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Open Access Article
1 - Media (Ilam network) and the construction of the identity of the Iraqi Kurds and its role in Iran's national security
Tofigh Oghabi Iraj Ranjbar شهرام فتاحی Sirous Mohebi Nosratollah HeidariThe phenomenon of ethnicization and the formation of identities have gained double importance in the contemporary period and factors such as deprivations, oppression of rulers, territorial divisions and migrations have played a major role in weakening the link between t MoreThe phenomenon of ethnicization and the formation of identities have gained double importance in the contemporary period and factors such as deprivations, oppression of rulers, territorial divisions and migrations have played a major role in weakening the link between the land and the culture of societies. One of the effective factors in the country's policy-making is the monitoring of the surrounding environment, especially the western border areas, which have long been the residence of Kurdish tribes. have settled in eastern Iraq (Diyali, Wasit, Maysan and Baghdad). Their opportunities and threats in the western border areas of Iran are considered one of the country's security challenges, which can guarantee the country's national security with proper cultural, social and media policies and planning. Here, the question that arises is how the provincial media can be effective in building the identity of the Kurds of Fili and creating national security. Provincial networks produce and broadcast interesting programs with local dialect in the form of: historical documentaries, tourist attractions, local customs and live communication with the Kurds of Iraq, especially during Arbaeen and other religious occasions. to be protected from the media attack of foreign security services that are produced and broadcast in the form of political and social programs from affiliated Kurdish networks. This research has been done in a descriptive and analytical way using library study and documentary data. Media studies confirm that the representation of Iraqi Kurds' identity in the media (Ilam Provincial Network) leads to their convergence with Iranian Kurds and national security. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - The Method and Insight of the Historiography of Masturah Ardalān in the Book Tārīkh al-Akrād
Behzad MafakheriThe book Tārīkh al-Akrād by Masturah Ardalān is one of the works on the history of Kurdistan that includes the political events of Ardalān rulers by Mastoore Kurdestani. The question is that Tārīkh al-Akrād in which types of historiographies is being placed, and what is MoreThe book Tārīkh al-Akrād by Masturah Ardalān is one of the works on the history of Kurdistan that includes the political events of Ardalān rulers by Mastoore Kurdestani. The question is that Tārīkh al-Akrād in which types of historiographies is being placed, and what is its author approach, method and vision in this work? The findings of the research show that Kurdish history is in the category of traditional dynastic historiography and the principles of traditional historiography can be well observed in it. In analyzing the events, the author believed in divine dispensation and believed less in the role of human will and planning in the formation of events. In this context, she has done a little analysis of events and overall, due to providential thinking, she is more of a deterministic historian than a rationalist. The writing style of the book is also simple and literary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Minorsky's Theory about Goran and Its Connection with Gilan and the Shores of the Caspian Sea: A Historical Critique
Esmail ShamsIn the last hundred years, some orientalists have been formulated different theories about Goran, which do not agree with the narration of Arabic and Persian historical sources. One of the most prominent Oriental scholars of this period is Vladimir Minorsky, whose theor MoreIn the last hundred years, some orientalists have been formulated different theories about Goran, which do not agree with the narration of Arabic and Persian historical sources. One of the most prominent Oriental scholars of this period is Vladimir Minorsky, whose theory has been widely reflected in academic and public circles. Minorsky's theory is based on three bases: the denial of Goran Kurdish identity, the migration of Gorans from Gilan and Deylaman to Kurdistan, and the existence of an independent Goran language. The main problem of this research, which is written with a historical method, is to review and criticize the foundations of this theory from a historical approach. The findings of the research show that Minorsky interpreted the sources with a reductionist view and selected them according to his own preferences, and this has caused many contradictions in his theory. So, in contrary to his theory, historical sources, while emphasizing the Kurdishness of Gorans, did not provide accurate evidence that they migrated from the shores of the Caspian Sea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Strategic Statues of Iraq’s Kurdistan in Iran-Israel Foreign Policy
Ali Reza Mousavizadeh Mahdi Javedani MoghaddamStrategic alliance of Israel with Iraq’s Kurds brings about the stability of national security strategyand Israel’s foreign policy in the Middle East to extend Israel’s presence in the region. In the wakeof new changes in Iraq’s Kurdistan and inc MoreStrategic alliance of Israel with Iraq’s Kurds brings about the stability of national security strategyand Israel’s foreign policy in the Middle East to extend Israel’s presence in the region. In the wakeof new changes in Iraq’s Kurdistan and increasing the political, economic and social activities ofthe Iraq’s Kurds, Israel has sought to highlight its presence in the region. Hence, Israel has newlycommenced closed cooperation with Iraq’s Kurdistan through its direct presence in the region orby interfering Kurdistan’s economic and social affairs following the formation of a new unifiedstrategy in the Middle East based on «Environmental Unity» doctrine This issue gained someopposition from the regional countries like Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey about Israel and Kurdistanrelationships and consequently prevalence of the news about the presence and interference ofIsrael in the region; as in some cases the Turkish and Arab media in the region have been keen toexaggerate. This article aims to study the mutual strategic interests of Israel and Iraq’s Kurdistanthrough examining the background relationship and its new changes, specially Israel’s attemptsto make moves in the Iraq’s Kurdistan region. Then, by means of studying the outcomes of theirinteraction both inside the region and beyond, the article tries to provide solutions to maintain thenational benefits of I.R. Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Ethnic Factors and Sustainable Development in Iranian Kurdistan
Adel Abdollahi Mehdi Mokhtarpour -
Open Access Article
6 - The Analysis of Fatalism and Rationality in Oral Literature (Case of Study: Kurdish Oral Literature)
Tooba Zamani Alireza Mohseni Tabrizi -
Open Access Article
7 - Representation of the Personality and Character of the Kurds by Orientalists: A Study on Rich’s ‘Narrative of a Residence in Kurdistan’
Bahman Bayangani Sahar Faeghi -
Open Access Article
8 - The Rise and Decline of Kurdish Movement in Years 1978-88
Hamidreza Jalaeipour -
Open Access Article
9 - Investigation of ABC in Hospital
سیدجمال امیدوارThese traditional costing systems are often unable to determine accurately theactual costs of production/services and consequently cause managers were makingdecisions based on inaccurate data especially where there are multipleproducts/services. Costing is outstanding f MoreThese traditional costing systems are often unable to determine accurately theactual costs of production/services and consequently cause managers were makingdecisions based on inaccurate data especially where there are multipleproducts/services. Costing is outstanding for the service organizations such ashospitals. Therefore, having an efficient system to control costs at the same timemaintain quality is one of the main concerns of today's hospitals..This research seeks to measure efficiency of the current costing systems ofKurdistan Province hospitals and then to study the possibility of utilizing the moderncosting systems (such as ABC) in these hospitals. The statistical society of thisresearch is Kurdistan Province hospitals which were done in 2011. The needed datawas gathered through the exploratory studies and questionnaire distributed amonghospital personnel. The gathered data was analyzed using SPSS software and then theresearch hypotheses were tested by chi squared test or χ2 test. According to theresearch findings, the costing systems of the hospitals studied had relative efficiencyconcerning direct materials and labor but was inefficiency concerning overhead costs.it is recommended that Kurdistan Province hospitals to prepare the necessary facilitiesin order to utilize the modern costing systems (such as ABC and target costing). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Landslide susceptibility mapping using advanced machine learning algorithms (Case study: Sarovabad city, Kurdistan province)
Baharak Motamedvaziri Hemen Rastkhadiv Seyed Akbar Javadi Hasan AhmadiThe occurrence of landslides in mountainous areas may cause serious damage to road infrastructure, and may also lead to human deaths. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to landslide susceptibility mapping using advanced machine learning algorithms in Sarovabad city MoreThe occurrence of landslides in mountainous areas may cause serious damage to road infrastructure, and may also lead to human deaths. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to landslide susceptibility mapping using advanced machine learning algorithms in Sarovabad city. In this study, landslide susceptibility was determined using two advanced data mining algorithms including random forest (RF) and decision tree (DT). First, the point file of 166 landslides occurred in Sarovabad city was considered as the landslide inventory map. The landslide points are divided into training data (70%) and validation data (30%). A total of 16 parameters including slope, aspect, elevation, river proximity, road proximity, river density, fault proximity, fault density, road density, precipitation, land use, NDVI, lithology, earthquake, stream power index (SPI) and topographic wetness index (TWI) were used in order to landslide susceptibility mapping. Finally, the performance of the models was evaluated using the ROC curve. The results of the ROC showed that the decision tree and random forest models have AUC values of 0.942 and 0.951, respectively. Therefore, the random forest model has the highest AUC value compared to the decision tree and was the best model for predicting the risk of landslides in the future in the study area. Landslide potential maps are efficient tools; so that they can be used for environmental management, land use planning and infrastructure development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Kurdish music through Musical Instruments in Native – Local celebration and examining
Ronak Ahmadipour S. Abdolhossein Mokhtabad Mojtaba MaghsodiKurdish music is a legacy that reached us from the past and transferred orally. Research about the culture of Kurdish people Regardless of their music is incomplete because this people over the years have used this music for work, rest, wedding and holidays and this art MoreKurdish music is a legacy that reached us from the past and transferred orally. Research about the culture of Kurdish people Regardless of their music is incomplete because this people over the years have used this music for work, rest, wedding and holidays and this art associated with Kurdish sprits. Every Kurd people learn music by the melody of cradlesong and understand the rhythm by participating in celebrations. Confucius says: if you want to know Life, success and progress and degree of validity of a land, listen to their music.This study According to the original hypothesis with the title of Kurdish music through Musical Instruments in Native – Local celebration and examining the opinions of scholars of native wedding and mourning and humanities scholars and also points of cultural managers, a lot of The research hypothesis was confirmed. Therefore, the research methods used in this study In terms of target is functional, in term of the rate and degree of control is Field survey and In terms of how we collect data is descriptive and experimental studies.The population of this research included 220 Artists and musicians in Kermanshah and to determine the sample size the class method of sampling by Proportional random was used. Finally 140 of artists were identified.Information was gathered by means of interviews and questionnaires. Finally, a Likert-type questionnaire was developed Containing 63 questions. Using descriptive and inferential statistics (Abundance, frequency and Factor and frequency tables) and T test and was analyzed by SPSS software.Results obtained from the research shows Interaction between Music and rituals aboriginal in Kermanshah region. The research represents that these two variables are complementary. The result of auxiliary assumptions shows that Kurdish music has impact in Beliefs and national, religious, ancient Faith and maybe has faded in weddings and funerals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Explaining the Causes of Underdevelopment in Kurdistan Province- Using Qualitative Method
soma mardokhi iraj saiearasiDevelopment is a dynamic, continuous and multi-dimensional concept and is accompanied by the general structure of the society and the necessity of usual transformation existing in that structure. Organizing the elements of the mentioned structure has so much importance MoreDevelopment is a dynamic, continuous and multi-dimensional concept and is accompanied by the general structure of the society and the necessity of usual transformation existing in that structure. Organizing the elements of the mentioned structure has so much importance that development finds its meaning in balance and coordination of different elements of the society. Kurdistan is one of the Undeveloped provinces that have always been struggling with the issues arose from its underdevelopment and unbalanced elements of the society. Therefore, the main goal of this research is recognition of causes of this province’s underdevelopment using a sociological approach. In this regard, social interpretive approach by applying the grounded theory method and deep interviewing has been used to identify the causes. The results of this study include six main categories: economic, political, technological, social, cultural and ecological barriers. The core category of this study is uneven development that covers other categories. The data analysis results of the present research and the grounded model indicate that Kurdish people interpret the causes of underdevelopment as an inconsistent and uneven development that these irregular elements in their composition create unfair social relations and harms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Comparison of the Viewpoints of Social and Political Scholars and Intellectuals and Population of Kurdistan on Fair Distribution of Opportunities and Amenities during 2017-2018
Foad mohmmadi Saifollah Saifollahi sayedmohammad sayedmirzaiiThe purpose of this study is comparison of the viewpoints of social and political scholars and intellectuals and population of Kurdistan on fair distribution of opportunities and amenities during 2017-2018. The method used in this research was documentary, surveying, an MoreThe purpose of this study is comparison of the viewpoints of social and political scholars and intellectuals and population of Kurdistan on fair distribution of opportunities and amenities during 2017-2018. The method used in this research was documentary, surveying, and Delphi. In this study there are two statistical populations. The first was all the male and female citizens of Kurdistan province aged 20 through 60 years of age. The second population was the informed, critics, and university professors of Kurdistan. This research utilized two different sampling methods. In Delphi, the targeted sampling, and in surveying, due to the extension and incongruent statistical population the cluster samplings were used. The results of the Delphi method showed that most of the major managerial positions in Iran are monopolistic and are dedicated to certain groups. The investment is Kurdistan is low the government has done nothing in this regard. In addition, the top opportunities and situations are dedicated to certain individuals. The qualitative results showed that the elites' variables of inaccessibility of power, lack of investments in the province, social blockage and unfair opportunities for governmental positions has had a meaningful impact on the fair distribution of opportunities and amenities in the province. These variables altogether have explained 28% of the changes, i.e. nearly half of the inequality of opportunities and amenities in Kurdistan province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Drought of Kurdistan province and their impact on the relative performance of rain fed wheat
علی حنفی حجت الله پاشاپورIn order to assess the drought situation in Kurdistan and its effect on performance of rain fed wheat, We have received monthly precipitation data for 10 meteorological stations from Meteorology organization and also data about the cultivation, production and performanc MoreIn order to assess the drought situation in Kurdistan and its effect on performance of rain fed wheat, We have received monthly precipitation data for 10 meteorological stations from Meteorology organization and also data about the cultivation, production and performance of rain fed wheat from Agricultural Organization during (1982-2010) period. In order to analyze the drought was used Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and percent of normal precipitation (PNPI) Index. The results showed that the normal precipitation (PNPI) Index, the most droughts with 8 cases in Bane station and the lowest number of droughts that occurred in Bijar station with 5 cases. Also that The Standardized Precipitation Index, the most droughts occurred in Marivan station with 10 cases and the lowest number of droughts occurred in Bijar station with 7 cases. In order to analysis the effects of meteorological drought on agriculture, we have used the relative performance of rain fed wheat index. Also the results show the correlation between rainfall and performance of rain fed wheat is direct and significant and the standardized precipitation index has same direction trend with standardization of the relative performance of rain fed wheat index. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - An Analysis of Informal Economy in Rural Economy Development (Case Study: Kurdistan Province)
