdi mazinaniModern man is facing two major problems; On the one hand, fossil fuels are running out and the other side, these fuels environmental problems such as air pollution and the greenhouse effect, making them much. Solar cell is the best choice to replace fossil fuels. In thi MoreModern man is facing two major problems; On the one hand, fossil fuels are running out and the other side, these fuels environmental problems such as air pollution and the greenhouse effect, making them much. Solar cell is the best choice to replace fossil fuels. In this study, using the software scaps Initial simulation for solar cells has been considered. The investigation revealed that for best performance, Should be as thin with a thickness of 4 µm tin And zinc oxide used as window that if we can keep constant temperature of the solar cell at 300 K have the highest efficiency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Khoorab, Damin and Shahr-i Sokhta: A Look at the Architecture of Tombs and Burial Methods
Mahdi KaykhaeeDuring the third millennium (B.C) Shahr-i Sokhta was located between commercial courses and connected cultures and eastern ancient precincts like Baluchistan, Pakistan, and in the west, it did so to Shahdad, central Asia ancient civilization in the north and southern pr MoreDuring the third millennium (B.C) Shahr-i Sokhta was located between commercial courses and connected cultures and eastern ancient precincts like Baluchistan, Pakistan, and in the west, it did so to Shahdad, central Asia ancient civilization in the north and southern precincts like Khoorab, Damin and Bampoor.Meanwhile, because of the strategic position of this city (Shahr-i Sokhta), which was both geographical and commercial, and its environmental conditions, many people immigrated to this country and so there appeared many social classes that were simultaneously under the obligation of the central government.They had some special regional beliefs. These factors contributed to many common things in this precinct.In this survey, we will take into account the common beliefs of these precincts in view of the architecture of tombs and burial paces.According to surveys that were done in southeast precinct cemeteries of Iran, and according to the structure and materials applied to them, we could classify these tombs into their main groups:Cavity like catacomb and mud-brick, each have different subdivisions.We could also classify their deceased burial paces:1- Bury the dead on the right side,2- Bury the dead on the left side,3- Bury it in supine form with legs bent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Economic, social, and environmental aspects of using biofuels
Mohammad Safari Gholamhossein SafariOne of the most important issues that all the countries of the world are dealing with today is the issue of energy supply. Energy supply is one of the most basic prerequisites for social development and economic growth of many societies, especially developing countries, MoreOne of the most important issues that all the countries of the world are dealing with today is the issue of energy supply. Energy supply is one of the most basic prerequisites for social development and economic growth of many societies, especially developing countries, and access to economically sustainable and environmentally friendly energy sources seems necessary in today''''s conditions. The decrease in fossil resource reserves and the increase in the price of oil and its products, as well as the need to pay attention to the reduction of environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels, have encouraged the countries of the world to use renewable and clean energies. Biofuels are one of the renewable resources that have attracted the attention of many European and American countries. Substitution of fossil fuels with biofuels has the potential to reduce some of the adverse environmental impacts of fossil fuel production and use, including emissions of conventional pollutants and greenhouse gases, depletion of finite resources, and dependence on unstable external suppliers. In addition to environmental benefits, the use of suitable biofuels can bring economic benefits such as reducing agricultural surplus reserves, reducing unemployment and dependence on imported oil, rural development, sustainable agriculture, etc. In the current study, after introducing and expressing the characteristics of two common biofuels, biodiesel and bioethanol, the general advantages and disadvantages of using biofuels, the economic, social and environmental considerations of using biofuels have been discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Identifying and Prioritizing the Obstacles Leading to Bank Overdue, Using DEMATEL and VIKOR
Amir Mohammadzadeh Mohammad Ataei Hossein SalimiToday, Overdue are considered as one of the main challenges faced by banks as well as financial and credit Institutes. The loans received by the customers are not paid on due time, resulting in the deposit of sums of money in the account. This poses big chal MoreToday, Overdue are considered as one of the main challenges faced by banks as well as financial and credit Institutes. The loans received by the customers are not paid on due time, resulting in the deposit of sums of money in the account. This poses big challenges for the banks in Iran. Thus, the studies need to be conducted on what cause these debts and overdue to build up in the banking system and to offer the solutions accordingly. This study aims to identify the obstacles leading to the accumulation of overdue. The study uses a descriptive method of research and 30 experts from Bank Tejarat in Qazvin Province constitute the statistical population. The data were collected using questionnaire and they were analyzed using GMADM which includes DEMATEL and VIKOR. Three questionnaires were devised and 14 obstacles were identified, with the lack of credited guarantor for banks loan as having the highest weight (0.085) in bringing about these overdue. As for loans prioritization, short term loans were identified as the first priority followed by medium term loans and long term loans. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Presenting a Model for Evaluating and Ranking Fuel Stations Based on AHP Approach
Payam Hanafizade Seyyed Hassan Mousavi Mohammad Amin NayebiIn this article, an evaluating model for ranking the fuel stations of N.I.O.P.D.C. is presented. The model was formulated based on one of MCDM techniques known as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). More specifically, initially, we conducted a survey through administeri MoreIn this article, an evaluating model for ranking the fuel stations of N.I.O.P.D.C. is presented. The model was formulated based on one of MCDM techniques known as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). More specifically, initially, we conducted a survey through administering a questionnaire to experts in order to identify the criteria for evaluating fuel stations. Then, we determined criteria weights using a questionnaire on the basis of AHP standard. We used a rating scale instead of direct pair wise comparisons among alternatives so that we could overcome the explosion in the number of required comparisons when the number of alternatives is excessively large. Then, we calculated global Weights of every criterion in each level and after that considering assigned rates by evaluators to every fuel station, the scores of every fuel station was eventually calculated. All of weights were calculated and run using EC software. To test the presented model, we evaluated four stations in Zanjan province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Optimization the layout of filling station by simulation in queue theory
Sadegh Abedi Reza Radfar Naser HamidiEnergy and fuel crisis and magnified demands for fuel consumption caused varies challenges in the word. With19889 million liter annual consumption of gasoline, according to international reports, Iran is the tenth country in the word. In recent years, tremendous increas MoreEnergy and fuel crisis and magnified demands for fuel consumption caused varies challenges in the word. With19889 million liter annual consumption of gasoline, according to international reports, Iran is the tenth country in the word. In recent years, tremendous increases in fuel prices brought optimization and management of fuel consumption into the limelight. In this paper we are trying to maximize the capacity of filling stations and to elevate customer’s satisfaction through modeling these stations. Queue theory and simulation are instruments that we used in this research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - A comparative study of histopathological effects of aqueous extract of cinnamon and honey with sulfadiazine on skin burn wound healing in rats infected with Pseudomonas aeuroginosa
Mohammadreza Valilou Sevda ValilouPseudomonas aeruginosa, a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen, is the most common infective agent of burn wounds. The aim of this study was to compare the histopathological effect of a mixture of aqueous extract of cinnamon and honey with silver sulfadiazine on the healin MorePseudomonas aeruginosa, a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen, is the most common infective agent of burn wounds. The aim of this study was to compare the histopathological effect of a mixture of aqueous extract of cinnamon and honey with silver sulfadiazine on the healing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected second grade skin burn wounds in rats. To this end, 60 male rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups (15 rats in each group). After inducing anesthesia, second grade burn wound with the diameter of 12 mm was created in the dorsal region of rats. Then, 1.5×108 cfu/ml P. aeruginosa PA01was equally bestrewed on the wound of all rats. Every 12 hours, silver sulfadiazine (group 1), honey (group 2) and aqueous extract of cinnamon and honey (group 3) were applied to the wounds and group 4 was kept as control. On days 7, 14, and 21, five rats were selected from each group at each time point and after inducing anesthesia and measuring the diameter of the wound by coliseum, microbial and histopathological samples were taken from the wounds. Microbial studies showed that in all groups except the control group, the growth of the microbe was stopped. Histopathological observations regarding wound healing and diameter showed that there was a significant difference between treatment groups and the control group on days 7, 14 and 21 (p<0.05). On the 21st day, the extract of cinnamon and honey group had superior wound healing than silver sulfadiazine group but inferior in comparison to honey. According to the results btained, it is possible to utilize honey and mixture of aqueous extract of cinnamon and honey for treatment of infected skin burn wounds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Histopathologic study of the effect of low level Gallium-Arsenide laser on healing of grade 3 cutaneous burns in the rat
