Evaluation of the effects of kaolin particle film on the quantity and quality characteristics of apple cultivars (Malus domestic)
Subject Areas : Environmental physiology
Morteza Taghavi Sharabiyani
1
,
Ali Akbar Shokouhian Shokouhian
2
,
َAlli Asghari
3
,
Ali Rasoulzadeh
4
1 - Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran
2 - Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
3 - Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran,
4 - Water Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran,
Keywords: food elements, fruit firmness, kaolin, photosynthesis, surface burn,
Abstract :
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of kaolin particle film on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of important commercial varieties of apple trees (Golden Delicious and Red Delicious) in the orchards of Bonab and Shahre Jadide Sahand, East Azerbaijan. This experiment was randomized complete block design with 4 replications at 4 levels of thin membrane (control, 2, 4, 6%) on 2 apple cultivars (Golden Delicious and Red Delicious) in 2 locations for two years. The measured indicators included sunburn percentage, photosynthesis rate, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a, fruit surface temperature, fruit firmness at harvest, leaf calcium and phosphorus levels, and yield. The results showed that with increasing levels of kaolin concentration in both regions and cultivars, the amount of damage, burn percentage and fruit surface temperature decreased. The lowest temperature limit (37.16 degrees Celsius) in the treatment with 4% concentration and the highest limit. The temperature (40.25 degrees Celsius) was observed in the control. The highest percentage of burn damage was related to the control treatment (19.95%) and the lowest was related to the 4% kaolin treatment (14.2%). Total chlorophyll, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll an indices, fruit firmness at harvest, fruit calcium content, photosynthesis rate and yield increased significantly with increasing kaolin levels. The highest amounts of chlorophyll b and a were observed, respectively, 0.97 and 1.95 mg per gram of fresh weight, and in the treatment of 2% and 4%, and the lowest amount of these plant pigments was observed in the control (chlorophyll b and a, respectively, 1.28 and 58/mg/g fresh weight). The highest amount of photosynthesis related to the treatment of 6% kaolin (9.44 mM CO2 m-2 g-1) and the lowest amount of photosynthesis was observed in the control treatment (7.92 mM CO2 m-2 g-1). The highest amount of calcium, phosphorus and yield (respectively 55/ 1 mg/kg, 0.154 mg/kg, 80.62 mg/kg) in the 4% kaolin treatment and the lowest of these values in the control (1.55 mg/kg, 0.154 mg/kg respectively) per kg, there was 67.67 kg) and there was no significant difference between the two regions and cultivars in this respect.
Abou-Khaled, A. and Hagan, R. M. )1970(. Effects of kaolinite as a reflective anti transpirants on leaf temperature, transpiration, photosynthesis, and water use efficiency. Water Resources Research 6: 280–289.
Adel, E., Jamal, K., Rawan, R, and Hassan, G. (2022). Effect of Using Limestone Fines on the Chemical Shrinkage of Pastes and Mortars. Research Square.4:1-23.
Aly, M., El- Megeed, N. A. and Awad, R. M. (2010). Reflective particle films effect on sun burn, yield, mineral composition and fruit maturity of ‘Anna’ apple (Malus domestica) trees. Research Journal of Agriculture. 6: 84-92.
André, F. F. R., Sylvana, N. M. and Luanna, F. P. (2019). Content of photosynthetic pigments and leaf gas exchanges of young coffee plants under light restriction and treated with paclobutrazol. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International. 32(6):1-13.
Arnon, A. N. (1967). Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal, 23:112-121.
Artur, C., Andreia, N., Richard., Diana, P., Lia- Tânia, D., Sara, B., Carlos, M., Ana, C., Hernani, G. and José, M.P. (2018). Kaolin particle film application stimulates photo assimilate synthesis and modifies the primary metabolism of grape leaves. Journal of Plant Physiology. 223(4):47-56.
Aurora, C., Stefano, C., Giulia, G., Christophe, E., Youssef, R., Alberto, R. and Claudio, D. (2021). Mitigation of High-Temperature Damage by Application of Kaolin and Pinolene on Young Olive Trees (Olea europaea L.): A Preliminary Experiment to Assess Biometric, Eco-Physiological and Nutraceutical Parameters. Agronomy.184:1-14.