Mostafa Nankali Kalabadi Alireza Abbasi Semnani Farideh AsadianBorder areas have special characteristics due to contact with various external environments. Existence of spatial exchanges and connections on both sides of the border and various vulnerabilities and threats have given special importance to these border areas in the pro MoreBorder areas have special characteristics due to contact with various external environments. Existence of spatial exchanges and connections on both sides of the border and various vulnerabilities and threats have given special importance to these border areas in the process of development planning and land management, which if neglected, they will seriously face major challenges. In this regard, the purpose of this study is the role of informal economy in the development of rural economy in Kurdistan province. The statistical population of the present study includes residents of rural areas located in border villages of Kurdistan province that are directly connected to the border; Therefore, 14 villages in Baneh Sarvabad counties were the final target of the present study and among the villages of these rural areas, 27 villages located at a maximum distance of 50 km from the border have been studied. The instrument used in this study includes a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity is content (formal) and structural and its reliability has been confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results showed that the residents of the villages in the border areas agreed with the employment in the informal sector and expressed their satisfaction with this type of employment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Investigation of effective factors on geomorphologic Characteristics and Development of erosion features, using GIS and RS (Case Study:mirdeh cheraghvis Basin, Kurdistan province)
محسن Ranjbar فاضل IranmaneshGeomorphologic Characteristics are base of study of natural resources in watershed basin. Because, these Characteristics are influenced by many factors such as climate, soil, hydrology, ecology, geology and so on. Doubtless, erosion features will develop with Geomorphol MoreGeomorphologic Characteristics are base of study of natural resources in watershed basin. Because, these Characteristics are influenced by many factors such as climate, soil, hydrology, ecology, geology and so on. Doubtless, erosion features will develop with Geomorphologic Characteristics. In this research, effective factors on geomorphologic Characteristics and development of erosion features have analyzed using remote sensing data and GIS and with an integration method. In this way, boundary of basin was clipped using topography map in 1:50000 scales. Then, all layers such as geology, slope, and land use and land capability were digitized. An image of Land sat ETM+ taken in 2002 was also used to discretion of geomorphologic unit, Type and interpretation of erosion features. The results showed that, Geomorphologic features in the basin separated to mountains, hills and alluvial deposit base on height, slope and morph metric Characteristics. Totally, eight Geomorphologic fancies are recognized. Stone mass with deposited cover from mountain unit with regular slope (1_1_1) have 74 ha (45% from whole area). Also, a lot of surface erosion has developed like white scattered spots and without vegetable or few vegetable. To add natural factors, human factors such as livelihood and sheep keeper can effect on developed erosion features. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Ranking of industrial development in Kurdistan province
رحیم سرور محمدعلی خلیجیIntroduction and Objective: Balanced regional development is the basis for sustainable development in different aspects of system resources, particularly the industrial capacities, plays an important role in regional development and one of the main objectives of balance MoreIntroduction and Objective: Balanced regional development is the basis for sustainable development in different aspects of system resources, particularly the industrial capacities, plays an important role in regional development and one of the main objectives of balanced development and deployment of the system of organizing, planning Technology national level to regional level is the space that has been emphasized in all five-year development plans. The main aim of present study is to examine regional development level of Kurdistan, including nine cities, and industrial facility distribution in the area. Methods: literature reviewing, selection of appropriate indicators, statistical methods and Multi-criteria decision making techniques, industrial and regional development of the named cities in 1390 was prioritized Results: The results show that in industrial ranking Sanandaj and Bijar are first and second, respectively, Saghez and Kamyaran ranked last. Conclusion: The results show that the rank of divided city that there is tremendous variation in the level of industrial development of these cities so that 8 of Sanandaj city in the region, the majority of the low level of industrial development are in the city. In addition to the industrial city of Sanandaj and Bijar city the rest of the city and the development of low Z more than it have. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - The Evaluation of Development rural areas of kurdestan Province by Cluster Analysis
علی زنگی آبادی طاهر پریزادیIntroduction and purpose of research: Target all the planning, to achieve optimal development and balance, and the first step in any planning process, including the regional planning in particular, understand that this situation is identified, require separate study are MoreIntroduction and purpose of research: Target all the planning, to achieve optimal development and balance, and the first step in any planning process, including the regional planning in particular, understand that this situation is identified, require separate study area to areas of planning and evaluation of each area by index development (economic, social, cultural, health and ....) and analyze and ranking each area in terms of development is having. Process of development the Kurdistan and its infrastructures, the poor and concentration planning of the past, development balance in the level of rural areas is difficult. In order to solve problems caused by lack of balance, first step recognition and classification level of villages form part of the political divisions (in terms of having educational - cultural, infrastructure and communications, spatial - physical, health , economy and services ...) and the next step is providing good policy, to establish balance . Research method: In the present study, a combination of the methods of procedure documentation, analytical. This study used 18 statistical indicators in 5 district - cultural, infrastructure and communications, space - physical, health, economy and services active , especially in rural areas of Kurdistan 26 section , were studied. And analysis techniques of statistical Z-score and clustering analysis. Results: Based on research findings, the development level of Kurdistan sections, differences and inequality, there is, so that rural areas in seven sections (developed), seven section (partly developed), six sector-level (less developed) at the level of six section are excluded. Therefore is recommended to resolve imbalances, priority planning and investment sectors deprived rural areas (Alvt, Srshyv Marivan, Zyvyh, Nnvr, Nmh milk). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Investigating the Effect of Changes in Frequency and Intensity of Daily Rainfall on its Annual and Seasonal Trends in Kurdistan province
Arash Ranjbar Niazali Ebrahimipak Arash TaftehBackground and purpose: Most of the studies that have been conducted in order to investigate the pattern of temporal and spatial changes of rainfall in rainfed areas have finally resulted in determining the trend of total annual, seasonal, and monthly rainfall in the ta MoreBackground and purpose: Most of the studies that have been conducted in order to investigate the pattern of temporal and spatial changes of rainfall in rainfed areas have finally resulted in determining the trend of total annual, seasonal, and monthly rainfall in the target areas. However, changes in the frequency and intensity of rainfall are among the important parameters that have a great impact on the trend of rainfall and the planning of rainfed areas. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of changes in the frequency and intensity of daily rainfall on the trend of annual and seasonal rainfall in Kurdistan province.Research method: For this purpose, the rainfall data of 30 years (1988 to 2017) of four synoptic stations of Sanandaj, Bijar, Qorveh, and Saqez, located in Kurdistan province, were used. After the data homogeneity test, the trend of changes in time series of frequency and amount of rainfall was calculated through the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator.Findings: The obtained results indicated a decreasing trend between 25 and 31% of total annual rainfall compared to the average of the studied period in four stations and this decrease was related to spring, summer, and winter seasons in most cases. The rainfall trend did not change significantly in the autumn season. Even though the trend of the rainy days in Sanandaj and Qorveh stations had a significant increase of 0.54 and 0.63 days per year, respectively, the results showed that this increase was related to spring rains which have had less intensity than five millimeters per day and cannot be very effective in providing water requirement. The noteworthy point was that the intensity of rainfall has decreased in all stations which is the main reason for the more than 40% decrease in the amount of rainfall during the spring and winter seasons of Sanandaj, Qorveh, and Saqez stations.Results: In general, increasing the frequency of low-intensity rains and decreasing the intensity of rains in rainfed areas can be a serious threat to reducing yield. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the changes in the frequency and intensity of rainfall, along with its values, in order to determine the distribution pattern of annual and seasonal rainfall in rainfed areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Zoning the Structural Vulnerability Index Due to Climate Change (SVCCI) (Case study: Kurdistan province)
Eqbal Vahdani Hossian Mohammadi Farideh AsadianBackground and Objective: Future climate fluctuations are one of the greatest challenges facing humankind, which have a profound effect on soil and water as a source of agricultural production. One of the methods for assessing the caused damage is the calculation of the MoreBackground and Objective: Future climate fluctuations are one of the greatest challenges facing humankind, which have a profound effect on soil and water as a source of agricultural production. One of the methods for assessing the caused damage is the calculation of the structural vulnerability index due to climate change or index (SVCCI). In this study, the index is calculated in Kurdistan province.Method: In this study, using data from 11 meteorological stations in the period 1380-1396 for 10 cities of Kurdistan province, the index was calculated. To calculate the components of the index, it is necessary to calculate the precipitation index, drought index and potential evapotranspiration in the region. Then, for each of the index components, the trend and instability in the trend were examined by non-parametric Mann-Kendall test. Then weighting was done in different ways and finally, due to the different units of the index components of each component, the components were normalized by means of the equation (CN) and based on the results of calculating the index, the damage and the most susceptible areas in Kurdistan province to the fluctuations of climatic factors were identified.Findings: The results of this indicator showed that the mean value of the index in the cities of Kurdistan province is 51.4. Meanwhile, Dehgolan city has the highest vulnerability and Saravabad has the least amount of vulnerability compared to the climate change fluctuations.Conclusion: The purpose of this study is to provide a method for mapping the economic vulnerability of climate fluctuations which can be the basis for future planning depending on the availability and reliability of data. So that decision makers can develop urban-scale policies to control more vulnerability to climate change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Analysis and Modeling of the Spatial Distribution of Respiratory Diseases Associated with Environmental Factors Case Study: Kurdistan Province
abdolah faraji Mohamad kamangar firozeh ghaderiBackground and Objective: Human physical and mental health greatly depends on the climatic conditions of its bio-location. Identifying environmental factors creating or exacerbating diseases can be useful in optimizing decision making for prevention and control. The pur MoreBackground and Objective: Human physical and mental health greatly depends on the climatic conditions of its bio-location. Identifying environmental factors creating or exacerbating diseases can be useful in optimizing decision making for prevention and control. The purpose of this study is to determine the spatial resolution of respiratory diseases and its relation with environmental factors in order to understand spatial distribution, cluster discovery and spatial prediction modeling. Method: The population of patients with respiratory diseases referred to the medical centers and the study area of Kurdistan province between 2007 and 1396. Regarding the dispersion of patients from spatial and moron standard deviations, we used spatial regression method to determine the spatial and morphometric variability of the samples using independent variables of dust, height, direction of inclination and temperature. Findings: The results showed that the area of the ellipsoid is three times the standard deviation of the northwest of the southeast, indicating that more than 99% of these diseases are spreading in this direction. Moran index 0.82 also indicates spatial autocorrelation and disease numbers at a significant level of 99%. In spatial modeling to predict the spatial dispersion of a positive symptom disease, the coefficients obtained for dust and temperature with the disease indicate a direct relationship and the negative coefficients between elevation and slope indicate an indirect relationship with the disease. Modeling also showed that dust is the most important parameter in predicting the disease. Discussion and Conclusion: The value of R2 = 0.88 indicates that the extracted model is able to fully predict the dependent variable, respiratory disease, in Kurdistan province, taking into account independent environmental variables. Using the prediction map, the regions with respiratory disease can be better identified in order to improve the decision-making process for allocating and distributing spatial services. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Analysis of wind energy potential to set up wind power plants in Kurdistan province using the Wiebull distribution model
Motalleb Byzedi Bahram Gholizadeh Mohammad Adib AbbasiBackground and Objective: Wind energy is an important energy source on earth that can be converted to electricity. The wind energy compared to fossil fuels is widely used because of its availability, stability, reducing air pollution and for economic reasons. The aim of MoreBackground and Objective: Wind energy is an important energy source on earth that can be converted to electricity. The wind energy compared to fossil fuels is widely used because of its availability, stability, reducing air pollution and for economic reasons. The aim of this study is to analysize wind energy potential using the Wiebull distribution and the data recorded in synoptic and climatologically stations. The Windographer software is used for calculations. Method: In this study, hourly wind speed and direction data for 2005 to 2007 in 7 stations (6 synoptic and 1 climatology stations) were investigated and Wiebull distribution function fitted to data. Then, corresponding plots including wind rose, wind speed, and wind power curve were provided, and finally wind energy density was estimated. Moreover, the zoning map of wind potential density (WPD) for the study area was drawn. Conclusion: Wind power density was 745 watts per square meter at Hzarkanian station on 50meters height from ground surface, which has been placed in category 6 of American Atlas Table for wind energy. Such region is considered to be windy and wind park. Bijar station in the east of Kurdistan and Zarineh station in the north of Kurdistan, with 301 and 200 watt per square meters wind power density, respectively, ranked in the next place. Other stations had low mean wind speed and power energy lower than 200 watt per square meters. Based on international standards, such places are considered as regions with low wind and inappropriate for installation of wind turbines to extract electricity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Effects of Rangeland Landuse Changing into Dryland from Herbal Species Diversity Viewpoint (Case Study: Rangelands in Dehgolan City, Kurdistan)
Hamid Rahmani Younes Asri Mehdi Ramezani Nematallah Khorasani Hosein MaroofiBackground and Objective: The natural rangeland changing into dryland is one of the important agents for destruction of rangelands in Iran. The destruction and landuse conversion can impress various constituents of rangeland ecosystems. This research mainly attempts to MoreBackground and Objective: The natural rangeland changing into dryland is one of the important agents for destruction of rangelands in Iran. The destruction and landuse conversion can impress various constituents of rangeland ecosystems. This research mainly attempts to investigate the vegetation transitions in species diversity in the years following destruction. Method: The natural rangelands (key area) and the converted adjacent lands into drylands (critical area) were selected for sampling by using random-systematic plan in Dehgolan of Kurdistan Province. Three transects along a slope with 100 m length for each and 50 m distance between them were set at two herbal mentioned areas. Based on minimal area method, five quadrats of one square meter area were set along each transect. The species list with their self-relative frequency was registered in quadrats. The species evenness based on four numerical indices including Simpson's evenness, Camargo, Smith-Wilson and Modified Nee, the species richness according to two indices including Jackknife estimate and Rarefraction method and the species diversity by four indices including Shannon-Wiener, Brillouin, McIntosh and Simpson were analyzed and compared together. Results: 26 herbal species at the natural rangeland and 18 species at the land converted into dryland were gathered. The results obtained from data analysis showed that species diversity and richnessof plants have had degradation and species evenness has dad enhancement at the land converted into dryland. However, statistical T-Test did not show a significant difference between the two mentioned fields. Generally, it was concluded that rangeland changing into dryland reduced the species diversity of range plants and its statistical non-significance was of multiple reasons. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of students in Kurdistan University regarding environmental issue
