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Open Access Article
1 - The Punishment in Qajar Era (1210-1264 AH): The Case of Making Blind
babak rohulamini s.hashem aghajariThe history of making blind as a punishment backed to pre-Islamic Iran. The punishment was prevalent in Iran's criminal justice system until the mid-Qajar period. But it was gradually abandoned. This study aims to investigate the punishment of making blind during the Qa MoreThe history of making blind as a punishment backed to pre-Islamic Iran. The punishment was prevalent in Iran's criminal justice system until the mid-Qajar period. But it was gradually abandoned. This study aims to investigate the punishment of making blind during the Qajar era and how it was removed from Iran's criminal justice system. The results of this study indicate that the punishment was used in Iran until the early days of Mohammad Shah's reign and it was mainly against the perpetrators of security such as the rebel princes and Khans. It seems that the removal of this punishment was due to the consolidation of Qajar government as well as the impact of Western law. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Chaotic dynamic analysis and nonlinear control of blood glucose regulation system in type 1 diabetic patients
Saeid Khajehvand Seyed Mahdi Abtahi -
Open Access Article
3 - Urban Acupuncture as an Alternative Approach to Identification and Prioritization Public Spaces (Case Study: Pamenar Neighborhood in Tehran)
Marzieh Manouchehri Mojtaba Rafieian -
Open Access Article
4 - Nutritional evaluation of 24 Iranian Punica granatum genotypes
Sara Yari Seyed Abbas Mirjalili Seyed Amir Mousavi Elahe Poorazizi -
Open Access Article
5 - Adaptive modified function projective synchronization for a chaotic complex system
Moosarreza Shamsyeh Zahedi‎This ‎paper ‎presents ‎the‎ modified function projective synchronization (MFPS) in a system with complex variables related to the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with unknown parameters.‎ In this method, by defining a suitable adaptive More‎This ‎paper ‎presents ‎the‎ modified function projective synchronization (MFPS) in a system with complex variables related to the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with unknown parameters.‎ In this method, by defining a suitable adaptive controller and other desired functions and with the aid of Lyapunov stability theory, the asymptotic stability of the error function can be proved. This can lead to a modified function projective synchronization between two complex chaotic systems with completely unknown parameters. Also, the error of estimating the parameters and the value of the coupling strength is accurately expressed using the proposed method.‎‎Because in the modified projective synchronization (MPS) and function projective synchronization (FPS) methods, fixed coupling strength is considered, this limits the range of applications of these methods. MFPS is, therefore, a more general definition of MPS and FPS when the scaling function matrix is chosen by a constant matrix and a scaling function, respectively. This method can be used on other complex dynamic systems. Numerical simulations are presented to show the effectiveness and validity of the above theoretical results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Stability analysis of impulsive fuzzy differential equations with finite delayed state
D. Naseh N. Pariz A. Vahidian KamyadIn this paper we introduce some stability criteria for impulsive fuzzy system of differential equations with finite delay in states. Firstly, a new comparison principle for fuzzy differential system compared to crisp ordinary differential equation, based on a notion of MoreIn this paper we introduce some stability criteria for impulsive fuzzy system of differential equations with finite delay in states. Firstly, a new comparison principle for fuzzy differential system compared to crisp ordinary differential equation, based on a notion of upper quasi-monotone nondecreasing, in N dimentional state space is presented. Furthermore, in order to analyze the stability of fuzzy dynamical systems, vector Lyapunov like functions are defined. Then, by using these vector Lyapunov-like functions together with the new comparison theorem which is presented before, we will get results for some concepts of stability (eventual stability, asymptotic stability, strong stability, uniform stability and their combinations) for impulsive fuzzy delayed system of differential equations. Moreover, some theorems for practical stability in terms of two measures are introduced and are proved. Finally, an illustrating example for stability checking of a system of differential equations with fuzziness and time delay in states is given. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - RRelease from prison policy in the light of the legal changes of the institution of mitigation of punishment in the law of reducing the punishment of taaziri imprisonment and its comparative comparison with the law of England
alireza Emamdadi Mohamad Ali, tahire, alireza, azizi, Sayyed Hassan HashemiRelease from prison policy in the light of the legal changes of the institution of mitigation of punishment in the law of reducing the punishment of taaziri imprisonment and its comparative comparison with the law of England Following the imposition of imprisonment and MoreRelease from prison policy in the light of the legal changes of the institution of mitigation of punishment in the law of reducing the punishment of taaziri imprisonment and its comparative comparison with the law of England Following the imposition of imprisonment and the development of the policy of " Prisonerism " and the emergence of its harms, "" Release from prison "" was gradually included in the criminal policy program of countries and left effects that pay attention to the role of benevolent institutions such as "mitigation of punishment". The title is a tool for detente. It is such While the developments of Iran's criminal policy regarding the institution of mitigation of punishment as a tool to control the criminal population, regardless of the process of " Prisoneris in criminal legislation" with manifestations of extremism in the development or narrowing of the scope of crimes and the powers of the Judicial authority, The UK criminal law defines the dual policy of "reducing the criminal population - criminal prevention" and defining the criteria for determining imprisonment as the most severe punishment in this country, Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - A Comparative Study of the Punishment of Murder in the Jewish Penal System and Imami Jurisprudence
Seyed ali Rabbani mousaviyan Alireza MillaniA Comparative Study of the Punishment of Murder in the Jewish Penal System and Imami JurisprudenceOne of the most important legal issues of the two religions, Judaism and Imamism, is criminal issues and criminology. The most important crime among crimes is murder. There MoreA Comparative Study of the Punishment of Murder in the Jewish Penal System and Imami JurisprudenceOne of the most important legal issues of the two religions, Judaism and Imamism, is criminal issues and criminology. The most important crime among crimes is murder. Therefore, this study aims to use a descriptive and analytical method to comparatively study the punishment of murder, the conditions and quality of its execution in the two religions.The results of the research indicate that although proving the intentionality of murder under Jewish law seems more difficult than Imami jurisprudence, in Jewish law the same amount as proving the absolute crime of murder (intentional and unintentional)Its punishment will be life imprisonment only, and other punishments are an exception to this sentence. In terms of circumstances, there are several differences in the criminal law of the two religions.Keywords: Murder, conditions of punishment for murder, punishment of deprivation of life, Jewish criminal law, Imami jurisprudence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Acceptance of punishment in the criminal justice system
hamid ghorbanpur seyad mohammad mehdi sadati Ali jamadiPunishments are constantly changing due to their variable nature. The emergence of new punishments under the title of alternative punishments to imprisonment, as well as the provision of penal institutions in the legal systems of various countries, including Iran, confi MorePunishments are constantly changing due to their variable nature. The emergence of new punishments under the title of alternative punishments to imprisonment, as well as the provision of penal institutions in the legal systems of various countries, including Iran, confirms the change and expansion of new examples of criminal responses to crime. Among these, the acceptance of new criminal responses among judicial actors is of great importance; So that in case of non-acceptance of new punishments, the implementation of new approaches to punishment in law will be ineffective. Therefore, the acceptance of punishment and its acceptance among judicial actors effective in issuing and enforcing it is becoming increasingly important; Because in different stages from the determination to the execution of punishments, different actors play a role and the attitude of each of them can affect the punishment, the type or even the principle of its execution. For this reason, it is necessary to first carefully study the concept of "acceptability of punishment" and then to address the question of what are the components of punishment and recourse or non-recourse to the various stages of the trial, from the prosecution stage to the execution stage and execution of punishments? Correctional and compassionate punishments affect. Explaining these two issues can not only be useful in identifying the challenges ahead, but also can prevent the taste of judicial actors in sentencing by unifying the attitude based on the acceptability of punishment. The finding of this s Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Criminal Law and Economic – Industrial Law
Mohammad Ashori Asadollah MirzaieIn this article, from objective and historical approach, we tried to considerthe relationship between law special criminal law on the one Hand andindustrial – economic development on the other hand. The main point ofview of authors is that the studying criminal la MoreIn this article, from objective and historical approach, we tried to considerthe relationship between law special criminal law on the one Hand andindustrial – economic development on the other hand. The main point ofview of authors is that the studying criminal law of development countriesshows that it will be impossible to access development objects without thelegal and modern criminal law system especially at the beginning ofindustrialization. This relationship has not been unilateral and theindustrialization and development change the understanding of law from theconcept of crime, criminalization, punishment and its enforcement. Thechange of this approach and the requirements of modern industrial societycause the change in basis of criminalization and defining of new crimes. Thecriminal law of some countries with traditional ideas has not tendency toaccept this changes and to adopt law and their ideas with these changes inthe manner that some traditional crimes and violent punishment in thiscountries show the lack of their development . Manuscript profile -
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11 - Review and critique the contradiction of competency of the revolutionary and punishment provincial courts
M. MalmirIn line with achieving further carefulness in proceedings and materializing social justice , the reform act for the law of organizing the public and revolutionary courts, has initiated the provincial punishment court. According to this act , investigation about the crim MoreIn line with achieving further carefulness in proceedings and materializing social justice , the reform act for the law of organizing the public and revolutionary courts, has initiated the provincial punishment court. According to this act , investigation about the crimes with critical punishments, lipidation, Life imprisonment , rigid and ……..would be under authority of punishment courts of province with presence of five judges , and proceedings with single –judge in these crimes should be prevented.Article 5 of reform act, without any change corresponding approved act of July 6, 1994, has reckoned the authority of revolutionary court in the article 6.The said article 5 is contradicted with clauses of 4 and 20 of reform act with regard to the authority of provincial punishment courts or revolutionary courts, and finally this trend led to the issuance of 664 precedent vote dated January 20,2002 .Regardless of flaws of the vote of precedent, basically, contradiction issue of jurisdiction of provincial revolutionary and punishment courts has not been fully ignored too.10Journal of Law and PoliticsVol.7 No. 16 Fall 2011 & winter 2012It is attempted in this article that by announcing contradiction issue in the jurisprudent of provincial revolutionary and punishment courts, we define the jurisprudence of these two courts given the available laws, and then prove this case that investigation about the crimes with punishments of solid announcement and ..……which apparently is under authority of revolutionary courts by the article 5 of reform act, indeed is under proceeding jurisdiction of provincial punishment courts by reform of restricted act, as a result, the jurisdiction of revolutionary courts faced with further restrictions and this case was accomplished according to the legislator will. Just as the omission of revolutionary prosecutor’s office and mergering it into public courts should be considered in the line of this attitude. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Dominance of Iranian criminal codes in overseas offences based on Imams-related Jurisprudence and national security
Mohammad MalmirThere are some crimes carried out against national security and others by expatriateIranians. Moreover, some crimes are done by foreigners which are associated withour country. Carrying out some of these crimes can endamage our homeland andexternal security. This study MoreThere are some crimes carried out against national security and others by expatriateIranians. Moreover, some crimes are done by foreigners which are associated withour country. Carrying out some of these crimes can endamage our homeland andexternal security. This study tries to describe that establishing all national criminalcodes related to all expatriate Iranians' crime is neither logical nor practical.Actually, our national criminal codes can be established only about few overseascrimes done by expatriate Iranians or foreigners against our national security.Consequently, the criminal codes should be established on just some specialoverseas crimes. On the one hand, the purpose of Iranian criminal codes dominancein some overseas offences is implementation of canon laws, and on the other hand itis providing the national security. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Entrepreneurship Barriers to Student in Southern Punjab Universities
M. Atif Bashir -
Open Access Article
14 - Sharia prescribed punishments, jurisprudential contradictions and legal ambiguities
mahdiar rahmandoostSharia punishments were a title that in the past was considered a mystery in law; However, when the recent Islamic Penal Code, under the title of prescribed Sharia punishments, explicitly included it in the text of the law and imposed conditions on it, the nature of the MoreSharia punishments were a title that in the past was considered a mystery in law; However, when the recent Islamic Penal Code, under the title of prescribed Sharia punishments, explicitly included it in the text of the law and imposed conditions on it, the nature of the definition and the determination of its instances became doubly important; An important matter that has not been addressed by the legislator and his assistants, nor by the few and limited efforts of the jurists, has reached a definite and consensus conclusion about its examples! This article is another attempt to find examples of this institution, which undertakes a more extensive exploration of the jurisprudential background of this discussion, carefully separates the limits and punishments, examines and categorizes different sayings in the number of limits, and tries to find examples of predestined punishments. Draw out from the opinions of the jurists. Finally, he takes a comparative look at the jurisprudence and the law of punishment and reaches different and astonishing conclusions about the examples of prescribed punishments in the Islamic Penal Code Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Comparative study of child murder in islamic jurisprudence
Ehsan Moradzadeh Mohammad Hasan Goli Shirdare Seyed Abolghasem NaghibiIslamic jurists do not agree on the punishment of fathers and grandfathers for killing their children. In this article, the opinions and views of the jurists of Islamic religions in this field will be examined in a descriptive and analytical manner. In Imami jurispruden MoreIslamic jurists do not agree on the punishment of fathers and grandfathers for killing their children. In this article, the opinions and views of the jurists of Islamic religions in this field will be examined in a descriptive and analytical manner. In Imami jurisprudence, jurists believe that the father is not retaliated for killing his son. In order not to retaliate against the father, they have relied on narrations, consensus and the reason for being active for the child. According to the narrations, Shafi'i, Hanbali and Hanafi jurists believe that the father has the right of guardianship over the child and the rule is that the father should not retaliate for killing the child. But Maliki's jurists have detailed that the father will be punished if he intends to kill his son. Regarding the punishment of the paternal ancestor, the famous Imami jurists consider the paternal ancestor to be attached to the father and do not consider him deserving of retribution. However, in Sunni jurisprudence, some jurists believe that paternal ancestry is not retaliated against, and others, including Hassan ibn Hayy, believe in retaliation for paternal ancestry. Malikiyah is also detailed in the ruling of the ancestor. Regarding the punishment of the mother, the famous Imami jurists believe in the punishment of retribution, but the Sunni jurists believe that the mother is not punished like the father. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - مبانی تکرار و تعدد جرم در جزای نقدی نسبی
Nader Heydari reza ranjbar alvar olya rahim vakilzadeAccording to the last part of Note 3 of Article 19 of the Islamic Penal Code and the unanimous ruling No. 759 dated 4/20/1396 of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Iran, the punishment of a relative fine (proportional or variable) is considered a seventh-degree punish MoreAccording to the last part of Note 3 of Article 19 of the Islamic Penal Code and the unanimous ruling No. 759 dated 4/20/1396 of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Iran, the punishment of a relative fine (proportional or variable) is considered a seventh-degree punishment.If the crimes subject to a relative monetary penalty are different, according to paragraphs b and p, the punishment is determined according to the value of the subject of the crime (such as contraband or drugs) and if the crimes committed are not different and are subject to paragraph A. M. 134 of the Islamic Penal Code, only A punishment will be determined in proportion to the most serious crime committed and the corresponding punishment.In general, the punishments for repeating the crime are not subject to relative monetary punishment and these punishments are based on the provisions of Article 137 of the Islamic Penal Code. In the face of special laws (such as the law amending the law against smuggling of goods and currency), the same ruling of the special law is the criterion of action.According to Article 125 of the Islamic Penal Code, for participating in crimes that are subject to a relative monetary penalty, the punishment of each partner is the punishment of the independent agent (in proportion to the total subject of the crime) and only the benefit of the perpetrator at the time of examining the degree of attribution of the accused behavior to the perpetrator in order to determine Cooperative behavior is considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - The strategic role of religious teachingsJurisprudence in th prevention and prohibition of corporal punishment of children
mohamad ali badami mohamad mahdi meghdadi marziyeh pilevarStudies and observations show that children have always been the most threatened, harmed and abused. Innocent children who are considered the capital of human society are subjected to violence, physical abuse and, unfortunately, the corporal punishment of corporal punis MoreStudies and observations show that children have always been the most threatened, harmed and abused. Innocent children who are considered the capital of human society are subjected to violence, physical abuse and, unfortunately, the corporal punishment of corporal punishment and violence against children. It is documented as criteria and arguments that show the depth and breadth of this problem. In the international system, any violence and harm to children is prohibited under any title, and it seems that getting rid of the problem of corporal punishment of children in our legal system is based only on finding a proper view of Imami jurisprudence and derived from religious teachings. In this perspective, dignity The child and his / her best interests must be properly observed and any action contrary to the dignity and interests of the child is prohibited. It represents a complete and comprehensive legal and educational system for children, the findings of this study were obtained. The method of data collection is library and in processing data and information collected is a descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile -
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18 - An overview of the jurisprudential principles of change and order in relation to the quality of the punishment of the enemy
Mohamadebrahim Mojahed Ahmad Abedini najaf abadi Javad PanjehpourReview:A brief look at the jurisprudential history of the debate We came across two promises of change and order. Because sometimes the evidence leads to the abandonment of the primary appearance and the removal of iodine from the main literal meaning, in which case the MoreReview:A brief look at the jurisprudential history of the debate We came across two promises of change and order. Because sometimes the evidence leads to the abandonment of the primary appearance and the removal of iodine from the main literal meaning, in which case the primary meaning is stagnant, and the word acquires a secondary meaning. Like the repeated repetition of the word "he" in the verse of Moharebeh. Another example is what has been said: Citing the two verses of expiation of oath and expiation of Hajj has made the above-mentioned cases optional in the case of the agent of Bahma, therefore, this word also has an optional meaning in the punishment of the enemy! Sheikh Tusi in his book Khalaf rejects this argument and says: But where there is atonement, there is a journey from fear to violence. Therefore, the analogy of "him" in expressing the four punishments to the expiation of swearing and Hajj is completely unjustified. As for the Sunni jurists, Shafi'i, Hanafi and Ahmad have considered the preferred word as the order, and Lee Malik has believed in the optional change which is related to the same word. In total, in the study, eight reasons were presented for preferring the promise of order over choice. As a result, Saeb's promise on how to apply the four punishments is order. In addition, reflection is inferred in the narrations of the chapter, these two promises do not have a substantial contradiction with each other, even the promise of change corresponds to the order and proportionality of the crime with the punishment. So the legitimacy of the promise of order is proved. It is worthwhile for the criminal legislator to try to amend Article 283 of the Penal Code, based on the promise of order. Manuscript profile -
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19 - Temporal and spatial components in the implementation of the hudud and approach of the Islamic penal code in suspending its conversion
Abbas Taghnaee atefeh Lorkojuri sasan malek motieeAbstract : Insight and expression of the framework in the Islamic penal system is the formation of the healthy life based on creating a healthy living environment and preventing the occurrence of crime, so that human beings, in order to become familiar with their indivi MoreAbstract : Insight and expression of the framework in the Islamic penal system is the formation of the healthy life based on creating a healthy living environment and preventing the occurrence of crime, so that human beings, in order to become familiar with their individual and social duties: refrain from any deviation. There is a worldly punishment (hudud and punishments). In this article, the role of time end place in the punishments is more noticeable, so that in the main criterion of the punishments, which is less than the hudud. Depending on the requirements, deviation from it can be seen in some cases for special reasons. Time and place play a decisive role in enforcing the hudud, so in the event of a conflict of interest in enforcing the hudud or, more importantly, the limit may be temporarily shut down or enforced to another degree. It is a place in enforcing the hudud and approach of the Islamic penal code in suspending and changing it, findings show that the conversion of prescribed and non-prescribed religious punishments with other conventional punishments by reformist methods is possible in terms of rules and structures within the religion and from a perspective appropriate to the requirements of the time is a historical necessity. Manuscript profile -
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20 - Jurisprudential and legal assessment of the inclusion of the provision of Article 91 of the Islamic Penal Code for criminals with relative impairment of discrimination and perception
Fatemeh Noori roomanan abbas tadayyon Behnam Yousefian ShuredeliIn Article 91 of the Islamic Penal Code, the legislator has decreed a ruling that is defensible in some ways, but in some respects rejectable. The rejection of this substance is more important and its positive functions have been challenged. In some respects it can be c MoreIn Article 91 of the Islamic Penal Code, the legislator has decreed a ruling that is defensible in some ways, but in some respects rejectable. The rejection of this substance is more important and its positive functions have been challenged. In some respects it can be criticized that the removal of two punishments of Hadd and Qesas on condition of proof of doubt in the growth and perfection of intellect in adult offenders under 18 and the second possibility of the fall of these two punishments can only be noted in the case of adult offenders under 18 years of age that with a realistic attitude, there is no logical reason for either. In relation to the recent direction, the question arises whether the sentence of this article can be extended to the perpetrators with relative disabilities of the clean power according to this direction. This is a legal and jurisprudential point of view. This is a legal and jurisprudential point of view. It seems that if the philosophy of ratification of this article is proof of doubt in the development and perfection of the criminal mind, it should be said that none of the two directions reject the ruling of this article which has been mentioned above, and therefore, the ruling prescribed in this article is applicable to all offenders who have partial disabilities and comprehension, and therefore, it should be assumed that the criminals who suffer from this condition should not be assumed to be guilty of this condition. The realization of criminal responsibility and the impossibility of determining and executing the punishment, whether Hadd or Qisas or other punishments. The type of the paper, the foundation, its approach, descriptive-analytical, method of doing it, the library study and the means of collecting information in it are also jacking. Manuscript profile -
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21 - Examining the powers of the right to discipline the child in Shia jurisprudence and Iran's legal system
sajad elahi karim salehi abas jazaeri farsaniThe right to punishment is an issue that exposes children's rights to danger and abuse in national and transnational spheres.On the other hand, disciplining children and harming the health of the child's body and soul has become an issue that parents and guardians are c MoreThe right to punishment is an issue that exposes children's rights to danger and abuse in national and transnational spheres.On the other hand, disciplining children and harming the health of the child's body and soul has become an issue that parents and guardians are clinging to as a weapon to exercise their own taste and also to abdicate their responsibility.Of course, this issue is not the same everywhere, but providing a model for judicial use in dealing with this phenomenon in general is one of the important issues of children's rights.In this way, by analyzing the descriptions mentioned in the laws of Iran and the United States, followed by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.The different result and disapproval of the Iranian law was determined from the two conditions of criminal justice, as well as the lack of attention to the legal foundations of this phenomenon.Therefore, it is believed by tradition that the different policy of Article 9 of the Child and Adolescent Protection Law was written without considering the basics of guardianship of the child and did not distinguish between guardians who have guardianship or other guardians.On the other hand, it is very different from the international documents in this field, and it has not mentioned the right to punish from the point of view of discipline, which is mentioned in Article 158 of the Penal Code.While the above-mentioned law has been prescribed in the field of interpretation, which is against the requirement of criminal revision.Therefore, with the mentioned arguments, it is suggested to amend Article 9 of the Protection Law and Article 158 of the Islamic Penal Code. Manuscript profile -
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22 - Religious Jurisprudence Study of the Effects of Crime Repetition on Punishment in Hodod Issues with Emphasis on Feiz Kashani Views in Mafatih al Sharayeh
Abbas Taghvai Hossein Saberi Hossein Naseri MoghadamOne of the important issues in religious jurisprudence subjects is the role of crime repetition in punishment aggravation and alteration which is indicated in some punishment one by one, not publicly and separately, but in new legal text, it is indicated separately and MoreOne of the important issues in religious jurisprudence subjects is the role of crime repetition in punishment aggravation and alteration which is indicated in some punishment one by one, not publicly and separately, but in new legal text, it is indicated separately and in relation jurisprudence is indicated as the aggregative factors. Most of the juris consults have used these punishment issues in their punishment sentence one by one separately, although some believes to the similar role of the repetition in the form of punishment in some crimes. The main subject in this article which is disputable is the role of repeated crime punishments in changing the ascertated punishment to the execution sentence which the most jurisprudence is agreeing with. Some differences, and as we know with reviewing of the development of this issue according the opinions of the early jurists up to the contemporary jurists and finally adaptation of the early and later jurists opinions with one of the forward thinking jurist. In 11 centuries AD named Molla Mohsen Feiz Kashani in Mafatih al Sharayeh can be illustrative of special and delicate view in Shiite legal history and its developments which are changed to an important and single issue in contemporary rights. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - The Relation of Crime and Sin in Iran’s Legal System
Seyd Mohamadreza Ayati Hamze Esfandiyari“Crime” and “sin” are among the words used in everyday language assynonyms and interchangeable words. However, in the field of law,particularly Iran’s law, they are looked into differently. As far as history isconcerned, and since Iranian l More“Crime” and “sin” are among the words used in everyday language assynonyms and interchangeable words. However, in the field of law,particularly Iran’s law, they are looked into differently. As far as history isconcerned, and since Iranian law is under the influence of religious thought,there is a certain distinction between the two terms. Sin is a behaviourcontrary to divine or religious commands and prohibitions. However, crime isa legal term applied to modes of behaviour the prohibition of which is statedin law, no matter whether they are forbidden in divine law and religion or not.Following this attitude, if a certain mode of behaviour is forbidden in terms ofjurisprudence and divine law, but not prohibited in law, it is considered a sin.However, it would not be liable to prosecution in terms of law.Following the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran, thisapproach was considered deviation from religion. Thus the article 167 of theI.R.I constitution has removed the monopoly of criminalization from the law.So in default of law, judge is bound to refer to authoritative jurisprudentialsources or valid decrees (Fatwas). This attitude suggests the identity of sinand crime in Iran’s contemporary legal system.Hence, not only the prohibited acts stated in statutes are consideredcrimes, but those stated in jurisprudential sources are also liable toprosecution.Although this view involves a kind of precaution and suggests concernfor application of religious precepts and regulations, it is contrary to theintents of Divine Law as far as foundations are concerned. It also facesnumorous problems in terms of practice. So it seems impossible to findsolutions to these problems, And this attitude is not consistent with themodern process of legislation. Manuscript profile -
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24 - A Critical Review of Punishment for Thef on the Ground of Sharia’s End
Maryam Khalili Ramin PoursaeidAccording to the first clause of article 201 Eslamic penal law, the punishment for theft at first time is cutting off four fingers of his right hand. Abu-AL-Ishagh AL- shattebi believed that interpreter’s understanding of Holy Quran and tradition should not contra MoreAccording to the first clause of article 201 Eslamic penal law, the punishment for theft at first time is cutting off four fingers of his right hand. Abu-AL-Ishagh AL- shattebi believed that interpreter’s understanding of Holy Quran and tradition should not contrast with other’s main ends of legislator such as securing life, reason, Capital of , generation and religion, and also should not squandering them . Some contemporary jurists such as Abolghassem Gorji have introduced a new ground through expanding the legislator’s ends to justice and social reform. Based on this new ground, literal understanding of verse 38 Maeideh, cutting off thief’s hand is seriously under question. Manuscript profile -
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25 - Punishment of suicide based on rule of "ta'zir for all forbidden deeds" in Iranian law, tWith an approach to Islamic jurisprudence