siamand bastani علی rezaeiThe healing of burn wounds has always attracted attention due to disruption of the healing process which leads to prolonged recovery period. Therefore, the quest for finding clinically effective wound-healing agents is important in the medical management of burn wounds. MoreThe healing of burn wounds has always attracted attention due to disruption of the healing process which leads to prolonged recovery period. Therefore, the quest for finding clinically effective wound-healing agents is important in the medical management of burn wounds. This study was conducted to investigate the morphometric and histopathologic effects of laser therapy on healing of third degree burns in rats. For this purpose, 64 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to four treatment groups consisting of Group 1: low level laser therapy (11.7 energy/cm2), Group 2: high level laser therapy (17.5 energy/cm2), Group 3: treatment with nitrofurazone ointment and Group 4: control. Burn wounds were created in all treatment groups by placing a 22 mm cylinder connected to a kettle containing 5 liters of hot water on the skin for 3 seconds. Histopathologic examination confirmed the creation of third degree burn wounds. Gallium-Arsenide laser was used in the study. Histopathologic examination was performed on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days. Morphometric evaluations indicated significantly increased wound contraction in laser treated animals particularly in group 1 compared to control group. Also in both laser treated groups, reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells and increased angiogenesis and presence of fibroblasts along with increase in the thickness of epithelium was observed. The results showed significantly improved wound healing in laser treated groups in comparison to nitrofurazone treated and control groups on all evaluation times indicating the wound healing effects of laser therapy on third degree cutaneous burns of rats. Conflict of interest: None declared. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Evaluation of wound healing activity of Commiphoramyrrha extract compared with silver sulfadiazine on experimental skin burn healing in rat
orly yadegar ahmad asghari saeid hesarakiMyrrh, a traditional herbal medicine,is derived from Commiphoramyrrha (Nees) Engl. (Burseraceae) and various other species of Commiphora. It has widely been used in different diseases in India, China, Italy and Greece. Pharmacological studies also have showed that myrrh MoreMyrrh, a traditional herbal medicine,is derived from Commiphoramyrrha (Nees) Engl. (Burseraceae) and various other species of Commiphora. It has widely been used in different diseases in India, China, Italy and Greece. Pharmacological studies also have showed that myrrh possesses multiple activities, including anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, anesthetic, and antimicrobial effects. There has been no report on the effectiveness of commiphoramyrrha in treating burn wound. Therefore, in this study, we compared the healing times of full thickness burn wounds in rats that received commiphoramyrrha treatment or the standard SSD treatment. This study was carried out on sixty male Wistar albino rats. Grade 3 burn wounds were created on the back of all rats. The animals were randomly divided into four groups, the first group of rats received no medication, the second group received eucerin (negative control), the third group received topical SSD group and the fourth group received 2.5% Commiphoramyrrha in eucerin base.Histological samplings were done on 7th, 14th and 21st days in each group, then all samples transported to the laboratory and H&E and trichrom staining was done. Histopatological evaluation on the 7th, 14th and 21st days showed burn healing to be better in the group which had received CommiphoraMyrrha with respect to other groups, in addition wound healing was significantly better in this group (p<0.05). In conclusion, CommiphoraMyrrha has positive effect on burn wound healing and it is better than silver sulfadiazine in low concentration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - The effect of different levels of date meals on cockerles performance
فرشید Kheiri جواد Pourreza مصطفی Faghani یاسر RahimiyanIn order to study the effect of replacing different levels of date meal to corn, 180 one-day-old male broiler Ros308 chicks with 5 treatments and 3 replicates were used. The chicks had free access to food and water during the experimental period. Five experimental treat MoreIn order to study the effect of replacing different levels of date meal to corn, 180 one-day-old male broiler Ros308 chicks with 5 treatments and 3 replicates were used. The chicks had free access to food and water during the experimental period. Five experimental treatments were as follows: the first treatment (control group) consisted of the diet which lacked date meal, the second treatment was the diet which contained %5 of date meal which replaced corn, the third treatment was the diet which contained %10 of date meal, in the fourth treatment %15 date meal was used and in the fifth treatment %20 of date meal was used. In this experiment, feed consumption, average daily gain, feed conversion and the measurement of the metabolism energy were recorded after the end of each week and the broiler chicks were weighted each week. At the end of the experimental period two broilers from each pen were selected, killed and then dressing percentage, abdominal fat (the fat around the cloaca and gizzard), intestines, gizzard, spleen, pancreas, liver and gall-bladder were measured. The best average daily gain was observed in the group which had %15 date meal. Maximum feed consumption was observed in the group with %5 date meal and minimum feed consumption in the control group. The most body weight gain was related to %15 replacement group and the most dressing percentage was related to %15 replacement of the date meal group. The most fecal moisture was related to %20 date meal. Considering intestinal histopathological study, the diet containing %10 date meal had the least effect on intestinal thickness. According to the results, 15% is the best level of date meal inclusion in the diet of cockerels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Optimum Location of Fuel Stations (CNG) Using fuzzy and AHP (Case Study: Zanjan)
Akbar Hosseinzadeh Manijeh Ahmadi Samira Moradi Mofrad Maryam GhasemiWith the increased use of engine vehicles and location discussion to these vehicles fuel stations in cities were considered. To inadequate spatial distribution of natural gas fuel stations in cities such problems that preoccupied the minds of many researchers have urban MoreWith the increased use of engine vehicles and location discussion to these vehicles fuel stations in cities were considered. To inadequate spatial distribution of natural gas fuel stations in cities such problems that preoccupied the minds of many researchers have urban issues. Location of the most important factors is the location of a CNG station and to earn more income for them and provide better services for users with minimum costs possible. Research Methodology In terms of purpose and in terms of methodology descriptive - analytical is Data were collected from a library of included studies and documents have benefited. The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the current situation Distribution centers and fuel stations Evaluation locating these positions in Zanjan using GIS and modeling phase AHP In line with the the fair distribution of services And promote the welfare of society and Citizens are. Results indicate that CNG fuel stations in the city compared to other compatible land uses in proper condition for observance of privacy in general, have not been. In one sense, in terms of proportional distribution of places in the city Also same is not proportional to population of nodes. Therefore, it is required that at least for the proper location in the city will be built in the future that occur or mobile CNG stations in order to compensate for these shortcomings is necessary Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Ups and Downs of ‘the Beloved’ from Saadi Shirazi’s Ghazal to Vahshi Bafqi’s Vasukht
Masoumeh Mohamadnejad Fayezeh Joneidy Farahnaz Nemati HolasouLove is one of the most fundamental subjects in Persian poetry and its platonic and romantic types in poems of different poets have created excellent themes and beautiful interpretations. Love in lyric works where the author manifests his inner feelings and emotions is MoreLove is one of the most fundamental subjects in Persian poetry and its platonic and romantic types in poems of different poets have created excellent themes and beautiful interpretations. Love in lyric works where the author manifests his inner feelings and emotions is the principal matter and ‘the beloved’ takes the leading and decisive role and in fact is deemed as the central role in lyric literature. Saadi Shirazi is a love poet, too who composes his poems about love and life, with the beloved being the most significant theme in his ghazals (a poem with a fixed number of verses having a repeated rhyme which is typically about the theme of love.) Vahshi Bafqi is also a love poet. However, these two poets view ‘the beloved’ differently and the aim of this paper is to shed light on manifestation of love and the beloved in ghazals of Saadi Shirazi and poems of Vahshi Bafqi. This paper studied love and reflection thereof in literature, nature of love, different types of love, and characteristics of the beloved in ghazals and ghazal composing. At the next step, the beloved and its characteristics in Saadi Shirazi’s ghazals and in Occurrence school (a school in Persian poetry emerged in the first quarter of the tenth century) and poems of Vahshi Bafqi were explored. The beloved in Saadi’s ghazals has a transcendent position which occasionally approximates God, as depicted in Persian poetry; however, it is mostly a romantic beloved. In Saadi’s ghazals, the lover is always utterly submitted to the beloved and evidence courtesy; whereas, in most of Vahshi’s ghazals, contrary to the established poetic custom of ghazal, the lover averts his eyes from the beloved and no longer yearns for the beloved’ coquetry and goes after another beloved. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - بررسی شیوة «واسوخت» در غزلیات سعدی
عبدالرضا مدرس زاده -
Open Access Article
72 - Effect of planting density on establishment and growth of Jatropha in Baluchestan, Iran
Mohammad Yosef Achak Hashem Keneshlo Hadi DarroudiIn recent years, declining of fossil fuel reserves, increasing greenhouse gas emissions and climate change effects have forced the global communities to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels, increasing attention to biofuels as a renewable energy source. The aim of th MoreIn recent years, declining of fossil fuel reserves, increasing greenhouse gas emissions and climate change effects have forced the global communities to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels, increasing attention to biofuels as a renewable energy source. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of plant density on Jatropha seedlings growth in Balochestan climate (Bahokalat region in Chabahar). Jatropha adaptation was examined using a statistical design of randomized complete blocks at four planting densities of 1111, 1333, 2500 and 3333 plant per hectare (planting distances were 3×3, 3×2.5, 2×2 and 2×1.5 meters, respectively). Studied factors included survival percentage, total height, vigourity, collar and crown diameter. The results of one-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the first year-study the vigourity of the seedlings was affected by planting distance, and the treatment with a density of 1111 plant per hectare had the best vigourity. But in the second year, survival percentage was affected by planting distance and there were no significantly difference in other parameters. In general, according to the results, it can be claimed in the first years, due to the small size of trees, intra-species competition is not much intense and the planting distance does not have much effect on the growth of planted seedlings. According to the more survival in wide planting distance, and predicting trees growth in the following years, it seems that the 3×3 planting distance is more practical and suitable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Surface Fuel Models and Fire Hazard in Golestan National Park