Golafrouz Ramezani Hadi TahsiniHigher education institutions, institutions that are expected to provide appropriate education, sufficient awareness to change the attitudes and behavior of students to protect the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice MoreHigher education institutions, institutions that are expected to provide appropriate education, sufficient awareness to change the attitudes and behavior of students to protect the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding environmental issues in the Kurdistan university students. The research method was a descriptive survey. The student society in this study were all students of Kurdistan University that were selected as research sample from five schools with using of random sampling (195 females and 164 males), and Tools were a researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed to show a high reputation. As well as data analysis using descriptive and inferential statistics (one-sample t, t-test, and ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test) was performed. The results inferential statistics showed that the knowledge of students of Kurdistan is relatively high compared to the environmental issues. In the Kurdistan, university students had a positive attitude and pro-environment. University students' performance in the dimension of Kurdistan acceptable and satisfactory performance on environmental issues, respectively. Also among the knowledge, attitude, and practice of students, males were significantly more environmental. In fact, in this study, the awareness of environmental issues more male students than female students the knowledge, attitude, and practice, as well as male students than female students, had more environmentally responsible. The results also showed that between knowledge, attitude and behavior of college students were significantly more environmental In the meantime the knowledge, attitude and practice of students Department of Natural Resources were higher than other college students and the College of Literature lower level of awareness. The study descriptive statistics results also showed that; in this study, it was found that problems related to environmental issues are the student's last priority, which shows Students less attention to ecological problems and consider economic problems, addressed them. The Internet has the most important role in the field of information for students in relation to environmental issues. According to the University of Kurdistan, awareness through the mass media and the inclusion of environmental issues in textbooks Student and curriculum than other students can be effective in raising awareness of them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - A Comparative Study of the Marxist Components of Jani Gal by Ebrahim Ahmad and the Daughter of a Peasant by Mahmoud Etemadzadeh
Bahar Kazemi Badrieh GhavamiMarxist critique is a form of literary criticism that speaks to the relationship between society and literature. In Marxist critique, literature is analyzed on the basis of the historical conditions that created it. Therefore, for Marxist critique, it is necessary to kn MoreMarxist critique is a form of literary criticism that speaks to the relationship between society and literature. In Marxist critique, literature is analyzed on the basis of the historical conditions that created it. Therefore, for Marxist critique, it is necessary to know its historical background. With the occupation of Iran, Iraq and the Kurdistan region after the First World War by the Allied forces and Russia, a current dominates Persian and Kurdish literature, which is influenced by many of their writers. Marxism and Communism put Russia. Iranian society during and after World War I due to the inefficiency of the ruling system involved in problems such as; Poverty, the existence of a class system and the pressure on the people by the government of the time, Iraqi Kurdistan has long been a place of conflict with the government and the central government of its time to seek an independent government and government, Kurdish nationalist thought in Iraqi Kurdistan Also, the influence of the Iranian and Iraqi Kurdistan societies on the communist and Marxist currents after the First World War provides the ground for examining the works of the authors of Persian and Kurdish literature and their influence from these currents. In this study, the Marxist critique of the novel by Jani Gal and the Daughter of a Peasant, which; It can be said that in Persian and Kurdish literature, both works are among the first social realist stories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Arab Poetry’s Bride in Contemporary Kurdish Poetry
Arman Mohammadi Raygani Moslem KhezalliLeyli & Majnoon are from the famous lovers in Arab and even world literature whose love story reflects in most of the nations’ literature. Kurdish literature is not an exception and the poets around the world paid special attention to love stories and depict i MoreLeyli & Majnoon are from the famous lovers in Arab and even world literature whose love story reflects in most of the nations’ literature. Kurdish literature is not an exception and the poets around the world paid special attention to love stories and depict it in their poetries especially in the odes since ancient years. The present article tries to study Kurdish contemporary poetry and survey the poets’ knowledge qualitatively and quantitative. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - The Old Sage in Hafiz and Kurd Poets’ Divans
Mirjalalodin Kazazi Behrooz KheiriehKhajeh Shamsoddin Mohammad, known as Hafiz Shirazi, is one of the unparalleled poets in Persian literature, whose poetry has been the focus of people of common and high rank for so many years. It is said that in the course of history no Persian poet's work has been so w MoreKhajeh Shamsoddin Mohammad, known as Hafiz Shirazi, is one of the unparalleled poets in Persian literature, whose poetry has been the focus of people of common and high rank for so many years. It is said that in the course of history no Persian poet's work has been so widely circulated and popularized. Hafiz has developed and mastered a unique and sublime diction. By virtue of his wit and originality, Hafiz has not only given distinctive color to his diction, but has coined such original poetic vocabulary that impresses all his audience and encourages them to emulate the eloquent style to enrich their works. Among the most frequent terms in Hafiz are certain compound words based on ‘pir or old’, in such terms as Pire Kharabat, Pire Moghan, Pire Meykhane, and Pire Meykade, which literally mean an old wine-seller or tavern-keeper. This article compares the use of these terms and their stylistic and thematic function in the works of Hafiz and Kurd poets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - A Trait of Hafez in Nari’s Divan
Seyyed Morteza Hashemi Gholamhosein Sharifi Yoosef Karami ChamehKurdish scholars have always looked at Persian poetry with wonder and admiration and they have been affected by it. Various aspects of this influence can be seen in the form of embodiment, translation and similar imagery and common themes. And, among them MoreKurdish scholars have always looked at Persian poetry with wonder and admiration and they have been affected by it. Various aspects of this influence can be seen in the form of embodiment, translation and similar imagery and common themes. And, among them, Hafez’s poetry has been noted more than other poems. In this paper, after an introduction on the literary influence of Kurdish scholars from Persian poetry, we have studied Nari, a mystic poet who lived in the recent centuries. To draw Hafez’s trait in this Kurdish poet’s divan, first we came to these two poets’ favorite themes and concepts. Finally, we have investigated Nari’s four pentacles in them he embodied Hafez’s lyric poems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - The Iranian Kurd Eulogist Of Prophets And Bordeh Bosiri
Robabeh Ramezani Vasim MahdaviEulogizing Mohammad (PBUH), with the long history as we know it, has always been in the center of attention for poets since his birth. As we know, one of the most notable poems, categorized as religious poems, is that of Bordeh Bosiri which was written in 7th century an MoreEulogizing Mohammad (PBUH), with the long history as we know it, has always been in the center of attention for poets since his birth. As we know, one of the most notable poems, categorized as religious poems, is that of Bordeh Bosiri which was written in 7th century and revitalized the eulogy of the Prophet. Since then, following Bosiri’s style, many have portrayed their genuine affections on the paper using various language and interpretations, expressing their sincere love for Him, the Honorable. In present era, many a Kurd poets have entered into this realm. The present paper, through studying common themes and outstanding merits shared by Bordeh Bosiri and other Iranian Kurd eulogists of the Prophet intends to ruminate over such poems what is full of exquisite fragrance of the Prophet and what is a pretext for writers to study the poets’ heartfelt emotions and feelings. May it be well received by Him, the Honorable. Profound emotions, disregarding people in power, in accordance with their eulogies and nearness to God are among the most notable features among contemporary Iranian Kurd poets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Analyzing Kurdish music and Dancing from the viewpoint of anthropology and its Effect on Attracting Tourists
Yaghoub Sharbatian Roya Bagheri -
Open Access Article
31 - Another Kurdish Artist in abd-Alwahhab Albayati's Poetry: “A Study Based on Image Recognition in Comparative Literature”
Mohammad Hadi Moradi Kaveh KhezriImage recognition is a branch of comparative literature studying the image of foreign other in a literary text. This science is a proper context to differentiate human beings from each other and by this recognition, common essence of humanity is revealed and a gat MoreImage recognition is a branch of comparative literature studying the image of foreign other in a literary text. This science is a proper context to differentiate human beings from each other and by this recognition, common essence of humanity is revealed and a gate is opened to brotherhood world that brings together "I" with the other . Therefore, comparative researches that evaluate our relation with others are very important. Albayati is one of the biggest contemporary Arab poets most of whose odes have been dedicated to investigating the other's image. Meanwhile, he composed three odes in description of three Kurdish artists: Abd-allah Gooran, Yashar Kamal and Aylmaz Güney. Arabic" I" in Albayati's poem has drawn a system of relations with other Kurdish artist. The present paper tries to investigate Albayati's image of other Kurdish artist using descriptive- analytical method ,based on comparative criticism. Results of the paper suggest that the poet has shown image of other Kurdish artist neglectfully. This kind of reading the other is one of the most beautiful possible methods and a unique true way of recognizing the other. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - The investigation of Molavi Kurd’s ideas on compulsion and free choice
jalal ahmadiSayyed Abdorrahim Molavi( 1806-1882 A.D) is one of the greatest kurd mystics and scholars in the nineteenth century A.D. He not only is a mystic and scholar but also is a skilful and capable poet of Persian, Arabic, Surani and Orami kurdish languages. According to the w MoreSayyed Abdorrahim Molavi( 1806-1882 A.D) is one of the greatest kurd mystics and scholars in the nineteenth century A.D. He not only is a mystic and scholar but also is a skilful and capable poet of Persian, Arabic, Surani and Orami kurdish languages. According to the works left by him, Molavi is not only outstanding in commentary, Hadith, poem and writing, but also he fairly can be one of prominent theologians. There are three works as Fawaeh in Persian, Alfazila in Arabic and Aghida Almarziyh in surani Kurdish which have interpreted and explained the theologian analytics in verse in most precise and delicate manner. The writer in this essay tends to deal with one of the most tumultuous topics of discourse from Molavi’s point of view. While many researches have been done about compulsion and free choice with different ideas, it seems that all differ with that of Molavi’s. So the conclusion of this research which has been done analytically is that according to the definition of the divine decree from Molavi’s point of view, man is completely free to do what brings forth divine reward or punishment to him. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Bibliography of "Yarsan": a Mystical Sect
Mehri Rahimi Amir Esmail AzarAhle Hagh" sect, "Yarsan", in the seventh century by Sultan Isaac (Sshhak) was founded, is the oldest Sufi sects in ancient Gnostic mythological and religious combine such as Buddhist, Brahmin, Manichaean, Yazidi, Zarvani, MAZDAK, Zoroastrian, Christian rituals and stor MoreAhle Hagh" sect, "Yarsan", in the seventh century by Sultan Isaac (Sshhak) was founded, is the oldest Sufi sects in ancient Gnostic mythological and religious combine such as Buddhist, Brahmin, Manichaean, Yazidi, Zarvani, MAZDAK, Zoroastrian, Christian rituals and stories Khorramdin and ... the Israelis and Sufism and mysticism and Sufism and the esoteric teachings of the Fatimid and Sabahi and culture of generosity and Druze and Shiite Hrufygary and Noqtavyan and Bektashi and Nasiri and overblown, is eclectic ritual . human and animal Mygvynd.ayn Donadoni knows that the so-called cult "Ali Allah," also known as the divinity of Imam Ali (aS) said in centers called "house Jam" jam formed during certain rituals, and characteristic appearance they have a "whisker" (mustache) thick and hung on the lips. The congregation instead of thirty days, only three days, fasting during the fall and instead have specific prayer needs Mydhnd.bkhsh the first study to explore and introduce the cult manuscripts devoted a large collection of "words" and "office" old line of discourse their great Gorani Kurdish language is the most important letter "eventually" or "the word of the treasury" is called. This paper attempts to print a list of words and books published by researchers from the right to introduce Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - A Study on Some Mystical Components of the Verse Novel of “Sheikh Sanān” in Kurdish Folk Literature with the Narration of Mām Ahmad-e-Lotfi
Nasrin Rukesh Farhad Kakarash Mehry PakzadThe foundations of mysticism and sufism are among the most important themes of Islamic culture, Persian and Kurdish literature which have been widely reflected in the works of great Kurdish literature and mysticism, especially in Kurdish folk literature. Mām Ahmad-e-Lot MoreThe foundations of mysticism and sufism are among the most important themes of Islamic culture, Persian and Kurdish literature which have been widely reflected in the works of great Kurdish literature and mysticism, especially in Kurdish folk literature. Mām Ahmad-e-Lotfi, one of the narrators of this story in the form of folklore (oral literature) named as "Beit-e-Kurdi"( Kurdish Verse) which is narrated under the influence of Attar’s Sheikh Sanān, but in terms of anthropology and sociology with a combination of Attar’s mysticism and mystical beliefs of the narrator's period and geography. He has presented a different mystique. This article has been written with the aim of considering the mystical components of the Verse Novel of “Sheikh Sanān” in Kurdish folk literature according to Mām Ahmad-e-Lotfi’s narration. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the article show that the Kurdish story of Sheikh Sanān has some differences both in form and content, which indicates the cultural and strong influences and developments of mystical culture in various periods of history. Changes in important influential personalities and even some mystical rites are obvious. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Report of five species of Pteromalidae (Hym.: Chalcidoidea) new for the Iranian fauna
Javad Nazemi Rafie Vida Alipanah Hossein LotfalizadehPteromalidae (Hym.: Chalcidoidea) is one of the largest families of parasitoid wasps. This family includes some important natural enemies of many harmful insects in orders such as Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Hemiptera. This research was conducted i MorePteromalidae (Hym.: Chalcidoidea) is one of the largest families of parasitoid wasps. This family includes some important natural enemies of many harmful insects in orders such as Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Hemiptera. This research was conducted in Kurdistan Province (in the West of Iran) in 2010 and 2011. Five Species of pteromalid wasps has been collected as new records from Iran: Species of Asaphes vulgaris (Walker, 1934), Halticoptera longipetiolus (Hedqvist, 1975), Oodera monstrum (Nikolskaya, 1952), Stenoselma nigrum (Delucchi, 1956) and Conomorium amplum (Walker, 1935) Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Faunistic study of the superfamily Psylloidea (Hemiptera)
M. Ezzati A. Mehrvar Z. AhmadiIn order to study the Psylloidea fauna of Kurdistan province, Iran, the specimens were collected from different regions of the province during 2012 and 2013. Totally 19 species of 7 genera and 4 subfamilies were identified belonging to Aphalaridae (1 species), Liviidae MoreIn order to study the Psylloidea fauna of Kurdistan province, Iran, the specimens were collected from different regions of the province during 2012 and 2013. Totally 19 species of 7 genera and 4 subfamilies were identified belonging to Aphalaridae (1 species), Liviidae (6 species), Psyllidae (7 species) and Triozidae (5 species) families. Of these, one species, Camarotoscena trjapitzini Loginova, 1968, is a new record for Iranian fauna and 17 species are new for the province. By considering the results of this research, the number of identified Psyllid species from Iran increases to 96 from 27 genera and 5 families. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Comparing mite fauna of pome and stone fruits in Sanandaj region of the Kurdistan province
Masoud Arbabi Faezeh Bidarpour Elham SanatgarMite fauna of soil and arboreal of pome (apple and pear) and stone fruits (apricot and peach) trees in Gerizeh, Hasan-abad, Babariz, Chnow, Gholiaan, Keylaneh villages of Sanandaj region investigated during 2010-2011 in Kurdistan province. Mites collected by shaking ste MoreMite fauna of soil and arboreal of pome (apple and pear) and stone fruits (apricot and peach) trees in Gerizeh, Hasan-abad, Babariz, Chnow, Gholiaan, Keylaneh villages of Sanandaj region investigated during 2010-2011 in Kurdistan province. Mites collected by shaking stems and leaves, stems host plants soil mite collected through Berlese. Mite identification mite resulted 31 mite species, 30 genera from 26 families from Astigmata higher cohort, Cryptostigmata, Prostigmata suborders and Mesostigmata order respectively. Soil mite constituted 61.38%, higher and lower mite recorded 228,211 for apricot, apple and pear orchards. Max. and Min. mite diversities observed in Hasan-abad and Gholiaan villages and for Mesostigmata and Astigmata mite respectively. Mite population of Phytoseiidae, Cryptostigmata mites and predatory mites constituted 3.67%, 43.46% and 15.54%. All three spider mites species incidence of widely distributed in all surveyed village’s. Mite species identified as follow, Astigmata: Acaridae (Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Tyrophagus similes, Acarus sp.), Cryptostigmata: Nothridae (Nothrus biciliatus), Lohmanniidae (Papillacarus sp., Lohmannia turcmenica), Epilohmanniidae (Epilohmannia cylindrical cylindrical), Gymnodamaeidae (Plesiodamaeus sp. nr. Ornatus), Tectocepheidae (Tectocepheus velatus), Oppiidae, Oribatulidae (Oribatula (Oribatula) sp., Oribatula (Zygoribatula) sp.) Protoribatidae (Protoribates paracapuctinus), Mycobatidae (Punctoribates sp.), Euphthiracaridae, Mesostigmata, Phytoseiidae (Amblyseius sp.), Laelapidae (Gaeolaelaps sp., Hypoaspis sp., Androlaelaps (Haemolaelaps) sp., Cosmolaelaps sp.), Uropodidae, Parasitidae (Parasitus sp.), Digmasellidae (Dendrolaelapus sp.), Pachylaelapidae (Pachylaelapus sp.), Ascidae (Antennoseius sp.), Rhdoacaridae (Rhoodoacarsellus sp.) Prostigmata: Bdellidae (Spinibdella sp.), Cunaxidae (Cunaxa sp.), Tydeidae, Erythraeidae, Tenuipalpidae (Brevipalpus sp., Cenopalpus irani), Tetranychidae (Tetranychus urticae, Panonychus ulmi, Bryobia rubrioculus). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Comparative effects of organic and inorganic acaricides in control of greenhouse rose spider mite (Tetranychus spp.)