mohamadhossein Daneshfar Masoud Heidari Mahmood Malmir Mahmood AshrafiSuicide is contrary to nature and is strictly forbidden in Islam. The main question of the research is the possibility of determining the ta'zir punishment for a person who commits unsuccessful suicide according to the rule of "ta'zir for all forbidden acts". In the law MoreSuicide is contrary to nature and is strictly forbidden in Islam. The main question of the research is the possibility of determining the ta'zir punishment for a person who commits unsuccessful suicide according to the rule of "ta'zir for all forbidden acts". In the law, only the punishment of the deputy for suicide through media and telecommunication tools has been dealt with, and the punishment of imprisonment from 91 days to 1 year or a fine from five million rials to twenty million rials or both punishments is considered for the offender. Considering that it is not criminalized in the Islamic Penal Code and according to Article 1 of the Penal Code and the twenty-twenty-second and thirty-fourth principles of the Constitution, it is possible to determine the punishment for suicide based on the rule of "ta'zir for all forbidden acts". The jurisprudence of the five religions can be determined as an appropriate punishment according to the person and the act performed. The present research has been done in a descriptive-analytical method and has found that individuals are punished with ta'zir punishments or appropriate security and training measures such as; Advice by the judge of the court, warning and warning or obtaining a written commitment sentenced not to repeat the crime, imprisonment, corporal punishment, etc. Manuscript profile -
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26 - Analysis of Punishments of Child from the Perspective of Shiite Jurisprudence
Ehsan Aliakbari Babookani Reza Abaaspor Hossein NaseriShiite jurisprudence is not prohibited the punishment of child ingeneral. But due to certain circumstances, the ban is lifted.However, the preliminary sentence of child punishment is sanctity,only have some exceptions in specific circumstances. Exceptions ofchild punish MoreShiite jurisprudence is not prohibited the punishment of child ingeneral. But due to certain circumstances, the ban is lifted.However, the preliminary sentence of child punishment is sanctity,only have some exceptions in specific circumstances. Exceptions ofchild punishment is under tow general term including discretionarycorrection and correction. Although most of the Islamic scholars didnot separate this two general term in the corporal punishment ofchildren, it seems necessary in some cases to separate these twogroups, because the cases, the conditions and many accessories ofthis tow general term are different and the separation of this towterm haven’t any significant practical results. Moreover, sinceIslamic scholars haven’t argued within the issue, many of the termsand conditions including corporal punishment of children, thequality, level and the persons who have the right of punishment hasnot been investigated in the texts of jurisprudence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - The Role of Repentance (from Theft) in Punishment and Ta'zir Based on Jurisprudence and Islamic Penal Code1392: an Analytical Appraisal
Mohammad Jalil Rezaei Javad Panjehpour Hormoz Asadi KoohbadRepentance is one of the most important issues among the Qur'anic sciences and Islamic law, and it is based on a generous and humane look at human beings. In the Penal Penal Code of Islam, repentance is one of the factors of the fall, amnesty and reduction of punitive d MoreRepentance is one of the most important issues among the Qur'anic sciences and Islamic law, and it is based on a generous and humane look at human beings. In the Penal Penal Code of Islam, repentance is one of the factors of the fall, amnesty and reduction of punitive damages, except for the Qazf. According to the principle of free will, man is responsible for what he is doing. The author analyzes this issue through a descriptive-analytical research based on library studies. The findings suggest that the new lawmaker's approach to the Islamic punishment law of 92 in the original Islamic law introduces this valuable concept to the Iranian criminal system in a regular manner, and the Shari'a view reflects the practical role of repentance in the improvement, rehabilitation and spiritual practice of the perpetrator, and the criminal system Islam, with the prediction of the body of repentance as one of the causes of the fall of punishment, has been instrumental in identifying the purpose of the criminal system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Legislative-executive critique, the philosophy of punishment of repentant criminals in ta'zir crimes non-Determined
Amin Jalili seyd Mohamad Mehdi SadatiTrue repentance is rebirth. The great change in the soul of the repentant person causes him to wisely and unhesitatingly accept responsibility for his mistake and seek to correct the past and prepare for the future. The action of the criminal legislature to limit the in MoreTrue repentance is rebirth. The great change in the soul of the repentant person causes him to wisely and unhesitatingly accept responsibility for his mistake and seek to correct the past and prepare for the future. The action of the criminal legislature to limit the influence of the institution of repentance in the partial fall of the government's punitive punishments and the inability of the judiciary to issue a moratorium on prosecution is contrary to the rationality and spirituality hidden in Islamic criminal policy and the judiciary being a judge. The organization of the judicial cycle of the Islamic Republic of Iran on the criminal policy of Islamic punishment requires the reliance of the penitentiary on the criminal response to the act of punishment. Therefore, it is appropriate for the divine institution of repentance in criminal law to be the muscat of punishment for all punitive crimes of the government by all judicial authorities. Avoiding criminalism and paying attention to moral values and social interests in the legislative stage and preventing procrastination and increasing the volume of cases in the executive dimension, are among the goals of the author to take this position. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of peel of Punica granatum L. on growth of Candida albicans in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
M. Sadeghpour, M. Eidi, F. Noorbakhsh,Nowadays, especially opportunistic fungi such as Candida albicans are the most common riskfactors in patients who are immunocompromised. Fungal infections caused by Candida speciesand increasing strains resistant to azole drugs in Immunosuppression patients are importan MoreNowadays, especially opportunistic fungi such as Candida albicans are the most common riskfactors in patients who are immunocompromised. Fungal infections caused by Candida speciesand increasing strains resistant to azole drugs in Immunosuppression patients are important toenjoy. The toxicity of drugs used, the resistance of the fungus and problems from druginteractions, necessitates the use of more effective and less toxic drugs cause the screw.Pomegranate consumption except for nutrition is impressive for medicinal and therapeuticeffects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pomegranate peel extract at dosesconcentrations of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg on growth of C. albicans (ATCC 10231) inalloxan-induced diabetic rat. The animals were made diabetic by intraperitoneal injection ofalloxan (150 mg/kg). After diabetes induction, they were infected by Candida albicans, orally.Then, treatments of extract and Itraconazole were done orally. Sampling of fungus from month,culturing and colony counting were done daily for evaluating effects of extract and Itraconazoleon fungal growth. The results showed that oral treatment of hydro-alcoholic peel extractimproved Candida albicans infections in diabetic rats. Its potency is similar to Itraconazole, assynthetic drug. On the second day of treatment, significant effect of extract on growth C.albicans was shown (P<0.001). Comparison between effects of pomegranate extract andItraconazole on C. albicans was significant. The results suggest antifungal effect extract ofpomegranate compared with the antifungal medication. As a result, consumption ofpomegranate extract inhibited the growth of Candida albicans in the diabetic rats. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Capital Offences (Marg-arzān Sins) in the Middle Persian Texts
نادیا Hajipour مهشید Mirfakhra'iAccording to the Middle Persian texts Marg-arzān is a sin that is punished by death. In the list of the degrees of the sins, Marg-arzān is the heaviest one. Several Middle Persian texts speak about the sin and its punishment, some of them have allotted a whole chapter t MoreAccording to the Middle Persian texts Marg-arzān is a sin that is punished by death. In the list of the degrees of the sins, Marg-arzān is the heaviest one. Several Middle Persian texts speak about the sin and its punishment, some of them have allotted a whole chapter to the subject and other speak about it sporadically. In this article, capital offences and their trial procedures has been surveyed according to Pahlavi texts. Capital offences are divided into the “offenses /sins regarding opposite party (= hamēmālān)” and the “offenses which endanger the soul of the criminal (= ruwānīg)”. Some of the sins such as killing, stealing and perjury have been placed in the group of “hamēmālān” because they harm an opposite party. Other sins, such as converting to another religion, deceiving and burying the dead, have been placed in the group of “ruwānīg” because they harm one own soul. This paper also surveys the legal and religious procedures for punishing the sinners. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Study on some nutrients in urban sewage vermicompost (NASSAJI small town) by rice Straw as compared in international standard
fatemeh razzaghian ghadikolaei Ghasemali omrani Amirhesam hassaniBackground and Objective: the aim of this survey was prevent the environmental pollutant, urban sewage sludge management and vermicompost production by beneficial usage of rice straw as an agricultural trash which burn in arable rice grounds. Method: This study conduct MoreBackground and Objective: the aim of this survey was prevent the environmental pollutant, urban sewage sludge management and vermicompost production by beneficial usage of rice straw as an agricultural trash which burn in arable rice grounds. Method: This study conduct to evaluate the nutrition matter consist of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash in (21±4˚c) temperature and pH (7±0.5) in urban sewage management, and provided the suitable vermicompost by pure dehydrate urban sewage mixed in rice straw as compared with rice straw and manure complex and pure dehydrate urban sewage (control; PDUS) containing E. feothida from three replication in 8 week. At the end of the test amount of nutrition matter was compared between treatments in (p<0.05) value. Findings: Results shown, significant difference between treatment and reduced the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash (p<0.05).So, the best level of nitrogen (1.21±022)% ,phosphorus(0.69±0.03)% and potash(0.07±0.01)% was determined in rice chaff and manure complex treatment. After this treatment, the PDUS mixed by rice chaff group had best point than control group innutrition matter except in amount of potassium. In potassium level after rice chaff and manure complex, control group was set in second station and the lower point was in dehydrate urban sewage mixed by rice chaff group. Discussion and Conclusion: Followed our results, we can say that rice chaff was more effective to produce the urban sewage vermicompost. Also this is good agricultural manure cause to best nutritional value and it could be help us in urban sewage management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - کنترل ضربهای حالت ماهواره با پارامترهای کواترنیون
محمدرضا نیکنام نادره عبدی صبوحیاین مقاله، کنترل ضربهای همراه با پارامترهای کواترنیون بجای زوایای اویلر در معادلات سینماتیک ماهواره بکار میبرد. پارامترهای کواترنیون برای غلبه بر مسئله تکینگی در حل عددی استفاده می شوند. فرض بر این است که ماهواره در معرض اغتشاشات بیرونی معین قرار دارد. در ابتدا، رفتار Moreاین مقاله، کنترل ضربهای همراه با پارامترهای کواترنیون بجای زوایای اویلر در معادلات سینماتیک ماهواره بکار میبرد. پارامترهای کواترنیون برای غلبه بر مسئله تکینگی در حل عددی استفاده می شوند. فرض بر این است که ماهواره در معرض اغتشاشات بیرونی معین قرار دارد. در ابتدا، رفتار آشوبناک سیستم زمانی که هیچ کنترلی روی سیستم وجود ندارد تحقیق میشود. سپس، برای تثبیت حالت ماهواره در اطراف نقطه تعادل مبدا، از کنترل ضربهای استفاده می شود. در آخر، نتایج شبیه سازی برای تجسم کارآمدی و امکان پذیری روش پیشنهادی ارائه میشوند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Three-axis optimal control of satellite attitude based on Ponteryagin maximum principle
M. R. Niknam K. Kheiri A. Heydari -
Open Access Article
34 - Punitive measures of the Iranian legal system in the matter of waste (Comparative study with French law)
sayed hadi mosavi Ebrahim Taghizade Ali ChahcandinejadToday, waste management is one of the most essential axes of sustainable development. The growing trend of waste production has doubled the need to pay attention to this issue. The present study is based on descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources MoreToday, waste management is one of the most essential axes of sustainable development. The growing trend of waste production has doubled the need to pay attention to this issue. The present study is based on descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources, including books and related research. In our country, Article 50 of the Constitution and the Law on Waste Management, as well as other scattered laws, including the Islamic Penal Code, have established appropriate legal capacities in waste management. Among the envisaged mechanisms is the guarantee of criminal executions for perpetrators of actions outside the framework and legal rules in the field of waste. Unlike some countries that have used both the tools of imprisonment and fines to control this issue, the punitive policy of the Iranian legal system is based on the fine of the offender and does not mention imprisonment as a deterrent mechanism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Repeat in the Masnavi Manavi and Sanaei’s Hadighat
fereshteh yarmohammadi reza Haidari Nori Malek Mohammad FarrokhzadOne of the types of poetry music is internal music, which is more often seen as a repetitive phonetic. This type of music, along with rhymes and rows, is also semantically important in addition to helping to coordinate the phonetic verses. Scholars repeat for a variety MoreOne of the types of poetry music is internal music, which is more often seen as a repetitive phonetic. This type of music, along with rhymes and rows, is also semantically important in addition to helping to coordinate the phonetic verses. Scholars repeat for a variety of reasons, such as focusing on an issue, showing its importance, and attracting audience feedback. Repetition has a variety of names that are arranged in verbal arrays: phonemes, puns, syllable repetition, word repetition, semantic network, Rad Alsdr Ala Al-Ajz, Rad Al-Ajar Ala Al-Sadr etc. In this study, with the aim of identifying the phonetic properties of Rumi’s Masnavi and Sanaei’s Hadighat, we examine the two effects in terms of the way of repetitions using the descriptive-analytical method, and we conclude that the repetition of the word is one of the important elements in these two works. The repetition of the word in the Masnavi is more purposeful and contributed to the semantic coherence and the longitudinal relations of the verses. Other types of repetitions include Repeating at the beginning of the sequence verses, repetitions from the beginning of hemistich, phonemes, semantic networks, syllable repetition, vowel repetition which also seen in Rumi’s Masnavi and Sanaei’s Hadighat, but in both of these works have been created in an artistic manner without any tricking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Silk and Mat
mir jalaedin kazaziAbstract In this paper,Persian language , from the view of the nature and structure has been compared with other languages; and scholarly argument , its pureness andelegance , expunction and simplicity, dynamics and advanced linguistic isdemonstratedobviously and firml MoreAbstract In this paper,Persian language , from the view of the nature and structure has been compared with other languages; and scholarly argument , its pureness andelegance , expunction and simplicity, dynamics and advanced linguistic isdemonstratedobviously and firmly; and subsequently,it is spoken abouttheharmsand damages that can threaten Persian languagedue to its mixture with other languages. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - The Jurisprudential Ruling of Abstaining from Paying Zakat According to Narrations and the Qur'anic Verses
fateme koohmishi mansour amirzadeh jirkoli hosain saberiPaying one's income zakat is one of obligatory duties to which many Qur'anic verses have referred. In the Prophet's and the Imams' times, abstaining from paying zakat has been considered despicable and some ta'zir punishments have been inflicted for such a crime. Referr MorePaying one's income zakat is one of obligatory duties to which many Qur'anic verses have referred. In the Prophet's and the Imams' times, abstaining from paying zakat has been considered despicable and some ta'zir punishments have been inflicted for such a crime. Referring the traditions and Qur'anic verses, the Jurisprudents have also reprehended those who abstain from paying zakat and the majority of them have issued ta'zir punishments rulings for zakat paying abstainers. However, the jurisprudents have given some ta'zir punishments rulings for those who abstain from paying zakat referring to verses and traditions. Deploying a descriptive-analytical research method, the present research is to analyze the concepts and to review the related literature about the rulings and its related punishments for the abstainers of zakat payment. The researchers attempt to know that what ta'zir punishments have been inflicted for zakat paying abstainers according to traditions and verses of the Qur'an. Likewise, it is of paramount significance for the researchers to know how to apply and modernize these traditions and verses for zakat paying abstainers. The findings of this research reveal that the majority of jurisprudents believe in the ta'zir punishments of zakat paying abstainers. Although the related ta'zir punishments is specified in jurisprudence for such a crime, it seems that abstaining from paying zakat is not punishable according to traditions and the Qur'anic verses and is not regarded as a crime in civil law; therefore, no punishment is mentioned in the civil law for that. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Components of Crime Response in Islamic Law Based on Quranic Teachings
Mohammad Salari Mahmoud Rouholamini Bagher Shamloo Seyyed Mehdi Ahmadi MousaviIslamic law has moved towards combating the phenomenon of crime and preventing the occurrence of crime by using the two components of punishment and correction, treatment and rehabilitation and combining these two components with each other. In Islamic law, inspired by MoreIslamic law has moved towards combating the phenomenon of crime and preventing the occurrence of crime by using the two components of punishment and correction, treatment and rehabilitation and combining these two components with each other. In Islamic law, inspired by the Qur'anic teachings and based on the inspiring teachings of this holy book, it seems that the component of correction, treatment and rehabilitation is preferred to the component of punishment, and Islamic law, as the creator of many new criminal and criminological policies, The title of the last way to fight crime (if the offender is not corrected) has been used and it can be said that Islamic teachings are in accordance with scientific standards due to their firmness on pure human nature. In addition, Islamic law based on Quranic teachings is the first law that pays attention to the personality of the accused and in fact the creator of Islamic law and the founder of criminology, ie the science of attention to the personality of the convict and long before the emergence of the school of research. Therefore, the first sparks of attention to the personality of the accused can be seen in Islamic law. For this reason, Islamic law is the creator of the school of criminology. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Review of Quranic principles of mitigation of punishment
Maryam Aghayi Bajestani Keramat Pirnia Ali RezvaniThe application of cases related to mitigation of punishment or conversion of punishment, which should in some way be commensurate with the dignity of the accused and the crime he committed, In the discussion of mitigation of punishment, it is important that in the pres MoreThe application of cases related to mitigation of punishment or conversion of punishment, which should in some way be commensurate with the dignity of the accused and the crime he committed, In the discussion of mitigation of punishment, it is important that in the presence of various factors such as social status, cooperation with the court, criminal record, etc., the perpetrator be mitigated in such a way that the accused can have another opportunity for a successful future in life. Have your own.Mitigation of punishment has been emphasized in many verses of the Qur'an; Such as a reduction in the duties of the Shari'ah when a person is in hardship or hardship or the free will of the guardians in the three matters (retribution, blood money and amnesty) which is a kind of reduction and also a reduction in the punishment of those who disobey in the Uhud war. .... Considering that repentance is a kind of mitigation and in general the Shari'a is based on the punishments of Hudud on mitigation, and thus repentance becomes a factor for mitigation in these punishments, so if a person who has committed a crime for which Hadd has become obligatory, if If he repents, his punishment will be reduced; Among these limits, which are reduced by a person's repentance, are the limits of unprotected adultery and unmarried man, theft, qazf, moharebeh and apostasy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - The Effect of Imprisonment on Repetition Prevention Focusing Quranic Doctrines
Mojgan Kasiri Iraj Goldoozian Davoud KaramiSerious attention to problems and difficulties resulted of prison is vital and important which needs cooperation and collaboration of triple forces as well as society and the prisoner himself. Therefore the aim of all penal systems was and is to reduce imprisonment and MoreSerious attention to problems and difficulties resulted of prison is vital and important which needs cooperation and collaboration of triple forces as well as society and the prisoner himself. Therefore the aim of all penal systems was and is to reduce imprisonment and eliminating its fatal effects in recent years; acts and law legislation and various rulebooks, holding numerous seminars and frequent workshops are proofs. Thus the present research is compiled by the aim of studying the role of prison in preventing crime repletion emphasizing Quranic doctrines and the method is descriptive – analytical. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Position of work in human’s life
Hosein Jamali ZadehContemplation in Islamic sources the importance and value of work and working from Islam’s point of view would be clarified; it insists on its crucial role in life and knows it as a principle for living. In case of tribulation, other elements would MoreContemplation in Islamic sources the importance and value of work and working from Islam’s point of view would be clarified; it insists on its crucial role in life and knows it as a principle for living. In case of tribulation, other elements would be damaged as well. In other words, attempting for life and living and working in order to produce and meet the needs is known as a duty by Islam which causes a close relationship with God. The Prophet and other Imams did the same in order to make such relation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Physical Punishments in Islam Regarding Quranic Doctrines and Challenges of Humanistic Rights
Mahdi Salehi Mohammad Jafari HarandiInternational system of human right has attempted to ban physical punishment thanks to the documents relating torture prohibition and other punishments or inhuman, humiliating and oppressive behaviors. This article tries to clarify the oppositions and offer solutions. T MoreInternational system of human right has attempted to ban physical punishment thanks to the documents relating torture prohibition and other punishments or inhuman, humiliating and oppressive behaviors. This article tries to clarify the oppositions and offer solutions. Therefore it initially expresses the existing challenge comparatively; consequently physical punishment in Islam and challenges of human rights. In order to solve the problem, author tries to answer the mentioned issue in details and by answering minor questions focusing mentioned assumptions. The method is comparative, descriptive and analytical according to the issue’s nature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - The legal nature of Ransom
Majid KhazaieOne of the most important aspects of ransom is its legal nature; whether the ransom payment is because of its punishment nature or of its wreck or both ones. The other point is that the legal nature of ransom would have functional effects in commandment a MoreOne of the most important aspects of ransom is its legal nature; whether the ransom payment is because of its punishment nature or of its wreck or both ones. The other point is that the legal nature of ransom would have functional effects in commandment and if yes it should be argued that why there is no discussion in juridical books. The present article attempts to study the reasons of ransom wrecks and punishments and finally surveys on the offered solutions for the related issues. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Sex and Social Rights from Quran's View Point
Reza Dehghan Nezhad Hossein Bostan (Najafi)Despite of all extremes of some schools' complainant of human right, the sex does not play any role in human position and identity. Thus in many individual assignments there is complete similarity and commonality between men and women; but some sexual invalid difference MoreDespite of all extremes of some schools' complainant of human right, the sex does not play any role in human position and identity. Thus in many individual assignments there is complete similarity and commonality between men and women; but some sexual invalid differences are assumed between men and women according to natural suitability and along with social expediency; consequently the abovementioned differences caused some different rights and assignments. Therefore the present paper reviews common assignments between men and women and studies their root from seven different aspects. Manuscript profile -
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45 - Kholud and Everlastingness in Heaven and Hell from the Point of View of Holy Quran
Nayereh Jamshidian Soosan Ale RasoolKholud (eternity) and everlastingness has always been taken into consideration by Islamic scholars. There is no difference of opinions among scholars about being everlasting in heaven. However, concerning hell-dwellers some scholars believe in Kholud in inferno and eter MoreKholud (eternity) and everlastingness has always been taken into consideration by Islamic scholars. There is no difference of opinions among scholars about being everlasting in heaven. However, concerning hell-dwellers some scholars believe in Kholud in inferno and eternal suffering and they refer to tradition and some Quranic verses in this regard while others, mostly philosophers and mystics, believe in Kholud in inferno but either suffering will diminish due to the mercy of God or hell-dwellers will get used to it. The present article deals with the meaning of Kholud, verses and tradition about it, eternal suffering of pagans, eternal reward for believers and the reasons scholars accept or deny them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - The Penalty and Punishment phenomenon in law and Quran
Rahman MajaziPenalty means committing a crime or quitting one followed by an educational or safety punishment determined by law. The present article attempts to study the penalty phenomena and the suggested ways to prevent it. Since the drug and the cigarette are the MorePenalty means committing a crime or quitting one followed by an educational or safety punishment determined by law. The present article attempts to study the penalty phenomena and the suggested ways to prevent it. Since the drug and the cigarette are the most common causes of death in the world, diagnosing the motivating factors and attempting to remove them are the most important ways to prevent. Family is also an important factor and symbol for the youth. Manuscript profile -
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47 - Examining the principles of justice in crimes causing hadd from the perspective of verses and hadiths
Fatemeh Shori Feisal SharifipourThis article tries to provide a suitable solution to solve the doubts raised by researching verses, narrations, rational reason and scholars' practice. Given that the rulings are expediency and corruption, the prediction of crimes is mandatory, because the role of punis MoreThis article tries to provide a suitable solution to solve the doubts raised by researching verses, narrations, rational reason and scholars' practice. Given that the rulings are expediency and corruption, the prediction of crimes is mandatory, because the role of punishments is to maintain the moderation of the individual and society through the preservation of values. The preference of typical interest over personal interest, the purposes of punishment and criminal justice requires that in hodud such as punishments, circumstances, time and place and characteristics of each offender in determining the punishment is not effective in a broad sense. This issue is not incompatible with criminal justice; it is justice because justice means putting everything in its place. Therefore, it is not necessary that considering justice in different types of crimes to be similar; Because the justice that the holy shari'ah has commanded means the observance of the rights that Islam recognizes, and refining of oppression is the avoidance of trampling on the rights that God Almighty considers valid. Manuscript profile -
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48 - The importance of an interdisciplinary approach in analyzing the rhetorical and literary aspects of the Holy Quran
Mohammad Amin Roudini Javad Sa’dounzadeh Sohad JaderiToday, artists are interested to do group activities to create works more than ever, because these groups are made up of people with different specialties. It is a method in which each discipline fully preserves its concepts, structure, principles, ethics and methods, a MoreToday, artists are interested to do group activities to create works more than ever, because these groups are made up of people with different specialties. It is a method in which each discipline fully preserves its concepts, structure, principles, ethics and methods, as well as the order in which they are presented, which two or more disciplines are combined with unique programs and, of course, specific methods. Each discipline examines specific topics, and perhaps the importance of different perspectives from different specialties on a topic is one of the reasons for following the mentioned methods. The topics of Quranic sciences and their expansion to literary and rhetorical themes from the perspective of different disciplines help to deepen the position and correct understanding of the meanings of the words of revelation. This study aims to define the status of Quranic concepts from a literary and rhetorical point of view. The applied method of the present study is descriptive – analytical and the used tools are library resources in the fields of Arabic interpretation, literature and rhetoric. The results of this study show that the evaluation of Quranic concepts from the perspective of various sciences refers to the progress and developments of the contemporary literary period, where the author enters the field of Quran to find a suitable text for study and research in Arabic and familiarity with contemporary topics. Manuscript profile -
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49 - Features free on criminal punishment for public service
Seyed Mehdi Hosseini سید محمود میرخلیلیWith regard to the ineffectiveness of short-term prison sentences, particularly in terms of deterrence and reform and the treatment of offenders Leaving the offender from society and acquaint him with the prison culture and considering the problems such as the spread of MoreWith regard to the ineffectiveness of short-term prison sentences, particularly in terms of deterrence and reform and the treatment of offenders Leaving the offender from society and acquaint him with the prison culture and considering the problems such as the spread of drugs in prisons,Outbreaks of infectious diseases and violence, countries are seeking to use alternative punishment to imprisonment as penalties community Known also fell, Iranian legislator in 1392. Non-custodial penalties into Islamic Penal Code, one Parts of this free public service institution or public utility services is the same court judges the conditions provided You can keep offenders in prison by the judge responsible for implementing sentences without the benefit of society without pay to work Them. According to some judges to implement the punishment should fit well in the context of the government and the judiciary, Administrative fields examined in society and be fully aware of the community. However, this institution is running in some provinces of the country. Manuscript profile -
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50 - A New Approach to a death in the Qur'an
هادی غلامرضاراوی عبدالله امیدی فردAnd there is life for you in) the law of (a retaliation, O men of understanding, that you may guard yourselves.This is because those who say they are religious meaning ordinary definition is the act of retribution, deterrence factor And makes the people who are going to MoreAnd there is life for you in) the law of (a retaliation, O men of understanding, that you may guard yourselves.This is because those who say they are religious meaning ordinary definition is the act of retribution, deterrence factor And makes the people who are going to kill people regardless of their kill And that retribution is the psychological comfort of society and that in retaliation, retribution is just killer Arab and pre-Islamic period, sometimes for the murder of a man killed a large Ansahay. But our view is that the verse should literally be carried Retribution؛ The death sentence is essential to community life and a concomitant way between death and life there If common sense carried on in this way should be obligatory act of retaliation While the act of retribution and forgiveness of God and has the choice offered their blood money Literally meaning is no longer necessary after the selection of one's own The legislator intended to be supplied by each of them Or forgiveness or retribution or take blood money supply in order to God The literal meaning is the meaning and purpose of sex and nature of retaliation and retribution in verse nor its external manifestation؛ The literal meaning is to carry on. Manuscript profile -
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51 - An analysis & new point of view for the word nemesis in 622 article of the penal law established at 1392
Seyed Ali Rabbani Mousaviyan Roghayeh NasiriAbortion is said to be either deliberate or self-embryo extinction before being able to live outside the womb. One of the kinds of abortions is the intentional abortion of the fetus. There is a dispute between the Islamic jurists and the lawyers about the punishment of MoreAbortion is said to be either deliberate or self-embryo extinction before being able to live outside the womb. One of the kinds of abortions is the intentional abortion of the fetus. There is a dispute between the Islamic jurists and the lawyers about the punishment of this type of abortion. The famous jurisprudents consider it punishable as Qisas , as the Islamic Penal Code of 1370 has also stated on this basis. In the New Penal Code of 1392, this term is ambiguous. In this research, it has been tried to reveal this ambiguity with an analytical review of the word qisas in Article 622 and to explain the correct view. Meanwhile, in the introduction, there is a brief glance at the laws of other countries on the issue of abortion and, while providing statistical information on this, will clarify the position of Iran's laws in discussing abortion with the laws of other countries. Findings of the research suggest that like many countries , Iranian domestic laws, considering the impact of religion and human aspects, , except in certain cases, do not allow this practice, and also shows that the purpose of the term "qisas" according to the evidence Legal evidence and jurisprudential principles. Contrary to the famous point of view, there should be Qisas against the full fetus whose soul has been blown in, not one against the mother, as the famous Islamic jurisprudents point out this view. Manuscript profile -