Roghayeh JahdiDetermining custom fuel models in forest and rangeland ecosystems is crucial to predict the potential fire behavior and spread, wildfire management, and ecosystem restoration. The objective of this study was to quantify the amount and structure of surface fuel available MoreDetermining custom fuel models in forest and rangeland ecosystems is crucial to predict the potential fire behavior and spread, wildfire management, and ecosystem restoration. The objective of this study was to quantify the amount and structure of surface fuel available for combustion in grasslands, shrublands and forests in Golestan National Park, NE Iran. All information related herbaceous vegetation and surface litter were collected from 1m × 1m, 10m × 10m, and 30m × 30m sampling plots, respectively in the grasslands (n=24), shrublands (n=8), and forest (n=22) fuel types based on Stratified Random Sampling. A fuel hazard rating is assigned to each fuel by assessing the key attributes including fuel load (t ha-1), fuelbed depth (cm), and litter cover (%). The results revealed that variation in surface fuel hazards among fuel types corresponded to patterns of fine fuel loading (1-hr). Broadleaves litter fuels had higher total fine fuel loads resulting from greater grass dominance, potentially providing higher surface fuel hazard. Differences in fuel structure between the existing fuel types also had an important effect. Determining custom fuel models and fire risk assessment in these models is important for natural resource managers to select methods to reduce fuel loads, fire mitigation, and retain the landscape resilience to future wildfires. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Analysis of physiologic characteristics of green algae for biodiesel production
Ramazanali Khavarinejad fatemeh malekahmadi neda soltani farzaneh najafi Taher NejadsattariGlobal warming, due to the excessive use of fossil fuels, rising prices, environmental pollution, and greenhouse gas emission, have made scientists produce a renewable fuel as a replacement for fossil fuels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of four sp MoreGlobal warming, due to the excessive use of fossil fuels, rising prices, environmental pollution, and greenhouse gas emission, have made scientists produce a renewable fuel as a replacement for fossil fuels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of four species of green algae as raw materials for biodiesel production. After purification, samples were kept in BBM and N8 culture medium at 25° C, pH 7, and under constant light. Growth rate, chlorophyll content, carotenoid concentration, and lipid content were measured. The total fatty acid contents and fatty acid profiles were measured with FTIR and GC-Mass, respectively. Findings showed that the highest growth rate and biomass production, and the minimum division time and also the maximum lipid contents belonged to the green algae Scenedesmussp ISC 94. Moreover, palmitic acid (42.74%), stearic acid (29.56%), palmitoleic acid (10.2%), oleic acid (6.72%), linoleic acid (1.72%), and α-linolenic acid (1.64%) were measured in Scenedesmussp ISC 94. The fatty acid composition of the microalgal lipid comprised over %80 of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids with a double bound. Also, palmitic and oleic acids were the majore fatty acids isolated. Therefore, ecause of high lipid production and the best lipid content, Scenedesmussp ISC 94 is recommended for its potential as a biodiesel feedstock. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Effect of different environmental conditions on optimal cell density, biomass production, lipid and biodiesel production in Desmodesmus microalgae
Mohammad Niazkhani Ahmad Mohammadi Hamid Mashhadi Fahimeh MahmoudniaMicroalgae are diverse group of simple organisms, which are incorporated in pharmaceutical, cosmic, nutritional and biodiesel productions. The amount of growth in microalgae is affected by physical and chemical conditions of growth environment. In commercial scale in or MoreMicroalgae are diverse group of simple organisms, which are incorporated in pharmaceutical, cosmic, nutritional and biodiesel productions. The amount of growth in microalgae is affected by physical and chemical conditions of growth environment. In commercial scale in order to achieve highest amount of biomass or biodiesel, it is necessary to use culture media with proper combination of materials. Therefore, in this study, effects of different values of temperature, light intensity, lighting period, saltiness and pH were tested by their effect on cell concentration, biomass, lipid and biodiesel production in desmodesmus microalgae. As a result, the best temperature for increase in cell concentration of microalgae was 25 degree of Celsius, light intensity of 4500 lux, light period of 17 hours, saltiness of 5 ppm and pH of 8. The highest amount of biomass was achieved in light intensity of 3000 lux, 18 hours of lighting, saltiness of 5 ppm and pH of 9. The highest amount of lipid was produced at temperature of 26, light intensity of 4200 lux, lighting period of 16 hours, saltiness of 12 and pH of 9. Finally, the highest amount of biodiesel was produced at temperature of 26, light intensity of 4200, lighting period of 16 hours, saltiness of 11 and pH of 9. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Reaction of European Industries Importing Iranian Oil to Energy Prices: Inter-factor analysis and Inter-fuel analysis
somayeh azami Kiumars Soheili marjan ghasemiAbstract The purpose of this study is evaluating European manufacturing Industries Importing Iranian Oil response to energy prices during 1970-2005. A two-stage translog model is used for estimating production factor and fuel demand elasticities. Results of inter-factor MoreAbstract The purpose of this study is evaluating European manufacturing Industries Importing Iranian Oil response to energy prices during 1970-2005. A two-stage translog model is used for estimating production factor and fuel demand elasticities. Results of inter-factor analysis show that in most of the countries, energy is inelastic input. Results of inter-fuel analysis show that natural gas is a good substitute for gasoil in European industries. With increasing price of electricity and natural gas, it is predicted that oil is a substitute for these energy carriers in most of countries. Demand elasticity for energy carriers (excluding gasoline) was low estimated. The results of this study have important implications for the industry energy suppliers and environmental policy makers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Inter-fuel Substitution in OECD and its Effects on the Fluctuations of Iran's Petroleum Exports
teymoor mohammadi hamid amadeh fereidoon barkashli dariush vafinajarIn this paper, based on the importance of Inter-fuel substitution, the researcher try to study the changes in Inter-fuel substitution in OECD and then to answer the question that "whether it has any effect on the fluctuation of Iran's petroleum exports in this market or MoreIn this paper, based on the importance of Inter-fuel substitution, the researcher try to study the changes in Inter-fuel substitution in OECD and then to answer the question that "whether it has any effect on the fluctuation of Iran's petroleum exports in this market or not?" By using Linear Dynamic Logit model based on the equations of fuel and SURE to investigate inter-fuel substitution through four fuels including oil, gas, coal and electricity represent that the electricity and gas is the most intensive in short and long-term alternative to oil. The estimation of this system as simultaneous to MSI model for Iran's oil exports in OECD market indicate that these substitutions affect the fluctuations of Iranian petroleum exports. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Determinants of Fuel Subsidies in Selected Oil Exporting Countries: (The Case Study of Gasoline Subsidy)
Hossein Tavakolian Ali Faridzad Jalal Dehnavi Neda MohamadiAbstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors affecting the payment of fossil fuel subsidies in oil exporting countries. To this end, the determinants of fossil fuel subsidies in selected exporting countries are divided into three sections: economic, poli MoreAbstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors affecting the payment of fossil fuel subsidies in oil exporting countries. To this end, the determinants of fossil fuel subsidies in selected exporting countries are divided into three sections: economic, political and institutional factors, and analyzed by the method of generalized moment data of dynamic panel data in the period 2003-2015. The results showed that variables such as carbon emissions and health costs are effective in paying gasoline subsidies. International Indicators of Risk also show the impact of institutional and political factors on subsidies. Based on the results, international organizations or management organizations should have targeted and accurate investment in improving the organizational and institutional capacity of the countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Optimal Control of Micro-grid (MG) to Improve Voltage Profile Including Combined Heat and Power System
Hesam RahbarimaghamUsually, in the studies of optimal control for the micro-grid with combined heat and power (CHP), economic and environmental goals have been raised. In these studies, the optimization of control devices and compensators that are aimed at improving the technical aspects MoreUsually, in the studies of optimal control for the micro-grid with combined heat and power (CHP), economic and environmental goals have been raised. In these studies, the optimization of control devices and compensators that are aimed at improving the technical aspects of micro-grid has not been considered. Therefore, in this paper, these goals are considered simultaneously. In this paper the shunt capacitor, shunt reactor, static var compensator, load ratio control transformer, step voltage regulator and power generation of DGs are investigated as control variables with the aim of considering costs, losses and voltage profile improvement. The case under study is a distribution test system including 22 buses, which consists of photovoltaic and fuel cell. All network data is extracted from a real system. As a result, the system can completely represent a real system. In order to complete the study of the system, the emissions of fuel cells are considered in the objective function. The efficiency and output electrical and thermal power of the fuel cell are considered related to part load ratio as a real standard model introduced in previous studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Fuzzy Control of Polymer Fuel Cell for Attract Maximum Power