Azizi, A., Hok mabadi. H., Piri, S. and Rabie, V. (2013). Effect of kaolin application on water stress in pistachio cv. ‘Ohadi’. International Journal of Nuts and Related Sciences. 4: 4.
Bafeel, S.O. and Moftah, A.E. (2008) Physiological response of eggplants grown under different irrigation regimes to anti transplant treatments. Saudi Journal Biology Science. 15(2): 259–267
Bhumi, R. D.V., Ramesh, N., Manimaran, S. and Thangavel, p. (2023). Effect of organic mulches and foliar spray of kaolin on NPK uptake in enhancing yield and economics of dry land maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Applied and Natural Science.15(1): 116 - 119. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i1.4192
Boari, F., Cucci, G., Donadio, A., Schiattone, M.I. and Cantore, V. (2014). Kaolin influences tomato response to salinity: physiological aspects. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B-Soil and Plant Science 64: 559-571.
Boari, F., Donadio, A., Schiattone, M.I. and Cantore, V. (2015). Particle film technology: a supplemental tool to save water. Agriculturae. Water Manage. 147: 154–162.
Boussadia, O., Steppe, K., Van Labeke, M. C., Lemeur, R. and Braham, M. (2015). Effects of nitrogen deficiency onleaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in two olive tree cultivars ‘Meski’and ‘Koroneiki’. Journal of Plant Nutrition.38: 2230-2246.
Bruna, P. C., Cláudio, Y.T. and Carlos, A. R. M. R. (2023). Initial growth of coffee plants associated with theuse of kaolinite and adjuvant. Coffee Science. 18: e182046.
Buchner, O., Stoll, M., Karadar, M., Kranner, I. and Neuner, G. (2015). Application of heat stress in situ demonstrates a protective role of irradiation on photosynthetic performance in alpine plants. Plant Cell and Environment. 38: 812-826.
Cantore, V., Pace, B. and Albrizio, R. (2009). Kaolin-based particle film technology affects tomato physiology, yield and quality. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 66(2): 279-288.
Chamchaiyaporn, T., Jutamanee, K., Kasemsap and P. and Vaithanomsat. P. (2013). Selection of the most appropriate coating particle film for improving photosynthesis in mango. Kasetsart Journal- Natural Science.47(3): 323–332.
Damar L, L., Marco, A, L., Sandra, I. G.M. and José, L. B. (2014). Phosphate Nutrition: Improving Low-Phosphate Tolerance in Crops. Annual Review of Plant Biology.65:95–123.
DeLucia, E., Callaway, R., Thomas, E. and Schlesinger, W. (1997(. Mechanisms of phosphorus acquisition for ponderosa pine seedlings under high CO2 and temperature. Annals of Botany.79: 111–120. [Google Scholar]
Dias, M. C. and Bruggemann, W. (2010). Limitations of photosynthesis in Phaseolus vulgaris under drought
stress: Gas exchage, chlorophyll fluorescence and Calvin cycle enzymes. Photosynthetica. 48(1):96-97.
Dinis, L. T., Ferreira, H., Pinto, G., Bernardo, S., Correia, C. M. and Moutinho-Pereira, J. (2016). Kaolin based, foliar reflective film protects photosystem II structure and function in grape vine leave sex posed to heat and high solar radiation. Photosynthetic. 54(1): 47-55.
Dinis, L.T., Malheiro, A.C, Luzio, A., Fraga, H., Ferreira, H., Gonçalves, I., Pinto, G., Correia, CM. and Moutinho-Pereira, J. (2018). Improvement of grapevine physiology and yield under summer stress by kaolin-foliar application: water relations, photosynthesis and oxidative damage. Photosynthetica. 56(2):641–651.
Ergun, M. )2012(. Post-harvest quality of 'galaxy' apple fruit in response to kaolin-based particle film application. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 14: 599-607.
Felicetti, D.A. and Schrader, L.E. (2008). Changes in pigment concentrations associated with the degree of sunburn browning of ‘Fuji’ apple. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 133:27-34.
Gindaba, J. and Wand, S.J.E. (2005). Comparative effects of evaporative cooling, kaolin particle film and shade net on sunburn and fruit quality in apples. Horticultural Science. 40: 592-596.
Gindaba, J. and Wand, S.J.E. (2007). Do fruit sunburn control measures affect leaf photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance in “Royal Gala” apple? Environmental and Experimental Botany. 59: 160-165.