H. R. Mavali M. Arbabi H. GoharchiniWeb spotted spider mite is a major pest of greenhouse rose varieties and maximum control achieved also through acaricides application in Iran. In concern to increase acaricidal application choices, an investigation about two doses of new organic (BioMite, GC-Mite, Kingb MoreWeb spotted spider mite is a major pest of greenhouse rose varieties and maximum control achieved also through acaricides application in Iran. In concern to increase acaricidal application choices, an investigation about two doses of new organic (BioMite, GC-Mite, Kingbo), inorganic (Floramite, Danizeraba, Biok) along with cleaning agent mixed with water, carried out against rose spider mite infestation during late spring and middle of summer seasons in Bijar region of Kurdistan province of Iran. Randomized block design with three replications selected and for each replicate, 10 leaves randomly collected from different bending and vertical roses shoots. Sampling intervals followed one day before and 1, 3, 7 and 15 days after treatments during spring and summer seasons respectively. Active mite stages on lower rose’s leaf side counted with help of stereo microscope. Collected data converted into mortality% through Henderson-tilt on formula. Analysis of variance done with help SAS method and Duncan method used for ranking treatments at different interval times. Maximum mite mortality% recorded 84.61%, 91.73% one day after treatments for both danisaraba doses and effects decreased after 7 days onward for both doses. Floramite effects up to 3 days after treatments observed with considerable mite mortality% while recorded weak effects for both biok doses through sampling period. Both GC-mite doses with 67.13% and 69.14% mite control observed during late spring which reduced sustainable effects up to 40% at 15 days interval time. Detergent water treatment with 67.21% and 56.57% mite controlled after one day during spring and summer season found more effective than other organic acaricides respectively. In total, treatments effect found more significant during spring than summer seasons. Application those treatments when mean of 2-3 mites observed in 30% of the collections, will increase acaricides effects and protect further mite resistance also. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Fauna of cereal aphids and their coccinellid predators and investigation on the efficiency and population dynamics of the dominant species in Kurdistan province
S. Kamangar S. H. MalkeshiWheat as the most important crop in Kurdistan province has several pests including aphids. The coccinellids have a fundamental role in controlling aphids. In this research, cereal aphid species and their coccinellid predators were identified and the efficiency and popul MoreWheat as the most important crop in Kurdistan province has several pests including aphids. The coccinellids have a fundamental role in controlling aphids. In this research, cereal aphid species and their coccinellid predators were identified and the efficiency and population dynamics of the most abundant species of coccinellids were studied during 2001-2003. Three irrigated wheat fields in Dehgolan and Kamyaran, and one rain fed field in Marivan were selected. Samples were taken weekly and the aphid species were counted in laboratory and the occurrence frequency of each species was recorded. Adult coccinellids were collected by random sweep netting and their relative occurrence was recorded. As results, 7 aphid species were identified which Sitobion avenae F. and Schizaphis graminum Rond. with respectively 66.5 and 30%, have the highest population densities. Also 6 coccinellid species were identified which Hippodamia variegata Goeze and Coccinella septempunctata L. with respectively 60 and 37%, have the highest population densities. Results showed that H. variegata as the most abundant coccinellid species in wheat fields was not able to control the aphids significantly (under this experimental condition) due to very fast reproduction of aphids and in absence of other natural enemies. Therefore, cereal aphids can be controlled by the presence and activities of their natural enemies complex. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Tectonical history of Arabian platform during Late Cretaceous An example from Kurdistan region, NE Iraq
کمال حاجی کریم زردشت. ا طاهاNew simplified tectonic models and depositional history of Late Cretaceous rocks are established in a part of Zagros Orogenic Belt that is located in the Northeastern Iraq. These rocks constutes the most important Cretaceous oil reservoir in the Middle East. The depende MoreNew simplified tectonic models and depositional history of Late Cretaceous rocks are established in a part of Zagros Orogenic Belt that is located in the Northeastern Iraq. These rocks constutes the most important Cretaceous oil reservoir in the Middle East. The dependent tools are petrography, field study and the concept of drowning phases. This concept is relatively new and accurate in explanation of development of carbonate sequences growth and termination. The columns of both carbonate and clastics rocks of the area are divided into three phases of drowning: 1- Pre-drowning phase of reefal limestone which is represented by Qamchuqa Formation which is equivalent to Mauddud and Shuaba formations (Early Cretaceous) in the south Iraq and in the Gulf. 2- Transitional phase of pelagic limestone and marl deposition which is transitional to post drowning phase during which Gulneri Shale and Dokan limestone Formations (Cenomanian- Turonian) are deposited. 3- Post drowning phase of deep carbonate sedimentation during which Kometan Formation (Santonian-Campanian) and 4- Burial Phase in which Shiranish and Tanjero Formations (Maasstrichtian) are deposited by which Arabian Platform was covered by siliciclastics sediments and main carbonate sedimentation was ended during Campanian. These phases, as resulted from tectonics of Zagros, can replace the complex previously assigned tectonic and depositional history of the area during Later Cretaceous. The application of the phases revealed nearly a continuous history of deposition in foredeep during Early Cretaceous and foreland basin during later ages. This continuous sedimentation is opposite to previously cited episodic sedimentation in the Cretaceous basins. Moreover than that, the occurrences of the previously mentioned subaerial cycles of erosion (unconformities) are not ascertained. The previous cycles had segmented the rocks and history of the area into several separated and unrelated tectonic events that occurred in different basins. According to the above cycles and unconformities the tectonic setting and depositional history of the whole northwestern Iraq assumed be violent during compete time span of the Late Cretaceous by which basin isolation and uplift and erosion occurred. The above ideas are amended and the unconformable boundaries are changed to conformable ones. Consequently, in the present study, a new tectonic history and model are established for Cretaceous which agree with field observation and existed lithofacies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Cognizance of Dominant Gender Role Beliefs in Kurdish Culture
Somayeh Yoosefi Abolfazl Farid Rouhollah MahdiuonThe present study aim was to investigate the attitudes of dominant gender role in Kurdish culture from counselors view point in province of Kurdistan. The participants in this survey included all of the school and the technical counseling clinics counselors in province MoreThe present study aim was to investigate the attitudes of dominant gender role in Kurdish culture from counselors view point in province of Kurdistan. The participants in this survey included all of the school and the technical counseling clinics counselors in province of Kurdistan. So to select the sample, the convenience sampling method was used. Since the sampling standard in qualitative surveys is data saturation, 28 counselors participated in this survey. The study was qualitative regarding content analysis. Data were collected through a researchers' initiated questionnaire and were analyzed using the open and axial coding. For determining content and face validity, the measuring tool was professors' ideas and for determining qualitative validity, the researcher self-reviewing techniques were used and for determining qualitative survey reliability of comments coders and amount interceder agreement in coding data and determine categories, were used. The results led to the identification of five main categories (characters, relationships, work, work and social obligations, social and cultural structures) and nineteen subcategories that any of which contained secondary topics. Opinions expressed in the category of character categories and sub-categories of cognitive, behavioral and social responsibility were among beliefs expressed by most of counselors and were mentioned and beliefs expressed in social and cultural structures categories had the least amount of frequency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Globalization of Culture and Traditional Clothing of Ethnic Identities With Emphasis On Survival Of Kurdish Women's Clothing In West Of Iran
Shima Karimpour Marzieh PiravivanakThe purpose of this study was to describe the authenticity of the women's clothing industry, identifying the identity of the traditional garment, and, consequently, the process of globalization as one of the main reasons for identity stripping, to be explained by its im MoreThe purpose of this study was to describe the authenticity of the women's clothing industry, identifying the identity of the traditional garment, and, consequently, the process of globalization as one of the main reasons for identity stripping, to be explained by its impact on the design of a new traditional garment. The research population was the Kurdish women, relying on objective evidence of the Kurdish women dressing in western Iran and at the same time observing the Kurdish women clothes living in Western countries through internet and virtual networks. In the present paper, the method of descriptive-analytical research was used and the data was collected from library, online and field observation with data gathering tools such as index cards and computers and finally the traditional Kurdish women's clothing of western Iran was compared with traditional Kurdish women's clothing in Non-Iranian societies. After identifying one of the main causes of the change in these traditional garments in other countries, the modified structure of Kurdish women's clothing was described and the reasons for maintaining original structure in western Iran was investigated. Finally, the results showed that traditional Kurdish women's clothing in the countries containing the ethnic population of these people, influenced by the cultural effects of globalization in the design of fashion and clothing, has a minimalistic (minimal) structure and the components and indications that are the main factor Identity to this garment has been simplified or lost, and in different parts of it, aesthetic values have been overcome by beliefs and functions. Meanwhile, the causes of the survival of this garment in its original structure in western Iran can be attributed to the efficient planning of the state in preserving ethnic identities, the persistence of the Iranian Kurds and their ethnic traditions, even the most superficial cultural expressions, and ultimately their own characteristics In line with the Islamic culture's clothing of Islamic culture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Application of Goal Programming to Determination of Optimum Cropping Pattern Emphasizing on Virtual Water in Kurdistan Province
mostafa baghbanyan Hamed Ghaderzadeh Ghodratollah Emamverdi Marjan Damankeshideh Narciss Amin Rashti,Nowadays, production of economic production is one of the most important of policymaker’s tensions. Address to this. It is necessary to merge the farmer’s aims along policy makers as well as their necessities. Therefore, the current study attempted to invest MoreNowadays, production of economic production is one of the most important of policymaker’s tensions. Address to this. It is necessary to merge the farmer’s aims along policy makers as well as their necessities. Therefore, the current study attempted to investigate on optimum cropping pattern of agricultural crops in Kurdistan province respect to each county emphasizing on minimize virtual water. To follow research aim the necessary data were collected for the agricultural year 2015-6 using goal programming. The results showed that, the current cropping pattern does not has no comparative advantage and it has to experience significant change. In other words, the current cropping pattern willing must to change from mixed form to specialized one according to comparative advantage according to resource possibilities of each district. The range of change showed that, there are significant decrease and increase in some crops compare to current situation. The results showed that, irrigated wheat did not get permission to enter optimum model. In addition, the most of current crop due to low return as well as disadvantage of study area omitted in recommended pattern. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - A Survey on the Relationship between Employers and Employees Collaboration in Industrial Safety (Case Study: Industrial Cooperative in Kurdistan)
Heirsh SoltanpanahEmployees are the main asset of organizations and are of great importance. In this regard, employees and employers must comply with health and safety rules. In this study, the cooperative relationship between employers and employees and obeying the safety rules and heal MoreEmployees are the main asset of organizations and are of great importance. In this regard, employees and employers must comply with health and safety rules. In this study, the cooperative relationship between employers and employees and obeying the safety rules and health are examined in the industrial cooperatives of the Kurdistan province. This research is qualitative in terms of approach and practical in terms of objectives. Also, the method of correlational research survey is used which was conducted in cooperative companies of Kurdistan in the spring of 2015. The target population included all employees of industrial cooperatives in Kurdistan. 264 people were selected by random sampling. In this study, two questionnaires are used as the main tool to measure and collect the data. Validity and reliability were approved. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used. The results demonstrated that there is positive and significant relationship collaboration between employers and employees and the safety and health. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - A Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of the Customs Department Using the Balanced Scorecard (Case Study: West Azerbaijan, Kermanshah and Kurdistan Provinces)
Mohammad NazaripourThe current paper aimed at utilizing the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) framework in evaluating the Customs Department in West Azerbaijan, Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces of Iran. The BSC evaluates organization in terms of financial performance, customer satisfaction, inte MoreThe current paper aimed at utilizing the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) framework in evaluating the Customs Department in West Azerbaijan, Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces of Iran. The BSC evaluates organization in terms of financial performance, customer satisfaction, internal process, and growth and organization learning. Financial performance was measured by examining revenues, expenditures, and the ratio of customs revenues to total local revenues for the period (2007-2011). Regarding the customer perspective, a random sample of (384) customers of clearance customs was selected. The customers were asked to fill out a survey that measured their level of satisfaction about the Customs Department in regards to providing services and procedures. In addition, a random sample consisted of (280) of the employees of Customs Department in these provinces was chosen to fill out the survey regarding their assessment of the internal process and growth and organization learning perspectives of the BSC. The findings reported that the financial performance of Customs Department was negative for the whole study period (2007-2011) in terms of the number of Rials collected, revenues minus expenditures, and customs revenues as a share of total local revenues. Clearance customs customers reported a suitable satisfaction level toward the customs services and procedures. Analysis showed that customs employees had a suitable level of satisfaction toward both internal process and growth and organization learning of the BSC’s dimensions. The analysis revealed that West Azerbaijan province was better than Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces in all perspectives of BSC. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - A comparative study of symbolic status "and Rngvarh color" in the Literature of Resistance "Sample lyrics Shahriar and Mohammad Reza Kurdistani" eshghi "
Hamid reza ghanooni Parvin GholamhoseiniSymbol is a figure of speech. The specific features of the symbol of ambiguity, uncertainty, and it is non-annotated and indirect, symbolism and socialization is the main characteristic of the poetry of resistance. The most important topics are reflected in his works id MoreSymbol is a figure of speech. The specific features of the symbol of ambiguity, uncertainty, and it is non-annotated and indirect, symbolism and socialization is the main characteristic of the poetry of resistance. The most important topics are reflected in his works ideas of freedom and law-abiding, fight tyranny, patriotism, waking people up and energizing nationalist sentiment and the homeland, promoting individual liberties and social criticism of turmoil and educate people about their rights, and political reforms through fundamental change was awake.Today, color is the most important element in the development of creative work and productivity. One important element is the element of color imagery, one of the important elements of symbolic language and symbolic expression of the resistance poets. Therefore, this research seeks to compare and compare the colors and colors in the poems of Shahriar and Seyed Mohammad Reza Kordestani. Key words: Literature resistance, color, icon, Shahriar, Seyed Mohammad Reza Kurdistani Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Lexical Attrition of Mother Tongue among Sardashti Kurdish Migrants in Tehran
Eqbal Ghasemiani Ibrahim Badakhshan Masoud Dehghan Zaniar NaghshbandiAbstractIn language contact situations, especially in an unstable bilingual community when domains of mother language are diminished, the speakers' patterns of lexical use are changed. The purpose of this study is to explore lexical attrition of Kurdish children residin MoreAbstractIn language contact situations, especially in an unstable bilingual community when domains of mother language are diminished, the speakers' patterns of lexical use are changed. The purpose of this study is to explore lexical attrition of Kurdish children residing in Tehran.66 Sardashti Kurdish speakers participated in this study. They have been selected from two different language communities (Tehran/Sardasht). A picture-based vocabulary test of the first language was used to measure the participants' lexical attrition. This study also examines the relationship between individuals' attitude and lexical attrition. For this aim, a language attitude questionnaire was also used to determine the relationship between positive attitude and the degree of lexical loss in the mother tongue. The data analysis showed that the children in Tehran have experienced a significant degree of lexicon attrition. In fact, they were less proficient in using Kurdish words as compared to their peers in Sardasht. The results also showed that there is a significant relationship between the speakers' attitudes toward the Kurdish language and the amount of lexical loss. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Onomatopoeia in Kurdish language
farhad mohammadiIn Kurdish language the words that indicate to natural sounds have such variety that for all kinds of sounds can find a specific word. The kind of these words, unlike in Persian language, is not only noun, rather most of them are included as verb. The verbal onomatopoei MoreIn Kurdish language the words that indicate to natural sounds have such variety that for all kinds of sounds can find a specific word. The kind of these words, unlike in Persian language, is not only noun, rather most of them are included as verb. The verbal onomatopoeias can be declined in past and present tense, also they can be applied for first, second and third person at different moods. Therefore onomatopoeias in Kurdish language divided in two categories: the verbal onomatopoeias and the nounal onomatopoeias. The verbal onomatopoeias, because they show the doing of action and their root can be denoted, their structure of infinitive and the form of verb is simple. In contrast, the form of verb in nounal onomatopoeias will be compound. In this paper, first we describe the syllabic structure and the pattern of phoneme arrangement in the onomatopoeias of Kurdish language, then we will state the index of most applicative onomatopoeias in this language. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Explanation of the Terminology of Kinship Sanandaj Kurdish Based on Ecological-Typological Approach
Hamid Eftekhari Foroogh Kazemi Heidar NosratzadehThis study was conducted with the aim of investigating the Terminology of Kinship in Sanandaj Kurdish based on Ecological and Typological approaches. The data are all the Terminology of Kinship in this language variety. The method of data collection is library and field MoreThis study was conducted with the aim of investigating the Terminology of Kinship in Sanandaj Kurdish based on Ecological and Typological approaches. The data are all the Terminology of Kinship in this language variety. The method of data collection is library and field through interviews with speakers and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The structural investigations that were carried out from the point of view of typological approache indicate that 52.31% of these terms are in the agglutinative and 52.31% are in the isolating types. Also, terms with possessive structure have occupied 26.15% of the total, all of which indicate the strategy of juxtaposition, and among them, some have possessor-possessum and some have possessum-possessor arrangement. However, other simple or non-simple possessive strategies, including case maker or adposition, etc., are not observed in the terms. The results of ecological surveys show that geographical factors (different areas of the city), cultural factors and sociological factors of the environment, especially gender, ethnic criteria and relative and casual terms have an effect on the Terminology of Kinship of this ecology. According to this approach, aera can be the most important reason for the diversity and differences in Terminology of Kinship in this linguistic corpus. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - The reflection of the social situation of Kurdistan in Ebrahim Younisi's Stories.