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52 - Permission for retaliation
vahid nekoonamPermission for retaliation Retaliation as one of the Islamic punishment has a private nature. according to chapter of Quran(33/Asra) the avengers of blood have the right to retaliation. In general, the governer is responsible for ensuring order, enforcing the rights and MorePermission for retaliation Retaliation as one of the Islamic punishment has a private nature. according to chapter of Quran(33/Asra) the avengers of blood have the right to retaliation. In general, the governer is responsible for ensuring order, enforcing the rights and adminnistring the justice. Regarding these two points, the basic question is: how far is the extent of the government”s intervention in the administration of retaliation. This article seeks to scrutinize the jurisprudentional views on the government”s involvement in the retaliation as a crime of a private nature. It is become apparent from the findings that the Islamic penal code accepted permission for retaliation. Manuscript profile -
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53 - The relationship of human dignity and its impact on the formation of consumer rights in Imamieh jurisprudence And the laws and regulations of , govermental discretionery punishments با برنامه Google بگویید «Translate love into French»/«ترجمه عشق به فرانسوی». نه، متشکرمبرنامه را امتحان کنید به زبان دیگری با افراد صحبت کنید. نه، متشکرمبرنامه
arsalan miri جلال ایران منش ابراهیم تقی زاده جلال سلطان احمدیIslam is a universal religion which, for human philosophy, considers the principles according to which human beings are the path to development and excellence. In this regard, there is an important issue, such as consumption and consumerism, that observance of the princ MoreIslam is a universal religion which, for human philosophy, considers the principles according to which human beings are the path to development and excellence. In this regard, there is an important issue, such as consumption and consumerism, that observance of the principles Correct Islam leads to the maintenance of human dignity. Therefore, in this regard, it is necessary to lay down rules and regulations for the correct way of consumption and consumerism, through their explanation, the human principles of Islam and, in particular, its human dignity. The author attempts to investigate the role and relationship of human dignity and consumerism in Imami jurisprudence and its related laws, in particular the laws and regulations of government sanctions. The method of research in this article is a descriptive-analytical method which, based on the books and articles, has tried to analyze all aspects of the subject. The results of this research show that paying attention to the proper use of the dishes, the maintenance of human dignity and other values that human beings give us human beings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - The Remuneration of a Spouse during Matrimonail Life with an Emphasis on Case Law
hajar sheikhi سید مهدی میرداداشیAbstrac The Remuneration of a Spouse during Matrimonail Life with an Emphasis on Case Law The rule of ethics in the main family is fundamental and forms the core of the family institution. Serving a spouse or mother is at the home with the motive of kindness and sacrifi MoreAbstrac The Remuneration of a Spouse during Matrimonail Life with an Emphasis on Case Law The rule of ethics in the main family is fundamental and forms the core of the family institution. Serving a spouse or mother is at the home with the motive of kindness and sacrifice and talking about the fees for these ethical duties is unwise. But if we want to discuss the legal aspect, we will have to ask questions that this research is trying to answer. Remuneration is one of the examples of the financial rights of the wife, which, along with other financial rights like Mahre, Alimony and ... is demanded by the wife. In the law of Islam and Iran, a wife has married duties in certain marriages, but she has no other duties to her husband. Remuneration is one of the special rights that sharia and law have for women. If the wife, on the orders of the couple, carries out work other than marital duties, while the ghosts receive a salary for it, it is entitled to receive the salary unless it is proven that the wife has done the work in order to satisfy her. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Man’s Guardianship over Woman because of Exerting Violence against Woman’s Disobedience
masoomeh banoo azimi mehrabadi احمد مرادخانیThis article deals with reasons behind man’s guardianship over woman and the circumstantial conditions. It also raises instances of woman’s disobedience and analyzes man’s treatment if woman disobeys by means of library sources as well as descriptive-a MoreThis article deals with reasons behind man’s guardianship over woman and the circumstantial conditions. It also raises instances of woman’s disobedience and analyzes man’s treatment if woman disobeys by means of library sources as well as descriptive-analytic methodology in the eyes of the holy Quran. To begin, it has terminologically elaborated sense of “Al-Qawam and Noshuz”, maintainer and disobedience, according to Nisa’: 34. It has continued to bring up viewpoint of interpreters and jurisprudents in this regard. Allameh Tabatabaie (ra) says man’s guardianship is not limited to household affairs, but he has extended it to social relationships. According to Ayatollah Javadi Amoli, man shall guard woman only within family boundaries.It has pursued to enumerate remedial ways of disobedience in the eyes of scholars. In addition, considering plenty of doubts raised by enemies of Islam among people, particularly women and youth about rights of women in Islam and internet and in social media’s aggravation of the subject-matter, it has intended to provide both a convincing and comprehensive response. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Examination of the jurisprudential justification for pardon and intercession in limiting offenses
seyedmorteza aghaei reza daneshvarsani davoud dadashnejadAmnesty and intercession are two judicial remedies that if a judge evaluates the usefulness of nonenforcement, the judge can apply them to non enforcement. In this approach, the punitive response is an ijtihad, in which the judge discovers and adopts the most effective MoreAmnesty and intercession are two judicial remedies that if a judge evaluates the usefulness of nonenforcement, the judge can apply them to non enforcement. In this approach, the punitive response is an ijtihad, in which the judge discovers and adopts the most effective measures to correct and treat the offenders in order to obtain a variety of materials.The ruler does not enforce some penalties and substitutes for some punishments by applying secondary sentences and the element of expediency in cases of conflict between the law's provisions and the likelihood of the circumstances affecting that sentence. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the punishments of time, place, and persons in the execution of penalties, especially in the form of minor offenses, which can also be achieved through measures such as amnesty and intercession. Therefore, the authors of this article have descriptively and analytically examined the jurisprudential arguments of pardon and intercession and its scope. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Doubt on the subject of crime in Islamic jurisprudence and punishment in 2013
kazem mohebian Nasrin Karimi Ismat al-Sadat Taba al-Taba&#039;iAbstract In this article, we discovered that in the Iranian penal system, the provisions of both the former Islamic Penal Code and the Islamic Penal Code of 1392, introduced the issue of the hesitancy of a murderer between certain or non-deterministic individuals, and t MoreAbstract In this article, we discovered that in the Iranian penal system, the provisions of both the former Islamic Penal Code and the Islamic Penal Code of 1392, introduced the issue of the hesitancy of a murderer between certain or non-deterministic individuals, and that the most difficult stage of crime was the crime It is a trial because the reasons for proving the crime are not always clear and as contradictory as each other; the suspicion created by the crime proving that which perpetrator is the real killer is a glimpse of a detailed science and the science in which it belongs Science has been questioned.In the fall of qisas in cases of doubt in committing a crime, there is a consensus among the jurists, but it is different about the responsibility for paying dividends. The famous comment of the jurists is the payment of the penniless and damnable damn by all the defendants, and some jurists believe that the payment of Diyat by Beit Elmal and some also believe that the payment of Diyat by deceivers is oaths and some also believe in paying Diyat through the lottery . Manuscript profile -
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58 - An Investigation of the Effects of Alternative Sentences to Imprisonment for Financial Crimes; in Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh) and Iranian Law Considering Other Countries’ Experiences
Effat BabaeiThe purpose of the present study is to explore the effects of alternative sentences to imprisonment in the case of financial crimes from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh) and Iranian law considering other countries’ experiences in this regard. The me MoreThe purpose of the present study is to explore the effects of alternative sentences to imprisonment in the case of financial crimes from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh) and Iranian law considering other countries’ experiences in this regard. The method of study is descriptive analysis and the results showed that since Hadd (limitation) punishment also includes financial crimes, there is no possibility to change or mitigate the sentence. However, the exploration of jurisprudential rules relevant to changing Hadd to Ta’zir and/or exemption of imprisonment as a sort of Hadd show that turning the punishment can be executed for the first offenders in this field. The important principle in the criminal rights called the equality of punishments is also observed by this plan and thereby the worst blow is struck against the violator managers. A survey of the legal cases in other countries having executed the same plan confirmed the positive effects of this measure. Of course, it is emphasized that in case of crime repetition, the main sentence of imprisonment and/or even capital punishment must be executed for them as it is advised in Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh). Therefore, it is suggested to the judiciary chiefs and lawmakers in the country to take necessary measures for the official acknowledgment of the above-mentioned plan. Manuscript profile -
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59 - A Critique of the Short Story "General Amnesty" by Bozorg Alavi in the Light of Sociological Theory of Emile Durkheim's Punishment
Leila Khayatan Farzaneh Yousef Ghanbari Nasim Khajehzadeh Masoud KheradmandpourBozorg Alavi is one of the greatest contemporary novelists who has played a significant role in the development of short stories in contemporary literature. In all his stories, he has critically addressed various issues of society. One of Alavi’s short stories is MoreBozorg Alavi is one of the greatest contemporary novelists who has played a significant role in the development of short stories in contemporary literature. In all his stories, he has critically addressed various issues of society. One of Alavi’s short stories is the story of “general amnesty”. In this story, the author depicts the social realities and changes of that time. In this research, an attempt has been made to adapt the issues criticized in this story to Durkheim's sociological theory of punishment. Emile Durkheim thinks about punishment that punishment has the function of integrating society. In his view, when a crime occurs, the values and morals of society are violated. As a result, society feels threatened and reacts. Punishment is the emotional and natural reaction of society to the defect of collective values. In this research, the author intends to study the short story "General Amnesty" by Bozorg Alavi based on Durkheim's sociological theory of punishment in an analytical-descriptive and library method. The results show that although punishments change over time their origins will not change. From this point of view, the change of punishments is, in a way, the adaptation of the punishment to the collective conscience of the time. In fact, as society changes, so does punishment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - An Analysis of Internal Music in Nima Youshij’s Modern and Semi-Classic Poetry
mahmoud sadeghzadeh NIIA nourbalinOne of the main features of Nimayi-style poetry (blank verse) in comparison with classical poetry is the change brought to the music of poems, and internal music in specific. The present research is to study, via a descriptive-analytical approach, the use of different t MoreOne of the main features of Nimayi-style poetry (blank verse) in comparison with classical poetry is the change brought to the music of poems, and internal music in specific. The present research is to study, via a descriptive-analytical approach, the use of different types of internal music in Nima Youshij’s modern and semi-classic poems. To do so, the researchers have reviewed briefly the importance of internal music in poetry first, and then have examined and analyzed the different forms of internal music, including rhyming rhythm, pun, repetition, alliteration, and words. The results revealed that the use of assonance and consonance was more than other devices, and “A” (as pronounced in Persian /a:/) is repeated significantly more often, that associates the howl and outcry indicating the awakening and provoking spirit of the poet. On the other hand, while the repletion of clauses, phrases and homophonic puns have been less abundant in his poems, recursive puns appear frequently. Then, it is clear that Nima Youshij consciously has used internal music in his poetry as a way for compensating lack of meter Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - A Study of Several Pedogagical Principies form Molana's Veiw
Alireza Yousefi Forough MansouriRumi's poetry and used the Qur'an and the Eternal has watering. One of the unique characteristics of his poetry, which has always fascinated mankind, articulation issues, training and advice. Dare to say that the most important elements of the Masnavi of Rumi and especi MoreRumi's poetry and used the Qur'an and the Eternal has watering. One of the unique characteristics of his poetry, which has always fascinated mankind, articulation issues, training and advice. Dare to say that the most important elements of the Masnavi of Rumi and especially education -educational, ethical and value. Most of the poems of Rumi in the reader's mind to accomplish a allegory that opens the path to knowledge which is MdnzrshAnd then tell the story, and the end result is to give the reader... Because he is a mentor to the right and a worthy disciple readers. And so the end result without explicitly telling the reader into the right direction without the worries of his diversion leadsThebestmodelof trainingand developmentcanbe. Spiritual Masnavi scope of this paper to evaluate all elements of the training is not here just three pedagogical model - educational discipline, encouraging and will be paid off. Manuscript profile -
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62 - Dynamic Modelling and Control of a Dielectric Elastomer Actuator with Two Degrees of Freedom
Yaser Hesari Shahram Etemadi Haghighi -
Open Access Article
63 - Prediction of General Health of Esfahan Gas Company's Employees By Encouragement and Punishment System, Individual and Organizational Performance
Noushin Ghomi Mohammad Ghasemi Pir Balooti Mehdi Nasr Esfahani Hamid Baghaee Hosein AbadiThe purpose of the this research wasthe prediction of general health for the employees of Esfahan Gas Company using encouragement and punishment system and individual-organizational performance. The statistical population included all administrative employees of Esfahan MoreThe purpose of the this research wasthe prediction of general health for the employees of Esfahan Gas Company using encouragement and punishment system and individual-organizational performance. The statistical population included all administrative employees of Esfahan Gas Company from 2013-2014, of whom 260 employees were selected by stratified random sampling method.The measuring instruments used were questionnaires of encouragement and punishment system (Khanzade2010), individual performance (Paterson1970), organizational performance (Hersey and Glodsmith 1990)and also Goldberg’s questionnaire of general health. The data was analyzed using by stepwise regression.The results of regression analysis showed that the organizational relationships was abl to predict of general health and can justify 4.7 percnt of variance of employees' general health (p<0.01). Manuscript profile -
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64 - The Determining of Proportion Personal and Punishment Variables in Explaining Offender's Criminal Thinking
Malek Mirhashemi Heidarali Zaree Mehdi NazariolomThe main objective this research was to predicting criminal thinking upon personal and punishment variables in offenders. The research method was correlation research. The population consisted of all offenders in prisons of Great Tehran. The sample group (N=326) were ch MoreThe main objective this research was to predicting criminal thinking upon personal and punishment variables in offenders. The research method was correlation research. The population consisted of all offenders in prisons of Great Tehran. The sample group (N=326) were chosen via one stage stratified randomly sampling method from prisons of Tehran's Great Prison. The research instrument was Criminal Thinking Styles Scale (Knight et al., 2006).The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that personal (age and birthorder) and punishment (imprisonment duration) variables have significant effect on criminal thinking(p<0.05). Manuscript profile -
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65 - The comparison of the educational, supportive and punitive schedules in the Islamic Legal System and in the International Law
Mohammad Ali Haji Deh Abdi Masoud HeidariThe educational, supportive, and punitive schedules in the Islamic Legal System and in the International Law with respect to the Juvenile delinquency are compared in this article in a qualitative and content- analytic manner. Here through interpreting and analyzing Qura MoreThe educational, supportive, and punitive schedules in the Islamic Legal System and in the International Law with respect to the Juvenile delinquency are compared in this article in a qualitative and content- analytic manner. Here through interpreting and analyzing Quranic texts and teachings and regarding the juvenile delinquency, both systems are assessed. Analyzing the data is based on rational and scriptural approaches with respect to the conceptual analyses. The results indicate that Islamic Legal approaches regarding juvenile delinquency are centered on both preventive and corrective measures as axioms. The Islamic preventive measures include moderation, prevention of discrimination, supervision and care principles; whereas, the punitive measures include punishment, negligence and ect., in accordance with the circumstances. Though the Juvenile Delinquency Convention Law has rejected punishment, in Islamic Order Punishment is resorted to as the last corrective measure with a perception that it is a measure to make the subject aware and educate human to follow the right path. That is to say that, here, punishment is more regarded as an informative case. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Mysticism and Preventing Crimes
علی اعظم رفیعنژادIn the past centuries, human communities utilized religious laws to purify persons and people out of deviation and to remove delinquencies and to fight against crimes. But with the latest development in technology and sciences, since laws were not renovated and didn’t g MoreIn the past centuries, human communities utilized religious laws to purify persons and people out of deviation and to remove delinquencies and to fight against crimes. But with the latest development in technology and sciences, since laws were not renovated and didn’t get along with everyday needs, the human orented materialistic and benefit-seeking viewpoints based on gaining more and further enjoyment overcome various majors of law. In today society, the one who is prone to mysticism and people are inclined toward the core and heart of religion should use the energy for different fields of law, especially preventin crime and other social vulnerabilities and offering necessary solution. Manuscript profile -
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67 - A Contact Problem of an Elastic Layer Compressed by Two Punches of Different Radii
K Seghir M Bendaoui R Benbouta -
Open Access Article
68 - Biological characteristies of the Plodia interpunctella (Lep.: Pyralidae) on dried fig at different temperatures in laboratory conditions
Saeed Momenzadeh Shahram Hesami Mehdi GheibiIndian meal moth Plodia interpunctella, (Lep.: Pyralidae) is one of the main pests of stored figs in Iran. The effects of different temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35° C) on the biological characteristics of this pest at laboratory conditions (16:8 L MoreIndian meal moth Plodia interpunctella, (Lep.: Pyralidae) is one of the main pests of stored figs in Iran. The effects of different temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35° C) on the biological characteristics of this pest at laboratory conditions (16:8 L:D , 60±5 % Rh) on dried fig were studied . Mean incubation period were estimated 14.44, 6.70, 3.27, 3.30, 4.26 days respectively. Total larval developmental time were determined 70.79, 42.60, 34.61, 32.2, 27.77 days and duration of pre-pupal and pupal stages were estimated 9, 4.36, 1.44, 1.31, 1.23 and 15.92, 12.44, 7.29, 5.77, 3.34 respectively. Mean adult longevity were estimated 12.62, 12.38, 7.04, 7.65, 6.73 for female and 14, 12.37, 7, 7.03, 6.33 for parameters. Developmental rate were highest on 35° C. The result showed that high temperature promote rapid development of P. interpunctella on dried figs. Manuscript profile -
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69 - The aesthetics of puns in the court of Shab al-Zarif
Esmaeil EslamiPunishment is one of the most important literary techniques and verbal arrays that increase the music of poetry and its beauty. Given the importance of this industry in the field of poetry and literature and its impact on the beauty of poetry, the present study is dedic MorePunishment is one of the most important literary techniques and verbal arrays that increase the music of poetry and its beauty. Given the importance of this industry in the field of poetry and literature and its impact on the beauty of poetry, the present study is dedicated to examining the beauty of puns in the poetry of one of the most powerful Arabic-speaking poets of the Syrian land named Shab Al-Zarif; Because this poet wrote pleasant and delicate poems and was very skilled in using all kinds of novel crafts to the extent that his poems were accepted by the literati. This research has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner and based on library studies. The result of the research shows that Shab Al-Zarif has used all kinds of puns in expressing his desired concepts and themes. He has used this array in different ways and in a very beautiful and desirable way in his divan and he has been very successful in this field. The use of this array has also had a great impact on the melody of the poem, the rhythm of the words, the strength of the link between word and meaning, increasing the musical aspect of the poem and finally attracting the audience. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - musical elements in kimiyaye sa'adat the study of
hossein etehadi maryam shaban zadehSufi prose is a kind of Persian prose which, due to a enjoying different kinds of internal musical effects especially repetition, rhyme and pun ,has a tonal language. Moreover, in some cases, the prosodic rhythmic phrases, used in this kind of prose, which lead to more MoreSufi prose is a kind of Persian prose which, due to a enjoying different kinds of internal musical effects especially repetition, rhyme and pun ,has a tonal language. Moreover, in some cases, the prosodic rhythmic phrases, used in this kind of prose, which lead to more and more closely, it is the language of poetry. The weight of prosodic and musical elements of the internal differentiation of stereotypical language, which are caused by bumps and weirdness words. In this article, a book by Mohammad Ghazali The, kimiyaye sa'adat which is one of the most important texts sufis, from the perspective of the musical elements have been studied. These studies show that, of all the elements Ghazali, whose influence in making instrumental music, the book has benefited The. Kimiyaye sa'adat He used the harmony of sound and words and sentences and phrases harmonic frequency, while creating a rhythmic, in some cases, are intended to convey and instill been successful. Manuscript profile -
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71 - The effect of contact and respiratory repellency of four medicinal plant extract and powders on adults and last instar larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner).
M. Bakhtiari Z. Rafiei Karahroudi E. SanatgarThe indian meal moth is one of the most important pest of stored product. In this study‚ the repellency effect of the alcoholic and hexanic plant extract and powder of four medicinal plants , lavandula angstifolia, artemistia dracunculus, anethum graveolens, and p MoreThe indian meal moth is one of the most important pest of stored product. In this study‚ the repellency effect of the alcoholic and hexanic plant extract and powder of four medicinal plants , lavandula angstifolia, artemistia dracunculus, anethum graveolens, and petroselimun sativum have been studied on adults and last instar larvae of this pest. To prepare the extracts, plants were powdered, then dissolved in solvent and filtered after 24 houres. These crude plant extracts have been used in experiments. In contact repellency experiment, the 9 cm whatman filter paper divided into two parts from the middle. Half of it was weted with definite plant extract dose and another half was weted with solvent. after they dried, 20 last instar larvae released from centes each petri dish. then the repellency effect of plant extracts was measured after 24 hours. The results showed all plant extracts except hexanic extract of L. angstifolia, had the contact repellency effect on adult insect. The Y-shaped olfactometer has been used for dtermining fumigant repellency effect of the plant extracts. The repellency effect of treatment were measured on the last instar larvae and adults. In most cases the plant extracts showed a significant repellency effect at1% level on larveae and adults. But the repellency effect of the powders on adults was less than plant extracts, and had attractive effect on, the Indian meal larvae. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Repellency effect of essential oil, plant extract and powder of seed of Ferula assafoetida on Plodia interpuntella (Lep.: Pyralidae)
M. R. Hassani A. Mazdaee Z. Sheibani TezerjiThe Indean Meal Moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lep.: Pyralidae) is one of the most important agricultural stored pest. In this research, the repellency effect of essential oil, extract and powder of seed of Asafoetida (Ferula asafetidaL.) on fourth instar larvae MoreThe Indean Meal Moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lep.: Pyralidae) is one of the most important agricultural stored pest. In this research, the repellency effect of essential oil, extract and powder of seed of Asafoetida (Ferula asafetidaL.) on fourth instar larvae and adult of P. interpunctella was investigated. For determine the repellency of larvae a Y sheped tube and for adults a straight tube connected to two glass jar was used. The essential oil and extract were used at concentrations, 80, 160, 320 and 640 μl/l air and powder was used at concentrations, 4, 8, 16 and 32 g/l air. The result showed that the essential oil at the lowest concentration on larva and adults of P. interpunctella, was not effective and at the highest concentration on larva and adults, had 73.33 and 70.00% repellency, respectively. At low concentration, the extract was not effective for larva, but for adults had 56.67%, repellency. Plant extract at the highest concentration had 40.00 and 96.67% repellency, for larva and adults, respectively. Then the effect of extract was better on adults than larva. Powder of Asafoetida at the lowest concentration had 16.67 and 36.67% repellency, for larvae and adults, respectively, and at the highest concentration had 70.00 and 86.67% repellency, for larvae and adults, respectively, and its effect was better on adults than larva. The results showed that the essential oil, extract and powder of seed of Asafoetida, can be used for decrease the population density of P. interpunctella in stored products. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Effects of temperature on development, fecundity and life table parameters of Adalia bipunctata (Col: Coccinellidae), the predator of Agonoscena pistaciae)Hom,:Aphalaridae)
N. Vahabzadeh M. R. Mehrnejad Sh. GoldastehThe common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae, is known as a key pistachio pest in Iran. The two spotted coccinellid, Adalia bipunctata was reported as a psyllophagous beetle and the most abundant predator in pistachio plantations of Rafsanjan, south of Iran. The p MoreThe common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae, is known as a key pistachio pest in Iran. The two spotted coccinellid, Adalia bipunctata was reported as a psyllophagous beetle and the most abundant predator in pistachio plantations of Rafsanjan, south of Iran. The present research was carried out to examine the influence of temperature on biological parameters of A. bipunctata using psyllid nymphs as diet and under controlled conditions e.g., constant temperatures (ranged from 17.5 to 35°C), 55±5% r.h. and 16L:18D. The reproduction, developmental thresholds, thermal constant and the intrinsic rate of natural increase of this ladybird were all tested. The lower threshold for A. bipunctata while fed on nymphs of A. pistaciae was estimated 13.1. Thermal constant for development of this ladybird from egg to adult was obtained 200°DD (Degree-Day) while reared on nymphs of A. pistaciae. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) and finite capacity for increase were obtained 0.172 and 1.19 respectively. Based on present results, A. pistaciae is considered as a suitable diet for this ladybird. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Effect of ultra violet irradiation on biological parameters of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lep., Pyralidae)
A. Bakhshi A. A. Talebi Y. FathipourThe Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) is a polyphagous and cosmopolitan species. This species has been distributed in Iran and all over the World. In this research, the effect of UV-irradiation on the biology and life table parameters of P.interpunct MoreThe Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) is a polyphagous and cosmopolitan species. This species has been distributed in Iran and all over the World. In this research, the effect of UV-irradiation on the biology and life table parameters of P.interpunctella was investigated. Three age groups of eggs (1, 2 and 3-day-old)were exposed to UV-irradiation (254nm wavelength) for 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 minutes at temperature 25±5ºC and a photoperiod of 10:14 (L:D), without humidity control. The results indicated that all exposure periods of UV-irradiation reduced hatching eggs. An increase in time of exposure to irradiation caused a gradual decrease in percentage of hatching in all age groups of eggs. However, for each exposure duration, the hatching rate was decreased as the age of irradiated eggs increased from 1 to 3 days. Hatching rates decreased from 71.33% at 0.5 min to 0.67% at 8 min exposure time in 1-day-old eggs, from 35% at 0.5 min to 1.67% at 4 min exposure time in 2-day-old eggs and from 31.67% at 0.5 min to 1.67% at 2 min exposure periods in 3-day-old eggs. No hatching eggs occurred at higher exposure times. At three age groups of eggs all exposure periods of UV-radiation increased significantly the incubation period of eggs of males and females in comparison to controls The longest incubation period in males and females was recorded in 3-day-old eggs which treated by 0.5 min exposure time. (7.00±0.00 and 7.67±0.33 days, respectively). There was no significant different between adult longevity of controls and irradiation adult in 1, 2 and 3-day-old eggs. In all age groups of eggs, adult longevity of females was longer than males. The results showed that UVC irradiation has greater effects on the eggs of P.interpunctella than other developmental stages. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - The effects of Sub lethal doses of Deltamethrin and Trichlorofen on functional response of the parpasitoid wasp Habrobracon hebetor (Hym: Braconidae) fed on plodia interpunctella in laboratory condition
T. Abasi A. NAzari Z. Rafie kArehrodi A. JuozianOne of the most important biological control agents is Habrobracon hebetor especially for Indian meal moth. Functional response studies are important for successful application of natural enemies in pest control programs. In this research, has been studied the eff MoreOne of the most important biological control agents is Habrobracon hebetor especially for Indian meal moth. Functional response studies are important for successful application of natural enemies in pest control programs. In this research, has been studied the effect of sub lethal doses of Deltametrin and Trichlorfen on functional responses of H. hebetor at controlled condition (26±1 Celsius, 65±10% humidity, 16:8 L: D). larvae, pupae and adults of Indian meal moths have been used separately in densities of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128. Dipping method was used for larvae, pupae and contact method for adults in exposed cages. Functional responses and its parameters determined respectively by logistic regression and non-linear regression by SAS software. Results showed H. hebetor on larvae and pupae had functional response type 3 but on adults type 2 that has been affected by both insecticides. Searching efficiency was affected by Deltametrin in control, larvae, pupae and adults were determined respectively, 0.008, 0.007, 0.009 and 0.037 /h and handling time 0.99, 1.8, 1.26 and 1.66 h. Searching efficiency was affected by Trichorfen in control, larvae, pupae and adults were recorded respectively, 0.008, 0.007, 0..6 and 0.052 /h and handling time 0.99, 1.25, 1.12 and 2.11 h. these results showed that sublethal doses of both insecticides have been affected only on adult moths functional responses parameters of H. hebetor and showed significant difference. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Comparison of the life table and reproduction parameters of the Plodia interpunctella Hubner (Lep., Pyralidae) on three cultivars of date in laboratory conditions