Zahra Nejati Farid Sheikholeslam Hamid MahmoodianPolymer fuel cell is one of the most attractive of fuel cell from point of the design and operation and also in comparison with other types of fuel cell, for a weight and size, polymer fuel cell produces more power. But however, one of the problems to use of this system MorePolymer fuel cell is one of the most attractive of fuel cell from point of the design and operation and also in comparison with other types of fuel cell, for a weight and size, polymer fuel cell produces more power. But however, one of the problems to use of this system is its low efficiency .To overcome the low efficiency of the fuel cell polymer in this paper is tried to used from maximum power point tracking. According to the characteristic of the flow –power the fuel cell, which is a non-linear curve and has a maximum point and use of the fuzzy controller and the proper selection of input and output membership functions trying to the System always works at maximum power. For this purpose, a chopper is used between the fuel cell and the load and to adjust the duty cycle of the applied signal to it is applied the fuzzy-TSK type controller that Its inputs are stream slope and slope changes. The results show that this controller has a good performance and that is faster compared with the perturbation and observation method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - بررسی خاصیت ضد میکروبی عصاره تام و سه فراکشن Platychaeteaucheri (Boiss.) Boiss علیه 5 سویه استاندارد میکروبی و سویه های بالینی اشریشیاکلی
تینا ذبیحی نیک مژده حاکمی-والا فاطمه باقری بجستانیمقدمه و هدف:Platychaeteaucheri (Boiss.) Boiss متعلق به خانوادهAsteraceae بوده و یکی از گیاهان بومی ایران است. هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی خاصیت ضد میکروبی عصاره تام متانولی و سه فراکسیون حاصل از بخش هوایی گلدار Platychaete aicheri بر روی تعدادی باکتری گرم مثبت Moreمقدمه و هدف:Platychaeteaucheri (Boiss.) Boiss متعلق به خانوادهAsteraceae بوده و یکی از گیاهان بومی ایران است. هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی خاصیت ضد میکروبی عصاره تام متانولی و سه فراکسیون حاصل از بخش هوایی گلدار Platychaete aicheri بر روی تعدادی باکتری گرم مثبت و گرم منفی استاندارد، مخمر کاندیدا آلبیکنس و همچنین نمونههای بالینی اشریشیاکلی جدا شده از عفونت ادراری و زخم سوختگی است. روش تحقیق: عصاره تام متانولی Platychaeteaucheri با روش خیساندن تهیه شد. سپس فراکسیونهای کلروفرمی، اتردوپترولی و آبی با استفاده از روش استخراج مایع-مایع بدست آمدند. اثر ضدمیکروبی با روشهای انتشار در چاهک و براث میکرودایلوشن و بر اساس پروتکل CLSI مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. سویههای استاندارد مورد بررسی شامل: اشریشیاکلی (1399 PTCC)، سودوموناس آﺋروژینوزا (1430 PTCC)، استافیلوکوکوس ارﺋوس (1431 PTCC)، باسیلوس سرﺋوس (1247 PTCC) و کاندیدا آلبیکنس (5027 PTCC) بودند. همچنین عصاره و فراکسیونها بر روی سویههای اشریشیاکلی بالینی که از نمونه ادرار بیماران بیمارستان امام خمینی تهران که در سال 2013 و زخمهای سوختگی بیماران بیمارستان شهید مطهری تهران که در سال 2014 جدا شده بودند نیز مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. نتایج و بحث: عصاره تام و فراکسیونهای کلروفرمی و اتردوپترولی دارای خاصیت ضدمیکروبی متوسط بر روی سودوموناس آﺋروژینوزا و اشریشیاکلی استاندارد با محدوده MIC (mg/ml 42-35) بودند. دامنه MIC برای ایزولههای بالینی اشریشیاکلی در محدوده mg/ml 72-60 بود. فراکسیون آبی فعالیت ضدمیکروبی کمتری نسبت به عصاره تام و سایر فراکسیونها بر روی نمونههای استاندارد و بالینی داشت. بر اساس یافتهها فراکسیونهای اتردوپترولی و کلروفرمی اثر آنتیباکتریال بیشتری نسبت به عصاره تام متانولی و فراکسیون آبی داشتند. پیشنهادهای کاربردی و صنعتی: بر اساس نتایج در صورت عدم سمیّت در مطالعات آتی، این گیاه میتواند به عنوان یک منبع آنتیباکتریال طبیعی در محصولاتی جهت کمک به درمان عفونتهای مجرای ادراری و سوختگی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - بررسی اثر درمانی گیاه زنگوله ای لوله باریک (Boiss. Onosma stenosiphon) برسوختگی درجه دو در ناحیه پشت و بیضه موش صحرایی
محمدعلی خلیلی سید محسن میراسماعیلی حسین حکمتی مقدم شهناز رضایی علی رضا وحیدیمقدمه و هدف: گیاه Boiss. Onosma stenosiphon یا زنگولهای لوله باریک از خانواده گاوزبان میباشد. در گذشته این گیاه برای درمان بریدگیهای سطحی پوست مورد استفاده قرار میگرفته و تاکنون خواص درمانی این گیاه در کتب گیاهان دارویی ذکر نشده است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر، بررسی Moreمقدمه و هدف: گیاه Boiss. Onosma stenosiphon یا زنگولهای لوله باریک از خانواده گاوزبان میباشد. در گذشته این گیاه برای درمان بریدگیهای سطحی پوست مورد استفاده قرار میگرفته و تاکنون خواص درمانی این گیاه در کتب گیاهان دارویی ذکر نشده است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر، بررسی تأثیر پماد تهیه شده از این گیاه بر میزان به­بود سطح زخم ناشی از سوختگی درجه دو در ناحیه پشت و نیز بیضه موش صحرائی می­باشد.روش تحقیق: در این مطالعه تجربی24 سر موش صحرایی نژاد ویستار به صورت تصادفی به 3 گروه تجربی(21 سر) و 1 گروه شاهد (3 سر) تقسیم شدند. سوختگی درجه دو به­صورت یکنواخت درناحیه پشت در پهلوی راست و چپ و نیز پوست بیضه راست تمام موش­ها ایجاد گردید. برای درمان زخم­های ناشی از سوختگی در سه گروه تجربی، از پماد پودر گیاه مذکور استفاده شد. جهت بررسی تغییرات بافتی در به­بُود زخم­ها، به ترتیب در روزهای 7، 14 و 21 روز پس از سوختگی، هر بار تعداد 7 سر موش از هر گروه انتخاب شده و پس از کشتن، از محل سوختگی طرف راست (تحت درمان با پماد) و طرف چپ (بدون استعمال پماد) و نیز بافت بیضه نمونه برداری و با روش هماتوکسلین – ا ئوزین رنگ آمیزی شدند. سپس نمونه­ها با نمونه های تهیه شده از موش صحرایی شاهد به صورت کیفی از نظر میزان آسیب و به­بود بافت در ناحیه پشت و تغییرات در بافت بیضه مقایسه گردیدند.نتایج و بحث: در هفته اول بعد از سوختگی تغییرات هیستوپاتولوژیک یکسان در اپی­درم نمونه­های پوست بدون مصرف پماد و در نمونه های پوست با مصرف پماد مشاهده شد ولی این تغییرات درهر دو گروه تقریباً یکسان بود. درهفته دوم، اپی­درم تا حدودی ترمیم شده بود و در درم سطحی نیز التهاب نفوذ سلول­های آماس تک هسته­ای و فیبروز دیده شد. در هفته سوم، اپی­درم به­طور کامل بازسازی شد و التهاب در ناحیه درم پوست از بین رفته بود و فقط فیبروز ناحیه ای که قبلاً نکروزه بود به چشم می­خورد. توصیه کاربردی / صنعتی: در زمان مورد مطالعه سطح ترمیم و درصد التیام بافت سوخته شده در نمونه­های تحت درمان با پماد گیاه زنگوله­ای باریک و نمونه­های شاهد هیچ تغییر معنی داری به دست نیامد. هم­چنین، پماد مذکور هیچ نوع اثر سوئی بر بافت بیضه و سلول­های اسپرم آن نداشت. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - گلهای رز ایرانی، یک ضد باکتری طبیعی علیه عامل اصلی عفونت سوختگی پوست، سودوموناس آئروژینوزا
مائده رزقی سید رضا حسینی دوست ژینوس عسگرپناهمقدمه و هدف : رز ایرانی (Rosa foetida) متعلق به تیره گل سرخ می باشد و یکی از گونه های بومی ایرانی به حساب می آید که تاکنون اثرات بیولوژیک گل های آن بررسی نگردیده است. از آنجا که گل های این گیاه در طب سنتی ایران به عنوان مرهم جهت بهبود سوختگی های عفونی پوست به کار می رود Moreمقدمه و هدف : رز ایرانی (Rosa foetida) متعلق به تیره گل سرخ می باشد و یکی از گونه های بومی ایرانی به حساب می آید که تاکنون اثرات بیولوژیک گل های آن بررسی نگردیده است. از آنجا که گل های این گیاه در طب سنتی ایران به عنوان مرهم جهت بهبود سوختگی های عفونی پوست به کار می رود، بر آن شدیم تا برای اولین بار اثر ضد میکروبی عصاره های مختلف گل ها را علیه عامل اصلی عفونت های سوختگی، سودوموناس آئروژینوزا بررسی نماییم. روش تحقیق: بررسی اثر ضد میکروب عصاره ها و تعیین حداقل غلظت مهار رشد باکتری به ترتیب با استفاده از روش چاهک پلیت و روش رقت سازی متوالی در میکروپلیت انجام شد. نتایچ و بحث: تمام عصاره های حاصل از گل ها دارای اثر مهاری بر رشد باکتری بودند که از بین آنها عصاره های آبی و متانولی دارای قوی ترین اثر را نشان دادند. قطر هاله عدم رشد (با غلظت 125 میلی گرم/میلی لیتر) و حداقل غلظت مهار رشد باکتری برای هر دو عصاره فوق نسبتا با اثر داروی استاندارد، ایمیپنم/سیلاستاتین (8/8 میکروگرم/میلی لیتر) یکسان بود. توصیه کاربردی / صنعتی: نتایج مشاهده شده نشان می دهد که گل های رز ایرانی دارای ترکیبات موثره با اثر ضد باکتری علیه سوش های استاندارد و پاتوژن سودوموناس آئروژینوزا جدا شده از پنج بیمار مبتلا به عفونت سوختگی پوست است و کاربرد سنتی این گیاه را در عفونت های سوختگی پوست توجیه می نماید. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Cybernetic Reflection on Iranian Nuclear Decision- making Model
Seyed Yousef GhorashiAbstract: In recent years, Iran’s nuclear policy has become one of the most important and controversial issues in international relations so that it is being discussed in most international meetings despite the absence of Iran. Some believe that Iran’s nucl MoreAbstract: In recent years, Iran’s nuclear policy has become one of the most important and controversial issues in international relations so that it is being discussed in most international meetings despite the absence of Iran. Some believe that Iran’s nuclear policy and way of decision making about the alternative choices cannot be explained on the basis of existing theories of decision making or analytical paradigm; therefore, there is the need for a new theory and different decision making approach. The present article initially introduces and explains principles and assumption of “cybernetic theory of decision” then it concludes that this theoretical framework has a better explanative ability for examining the nuclear policy of Iran. The authors are of the view that within the framework of cybernetic theory focusing on vital variable of “obtaining nuclear fuel cycle” has been the pivot of Iran’s nuclear policy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - برنامهریزی منطقهای بکارگیری انرژی خورشیدی در مزارع تولید مرغ گوشتی در استان سمنان
محسن محمدی محمدصادق صبوری -
Open Access Article
86 - تعیین انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز حقیقی برخی از مواد خوراکی با روش جدید تغذیه دقیق در جوجههای گوشتی
ا. رضایی ح. جانمحمدی م. علیایی ص. علیجانیدو آزمایش به منظور تعیین انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز برخی از مواد خوراکی طیور انجام شد. آزمایش اول جهت تعیین مناسبترین زمان جمعآوری فضولات بعد از تغذیه دقیق جوجههای گوشتی جهت بدست آوردن حداکثر مقادیر دفع فضولات و آزمایش دوم جهت تعیین انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز حقیقی تصحیح شده Moreدو آزمایش به منظور تعیین انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز برخی از مواد خوراکی طیور انجام شد. آزمایش اول جهت تعیین مناسبترین زمان جمعآوری فضولات بعد از تغذیه دقیق جوجههای گوشتی جهت بدست آوردن حداکثر مقادیر دفع فضولات و آزمایش دوم جهت تعیین انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز حقیقی تصحیح شده برای تعادل صفر نیتروژن دانه ذرت، کنجاله سویا، کنجاله گلوتن ذرت، کنجاله کلزا و پودر ضایعات کشتارگاهی طیور با استفاده از روش جدید تغذیه دقیق در جوجههای گوشتی 21 روزه انجام گرفت. در آزمایش اول، تعداد 35 قطعه جوجه گوشتی نر 21 روزه با وزن بدنی یکسان در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی در 7 گروه آزمایشی با 5 پرنده در هر گروه در قفسهای متابولیسمی قرار گرفتند. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل زمانهای مختلف جمعآوری فضولات بود. همه جوجهها با مخلوط (60-40) ذرت-کنجاله سویا به مقدار 10 گرم مورد تغذیه دقیق قرار گرفتند. فضولات در زمانهای 2، 4، 6، 8، 10، 12 و 14 ساعت بعد از تغذیه دقیق جمعآوری شدند. در آزمایش دوم، تعداد 30 قطعه جوجه گوشتی نر 21 روزه با 5 پرنده برای هر ماده خوراکی مورد آزمایش به مقدار 10 گرم مورد تغذیه دقیق قرار گرفتند و تعداد 5 قطعه جوجه گوشتی نیز برای تعیین دفع انرژی از منشاء داخلی به روش گرسنگی استفاده شد. حداکثر زمان جمعآوری فضولات در جوجههای گوشتی 21 روزه 12 ساعت بدست آمد که با سایر زمانها تفاوت معنیداری نشان داد (0.01>P). میانگین انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز حقیقی تصحیح شده برای تعادل صفر نیتروژن دانه ذرت، کنجاله سویا، کنجاله گلوتن ذرت، کنجاله کلزا و پودر ضایعات کشتارگاهی طیور به ترتیب 94 ± 3527، 116 ± 2572، 33 ± 4183، 162 ± 1806 و 112 ± 2678 کیلوکالری در کیلوگرم بود. اینطور نتیجه شد که مقادیر انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز حقیقی مواد خوراکی میتواند در جوجههای گوشتی 21 روزه با استفاده از روش تغذیه دقیق تعیین گردد. این تحقیق استفاده از مقادیر انرژی بدست آمده در جوجههای گوشتی را در فرمولاسیون جیرههای غذایی برای جوجههای گوشتی پیشنهاد مینماید. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - سلول سوختی میکروبی: روش جدید برای تعیین ارزش غذایی پنبه دانه کامل مورد استفاده در تغذیه نشخوارکنندگان