Halalah Amini reza sadeghi shahparAbstractMany of authors have paid special attention to specific geographical environments in their narratives and reflected social and political developments in that region. Ebrahim Younisi (1926 _ 2011) born in "Baneh" Kurdistan, in his stories has indicated to the dev MoreAbstractMany of authors have paid special attention to specific geographical environments in their narratives and reflected social and political developments in that region. Ebrahim Younisi (1926 _ 2011) born in "Baneh" Kurdistan, in his stories has indicated to the developments and disarraies in that region. In this research that is accomplished with descriptive-analytical method, the authors are trying to investigate social situation in Kurdish Areas in Ebrahim Younisi’s featured narratives. Younisi in his novels has spoken of social issues in Pahlavi | & || era and tried to disclose indigence of people that live at the borders especially villagers, unemployment, cultural poverty, lack of sanitary and welfare facilities, point of view of traditional society towards women and overriding many of their rights, corruption of administrative officers, injustice of the system of Lords and serfs, the political and social repression, people's distrust of the government, hypocrisy of local Sheikhs, despair...Key words: Ebrahim Younisi, Story, Society, Kurdistan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - The reflection of social issues in the poems of Shirkoo Bikas
payman tabari Sayyed Ahmad Parsa Mohammad Ali GozashtiShirkoo Bikas (1940-2013) is a pioneer Contemporary Kurdish poet and the winner of Swidish literal award of “Tokholoski” in 1987-1988. he also won the title of “Fello- citizen” from the greatest civil society of Florance. the topic of the s MoreShirkoo Bikas (1940-2013) is a pioneer Contemporary Kurdish poet and the winner of Swidish literal award of “Tokholoski” in 1987-1988. he also won the title of “Fello- citizen” from the greatest civil society of Florance. the topic of the study is” the reflection of social issues in the poems of Shirkoo Bikas” the purposes of the study are the introduction of this competent poet to the non-kurdish- speaking people, the better knowledge to the literal techniques in the expression of one of the pivotal issues of his poem(freedom), and a better knowing of the poems of a contemporary poet. Statistic population is descriptive and based on his poems translated to pers ian. the data have been gathered by the libray method and analyzed by the technique of content analysis. the results show that the depiction of the fearful atmosphere of Iraqi society during the Ba,th government, the expression of the pain and fortures of the society and the issues like this have given a new manifestation to the freedom in his poems, which the images created by the poet with this concept is a justification of this issue. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Stylistic Analysis of Taherbag’s Kurdish Poetry
Masood Bavanpoori Akram ebadi Sakine Azadi Narges lorstaniOne of the methods of studying works of literature is stylistic studying. Style is the specific way of understanding and expressing of thoughts using words and terms choice and way of interpretation. In this method, internal and external aspects and also the three aspec MoreOne of the methods of studying works of literature is stylistic studying. Style is the specific way of understanding and expressing of thoughts using words and terms choice and way of interpretation. In this method, internal and external aspects and also the three aspects of voice, meaning and image are considered. Taherbag Jaf is one of the contemporary Kurd poets. In the study of his literature, simile and added simile have the most frequency between his similes. Allusion also has the most usage in Taherbag’s poems. In his thought, expressing love to the beloved has the most share, and in studying his language it is clear that he has used many Arabic terms. The present study is going to introduce this Kurd poet and also examine the stylistic of his Kurdish sonnets, using Analytical-Descriptive method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Magical Realism in Kurdish Chirok
Mousa Parnian Ata Almasi Mohammad Zahed Seyedy tabarKurdish Stories and Fictions are the reflections of a life of hardships and The ideals of people who have suffered a lot to survive their lives. The style of Kurdish Chirok (Fiction) is much like The narrative style found in magical realism since The imagination existi MoreKurdish Stories and Fictions are the reflections of a life of hardships and The ideals of people who have suffered a lot to survive their lives. The style of Kurdish Chirok (Fiction) is much like The narrative style found in magical realism since The imagination existing in The Fiction which is The common Feature between fiction and magical realism results in the break of causation chain in The narration of The Stories. This feature gives two common styles features such as removing The border between reality and imagination which in turn results in strange events, recognition of social and historical realities in fictions and magical realism. In that condition what is called"magic" in magic realism is located in the unlimited scope of reality representing a concrete concept. So, fiction could be a good place for strange event that have been linked to extra- reality this feature relaty fiction to new style of magical realism. The purpose of This study is to investigate the similarties and differences between Kurdish chiroks(fictions) and the new style of magical realism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Binding Hierarchy and Complement Clauses in Sorani Kurdish
Mohammad Sedigh Zahedi Habib SoleymaniThe author’s aim in writing this article is to study complement clauses in Sorani dialect of Kurdish and compare them with Givon's Binding Hierarchy. Having Observed predicates' behavior and their complements, we came to the conclusion that predicates classificati MoreThe author’s aim in writing this article is to study complement clauses in Sorani dialect of Kurdish and compare them with Givon's Binding Hierarchy. Having Observed predicates' behavior and their complements, we came to the conclusion that predicates classification and binding hierarchy of complements in Sorani , except in a few numbers, follows the diagram presented by Givon, and confirms his claim that binding hierarchy of complements is a universal tendency among world languages. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Position of Arabic language among the Kurds
Abdullah Rasoulnejad Hassan SarbazWith the advent of Islam and descendant of Holy Quran, Arabic language moved from a local ethnic language to a language of Islamic culture and civilization. From the early f MoreWith the advent of Islam and descendant of Holy Quran, Arabic language moved from a local ethnic language to a language of Islamic culture and civilization. From the early first century of AD, it swept through the Arab island boundaries and spread to Mediterranean coast, Asia Minor, Iran, and Transoxiana (Mawarannahr). Therefore, it became the scientific and literary language of Islamic nations including Arab and non-Arabs. Arabic language, whether being religiously the language of Quran and Islam or scientifically having had significant role in keeping multi-century intellectual heritage of humanity, has always possessed a lofty position among all nations. Also, Kurds as a part of Islamic society, who consciously accepted Islam with open arms became so enamored of Holy Quran and eternal mission of prophet of Islam that, preserving their mother tongue, they selected Arabic as their scientific and literary language. Accordingly, Kurd scholars and scientists wrote most of their religious, scientific, philosophical, and literary works in Arabic. Public honored that they were capable of getting familiar with Arabic even at the level of some prayers and religious ritual terms. Providing worthwhile achievements for Arabic language, Kurd scholars have inherited valuable works regarding morphology, syntax, rhetoric, etc. This research, using descriptive and content analysis methods, tries to investigate the works of the most outstanding Kurd scientists and men of letters in the area of Arabic language including morphology, syntax, and rhetoric to clarify the position of Arabic among Kurds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - A Structural Study of the Oral Heritage of Kurdish Literature (Case study: Verse of Saidawan)
Khosro SinaStructural analysis of oral works of literature and studying it's in the text elements as well as finding proportionate patterns of poetry, contributed to the better understanding of nature of literature and it could be helpful in developing the processing patterns in MoreStructural analysis of oral works of literature and studying it's in the text elements as well as finding proportionate patterns of poetry, contributed to the better understanding of nature of literature and it could be helpful in developing the processing patterns in the rest of literary types. In present study, the verse of Saidawan as a prominent Kurdish oral story is analyzed based on the structural patterns. The purpose of this study is to get to know the Kurdish oral literature better and to investigate and analyze the structure of work based on the main structural patterns. The study has been conducted based analytical method in the liberary and indicates that the narrative structure of story of Saidawan conforms the structuralisms’ theory. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - A Study of Imagination in the Sayed Yaaghob Mahidashti Poem
Masoud Bavanpouri Tahere Ishani Vahid SajadifarImagination that is the key element in poem, is the communication bridge between the feelings and thoughts and the poet's words that emotion is conveyed through it and it is the criterion measure for a literary work Sayed Yaaghob Mahidashti is Kurdish poet a poem book i MoreImagination that is the key element in poem, is the communication bridge between the feelings and thoughts and the poet's words that emotion is conveyed through it and it is the criterion measure for a literary work Sayed Yaaghob Mahidashti is Kurdish poet a poem book in Kalhori dialect which has been collected by the efforts of Mohammad Ali Soltanii.This powerful poet has used imagery to explain and convey meanings in their poem book. Metaphor is the most important pillar of expression ability and its analysis in terms of structure and content can also be an expression of poets own language. This paper has attempted to assess metaphor’s theoretical bases using analytical - descriptive methods by giving examples of metaphors used in this poem book and describing him in terms of form, use of connectives and quasits, clears to readers the poet's ability how to convey concepts and explain ends of words and influence of words of these two to. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - probablity of Social Subjects Represented in Kurdish literature
Hossien MohammadzadehThe goal of this study is assessment of social subject reflexes in Kurdish literature. Kurdish literature divided in two parts: writing and oral. The theoretical framework of study rooted in social literature theory. For This study we choose six books by theoretical sam MoreThe goal of this study is assessment of social subject reflexes in Kurdish literature. Kurdish literature divided in two parts: writing and oral. The theoretical framework of study rooted in social literature theory. For This study we choose six books by theoretical sampling. Results show many social subject’s like: Kurdish social history, social problem and the story of live. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Examining the challenges facing the citizen sports of Kurdistan province and presenting the promotion model
mehdi ezati Yusuf Jalali Navid MahtabThe purpose of this study was to examine the challenges facing the citizen sports of Kurdistan province and to present a promotion model. The current research was qualitative and of thematic analysis type. The statistical community of this research was made up of expert MoreThe purpose of this study was to examine the challenges facing the citizen sports of Kurdistan province and to present a promotion model. The current research was qualitative and of thematic analysis type. The statistical community of this research was made up of experts. Purposive sampling method was used for sampling and 17 experts were interviewed based on theoretical saturation. The findings of this study showed: the challenges of advancing citizen sports in Kurdistan province are the focus of a network of themes that include 3 overarching themes and 9 organizing themes (1) contextual challenges (undesirability of sports infrastructure, economic problems prevailing in the society, environmental threats), (2) structural challenges (non-integrated management of citizen sports, weak management and policy-making, weak index and codified statistical system, inappropriate urban governance) and (3) behavioral challenges (dominance of political views on sports, change in citizens' lifestyles). Also, the promotion of citizen sports in Kurdistan province is the center of a thematic network that includes 3 comprehensive themes and 8 organizing themes (1) contextual support (efficient and targeted incentives, increasing the quality and quantity of the province's sports infrastructure), (2) structural support (financial support, health-oriented : The focus of urban design is integration and unity of approach in citizenship sports and the establishment of a modern and codified statistical system) and (3) behavioral support (development of the general culture of sports and awareness of society and attention to citizenship sports in urban management) Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Analysis of effective mechanisms on the development of entrepreneurship among rural women in Kurdistan province
solieman rasouliazar Arman Kaykhosravi Loghman RashiedpourThe present research was conducted in order to analyze and identify effective mechanisms on the development of entrepreneurship among rural women in Kurdistan province. The nature of this applied research was done by survey method. The research tool was a questionnaire MoreThe present research was conducted in order to analyze and identify effective mechanisms on the development of entrepreneurship among rural women in Kurdistan province. The nature of this applied research was done by survey method. The research tool was a questionnaire made by the researcher, whose reliability was obtained by using the pilot test and calculating Cronbach's alpha. The statistical population of the research was 27,560 rural women of Kurdistan province, and using the Cochran formula, the sample size was determined to be 204. The sample people were selected by stratified random method. The results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the individual-psychological, economic, socio-cultural, educational, infrastructural and marketing structure with the advantages of entrepreneurship development among the rural women of Kurdistan province. Multiple regression analysis was used to predict changes in the dependent variable, i.e., the advantages of entrepreneurship development among rural women in Kurdistan province, by independent variables, i.e., managerial, social, cultural, educational, economic, infrastructural, individual, psychological, and marketing structures. The multiple correlation coefficients in this research is equal to 0.781. According to the calculated coefficient of determination, the aforementioned constructs were able to determine 61% of changes in the dependent variable, i.e., the advantages of entrepreneurship development among rural women in Kurdistan province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - The Archaeological Research at the Ancient Sites of Sirwan River Valley, Sanandaj and Sarvabad Counties, Kurdistan Province
Shokouh Khosravi Saman Mostafapour Farhad FatahiThe Archaeological Survey of a part of the Valley of Sirwan River between the east of Sarvabad County and the west of Sanandaj County in the southwest of Kurdistan province was carried out in October 2016. The area is surrounded by many heights covered with oak and bany MoreThe Archaeological Survey of a part of the Valley of Sirwan River between the east of Sarvabad County and the west of Sanandaj County in the southwest of Kurdistan province was carried out in October 2016. The area is surrounded by many heights covered with oak and banyan trees, forming a V-shaped valley with a short width and a steep slope. This situation is not an ideal condition for the formation of sites and human settlements, and therefore, it was not logical to expect the discovery of many sites before the survey. This survey included only the catchment areas of Nayabad Dam, where in total 11 sites were identified. The oldest identified settlements, including 6 sites, belonged to the Parthian period, and no older findings were obtained from this survey. Just a site had evidence from the 4th to 6th A.H. centuries. It seems that the lack of ancient sites in the valley is most likely related to the geological and topographic conditions of the valley. The lack of arable land, the stony nature of the area, and the excessive slope of the land in the valley have caused the formation of only nine ancient sites and two cemeteries throughout the region. Locating on the slopes and being single-period sites are reasons we see only a small number of pottery pieces in most of the sites, which apparently are scattered in a natural bed without any archaeological deposits. To identify the endangered sites of the valley, four of them were excavated (tested by 3-5 sondages), three of which had the remains of seasonal settlements, and in the area of Deh Kohene 1, a graveyard from the Parthian period was revealed, where a simple pit grave and a burial pot were revealed from there. Due to the mentioned reasons, the Sirvan River valley from Nagal to Nai Abad has not had numerous and important settlements throughout history due to environmental conditions and topography. The distribution pattern of the ancient sites and the appearance of the archaeological deposits show that a pattern similar to today has been ruling in the region in the past. At present, for six months of the year, the people of the region live in scattered houses and places located in their agricultural land and gardens on the edge of the river and return to the village during the cold season. Undoubtedly, this pattern was formed due to environmental restrictions and has continued to the present. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - The Settlement Patterns of Middle Chalcolithic Sites in the Talvar River Basin, Dehgolan and Ghorveh Counties, Kurdestan Province, Iran
Amir Saed Mucheshi Kamalaldin Niknami Zahed Karimi Eqbal Azizi Ali BehniaThis article discusses the settlement patterns of the middle chalcolithic sites in the Talvar river Basin in an area expanding from the river tributaries to its fairly lower bed eastwardly. The river basin is mostly placed within the both counties of Dehgolan and Ghorve MoreThis article discusses the settlement patterns of the middle chalcolithic sites in the Talvar river Basin in an area expanding from the river tributaries to its fairly lower bed eastwardly. The river basin is mostly placed within the both counties of Dehgolan and Ghorveh in Kurdestan Province. The archaeological investigations indicated the rise of occupation and presumably even its beginning in the chalcolithic period coinciding with various ways of life sustenance. In terms of size, elevation and access to the environmental resources, the middle chalcolithic sites (34 sites) could be divided in to several different groups. This issue is possibly based on the different ways of life sustenance. The earliest evidence in the region goes back to the middle chalcolithic period, but this result should not be known finally as both natural and cultural post-depositional alternations such as erosion, sedimentation and cultivation could play an important role. This article, however, is based on the yielded data collected as the result of archaeological investigations by provincial ICHO and also the first author who undertook a survey to write his Ph.D dissertation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Tepe Sarghal’eh: the Evidence of Uruk Pottery in Kurdistan Province and its Relation with Routes of Iran to Mesopotamia
Amir Saed Mucheshi Ali Azarshab Zahra GhaffariIn the present paper, Tepe Sarghal’eh and its surface fingings have been studied. This survey coincided with excavation of one of the sites in the region. The site had previously been identified. In this review we have tried to gather complete data. The discovered MoreIn the present paper, Tepe Sarghal’eh and its surface fingings have been studied. This survey coincided with excavation of one of the sites in the region. The site had previously been identified. In this review we have tried to gather complete data. The discovered potsherds show this mound just belongs to late Chalcolithic period and Il-Khanid (Mongol) dynasty. What makes this mound a remarkable one is the existence of first Uruk pottery samples in Kurdistan province. In other words, finding such potsherds in Sarghal’eh Tepe indicates the importance of this site – as it is located on the route to Mesopotamia – and the influence of Mesopotamia on this area, selecting appropriate places as well as the site size. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - An Analysis of Settlement Patterns of Kura-Araxes Culture in Eastern Kurdistan
Zahra Rajabioun Ali Behnia Amir Saed MoucheshiThe eastern part of Kurdistan Province, the region under Study, includes cities such as Bijar, Qorveh and Dehgolan. This region is a high plain which differs from western Kurdistan with respect to unevenness. Recently, this region has been archaeologically surveyed by t MoreThe eastern part of Kurdistan Province, the region under Study, includes cities such as Bijar, Qorveh and Dehgolan. This region is a high plain which differs from western Kurdistan with respect to unevenness. Recently, this region has been archaeologically surveyed by the Cultural Heritage Organization successively. The research results cope with identifying the historical sites from the prehistoric to the Islamic periods. In this study, about 21 sites assigned to Kura-Araxes Culture have been identified. The main aim of the present study is to analyze the dispositional pattern in Kura-Araxes Culture of East Kurdistan and their relationship with natural environments. In this study, features such as altitude rate, farness from or nearness to the river, the extent of the, the slope rate, the direction, and so on have been taken into consideration. To this aim, GIS software has been used. The study shows settlements have been centered in southern part of the region under study and northern parts are almost barren of Kura-Araxes sites. The research results show the existence of several permanent and seasonal settlements patterns from the Kura-Araxes Culture in this region. A part of the paper has dealt with the analysis of these patterns. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Archaeological Survey of Āzād Dam, Kurdistān, Western Iran