H. Pourbehi A. A. Talebi A. A. zamani Sh. Goldasteh N. FarrarThe Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella Hubner (Lep., Pyralidae) is one of the serious pests of stored date in Iran and many parts of the world. In this research life table and reproduction parameters of P. interpunctella on three cultivars of date were studied. The MoreThe Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella Hubner (Lep., Pyralidae) is one of the serious pests of stored date in Iran and many parts of the world. In this research life table and reproduction parameters of P. interpunctella on three cultivars of date were studied. The experiments were conducted in laboratory conditions at temperature of 27±2 ºC, 45±5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16L:8D hours. The results indicated that, the life expectancy in egg period were 44/45, 52/29 and 47/89 days on Zahedi, Shahabi and Kabkab cultivars, respectively. The gross fecundity rate on Zahedi, Shahabi and Kabkab cultivars were estimated 172.1±17.5, 160.2±15.2 and 121.0±18.3 egg per female, respectively. There was no significant difference among gross fecundity rate on different cultivars of date. The net fertility rate on Zahedi cultivar with 96/8±10/4 was more than the other cultivars. The lowest value of this parameter on Kabkab cultivar 43/84±7/26 was estimated that there was significant difference with Zahedi and Shahabi cultivars, but no significant difference was observed between Zahedi and Shahabi cultivars. The mean egg per day and mean fertile eggs per day of moths developed on Zahedi cultivar were estimated 25/09±2/61 and 22/38±2/30, respectively that was shown the maximum value among examined cultivers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Effect of eighteen plant essential oils on nutritional indices of larvae Plodia interpunctella Hubner (Lep., Pyralidae)
Z. Rafiei-Karahroodi S. Moharramipour H. Farazmand J. Karimzadeh-EsfahaniEssential oils are suitable components as alternate for chemical pesticides. Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella Hubner is one of the most important stored product pests. In this research, effects of essential oils of 18 medicinal plants were studied on nutritional i MoreEssential oils are suitable components as alternate for chemical pesticides. Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella Hubner is one of the most important stored product pests. In this research, effects of essential oils of 18 medicinal plants were studied on nutritional indices of 15 days-old larvae of this pest. Nutritional indices determined in this study were Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Relative Consumption Rate (RCR), Efficacy of Conversion of Ingested Food (ECI) and Feeding Deterrence Index (FDI). In this study, 20 µl from 3, 12 and 24 ppm of the oil solution was mixed with one gram of the food. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design in a factorial experiment with three replications. The results showed that essential oils had not any significant effect compare with control on RGR and ECI. The index of RCR was significantly decreased except in Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. Decreasing RCR in treatments might be due to feeding deterrency of the essential oils. FDI was positive in all treatment except in Z. clinopodioides with the least FDI. Nutritional indices were significantly not affectd by increasing concentration. The highest deterrency was observed by Mentha piperata L., Cinnamomum zelanicum Bl., Salvia multicaulis Vahl., Melissa officinalis L., Achillea millefolium L. As these essential oils at low concentration of 0.06, 0.24 and 0.5 µg/kg caused the high deterrency, therefore these essential oils could be applicable on the management of Indian meal moth in storage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - The effect of different diets of Indian meal moth (Hübner) Plodia interpunctella on the biological characteristics and life table parameters of Habrobracon hebetor Say
Mahshid Heydari Abbas Hosseinzadeh Akbar ghassemi kahrizeh SH. AramidehThe effect of different diets were examined. on the growth period , fecundity and life table parameters of Habrobracon hebetor Say against the Plodia interpunctella Hübner under laboratory conditions at 26±2 °C, 65±5% R.H. and photoperiod 16:8hour MoreThe effect of different diets were examined. on the growth period , fecundity and life table parameters of Habrobracon hebetor Say against the Plodia interpunctella Hübner under laboratory conditions at 26±2 °C, 65±5% R.H. and photoperiod 16:8hours (L:D). Six diets were included pistachio, walnut, almond, date, figs and artificial diet. Results of this research revealed that the shortest period of pre-adult durations of parasitoid wasps on pistachio (9.92 days) and the longest period on figs diet (15.61 days). The highest sex ratio was observed on pistachio and artificial diets (0.52) and the lowest in figs and dates (0.46). The longest adult female longevity was on pistachio diet (30.50 days) and the shortest on fig (28.35days). The highest mean total number of eggs laid by H. hebetor was observed in pistachio diets (348.5-eggs) and the lowest in figs (306.09 eggs). The lowest duration of one generation (T) was on pistachio diet (15.61days) and the highest duration on figs (22.05days). Pistachio and artificial diet had the highest intrinsic rate of increase (rm) with 0.332 and 0.327 (day-١). Similarly, pistachio and artificial diet had the highest finite rate of increase ( ) with 1.39 (day-١). According to the results of the present study, pistachio and artificial diets were identified as the best diet for rearing H. hebetor. However, due to the fact that artificial diet is cheaper and more economical compared to other diets studied, so artificial diet can be used for mass-rearing programs of H. hebetor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Comparison of the biological characteristics of the Plodia interpunctella Hubner (Lep., Pyralidae) on three date cultivars in laboratory conditions
H. Pourbehi A.A. Talebi A.A. Zamany Sh. Goldasteh N. FarrarThe Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lep., Pyralidae) is one of the serious pests of stored date in Iran and many parts of the world. Biology of this pest on three cultivars of date was studied. The experiments were conducted in laboratory conditio MoreThe Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lep., Pyralidae) is one of the serious pests of stored date in Iran and many parts of the world. Biology of this pest on three cultivars of date was studied. The experiments were conducted in laboratory conditions at temperature of 27±2 ºC, 45±5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16L:8D hours. Mean incubation period were estimated 3.10, 3.27 and 2.67 days respectively and mean larval developmental time were estimated 37.85, 43.01 and 48.0 days on Zahedi, Shahabi and Kabkab cultivars respectively. There was significant difference between mean larval developmental time and incubation period on different cultivars. Mean period of pupa on Zahedi, Shahabi and Kabkab cultivars were estimated 7.47, 8.01 and 7.19 days respectively. No significant difference was observed between mean period of pupa moths developed in Zahedi and Kabkab cultivars but pupal period was significantly different on Shahabi cultivars. Mean adult longevity on Zahedi, Shahabi and Kabkab cultivars were estimated 8.04, 8.37 and 7.72 days respectively. There was no significant difference between mean adult longevity on different cultivars of date. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - A comparative study of reward and punishing public affairs managers in the Alavi system with other common management systems
seyed yaser sajadi seyed yaser sajadi Mohamad Zyaaddini malike beheshtifarIf the employee performs his duties according to the law, he will be rewarded. And if he fulfills his responsibility incompletely or incorrectly. It is obvious that the person in charge will deal with him. But how should a manager deal with a good and bad agent? This is MoreIf the employee performs his duties according to the law, he will be rewarded. And if he fulfills his responsibility incompletely or incorrectly. It is obvious that the person in charge will deal with him. But how should a manager deal with a good and bad agent? This is where the weakness and strength of management is revealed. Ali (AS) in the field of cognition, knowledge and action. management and looking at a specific management area. It was not, and in line with the basis of Islam, it had more of an educational aspect, this comparative research is an analysis of the similarities and differences between encouraging and punishing agents in the common administrative system and the government system of Ali (AS).Library and software studies with the narrative, historical and practical course of Amir al-Mu'minin (AS) and today's common management revealed keywords with semantic connection with three basic indicators, methods and strategies of rewards and reprimands, which in the approval patterns ,refinement ,development and establishment were adapted, the key items in the acceptance model are approved and care should be taken to maintain and strengthen them, the trimming items must be corrected, also in refinement Items should be added and expanded, and in the emergent pattern, it should be focused on items that did not exist or were forgotten. The results of this research can be a good indicator for managers to improve the situation of encouragement and punishment in today's management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - A comparative study of the legal and penal effects of perjury in Imamiah jurisprudence and Iranian and Egyptian law
mohammad ebrahimi Mohammad Rasool Ahangaran Aboulghasem naghibiAbstractTestimony as a proof of a lawsuit is a common feature of the jurisprudence and law systems of Iran and Egypt. And through the comparative understanding of its jurisprudential, legal and penal works in the Imami jurisprudence systems and the laws of Iran and Egyp MoreAbstractTestimony as a proof of a lawsuit is a common feature of the jurisprudence and law systems of Iran and Egypt. And through the comparative understanding of its jurisprudential, legal and penal works in the Imami jurisprudence systems and the laws of Iran and Egypt and introducing the weaknesses and strengths of each of them, this important goal was achieved.The findings of the present research, which was conducted in a comparative manner for the first time and in a descriptive-analytical method, show that forced martyrdom in Imamiyyah jurisprudence and Iranian and Egyptian law has common effects, which can be used to determine the order of effect before issuing a verdict. It and the punishment of a witness by force and for after the issuance of the verdict, violation of the verdict, compensation for damages, resumption of proceedings and the punishments corresponding to the crime resulting from the witnessing by force, which in Iranian jurisprudence and law are ta'zir, hudud, retribution and diat, and in Egyptian law, the punishments are proportional to It concluded misdemeanor crimes. Another comparative finding of this research is the special attention of Imami jurisprudence to the punishment of defamation as well as dealing with family law issues such as divorce and marriage, which are considered to be one of the strengths of this legal system, and the absence of these positive works in the laws of Iran and Egypt is one of the shortcomings and weaknesses. The two mentioned systems have been concluded. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - The Principles of the Theory of Public Execution of Punishments from a Legal and Jurisprudential Viewpoint
حمید بابایی محمود قیوم زاده محمد رسول آهنگرانThe present research is aimed at investigating public execution of punishment. The subject of public execution of punishment is one of the issues causing different reactions from experts. Some, while agreeing with the public execution of punishment, believe that the exe MoreThe present research is aimed at investigating public execution of punishment. The subject of public execution of punishment is one of the issues causing different reactions from experts. Some, while agreeing with the public execution of punishment, believe that the execution of the punishment in the public eye has a Sharia and Quranic context, referring to the holy verse “And let a group of the believers witness their punishment[1]” in support of their opinion. On the other hand, a group believes that there is no such thing as public execution of punishment in the jurisprudential rules, and the aforementioned noble verse does not indicate the public execution of punishment. In every penal system, the method of execution of punishment is under the influence of the basis and goals of punishment in that penal system and applied in line with its realization. From the viewpoint of Islam, although the basis of punishment is a combination of the two principles of justice and benefit, the most emphasis is on the realization of the effects and results of punishment. By reviewing the penal doctrines of Islam concerning the goals of punishment, we found out that the correction and education of the criminal is the key effect and result of the execution of punishment. Public execution of punishment not only does not realie this basic goal, but also makes its realization impossible or difficult. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Repentance in Iranian criminal law, Imamiyyah and public jurisprudence
دکتر حیدرنژاد ali forotaniAbstract Purpose: The institution of repentance is emphasized as a legal institution in the Holy Qur'an and in numerous hadiths and from the perspective of Islamic jurists, and it is today considered as one of the factors of mitigating or reducing punishment.Method MoreAbstract Purpose: The institution of repentance is emphasized as a legal institution in the Holy Qur'an and in numerous hadiths and from the perspective of Islamic jurists, and it is today considered as one of the factors of mitigating or reducing punishment.Methodology: This qualitative research made use of descriptive-analytical method and was library-based.Findings: Islamic schools have agreed on the fall of the afterlife punishment in case of repentance, but there are differences of opinion regarding the fall of the worldly punishment. Although public jurists have not paid attention to the quality and conditions of repentance compared to Shia jurists, differences are evident in some jurisprudence texts between the four Arbaah differences. Sunni jurists believe that repentance before arrest is the reason for the reduction of the punishment, but there are dissimilar opinion in other extreme crimes, because some people, citing verses, traditions and analogy of priority, have considered repentance as the reason for the reduction of other punishments, except for the punishment of muharibeh.Conclusion: From the point of view of the Islamic Penal Code of 2013, repentance only causes the fall of punishments that have the aspect of pure divine right and has no effect on the rights of people; therefore, in Qazf and Muharebeh, after proving and mastering the criminal, repentance does not cause the reduction and fall of the punishment. The legislator's innovation in separating punishment crimes according to the degrees of severity and weakness and punishment and accepting the effect of repentance only in light crimes lacks justified grounds and legal balances and is against Sharia rules and in the position of expression. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - A study and analysis of the concept of religious experience in the works of Theodore Dostoevsky With an approach to the novels "Crime and Punishment" and "Karamazov Brothers"
azade hoseiniy ARASTOO MIRANI mohammadali mirIn his works, Dostoevsky reflects on his religious experiences and describes most of his doctrinal and ideological views in them. Thus, the subjects the author deals with, as well as the characters he creates, are all used to explain his religious beliefs. Religious exp MoreIn his works, Dostoevsky reflects on his religious experiences and describes most of his doctrinal and ideological views in them. Thus, the subjects the author deals with, as well as the characters he creates, are all used to explain his religious beliefs. Religious experience comes in many forms, but a look at the novels Crime and Punishment and The Karamazov Brothers shows that Dostoevsky was only interested in its interpretive nature. His interpretive experience was created by two external factors (invitation to Christianity by his grandfather and monks) and internal (solitude with himself in prison in his youth). He first learned this interpretive experience in an imitative and traditional way, but later demonstrated it in the form of representations of critical and challenging ideas. He visibly recognized the shortcomings of the church as the main institution of religion in Russia, and based on his interpretive experience, addressed them in the language of a figure named Pavlovich. Dostoevsky's goal was not destructive and stemming from psychological entanglements, but to justify such criticisms in order to improve the beliefs and religious conditions of the people. This article has been compiled with reference to library sources and descriptive-analytical method and it deals with the basic issue of how Dostoevsky's religious experiences evolved in the mentioned novels. The main question of the research is what is the most important religious experience of Dostoevsky in these two novels? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Simulation of clearance effect on LDR in stainless steel deep drawing
Ali Fathi Jokandan Mehrdad Ozve AminianDeep drawing is one of the most important processes in the sheet metal forming industry where a flat sheet is drawn by the punch into the hole matrix And It takes the shape of the punch. The effective parameter in this process is clearance between punch and matrix MoreDeep drawing is one of the most important processes in the sheet metal forming industry where a flat sheet is drawn by the punch into the hole matrix And It takes the shape of the punch. The effective parameter in this process is clearance between punch and matrix. Finite element method is a useful tool for the study of process and impact parameters affecting it. In this project the effect of clearance between punch and matrix on LDR was considered and result are showed 0.9 mm clearance is more optimum suitable for 0.6 mm sheet thickness in deep drawing and decreased to 0.66 mm clearance the LDR was decreased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Mathematical Modeling of Cancer Cells and Chemotherapy Protocol Dealing Optimization Using Fuzzy Differential Equations And Lypunov Stability Criterion
Hadi Abbasnejad -
Open Access Article
87 - Mirza Ali Akbar Ardaghi, since constitutionalism to Punishment Committee
Mohamad Reza Alam Ali TavakolianConstitutional revolution can be regarded as one of the most important political events in Iran’s contemporary history. Various people, groups, and social spectrums had role in setting up a new political regime, decreasing despotism, and establishing law and disci MoreConstitutional revolution can be regarded as one of the most important political events in Iran’s contemporary history. Various people, groups, and social spectrums had role in setting up a new political regime, decreasing despotism, and establishing law and discipline. However, after victory of constitutional revolution and occurrence of minor tyranny, followed by conquer of Tehran and Constitutionalism restoration, some of these people and groups became extremists, as they considered the revolution to fail in getting its aims; therefore, they formed a punishment committee to act out against interior factors and – in their idea – exterior agents. Among these people was Mirza Ali Akbar Ardaghi, who became a member of the committee with his companion, Emadolketab. The aim of this study is to investigate the procedure of Mirza Ali Akbar Ardaghi’s political and liberalistic battles according to historical documents and sources. This study is expressed in a descriptive-analytical method to answer the following questions: why did Mirza Ali Akbar Ardaghi join the Constitutional revolution? What was his role in the victory and restoration of Constitutionalism? According to what beliefs and intellectual foundations did Mirza Ali Akbar Ardaghi join punishment committee? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - The Relationship Between Punishment of the Crime of Armed Smuggling of Narcotics and Psychotropic Material with the Component of Hope for the Future of Social Security from the perspective of Judges in the Judicial Structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Case Study: Judges of Tehran Province)
Seyed Morteza Hoseini Seyed Mohamad Hoseini Abdolvahid zahedi Amir FroutanSeyed Morteza Hoseini[1] Seyed Mohamad Hoseini[2] Abdolvahid zahedi[3] AmirFroutan[4] Abstract: This article is a research paper aimed MoreSeyed Morteza Hoseini[1] Seyed Mohamad Hoseini[2] Abdolvahid zahedi[3] AmirFroutan[4] Abstract: This article is a research paper aimed at showing the significant relationship between the use of armed drug trafficking and psychotropic punishment on different components of social security, including the hope for future in social security, from the perspective of judges in Tehran province. This is a descriptive and applied research. The statistical population of this study consisted of 55 Judges of Tehran Province, all of whom were interviewed using a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of this questionnaire, measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, is 87%. In this study, to test the hypothesis, a one-tailed t-test was used and the existence of a significant relationship between the use of armed drug trafficking and psychotropic punishment and the hope-future component of social security was confirmed. [1] - PhD Student in Criminology and Criminal Law, Faculty of Law, Political Science and Economics, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran [2] - Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, Political Science and Economics, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran: Corresponding Author [3] - Assistant Professor and Faculty Member, Faculty of Law, Political Science and Economics, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran [4] - Senior Lecturer, Board of Teachers of Tehran Municipality Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - The Relationship between Punishment for the Crime of Armed Drug Trafficking and Psychotropic Drugs with the Coordination of Relevant Institutions in Social Security(Case Study: Judges of Tehran Province)
Seyed Morteza Hosaini Seyed Mohamad Hosaini abdolvahid zahedi amir froutanThis article is a research paper aimed at showing the significant relationship between the use of armed drug trafficking and psychotropic punishment on different components of social security, including Institutional coordination, in the opinion of Tehran's judiciary ju MoreThis article is a research paper aimed at showing the significant relationship between the use of armed drug trafficking and psychotropic punishment on different components of social security, including Institutional coordination, in the opinion of Tehran's judiciary judges. This is descriptive and applied research. The statistical population of this study consisted of 55 Judicial Judges of Tehran Province, all of whom were interviewed using a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of this questionnaire, measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, is 87%. In this study, to test the hypothesis, a one-tailed t-test was used and the existence of a significant relationship between the use of armed drug trafficking and psychotropic punishment and the coordination component of the relevant organizations in social security was confirmed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Explaining Iran's Criminal Policy from the Perspective of the Principles and Foundations of Criminalization and Punishment (Case Study of Some Domestic Legislative Approvals)
hojjat miri mohammadreza shadmanfar masoud HeidariThe most important tool for explaining criminal legislation is the definition of crime and punishment. A crime is the actual act or omission for which a punishment has been determined according to the Islamic Penal Code, and according to criminal philosophers, "taking a MoreThe most important tool for explaining criminal legislation is the definition of crime and punishment. A crime is the actual act or omission for which a punishment has been determined according to the Islamic Penal Code, and according to criminal philosophers, "taking a distance and moving away from the normality and defect of what should be" and criminalization is a process that considers new behaviors as crimes. With the assumption that the governments take their legislative policy based on their approach to how to deal with crimes, in this article, relying on the descriptive-analytical method, we decided to review some of the resolutions of the Islamic Republic of Iran, while briefly explaining the basics of criminalization and penalization, may we improve the legal and judicial situation of the country by improving the legislative situation and the performance of social monitoring institutions and optimal decriminalization, while preventing the issue of criminal inflation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Application of Theory of Punishment Objectives in Islamic Penal Code
Kiomars Monjezi Shahram Mohammadi tayebe bizhani ahmad fallahiThe subject of this research is theorizing the purposes of punishment in the Islamic Penal Code of Iran. The main question of the research is what are the effects of criminal law theorizing on criminal policy in Iranian law? The hypothesis of the article is that based o MoreThe subject of this research is theorizing the purposes of punishment in the Islamic Penal Code of Iran. The main question of the research is what are the effects of criminal law theorizing on criminal policy in Iranian law? The hypothesis of the article is that based on the theory of criminalization, decriminalization and impunity have been done and the interventions of criminal courts should be reduced in favor of other means. The results show that the theory of criminalization of the degree of harm to the victim and the degree of its ability to blame, constitutes the nature of the severity of the crime and on the same basis can be determined both in the legislative stage and in the judicial stage, proportional. Committed crime and punishment. The legislature should use non-criminal responses, remedial, compassionate mechanisms that seem more effective in this regard. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data is collected in a library method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - A Comparative Study of the Impunity of Criminals in the Iranian Penal System and the Statute of the International Criminal Court
ali mansourlakoorak Asghar Abbasi ali ghorbaniThis study maintains that meantime computes obstacles impunity in international crimes, analyze methods of comparison against impunity; with this forward-supposition that the impunity of great international felonies cannot be an acceptable phenomenon so we decided to st MoreThis study maintains that meantime computes obstacles impunity in international crimes, analyze methods of comparison against impunity; with this forward-supposition that the impunity of great international felonies cannot be an acceptable phenomenon so we decided to study legal principles that impediment against these felonies punishment principles: sovereignty, localness if criminal law, nonintervention, immunity, the individualism of punishment and legality of crime and punishment; we pay due attention to the comparison with impunity cases from the Nuremberg charter to Rom charter and in this way analyze the relationship between the sovereignty of government and impunity and we pay attention to international criminal court and international criminal tribunal. Finally, we can say 1. There are some conflicts between Rom charter regulations, 2. Unfortunately, execution of criminal justice has been possible only in non-developed countries; meantime non-appropriate movement could be seen from the side of the Security Council. Leaning to the 7th chapter from the charter must be regarded from the side of permanent members of the Security Council. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Impunity for international criminals in international instruments
Ali Mansour Lekurj Asghar Abbasi ali ghorbaniAli Mansour Lekurj[1],Asghar Abbasi[2]*,Ali Ghorbani[3] Abstract:This study maintain that meantime compute obstacles impunity in int­e­r­n­a­tional crimes, analyze methods of comparison against impunity; with this forward-supposition that the im MoreAli Mansour Lekurj[1],Asghar Abbasi[2]*,Ali Ghorbani[3] Abstract:This study maintain that meantime compute obstacles impunity in int­e­r­n­a­tional crimes, analyze methods of comparison against impunity; with this forward-supposition that the impunity of great international felonies cannot be an acceptable phenomenon so we decided to study legal principles that im­­pe­diment against these felonies punishment e.g principles : sovereignty, localness if criminal law, nonintervention, immunity, individualism of pun­i­s­­­h­m­ent and legality of crime and punishment; we pay due attention to the comparison with impunity cases from the Nuremberg charter to Rom cha­rt­e­r and in this way analyze relationship between sovereignty of government and impunity and we pay attention to international criminal court and inte­rn­at­io­n­a­l criminal tribunal.Finally we can say: 1. There is some con­f­lic­ts between Rom charter regulations,2.Unfortunately execution of criminal ju­st­i­c­e has been possible only about non-developed countries; meantime non-appropriate mov­e­m­ent could be seen from the side of security council. Le­a­n­­ing to the 7th chapter from the charter must be regarded from the side of permanent members of security council. [1].PhD Student in Criminal Law and Criminology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Mazandaran, Iran[2]. Assistant Professor of Criminal Law and Criminology, Chalous Branch, Islamic Azad University, Chalous, Mazandaran, Iran ,Corresponding Author[3] - Assistant Professor of Criminal Law and Criminology, Chalous Branch, Islamic Azad University, Chalous, Mazandaran, Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Relationship the use of punishment and reward practices with boy students`self-esteem
Khalil Ghaffari Seyed Saeed HosseiniThis research as relationship the use of punishment and reward practices with boystudents`self-esteem in elementary and middle schools in Aligudarz. For this purpose, a sample of 240 students who were selected by cluster sampling method, has been studied. The main MoreThis research as relationship the use of punishment and reward practices with boystudents`self-esteem in elementary and middle schools in Aligudarz. For this purpose, a sample of 240 students who were selected by cluster sampling method, has been studied. The main purpose in this study was: to examine relationship used punishment and reward practiceswith students`self-esteem in elementary and middle schools,and the main hypotheses was: Between use of punishment and reward practices with boystudents`self-esteem in elementary and middle schools, there is a significant relationship. The research design was, causal - comparative and to analyse the data and information obtained, Pearson correlation, t-test and Chi-square test was used.The information and data collection instrument used in this study comprised two questionnaires: researcher-developed questhonnire of the use of punishment and reward practices and Alice pope self-esteem questionnaire. The findings of this study showed that: the main research hypothesis wasn`t confirmed. Also hypotheses 3 and 4 research were confirmed and hypotheses 1, 2, 5; 6 and 7 were not confirmed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Assessment of Clover Root Curculio, Sitona puncticollis Stephens (Col.: Curculionidae) Injury on Lucerne (Medicago sativa) in Pots
A. Pourhaji A. TavassoliAlfalfa is one of the most important crops that are infested by Sitona species in Iran. Adults and larvae of Sitona spp. feed on foliage and root of legumes and cause serious damages on them. Collection of adults of this genus during 2003 -2004 years from alfalfa fields MoreAlfalfa is one of the most important crops that are infested by Sitona species in Iran. Adults and larvae of Sitona spp. feed on foliage and root of legumes and cause serious damages on them. Collection of adults of this genus during 2003 -2004 years from alfalfa fields of eleven localities in East Azarbaidjan Province, Sitona puncticollis Stephens was found to be the dominant species. To estimate of damage of this species, 100 pots of common alfalfa cultivar (Ghara yonje) were sowed and after 2.5 months. Fifty pots were infested with eggs of S. puncticollis and the rests were maintained as control. After two months, length of stem and roots and their dry and fresh weights were measured in 30 infested and 30 uninfested pots. The data of infested and uninfested pots were compared by T- test. Results showed that there were significant differences (P< 0.01) between all measured traits in infested and uninfested pots. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Examining social penalties alternatives for imprisonment and crime reduction
Davood Parchami (Ph. Fatemeh DerakhshanImprisonment, despite the negative consequences for individuals,society and government, has a high share in the judgments issued by courtsand at the same time has little effect on preventing the repeat of offenses.Alternative sentences are considered as the most promine MoreImprisonment, despite the negative consequences for individuals,society and government, has a high share in the judgments issued by courtsand at the same time has little effect on preventing the repeat of offenses.Alternative sentences are considered as the most prominent attempt toovercome this impediment. In determining alternative punishments, asystem of punishment based on the social conditions of crime can beconsidered, which in this research is called the social punishment system.Social punishment is a system, in which the sentences are issued, takinginto account the circumstances of the occurrence and type of crime, thecircumstances of the offender, and the extent of his enjoyment ofeconomic, social, cultural and political capital and the circumstances of thevictim. This article examines the capability of preventing the crime ofalternative sentences of imprisonment and social penalties compared toprison sentences. In this research, which is a qualitative study, 65 judgesand lawyers were interviewed with purposeful selection method. The datawere collected by semi-structured interviews and analyzed using asystematic content analysis and thematic analysis. Findings of the researchshow that, the majority of respondents consider social punishment to beeffective in reducing the crime, provided that it is implemented correctly,and that this type of punishment does not have any negative consequencesof the imprisonment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Explaining the Wisdom of Apostasy Punishment with an Approach to the Purposes of the Law
akbar sajediAlthough the attainment of human intellect is unlikely to be the cause of corrupting and destroying sentences in most of the issues, the explanation of the wisdom of the judgments can be the basis for their acceptance. The execution of the apostate is one of the fiqh la MoreAlthough the attainment of human intellect is unlikely to be the cause of corrupting and destroying sentences in most of the issues, the explanation of the wisdom of the judgments can be the basis for their acceptance. The execution of the apostate is one of the fiqh laws that have created many challenges. It would seem outrageous to consider primitive Islam to condemn humanity for changing its belief in death. Many answers have been given to the apostasy defense by scholars who have considered the apostasy, and some have also considered the wisdom of execution. By presenting a new classification of answers, the author has tried to reveal the hidden angles of the discussion. Therefore, the present article examines the relationship between the death penalty and the triple elements of Sharia law, freedom of thought and mercy, and concludes that this ruling is from the angle of the purpose of preserving religion, guaranteeing freedom of thought and manifestation of mercy God is about apostasy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Quiddity of Authorized Discretionary Punishment in Jurisprudence and Islamic Penal Code