Glenn, DM., Puterka, GJ., Drake, SR., Unruh, TR., Knight, AL., Baherle, P., Prado and E., Baugher, TA. (2001). Particle film application influences apple leaf physiology, fruit yield, and fruit quality. Journal of American Society.126(2): 175-181
Glenn, D. M., Erez, A., Puterka, G. J. and Gundrum, P. (2003). Particle films affect carbon assimilation and yield in Empire 'apple. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 128(3): 356-362.
Glenn, D.M. and Puterka, G.J. (2005). Particle films: A new technology for agriculture. Horticultural Reviews .31:1–44.
Glenn, D.M. Puterka, G.J. (2007). The use of plastic films and sprayable reflective particle films to increase light penetration in apple canopies and improve apple color and weight. Horticultural Science. 42: 91–96
Glenn, D.M. (2009). Particle film mechanisms of action that reduce the effect on enviromental stress in ‘Empire’ apple. American society forHorticulturalScience.134(3): 314-321.
Glenn, D. M., (2012). The mechanisms of plant stress mitigation by kaolin-based particle films and applications in Horticultural and agricultural crops. Horticultural Science, 47(6): 710-711.
Hassanzadeh, H., Farazmand, H., Oliaei-Torshiz, A. and Sirjani, M. (2014). Effect of kaolin clay (WP 95%) on oviposition detergency of pistachio psylla (Agonoscena pistaciae Burckharat & Lauterer). Journal of Pesticides in Plant Protection Sciences 1: 76-85. (In Persian with English Summary)
Jennifer, R., Sada, D.F and S, Khanizadeh. (1999); The factorial effects on firmness tissue fruit apple. Compact fruittree. Vol 32, Number 2
Jifon J. L. and Syvertsen, J. P. (2003). Kaolin particle film applications can increase photosynthesis and water use efficiency of ‘Ruby Red’ grape fruit leaves. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science .128: 107–112.
Jiregna, G. and Sje, M.(2005). Comparative Effects of Evaporative Cooling, Kaolin Particle Film, and Shade Net on Sunburn and Fruit Quality in Apples.Horticultural Science. 40(3):592–596.
Karimi, S., Yadollahi, A., Arzani, K., Imani, A. and Aghaa- likhani, M. (2015). Gas-exchange response of almond genotypes to water stress. Photosynthetica .53: 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-015-0070-0
Kasetsart, T., Chamchaiyaporn, K., Jutamanee and P. Kasemsap. (2013). Pilanee Vaithanomsat and Charun Henpitak.Effects of Kaolin Clay Coating on Mango Leaf Gas Exchange, Fruit Yield and Quality. Kasetsart Journal- Natural Sciences. 47(4): 479 – 491.
Khaleghi, E., Arzani, K., Moallemi, N. and Barzegar, M. (2015). The efficacy of kaolin particle film on oil quality indices of olive trees (Oleae uropaea L.) cv ‘Zard’grown underwarmand semi-arid region of Iran. Food Chemistry, 166: 35-41.
Konopacka, D. and Płocharski, W. J. (2002). Effect of picking maturity, storage technology and shelf life on changes of apple firmness of 'Elstar', 'Jonagold' and 'Gloster' cultivars. Journal Fruit Ornamental Plant Research. 10: 11- 26.
Kumar, A., Rana, K.S., Rana, D.S., Bana, R.S., Choudhary, A.K. & Pooniya, V. (2015). Effect of nutrient and moisture management practices on crop production on crop productivity, water use efficiency and energy dynamics in rainfed maize (Zea mays L.), Soybean (Glycine max L.) intercropping system. Indian Journal Agronomy.60(1):152- 156.
Lal, N and Shau, N. (2017). Management Straegies of Sun Burn in Fruit Crops. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2319-7706. 6(6): 1126-1138.
Lapointe, S. L., McKenzie, C. L., Hall, D. G., (2006). Reduced oviposition by Diaprepes abbreviates (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and growth enhancement of citrus by surround particle film. Journal of Economic Entomology, 99(1): 109- 116.
Marina, S. G.O., Arthur, V., Antonio, N.G. and Sergio, R. S. (2023). Fotossíntese, condutância estomática e productivities de clones de Eucalyptus sob diferentes condições edafoclimáticas. Revista Árvore, 37(3):431- 439.