Ardeshir Javanmardzadeh Hojjat Darabi Reza NaseriThe Kurdestān province is located in western part of Iran as, limited by East Azerbaijan and Zanjān provinces from the north, Zanjān from the east, Kermanshah from the south and Iraq from the west. The survey region in the lake of Āzād Dam is located between Sanandaj an MoreThe Kurdestān province is located in western part of Iran as, limited by East Azerbaijan and Zanjān provinces from the north, Zanjān from the east, Kermanshah from the south and Iraq from the west. The survey region in the lake of Āzād Dam is located between Sanandaj and Marivān counties of Kurdestān province. Azad Dam’s Lake is located between 46º 32ʹ 57ʺ eastern longitude and 35 º 19 ʹ 59ʺ northern latitude, between the Banidar village and Pīr Khezrān in the starting and endpoint of the survey area. During the September- October 2007 the Archaeological survey of the Āzād Dam was intensively carried out to identify and record the Archaeological remains. this survey 21 archaeological sites which could be divided to 4 main types: Tell sites, Open Air sites, Cemeteries and Monuments. Chronologically, these recorded sites are spanning from prehistoric times to the Late Islamic era as, 1 sites contains Early Bronze Age Material by Early Trans Caucasia horizon, 3 sites contains Achamenid, 17 sites contains Parthian, 5 sites contains Sassanid and 4 sites contains Late Islamic material. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Description, Classification and Typology of Parthian Pottery in Qorveh Destrict (Kurdistan)
Farzad Mafi Ali Behnia Mohammad BahramzadehQorveh destrict of Kurdistan in the South East contains many Parthian relics due to its geographical location and certain environmental conditions and geographical proximity with important Parthian settlements in west and north-west of Iran. During the field studies con MoreQorveh destrict of Kurdistan in the South East contains many Parthian relics due to its geographical location and certain environmental conditions and geographical proximity with important Parthian settlements in west and north-west of Iran. During the field studies conducted mostly in the so called areas, it was discovered that Parthian regions are remnants of small settlements. According to the description, this article is to help increase our knowledge about the cultural condition of the site in Achaemenid period, based on the description, classification and typology of the obtained pottery from this area. According to studies, Parthian pottery of this region includes pottery with cordage motif, piteous and one of the Parthian typical pottery or Clinky - common forms of these potteries - include bowls, cups, jugs and jars, pots and small pots. The pottery decoration techniques generally include carved images with wavy and parallel lines, and a unique inlay working technique. Bsed on the the results of these studies, it can be said that Parthian pottery of Qorveh is very similar to samples of Bistoon, Noushijan, Qale-e-Zahak , Qale Yazgerd , Khorhe, Kangavar, Asadabad, Paveh ,Marivan, Salas-e-Babajani, despite having some local characteristics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Rock Art in the Northeast of Qorveh, Kurdistan Province
Jamal Lahafian Ali BehniaSome rock art sites have been discovered in southeastern Kurdistan and northeastern Qorveh city on the foothill of young volcanic mountains (Siah and Gharineh). Some of its rock art manifestations contain important elements that in terms of work style and morphology are MoreSome rock art sites have been discovered in southeastern Kurdistan and northeastern Qorveh city on the foothill of young volcanic mountains (Siah and Gharineh). Some of its rock art manifestations contain important elements that in terms of work style and morphology are comparable to the petroglyphs of different regions of Iran and other areas of Kurdistan. Some of these carvings have been made in several different periods by overlapping on the boulders. Qorveh motifs include cupules in different styles, linear, single, and group, human motifs in various combinations and modes, including various scenes such as hunting with a bow and arrow, horseman in a hunting mode, group dancing and other various modes, and animal motifs comprising antelope, ram, ewe, deer, gazelle, boar, camel, snake, feliformia and also other animal-like and human-like which have been displayed in graphic and abstract forms as well as geometric shapes and symbols. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Architectural Properties and Decorations in Khosrowabad Mansion at Sanandaj
Mohammad Ibrahim ZareiSeveral buildings in the city of Sanandaj have been identified from the Qajar period. One of the buildings of the Qajar period, the city is building Khosrvabad. The building is architecturally important buildings. Mansion is located next to large Chaharbagh. This collec MoreSeveral buildings in the city of Sanandaj have been identified from the Qajar period. One of the buildings of the Qajar period, the city is building Khosrvabad. The building is architecturally important buildings. Mansion is located next to large Chaharbagh. This collection represents the governors and rulers of Kurdistan in the course of this type of large-scale construction. The certificate and the evidence available in this area as a summer resort Chaharbagh Ardalan has been used by governors. The building has a building area of about eight thousand square meters. Given its importance to local historians and even some foreign and domestic travelers has attracted. Making time in a poem on the tablet of stone on the building Khosrvabad 1223.AH Is clear. This is the script Nasta liq. On the inside courtyard of the building entrance has been installed. Fath Ali Shah is the history of the state. In this inscription, the word Chahar, pleasant palace and its founder and his son, Amanullah Khan, Fath Ali Shah Khosrow second of Kurdistan and governors have been mentioned. It was so impressive monuments of the city of Sanandaj. Should be noted that the architecture does not scale for any home in Sanandaj. Some features of this building is a unique building in the west of Iran. This historical record, process, change the structure of architecture, architectural Decoration and other home influence is the city of Sanandaj. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Factors influencing the formation of Historical Geography of Ardalan Emirate in Safavid era
Nasrolah Poormohammadi Amlashi برومند سورنیEvery government's geography, along with politic, economic, religious and other factors is one of the most effective factors for determining the authority and influence of rulers. Geographical position in every country or area has an influential contribution in internal MoreEvery government's geography, along with politic, economic, religious and other factors is one of the most effective factors for determining the authority and influence of rulers. Geographical position in every country or area has an influential contribution in internal and external revolutions in their governments. In this regard, one can say that Ardalan Emirate changed from a passive position to a dynamic situation in Safavid era which place it at the heart of events occurred in this era, because it was at the intersection between the two great empires, Safavid and Ottoman Empire. Vigilance and formation of Ardalan borders and its involvement to events of this era, was to some extent, the effect of its geographic position and geopolitical weight which was influenced by contracting and expanding factors. With this specific position, political, military, religious, and linguistic factors contributed to the promotion of the position of this emirate in Safavid Era. These factors put the emirate on a very rough way to its development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Studying the headdress of Kurdish-Turkmen men in North Khorasan
ZOHREH AMIRI FOROUTAGHEH Tahereh Azimzadeh Tehrani shahrbanoo delbariThe garment of any ethnic group represents one of their cultural symbols, and headgear is the most distinctive one of them. The northern region of Khorasan has a special cultural diversity due to the habitat of various ethnic groups of Kurds, Turks, Tat and Turkmen. Men MoreThe garment of any ethnic group represents one of their cultural symbols, and headgear is the most distinctive one of them. The northern region of Khorasan has a special cultural diversity due to the habitat of various ethnic groups of Kurds, Turks, Tat and Turkmen. Men’s clothing in this area is among its components. The present paper seeks to study the design, color and material of Kurdish and Turkmen men’s clothing residing in this area. The study uses a descriptive-analytical method and library compilation and if necessary, conducts oral interviews with informed people and specialists in the field of clothing. The research results indicate that the headgear of these two ethnic groups has specific local names. They usually use Taqiyah with different designs and brown, milky and black colors made of wool. Some headgears are used by Turkmen men like Telpek and Sele and napkins are used by Kurdish men. In general, headgears are similar in terms of design, color and material, and differ mostly in terms of decoration and naming Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Factors influencing the formation of Historical Geography of Ardalan Emirate in Safavid era
nasrollah mohamadi boromand soreniEvery government's geography, along with politic, economic, religious and other factors is one of the most effective factors for determining the authority and influence of rulers. Geographical position in every country or area has an influential contribution in internal MoreEvery government's geography, along with politic, economic, religious and other factors is one of the most effective factors for determining the authority and influence of rulers. Geographical position in every country or area has an influential contribution in internal and external revolutions in their governments. In this regard, one can say that Ardalan Emirate changed from a passive position to a dynamic situation in Safavid era which place it at the heart of events occurred in this era, because it was at the intersection between the two great empires, Safavid and Ottoman Empire. Vigilance and formation of Ardalan borders and its involvement to events of this era, was to some extent, the effect of its geographic position and geopolitical weight which was influenced by contracting and expanding factors. With this specific position, political, military, religious, and linguistic factors contributed to the promotion of the position of this emirate in Safavid Era. These factors put the emirate on a very rough way to its development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - A Study of Party System in Kurdistan Regional Government from the Perspective of Prismatic Society
Rahmat Hajimineh Arsalan AbdolahpourRahmat Hajimineh [1] Arsalan Abdolahpour [2] Abstract: In 1991,the Iraqi Kurdistan Region declared autonomy within the Ir­­aqi legal framework following the plan for safe and no-fly zone. The region has officially become a federal region with a local gover­n MoreRahmat Hajimineh [1] Arsalan Abdolahpour [2] Abstract: In 1991,the Iraqi Kurdistan Region declared autonomy within the Ir­­aqi legal framework following the plan for safe and no-fly zone. The region has officially become a federal region with a local gover­n­ment with a semi-independent Iraqi administration, following the approval of the Federalism Act in Iraq in 2005. This study examines the theory of Fred Riggs' prismatic community and the char­ac­te­r­i­s­t­i­c­s of this type of society to examine the historical features of the bureaucracy in the Kurdistan region. The main question of the rese­a­r­ch is whether the Regional Government has been able to remove s­u­c­h indicators as heterogeneity, formality, interference, kinship and et­­h­nicism, market and concentration of power, as components of p­­r­i­smatic community, or does it continue to pursue its governance ba­sed on traditional structures? The method of data collection, due to the overseas nature of the subject of study and lack of access to the documents of that system, is in the form of library and Internet, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. According to Riggs' m­odel, the results suggest that the conditions and characteristics of the region's political system, despite having democratic components, are more in line with the status of the prismatic society. [1]- Assistant Professor of International Relations, Department of Communication and Social Sciences, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran: Corresponding Author [2] - PhD Student of Public Policy, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - The Sources of Opposition Parties in the Process of Political Development (Case Study: Goran Party in Kurdistan Region of Iraq)
Safar Valadbaigi sadegh ziba kalam monfared Alireza Azghandi AliAshraf NazariThe Kurdistan region has more than 600 kilometers of common border with Iran, which are culturally and historically compatible and have a deep influence on each other in the field of democracy. The question of the research includes: is the formation of political opposit MoreThe Kurdistan region has more than 600 kilometers of common border with Iran, which are culturally and historically compatible and have a deep influence on each other in the field of democracy. The question of the research includes: is the formation of political opposition in the Kurdistan region a sign of the transition of this region towards democracy or authoritarianism? The hypothesis suggests although the emergence of the opposition is a sign of minimal democracy, its formation, stabilization, and weakening are proof of the authoritarian structure and functioning of the two main parties in this region. The research method is qualitative (library documents). The results show that the formation of the political opposition in the region was a reaction to the authoritarian rule, but at the same time, it was a sign of the movement of the Kurdish society towards a kind of political and party pluralism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Comparing the level of adherence of young women of Turkish and Kurdish ethnicities to national and ethnic identities
Maria Pashaei hadollah jafar pour Davood EbrahimpourThe condition for the survival and cultural continuity of societies is the cohesion and integration of people who consider their identity roots to belong to that culture. Identification and alignment with collective identities such as national identity and ethnic identi MoreThe condition for the survival and cultural continuity of societies is the cohesion and integration of people who consider their identity roots to belong to that culture. Identification and alignment with collective identities such as national identity and ethnic identity are important among women who are both half of the population and play an important role in identifying the other half. The general purpose of this study was to determine the degree of adherence of young Turkish and Kurdish women in the cities of Tabriz and Buchan to national and ethnic identity. The research method was correlational survey. The statistical population included the youth of 18 to 30 years old in Tabriz and Buchan and the sample size consisted of 384 and 380 people, respectively. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that the level of adherence to national identity among young Turkish and Kurdish women in Tabriz and Buchan is high and there is no significant difference between them. Adherence to national and ethnic identities among young Turkish and Kurdish women reflects the rich roots of ethnic and national identity in Iranian society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Sociological explanation of the role of social media on the degree of ethnic convergence
Hesam SHirazeh mohabat Mohammad Abbaszadeh Mehran Samadi Samad AbediniEthnic identity and its intensification and prominence is one of the important social issues of multiethnic countries. This is especially important in underdeveloped countries. The integration of ethnic groups, considering its profound impact on the realization of natio MoreEthnic identity and its intensification and prominence is one of the important social issues of multiethnic countries. This is especially important in underdeveloped countries. The integration of ethnic groups, considering its profound impact on the realization of national and social security and confronting any destructive social effects, is necessary and essential in order to be able to cooperate with each other while establishing unity in order to preserve collective interests. This, along with the existence of political and social will, requires the creation of a culture and unity of procedure in this direction. The main role in this field is played by social media so that they can use their unparalleled power in this direction. This can only be achieved through the optimal use of social media. Accordingly, this study aims to determine the relationship between the use of social media and the degree of ethnic convergence in Urmia, which is a survey using the research method and the statistical population includes all citizens over 20 years of age in Urmia, which according to the latest census is equal to 512166 people, 970 of whom have been selected for the study by simple random sampling according to Cochran's formula. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS and Lisrel software, which showed the hypothesis of a significant relationship between ethnic convergence and the role of social media.. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Perceived social justice and its relationship with the ethnic identity of Turkish and Kurdish youth in the cities of Tabriz and Buchan .
Maria Pashaiy Mahmoud Elmi Davood EbrahimpourEthnic identity is one of the types of collective identities and refers to a set of characteristics and features that distinguish an ethnic group from each other and create a kind of sense of belonging to each other and integrate them. The main purpose of the study was MoreEthnic identity is one of the types of collective identities and refers to a set of characteristics and features that distinguish an ethnic group from each other and create a kind of sense of belonging to each other and integrate them. The main purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between the adherence of Turkish and Kurdish youth in the cities of Tabriz and Bukan to ethnic identity and perceived social justice. The research method was survey and the data collection tool was a standard Finnish questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population was the youth of Tabriz and Bukan, the method of systematic random sampling and the sample size were determined in two groups of 771 people. According to the findings, there was a significant positive relationship between perceived social justice and adherence to ethnic identity among Turkish and Kurdish youth in Tabriz and Bukan. The level of adherence to ethnic identity and the level of perceived social justice among the Kurdish youth of Bukan were significantly higher than the Turkish youth of Tabriz. There was no significant difference in adherence to ethnic identity indicators among Turkish and Kurdish youth in Tabriz and Bukan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - The Political Development process in Iraqi Kurdistan Region and it's Effect on Iranaian National Interets (1991-2020)
safar valadbaigi sadegh zibakalam monfared sayed alireza azghandi aliashraf nazarianThe formation of an autonomous and later federal system in Iraqi Kurdistan has been the product of international political interactions and Kurdish nationalist struggles in the form of political parties. The experience of three decades of Iraqi Kurdish parties in govern MoreThe formation of an autonomous and later federal system in Iraqi Kurdistan has been the product of international political interactions and Kurdish nationalist struggles in the form of political parties. The experience of three decades of Iraqi Kurdish parties in governing, self-governing, developing new democratic institutions, and generating challenges to the growth of democracy means that the Kurdistan Region is a rich place to test the relationship between political parties and political development. The main question is: In the process of political development of the Kurdistan region, what role did the main parties play in the conflict of existing obstacles and resources? The research method is documentary method. Data included library resources, and interviews with ten experts in the field of political development at universities in Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan. Findings show that although the process of political development in this region has not been continuous, dynamic and increasing, but this region with the rule of its parties over the last three decades is moving towards a kind of minimal democracy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Analysis of anti-government discourse in the experience of the Republic of Kurdistan (Mahabad 1946)
ABDOLAZIZ MOLOUDI Majid Tavasoli roknabadi Mohamadmahdi MojahediFormation of the Republic of Kurdistan in Mahabad in 1946, after the Russians refused to leave Iran during World War II, was an important event at that time that had a significant impact on both the country's developments and on the future. The Kurdish newspaper, was th MoreFormation of the Republic of Kurdistan in Mahabad in 1946, after the Russians refused to leave Iran during World War II, was an important event at that time that had a significant impact on both the country's developments and on the future. The Kurdish newspaper, was the Official language of the Republic of Kurdistan and the KDPI, that led by Ghazi Mohammad, and are therefore one of the valuable sources for reviewing, analyzing, and criticizing the events of this period.Based on the qualitative discourse analysis model of Norman Fairclough, this article analyzes the discourse of Anti- government in the experience of the Republic of Kurdistan by examining articles published in the Kurdistan newspaper.The main question is whether is there a political discourse of anti-government in the Republic of Kurdistan? According to the results, the experience of the Kurdistan Republic is a part of the results of the despotism in Iran during the Qajars and Pahlavi regimes. Hence, the main discourse of the republic is freedom and democracy, and, then there is Kurdish nationalism in the pursuit of autonomy within the political framework of the Iranian government.The approach of the Republic of Kurdistan has not been an anti- government. Rather, it was a confrontation with despotism, a popular demand that coincided with the social movement of the Iranian people against the political despotism of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Reflection of Ethnic and National Identity in the Journals of Kurdish Students (Case Study: Kurdish Journals at the Universities of Tehran, Tabriz and Kurdistan)