Farzane Hekmatnejad masoud raei javad panjepourThe entry of a discretionary punishment type in the Islamic Penal Code, known as the authorized discretionary punishment, and the legislator without explaining its concept and its implications with the provisions of paragraph 2, article 115 of the Penal Code, has been r MoreThe entry of a discretionary punishment type in the Islamic Penal Code, known as the authorized discretionary punishment, and the legislator without explaining its concept and its implications with the provisions of paragraph 2, article 115 of the Penal Code, has been ruled out the application of certain legal provisions, and it has limited behavior, and causes uncertainty among activists in the salaries field, which the result of not resolving this ambiguity are the violating the rights of prisoners and confusing the activists of the salaries field, in particular judges in issuing rulings. The question now is that what are the implications and conceptions of such punishments? And what's the difference with limit? In response, it should be said that according to that the discretionary punishment is criminal which holy legislator when laying this type of punishment, are considered the conditions of time and place; it does not seem that the expression of the examples of such discretionary punishment in the language of holy legislator does not mean the definitive determination of this type of discretionary punishments; in fact, holy legislator is expressed this examples in the circumstances of that time. As a result, applying such discretionary punishment in the present situation are not considered to be a binding rule, but such discretionary punishments are subject to the general rules of discretionary punishments, that is "Al-Tha'zir be Ma Yarahe Al-Hakem". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Jurisprudential and legal study of the influence of public opinion on penalties In Iranian criminal justice policy
Ebrahim Ghorbani Jamal Beigi Babak PourghahremaniAlthough no constitution has explicitly provided for public opinion in the constitution, it has been able to play an important role in the criminal justice policy of various governments. One of the influential aspects of this phenomenon in Iranian criminal policy is the MoreAlthough no constitution has explicitly provided for public opinion in the constitution, it has been able to play an important role in the criminal justice policy of various governments. One of the influential aspects of this phenomenon in Iranian criminal policy is the discussion of penalties for criminal behavior. The purpose of this research is to study the impact of public opinion on the impact of public opinion on penalties in Iranian criminal justice policy using a descriptive-analytical method based on documentary and library studies. The report concludes that public opinion as An important factor and punishment criterion is considered in Iranian criminal justice policy, and this is especially evident when public opinion is aware of the crime and is sensitive to it. Generally crimes such as adultery, sodomy, prophecy, moharebeh, corruption on earth, rebellion, insults to religions, environmental crimes, etc. are crimes whose public opinion has affected their punishment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Reviewing of the Role of Repentance in Islamic Criminal Law from the Jurisprudential and Theological
Jafar Nasseri Mohammad Hossein Nazemi Ashani Alireza Salimi Seyed Alireza HosseiniRepentance is one of the most important issues in Islam and has a high place in a number of Islamic sciences. It is one of the basic words in Islamic criminal law and is one of the legal excuses for exemption from punishment and is considered as a case of falling and is MoreRepentance is one of the most important issues in Islam and has a high place in a number of Islamic sciences. It is one of the basic words in Islamic criminal law and is one of the legal excuses for exemption from punishment and is considered as a case of falling and is considered as a legal establishment. There are no other criminal schools today. In its importance, it is enough that one of the best ways to prevent the recurrence of crime and correct criminals. Repentance in theology is the only general Muscat of the eagle and the painful punishment of God, which has created a boundary between Islamic and secular law and is based on a number of infrastructural propositions as well as human imagination of God. From the point of view of the policy of decriminalization, jurists have considered it a legal issue, and theologians with an educational approach have considered repentance as a deterrent to crime and related to some divine attributes. This research has analyzed the jurisprudential, philosophical and theological analysis of repentance with a descriptive-analytical method and the tools of library studies and has been explained with the aim of examining the role of repentance in Islamic criminal law from a jurisprudential and theological point of view. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - A refection on the punishment of insulting the Prophet of Islam and his Family
Adel AsgharpourTolouieThe Islamic system is bound to the personality of the prophet of Islam; therefore, the punishment of a person who insults him is due to the reason that he insults Islam and Muslims and acts against the essentials of religion. However, from the view point of law, there s MoreThe Islamic system is bound to the personality of the prophet of Islam; therefore, the punishment of a person who insults him is due to the reason that he insults Islam and Muslims and acts against the essentials of religion. However, from the view point of law, there should be a specific intention to insult to sanctities.The punishment of insulting other prophets is the same as insulting the prophet of Islam, according to some jurists who believe that the insulter should be whipped while others believe that this kind of insult leads to apostasy. Furthermore, the reference of the word “prophet” is ambiguous both in legal and jurisprudence texts and it is not clear whether this word refers to arch prophets and the 26 prophets who have been mentioned in holy book of Quran or it refers to those prophets whose names have been mentioned in historical books.Insulting immaculate Imams and her majesty (Hazrat) Zahra, peace be upon her, also leads to punishing the insulter just the same as insulting the prophet.The question which arises here is that if this punishment is fixed under any circumstance even if it may lead to sedition.The present paper looks at insulting the prophet of Islam and his family with an analytic-descriptive approach and it has been concluded that if this kind of punishment leads to sedition and the fear of killing the person who performs the order, it is not voidable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Analysis of the Approach of Legislative Criminal Policy to Punishment in the Criminal Law System of Iran
abbas taghvaee atefeh lorkojuri Maryam Poorbaghi shima alipoorGender is a natural factor and undeniable fact in making difference between men and women so the effect of national and international laws and regulations in the protection of criminal law system from the equality of men and women’s rights is necessary in contrast MoreGender is a natural factor and undeniable fact in making difference between men and women so the effect of national and international laws and regulations in the protection of criminal law system from the equality of men and women’s rights is necessary in contrast with adverse effect of unconventional gender discriminations. The protective approach of legislative criminal policy in some articles caused the reduction, delay or exemption from punishment focused on gender distinctions of men and women. In upcoming article with analytical and descriptive method in some crimes, determination the punishments specific to criminal men or women, reduction of the punishment of criminal women, aggravation of the punishment of criminal men in crimes against women, reduction or sometimes specific exemption of criminal men from punishment, determination of specific punishments because of operation of crimes against the parts of body or interests that specified to men or women for the sake of their natural creation is surveyed by the goal of analysis of the effect of gender on punishment. In analysis of research hypothesis based on the rate of determining the influence of gender on punishment in the field of equitable and regular arrangements of legislative criminal policy, we understand that the legislator by the attention to the role of gender in criminal or victim endeavors to adjust the punishments in criminal law system of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Causes of Refusing to Accept the Validity of Foreign Judgments about Tazirat in Iran's Law
Abolhassan Shakeri farshad shirzadifarAccording to clause 2 of article 115 of the Islamic penal code adopted in 2013, if a person commits a crime abroad, those laws that stipulate sentences for Tazir offences, they should be just as responsible for the crime as if they committed it in their sponsor nation a MoreAccording to clause 2 of article 115 of the Islamic penal code adopted in 2013, if a person commits a crime abroad, those laws that stipulate sentences for Tazir offences, they should be just as responsible for the crime as if they committed it in their sponsor nation and under Iran's Islamic penal code, he may be prosecuted, tried and punished for their crimes even if he is sentenced to be punished on that country. Specific punishments has been prescribed in Islamic law for a discretionary punishments such as male homosexuality (article 237 of the Islamic penal code), admitting to adultery (article 232 of the Islamic penal code) if a man or woman confesses to adultery less than four times. Clause 2 of article 115 of the judgment is contrary to the prohibition against double punishment and needed to be interpreted cautiously. If an Iranian person who is non-Muslim commits a crime outside of Iran which is considered to be as Ta’azirat penalties on that country he shall not be sentenced to Ta’zirat punishment if he has borne the punishment. Similarly, if a person who aids and abets in a discretionary crime outside of Iran, he shall not be sentenced to Ta’zirat punishment if he has borne the punishment on that country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - Punishment Falls Arising from the Transmission of HIV
reza ehsanpour mohammad mohseni mansoureh hassaniHIV prevalence in recent years, on the one hand, and the lack of specific law for criminal negligence and punishment for those who spread HIV on the other hand, have caused to attract the attention to use penal institutions in this regard. Some titles like: transmission MoreHIV prevalence in recent years, on the one hand, and the lack of specific law for criminal negligence and punishment for those who spread HIV on the other hand, have caused to attract the attention to use penal institutions in this regard. Some titles like: transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, willful murder, quasi-intentional homicide, attempted murder, premeditated assault and battery as well as restoring to arms (in order to frighten people) are applicable in Iran, however, threats to public health seems not to be appropriate in this respect. The death of offender or victim of an offence for reasons rather than AIDS and acquittal of offender before death penalty calling by victim offended person, lead to punishment fall and retaliation in Islamic Penal System of Iran. The knowledge of victim of an offence of being HIV transmitter or infective, even his/ her primitive satisfaction, brings no legitimacy for offender of the act committed. It also can not be considered as legal reasons for criminal act leading to criminal pardons. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Sentence of Stoning and its Execution in the Absence of Kobra
ahmad beheshti vahid vahed javanThe sentence of stoning is one of the certain provisions in Islam.This sentence can not be educed directly from Holly Quran. Traditions in this area are abundant and in terms of the document are reliable. It should be noted that the philosophy of stoning sentence like MoreThe sentence of stoning is one of the certain provisions in Islam.This sentence can not be educed directly from Holly Quran. Traditions in this area are abundant and in terms of the document are reliable. It should be noted that the philosophy of stoning sentence like other Punishments is to prevent corruption and great anomalies of the society. On the other hand, despite the fact that there is no reason for assigning stoning sentence to special time such as presence time, there is no license to abandon these verses and traditions too. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Documental and Implicational Study of Stoning Decree
Aliakbar Rabinataj Zeynab Zargar Hajar Asadi Mojtaba HosseinezhadDoctrine of Islamic punishment aims to create individual and social security for the society. Also, safety of the society is depended on stability of the foundation of family. Stoning is a fixed and necessary decree from the perspective of the majority of Islamic sects, MoreDoctrine of Islamic punishment aims to create individual and social security for the society. Also, safety of the society is depended on stability of the foundation of family. Stoning is a fixed and necessary decree from the perspective of the majority of Islamic sects, but some groups deny it based on their different viewpoints. The judicial approach is one of the most important approaches, because in addition to consensus, numerous traditions will corroborate this decree. These traditions are divided in terms of meaning in two positions: Evidence and Proof. Therefore, although some of the opponents accept these traditions in the position of Evidence, but others reject it in terms of Proof or implementation of stoning in the era of The Prophet and Infallible Imams, and so they try to show them invalid by criticizing the text and document of these traditions too. This study, by explanatory and analytical method, checks the validity of the traditions of stoning decree implementation in the four books of Shiite. The findings indicate correctness of these traditions and implementation of stoning in the era of The Prophet (pbuh) and after it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Judicial-Lawful Survey of Recidivism by Emphasizing on Article 136 of IPC
yousef noraeiOne of the general aggravating circumstances in all crimes is the repetition of crime. Iranian legislator, neither before the Islamic Revolution nor after that, had explicitly passed any provision about crimes entitled divine punishment. It was in the Article 136 of the MoreOne of the general aggravating circumstances in all crimes is the repetition of crime. Iranian legislator, neither before the Islamic Revolution nor after that, had explicitly passed any provision about crimes entitled divine punishment. It was in the Article 136 of the Islamic Penal Code, adopted on April.21, 2013, that the repetition of such crimes came to be approved. This Article says that: "If a person commits a crime entitled divine punishment in three times, and in each time he is punished, his sentence in forth time will be death penalty." Contrary to this rule which is taken from the opinion of the most celebrities of Islamic jurists, there are at least two other opinions the first, is the death penalty in third time, and the second, is the lack of permission for the death penalty Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - The Conversion and Replacement of the Islamic Punishment Tailored to the Time Requirements
Saeed Hadi Najafabadi Mohammadreza AyatiThe approach and attitude of the contemporary human being about crime, and punishment of criminals has undergone serious change and transform that is mainly the result of change of human attitudes towards his role, position, rights and generosity. This study evaluates t MoreThe approach and attitude of the contemporary human being about crime, and punishment of criminals has undergone serious change and transform that is mainly the result of change of human attitudes towards his role, position, rights and generosity. This study evaluates the theoretical position of some Islamic punishments (Hodoud and Tazirat) in the absence of innocent Imam (peace be upon him). The author believes that the change and replacement of the authorized and non-authorized legal penalties with other conventional penalties or reform methods is possible from the point of view of religious rules and principles and is a historical necessity regarding time requirements. The innovative aspect and distinctive feature of this article compared with other articles related to it is the acceptance of the change and replacement even in the case of legal authorized penalties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - The Place of Logical Usages in Criminal Jurisprudence
mojtaba javidiThe logical usages is the practical way or mental opinion of all the rational people all over the world, regardless of their spatial, temporal and religious differences, which find it useful and good in dealing with a phenomenon. There are two general views about the cr MoreThe logical usages is the practical way or mental opinion of all the rational people all over the world, regardless of their spatial, temporal and religious differences, which find it useful and good in dealing with a phenomenon. There are two general views about the criteria of validity of logical usage: first, instrumental validity and second, per se validity. The validity of new usages is based on second view. Although logical usages are used by jurists in criminal jurisprudence but it seems that it should has more important role in criminal jurisprudence. Some of its applications in the criminal jurisprudence are: the definition of “Herzâ€(protected), what is robbed needs to be property, the criterion of Roshd (growth), the mere criminal intent has no punishment, the community needs to regulate, impose criminal penalties and restrict freedom, financial penalties as a kind of “Tazirâ€(punishment). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Analyzing Legitimacy of Financial Punishment
alimazhar qaramaleki mohammadreza hamifiIt is possible to accept pecuniary penalty legitimacy according to "Mansoseh Reasoning", authorization of pecuniary punishment based on governor's viewpoint and secondary precepts citation. With regard to the previous jurists' viewpoints, these punishments are illegal b MoreIt is possible to accept pecuniary penalty legitimacy according to "Mansoseh Reasoning", authorization of pecuniary punishment based on governor's viewpoint and secondary precepts citation. With regard to the previous jurists' viewpoints, these punishments are illegal but contemporary jurists tend to account them legal. The most important reason is the establishment of Shiite government that caused to review judicial resources. The reason of who accepted pecuniary punishment as illegal is controversial. Furthermore, authorization of financial punishment can be proved by secondary precepts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - A critique of the Islamic Penal Code's approach to classifying the punishment of accomplices of a crime on the assumption that the degree of guilt or effect varies.
SHahrouz Nourouza ebrahim ghodsiAfter committing the crime or crimes, in order to determine responsibility, some theorists the degree of fault and other, degree of risk that committed in substantiation the result of criminal have been considered. Hence, two theories of liability based on the degree of MoreAfter committing the crime or crimes, in order to determine responsibility, some theorists the degree of fault and other, degree of risk that committed in substantiation the result of criminal have been considered. Hence, two theories of liability based on the degree of fault and risk will be investigated. The aim of this research is to determine a justice system of responsibility in case of differences in the degree of fault and risk. However, after establishing or proving liability, whether in theory of fault or risk, in case of meeting some factors, there are two views we face: the theory of equality of liability and the theory of distribution of liability based on degree of fault and risk. Legislators in determining the types of penalties ranging from Diahs, unfixed penalties (tazirat), Qisas (death penalty) and fixed penalties (hoduds) have complied with the equality theory. But generally this research has argued in favor of the theory of liability distribution based on degree of fault or risk. This research with analytical method to examine the issue and to accept the proposed approach is resorted to the Quran, Rational practice (Sire oqala) and Principles Governing the Punishment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Judicial and Legal Investigation of Murdering Arising from Uncertainty in Target with a View on Islamic Penal Code
Kiyoumars kalantari Farshad shirzadifarUncertainty or error in word means mistake, ignorance and unawareness. And in legal sense it means that the murderer targets an objective person but hits somebody else and kills him/her for any reason including lack of skill or involuntary causes. In respect to the impa MoreUncertainty or error in word means mistake, ignorance and unawareness. And in legal sense it means that the murderer targets an objective person but hits somebody else and kills him/her for any reason including lack of skill or involuntary causes. In respect to the impact of error in target on nature of murder, it seems two modes should be distinguished: 1- If a person intends to shoot on a punishable thing, animal or person and his shoot would go wrong and hit a respectful one, in this case the murder is considered as pure error.2- If a person intends to shoot on a respectful one, but his shoot would go wrong and kill another respectful person, this case is assumed as intentional murder according to criminal rights logic. Regarding Shiite jurists view on error in targeting, most of them assume this kind of murder as pure error without distinguishing between shooting to a punishable or a respectful person. The same case is seen in Article 296 Islamic Penal Code (1370). Fortunately, by deleting old article 296 and registering Clause “D†Article 290, the new legislator has been trying to declare that error in targeting where both primary and final target are respectful persons, has no impact on the nature of murder (as according to Article 294, error in identity has no impact on the nature of murder) because if we accept that legislator’s goal is to protect each person not one or some specific one (s), then there is no difference who would be murdered at the end. The important point is that a respectful person is murdered so the murder is considered as intentional murder. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Jurisprudential Investigation of Repentance of sin and Helping to Sin in Cyberspace
Aliakbar Izadifard Mohsen Naderi mohammad mahdi zareiAfter committing a sin repentance is obligatory on the Sinner And the penitent must do it under the correct conditions and manners.in addition,it is possible that the penitent is responsible for a series of secondary matters due to committing that sin,which must be done MoreAfter committing a sin repentance is obligatory on the Sinner And the penitent must do it under the correct conditions and manners.in addition,it is possible that the penitent is responsible for a series of secondary matters due to committing that sin,which must be done after repentance.Repentance plays an undeniable influence and position in the field of jurisprudence and religion.In such a way that the punishment for the most heinous acts such as war may be removed by repentance before the crime is proven.According to the clear text of the Qur'an, in some cases,repentance causes sins to turn into good deeds.One of the things that is likely to happen in the cyberspace is helping to sin.Regarding the position of repentance,how is the scope of its inclusion compared to the sin of helping to sin in the cyberspace? present research with descriptive-analytical method with justification,explanation,reasoning and inference.On of the most important findings of the present research is the effect of repentance in closed cases in fulfilling the rights of people and the ineffectiveness of repentance in non-enclosed cases in fulfilling the rights of people and pointed out the lack of effect of repentance on the fall of limits and punishment after publishing the content in the virtual space. Manuscript profile -
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114 - A Historical-Juridical Survey of Women’s Exile in accordance with Adultery Punishment Based on Feyz Kashani in his Mafatih Al-Shara'i'
Abbas Taghvaei Hossein Saberi Hossein Naseri MoghadamThe analysis or criticism of any of the thousands of jurisprudence issues which have been noticed by scholars in the related fields is of great importance which determines the role and position of each of the experts and prominent Shiite scholars in the development of r MoreThe analysis or criticism of any of the thousands of jurisprudence issues which have been noticed by scholars in the related fields is of great importance which determines the role and position of each of the experts and prominent Shiite scholars in the development of related basic subjects preparing the ground for proposing innovative issues in Islamic realms suitable for our modern time. Among these, the controversial issues are of more importance; therefore, we deal with one of them here, that is, the deportation of women due to adultery for which two viewpoints namely as the prominent (the opposing group) and the insignificant (the proponents of deportation) exist. In the current paper we are dealing with Imami Shi'a jurisprudence of historical trends with regard to this issue accompanied with the reasons of each of the above-mentioned groups especially Feyz Kashani’s. This is due to the reason that he has a special position in criticizing famous viewpoints even the social ones. Manuscript profile -
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115 - Examining the objections of the rule of multiple punishments regarding the deputy and the director of crime in fifth and sixth degree criminal offenses from the perspective of legislative policy and rules of criminal law
SEYYED MOHAMMAD SADEGH HOSSEYNI Jalalaldin GHasiMultiplicity of crimes is one of the aggravated factors for punishment. In the Islamic Penal Code passed in 2013, has intensified the punishment of the person who committed several first to sixth degree crimes that its result is the execution of the most severe punishme MoreMultiplicity of crimes is one of the aggravated factors for punishment. In the Islamic Penal Code passed in 2013, has intensified the punishment of the person who committed several first to sixth degree crimes that its result is the execution of the most severe punishment from numerous convictions. On the other hand, the legislator did not predict intensification of punishment in seventh- and eighth-degree crimes and predict the rule of summation of punishments in the both degrees. Also, the punishment of accessary in one to two degrees lower than the punishment for the committed crime. If a person assists in two or more fifth- or lower-degrees crimes, his punishment increase from the main perpetrator. So, the purpose of this article is checking the objectives that the punishment of accessary is more severe than the main perpetrator. In this article at first, we investigate the articles about multiplicity of crimes and assistance in crime and different assumptions in the degrees of custodial crimes. Also, we explore the consultative theories in this issue. At the end the result is when check the procedural unity votes and consultative theories that have common criteria with this issue and according to priority analogy, we conclude that the punishment of the crime assistant cannot be more intense than the main perpetrator. Also, the justice and fairness confirm the theory. However, there is legal objection in this context and the only solution is correction of related articles in the Islamic Penal Code. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Legal Analysis of the Time`s Role in Occurrence of a Crime, Determining a Penalty and its Execution
Yavar Jalaeyan Saleh Mehdi momeni Ali Reza Sabrian Mohammad Rouhani MoghadamThis present paper has been written for the purposes of knowledge and evaluating the importance of the time`s role in committing a crime according to the legal view point; its data is collected by documentations method, and its data analysis is used wi MoreThis present paper has been written for the purposes of knowledge and evaluating the importance of the time`s role in committing a crime according to the legal view point; its data is collected by documentations method, and its data analysis is used with descriptive-analytical way. While examining the points of strength and weakness of the existing criminal statutes on the subject matter, it will be tried in this research to discuss the area of the concept of time requirements, its effect on the validity of penal code, lapse of time, analysis of relationship between time and criminal liability, the influence of time element on the punishment process and manner of adaptation a punishment to the time requirements, finally considering the relationship of time with some causes of punishment abolition. The results of this study states that the phenomenon of time and its requirements play a part, sometimes as a causative or procuring factor of a crime from a criminological perspective, and occasionally, its role is as a condition for the realization of the physical element of the crime, mitigating or aggravation of criminal liability and the factors of commutating, modifying, suspending or delaying the punishment from the criminal perspective. Manuscript profile -
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117 - Jurisprudential foundations of media terror criminalization and its punishment
Maryam Bashiri Hasan Fallah Ahmachali Sayyd Mohammad HoseiniIn today's media world, it is one of the major social issues in jurisprudence. Therefore, its umbrella has spread over all subjects and has covered and affected everything from religion, culture, art to economic, welfare, political, security, etc. issues.With this state MoreIn today's media world, it is one of the major social issues in jurisprudence. Therefore, its umbrella has spread over all subjects and has covered and affected everything from religion, culture, art to economic, welfare, political, security, etc. issues.With this statement, during the extensive activities of the media, the real or legal personality may suffer as a result of media attacks, which is an example of war and terror. In this case, the main point in terror is to create terror, lawlessness, violence and lack of rules, which can be seen abundantly on radio, television, cinema and cyberspace, and the result is to change people's behavior. Now the question arises, where is the position of jurisprudence and its foundations in confronting the assassination of real and legal personalities? It is assumed that according to religious ideas, support of society, guarantee of public order and protection of individual rights, a punishment is considered for the wrongdoers and perpetrators of media crimes, and the guarantor of the damages is specified and the method of compensation is stated. . The jurisprudential foundations clearly show the customary and Sharia responsibility of the media. To reach this hypothesis, a descriptive-analytical method has been used. The purpose of this research is to formulate comprehensive laws based on the existing facts in this field. Manuscript profile -
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118 - Jurisprudential and legal Review of the Verdict of Testimony on Previous Theft after the Execution of the Sentence
Ahmad Hajidehabadi Mohammad Ali Afshari Marzieh Ganjali DaraniArticle 202 of the Islamic Penal Code, adopted in 1370, states: "(If the thieves' fingers are cut off and after the execution of this limit, another robbery of him is proved that the thief has committed the crime before the execution of the sentence, his left foot will MoreArticle 202 of the Islamic Penal Code, adopted in 1370, states: "(If the thieves' fingers are cut off and after the execution of this limit, another robbery of him is proved that the thief has committed the crime before the execution of the sentence, his left foot will be cut off). The legal documentary of this article is a narration from Imam Baqir (AS). The jurisprudential documentary of this article is a narration from Imam Baqir (AS), which is expressed in two ways by Ali Ibn Ibrahim and Sahl Ibn Ziad. A group of jurisprudents with the purpose of this hadith sentenced the next execution. On the other hand, a group of jurisprudents also considered the narrative to be weak and the unit's news, and the rule of law, which calls for divisions between the two limits, or the preservation of blood, has canceled the next punishment. The legislator, in the new Islamic Penal Code of 2013, has removed Article 202, which appears to be the supersede. Manuscript profile -
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119 - Studying Why the Repentance of Male Fornicator is Given no Lesser Punishment, after Qiyam Bayyinah(A Criticism on Article 114 of the Islamic Penal Code)
Mojtaba HosseinnezhadBased on the verdict of whether or not to accept the repentance of male fornicator after Qiyam Bayyinah, there is a disagreement between jurists. Although some jurists such as Sheikh Sadooq and Sheikh Mofid believe that the repentance of male fornicator makes him deserv MoreBased on the verdict of whether or not to accept the repentance of male fornicator after Qiyam Bayyinah, there is a disagreement between jurists. Although some jurists such as Sheikh Sadooq and Sheikh Mofid believe that the repentance of male fornicator makes him deserving of lesser punishment, most of them are in an agreement that it cannot conducive to commutate the punishment. This was outlined by Article 114 of the Islamic Penal Code. Taking into account all these comments as well as examining them, the authors arrive at the conclusion that even though there are many narrations. No reference or documentary value specified to prove that the repentance of male fornicator makes him undeserving of lesser punishment. It is due to some evidence including the Istishab principle and the Hadd punishment etc, according to believers’ claim of first quote. There is also some weak evidence to believers’ claim of second quote including the lack of documentary evidence and relying on Tuaf al-uqūl narrative. Thus, the important thing is to investigate if the reputation evidence is reliable. After reviewing the documentations, it becomes clear that the believers’ claims of first quotes provide no proof of eligibility to be ascribed to. None of the believers’ claims of second quotes, on the other hand, are veracious except those of Tuaf al-uqūl narratives. Neither the believers’ claims of first quotes nor the believers’ claims of second quotes, except those of Tuaf al-uqūl narratives, are veracious enough to be ascribed to. However, the believers’ claims of second quotes are thoroughly complete concerning the Tuaf al-uqūl narratives. There is no problem with investigating the documentations. Confirming the authenticity of this document as being thoroughly complete according to the believers’ claims of second quotes, there is no doubt to accept the second quote in this regard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - A Jurisprudential Study on the Exclusion of Spouses from the Inheritance Procedure in the Case of Prescribed Punishment of Qadhaf