م. بشارتی ا. تقی زادههدف از این مطالعه، تعیین همبستگی بین تکنیک تولید گاز آزمایشگاهی و سلول­های سوختی میکروبی و معرفی روش جدید برای ارزیابی خوراک مورد استفاده در جیره­های نشخوارکنندگان است. تیمارهای مورد آزمایش: 1) جیره کنترل (بدون پنبه دانه، مننسین و ویتامین E، (CD)؛ 2) جیره حاوی 2 Moreهدف از این مطالعه، تعیین همبستگی بین تکنیک تولید گاز آزمایشگاهی و سلول­های سوختی میکروبی و معرفی روش جدید برای ارزیابی خوراک مورد استفاده در جیره­های نشخوارکنندگان است. تیمارهای مورد آزمایش: 1) جیره کنترل (بدون پنبه دانه، مننسین و ویتامین E، (CD)؛ 2) جیره حاوی 20 درصد پنبه دانه کامل (CSD)؛ 3) تیمار حاوی 20 درصد پنبه دانه کامل به همراه 12000 واحد ویتامین E به ازای هر گاو در روز (CSDE) و 4) تیمار حاوی 20 درصد دانه پنبه کامل به همراه 24 ppm مننسین در کیلوگرم DMI برای هر گاو در روز (CSDM). برای آزمایش سلول­های سوختی میکروبی، پیکربندی خانگی MFC شامل دو سیلندر از نوعPlexiglass بود. نتایج بدست آمده نشان داد که تیمار حاوی ویتامین E تولید گاز بیشتری نسبت به سایر تیمارها داشت. تولید گاز در تیمار حاوی موننسین کمتر از سایر تیمارها بود. تیمار با ویتامین E دارای مقادیر ولتاژ، جریان و قدرت بیشتری در مقایسه با سایر تیمارها بود. داده­های به دست آمده نشان داد که اضافه کردن موننسین در مقایسه با تیمار CSD باعث بهبود عملکرد سلول­های میکروبی گردید. نتایج نشان داد که بین مقادیر تولید گاز و عملکرد سلول­های سوختی میکروبی همبستگی بالایی وجود دارد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - تأثیر مصرف انرژی و پروتئین جیره غذایی بر تولید و ترکیب شیر گاوهای شیری دورگه
M.E. Hossain T. Chanda G.K. Debnath M.M. Hassan M.A. Haqueبرای تعیین تأثیر انرژی و پروتئین جیره غذایی بر تولید و ترکیب شیر، مطالعهای بر روی 120 گاو شیری دورگه هلشتاین × ساهیوال طی یک دوره 150 روزه انجام شد. مجموع 12 مزرعه گاو شیری سیستمهای نگهداری مشابهی داشتند و حداقل 20 رأس گاو شیری در بین اواسط تا اواخر دوره شیردهی Moreبرای تعیین تأثیر انرژی و پروتئین جیره غذایی بر تولید و ترکیب شیر، مطالعهای بر روی 120 گاو شیری دورگه هلشتاین × ساهیوال طی یک دوره 150 روزه انجام شد. مجموع 12 مزرعه گاو شیری سیستمهای نگهداری مشابهی داشتند و حداقل 20 رأس گاو شیری در بین اواسط تا اواخر دوره شیردهی برای اهداف مطالعه انتخاب شدند. مزارع در مناطق نیمه شهری و شهری چیتاگونگ، بنگلادش واقع شده بودند. نمونه شیر گاوها انفرادی جمعآوری شد. نمونههای شیر گاوهایی که امتیاز بدنی (BCS) یکسانی داشتند، با هم مخلوط شدند. آنالیز شیمیایی نمونهها در سه تکرار برای چربی، پروتئین، لاکتوز، مواد جامد (TS)، مواد جامد غیر چربی (SNF) و خاکستر انجام شد. انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز جیره (ME) و پروتئین خام (CP) با آنالیز مقدار از کل جیره مخلوط مصرف شده توسط هر گاو به طور انفرادی اندازهگیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که، انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز مصرفی (MJ/d) به طور معنیداری (01/0P<) تولید شیر، چربی شیر و محتوای مواد جامد شیر در گاوهای شیری هلشتاین دورگه فریزین را تحت تأثیر قرار میدهد. مشابه انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز، پروتئین خام مصرفی (g/d) نیز تولید شیر، چربی، پروتئین، لاکتوز، مواد جامد و خاکستر شیر را تحت تأثیر قرار داد (01/0P<). ضریب ماتریس همبستگی نشان داد که عملکرد شیر ارتباط مثبت با انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز و پروتئین خام مصرفی دارد. با این حال، یک ارتباط منفی بین انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز و یا مصرف پروتئین خام مصرفی و پروتئین شیر، لاکتوز، مواد جامد و مواد جامد غیر چربی شیر (حتی اگر شدت ارتباط متغیر باشد) وجود دارد. بنابراین میتوان نتیجه گرفت که، انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز و پروتئین خام مصرفی و مصرف جیره غذایی مناسب برای بهینه سازی تولید شیر و ترکیب شیر در گاوهای شیری هلشتاین دورگه × شاهیوال تحت سیستمهای پرورش متراکم در مناطق گرمسیری مهم است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Investigating the amount of energy consumption and the relationship between input and output energy in wheat production
Esmael Yadi Davood Barari Tari mehran mahmoudiIn order to investigation the amount of energy consumption and the relationship between input and output energy in wheat production, 10 wheat farms in Sari region (plain and mountainous) were selected. To collect information from the farms, first, all agricultural activ MoreIn order to investigation the amount of energy consumption and the relationship between input and output energy in wheat production, 10 wheat farms in Sari region (plain and mountainous) were selected. To collect information from the farms, first, all agricultural activities were divided into 8 parts: land preparation, planting, fertilizing, plant protection, weed control, irrigation, harvesting, and transportation to the factory. Results showed that the most of the fuel used for land preparation, which was significantly different from other agricultural operations. The average input energy in 10 farms was 14597.76 M J.ha-1. Among the consumer inputs in 10 wheat farms, nitrogen fertilizer is equivalent to 35.33% of the total input energy. Indirect energies had an average of 11245.69 MJ.ha-1 and direct energy had an average of 3351.26 MJ.ha-1. The average grain yield in 10 wheat fields was 4275 kg.ha-1. The average energy efficiency in 10 wheat fields was 3.42 MJ.ha-1. In general, the results showed that one of the most important factors in reducing economic productivity in an agricultural system, is the excessive consumption of inputs, which in the long term, the production of this this crop will be at risk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Strategies for Promoting Citizen's Role and Participation in Improving Fuel Station Services Case Study North Khorasan
abbas kazemi Vahid Sanavi GrossianThis study investigates strategies for enhancing the role and participation of citizens in improving the provision of fuel station services in the North Khorasan case study. The present study is a survey and applied research. The statistical population of this study is MoreThis study investigates strategies for enhancing the role and participation of citizens in improving the provision of fuel station services in the North Khorasan case study. The present study is a survey and applied research. The statistical population of this study is citizens of Shirvan city. The optimum sample size was 267 using Cochran's formula. The validity of the questionnaire was calculated by experts panel and the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach's alpha about 95.8%. In the present study, descriptive statistics test was used to analyze the demographic data of the statistical sample. The research is discussed. The data obtained from this study were divided into two sections: descriptive statistics, frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation. It is necessary to explain that most of the data analysis was done by SPSS software. Improves customer confidence above average, Better fuel service (fuel card) increases customer commitment above average. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - مدلسازی انتشار گازهای گلخانه ای تولید گندم در سیستم های کشت آبی و دیم در استان خراسان رضوی، ایران
سید مسعود معتمد الشریعتی حسن صدرنیا محمد حسین آق خانی مهدی خجستهپورکشاورزی یکی از بخش­های مهم تولیدکننده گازهای گلخانهای محسوب میگردد. یراین اساس، این مطالعه به ارزیابی انتشار گازهای گلخانهای تولید گندم در نظامهای کشت آبی و دیم پرداخته است. داده­ها از طریق پرسشنامه و مصاحبه حضوری با 116 کشاورز گردآوری شد. نتایج نشان داد که Moreکشاورزی یکی از بخش­های مهم تولیدکننده گازهای گلخانهای محسوب میگردد. یراین اساس، این مطالعه به ارزیابی انتشار گازهای گلخانهای تولید گندم در نظامهای کشت آبی و دیم پرداخته است. داده­ها از طریق پرسشنامه و مصاحبه حضوری با 116 کشاورز گردآوری شد. نتایج نشان داد که مجموع انتشار گازهای گلخانهای برای تولید گندم در نظامهای کشت آبی و دیم به ترتیب kg CO2 eq 8/637 و 12/65 بود. نهاده سوخت دیزل با 33 درصد، بیشترین انتشار گازهای گلخانهای تولید گندم در نظام کشت آبی را داشت. همچنین این نهاده بیشترین انتشار گازهای گلخانهای در تولید گندم در نظام دیم را به خود اختصاص داد. نتایج استفاده از تابع کاب-داگلاس نشان داد که برای تولید گندم در نظام کشت آبی، تأثیر نهادههای نشردهنده گازهای گلخانهای ماشینها، سوخت، الکتریسیته و کود حیوانی بر روی عملکرد مثبت و تأثیر نهادههای کودهای شیمیایی و سموم شیمیایی بر روی عملکرد گندم منفی بود. این در حالی است که تأثیر تمام نهادههای انرژی بر روی عملکرد گندم در نظام کشت دیم مثبت بود. نتایج تحلیل حساسیت ورودیهای نشردهنده گازهای گلخانهای نشان داد با افزایش یک کیلوگرم معادل دیاکسیدکربن نهادههای کودهای شیمیایی و سموم شیمیایی عملکرد گندم در نظام کشت آبی به ترتیب به میزان 28/0 و 17/0 کیلوگرم کاهش یافت. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - بررسی پتانسیل سازندها در ترشیری ایران مرکزی برای احداث مخازن زیرزمینی گاز طبیعی
خلیل رضایی نیما نظام وفا ندا نوروزی سروش نظام وفا -
Open Access Article
93 - Therapeutic effect of cold plasma on burnt skin in adult mice
Shadi Dorehlo simin mohamadi Gorji Nasim Hayati RodbariBurn wounds significantly heal the patient and these wounds are prone to infection with electrical energy and scar formation. The use of CO2 laser or nitrogen plasma along with the old methods of sterilization and whisper dressing to accelerate the process of blood clot MoreBurn wounds significantly heal the patient and these wounds are prone to infection with electrical energy and scar formation. The use of CO2 laser or nitrogen plasma along with the old methods of sterilization and whisper dressing to accelerate the process of blood clotting and wound healing. It may repair the natural process and be more effective than other treatments. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cold plasma on heat burn wound on the skin of adult Syrian mice in vivo. 24 adult male mice were randomly divided into control, fuel control, sham and experimental groups. After anesthesia and under sterile conditions, a circular wound with a diameter of 8 mm was created on the back of the mice's neck through hot body contact and caused burns as a zero day. Mice in experimental groups 1 to 3 were then treated daily for 30, 60 and 120 seconds, respectively, by cold or plasma irradiation of helium gas for one week. At the end of the treatment period, the sample bed was tested. The samples were tagged in Bowen and after molding with paraffin, 5 micron thick sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and stained. Wound healing is achieved by examining parameters such as the thickness of the stratum corneum, epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, the number of hair follicles and the diameter and number of blood vessels in the skin. Macroscopic examination of the wound site showed that the team of mice with cold plasma reduced the diameter of the burned area. Also, the thickness of skin layers (horny layers, epidermis, dermis and hypodermis) in experimental groups increased significantly (P <0.001) compared to the control group of fuel, as well as the number (P <0.001) and diameter of vessels. Dermal (P <0.01) was also increased compared to the control group of the fuel group. Wound area also decreased significantly (p <0.001) compared to the control group of fuel on the seventh day. The results showed that cold plasma irradiation of helium gas is effective in all performance indicators and by inducing it during burns can help accelerate wound healing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Microwave-assisted synthesis of nickel-copper nanocomposite for methanol electrocatalytic oxidation. An efficient anode material for alcohol fuel cell applications