Ali Morshidizad Zahed Ghafari Hashjin Hersh QaderzadeThe main subject in this research was to compare the level of ethnic and national identity reflected in the Journals of Kurdish students.. In this research, 54 Kurdish student journals from the universities of Tehran, Tabriz and Kurdistan are analyzed. Sampling in this MoreThe main subject in this research was to compare the level of ethnic and national identity reflected in the Journals of Kurdish students.. In this research, 54 Kurdish student journals from the universities of Tehran, Tabriz and Kurdistan are analyzed. Sampling in this research is systematic one and analyzing unit is the whole content of these journals (text, news, photo, title, etc.). Research findings shows that in universities under research, the most attentions are devoted to ethnic identity in contrast to that of national identity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Determination of arsenic in agricultural products, animal products and drinking water of rural areas of Bijar and Gharve, Kurdestan Province
مقداد Pirsaheb عبداله Dargahi حافظ Golestanifar Environmental and food contamination with toxic element arsenic is one of the important issues that are threatening public health and other creatures. In this study, a total sample of 983 consisting agricultural and animal products as well as water samples More Environmental and food contamination with toxic element arsenic is one of the important issues that are threatening public health and other creatures. In this study, a total sample of 983 consisting agricultural and animal products as well as water samples was analyzed for arsenic contamination. According to the results, the highest concentration of arsenic (1.737 mg/l) was found in the piped water of Aliabad. Moreover, the highest level of arsenic contamination was detected in wheat obtained from Giklo and Gondak (0.14 mg/kg). Accordingly, highest arsenic level in barley, peas and lentils, was estimated in the samples of Gondak (0.11 mg/kg), Giklo (mg/kg 0.013) and Ghojagh (0.017 mg/kg), respectively. In addition, the highest mean concentration of arsenic in meat and milk samples was found in Ghojagh (0.167 mg/kg) and Gondak (0.0129 mg/l). The results revealed that the contamination level of arsenic in all crops, meat and milk samples were lower than the maximum acceptable limit adopted in many other countries. However, the concentration of arsenic in water samples was 174 times higher than the acceptable limit (0.01 mg/l) determined by the Iranian National Standard. Therefore, it is necessary to perform comprehensive studies on contaminations of water sources in this area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Evaluation of heavy metals concentration in strawberry (Case study: Agricultural lands of Sanandaj)
مهرداد Cheraghi ندا Ariaeinejad بهاره LorestaniContaminants are damaging factors of the ecosystems. Amongst, heavy metals are due to their toxicity, persistence and bio-accumulation are of great concern even in low concentrations. Kurdistan province with an annual production of 30,000 tons of strawberry produces 88 MoreContaminants are damaging factors of the ecosystems. Amongst, heavy metals are due to their toxicity, persistence and bio-accumulation are of great concern even in low concentrations. Kurdistan province with an annual production of 30,000 tons of strawberry produces 88 percent of the strawberry in Iran. In this study, 25 samples were obtained randomly from soil (depth of 0-30 cm), leaf and strawberry crop of all five existing farms located on the road of Sanandaj to Kamyaran. The samples were transported to laboratory and acid digestion was performed on the samples. Afterwards, the quantity of cadmium, arsenic, lead, zinc and copper were measured using atomic emission device. The results revealed that metal concentrations of cadmium, zinc and copper (0.01, 6.03, 13.67 mg/kg, respectively) were lower than the standards of FAO/WHO. Meanwhile the concentrations of heavy metals of arsenic and lead (36.88, 3.57 mg/kg, respectively) were higher than the defined standards (with 95% confidence level). It seems that the overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is the main cause of heavy metal contaminations in the strawberry farms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Evaluation of heavy metal concentration in compost, soil cover and button mushroom in Kurdistan greenhouses
مهرداد Cheraghi بهاره Lorestani ندا Mardokh rohani Heavy metal pollution is among the major problems of environmental and food safety concerns. This study investigated the concentration of heavy metals i. e., arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in mushroom crops produced in Kurd More Heavy metal pollution is among the major problems of environmental and food safety concerns. This study investigated the concentration of heavy metals i. e., arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in mushroom crops produced in Kurdistan greenhouses. For this purpose, compost, mushroom crop and soil of four greenhouses with five repetitions for each sample were obtained. A total number of 60 sample was analyzed. The samples were digested using acid digestion method and the concentrations of the metals were determined by atomic emission technique. According to the results, average as concentrations in mushroom was estimated at 89.742 mg/kg, Cd 0.32 mg/kg, Cu 48.868 mg/kg, Pb 3.152 mg/kg and Zn 24.072 mg/kg. The findings showed that the mean concentrations of As, Pb and Cu in all mushroom samples were higher than WHO standards (0.5, 2 and 40 mg/kg for As, Cu and Pb, respectively). However, the concentrations of Zn and Cd in the mushroom samples were in the acceptable limit. Data showed that except for As, the concentrations of all elements in soil and compost samples were lower than the EPA standard. It was concluded that excessive application of chemical fertilizers had resulted in the increasing of heavy metal concentrations in the soil, compost and mushroom crops produced in Kurdistan greenhouses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Isolation and identification of normal conjunctival fungal flora in the Persian Kurd horse
saber Mamaghani abdollah Araghi Sooreh majid Ebrahimi Hamed mehdi fattahi hamid Akbari This study was conducted to identify the fungi isolated from conjunctival sac of clinically normal Persian Kurd horses of Tabriz, north western Iran and to determine the effect of sex and age variations on the frequency of isolates. Forty horses (17 females More This study was conducted to identify the fungi isolated from conjunctival sac of clinically normal Persian Kurd horses of Tabriz, north western Iran and to determine the effect of sex and age variations on the frequency of isolates. Forty horses (17 females and 23 males), aged 2-30 years, without clinical evidence of external ocular inflammation were selected and divided into two age groups (less than 10 years and over 10 years). Samples were taken from both conjunctival sacs of horses and seeded on the sabouraud dextrose agar and malt extract agar. Plates were incubated at 25°C for 7 days. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, Fisher's exact and Kendall Tau tests using SAS 9.1. Filamentous fungi and yeasts comprised 82.35% and 17.65% of total isolates, respectively. The most frequent isolate was Aspergillus species (38.82 %) followed by Penicillium spp (14.12%), Fusarium spp (8.24%), Chladosporium, Mucor and Scopulariopsis spp (5.88%), Pseudallescheria, Rhodotorula and Trichoderma spp (1.18 %). Gender had a significant effect on frequency of fungal isolation (p<0.05). Isolation of fungi decreased with increasing age but there was no significant correlation between them (p= 0.064, r= - 0.225). In conclusion, the frequency of fungal species isolated from conjunctival sac of clinically normal Kurd horses was influenced by gender. Generally, the fungal species isolated in our study are comparable with similar studies performed on horses in other regions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Study of serum heat shock protein-27, adenosine deaminase, homocysteine and lipid profiles in bovine leptospirosis in Kurdistan province
kave azimzade The aim of this study was to investigate changes of serum parameters such as adenosine deaminase (ADA), heat shock protein-27 (HSP-27), homocysteine (Hcy) and lipid profiles (LDL,HDL,VLDL and Triglyceride) in bovine leptospirosis. After diagnosis of acute l More The aim of this study was to investigate changes of serum parameters such as adenosine deaminase (ADA), heat shock protein-27 (HSP-27), homocysteine (Hcy) and lipid profiles (LDL,HDL,VLDL and Triglyceride) in bovine leptospirosis. After diagnosis of acute leptospirosis in cattle, blood samples were collected from 12 cases of bovine leptospirosis and 12 healthy samples via jugular vein and all parameters along with zinc (Zn2+) were measured. The results denoted a significant increase in Hcy, HSP-27, TG, VLDL, along with a significant decrease in HDL-C, ADA, LDL-C and zinc (Zn2+) in patients compared to healthy ones (p≤0.01). Based on the results, the listed parameters may be used in the management of bovine leptospirosis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - بررسی رابطه احساس عدالت اجتماعی بر هویت ملّی جوانان قوم کُرد (نمونهی موردی: شهر قروه)
علیرضا قاسمی جمشید گراوند سمیه فرهادیبا در نظر داشتن ارتباط تنگاتنگی که بین گفنمان حاکم با هویت ملی، مقاله حاضر درصدد است با استفاده از روش پیمایش و به کمک پرسشنامه، تحقیقی را با هدف شناخت میزان هویت ملّی در بین جوانان کُرد و رابطه آن با احساس عدالتاجتماعی به انجام برساند. جامعه آماری این تحقیق را شهروند Moreبا در نظر داشتن ارتباط تنگاتنگی که بین گفنمان حاکم با هویت ملی، مقاله حاضر درصدد است با استفاده از روش پیمایش و به کمک پرسشنامه، تحقیقی را با هدف شناخت میزان هویت ملّی در بین جوانان کُرد و رابطه آن با احساس عدالتاجتماعی به انجام برساند. جامعه آماری این تحقیق را شهروندان کُرد ساکن شهرستان قروه تشکیل داده و حجمنمونه برابر 299 نفر است. بررسیها نشان داد که بین احساس عدالت شهروندان و هویت ملّی آنان همبستگی معناداری به میزان 49/0 وجود دارد و هر چه احساس عدالت بیشتر باشد، هویت ملّی شهروندان بالاتر است. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که هرچه احساس عدالت اقتصادی، سیاسی، فرهنگی و زبانی شهروندان بالاتر باشد، هویتملّی آنان قویتر است. بطور مشابه، یافتههای پژوهش، رابطه بین هویت ملّی و شهروندان را تأیید نموده است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Detecting the Impacts of Teleconnection Patterns on Kurdistan Province Temperature
Mohammad Darand Hayedeh RahmaniDaily mean data connected to temperature of 11 synoptic stations and 15 climate stations in and out of Kurdistan province from 21/3/1961 to 19/1/2011 were used for doing this research. The temperature was interpolated on 6×6 km pixels by using Kriging spatial stat MoreDaily mean data connected to temperature of 11 synoptic stations and 15 climate stations in and out of Kurdistan province from 21/3/1961 to 19/1/2011 were used for doing this research. The temperature was interpolated on 6×6 km pixels by using Kriging spatial statistic for each day. One matrix with dimension of 18203×811 was created that time (days) was located on the rows and place or pixels in Kurdistan province boundary on the columns. The mean of monthly temperature was calculated separately for each pixel during different years. The monthly data of ten teleconnection patterns was extracted from NCEP/NCAR centre. The linear regression was used to detect the correlation between temperature and teleconnection patterns. The temperature correlation of each pixel with teleconnection patterns was tested in 95% confidence level. The results showed that the correlation between temperature of Kurdistan province and teleconnection patterns in 95% confidence level was significant during most months of the year. The extent of significant correlation was extreme in winter and autumn. In semi warm season the extent of significant correlation decreased. Among teleconnection patterns, the index of Caspian Sea (NCP) in 500 hectopascal levels and fluctuation of north Atlantic (NAO) in sea level pressure had noticeable influence on temperature of Kurdistan province in autumn and winter seasons. The correlation between mentioned indexes and temperature of province is negative. The positive anomaly of 500 Geopotential height level over Europe and negative anomaly on the western part of country, Caspian Sea and Turkey resulted in temperature reduction in Kurdistan Province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Evaluation and comparison of antioxidant performance of different organs of two species (Hyoscyamus niger L. and Hyoscyamus kurdicus Bornm.) in different habitats of Ardabil province
پریا مهدی مه لقا قربانلی فرزانه عظیمی مطعم -
Open Access Article
88 - Correlation between Security-Defense Threats with Developmental Levels in Kurdistan Province Using Spatial Planning Approach
Sayed Mostafa hashemi abbas alipour amir fathiToday, regarding the widespread and complexity of domestic and foreign relations in different countries, as well as the prevalence of insecurity in the region, and especially the presence of ISIS, security-defense, and threats are of paramount importance. These threats MoreToday, regarding the widespread and complexity of domestic and foreign relations in different countries, as well as the prevalence of insecurity in the region, and especially the presence of ISIS, security-defense, and threats are of paramount importance. These threats are more sensitive and important in the border provinces. Maintaining security and expanding it in the border areas are among the most important concerns of countries that have a wide variety of borders with their neighbors. New insights on border security emphasize sustainable development strategy in these areas. This applied research aims to investigate security-defense threats in the cities of Kurdistan province using an analytical-exploratory method. Moreover the study seeks to measure the relationship between these threats and indicators using Pearson correlation. The data of this research were obtained through documentary, library, and questionnaire. This study examines theories regarding the correlation of security and defense with development in Kurdistan province as a case study. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between security-defense and health-economic indicators. But there was no significant relationship between threats and cultural indicators, transportation, infrastructure and all other indicators. Finally, the researchers have suggested a strategy for the province with the help of the elite people. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Attitudes of University Students toward English Language Education Policy in Iraqi Kurdistan
Momen Yaseen Amin Javad Gholami -
Open Access Article
90 - A comparative study of the semantics and music of the subjects in Kalhori Kurdish with Persian language (Study sample: Kalhori dialect of Gilan-e-Gharb and Ivan-e-Gharb regions)
Shahreyar Shadigho Mahdi Ahmadikhah Farhad ParvanehKalhori Kurdish dialect is one of the vernaculars of the southern branch of Kurdish language (Kurdish language has three branches north, central and southern) that most of its speakers live in the cities of Ivan-Gharb and Sarablah of Ilam province and Islamabad-Gharb an MoreKalhori Kurdish dialect is one of the vernaculars of the southern branch of Kurdish language (Kurdish language has three branches north, central and southern) that most of its speakers live in the cities of Ivan-Gharb and Sarablah of Ilam province and Islamabad-Gharb and Gilan-Gharb in Kermanshah province. Since linguistic studies consider Kurdish to be one of the most widely used languages in Persian, the concepts, words and combinations of this language, like Persian, are derived from the relations and proportions between words, one of which is the existence of citizens in the language. Therefore, the authors of this study have lead the present research in an integrated-field study method (direct conversation with Kalhori speakers of Gilan-Gharb and Ivan-Gharb regions) and with reference to library sources (referring to authoritative books related to Kalhori dialect) and they try to answer these questions: 1- Are there any dependency in the Kurdish dialect of Ivan-e-Gharb and Gilan-e-Gharb? 2- In the Kurdish dialect of Ivan-e-Gharb and Gilan-e-Gharb, what is the relationship between the word base and dependency (function)? 3- What are the differences and similarities between the dependency in the Kurdish dialect and the other in the Persian language? One of the results of this research in terms of semantic, function, structure and music, in the Kalhori dialect clarifies the dependency is exactly similar to the dependency in the Persian language. With the difference that the frequency of the function to the subject in Kalhori dependency is higher than the preceding the function to the subject in Persian language. Another difference is the existence of dependency switcher in Kurdish, which was not found in Persian. These practical differences and alterations indicate that Persian and Kurdish, with all their structural similarities, and adaptations, are two independent languages, and addressing such small and subtle differences can reveal aspects of the two languages' independence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Analytical review of Quranic intertextuality in the verses of Mullah Abdul Karim Modarres (case study: The Court “Sana va Skalah”)
abdollah rasool nejad masoud bavanpouri soudabe jafariHoly Quran and the issues with it have always been among the important issues which have been the center of attention of researchers and the profound effects of this holy book from the time of its descend to the present time have been obvious to everyone. This impressib MoreHoly Quran and the issues with it have always been among the important issues which have been the center of attention of researchers and the profound effects of this holy book from the time of its descend to the present time have been obvious to everyone. This impressibility is not limited only to the period of descending of the Quran and Arabic old literature but contemporary poets, even poets of other languages and religions were impressed by Quranic concepts and values . Many prominent poets of different languages have decorated their court with words and combinations from the Holy Quran. Mullah Abdul Karim Modarres is one of the leading Kurd poets who enjoys valuable and distinctive position in Kurdish literature. He has interpreted the Quran in Kurdish and clearly he has been impressed. He has several books of poetry and religion, in which the authors of this article have examined the court “Sana va Skalah” (praise and supplication). The poet sometimes has used the same verse of the Quran or a translation in Kurdish language, and in the second part of his poem, the poet has praised God's great attributes. The authors intend to express examples of this effect using descriptive and analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Kurdish ancient stories and its connection with the style of magical realism (Based on the Kurdish text written by Lescot Roger)
Mousa Parnian Ata Almasi Muhammad Zahed Saidi tabarCombining the life realities with the traditions and people's beliefs and fantasies of the Caribbean area which is a mixture of black African slaves' beliefs and the customs of the American Indians before Columbus, led to emergence writing style of the magical realism. MoreCombining the life realities with the traditions and people's beliefs and fantasies of the Caribbean area which is a mixture of black African slaves' beliefs and the customs of the American Indians before Columbus, led to emergence writing style of the magical realism. Despite the attribution of this school of writing to Latin America and Gabriel Garcia Marquez It is not possible to determine this style of writing solely allocated for this region, because some aspects of the origin of this writing technique have been found in the literature of the east, including the local and native Kurdish literature of the region. The Kurdish textbook or the "Old Kurdish Stories" compiled by Lescot Roger, a French writer and scholar, is one of Kurdish works that undoubtedly, like other eastern works, is the origin of the magical realism style. Hence, the present paper seeks to examine how to link the magic realism style of writing with Kurdish stories based on Lescot Roger's Book. The initial findings of the research show that many of the components of magical realism have been used in this book, along with fantasy and imagination, far from any judgments and orientations, the important and profound realities of the Kurdish community have been depicted in an imaginary and unfamiliar environment. Therefore, the audience in the real world is sometimes overwhelmed by doubts; meanwhile, it opens up new perspectives to the audience in which they are an ideal human biographer and without any kind of ugliness, disgust, and disappointment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - An investigation of etymological principles of the Southern Kurdish dialects (case study of the three sub-dialects Khezeli, Laki and Klhori)
Moslem Khezeli Sakineh AzadiSouthern Kurdish dialects or (kermanshahi-Ilami) dialects are one of the four main Kurdish dialects (Kermanji, Soranji, Orami-Ghoran, and Southern Kurdish dialect) divided to too many sub-dialects. In this study, we have analyzed the features of grammatical points and e MoreSouthern Kurdish dialects or (kermanshahi-Ilami) dialects are one of the four main Kurdish dialects (Kermanji, Soranji, Orami-Ghoran, and Southern Kurdish dialect) divided to too many sub-dialects. In this study, we have analyzed the features of grammatical points and etymological reference of grammar of these dialects with the emphasis on differences. Thus, firstly, we have identified Kurdish language and its dialects, then, we have described etymological grammar of these dialects. This study has been conducted by library study method and descriptive-analytical approach. According to the findings, these three dialects have very close associations with each other and in some grammatical points they meet the similarities. But among them, there are some differences mostly appeared in verb etymology, usage of pronouns, adverbs usage, prepositions, and prefixes. These differences often occurred in changes of some letters. These differences caused these dialects varieties and also the independency and appearance of particular grammatical system of them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - The Most Obvious Literary qualities in "NarmeVaran" Book by Jalil Ahangar nezhad