Mousa Zarghi habibollah choopani mareciQadhaf is one of the Shariatic prescribed punishment which is also covered in the law. Article 260 of the Iranian Civil Code, adopted in 2013, stipulates that the heirs of the extruder from the libel limit exclude the couple from inheriting the libel. The main objective MoreQadhaf is one of the Shariatic prescribed punishment which is also covered in the law. Article 260 of the Iranian Civil Code, adopted in 2013, stipulates that the heirs of the extruder from the libel limit exclude the couple from inheriting the libel. The main objective is to study the jurisprudential evidence of the exclusion of the couple from inheritance by defamation; of course, we have studied the views of jurists as a preliminary observation in this regard. This study was written using both jurisprudential and narrative sources and with a critical view of the views of jurists and legislators in the same law of inheritance procedure. In view of the characteristics of the inheritance procedure and the lack of evidence to exclude the couple, we conclude in this study that this article appears to be unsupported and incorrect. At the end of this study and in view of this finding, we have made suggestions to amend the article of the Iranian Civil Code. Manuscript profile -
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121 - Studying the Degree of Punishment, Discretionary Correction and Discipline of Child According to Shiite Jurisprudence
Nasrollah Shameli Ehsan Aliakbari Babokani Mohsen ShakeryShiite jurisprudence does not prohibited the punishment of child in general. But due to certain circumstances, the ban is lifted. However, the preliminary sentence of child punishment is sanctity, only has some exceptions in specific circumstances. Exception of child pu MoreShiite jurisprudence does not prohibited the punishment of child in general. But due to certain circumstances, the ban is lifted. However, the preliminary sentence of child punishment is sanctity, only has some exceptions in specific circumstances. Exception of child punishment is under two general terms including discretionary correction and correction. Although most of the Islamic scholars did not separate this two general terms in the corporal punishment of children, it seems necessary in some cases to separate these two groups, because the cases, the conditions and many accessories of this two general terms are different and the separation of these two terms hasn’t any significant practical results. Moreover, since Islamic scholars haven’t argued within the issue, many of the terms and conditions including corporal punishment of children, the quality, level and the persons who have the right of punishment have not been investigated in the texts of jurisprudence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Duress to Murder and its Documentations in Imamieh Jurisprudence & law of Iran
Hassan Hajitabar Firozjaei Amin FallahBased on rules of Imamieh jurisprudence and Iranian criminal rights (including Article 151 of Islamic Penal Code ratified in 2013), one of the eliminating factors of criminal liability is duress. Duress includes “mental pressure imposed on a person through whom hi MoreBased on rules of Imamieh jurisprudence and Iranian criminal rights (including Article 151 of Islamic Penal Code ratified in 2013), one of the eliminating factors of criminal liability is duress. Duress includes “mental pressure imposed on a person through whom his free will and authority (consent) is waived at the time of committing that behavior”. The present paper discusses determining intentional murder judgment resulting from duress and its documentations in Iranian rights (Articles 375 to 380 of Islamic Penal Code ratified in 2013) and Imamieh jurisprudence. This study concluded that firstly, the failure in elimination of criminal liability from the person subject to reluctance in the status of duress to murder is based on the distinction without reference and principle of human being lives equality. Secondly, the basis of eliminating criminal liability from the person subject to reluctance to murder in the case of being minor or insane is the rule of stronger cause from the foreman. Thirdly, Imamieh jurists’ opinions concerning permission or prohibition of killing in terms of duress to murder are not the same; however, the most well-known idea of Imamieh Jurists and consequently, Islamic Penal Act (IPA) ratified in 2013 is principally based on prohibition of murder in the case of duress to killing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - An Approach to Public Disclosure as a Punishment in Shiite Jurisprudence focusing on Iranian Statute Law
Zahra Mohadesi Abbas Ali Soltani Public disclosure "Tash-heer" is one of the discretionary punishments which most jurisprudents consider as the chief punishment against perjury (false testimony) and according to the jurisprudence, it can also be enforced against false accusers of a More Public disclosure "Tash-heer" is one of the discretionary punishments which most jurisprudents consider as the chief punishment against perjury (false testimony) and according to the jurisprudence, it can also be enforced against false accusers of adultery ( Qazif), pimp (Qawad), defrauder (swindler) and insolvent. There are disagreements among jurisprudents regarding the philosophy, the cases and the qualities of enforcement of the public disclosure. In the Iranian Statute Law, the public disclosure (Tash-heer) has also been recognized as one of the discretionary punishments and in various laws, including two important criminal laws, i.e., Islamic Penal Code and Criminal Procedure Code, cases applied and the method of enforcement has been stipulated.Today, two important questions are put forward in this regard: Firstly, can public disclosure as a punishment be used against offenses other than the crimes mentioned in the jurisprudential texts while having recourse to the unity of a single criterion (Vahdat-e-Melak) and manipulation (Tanqyh Manat) against other offenses including the emergent crimes? Secondly, despite the development of the societies and the advancement of technology and the emergence of the mass media such as TV, newspaper, internet, etc. shall public disclosure as a punishment be enforced as it was previously practiced and turn the offender around in public and/or can these media be used for the enforcement of the public disclosure? Subsequent to studying and conceptualizing the public disclosure in jurisprudence, stating the cases, the philosophy and the quality of enforcement of the public disclosure as well as expressing the views of the jurisprudents and also the status of the public disclosure in the Iranian Legal System and as stipulated the relevant legal articles, this paper makes an attempt to respond to the above mentioned questions through a descriptive and analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - Theory of Agreement on Hadd (Prescribed) Punishments, Religious Jurisprudential Principles and Executive Challenges
Mohammad Ali Hajideh Abadi Abbas Ali NiknasabIn the Islamic jurisprudence, "prescribed punishments (Hudud)" are an important group of the punishments that are often physical; they have also been taken into consideration by the Iranian criminal legislator after the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and have MoreIn the Islamic jurisprudence, "prescribed punishments (Hudud)" are an important group of the punishments that are often physical; they have also been taken into consideration by the Iranian criminal legislator after the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and have been executed for more than three decades. During these years, the execution of some hadd (prescribed) punishments especially the murder and stoning to death has caused some problems for the country. A useful strategy to reduce the negative consequence of executing the physical punishments is to use the agreed reactions. Because based on this strategy, the physical punishments also are in the texts of the laws and can equally fulfill the horrendous target of the punishments. On the other hand, ignoring the execution of the physical punishments and using the agreed punishments in exceptional cases, the criminal can be encouraged to perform the positive and constructive behaviors, to compensate for the damage to the victim and the community and to make up the past, to understand his/her bad behavior and ultimately to improve and to rehabilitate physically and mentally. Regarding the emergence of theory of having an agreement on criminal justice, the question is arisen that is it possible to use the agreed punishments for the crimes that deserve hadd? In the present article, in addition to emphasizing the existence of religious jurisprudential principles and non-negligence of the executive challenges, the possibility of the case execution of the theory in the hadd crimes has been concluded. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - Analysing Criminology of Attempt to theft in Statutory law ant Islamic Law
Kiyomars Kalantari Hossein KalantariAccording to article 655 of Islamic punishment code which appoints" the punishment for attempt to the above – mentioned thefts in previous articles is up to 5 years imprisonment and up to 74 lashesh.", Attempt to thefts of the previous articles is known by super & MoreAccording to article 655 of Islamic punishment code which appoints" the punishment for attempt to the above – mentioned thefts in previous articles is up to 5 years imprisonment and up to 74 lashesh.", Attempt to thefts of the previous articles is known by super – crime article. Although the expression of previous articles ‘seemingly includes all the thefts mentioned in article 655 of Islamic punishment code but procedure unity vote issued by general board of supreme court of the country by number and date of 635 and 8/4/1378, respectively was issued in such a way that many of jurists by deduction of it, knew just attempt to thefts mentioned in articles 651 through 654 of that code as crime. In this paper, the writers by studying judicial opinions and suitable scientific interpretation seek to consider attempt to all thefts mentioned in Islamic punishment code including theft with prescribed punishment except theft which has come after the article 655 of Islamic punishment code as crime. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - An Investigation into the Possibility of reinforcement of Retaliation from the Point of view Of Iranian and Islamic Laws
mohammad arabshahe mohammad imami Ali NosratiThere are three kinds of death Punishments in Islamic law: Retaliation, Hadd or death ascertained execution and Tazir or not- ascertained death execution. Sometime after execution and death ratification by the physician, there appear the signs of life in the offender. T MoreThere are three kinds of death Punishments in Islamic law: Retaliation, Hadd or death ascertained execution and Tazir or not- ascertained death execution. Sometime after execution and death ratification by the physician, there appear the signs of life in the offender. The question to which this study, an analytic one is going to answer is that whether it is permissible for the judges to execute the offender in this case or not. The Islamic criminal Law of Iran following the majority of Imami jurists accepts the view that the family of the victim have the right to ask the execution of the offender due to the concept of some verses of the holy Quran and some narrations. The outcome of this study is that in the case of the retaliation it is trough but The outcome of this study is that in the case of the retaliation, it is trough but in the case of Hadd or death, ascertained execution it is not permitted when the offence is proved by his assertion, and the offender suffers the enforcement of the punishment. And Finally in the case of not- ascertained death execution it is not permitted at all due to the lack of proofs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - Religious Study of considering the personality of the guilty personiTazir
razieh sabzehali mahmood ashrafy Masoud HaedariTazir as an indefinite punishment is the most widespread reaction against crime in the punishment policy of Islam. The usefulness of Tazir is dependent on the way to use it in accordance with the personality of the criminal. Tazir is a type of Islamic punishment which i MoreTazir as an indefinite punishment is the most widespread reaction against crime in the punishment policy of Islam. The usefulness of Tazir is dependent on the way to use it in accordance with the personality of the criminal. Tazir is a type of Islamic punishment which its amount and way of performance are identified and depends on the judge's view. The judge has to identify it based on the amount of the crime; thus it is called "punishment based on the view of the judge". Personalized penal means that the judge has the power. Considering social, physical conditions of the guilty person and based on his personality the punishment is identified.in religious rules the principal of personalized punishment is performed in Tazirat. Islam considers different goals in passing punishments and the most important of which is its prohibitive function. The aim of Tazirat is to correct the guilty person, re-adaptation of the guilty person, teaching others a lesson, keeping social prudence and religious values and prevent repetition of the crime. The method of the study was descriptive analytical and library method was used to collect literature and note taking also was used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - Investigation of Repeated Punishment of Deprivation of Life in Imamieh Jurisprudence
Mohammad Mohseni Dehkalany Esmaeil Qandvar BijarpasIn the penal system of Islam, the punishment for some crimes is the deprivation of life of the offender. These punishments have a considerable scope in terms of "Hadd", "Tazir" and "Qisas". Some other crimes include punishments that typically and in accordance with thei MoreIn the penal system of Islam, the punishment for some crimes is the deprivation of life of the offender. These punishments have a considerable scope in terms of "Hadd", "Tazir" and "Qisas". Some other crimes include punishments that typically and in accordance with their nature and common law cause the offender to be deprived of life. "Stoning" in adultery and "Hanging" in Moharebeh are examples of the mentioned punishments. But if in the two mentioned cases, the usual and common punishment, does not lead to death of the offender, is the punishment repeated? Or that re-execution of the punishment for deprivation of life requires an independent reason? The author believes that in crimes, for which the punishment is death or deprivation of life, if the punishment does not lead to death of the offender, the legitimacy of re-enforcing the punishment is not eliminated. But penalties normally cause death, if in a case, accidentally, the common result is not obtained, re-execution of the punishment is not legally acceptable. This theory is in conformity with the original rules of punishments and Interdiction rule. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - The Philosophy of the Exercise of Restrictive Punishments under the Criteria of Discretionary Punishment
Mohammad Hadi Sadeghi Javad RiahiAccording to the sources of Islamic jurisprudence, expediency of judge in the selection of discretionary punishment means that the judge should choose the best reaction by considering the criteria related to three elements of crime, victim and criminal. Therefore, the e MoreAccording to the sources of Islamic jurisprudence, expediency of judge in the selection of discretionary punishment means that the judge should choose the best reaction by considering the criteria related to three elements of crime, victim and criminal. Therefore, the examination of these elements demonstrates the reactions that may be chosen. The present study, using a descriptive–analytical method, has examined criteria related to those elements and has found out that the consideration of the criteria and norms of discretionary punishment, sometimes, necessitate the exercise of the restrictive punishment as the most advisable and the most effective reaction. Therefore, judges should determine restrictive punishment in appropriate cases and legislator and judicial directors should guide and conduct judges to exercise the restrictive punishments in those situations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Comparison of insulting Hadi and Ta'ziri sanctities in Iranian criminal law
abbas mohammadkhani Majid Sadeghnezhad Naeni There are two kinds of blasphermy in Iranian penal law which can be included the Hadd and Tazir. When the offender insult or relates the illegal intercourse to Holy Prophet, Imams and Saint Zahra, it will be the Hadd blasphermy (Article 262 of Islamic Penal Act) More There are two kinds of blasphermy in Iranian penal law which can be included the Hadd and Tazir. When the offender insult or relates the illegal intercourse to Holy Prophet, Imams and Saint Zahra, it will be the Hadd blasphermy (Article 262 of Islamic Penal Act), While insulting them which would not be Qazf or swearing or insulting other sacred will be Tazir blasphermy which is declared in 513 Tazirat Act. In this research with analytical- interpretative method, we will evaluate the elements of Hadd and Tazir blasphermy. Since the origion of this subject is rooted in Feghh, we will analyse the Feghh and Fatwas resources. The findings show that the differences between Hadd and Tazir blasphermy are related to the kinds of insult and subject of it. Hence, insulting Holy Prophet, Imams and Saint Zahra which consist of Qazf or swearing will be Hadd blasphermy, but insulting other sacred will be Tazir blasphermy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - An Analysis of the Requirement for the Separation of Conjoined Twins for the Enforcement of Punishment
Mahdiyeh Ghanizadeh Ali Tavallaei mohammd reza kaykhaDue to the special circumstances of the conjoined twins, in many cases, the punishment of each of them will have an effect on the other. In case of the innocence of one of the twins or difference in their crime, this will result in the harm to the innocent person. There MoreDue to the special circumstances of the conjoined twins, in many cases, the punishment of each of them will have an effect on the other. In case of the innocence of one of the twins or difference in their crime, this will result in the harm to the innocent person. Therefore, one of the most basic conditions in the legitimacy of the punishment of these types of people is to prevent the effect of punishment on the other person who is not involved. In this regard, the separation is one of the ways to provide the possibility of punishment for them. An issue that needs to be addressed is the legitimacy or illegitimacy of the requirement to separate in the event of dissatisfaction of the other twin. The present study examines this issue in a descriptive-analytical manner. The findings of the study indicate that, first of all, the obligation to separate in order to enforce hadd, on the presumption of non-repentance or repetition of a crime by the offender, is legitimate. Second, in individual law, the legitimacy of the obligation to separate depends on the non-infliction of a substantial loss to the person. Thirdly, in public law, according to the priority of public interest over individual interest, the obligation to separate is legitimate. Fourth, in some cases, in connection with a conjoined twin, death during surgery replaces the death penalty. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Ali Ibn Abitaleb’s Opinion about Prescribed Punishement and its effect in Islamic Penal Code
valiollah malakoutifar Ali SarebannezhadWhen human being was bron, desire for perfection was born with him. Due to neglect of prophets' teachings some people sought their perfection in achieving material things and it resulted in profiteering from each other. Inevitably some of them became oppressor and MoreWhen human being was bron, desire for perfection was born with him. Due to neglect of prophets' teachings some people sought their perfection in achieving material things and it resulted in profiteering from each other. Inevitably some of them became oppressor and the others oppressed, then conflict between them began. Sometimes the oppressors suppose they are right and the oppressed are wrong. But continuous and ceaseless efforts of God ministers – the prophets – resulted in training eminent and outstanding humans who help people in their relations with God and expanding Justice. One of these remarkable men is the offspring of kaaba and our prophet's favorite, commader of the faithful Ali Ibn Abitaleb (PBUH), all whose life's dimensions are full of miraculous and extraordinary behaviours. Doubtlessly, criminal discussions are one of important resources in Islamic Jurisprudence. Criminal section of Islamic Jurisprudence discusses Four discussions as followings; the prescribed punishments, crimes, Blood money, and chastisement for offences. Collecting views relating to these discussions can be a good scientific wealth for authorities on Divine law. Islamic law legal views of commander of the faithful, Ali Ibn Abitaleb, is unique and miraculous; That is because he uses Quran and Tradition and also benefits from the fact that our prophet (PBOH) has prayed for him that God guide her heart for sound judgement; morever he has had a close companionship with our prophet from his childhood till he passed away; and finally, his intelligence, smartness, exactness, and his deep knowledge is unique and miraculous. Our Prophet has said "Ali is the best of you in Judgement". The above mentioned reasons show that he was better than Abubakr O'mar and O'sman in all cases and particularly in Judgement; that they sought Ali's advice in their affairs confirms this Fact. O'mar always said "if there was not Ali, O'mar died". Because of these reasons the results of these views are permanent and perpetual. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Legal challenges against the principle of legality of crime and punishment in Iran in the light of Imamiyah jurisprudence standards
seyyed Ebrahid Ghodsi Mosayyed GHadami AzizabadSince Islam is a religion of mercy, punishing people without informing them of his commands and orders is against the mercy and dignity that God has placed in the nature of mankind. The conclusion is that in Islamic jurisprudence, especially Imamiyah jurisprudence, many MoreSince Islam is a religion of mercy, punishing people without informing them of his commands and orders is against the mercy and dignity that God has placed in the nature of mankind. The conclusion is that in Islamic jurisprudence, especially Imamiyah jurisprudence, many principles and foundations are available to the people from the side of the jurists and their inferences from jurisprudential sources regarding the prohibition of the punishment without notification and notice, such as "shamefulness of punishment without the declaration of law", "the presumption of innocence" etc. The purpose of this notice in modern criminal law is to ensure the peace of mind and preserve the human dignity of accused persons, so that in the shadow of this principle, on the one hand, they will not be condemned without reason and only based on suspicion and the other hand, their punishment under the disobedience of the judges should not be more than what they deserve. The scope and content of the principle of notifying the obliges of their obligations to punish them in Imamiyyah jurisprudence are certainly clearer and more comprehensive than the principle of legality of crime and punishment because the principle of stating the obligation is not only about issuing it but also about receiving it while in law, the principle of awareness is placed on the issue of law. In the criminal law of Iran, although this principle has been accepted in principle despite the rich source of Islamic jurisprudence, in several cases, especially in the Islamic Penal Code approved in 2013 and the regulations of the courts and special clerical courts approved in 1990 amended in 2005, it has been conspicuously ignored Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - The Scope of the Authority of the Judge in the Exercise of Punishment According to Penal Code 1392
Abbas Karemi Mohsen AkbariThe jurists have divided the Islamic punishments to variable and fixed punishments. On this basis, hudud, death (qisas) and blood money penalties are deemed to be fixed and discretionary punishments (tazir) are categorized in the second group. The general principl MoreThe jurists have divided the Islamic punishments to variable and fixed punishments. On this basis, hudud, death (qisas) and blood money penalties are deemed to be fixed and discretionary punishments (tazir) are categorized in the second group. The general principle in Tazir punishments is the individualization of the punishment. Therefore, according to the rule "Al-ta'zir bema yarah al-Hakim (penalties issued under of the discretion judges)", the judges have considerable authority in the exercise of punishments based on their discretions and expediency. The power of the judges to apply punishment is not confined to the jurisprudence, but also to the substantive positive law where the judge has also a considerable authority to enforce these types of discretionary punishments. For a precise understanding of this issue, it is necessary to answer a few questions: What does the above principle mean by the word "ruler"? How much is the authority range of the judge and what are the existing mechanisms in the exercise of judicial authority? In this paper, along with the recognition of the authority of judges in the exercise of discretionary punishments, concepts such as the judge and the scope of his authority and mechanisms for the exercise of authority according to the positive law and jurisprudence would be studied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - A Comparative Analysis of the Rule of “Indecency of Punishment without Indictment” and the Principle of “Nescience of the law Does Not Absolve Responsibility” in the View of Imamiyeh Jurisprudence
Hamin GHanbari mohamad heidaryThe Rule of “Indecency of Punishment without issuing Indictment” and the Principle of Nescience of the Rule Does Not Absolve Responsibility” are among certain rules and principles in Imamiyeh jurisprudence and penal law. Since the application of this r MoreThe Rule of “Indecency of Punishment without issuing Indictment” and the Principle of Nescience of the Rule Does Not Absolve Responsibility” are among certain rules and principles in Imamiyeh jurisprudence and penal law. Since the application of this rule as well as its principles seem contradictory, the current research is an attempt to investigate whether the rule and the principles are contradictory or not, and then shed light on the possible relationship between them. Delving into the content of the rule and the principle, and analytical reasoning, it is concluded that unlike the principle which is subject to possible exceptions, the rule is rational and far from submission to any exception. Furthermore, studying the interpretations on the boundaries of issued and not-issued indictment, proving the necessity of instructing necessary laws and regulations, excluding non-penal responsibilities from the inclusion of the rule and analyzing the relationship between the rule and the principle, the result of the current research has shown that in the case of contradiction between them, the rule is preferred over the principles and when it is established that the indictment is not issued, nescience about the rule removes responsibility, save civil responsibilities and non-penal commitments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - The theory of reduced liability in the light of the concept of the criminal development stipulated Article in 91 of the Islamic Penal Code 2013
Esmael Haditabar sayyed masoud heydari Pezhman ParsaPaying attention to the criminal development in addition to sexual maturity for the first time in Article 91 of the Islamic Penal Code 1392 and the necessity of obtaining it in punitive and retributive crimes, as well as the development of judicial powers for the abolit MorePaying attention to the criminal development in addition to sexual maturity for the first time in Article 91 of the Islamic Penal Code 1392 and the necessity of obtaining it in punitive and retributive crimes, as well as the development of judicial powers for the abolition of punishment and retaliation is not only possible for perpetrators under 18 years of age, but also for those aged over 18. It is also possible to prove it on one hand, and on the other, eliminate the difference in the minimum age for criminality between girls and boys in crimes of inferiority and follow a system of gradual liability indicating the acceptance of relative criminal responsibility and a different and discriminatory criminal response. Children and adolescents versus adults are considered to take the steps in making the law in favor of their desires to achieve a favorable system of criminal responsibility for them. However, the use of the term "punishment" is not entirely possible in Article 91 of Criminal Code, and it does not seem correct based on the "decisions" in Article 88 of the Criminal Code. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Providing planning policies regarding structural empowerment of pounak neighborhood of Qazvin by urban agricaltural approach
Maryam Kavoosi Seyyed Mohammadreza KhatibiIn recent years, in addition to humans who have caused damage and destruction to the environment in various ways, other crises such as the water crisis, which has been very serious in the last century, have made this problem more complicated. In urban environments, gree MoreIn recent years, in addition to humans who have caused damage and destruction to the environment in various ways, other crises such as the water crisis, which has been very serious in the last century, have made this problem more complicated. In urban environments, green spaces are effective in creating a lively and encouraging environment for citizens, But according to this crisis raised in the world, these spaces in the city must be managed in an effective way. On this way, urban agriculture as a suitable approach in urban planning can largely solve the problems caused by environmental crises and lack of food security. Therefore, the unused spaces in the cities are suitable places to implement this approach, if we combine urban agriculture with modern scientific methods, it can be very efficient in the present era and in the direction of increasing Quality of urban life and empowerment of people in cities. This research is of an applied type and its investigation method is descriptive-analytical and based on field studies, library studies, experts' opinion and the opinion of residents of Punak neighborhood. According to the results of this research, which were obtained through the Delphi method and binomial and Friedman tests (spss), urban agriculture has increased social participation in the neighborhood of Punak, and in this regard, it can be seen from the social capital of this neighborhood. By using its effects, the mental health of the residents, especially women and the elderly can be achieved and also the proper use of abandoned and empty lands increases the quality of public spaces and improves security in the neighborhood. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - The effect of salinity stress on the morphophysiological characteristics of some pomegranate genotypes
Sareh Sabahi Azam Jafari Ali Momenpour Mostafa ShirmardiPomegranate is one of the most important horticultural products that cultivated in many tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Meanwhile, in some pomegranate orchards, salinity stress is one of the abiotic stresses that harm agricultural crops such as pomegranate MorePomegranate is one of the most important horticultural products that cultivated in many tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Meanwhile, in some pomegranate orchards, salinity stress is one of the abiotic stresses that harm agricultural crops such as pomegranate production by reducing productivity. This research aims to compare growth characteristics between selected genotypes including 1- Chah Afzal 2- Vahshi Babolsar, 3- Narak Lasjerd Semnan 4- Poost Siahe Yazd, 5- Malase Yazdi, 6- Rababe Neyriz, under salinity stress, in a randomized complete block design with three replicaions at Chah Afzal research station of Ardakan city. During the whole experiment, the trees were irrigated with saline water with salinity of 9 ± 0.5 dS/m every 12 days. Based on the results of this research and considering the lowest amount of ion leakage, the highest content of relative humidity and potassium, the high amount of total chlorophyll, carotenoid and leaf surface ratio, the lowest sodium to potassium ratio and necrosis percentage Chah Afzal genotype showed very good resistance to salinity conditions, followed by Poost Siahe Yazd, Vahshi Babolsar, Narak Lasjerd, Malase Yazdi and finally Rababe Neyriz were highly sensitive to salinity. According to the results of cluster analysis, the highest similarity between genotypes based on the parameters mentioned above was between the Narak Lasjerd and Malase Yazdi. The highest difference between Chah Afzal genotype and other genotypes was registered. This shows a significant difference in the superiority of Chah Afzal genotype over other genotypes in total traits. Therefore, due to the compatibility and proper growth of these genotypes in saline conditions, it is suggested that they could be used as a rootstock and the cvs. Malase Yazdi and Rababe Neyriz, which also produced flowers and fruits in saline conditions, can be grafted on them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - آت اکولوژی، آنتیاکسیدانی و اتنوفارماکولوژی اندامهای مختلف گیاه دارویی Punica granatum var. spinosa در استانهای گلستان و مازندران
معصومه مازندرانی عزت اله قائمی هومان بیات -
Open Access Article
140 - Study and Design of a Fractional-order Terminal Sliding Mode Fault-Tolerant Control for Spacecraft
Azam Hokmabadi -
Open Access Article
141 - New Super-twisting Sliding Mode Control of an Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robot Based on the TLBO Algorithm
Naghmeh Mirrashid Esmaeil Alibeiki Seyed Mehdi Rakhtala -
Open Access Article
142 - The effect of an acupuncture course on the range of motion of the spine in patients with chronic mechanical back pain
Bijan Goodarzi hydar habibi abass daqaq zadeh yasaman GoodarziIntroduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acupuncture therapy on the range of motion of the spine (function of trunk flexor and extensor muscles) in 35 to 50-year-old men with chronic back pain.Materials and methods: This research is semi MoreIntroduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acupuncture therapy on the range of motion of the spine (function of trunk flexor and extensor muscles) in 35 to 50-year-old men with chronic back pain.Materials and methods: This research is semi-experimental and practical. In this research, pre-test and post-test are used. The research population consists of 35-50-year-old men with chronic back pain living in Arak city. The research participants included 30 men with chronic mechanical back pain without any orthopedic complications who were referred to a private physical medicine practice. and rehabilitation in the city of Arak. The treatment period is 20 sessions and 2 sessions per week. Lumbar range of motion was evaluated in trunk flexion movements (bending forward).Then, in order to analyze and determine the significance of the effects of acupuncture therapy, data and raw information were analyzed using SPSS23 software and using descriptive and inferential statistics (paired samples test).Findings: The range of motion increased, therefore acupuncture has a significant effect on the range of motion in people with chronic mechanical back pain.Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, this method of treatment can increase the range of motion of the spine in chronic mechanical back pain sufferers, and this method can be useful in the field of treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Investigation of Mechanical Properties for Commercial Purity Titanium Severely Plastic Deformed by Accumulative Roll-bonding Process
Pooya Bahrami Abdolhamid Azizi -
Open Access Article
144 - Fractional Order Control of Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems
Mohammad Goodarzi -
Open Access Article
145 - Robust Lyapunov-based Control of MEMS Optical Switches
Mohammad Goodarzi -
Open Access Article
146 - Sliding Mode Control of Gas Turbine Based on Adaptive Nonlinear Observer