محمد علی کامیابی Babak JalilianIn this study, the synthesis and application of bimetallic nickel-copper nanocomposites and reduction of graphene oxide simultaneously using microwaves are reported. The proposed synthesis method is a simple, fast and controllable process. The electrochemical behavior o MoreIn this study, the synthesis and application of bimetallic nickel-copper nanocomposites and reduction of graphene oxide simultaneously using microwaves are reported. The proposed synthesis method is a simple, fast and controllable process. The electrochemical behavior of the synthesized catalyst was investigated for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) in alkaline medium. The effect of melamine on the electrocatalytic activity of the synthesized catalyst was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. Also, investigating the effect of melamine as a source of nitrogen leading to nitrogen doping in the reduced graphene oxide network showed that it partially leads to the formation of NiCu-N structures. And this metal-N bond increases the catalytic activity towards MOR. The promoting effect of melamine was proved by an increase of 203 μA in the current and a decrease of 20 mV in the onset potential compared to other synthesized control catalysts during MOR activity. The results indicate the excellent performance of the synthesized catalyst as an anode in a direct methanol fuel cell. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Evaluation of the influence of using reduced graphene oxide (RGO) on improvement of Cu-MOF performance as electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells
mehdi mehrpouya seyed ali mousaviThe main target of this investigation is to synthesis and introduce several non-metallic electro catalysts with desirable performance and suitable price, for oxygen reduction reaction at cathode side. For this purpose, five electrocatalysts including graphene oxide (GO) MoreThe main target of this investigation is to synthesis and introduce several non-metallic electro catalysts with desirable performance and suitable price, for oxygen reduction reaction at cathode side. For this purpose, five electrocatalysts including graphene oxide (GO), nitrogen and sulfur doped graphene oxide (NS-RGO), copper metal organic framework (Cu-MOF), 6% GO-Cu-MOF, and 8% NS-RGO-Cu-MOF are synthesized by hydrothermal method. In continue, in order to investigate the structure, activity, and performance of synthesized electro catalysts, physical and electrochemical tests are employed, and obtained results are compared to the commercial 20% Pt/C. According to the physical tests outcomes, the structure of the synthesized electrocatalysts is uniform, and the layering is correctly performed. As well as, it was found that the size of electrocatalysts is in the range of nanometer. Based on the electrochemical tests, amongst the synthesized electrocatalysts, 8% NS-RGO-Cu-MOF has the best chemical activity. The onset potential of this catalyst is obtained by -0.06 V vs Ag/AgCl. Also, the peak associated with oxygen reduction reaction is shown in -0.08 V, which the current density in this voltage is -4.8 mA/cm2. Besides, the electron transferred number (n) for 8% NS - RGO - Cu- MOF is computed with the value of 3.53, which it indicates the reaction occurred near to the 4 electron pathway. The onset potential of 6% GO-Cu-MOF is gained by -0.11 V vs Ag/AgCl. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - طراحی و مشخصهیابی الکترود گرافیت دوپه شده با نانوذرات نیکل- فسفر برای استفاده در پیلهای سوختی متانولی
قدسیه السادات فردوسی سید ابولفضل سید سجادی -
Open Access Article
97 - تهیه و شناسایی نانوذرات Cu0.2ZnNi3.27O5.29 به روش همرسوبی و کاربرد آن در پیلهای سوختی
وحیده چاری زئی حمیده سراوانی میثم نوروزی فر -
Open Access Article
98 - بررسی کارایی نانوذرات پلاتین بر بستر چندسازه گرافن و کبالت اکسید بهعنوان الکتروکاتالیست مقاوم در برابر نفوذ متانول در پیلهای سوختی متانولی
منیره فرجی پیروز درخشی کامبیز تحویلداری زهره یوسفیان -
Open Access Article
99 - استفاده از گرافیت اصلاح شده با نانو ذرات نیکل به عنوان الکترود در پیل های سوختی متانولی
عباس رئوفی کیان سید ابولفضل سید سجادی -
Open Access Article
100 - تولید بیودیزل از روغن گلرنگ و بررسی ویژگی های مخلوط 20درصد آن با سوخت دیزل
کامبیز تحویلداری محمد علی امانی -
Open Access Article
101 - Preparation and characterization of iron (III) phthalocyanine chloride to be employed for desulphurization of JP4 jet fuel compared to nickel powder
ali eftekhari reza eskandari sedighi vahid pirouzfar afshar ali hoseiniIn this research, C32H16ClFeN8 nanocomposite was synthesized with the use of iron (III) chloride, urea and phthalic anhydride precursors for desulfurization of JP4 jet fuel. Nickel powder was also used in a separate process and its desulphurization ability was compared MoreIn this research, C32H16ClFeN8 nanocomposite was synthesized with the use of iron (III) chloride, urea and phthalic anhydride precursors for desulfurization of JP4 jet fuel. Nickel powder was also used in a separate process and its desulphurization ability was compared with Raney nickel alloy and the synthesized nanocomposite. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to identify the prepared samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the morphology of the particles. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method was applied to determine the surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter of the samples. Desulfurization of JP4 jet fuel in the presence of C32H16ClFeN8 nanocomposite under ultrasonic and a mild condition (temperature: 25-35 °C and atmospheric pressure) was performed. The obtained results indicated that the prepared nanocomposite due to its safety is competitive with nickel powder. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Engineering of lipid production in oleaginous microorganisms
Fateme Ghanaatian Ahmad Farhad TalebiMicrobial oils are of great interest to researchers as they provide essential fatty acids and are among renewable energy sources. Oleaginous microorganisms have the ability to produce oils up to 60% of their weight, most of which are accumulated in the form of triglycer MoreMicrobial oils are of great interest to researchers as they provide essential fatty acids and are among renewable energy sources. Oleaginous microorganisms have the ability to produce oils up to 60% of their weight, most of which are accumulated in the form of triglycerides. Fouroleaginous genera including bacteria, microalgae, fungi, and yeasts are among the largestproducers of microbial oils. A variety of physical and chemical factors are effective in microbial oils production, among which carbon source, nutrient deficiency, temperature, light intensity and pH of the environment can be noticed. Considering the constraints faced by various physical and chemical treatments in microbial oils production, most researches are currently focusing ongenetic modifications to enhance lipid production in oleaginous microorganisms. This articlereviewed 210 peer-reviewed articles entitled engineering of lipid production in oleaginousmicroorganisms in scientific databases during 1990-2017, among which 89 to particles wereselected for further assessments. In order to have the best achievement in replacement of new oil sources on a large scale, these resources should be optimized in terms of unique properties such as unsaturated fatty acids production, lipid yield, as well as lipid profile. The present study is anattempt to recommend some basic approaches to increase microbial oils production by oleaginous microorganisms. These strategies should be in line with genetic and environment-protection priorities. Concurrently, they could be useful for knowledge-based enterprises from the economical point of view. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - The prevalence of genes encoding Leukocidins in both methicillin resistant and methicillin sensitive strains of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from burn patients in Taleghani hospital, Ahvaz
Hajar Hoveizavi Azar Dokht Khosravi Zahra FarshadzadehBakground and Objective: Various strains of Staphylococcus aureus produce different bi-component toxins such as LUKE/D and PVL. This strains of S.aureus strains are associated with severe skin diseases, fatal pneumonia and osteomyelitis with high morbidity and mortality MoreBakground and Objective: Various strains of Staphylococcus aureus produce different bi-component toxins such as LUKE/D and PVL. This strains of S.aureus strains are associated with severe skin diseases, fatal pneumonia and osteomyelitis with high morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of genes encoding Leukocidins in Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant and sensitive to methicillin isolated from burn patients in, Ahvaz. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was performed on scar specimens of 203 burn patients hospitalized in Taleghani hospital. All samples were evaluated by traditional culture method and standard biochemical tests for detecting of S. aureus strains. After extracting DNA, mecA, PVL and LUKE/D genes were detected by using the polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR). Results: S. aureus strains were isolated from 95 cases out of total studied samples (46.8%), betwwn them 83 strains (87.36%) were mecA positive. The prevalence of PVL and LUKE/D genes in MRSA strains were 7.23% and 66.26% respectively, while this prevalence were 33.3% for both genes in MSSA strains. Conclusion: Regarding to the high frequency of PVL and LUKE/D genes in MRSA strains, also to severe and lethal diseases caused by these bacteria, early diagnosis and proper treatment must be considered for the prevention of disease progress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - Phenotypic and genetically evaluation of the prevalence of efflux pumps and antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa among burned patients admitted to Ghotbodin Shirazi Hospital
Yahya Dashtizadeh Afagh Moattari Ali akbar GorzinBackground & Objectives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important cause of nosocomial infections in burnt patients. Antibiotic resistance through various mechanisms is one of challenges for treatment of these patients. The mex efflux pumps play a vital role in the dev MoreBackground & Objectives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important cause of nosocomial infections in burnt patients. Antibiotic resistance through various mechanisms is one of challenges for treatment of these patients. The mex efflux pumps play a vital role in the development of multiple resistances to antimicrobial drugs. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of genes responsible for efflux pumps mexA-B-oprM and to investigate their phenotypes in the isolates. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 250 swabs were obtained from wounds of the patients suffering of burns levels 2 and 3 who admitted in Ghotbodin Shirazi hospital, Shiraz. Presence of P. aeruginosa isolates were confirmed by biochemical tests and PCR. Drug susceptibility, the phenotypic activity of efflux pumps and the presence of mex A, mex B genes were determined using disk diffusion method, cartwheel method and PCR methods, respectively. Results: In this study, 26.40% (66 cases) of patients with burn wounds were infected with P. aeruginosa. These bacteria were resistant to all antibiotics tested except for colistin. Totally, 66.66% of the isolates (44 cases) had an efflux pump, among them 42.92% and 87.87% of the isolates carried mexA and mexB genes, respectively. Conclusion: Our finding showed that genotypic method is very accurate and reliable than phenotypic methods for detection of efflux pumps in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Due to presence of the efflux pump genes in more than 90% of the P. aeruginosa isolates, analysis of the presence of these genes is very important for suggestion of an effective treatment model for the patients with bacterial infection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - ردّپایی از مکتب "واسوخت" در ده نامه های سبک عراقی
زهرا آریان سرشت -
Open Access Article
106 - Household Fuels Use and Related Environmental Policy options (A Case Study of Iran)