Mojtaba, M., Majid, R., Soheil, K., Avidly., Zahra, T., Saadat,S. and Kourosh, V.(2021). Role of kaolin on drought tolerance and nut quality of Persian Walnut Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences.20: 409–416
Ou, C., Du, X., Shellie, K., Ross, C., Qian, M. C., (2010). Volatile compounds and sensory attributes of wine from cv. Merlot (Vitisvinifera L.) grown under differential levels of water deficit with or without a kaolin-based, foliar reflect ant particle film. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(24): 12890- 12898.
Rosati, A., Metcalf, S. G., Buchner, R. P., Fulton, A. E. and Lampinen, B. D. (2006a). Effects of kaolin application on light absorption and distribution, radiation use efficiency and photosynthesis of almond and walnut canopies. Annals of Botany. 99:255-263.
Rosati, A., Metcalf, S. G., Buchner, R. P., Fulton, A. E and Lampinen, B. D. (2006). Physiological effects of kaolin applications in well-irrigated and water-stressed walnut and almond trees. Annals of Botany. 98: 267–275.
Saour, G. (2005). Morphological assessment of olive seedlings treated with kaolin-based particle film and bio stimulant. Advances in Horticultural Science.15: 193-197.
Singh, M., Jaswal, C. and Singh, H. (2021). Antitranspirant: A Novel Emerging Approach to Combat Drought tress in Maize (Zea mays L.). Biotica Research, 3(1): 68-69.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354632286.
Singh, S. K. and Reddy, V. R. (2014). Combined effects of phosphorus nutrition and elevated carbon dioxideconcentration on chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis, and nutrient efficiency of cotton. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science .177: 892-902.
Shellie, K. (2015). Foliar reflective film and water deficit increase anthocyanin to soluble solids ratio during berry ripening in Merlot. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture .66: 348– 356.
Shellie, K.C. and King, B.A. (2013a). Kaolin particle film and water deficit influence redwine grape color under high solar radiation in an arid climate. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture.64: 214–222
Shellie, K.C. and Glenn, D.M. (2008). Wine grape response to foliar particle film underdiffering levels of preverais on water stress. Horticalture Science 43: 1392–1397.
Somayeh., F., Zabihollah., Z., Reza, F. and Mohammad, O. (2021). Influence of kaolin application on mostimportant fruit and leaf characteristics of two apple cultivars under sustained deficit irrigation. Biological Research. 54: 2-15.
Song, X.W., Wang, C., Zhang, Q., Li, Y., (2012). Post- harvest physio-chemical responses of cut rose (Rosa hybrid L.) to antitranspirant and vacuum cooling. Phili pp. Agricultures Scientist. 94 (4), 368–374.
Steiman, S.R., Bittenbender, H.C. and Idol, T.W. (2007). Analysis of kaolin particle film use and its application on coffee. Horticulture Science 42: 1605–1608.
Trigo-Cordoba, E., Bouzas-Cid, Y., Orriols-Fernandez, I. and Mirls-Avalos, J.M. (2015). Effects of deficit irrigation on the performance of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cvs. Godello and Treixadura in Ribeiro, New Spain Agriculture Water Manage. 161: 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.07.011.
Tubajika, K.M., Civerolo, E.L., Puterka, G.J., Hashim, J.M. and Luvisi, D.A. (2007). The effects of kaolin, harpin, and imidacloprid on development of Pierce’s disease in grape. Crop Protection . 26: 92–99.
Zahedi, S.M., Rasoli, F. and Gohari, G. (2016). The effect of potassium on the yield and concentrations of microelements in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) under drought stress. Plant Environmental Physiology, 12(48):25-34. https://doi.org/ 20.1001.1.76712423.1396.12.48.3.7
Wand, S.J.E., Theron, K.I., Ackerman, J. and Marais, S.J.S. (2006). Harvest and post-harvest apple fruit quality following applications of kaolin particle film in South African orchards. Scientia Horticulture, 107: 271-276.
Yanan, H., Zhenyun, H., Yaqiang, S., Shuai, W., Ting, W., Yi, W., Kenong, X., Xinzhong, Z., Xuefeng, X., Zhenhai H. and Ting, W. (2020). ERF4 affects fruit firmness through TPL4 by reducing ethylene production. The Plant Journal. 103: 937–950.