Hamed Tabibi Mohsen ParsaAccording to the critical role of gas turbines in the industry, monitoring the performance of gas turbines is an important issue since it can prevent unexpected shutdowns and the serious consequent financial harms. One of the most important parts of a gas turbine is the MoreAccording to the critical role of gas turbines in the industry, monitoring the performance of gas turbines is an important issue since it can prevent unexpected shutdowns and the serious consequent financial harms. One of the most important parts of a gas turbine is the combustion chamber. Although the internal pressure and temperature of the combustion chamber can directly affect the performance and useful life of this part, however, it is not possible to measure it directly through sensors. Therefore, estimation of pressure variable is a good choice to achieve greater performance and more relative stability comparing with the methods in which there is no access to the internal pressure of the chamber. In this research, a suitable nonlinear dynamic model with produced power and exhausted gas temperature as its outputs is chosen. Thereafter, an adaptive surface sliding observer is designed in order to estimate the combustion pressure and temperature which are the state variables of the gas turbine. Afterward, utilizing a sliding mode controller and applying the estimated states, the produced power and exhaustion gas temperature of the gas turbine is controlled. In this paper, the stability of the closed-loop system in the presence of the state observer through the Lyapunov approach is guaranteed. Finally, simulation results are provided to verify the validity and efficiency of the proposed method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - Design of Indirect Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Controller for Inverse Pendulum
Amineh Baberi Maryam Zekri Saeed HosseiniaInverted pendulum system state equations of the form of quality control standard consist two nonlinear functions. Since, ANFIS network is an universal approximator, in this paper, two ANFIS are used to model nonlinear dynamic functions of inverse pendulum. The adaptive MoreInverted pendulum system state equations of the form of quality control standard consist two nonlinear functions. Since, ANFIS network is an universal approximator, in this paper, two ANFIS are used to model nonlinear dynamic functions of inverse pendulum. The adaptive fuzzy rules are applied, such that the feedback linearization control input can be best approximated and the closed-loop system is stable. Simulation results indicate the remarkable capabilities of the proposed control algorithm and good transient response characteristics of the output system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - A Robust Neuro_Adaptive Control of Three Link SCARA Robot with Mass Uncertainty
Mansooreh Taslimi Abbas Chatraei Mojtaba HosseiniThe purpose of this paper is design of a neuro-adaptive controller for SCARA mechanical arm. First, a brief description of the work that has been done on similar systems will be presented and then using the Euler - Lagrange, based on kinetic and potential energy of MoreThe purpose of this paper is design of a neuro-adaptive controller for SCARA mechanical arm. First, a brief description of the work that has been done on similar systems will be presented and then using the Euler - Lagrange, based on kinetic and potential energy of the system, the dynamical equations of system will be calculated. The proposed controller is used to provide a suitable Lyapunov function, expression and comparative law will guarantee the stability of the closed loop system. All signals in the closed loop system are limited and the error signal tends asymptotically to origin. The control system is designed to demonstrate the efficacy of proposed controller on three links SCARA robot is implemented, the results of the controller performance guarantees. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Improving Diagnosis of Heart Disease by Analyzing Chaotic Indices of ECG Signals
Ali Tamizi Mohammad Ataei Mohammad Reza YazdchiElectrocardiogram (ECG) signals are the most popular non-invasive approach for diagnosis of heart irregularities and indications of possible heart diseases. Previous studies have shown that ECG signals do not have a linear distribution and contain a variety of non-linea MoreElectrocardiogram (ECG) signals are the most popular non-invasive approach for diagnosis of heart irregularities and indications of possible heart diseases. Previous studies have shown that ECG signals do not have a linear distribution and contain a variety of non-linear dimensions. In the present research we have treated the ECG signals as time-series data and applied chaos indices analysis. Utilizing data from MIT_BIH Database, the present study has improved the past research by analysing chaotic indices such as Lyapunov Exponent (λmax), and Correlation Dimension to ECG signal data from healthy individuals and heart patients. We present appropriate algorithms for reconstruction of Phase Space and estimations of the model parameters using Lyapunov Exponent and CorrelationDimension.We then present the results from reconstruction of Phase Space based on chaotic indices, and fuzzy classifier, to discriminate healthy individuals (NSR) from the heart patients.The heart patients include those with Arterial Fibrillation (AF) and those with Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB). These results ascertain the effectiveness of application of chaotic distribution to ECG data in improving the heart disease diagnosis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Designing a Fuzzy Adaptive Controller for a Rigid joint Two Link Non-Linear Manipulator with Uncertainty
Maryam Montazeri Seyed Hamid MahmoodianThis paper presents a control approach to the fuzzy-adaptive control scheme for rigid manipulators with unknown parameters. Lagrange’s method is employed for computing robot motion dynamics. Stability analysis guaranteed through Lyapunov’s theory using some MoreThis paper presents a control approach to the fuzzy-adaptive control scheme for rigid manipulators with unknown parameters. Lagrange’s method is employed for computing robot motion dynamics. Stability analysis guaranteed through Lyapunov’s theory using some suitable adaptive rules that make sure all signals in the closed-loop system are bounded and tracking error ones asymptotically reaches to zero. Compared with other controllers, there are some numerical simulations that verify effectiveness of the proposed method. Also, simulation results verify that the proposed controller can deal with uncertainties in the system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - Examination of Chastisement Right of child in Imami Jurisprudence, law of Iran and International law
hasan falah Seyed Javad Seyed Alizadeh Ganji Behnam GhanbarporFrom an aspect of expedience, the right to punishment is an issue that exposes children's rights to danger and abuse in national and international realms. On the other hand, chastisement of child and harming the health of the child's body and soul is an issue that paren MoreFrom an aspect of expedience, the right to punishment is an issue that exposes children's rights to danger and abuse in national and international realms. On the other hand, chastisement of child and harming the health of the child's body and soul is an issue that parents and guardians are clinging to it for exercising their own taste and also to disavowal their responsibility. Of course, this issue is not the same everywhere, but providing a pattern for judicial exploitation in public dealing with this phenomenon is one of the important issues of the rights of the child. In Iran’s law, on the subject of chastisement right, without considering the foundations of guardianship of the child, there isn’t distinguish between parent or other guardians. So according to mentioned aspect, the reformation of Article 9 of the »Child and Adolescent Protection Law« and Article 158 of the »Islamic Penal Code« is proposed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - Analysis of the Challenges of Alternation of the Services of Public Utility with the Punishment of Imprisonment with an Approach on the Judicial Procedure
Mojtaba Farahbakhsh Ahmad Ramazani Qasim Ali TavasoliThe forward article has investigated the backstage challenges of the services of public utility at the status of an alternative punishment to imprisonment and the feasibility of solutions of exit from mentioned challenges .The results of research indicate that not insti MoreThe forward article has investigated the backstage challenges of the services of public utility at the status of an alternative punishment to imprisonment and the feasibility of solutions of exit from mentioned challenges .The results of research indicate that not institutionalization of the culture of using alternative punishments to imprisonment in judiciary system , weakness of culturalization in society , tendency of the masses to rough punishments and impressionability of judges from this cause of populism , unreliability of judges to the results of alternative punishments to imprisonment , a lack of investment for import or build of required equipments and technologies for alternatives to imprisonment and loss of employment of professional human resources and experienced supervisors in the supervision on execution of mentioned punishments due to financial difficulties of judicial system ,loss of job for convicted to do free services and execution of strict policy are the major challenges and obstacles in the execution of services of public utility instead of the punishment of imprisonment and cultural solutions such as teaching judges , distance from the popular criminal policy and resolution of the economical and political challenges can decrease the population of people in imprisonment and issue the verdicts of alternative to imprisonment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - The Influence of the Presence of Witnesses in the Implementation of Punishment for Adultery
abdolkarim baniasadi vali ansariReceive Date: 2023/03/09 Revise Date: 2023/06/09   MoreReceive Date: 2023/03/09 Revise Date: 2023/06/09 Accept Date: 2023/06/27 The present study, using descriptive-analytical method, explains and evaluates the three points of view presented by jurists regarding the subject of writing. These three views are the necessity of the presence of witnesses, the absence of the necessity of the presence of witnesses and the detailed view that considers the absence of witnesses to be the cause of the non-implementation of the Hadd. Although according to the opinion of famous jurists, the absence of witnesses at the time of execution of Hadd does not cause the Hadd do not execute, but some jurists believe that the absence of witnesses causes the Hadd of stoning to be invalidated. Because if the absence of witnesses is due to fleeing from the scene of stoning or fear of stoning, then the stoning should be considered as the reason for the uncertainty. In other words, the point of view of not needing witnesses is absolutely unacceptable and this point of view seems to be correct when the absence of witnesses is not due to fleeing from the scene of execution of the stoning punishment or fear of execution of the punishment. In such a case, the Hadd is not implemented due to the doubt. In other words, the absence of witnesses is not an obstacle to the implementation of the Hadd, but what is an obstacle is the doubt resulting from their absence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - Punching Shear in Fat Slabs and Suitable Methods to Prevent Shear Failure in Slabs
javad ezati arasto ArmaganiABSTRACT In the design of flat plate structures, special attention must be paid to the connection between the slab and the supporting columns. Despite extensive studies and improvement of codes in this subject, also there are problems about eva MoreABSTRACT In the design of flat plate structures, special attention must be paid to the connection between the slab and the supporting columns. Despite extensive studies and improvement of codes in this subject, also there are problems about evaluation of flat slab systems. In this paper punching shear in flat RC slabs is evaluated. Therefore the connections are retrofitted against punching shear, such as studs and column head. It is noted that parametric study is provided by ANSYS software. Finally results of Finite Element Method are evaluated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - Investigation of the Effect of Trigonometric Rotation of the Column on Punching Shear Capacity in Two-Way Hollow Slabs Using Finite Element Metho
hadi azizian mohammad ali lotfollahi yaghin Alaaddin behraveshConsidering that the execution of column in two-way hollow slabs has some limitations especially in terms of architecture, so in some executions, the column has to be rotated, which will change the spherical balls spacing of the column edge and change the punching shear MoreConsidering that the execution of column in two-way hollow slabs has some limitations especially in terms of architecture, so in some executions, the column has to be rotated, which will change the spherical balls spacing of the column edge and change the punching shear capacity. In this field of study, no laboratory research and numerical analysis have been performed so far. In the present research , after calibration of ABAQUS finite element software to experimental results, the effect of square column rotation with different spherical balls spacing from column edge, on punching shear capacity and failure mechanism (areas prone to damage) in two-way hollow slab is investigated.The results present that by increasing the spacing of spherical balls from columnedge to (S ≥d) at different angles of rotation, the punching capacity increases and then stabilizes. Under conditions where the spherical balls' distance from the edge of the column is less than (d), the punching shear capacity is reduced by increasing the angle of rotation of the column. This is due to the presence of a damage-prone area at a distance less than (d). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - Numerical Study of the Position and Dimensions of the Openings on the Seismic Ductility of the Reinforced Concrete Slab - Column Connections Having Flexural Reinforcing and Shear Bolts
Nasibe motazaker mohamadali lotfolahiyaginABSTRACT Concrete slabs are of the main components of the concrete structures. Implementing flat slab is more simple and economic than other ones owing to it’s ease of formatting. Furthermore, the flat MoreABSTRACT Concrete slabs are of the main components of the concrete structures. Implementing flat slab is more simple and economic than other ones owing to it’s ease of formatting. Furthermore, the flat slabs mostly utilized in the buildings with relatively irregular plans of flat slab- column structures. Unfortunately, the typical structures are ready to punching are prone to shear failure, but such shear brittle failure can be controlled by reinforcing the shear. Shear bolts is a shear strengthening method the influence of which on the slabs has been investigated in the present study. In practical situations, it is often necessary to create openings in slab to allow electrical, water or air conditioning ducts to go through floors. The existence of openings and their form along with their dimensions and slab-column connections impact the strength and ductility of the slabs. These specimens were placed under vertical load and cyclic lateral loads. The vertical load for each specimen was kept and cyclic lateral load increased. When the peak tension created, displacement in different points of slab and ductility were compared among different specimens. The analysis results show that shear bolts can increase lateral peak load resisting capacity, the lateral drift capacity at peak load, and also the ductility of the slab-column connections. Shear bolts also change the failure mode of the slab-column connections. Shear bolts capacity of the slab resist the lateral loads increases. The square opening dimensions are smaller better and circular opening more ductility to square opening one with same space. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - تاثیر بهینه عصاره هیدروالکلی گل و برگ انار بر سنگ کلیه القاء شده توسط اتیلن گلیکول در رت
شهرام پرارین لیلا روحی عبداله قاسمی پیربلوطیزمینه و هدف: انار گیاهی است که به دلیل ارزش غذایی بالای آن به طور وسیع استفاده می شود. این مطالعه تاثیر پیشگیری کننده عصاره هیدروالکلی گل و برگ انار را بر سنگ کلیه ناشی از اتیلن گلیکول را در رت نژاد ویستار را مورد بررسی قرار داد. روش تحقیق: 20 عدد رت نژاد ویستار به طور Moreزمینه و هدف: انار گیاهی است که به دلیل ارزش غذایی بالای آن به طور وسیع استفاده می شود. این مطالعه تاثیر پیشگیری کننده عصاره هیدروالکلی گل و برگ انار را بر سنگ کلیه ناشی از اتیلن گلیکول را در رت نژاد ویستار را مورد بررسی قرار داد. روش تحقیق: 20 عدد رت نژاد ویستار به طور تصادفی به 4 گروه یکسان تقسیم شدند. گروه 1، حیواناتی که به عنوان گروه کنترل مثبت (شاهد) در نظر گرفته شدند و به مدت 28 روز آب مقطر دریافت میکردند. گروه 2 تا 4 حیواناتی بودند که به مدت 28 روز 1% اتیلن گلیکول را در آب آشامیدنی دریافت می کردند. گروه 2، به عنوان گروه کنترل منفی (اتیلن گلیکول) در نظر گرفته شد. گروه 3 و 4 (گروههای پیشگیری)، روزانه به میزان mg/kg 400 وزن بدن، عصاره هیدروالکلی گل و برگ انار را به مدت 28 روز به صورت گاواژ دریافت کردند. نمونه های ادرار 24 ساعته آنها در روزهای صفر و 28 جمعآوری شد. حجم ادرار و اگزالات ادرار اندازهگیری شد. در روز 28 خون نمونه ها برای ارزیابی پارامترهای بیوشیمیایی (کراتینین، اوره و اسید اوریک) جمعآوری شد. در پایان آزمایش رت ها کشته شدند و کلیه آن ها به سرعت جدا گردید و از نظر آسیبهای بافتی توسط آنالیز بافتشناسی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. نتایج و بحث: اتیلن گلیکول میزان اگزالات و کلسیم ادرار، میزان اوره، اسید اوریک و کراتینین سرم را به طور معنی داری افزایش داد. همچنین سطح سیترات ادرار را به طور معنی داری کاهش داد. در گروه 3 و 4 نتایج نشان داد سطح کلسیم و اگزالات ادرار، و سطح کراتینین، اوره و اسید اوریک سرم به طور معنی داری کاهش یافت(P < 0.001) . توصیه کاربردی/صنعتی: عصاره هیدروالکی گل و برگ انار در پیشگیری از سنگ کلیه ناشی از اتیلن گلیکول در رت های نژاد ویستار می تواند موثر باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - اثر عصاره هیدروالکلی پوست انار بر پیشگیری از سنگ کلیه القاء شده توسط اتیلن گلیکول در رت نژاد ویستار
مصطفی مرتضوی لیلا روحیمقدمه و هدف: با توجه به اهمیت گیاهان دارویی در درمان انواع بیماری های کلیوی، در این مطالعه اثر پیشگیری کننده عصاره هیدروالکلی پوست انار بر روی سنگ کلیه ناشی از اتیلن گلیکول در رت های نژاد ویستار مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. روش تحقیق: 20 عدد رت نژاد ویستار به طور ت Moreمقدمه و هدف: با توجه به اهمیت گیاهان دارویی در درمان انواع بیماری های کلیوی، در این مطالعه اثر پیشگیری کننده عصاره هیدروالکلی پوست انار بر روی سنگ کلیه ناشی از اتیلن گلیکول در رت های نژاد ویستار مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. روش تحقیق: 20 عدد رت نژاد ویستار به طور تصادفی به 4 گروه یکسان تقسیم شدند. گروه 1، حیواناتی که به عنوان گروه کنترل سالم در نظر گرفته شدند (A) و به مدت 28 روز آب مقطر دریافت می کردند. گروه 2 تا 4 حیواناتی بودند که به مدت 28 روز 1% اتیلن گلیکول را در آب آشامیدنی دریافت می­کردند. گروه 2، به عنوان گروه کنترل منفی (اتیلن گلیکول) در نظر گرفته شد (B). گروه 3 و 4 (گروه های پیشگیری)، روزانه به میزان mg/kg 200 وزن بدن (C) و mg/kg 400(D)، عصاره هیدروالکلی پوست انار را به مدت 28 روز به صورت گاواژ دریافت کردند. نمونه های ادرار 24 ساعته آنها در روزهای صفر و 28 جمع آوری شد. سپس حجم ادرار و پارامترهای ادراری (اگزالات، کلسیم و سیترات) اندازه گیری شد. در روز 28 خون نمونه ها برای ارزیابی پارامترهای بیوشیمیایی (کراتینین، اوره و اسید اوریک) جمع آوری شد. در پایان آزمایش تمام رت ها با کلروفرم کشته شدند و کلیه آنها به سرعت جدا گردید و از نظر آسیبهای بافتی توسط آنالیز بافت شناسی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج و بحث: اتیلن گلیکول میزان اگزالات و کلسیم ادرار، میزان اوره، اسید اوریک و کراتینین سرم را به طور معنی داری افزایش داد. همچنین سطح سیترات ادرار را به طور معنی داری کاهش داد. در گروه های پیشگیری نتایج نشان داد سطح کلسیم و اگزالات ادرار، و سطح کراتینین، اوره و اسید اوریک سرم کاهش یافت. همچنین سطح سیترات ادرار به طور معنی داری افزایش یافت (P<0.01) . نتایج بافت شناسی نشان دهنده کاهش اتساع فضای ادراری کپسول بومن، هیدروپیک دژنرسانس سلول های پوششی لوله های کلیوی و عدم رسوب پروتئین و کلسیم در مجاری در گروه های پیشگیری بود. توصیه کاربردی/ صنعتی: عصاره هیدروالکلی پوست انار در پیشگیری از سنگ کلیه ناشی از اتیلن گلیکول در رت های نژاد ویستار می تواند مؤثر باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - A NONLINEAR MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR ASTHMA: EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
NARESHA RAM Agraj Tripathi -
Open Access Article
160 - The analysis of pedagogic and educational figures of encouragement and punishment in Sa’adi’s works
Mahdi MomtahenConsidering the importance of ethics and training agents has been the case of attention of scholars for a long time. At the beginning, our poets have carefully considered this issue, too. From Rudaki as the father of Persian poetry to Kasaee and Nasir MoreConsidering the importance of ethics and training agents has been the case of attention of scholars for a long time. At the beginning, our poets have carefully considered this issue, too. From Rudaki as the father of Persian poetry to Kasaee and Nasir Khosrow , Sanaee, Nezami and others. Meanwhile Sa’adi has paid special attention to this issue. Sa’adi’s two important works namely Golestan and Busetan, show this reality well to the extent that these two are named the ethical letters. Given that the two principles of rewarding and punishing are the foundation and the bedrock of every kind of pedagogy, therefore, in this article, these two, their functions, features and characteristics have been examined in the works of Saadi. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - A sociological analysis of the effectiveness of imprisonment and its alternative social punishments
Mehdi Shabanzadeh Seyed Hossein Hashemi Seyed Mahmoud Mirkhalili Shahrdad DarabiThe combination of social punishments is a new concept that includes measures determined by the penal systems through the approval of the legislature and implemented with the participation of the community with the motivation of rehabilitation and the participation of m MoreThe combination of social punishments is a new concept that includes measures determined by the penal systems through the approval of the legislature and implemented with the participation of the community with the motivation of rehabilitation and the participation of more democratic institutions under the supervision of the ruling power. The concept of these punishments is closely related to the term alternatives to imprisonment as the most common, pervasive and dominant type of punishment, because the main origin of social punishments is due to measures taken by criminologists and criminologists to detain and escape the destructive and inevitable consequences of imprisonment. A review of the strengths and weaknesses of each of these types of punishments shows that each has a function commensurate with the specific crime and circumstances, but in the end, the present study concluded that, given that alternative social punishments continue in Iran, gaining a favorable position And due to its social functions, it needs more attention from the judicial system. At the same time, bedding in various dimensions, especially in socio-cultural dimensions, is highly necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Investigate the effect of different Forta Ferro fiber concentrations on the tensile strength of concrete, an experimental study employing the Barcelona and double punch tests
Ehsanollah Zeighami mohsen ghomi mohammad mirhosseini s lajevardiConcrete is highly vulnerable to tensile stress, and the use of rebar is not always practical or cost-effective. Forta Ferro fibers offer an alternative solution for enhancing the tensile strength of concrete. In this study, 36 cylindrical and 36 cubic samples were test MoreConcrete is highly vulnerable to tensile stress, and the use of rebar is not always practical or cost-effective. Forta Ferro fibers offer an alternative solution for enhancing the tensile strength of concrete. In this study, 36 cylindrical and 36 cubic samples were tested using compressive strength, Barcelona, and double punch tests. The samples were aged for 28 days and contained 0, 1, 2, or 3 kg/m3 of Forta Ferro fibers. The results showed that adding 1 to 3 kg/m3 of Forta Ferro fibers to the concrete increased the 28-day tensile strength (BCN test) by 8.40% to 9.04% in cylindrical samples and 8.71% to 8.93% in cubic samples. Similarly, the 28-day tensile strength (DPT) increased by 6.81% to 9.42% in cylindrical specimens and 3.92% to 6.69% in cubic specimens when Forta Ferro fibers were added. The proposed Chen coefficient of 1.08 is suggested as the correction factor for the Forta Ferro fibers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - Biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Opuntia Cactus and its application in the synthesis of pyrimidine derivatives
Maryam Jahandar Lashaki Rahimeh Hajinasiri Zinatossadat Hossaini Navabeh NamiIn recent years, the green method, especially using plant extracts, has attracted much attention for synthesis of metal nanoparticles. In this study, biosynthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe­3O4-NPs) was performed using an aqueous extract of Opuntia Cac MoreIn recent years, the green method, especially using plant extracts, has attracted much attention for synthesis of metal nanoparticles. In this study, biosynthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe­3O4-NPs) was performed using an aqueous extract of Opuntia Cactus. Plant extract had a reducing and stabilizing role in the nanoparticle synthesis process. The structure and morphology of synthesized Fe­3O4-NPs were confirmed with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The obtained results showed that the proposed method presented a synthesis of magnetic Fe3O4-NPs with a spherical shape and average size of 9.7 nm. Also, pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized by a one-pot three-component reaction between aromatic aldehydes, acetoacetanilide and urea or thiourea in the presence of prepared magnetic Fe­3O4-NPs as a catalyst in ethanol at room temperature. Short reaction time, easy purification steps, and high efficiency are the advantages of this method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - Jurisprudential-legal review of the position and territory of the Dara rule in Iranian criminal law
Mohammad Hajiannejad Fahim Mostafazadeh Mehrdad FieziThe rule of Dara is a catch rule that jurists have obtained in a collection of narrations. The rule of Daraa means stopping the punishments of hudud, retribution and punishment in cases where there is doubt. In some cases, the rule of Dara provides partial decriminaliza MoreThe rule of Dara is a catch rule that jurists have obtained in a collection of narrations. The rule of Daraa means stopping the punishments of hudud, retribution and punishment in cases where there is doubt. In some cases, the rule of Dara provides partial decriminalization and in some cases general decriminalization, according to the Quranic documents and the authenticity of the word hadd in the documents of the rule, it cannot mean a specific punishment and includes all punishments, the rule of Dara according to Articles 120 and 121 of the Penal Code can have the effect of decriminalization and decriminalization, and there is no conflict between divine limits and human rights, although the legislator has excluded four crimes from the limited crimes. Also, according to the circumstances of the crime and criminal responsibility, the crime has two effects of decriminalization and deconviction in crimes requiring retribution. In penal crimes, according to the conditions of criminal liability and the condition of the crime itself, it has the effect of decriminalization and de-conviction, and there is no difference between penal and governmental crimes in the application of the rule of law. It seems that the principle of behavior in the crimes of money is doubted, the rule of money has the effect of decriminalization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - Philosophy of Punishment in Islam; A combination of retrospective and futuristic
fatemeh jabbari ahmad baqeri Younes Wahed YarijanA penal system can be discussed and examined naturally, considering its goals and philosophy. In the penal policy of Islam, there is a variety of punishments, which include retribution, limits, punishments and vows, and each of them has been legislated with a specific l MoreA penal system can be discussed and examined naturally, considering its goals and philosophy. In the penal policy of Islam, there is a variety of punishments, which include retribution, limits, punishments and vows, and each of them has been legislated with a specific logic. For example, retribution can be considered as a punishment based on the victim and punishments can be considered as a way to implement the principle of individualization of punishments and compliance with the requirements of time and place. In contrast, punishments can be considered as crime based on protecting the moral and religious foundations of society. Can be considered as repairing the damage done to the victim. Various theories have been proposed so far about the philosophy of punishment, including retrospective and futuristic views, in which the first approach justifies punishment for achieving its future purpose and beneficial results, and the second approach to the error committed by the offender. It can be considered as a reduction of crimes, rehabilitation and correction, but the Islamic view on rational and moral justification of punishment is a more basic view and this view governs the entire Islamic penal system and all punishments, including limits, retribution and punishments can be justified according to this theory. This theory of justice and entitlement on the one hand to achieve the desired individual and social effects and results on the other hand has been considered at a very deep and realistic level. In this article, we try to explain the retrospective and futuristic views by analyzing and interpreting the philosophy and purpose of punishment in Islam, and express the effects and characteristics of each, and prove by argument and mentioning examples of limits, retribution, punishments and even diyat that Islam Tor Kibi is from these two perspectives and has its own characteristics.punishmentˈpəniSHməntTranslations of punishmentNounFrequencyمجازاتpunishment, penalty, retribution, reprimandتنبیهpunishment, chastisement, talking to, gruellingسزاreward, punishment, retribution, remuneration, requitalتادیبdiscipline, correction, punishment, crackdownگوشمالیrebuke, punishment, scourgeاجرreward, wage, remuneration, award, defrayal, punishmentDefinitions of punishmentNoun1the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offense.crime demands just punishmentSynonyms:chastisingchastisementpenalizingpunishingdiscipliningretributiondamnationExamples of punishmentyour machine can take a fair amount of punishment before falling to pieces5 more examplesSynonyms of punishmentNounchastisingpenalizingcomeuppancechastisementpenaltybatteringmaltreatment44 more synonyms Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - Rūmī’s Literal Approach to Embodiment of Actions
Bahādor Namdārpour Alirezā Pārsā S. Ali Alamolhodā MohammadSādeq VāhedifaEmbodiment of actions is an expression that explains reward and punishment of people’s good or bad deeds on the Day of Judgment. In Islamic theology, two different interpretations have been proposed to explain it: a-figurative interpretation, b-literal interpretat MoreEmbodiment of actions is an expression that explains reward and punishment of people’s good or bad deeds on the Day of Judgment. In Islamic theology, two different interpretations have been proposed to explain it: a-figurative interpretation, b-literal interpretation. Approving any of these two views affects human beliefs, behavior and changes one’s view about the Day of Resurrection. Approving literal interpretation leads to strengthen the faith to the Day of Judgment, to acceptance of being certain Divine reward and punishment and to manage one’s behavior and views. By using the descriptive-analytical method, the authors of the present article try to consider embodiment of actions, the advantage of literal interpretation over figurative one and to study Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī’s literal interpretation about embodiment of actions. As a result, Rūmī’s literal account of embodiment of actions is reasonable; it explains better the Divine reward and punishment and shows the influence of man's good and bad deeds in the hereafter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - Transmission of Medical Images Based on Multi-mode Synchronization of Delayed Fractional-Order Coullete Chaotic Systems
Ali Akbar Kekha Javan Assef Zare Saeed Balochian -
Open Access Article
168 - Analysis of the theory of the right of retribution in participatory crimes with emphasis on criminal justice
saeed SALAMATI مرضیه پیلهور محمدجواد رجبی سلمانBackground and Aim: One of the punishments is retribution, according to which, if several people participate in the murder of one person, retaliation is allowed for all of them. Therefore, in this article, we intend to explain the implementation of this right based on c MoreBackground and Aim: One of the punishments is retribution, according to which, if several people participate in the murder of one person, retaliation is allowed for all of them. Therefore, in this article, we intend to explain the implementation of this right based on criminal justice.Method: This article is descriptive-analytical and library method.Findings: Famous Imami jurists and a group of Sunni jurists and, consequently, the Islamic Penal Code; It is believed that in mass murders (if the parents of the deceased request retribution), retaliation will be carried out by paying a fine.Conclusion: The majority of jurists have declared the reason for the execution of the sentence of collective retribution as intimidating and deterrent. This means that individuals will refrain from mass crimes because of their fear of the consequences of their actions, and this is more compatible with criminal justice.onclusion: The majority of jurists have declared the reason for the execution of the sentence of collective retribution as intimidating and deterrent. This means that individuals will refrain from mass crimes because of their fear of the consequences of their actions, and this is more compatible with criminal justice. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - The relation of publicity rule in the legal system of Islam, Iran and western countries from the point of view of government costs and proceedings
Peyman Haj Mahmoud Attar Batul Pakzad Fethullah RahimiField and Aims: The purpose of this research is to investigate the rule of publicity in Islamic law and Western law from the perspective of government and legal costs. Today, in legal criminal policy, the economy of crime is one of the important issues, and the costs of MoreField and Aims: The purpose of this research is to investigate the rule of publicity in Islamic law and Western law from the perspective of government and legal costs. Today, in legal criminal policy, the economy of crime is one of the important issues, and the costs of criminalization, criminalization, and method should be considered. Less expensive ways to fight crime should be considered. One of the criminal measures that exist in all legal systems, both Islamic law and Western law, is to make public the crimes committed by criminals, especially those who commit crimes against state and public property or deprivation of public safety and comfort. In Islamic law and Western law, this is called the implementation of the rule of publicity.Method: The present research was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method.Finding and Conclusion: The rule of publicity in reducing the costs of crime has been subjected to comparative research from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence, Iranian law and Western law, and the findings indicate that in many cases, people who are prone to commit crimes by observing the punishment of the convicted are made public. have given up committing crimes, and publicizing the execution of punishments has reduced the commission of crimes and prevented many of their types. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - Determining the effective features in classification of heart sounds using trained intelligent network and genetic algorithm
mahsa semyari fardad farokhi -
Open Access Article
171 - Fractional Nonsingular Terminal Sliding Mode Controller Design for the Special Class of Nonlinear Fractional-order Chaotic Systems
Farideh Shahbazi Reza Ghasemi Mahmood Mahmmodi -
Open Access Article