Jamshid Pajooyan Marjan DamankeshideEnvironmental taxes, so called Pigouian or Green tax, are considered as a policy instrument to control pollution. Green taxes are a sort of levies on expenditure and used by government as a fiscal policy tool to prevent pollution activities of any economic agents .in co MoreEnvironmental taxes, so called Pigouian or Green tax, are considered as a policy instrument to control pollution. Green taxes are a sort of levies on expenditure and used by government as a fiscal policy tool to prevent pollution activities of any economic agents .in contrast to direct and indirect taxes, Green tax has more advantages, for it can provide revenue for government and also can mitigate the negative effect of externalities. As such it renders a two-sided effect on efficiency ground. Towards this ends, the Rotterdam demand system was applied to this study. The findings of this paper indicate that the adoption of green tax policy would encourage the household to substitute other sources of clean energy for fuels use (oil and gas) and hence contribute to environment protection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Alyzing the Effects of Fuel Price Reform on Electricity Industry’s Financial Balance, Employing a Simulation of the Function of the Market
jamshid Pajooyan Taymot mohammadi Ali Asghar Ismail Nia elham gaforiyan Abstract This article is devoted to the study of the impact of a reform in power plant fuel prices on the key variables of Iran's electricity market (average electricity price and the financial balance of the electricity industry). It is based on a simulation m More Abstract This article is devoted to the study of the impact of a reform in power plant fuel prices on the key variables of Iran's electricity market (average electricity price and the financial balance of the electricity industry). It is based on a simulation model. In this regard, we employed a model in which the presence or absence of competition in the electricity market is based on the amount of power plant storage factor that is available in every hour. The corresponding critical storage factor, which is based on actual operation, is also calculated. Due to a suppressed price cap and availability rate (that is even lower than what is necessary for sending optimal investment signals), the current price cap and availability rate is not a valid starting point for calculating the desired effects. Hence, before examining the effects of a price reform on the mentioned variables, the price cap and availability rates need to be adjusted to a level that can guarantee a minimum IRR for investors in this sector. According to calculations, in order to sending the necessary signals for investment, by assuming a fixed availability rate, it is necessary to increase the current price cap (nearly 417 Rials per kilowatt hour) to a new level (570 Rials per kilowatt hour). According to that, the average wholesale market price will increase from nearly 600 Rials per kilowatt hour to 706 Rials per kilowatt hour. The implementation of this policy imposes a financial burden of about 29894 billion Rials to the Ministry of Energy. Given that, in markets amid with a price cap (and hence an availability payment), a price reform in fuel price, requires a proportional modification in the market price cap. Based on this obligation, the effects of the price reform on the mentioned variables, is calculated and analyzed. The analysis is based on three different scenarios about fuel price for power plants; The price of gas used in the petrochemical industry (as a raw material for this industry), the price of gas that is exported to Turkey, and, the minimum bound foreseen in the "law on the targeting of subsidies" in relation to the price of natural gas. Implementation of the mentioned scenarios will increase the market cap from 570 Rials per kilowatt hour to 1783, 3655 and 2830 Rials per kilowatt hour respectively. Adjusted average market price, proportional to the adjustment made in the market price cap, would be equivalent to 1922, 3801 and 2973 rials per kilowatt hour respectively. Furthermore, the financial burden corresponding to these scenarios will be 61717, 156574 and 114866 billion Rials respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Investigation on leakage and chemical interaction of BaO–SiO2–B2O3 based glass-ceramic sealants and AISI430 interconnect
laila RezazadehIn the present work, adhesion, leak rate and chemical compatibility of a series of borosilicate-based glasses, belong to ternary BaO–SiO2–B2O3 system, with AISI 430 alloys as interconnect were investigated for solid oxide fuel cell applications. Deformation MoreIn the present work, adhesion, leak rate and chemical compatibility of a series of borosilicate-based glasses, belong to ternary BaO–SiO2–B2O3 system, with AISI 430 alloys as interconnect were investigated for solid oxide fuel cell applications. Deformation behaviors of selected glasses at sealing temprature with time were characterized. Significant deformation was not appeared in the samples overtime at sealing temperature. In the next step, the leakage tests of AISI430/glass-ceramics couples were performed. Glass containing 32 % molar BaO (Ba32) had no gas leakage; a low leak rate of 10-7 to 10-8 Pam3s-1 was obtained for the glass with 37 % molar BaO (Ba37) and big leak of the system (10-3 to 10-4 Pam3s-1) for Ba42. Possible interfacial reactions between the as-received glass and cell ingredients and aging up to 100 h were also studied by scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray dot mapping. The results showed the Ba32 and Ba37 glasses coupled with AISI430 had fine adhesion, remained stable under these conditions and were compatible with the interconnect. So, the use of these glass-ceramics will be successful in joining the ceramic electrolytes to the metallic interconnect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Investigation on effect of Hafnium addition on electrical and isothermal oxidation resistance of Ni-super alloy using for metallic interconnect of SOFC
dannial azimi- yancheshmeh Mohammad Esmailian Kourosh ShirvaniNi-Cr-Al-Hf alloys containing 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 wt.% Hf were produced and their isothermal oxidation behavior and electrical resistance has been investigated in air for 75 h at the temperature of 1000 °C. Microstructures of the oxidized samples were examined using MoreNi-Cr-Al-Hf alloys containing 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 wt.% Hf were produced and their isothermal oxidation behavior and electrical resistance has been investigated in air for 75 h at the temperature of 1000 °C. Microstructures of the oxidized samples were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrical resistance was measured. The samples showed different microstructures, and oxidation behavior depending on their chemical composition. The results indicated that the sample containing 0.4 wt.% Hf had the lowest weight gain, while the weight gain of the sample without Hf was the highest. An external scale of spinel overlying a region of internal oxides precipitates formed on Ni-12Cr-4.5Al. Conversely, an external Al2O3 formed on the samples containing Hf additions. In absence of Hf, Cr2O3 was the major scale that formed on surface. The improvement in the oxidation resistance is believed to be due to the transition between the internal and external oxidation of aluminum, adherent and protective Al2O3 oxide layer on the surface of the Ni-12Cr-4.5Al-0.4Hf alloy. It was found that the scale adhesion can be affected by mechanical keying at the alloy/scale interface resulting from the pegs’ formation during oxidation. Higher electrical resistance of Alloy without Hf is due to higher thickness of oxide scale formation on surface and sample with 0.4 wt.% Hf showed lowest electrical resistance due to thinner scale of Al2O3. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - An investigation on the behavior of manganese cobaltite spinel oxide as the SOFC interconnect coating materials
Pooria Lesani Alireza Babaei Abolghasem AtaieIn this study, Manganese cobaltite (MnCo2O4) spinel powders were synthesized by co-precipitation method. X ray diffraction (XRD) patterns show that the spinel phase was formed at around 350°C. Formation of spinel phase was further completed by increasing temperature MoreIn this study, Manganese cobaltite (MnCo2O4) spinel powders were synthesized by co-precipitation method. X ray diffraction (XRD) patterns show that the spinel phase was formed at around 350°C. Formation of spinel phase was further completed by increasing temperature up to 1000°C. Additionally, XRD patterns prove that MnCo2O4 spinel material has been stable in this temperature range. Field emission scanning electron microscope observations show that plate like particles with an average diameter of 148 and thickness of 18 nm was converted to equiaxed particles with an average particle size of 1.5 µm by increasing calcination temperature from 350 to 1000°C. Investigation of the coating of uncalcined and calcined powder on AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel shows that a proper dense coating is developed on the stainless steel surface by using uncalcined precursor powders. And also, this coating performs well by prohibiting of outward diffusion of Fe from the substrate. In this way, a low thickness chromia layer (Cr2O3) is formed between the coating and the substrate. EDX analysis shows that a mixed spinel zone is formed in the interface of the coating and the substrate due to diffusion of some elements such as Mn, Cr, and Fe from substrate to the coating, as well as Mn and Co from coating to the substrate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Investigation of Electrochemical and Mechanical Properties of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Fabrication by 3d Printer
keyvan mirzaei feshalami zahra sadeghiyan Ramin EbrahimiNowadays, various methods have been introduced for the fabrication of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). In this research, 3D printing technology has been used to produce oxide fuel cells. First, a 3D printer was constructed that has the ability to print the MoreNowadays, various methods have been introduced for the fabrication of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). In this research, 3D printing technology has been used to produce oxide fuel cells. First, a 3D printer was constructed that has the ability to print the slurry of anode, cathode and electrolyte layers with the desired thickness and speed. Then a suitable slurry consisting of NiO-YSZ materials was produced for the anode layer, YSZ for the electrolyte layer and LSM for the cathode, with suitable solvents and additives. After cell formation, drying and then sintering of the layers were performed. The composition and microstructure characterization of layers has been performed by XRD, SEM, Mapping, EDS. The I-V-P curve showed the maximum power is around 0.84 W / cm2 at 800 OC with constant oxygen. The impedance curve values under open-circuit voltage were 0.23 Ωcm-2 and 1.25 Ωcm-2 at high and low frequencies, respectively. The tensile experiments indicated values 111 GPa for Young modulus and 137 MPa and 120 MPa values for the fracture toughness and the yield strength, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Investigating the oxidation and electrical behavior of AISI 304 steel coated with cobalt for the application of solid oxide fuel cell