172 - Designing Multirate Control for a Robotic Manipulator in the Presence of Disturbance
Hossein Ghaemzadeh Ebli Mohammadali Nekoui Mohammad Teshnelab -
Open Access Article
173 - A Hybrid Control Method for Stable Operation of Active Power Filters in Three-Phase Four-Wire Networks
S. Sajjad Seyedalipour Habib Allah Aalami Amin Barzegar -
Open Access Article
174 - Investigation the typically deadly acts and lethal weapon in Iranian criminal law (according to the Islamic Penal Code adopted in 1392)
masoud Fadaei Dehcheshmeh Asal Azemeyan amir Soleymani"Intent to typically deadly act" is a phrase that is specified in the articles related to premeditated murder (paragraphs b and c of Article 206 of the Law of 1991 and paragraphs B and C of Article 290 of the Law adopted in 2013); This restriction is interpreted in diff More"Intent to typically deadly act" is a phrase that is specified in the articles related to premeditated murder (paragraphs b and c of Article 206 of the Law of 1991 and paragraphs B and C of Article 290 of the Law adopted in 2013); This restriction is interpreted in different ways by the legislature in the terminology of jurists in terms of not providing a definition of it. The important point is that this rule merges with kind of murder which used instrument in, and causes ambiguities that some consider typically deadly acts mean same as the murder which used instrumet.It was sufficient Judicialy the mere of the using deadly weapon regardless of the position of the blow, the sensitivity and the absence of the position to carry out the premeditated murder. We believe that both of, "typically lethal" and "lethal weapon," are two separate concepts, meaning that the lethal weapon is the instrument used in murder and does not have a specif meaning in murder, and only should He looked at it to prove the murder and the means by which the murder was committed. In this article, we intend to address some of the ambiguities and drawbacks about this approach and its distinction from the instrument used in murder. This research has been done in the form of a library-documents that we first found the source in relation to the subject according to the subject and then studied the field by gathering resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - Challenges of localization of criminal enforcement guarantees in Iranian law with emphasis on community-based punishments
Nizamuddin Payami Vahid Zarei Sharif Amir Reza Mahmoudi Atefeh LorkojuriThe aim of this study was to investigate the challenges of localization of criminal enforcement guarantees in Iranian law with emphasis on community-based punishments in Iran as a library study with a descriptive-analytical method. Community-based punishments are punish MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the challenges of localization of criminal enforcement guarantees in Iranian law with emphasis on community-based punishments in Iran as a library study with a descriptive-analytical method. Community-based punishments are punishments that are applied and executed in line with participatory criminal policy in the context of society, not in government institutions and institutions such as prisons and similar institutions. With the increase in the criminal population of prisons and the inefficiency of imprisonment, many efforts have been made in the form of various policies, which can be considered the emergence of community-based punishments as the most obvious of these efforts, which was approved by the Islamic Penal Code on 1/2/2013. Findings. The findings of the study show that community-based punishments face challenges in practice. These challenges are: ; Conflict of the obligation to obtain the consent of the convict and trial in absentia as provided in Article 406 of the Code of Criminal Procedure with Articles 65, 66 and 68 of the Islamic Penal Code; The possibility of issuing two types of public service punishments, the note of Article 64 and Note 3 of Article 84 of the Islamic Penal Code are in conflict with paragraph "d" of Article 23 of the Islamic Penal Code and the specification of Note 2 of this article. Lack of proper structure for coordination between the judiciary and the receiving institutions; And legislative challenges following sentencing 2. Cultural barriers, including: traditionalist judges; The punitive attitudes of the masses; Cultural delay; Lack of adequate manpower. 3. Political barriers that include: ideology and political culture and strictly unscientific criminal policy. Overall Conclusion: Research findings show that the implementation of community-based punishments faces three legal, cultural and political challenges. are Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - Study of Institution Judicial Exemption from Punishment in Criminal Law of Iran
masoud Fadaei Dehcheshmeh Asal Azemeyan amir SoleymaniOne of the innovations of the new Islamic Penal Code in the matter of mitigation is exemption from punishment in the seventh and eighth degree punishment mentioned in Articles 19 and 39 of the new Islamic Penal Code. In above-mentioned crime'articles , with presence mit MoreOne of the innovations of the new Islamic Penal Code in the matter of mitigation is exemption from punishment in the seventh and eighth degree punishment mentioned in Articles 19 and 39 of the new Islamic Penal Code. In above-mentioned crime'articles , with presence mitigating circumstances, if the court finds after conviction that the perpetrator will be corrected by not serving the sentence. In the absence of an effective criminal record and the plaintiff's pardon and compensation for damages or arrangements for compensation can be issued a sentence of exemption from punishment, According to this article, the exemption sentence, although in Article 727 of the 1370 Law, referred to the waiver of punishment if the private plaintiff pardoned. But discount is one of the innovations of the new law In fact, this article is a kind of attention to the status of prosecution in French law.In Iranian law, the court and not the prosecutor has the right to Exempt punishment if there are conditions reflected in thethat article , recognizing the perpetrator's correction, the private plaintiff's pardon, lack of an effective criminal record, compensation for damages, or establishing an order for compensation.Such an option in the form of suspension of prosecution, former is repeated in Article 40 of the Code of Judicial Procedure 1290, amended in 1352 And Article 22 of the Law Amending Some Judicial Laws on Misdemeanor CrimesThe institution of suspension of prosecution has now been given to the prosecutor in Article 81 of the Code of Criminal Procedure adopted in 1394. This research has been done in the form of a library-documentary that we first found the source in relation to the subject according to the subject and then studied the field by gathering resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - Critique of the phenomenon of criminal populism with emphasis on the approach of the Iranian criminal justice system
hamid ghorbanpur Seyf mohammad mehdi sadati Ali JamadiIn populist thought, emphasizing the thoughts of individuals in society as the basis of public policy is doubly important. The centrality of public opinion and political intervention in criminal policy has led to a populist approach. In other words, populist criminal po MoreIn populist thought, emphasizing the thoughts of individuals in society as the basis of public policy is doubly important. The centrality of public opinion and political intervention in criminal policy has led to a populist approach. In other words, populist criminal policy seeks to combat crime by engaging public opinion. In the Iranian penal system, in recent years, under the influence of the prevailing atmosphere in society, populist policies have emerged. In fact, the idea of criminal populism emphasizes the model of crime control through hostility to the perpetrator. This type of criminal policy deviates from the principled and scientific process of criminological teachings and makes it subject to political considerations, in a way that damages the structural implications of criminal law and the moral rights of criminal law subjects. In this article, we will examine the issue in a descriptive-analytical manner and answer the question: What factors cause populism and what are the characteristics of this phenomenon? In the following, we will examine the reflection of populist laws and make suggestions in this regard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - Jurisprudential principles of criminal mediation in the field of ta'zir crimes with emphasis on restorative justice
seyedeh samaneh Hoseeyni mohammad Golverdi majid shaygan fardOne of the prominent manifestations of restorative justice is mediation, peace and compromise, which is referred to in the Holy Qur'an as the reform of the essence. The reform of the essence is one of the programs emphasized by Islam in cases of conflict. Which is done MoreOne of the prominent manifestations of restorative justice is mediation, peace and compromise, which is referred to in the Holy Qur'an as the reform of the essence. The reform of the essence is one of the programs emphasized by Islam in cases of conflict. Which is done with the participation of members of the Islamic community (person or third parties who are called mediators) and the active and free participation of the parties to the dispute and seeks to establish peace and reconciliation and friendship between the parties to the dispute through reparation and compensation. This new establishment, with the efforts of jurists and the application of issues related to resolving disputes with the enlightened religion of Islam and jurisprudential texts, as well as a look at the rights of developed countries from the perspective of the judiciary, is gradually included in the legal texts of the country. Also becomes. However, the research findings indicate a significant effect of the use of mediation mechanisms in reducing the volume of cases and also the number of court appeals. Based on this, it can be concluded that mediation based on the Qur'an and Sunnah has a significant role in achieving restorative justice in the criminal proceedings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - Cost behavior analysis based on chaos theory
Azizollah Rangraz basaligheh Fereydoon rahnamaroodposhti Fazel Mohammadi Nodeh sina KheradyarThe main purpose of this study is to analyze the cost behavior of the companies accepted based on chaos theory. The purpose of the study is of an applied type. . In this study, 69 companies with 416 observations . Corporate financial data was generated by innovative man MoreThe main purpose of this study is to analyze the cost behavior of the companies accepted based on chaos theory. The purpose of the study is of an applied type. . In this study, 69 companies with 416 observations . Corporate financial data was generated by innovative management software and leadership software. Various tests were used for data analysis such as BDS correlation tests for nonlinearity of time series, Dickey Fuller for correlation, Lyapunov power for turbulent cost behavior. Dickey Fuller test results showed that all of Mana's costs behaviors were the same. The results of BDS test showed that the studied cost behavior is nonlinear and chaotic non-random. As a result, the time series studied are generally chaotic. The results of the Lyapunov test view showed that all the Lyapunov coefficients were calculated for positive cost variables. Therefore, it can be said that the research variables have a butterfly effect. That is, the company's cost behavior is unstable (divergence). According to the Lyapunov power test, non-operational costs are less sensitive and more stable and have high predictability; and investment costs are more sensitive and less stable and less predictable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - Construction of strict Lyapunov function for nonlinear parameterised perturbed systems
B. Ghanmi M. A. Hammami -
Open Access Article
181 - Synchronization of fractional-order LU system with new parameters using the feedback control technique
M. Karimian B. Naderi -
Open Access Article
182 - Stability Analysis and Optimal Control of Vaccination and Treatment of a SIR Epidemiological Deterministic Model with Relapse
Sunday Fadugba Temitope Ogunlade Oluwatayo Ogunmiloro -
Open Access Article
183 - Impact of Antiviral Treatment of Avian Influenza in Poultry Farm
Abdul Malek Ashabul Hoque -
Open Access Article
184 - Stability Analysis of Fractional Order Mathematical Model of Leukemia
Lahoucine Boujallal -
Open Access Article
185 - Stability Analysis of a Staged Progression Susceptibility Model for Infectious Diseases
Jean Pierre II KOUENKAM Gilbert Chendjou Jose MBANG Yves EMVUDU -
Open Access Article
186 - DYNAMIC COMPLEXITY OF A THREE SPECIES COMPETITIVE FOOD CHAIN MODEL WITH INTER AND INTRA SPECIFIC COMPETITIONS
N. Ali Santabrata Chakravarty -
Open Access Article
187 - پارامترهای اندازه و شکل سنگ گوش ماهی موتو معمولیEncrasicholina punctifer Fowler ,1938 در خلیج فارس و دریای عمان
نورالهدی عطایی دریایی احسان کامرانی علیرضا سالار زاده علی سالار پوری -
Open Access Article
188 - Functional response of Adalia bipunctata (Col., Coccinellidae) reared on Aphis punicae (Hom., Aphididae) in laboratory conditions
L. Dehghan Dehnavi M. A. Samei A. A. Talebi Sh. Goldasteh Two spotted ladybird, Adalia bipunctata is one of the biological control agents of some pests. In this research functional response of fourth instar larvae and adults of A .bipunctata reared on Aphis punicae was studied in controlled condi More Two spotted ladybird, Adalia bipunctata is one of the biological control agents of some pests. In this research functional response of fourth instar larvae and adults of A .bipunctata reared on Aphis punicae was studied in controlled condition at temperature on fixed 27±2°C, %45±10 relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) hours. The results were analyzed according to Juliano method using SAS software. Logistic regression was used for determining type of functional response. In this case functional response of fourth instars larves and adults of A. bipunctata was determined as type II. It emphasised bynegative slope Logistic regressionNa/Nt­ line. The non-linear regression and the Rogers model were used for estimating searching efficiency (a), handling time (Th) coefficient of determination (R2) and maximum attack rate (T/Th) that the estimated values were 0.220±0.037, 0.073±0.021, 0.951 and 82.192 for4th instar larvae and 0.144±0.031, 0.084±0.037, 0.8905 and 71.428 for adults of Adalia bipunctata, respectively. So 4th instar larvae beause of higher searching efficiency and lower handling time is more effective than adults for controlling of A. punicae Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
189 - Study the Effect of Spinal Anesthesia upon Demographic Parameters At Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital in Anbar Governorate
Yahya A. Mohammed Mohammed A. Mohammed Khalida I. Rajab -
Open Access Article
190 - A Look at the Impact of Mongol Invasion in Using the words of Punishment and encouragement in Saadi's Gulistan and Boostan
Hossein Safarinezhad Ali Asghar HalabiAbstract Saadi of Shiraz should be considered as one of the greatest teachers of ethics and one of the most influential speakers of Iran. He, beautifully and clearly in his work, as a committed sociologist, stated the great ev MoreAbstract Saadi of Shiraz should be considered as one of the greatest teachers of ethics and one of the most influential speakers of Iran. He, beautifully and clearly in his work, as a committed sociologist, stated the great events of his time which coincides with one of the most important historical periods of the country, devastating Mongol invasion. The present paper tries to provide some examples of verses and phrases with the vocabulary of punitive and encouraging in two moral – didactic books of The Gulistan and The Boostan where punishment has higher frequency compared to encouragement in terms of types and frequency. Also, its increase in the Boostan has more significant growth than in the Gulistan could be the consequences of uncultured people and semi-wild government on people and the prevalence of crime, criminality and violence among the rulers of society and in turn in people. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
191 - Dynamic Instability Analysis of Embedded Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes under Combined Static and Periodic Axial Loads using Floquet–Lyapunov Theory
Habib Ramezannejad Hemad Keshavarzpour Reza AnsariThe dynamic instability of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNT) and triple-walled carbon nanotubes (TWCNT) embedded in an elastic medium under combined static and periodic axial loads are investigated using Floquet–Lyapuno MoreThe dynamic instability of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNT) and triple-walled carbon nanotubes (TWCNT) embedded in an elastic medium under combined static and periodic axial loads are investigated using Floquet–Lyapunov theory. An elastic multiple-beam model is utilized where the nested slender nanotubes are coupled with each other through the van der Waals (vdW) interlayer interaction. Moreover, a radius-dependent vdW interaction coefficient accounting for the contribution of the vdW interactions between adjacent and non-adjacent layers is considered. The Galerkin’s approximate method on the basis of trigonometric mode shape functions is used to reduce the coupled governing partial differential equations to a system of extended Mathieu-Hill equations. Applying Floquet–Lyapunov theory, the effects of elastic medium, length, number of layers and exciting frequencies on the instability conditions of CNTs are investigated. Results show that elastic medium, length of CNTs, number of layer and exciting frequency have significant effect on instability conditions of multi-walled CNTs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - تحلیل ارتعاشات آشوبناک در سیستم گاورنر گریز از مرکز شش وجهی
مصطفی غیور سعید ضیایی راد حبیب رمضان نژاد آزاربنیگاورنرهای گریز از مرکز جهت تنظیم میزان سوخت مصرفی در سیستم های دورانی، مورد استفاده قرار می گیرند. معادلات حاکم بر حرکت این سیستم ها غیر خطی است. یکی از پدیده های مشاهده شده ناشی از نگرش غیرخطی بر سیستم ها، پدیده آشوب می باشد. این رفتار به واسطه تغییر در یکی از پارامتره Moreگاورنرهای گریز از مرکز جهت تنظیم میزان سوخت مصرفی در سیستم های دورانی، مورد استفاده قرار می گیرند. معادلات حاکم بر حرکت این سیستم ها غیر خطی است. یکی از پدیده های مشاهده شده ناشی از نگرش غیرخطی بر سیستم ها، پدیده آشوب می باشد. این رفتار به واسطه تغییر در یکی از پارامترهای سیستم به وجود آمده بطوریکه رفتار سیستم خارج از رفتارهای شناخته شده در دینامیک کلاسیک میباشد. در این مقاله با ارایه مدل ریاضی غیر خطی از معادلات حاکم بر حرکت گاورنر گریز از مرکز به حل عددی آنها پرداخته شده است. از شکل های دو شاخه ای شدن ، بزرگترین نمای لیاپانوف، بعد لیاپانوف، شکل های فازی، نگاشت پوانکاره، پاسخ زمانی و طیف توانی برای تمایز رفتارهای پریودیک، شبه پریودیک و آشوبناک از یکدیگر استفاده شده است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - Feasibility study of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court against terrorism
Maryam valizadeh yosef almasi Farhad ZereshkiTerrorism is one of the international crimes that as a not-so-emerging phenomenon has been able to disrupt international order and security by using the factor of fear and attacking the civilian population. This shows the need to deal with it. These include the drafting MoreTerrorism is one of the international crimes that as a not-so-emerging phenomenon has been able to disrupt international order and security by using the factor of fear and attacking the civilian population. This shows the need to deal with it. These include the drafting of the Rome Convention by governments to combat international crimes and gross violations of humanitarian law. Based on this, the question arises whether the International Criminal Court, within the framework of its statute, has the possibility of dealing with terrorist crimes? A look at the terrorist acts committed by terrorist groups can provide us with a list of examples of terrorist acts that can be applied to domestic crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court. Accordingly, although the crime of terrorism is not within the jurisdiction of the Court (Article 5) Compared to other crimes mentioned in this article, it can be prosecuted. However, in terms of territorial, temporal, personal and complementary jurisdiction, there are limitations for criminal proceedings by the International Criminal Court. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - Criminology of stock market crimes as economic crimes in Iranian law
Mohammad Sadeghi Javad Rajabi Salman Hassan HajitabarCriminal protection of the capital market is considered as a separate matter in the rights related to investment. The purpose of this support is to protect the rights of shareholders, to create order in the stock trading market, and also to prevent harmful behaviors. In MoreCriminal protection of the capital market is considered as a separate matter in the rights related to investment. The purpose of this support is to protect the rights of shareholders, to create order in the stock trading market, and also to prevent harmful behaviors. In order to achieve these objectives, it is necessary that the determined criminal execution guarantees are appropriate to the committed behaviors and have been formulated and approved in order to achieve these objectives. The 6th and 7th degree punishments, which were modified and suspended in different ways in the reforms of 2019, cannot be considered as a deterrent and, of course, a reformer in the case of harmful stock market behavior. On the other hand, due to the spread of stock market activities at the community level and the involvement of different groups of people in this economic scene, and following the occurrence of some harmful behaviors with a wide range, the proportion between the behavior criminality and determined legal punishments, to be violated in an obvious way. It seems that in order to compensate for this shortcoming in Iran's criminal policy, it is necessary to carry out a fundamental review of criminal behavior and on the other hand, taking into account the amount of damage caused to individuals and the economy as a whole, appropriate crimes should be established that have deterrent power and restorative properties. to have Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
195 - Basics of determination of liability in Iranian law
alireza ghanbari Abdolrasul DayyaniThe condition of the obligation is the amount that the obligee pays for breach of contractual obligations, non-performance or delay in its fulfillment. The aforementioned condition has a dual nature in Iran's legal system. Deterrent description and compensation for brea MoreThe condition of the obligation is the amount that the obligee pays for breach of contractual obligations, non-performance or delay in its fulfillment. The aforementioned condition has a dual nature in Iran's legal system. Deterrent description and compensation for breach of covenant and partial compensation for damage. In this research, it is explain the basics of determining the obligation in three categories: moral, Islamic juridical and legal, and social. The condition of the deposit is the factor of guaranteeing the fulfillment of the obligations and the stability of the contracts, and, it includes the partial compensation of damages. Rationality and equal freedom, preferring pure responsibility, guaranteeing the contractual rights, impact on organic contractual solidarity, impact on mutual action based on the purpose of exchange and value, providing the principle of necessity and compensation. The condition of obligation in Islamic jurisprudence has no precedent. The jurisprudential institution of bailment and sale of al-Arabun and the like are different in natur and can only be adapted in the form of an agreed damage condition. After examining the aforementioned principles, this article tries to find out how the institution of the obligation in the form of the terms of the contract has been adapted to the jurisprudence sources and the civil law of Iran, and which of the two criminal or compensatory natures the Iranian legislator has chosen for this condition is in mind. Also, the legal institution of obligation in Iran's legal system can be based on which social foundations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
196 - Feasibility of the institution of "immunity from punishment" in connection with sick convicts in Iranian jurisprudence and law.
Mohammad Ali Nasrollahi Ali Mazidi SHarafabadiMany criminal convicts get sick before the execution of the punishment or during the punishment and claim that they cannot bear the punishment. Article 502 of the Criminal Procedure Law approved in 2012 foresees the physical and mental illness of the convicted person as MoreMany criminal convicts get sick before the execution of the punishment or during the punishment and claim that they cannot bear the punishment. Article 502 of the Criminal Procedure Law approved in 2012 foresees the physical and mental illness of the convicted person as a criterion for not tolerating punishment. The most legal protection considered in this article is to convert the punishment of sick convicts into punishment crimes. Determining the institution of exemption from punishment in the Islamic Penal Code has a history with the establishment of legal grounds. However, the mechanism of exemption from punishment is not foreseen at the stage of execution of the sentence due to the illness of the convicted person. Some standards and requirements of human rights emphasize the prohibition of execution of punishment for sick convicts. Despite the necessity of exempting sick convicts from punishment and the lack of provision by the legislator, no research has been done in this regard so far. For this reason, in this article, by analyzing the jurisprudential and legal foundations of impunity and also considering the goals of punishments in Islamic criminal law, we will examine the possibility or impossibility of using the institution of exemption from punishment for sick convicts in the context of punishment, retribution, Key words: criminal, physical and mental illness, impunity, hard-to-treat and incurable diseases and punishment. The result is that at least in the case of insanity and difficult-to-treat and incurable diseases, it is possible to be exempted from punishment in the sentencing of some punishments, and it is necessary to foresee this issue in Article 502 of the Criminal Procedure Law along with the conversion of the punishment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
197 - Two newly found Puns in Poetry of Hafez
Ahmad Shoghi NobarAlthough Hafez is a true master in almost all figures of speech, however his utmost art and the characteristic of his poetry find expression in his puns. The scope of this literary device in his poetics particularly taking into account the newly found puns becomes MoreAlthough Hafez is a true master in almost all figures of speech, however his utmost art and the characteristic of his poetry find expression in his puns. The scope of this literary device in his poetics particularly taking into account the newly found puns becomes so extensive that it transcends the typical classification of puns in academic rhetorical textbooks. This technique also renders his “garden of imagination” more colorful. This article is concerned with the introduction of variety of puns as well as the two newly found ones. Examples are given for each kind from the poetry of Hafez. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
198 - Mowlana’s Masnavi
Iraj ShahbaziAct alongside solemn belief and verbal acknowledgement constitutes one of the three pillars of Religiosity and in fact without it the spiritual path of man comes to a halt. Mowlana is among the eminent mystic thinkers who has paid much attention to the issue of &l MoreAct alongside solemn belief and verbal acknowledgement constitutes one of the three pillars of Religiosity and in fact without it the spiritual path of man comes to a halt. Mowlana is among the eminent mystic thinkers who has paid much attention to the issue of ‘Act” throughout his noble oeuvre Masnavi. His accounts in this regard are so vast and deep that presenting them is beyond the scope of this article but since a large part of Mowlana’s sayings is concerned with the rewards of act and he has analyzed this issue at length from different angles hence the present article concentrates on the relationship between deed and its reward attempting to compile, classify, and analyze his ideas on this issue. In general, he puts forward the following concepts: Indestructibility of deeds, definite reward in return for deeds, unity of deed and reward, the relationship between suffering and spiritual seizure with misconduct, visualization of deeds, dreadful mistaken deeds, inadequacy of deed for attainment of the truth (non-action), the inevitable spreading of traces of deeds, and finally an act without expectation of a reward. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
199 - “Birds of a feather flock together” On Pun
Hassan Jafari TabarPun means bringing words which are identical in sound but differ in meaning. Homonymic pun points at the same time to both speech and writing. In other words pun is a figure of speech which is both a musical device and a graffiti one. Based on the principle &ldquo MorePun means bringing words which are identical in sound but differ in meaning. Homonymic pun points at the same time to both speech and writing. In other words pun is a figure of speech which is both a musical device and a graffiti one. Based on the principle “Birds of a feather flock together” words also unconsciously seek their like and sit together. This pun is the sweetest of the puns. If two words which are different in meaning share six characteristics such as (type of letters, number of letters, points, their form and movement, orthography, and the sequence of letters) pun is called ploce, and if they differ only in one of those aspects the pun is called paronomasia. If the difference lies in more than one aspect, pun is absolute. The most beautiful of puns is the semi polyptoton. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
200 - Adaptation legal Jurisprudence the Criteria of the Organization of Crimes by investigating Crimes in Rule of War
teymoor taherloo tayyebe arefnia fariba pahlevanithere is no explicit and specific definition for organized crime and it is defined considering its features and with the existence of different definitions, the collectiveness features of this crime has been agreed upon by all scholars of this research field; according Morethere is no explicit and specific definition for organized crime and it is defined considering its features and with the existence of different definitions, the collectiveness features of this crime has been agreed upon by all scholars of this research field; according to Islamic jurisprudence, crimes with collectiveness features are considered organized, such as war crimes and crimes in the rule of war and the collectiveness of this crime exacerbates the punishments. In Iran legal system, crimes are considered organized whether they are inherently collective; like criminal offense; or individual crimes be committed in group or band and similar to a collective group whose criminals are punished in a same way. As well as the criminalization of such crimes in the statuary law and Islamic jurisprudence, this study aims at investigating the criteria of organized crimes in Islamic jurisprudence and statuary law and their adaptation and adherence from each other. descriptive-analytical research method was used in this study and information was collected using documentary method.according to the Results and Findings crimes like group theft, vanguard, the refusal of scholars from paying ransom, acts of praying, poets satirizing the holy prophet and Muslims to stimulate pagans fight against Muslims are considered among crimes in the rule of war and like organized crimes in statuary law are accompanied with the description of collectiveness and the participation of members in these crimes exacerbates the punishments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
201 - Jurisprudential and legal examination of the limit of war and the corruption of land based on the views of Allameh Hali and Imam Khomeini
Sayyed Hadi Dorjvar Mohsen jahangiriThe crime of belligerence and corrupting on the earth is one of the biggest crimes, as stated in the verse, "The punishment for those who fight against God and His Messenger and try to corrupt on the earth is that they should be killed or hanged, or their hands and fe MoreThe crime of belligerence and corrupting on the earth is one of the biggest crimes, as stated in the verse, "The punishment for those who fight against God and His Messenger and try to corrupt on the earth is that they should be killed or hanged, or their hands and feet should be cut in opposite direction or should be exiled from their land..." (Maedeh, 33) which introduced it and determined the most severe punishments for it. But regarding the limitations of the issue of belligerence and corruption on the earth, is it the unity of the issue and example or the separation and independence of the issue? There is a difference of opinion among the jurists, whether the method of execution of the punishment by the judge is discretionary or the order and observance of the proportionality between the crime and the punishment. And as a result, it has caused different legal opinions among jurists.The source of these differences is the different interpretations of the mentioned verse and the stories and rules of Arab literature. The result of this research is: 1) Determination of the duty of the judge in the execution of the punishment of the criminal and the belligerent on the earth, in the form of discretion or observing the proportionality between the crime and the punishment (order). After examining the differences in opinions of jurists as well as lawyers and weighing the arguments of the parties, the author has chosen the order of punishment for the criminal, considering the crime and observing proportionality. 2) The hypothesis of the separation of the subject and the independence of the crime in view of law was not accepted due to the lack of religious and rational support and lack of legal validity. Documentary and library information has been collected using Islamic science softwares on the subject of belligerence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - The effects of public enforcement of limits in crime prevention with emphasis on public punishment in Holy Qur'an (verse 2 of Surah Noor)
ahmad gharaeefard Mazieh Pilevar Javad RajabisalmanOne of the main factors in preventing crime is the enforcement of limits. There are many differences of opinion among jurists and legal scholars on the issue of the public implementation of limits. Some believe in the incumbency and some believe in the desirability of t MoreOne of the main factors in preventing crime is the enforcement of limits. There are many differences of opinion among jurists and legal scholars on the issue of the public implementation of limits. Some believe in the incumbency and some believe in the desirability of the public implementation of limits, and in contrast to them, there is a group that opposes the public implementation of limits. Wohn considers religion as the reason for his opposition to the public implementation of limits. This research aims to explain the effects of the public implementation of limits in crime prevention in response to the question, how can the public implementation of limits be effective in reducing crimes? With the analytical-critical research method, by emphasizing the meaning of Holy Qur'an (verse 2 of Surah Noor), the available evidences and citing the prominent opinions of jurists, we reached these results that the cases of public implementation of punishment in the jurisprudential sources of the Qur'an and hadiths are limited. However, by ascertainment in cases where the crime causes public opinion to be humiliated, the punishment can be carried out publicly to be a factor in preventing crime and corruption in the society. Also, proving the theory of the effectiveness of the public enforcement of limits in reducing crimes and criticizing the arguments of its opponents, are among the results of this research. Manuscript profile
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