Mohammad Reza Ashorzadeh Morteza Zandrahimi Hadi EbrahimifarOxidation resistance and electrical conductivity of stainless steels used as interconnects in solid oxide fuel cells can be improved by using a conductive and protective coating layer. In this study, AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel was coated in a cobalt powder base MoreOxidation resistance and electrical conductivity of stainless steels used as interconnects in solid oxide fuel cells can be improved by using a conductive and protective coating layer. In this study, AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel was coated in a cobalt powder base pack mixture. Isothermal oxidation test was used to investigate the oxidation resistance of coated and non-coated steel. Area specific resistance (ASR) was also measured as a function of oxidation time at 800 °C. Microstructure of coated and oxidized samples was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) device. The results showed that cobalt coated samples showed better oxidation resistance than non-coated samples. The results showed that increasing the temperature would increase the area specific resistance. The cobalt coating layer also converted to CoFe2O4, Co3O4 and CoCr2O4 spinels during the isothermal oxidation process. Cobalt spinels exhibited less ASR (27.4 mΩ cm2) compared to the uncoated sample (60.5 mΩ cm2). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - اثر استفاده از گیربکس پیوسته متغیر (CVT) بر عملکرد خودروی سمند
محسن اصفهانیان محسن نیکبیندر این مقاله به بررسی استفادهی از گیربکسهای پیوسته متغیر (CVT) بر روی خودروی داخلی سمند پرداخته شده است. برای بررسی چگونگی استفاده از آن برروی خودروی سمند، این خودرو با مکانیزم CVT در محیط نرمافزار ADVISOR شبیهسازی شده و سپس با سمند فعلی که دارای جعبهدند Moreدر این مقاله به بررسی استفادهی از گیربکسهای پیوسته متغیر (CVT) بر روی خودروی داخلی سمند پرداخته شده است. برای بررسی چگونگی استفاده از آن برروی خودروی سمند، این خودرو با مکانیزم CVT در محیط نرمافزار ADVISOR شبیهسازی شده و سپس با سمند فعلی که دارای جعبهدنده معمولی است، مقایسه شده است. سپس، به تحلیل نتایج حاصل از عملکرد این خودروی شبیهسازی شده پرداخته شده است. این تحلیل شامل انتخاب و معرفی سیکل حرکت شهری مناسب، میزان مصرف سوخت و عملکرد خودرو تحت سیکل حرکتی یکسان برای هر دو خودرو است. اثر سیکلهای حرکتی مختلف و بررسی رفتار قوای محرکه نیز در هر دو صورت گرفتهاست. نتایج بهدست آمده نمایانگر کاهش مصرف سوخت و افزایش بازده نهایی در اثر استفاده از مکانیزم CVT است. در انتها ارزش اقتصادی استفاده از این مکانیزم CVT به اختصار بیان شده است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Evaluation of energy consumption and econometric analysis in greenhouse cucumber production (Case study: Jiroft province)
Fakher Kardoni Neda Saeedi Graghany Amin FathiThe objectives of this study were to determine the energy indicators and econometric analysis in greenhouse cucumber production in Jiroft province Iran.For this purpose, the data on 31 cucumber production greenhouses in the Jiroft province, Iran, were collected and anal MoreThe objectives of this study were to determine the energy indicators and econometric analysis in greenhouse cucumber production in Jiroft province Iran.For this purpose, the data on 31 cucumber production greenhouses in the Jiroft province, Iran, were collected and analyzed.The results indicated that a total energy input of 146.95GJ ha-1was consumed for cucumber production. Diesel fuel (with 46.8%), chemical fertilizers (with 20.52%) and electricity(18.7) were amongst the highest energy inputs for cucumber production. The ratio of energy output to energy input was approximately0.58.The energy productivity and net energy was estimated as 0.72 kg MJ-1 and -62.2 GJ ha-1. Also, Results indicate 6% and 93.9% of total energy input was in renewable and non-renewable forms, respectively. The regression results revealed thatthe contribution of energy inputs on crop yield(except for Diesel fuel and chemical fertilizers energies) was significant. The human labour energy had the highestimpact (1.25) among the other inputs in greenhouse cucumber production.According to the results, resource management in greenhouses and reduce the consumption of fuel and fertilizer to produce, can increase energy efficiency and productivity were cucumbers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - Comparison of energy input, output and global warming potential of rapeseed and rainfed barely in Golestan province (Aqqala)
M.T Feyzbakhsh عفت ParvarComparing the energy of agricultural plants is one of the methods that can be used in prioritizing the cultivation of different agricultural plants in each region. In order to compare the energy input, output and global warming potential of rapeseed and rainfed barley f MoreComparing the energy of agricultural plants is one of the methods that can be used in prioritizing the cultivation of different agricultural plants in each region. In order to compare the energy input, output and global warming potential of rapeseed and rainfed barley fields in Golestan province (Aqqla city), an experiment was conducted in the fall of 2019. For this purpose, through interviews with different farmers (37 and 21 farmers for rainfed barley and rainfed rapeseed, respectively, by filling out questionnaires in Aqqala city) to collect the required data of machines and consumables including Seeds, fertilizers, fuel and pesticides were used in two crops. After that, the required data were calculated in three sections: fuel consumption, fuel consumption and global warming potential due to the emission of greenhouse gases based on CO2. The highest percentage of direct input energy in rapeseed and rainfed barley fields was related to fuel consumption with 39.3 and 46.8 percent, respectively. The highest and lowest global warming potential was obtained from rapeseed and rainfed barley fields (1492 and 1.739 kg CO2 per hec, respectively). Also, in both products, the lowest amount of greenhouse gas production related to potassium fertilizer was 26.3 kg CO2 equivalent for rainfed rapeseed and 1.13 for rainfed barley. In both products, fuel consumption and fertilizer constitute the highest energy consumption and greenhouse gas production. The use of tools that reduce fuel consumption is recommended, and the necessity of investigating and researching rotation crops and using plants capable of fixing nitrogen is revealed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - The role of law enforcement in combating and improving fuel trafficking
mohammad raisi Masoud Jafarinejad esmaeel shafieeتحقیق حاضرباهدف بررسی نقش نیروی انتظامی درمبارزه با قاچاق سوخت و بهبود آن در جمهوری اسلامی ایران انجام شد.این تحقیق به لحاظ هدف ازنوع تحقیقات کاربردی وازمنظرروش کیفی ازنوع دلفی است.روش نمونه گیری غیرتصادفی و تعدادنمونه آماری این پژوهش را پانزده نفرازمدیران وصاحب نظران س Moreتحقیق حاضرباهدف بررسی نقش نیروی انتظامی درمبارزه با قاچاق سوخت و بهبود آن در جمهوری اسلامی ایران انجام شد.این تحقیق به لحاظ هدف ازنوع تحقیقات کاربردی وازمنظرروش کیفی ازنوع دلفی است.روش نمونه گیری غیرتصادفی و تعدادنمونه آماری این پژوهش را پانزده نفرازمدیران وصاحب نظران سازمان نیروی انتظامی تشکیل می دهد .روش جمع آوری داده ها پرسشنامه محقق ساخته می باشد و روش تجزیه وتحلیل آماری با استفاده از روش تاپسیس فازی است. بعد از مصاحبه با افراد وصاحب نظران سیاستهایی که منجربه بهبودشرایط مبارزه باقاچاق سوخت توسط نیروی انتظامی می شکد ارائه که به 15 آیتم خلاصه شدوکه براساس نتایج روش تاپسیس،اجرای سیاستهای تشویقی مالی برای نیرویهایی که کشف انجام میدهند (A12) رتبه اول راکسب کرده است.برخوردشدیدبانیروها وعواملی که درنیروی انتظامی باقاچاقچیان همکاری میکنند (A10) و اصلاح قوانین (A13) به ترتیب رتبههای دوم و سوم را کسب کرده است. واژگان کلیدی: مبارزه با قاچاق سوخت, نیروی انتظامی,روش دلفی. سیاستگذاری . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Efficiency of Organometallic Nanocatalysts on Oxygen-Propanol Fuel-cell Reaction
Arezoo TahanIn this study, the effects of organometallic nanocatalysts with the general formula TMC4H4 and TMC5H5 (TM was each of transition metals Ni, Cu, and Zn) in activating and increasing the reactivity of the "oxygen-propanol" fuel cell were investigated at B3PW91/6-311++G** MoreIn this study, the effects of organometallic nanocatalysts with the general formula TMC4H4 and TMC5H5 (TM was each of transition metals Ni, Cu, and Zn) in activating and increasing the reactivity of the "oxygen-propanol" fuel cell were investigated at B3PW91/6-311++G** level of theory. The results showed that the adsorption of oxygen and propanol on the above catalysts was energetically and thermodynamically favorable, exothermic and spontaneous, and the electron current was from the catalysts as donors to oxygen and propanol as electron acceptors. The most electron exchange occurred between NiC4H4 with oxygen and propanol, and O2/NiC4H4 and P/NiC4H4 complexes were formed with adsorption energy values of -825.97 and -30.044 kcal/mol at the cathode and anode of fuel cell, respectively. When molecular oxygen at the cathode and propanol at the anode were adsorbed by the catalysts, the bonds O = O, C-O and O-H were stretched at the adsorbed oxygen and propanol and the greatest elongation at the O = O bond was in O2 / ZnC4H4 and O2 /NiC4H4 complexes and it was also observed in the C-O bond of propanol in P/ZnC4H4 and P/NiC4H4 complexes. On the other hand, The O2 /ZnC4H4 and O2 /NiC4H4 complexes at the cathode and P/CuC4H4 and P/NiC4H4 at the anode had the lowest chemical hardness among the formed complexes and had the highest reactivity. From the total results, it can be stated that NiC4H4 was the most effective catalyst in the activation of O2 at the cathode and CuC4H4 and NiC4H4 were the most effective catalysts in the activation of propanol at the anode of "propanol-oxygen" fuel cell. From the comparison of the results obtained in this study with the reported experimental results, it can be concluded that with the increase of the specific surface area of the transition metals included in the investigated carbon bases, their catalytic efficiency was increased in reduction of oxygen at the cathode and oxidation of propanol at the anode. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - Antibacterial effect of flower essential oils and plant organs’ extracts of purple coneflower on the bacterium Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis
Soleiman Jamshidi Soudabeh Andargani Mehdi OraeiRecently, there is an increasing attention to plant pathogen’s biocontrol considering hazards and environmental threats of chemical pesticides. Therefore, using plant materials as safe and natural antimicrobes is going to be investigated in recent years. The curre MoreRecently, there is an increasing attention to plant pathogen’s biocontrol considering hazards and environmental threats of chemical pesticides. Therefore, using plant materials as safe and natural antimicrobes is going to be investigated in recent years. The current study’s projective was evaluation of plant materials obtained from purple coneflower effecting on Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis bacterial walnut blight agent. Aqueous, methanol, ethanol, acetone and HCl extracts of coneflower root, stem, leaf and flower were extracted by rotary set and flower essential oils using clevenger apparatus. The antimicrobial activity of coneflower extracts and essential oil was evaluated in laboratory with disc diffusion and minimal inhibitory and bactericide concentration methods. The bacterium was more sensitive to flower essential oil than extracts. Ethanol acted successfully in antimicrobial material release from plant organs. Also, aqueous extract and also HCl and acetone extracts had very limited antibacterial activities on studied bacterium. All plant extracts and essential oils were inhibitive on bacterium. Leaf extract were more inhibitive than bactericide. Regarding the results plant materials obtained from coneflower could be a remarkable potential against walnut blight bacterium and might be considered as a promising biocontrol agent in the future. Manuscript profile
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