masoud bavan poori vahid sajadi far sakine azadiJalilAhangar nezhad, is a poet from Gilan Gharb city, that hispoetry is a reflection of the environment and Themountainous and beautiful nature area.Poet in his book used elements of nature,such as spring, birds and…. He has used colors well, especially “kā MoreJalilAhangar nezhad, is a poet from Gilan Gharb city, that hispoetry is a reflection of the environment and Themountainous and beautiful nature area.Poet in his book used elements of nature,such as spring, birds and…. He has used colors well, especially “kāl” (pale green) in his poetry. Personification, Combining the senses and repetition in his poetry hasconsiderable frequency. He insists to use old words:those terms of vocabulary which lost the previous boom. This article isbased on using descriptive and analytical methods to assess and explain the useof these elements in the book “NarmeVaran Manuscript profile -
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95 - Hero and Anti-Hero in Rustam Nameh Epic by Almas Khan Kandulei Kermanshahi
khalil begzadeh shahnaz geravandiAlmas Khan Kandulei Kermanshahi is an epic, native poet who’s epic and lyrical stories are in Guranian Kurdish and one of epic collections is Rustam Nameh concerning with Iran troops, Rustam head of group and devil troops by heading Zeus weird. This study aims to MoreAlmas Khan Kandulei Kermanshahi is an epic, native poet who’s epic and lyrical stories are in Guranian Kurdish and one of epic collections is Rustam Nameh concerning with Iran troops, Rustam head of group and devil troops by heading Zeus weird. This study aims to assign and analyze the hero character as well as anti-hero in epic of Rustam Nameh due to descriptive-analytical methods, it concluded that hero and anti-hero are the same in physical fighting, and tools and methods, but their goals are diabolical, because hero relies on metaphysical powers, to save the appetitive, fair, generosity, sympathy and braveness that is human’s requirement in all careers, but anti-hero is agent of evil, darkness, trickery, and enemy, besides, the poet sometimes, illustrates himself in illustrating hero personality, it is as if heroes of epic story are a covering means to express the human’s views of humanity of Almas Khan Kandulei Kermanshahi whose legends, the epic stories and customs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Research in regarding to the position of Imam Ali in Ascension of the Prophet Mohammad in Southern Kurdish Poetry
seyed arman hoseini ab bariki yahya atash zayThe story of the ascension of Mohammad Prophet is the commonest theme and religious theme in the Southern Kurdish poems. Southern Kurdish poets have viewed the ascension story from different angles to create their poems. Imam Ali’s presence is a common feature of MoreThe story of the ascension of Mohammad Prophet is the commonest theme and religious theme in the Southern Kurdish poems. Southern Kurdish poets have viewed the ascension story from different angles to create their poems. Imam Ali’s presence is a common feature of these ascension letters. Since addressing these poems clarifies the popular narrative of the Southern Kurds of the ascension as well; therefore, the authors in this article attempt to give a big picture of the ascension and explain the ascension letters and their manuscripts and study the their reflections in the Southern Kurdish literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Theme Creations of Shīrku Bīkas by the Allusion into the Prophets Story
mohammad irani samira kananiThe stories about the prophets by no attention into the conscience and ritual difference have been attracted for the difference-nation-poets. Reflecting this stories wasn't far from kurdish poets. . Shīrku bīkas is one of the biggets poets of kurdish literature in the c MoreThe stories about the prophets by no attention into the conscience and ritual difference have been attracted for the difference-nation-poets. Reflecting this stories wasn't far from kurdish poets. . Shīrku bīkas is one of the biggets poets of kurdish literature in the current age and he -by utilication from prophets story- had notice to say the meanings and other destinations like political censure social difficulties and problems ethnic difficulties and kurds ethnic popular struggle. Shīrku- by using his artistic imagination- finds some shares between his items and prophets events and then according to his words he points the prophets life events and then he finds artistic connection between himself, his homeland, his history, his homeland events and prophets life. We, the writers of this essay, have tried to peruse the reflection of prophets visage analytically and descriptively in the shīrku bīkas poets and check the heterologies in how to represent the prophets try with rebuild the allusions and creat the political social themes in this well-known poets poem. The conclusions of this research shows that this famous kurdish literature poet, in allusion to the prophets story, doesn’t have any idea about the prophets religious and creedy belief event but his oppinion is to saying his homeland political and social meanings on the cover of literary images and arts. Therefore, he can be counted as an under taking poet that he had used his poet for reflecting the nation and ethnic difficulties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Investigating the evolutionary changes of the Kurdish vocabulary (Ivan kalhor dialect) to the Pahlavi language
Farhad Parvaneh Mahdi Ahmadikhah Lida ShamshiryKalhor tribe is one of the largest and most wide-ranging home-grown people of Iran throughout the history. From the study of existing and used vocabulary in the Kurdish dialect, it appears these vocabularies are of such an age that their background is in Middle Persian MoreKalhor tribe is one of the largest and most wide-ranging home-grown people of Iran throughout the history. From the study of existing and used vocabulary in the Kurdish dialect, it appears these vocabularies are of such an age that their background is in Middle Persian or Pahlavi. Some of these words have remained unchanged over time, and some have been affected by linguistic variations. This paper tries to study the structure, and the evolution of the present vocabulary in the Ivyani Kalhor dialect, using the two methods of library and field studying, in an analytical-descriptive approach. From the findings of the research, it has achieved that a part of the vocabulary has been transposed from Pahlavi to the Kurdish dialect (Avon) in terms of form and meaning. The other part is also transmitted in an identical manner, but the meaning of it has been changed. The third group is a lexical word in which the evolution of the sounds (the process of reduction, the process of increasing, the process of transformation and the dual process) has happened. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - The place of work, effort, and struggle in the Kurdish and Arabic proverbs
Moslem Khezeli Arman Mohamadi Raigany Jahangir AmiriThe Kurdish and Arabic proverbs as a literal mirror technique of Iranian and Arabic culture have transmitted the cultural, social, and historical events of the two peoples to the next generations and have played a unique role in preserving the ancestors' thoughts and cu MoreThe Kurdish and Arabic proverbs as a literal mirror technique of Iranian and Arabic culture have transmitted the cultural, social, and historical events of the two peoples to the next generations and have played a unique role in preserving the ancestors' thoughts and customs. Work, effort, and struggle are one of the important topics reflected in these proverbs and they have a valuable place. This paper seeks to compare the Kurdish and Arabic proverbs of work, struggle, and effort with a historical and descriptive-analytical approach and show the similarities between them. According to research results, work, effort, and struggle in Iranian-Islamic culture have a special place and they have always been introduced as a dynamic factor of society. Carefully, these proverbs can also be traced to the words and thoughts of the wise and the intelligent. Thus, these proverbs as a bridge between new and old generations transmit cultural, social, and historical propositions and components to new generations and encourage a work-oriented culture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - The image of the Kurdish community in Kurdish lullabies
Rahman Moshtaghmehr Amineh FeiziThe Kurds, like other Iranian tribes, have a rich, gorgeous, and ancient oral literature. Lullabies have a significant share in Kurdish oral literature as part of folk songs. These lullabies, like a mirror, reflect corners of culture, history, and social realities. By r MoreThe Kurds, like other Iranian tribes, have a rich, gorgeous, and ancient oral literature. Lullabies have a significant share in Kurdish oral literature as part of folk songs. These lullabies, like a mirror, reflect corners of culture, history, and social realities. By researching this part of popular culture, many sociological materials such as religious, educational, moral, political, cultural, customs and traditions are obtained, which are in the knowledge of culture and people and familiarity with spirits and attachments. The ethnicity of the Kurds will play an important role. This research aims to examine the image of the Kurdish community and the culture of the Kurdish-speaking people through the Kurdish lullabies collected in the book "Jeanne Jean". Findings suggest that echoes of women's voices, religious beliefs, superstitions, political issues, living conditions and relationships, games, stories and anecdotes and climatic characteristics can be found. He listened to these lullabies and through them became acquainted with one of the oldest Iranian tribes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - A study and adaptation of the story themes of Bahram and Golandam Aminuddin Safi and the Kurdish folk Beyt (Malhoon Divan)
Mehri Pakzad monieh mesgariThe story of Bahram and Glendam is one of those stories, which have different narratives. Among them, there is a narration written by Amin O-Din Safi, a classical poet of the 9th century, in 3049 couplets, and another recitation has been narrated from Kurdish folk liter MoreThe story of Bahram and Glendam is one of those stories, which have different narratives. Among them, there is a narration written by Amin O-Din Safi, a classical poet of the 9th century, in 3049 couplets, and another recitation has been narrated from Kurdish folk literature in the style of literacy from generation to generation. The subject of this research is two types of literary in two languages (Persian and Kurdish) with various themes in terms of storytelling. The origin of this story, like many ancient stories, is still not well understood. In the ninth century AH, poetry imitation of the Khamse-Nezami reached its peak and one of the reasons of the prosperity of storytellers was the interest of local rulers and sovereigns to hear lyrical stories, epics, legends, etc. in their spare time. This caused the poets to use the names of the characters of old stories with new processing and creativity to write another story with their own perception and sometimes with a weak structure, without any special source, just to elucidate the task and fill the leisure time of rulers and masters. Like the story of Amir Arsalan, which evokes a combination of the atmosphere of the stories in the listener's mind of One Thousand and One Nights, Shahnameh and the Demon, etc. Different themes arise due to the existence of different or similar storytellers and narratives. In this article, by examining and comparing the theme in the story of Bahram and Golandam, the main idea or the same theme and finally the message of the story and the author's view on the subject of the story become clear. The nature of the themes in both Persian and Kurdish narratives widens the field for comparing and examining the effect of the two narratives in question, and it opens new windows in recognizing the difficulty and coverage or weakness of the story. The field and library study method based on content analysis has formed the structure of the present study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - The Function of Irony in Jang Nameh-ye Nader By Almas Khan Kandouleh'ei
Zahra Gharib Hosseini Hamid Jafari Maryam KaryanySimile, metaphors, irony, and imagery are the main fundamentals of traditional rhetoric that help the poet to create imaginative images. Meantime, irony is more applicable in transmitting ideas and experiences due to its connection with the popular people’s langua MoreSimile, metaphors, irony, and imagery are the main fundamentals of traditional rhetoric that help the poet to create imaginative images. Meantime, irony is more applicable in transmitting ideas and experiences due to its connection with the popular people’s language and using the sources of people's customs and beliefs. In this paper, in order to study and identify irony in people's culture better, Nader Almas Khan Kondoleh's Jangnameh has been studied in a descriptive-analytical way. This poem was written in 12 century AH and is considered as an epic work in the Kurdish language. In this study,it has been studied in a descriptive-analytical way.An examination of irony in Nader's system of Jang Nameh shows that he was aware of the unique role of irony in the spread of language, and the preservation of social customs, has made extensive use of this literary technique. Ironies are some of his own literary achievements and they have enriched the language of his poetry. It is noteworthy that most of the ironies that originate from human emotions or have a deep mythological, doctrinal, and social underpinning have also helped to reinforce the epic aspects. This shows the poet has not been unaware of these ironic implications. Also, the poet's adherence to religious principles has caused many ironies to have a deep belief structure in his poetry. Ironies are some of his own literary achievements and have enriched the language of his poetry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - A Study of Social Symbolic Language in the poem of «Khava bardina» by Savareh Ilkhanizadeh
Bahar Kazemi Jamal Ahmadi Badrieh Ghavami Reza BorzooeiLiterature is one of the social affairs that has always been influenced by the political events of its time and is a place to express and reflect those ones. One of the consequences of the rule of dictatorship and oppression on society is the approach of poets to symbol MoreLiterature is one of the social affairs that has always been influenced by the political events of its time and is a place to express and reflect those ones. One of the consequences of the rule of dictatorship and oppression on society is the approach of poets to symbolic expression. Savareh Ilkhanizadeh is one of the new Kurdish poets in Iranian Kurdistan, who under the influence of the conditions of society and modern Persian poetry and the influence of Nima Yoshij's poetry, pay attention in his poetry to socialism the pains and sufferings of people. Some poets in modern Persian poetry used symbolic language to express the problems and people’s aspirations. The Savareh also had a symbolic language in poetry due to the influence of the prevailing conditions in the society. In this article, by looking at the historical and political situation of the Savareh's poetic era, he examines the language of the poem "Khava bardina". We use his poetic symbols to express the problems and ideals of the Savareh’s community, and we achieve the important point that the Savareh is a combination of symbolism and socialism, which are two prominent features of social symbolism. And he is a narrator of the historical, political and social events of his time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - Comparison of the verb part in dialect of “Feili Kurdish" and "Kalhori Kurdish" of southern Kurdish dialects
sakineh azadiKurdish is the language of millions of people on earth. Kermanji, Sorani (Southern Kermanji), Orami-Gorani and Southern Kurdish are the main dialects of Kurdish with several sub-dialects and accents. Southern Kurdish is the dialect of Kermanshah and Ilam regions. In Ker MoreKurdish is the language of millions of people on earth. Kermanji, Sorani (Southern Kermanji), Orami-Gorani and Southern Kurdish are the main dialects of Kurdish with several sub-dialects and accents. Southern Kurdish is the dialect of Kermanshah and Ilam regions. In Kermanshah, dialects exist such as Kalhori, Jafi, Orami, and etc. Ilami Kurdish (Fili Kurdish) is the common language of the inhabitants of Ilam province and parts of Iraq such as Mendali and Khaneqin. Kalhori, Khazli, Arkavazi, Malekshahi, etc. form the dialects of the inhabitants of Ilam province. In the present study, with the aim of discovering and identifying some of the grammatical rules of Ilami dialects, Kalhori dialect (Ivan city and parts of Shirvan and Chardavol) and Fili dialect were compared in terms of verb forms. The results show that there are many similarities in the grammatical rules of these dialects due to kinship, and at the same time, there are some differences in suffixes when the verbs are conjugated in the second and third person singular forms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Sociological analysis of the Reflection of Kurdish Folk Musical Instruments in Divan-e- Ghaneh
Samira Kanani Mohammad Irani Nouroddin YousofiMusic is an fundamental part of the culture of any nation, and it can be clearly stated that civilized and ancient nations enjoy music in their historical and cultural background. This cultural phenomenon has always been considered by poets due to the deep connection be MoreMusic is an fundamental part of the culture of any nation, and it can be clearly stated that civilized and ancient nations enjoy music in their historical and cultural background. This cultural phenomenon has always been considered by poets due to the deep connection between poetry and music, and in their words, they have referred to music and its instruments. Kurdish language poets have also paid special attention to music and its instruments for nationalistic and literary purposes; they have referred to folk music and its instruments in different ways. Ghaneh, a famous Kurdish poet, is one of them. His divan is a rich source for the study of anthropology and popular culture. This article tries to study the function of musical instruments in Divan-e-Ghaneh in an analytical-descriptive approach based on the library method to explain the reflection of these musical instruments on the local music and folklore of the poet's region. The findings show that Ghaneh paid special attention to local musical instruments to enrich his poem. The poet has used Kurdish musical instruments, which are often local instruments, for various purposes such as making literary images, expressing social and nationalistic concepts, complaining about the world, describing various matters, mere references, and so on. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Nowruz and its ceremonies among Kurdish people (relying on the historical background and Ilami people’s customs)
Malek Shoaei Askary Ebrahimi JooybaryMany authors have explained and analyzed Nowruz, the great ceremony of Aryans. For this courtesy, several foundations are considered as the religious, mythical, historical, scientific, and political ones. The glory of the above mentioned festival has been lasted by the MoreMany authors have explained and analyzed Nowruz, the great ceremony of Aryans. For this courtesy, several foundations are considered as the religious, mythical, historical, scientific, and political ones. The glory of the above mentioned festival has been lasted by the pass of time, and various folks meet it through special rituals and have convoyed it via glorified rites in order to worship God for his abundant blessings and the supernatural forces to get their own special weal.This article attempted to investigate the relevant rites of New Year as well as Nowruz in Kurdish areas, particularly among the Ilam’s people, through the analytical-descriptive method. some are as followed: the constitution quality of Chaharshanbeh Souri festival, the last Thursday of the year, The national Shili, Haji Firouz, Zeraatali, Ghashigh Da-kay-Dan, Khajang, Sizdahbedar, Panjeh, and the other courtesies and games with the perfect details. In addition, it is struggled to introduce the historical and mythical bases of these rituals and their conservations. All the decencies of Nowruz are founded on expanding this idea that sadness is the evil commodity and happiness is the propitious gift. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Analysis of the effects of cooperation and interaction in Kurdish public culture and literature of Kalhori (Ivangharb and Somargharb cities)
shahriyar shadigu Nafiseh Irani mehdi ahmadikhahThis research aims to analyze the manifestations of the tradition of cooperation in the culture and literature of the Kurdish people of Kalhori with a descriptive-analytical approach and with an interdisciplinary perspective, which has been the reason for the strength o MoreThis research aims to analyze the manifestations of the tradition of cooperation in the culture and literature of the Kurdish people of Kalhori with a descriptive-analytical approach and with an interdisciplinary perspective, which has been the reason for the strength of past societies; to find scientific answers for the research questions. Questions such as whether there was interaction and cooperation in the culture and life of the people of Kalhorud, like other traditional societies of Iran? If there is, in what ways has cooperation and interaction been done in poverty alleviation, strengthening of social relations, promotion of activities, management of human resources and life of Kurdish speakers of Kalhori in Ivangharb and Somargharb? Is there a manifestation of these cultural relations reflected in the public literature of Kalhori?One of the findings of the research is that in the culture and public literature of Kalhori, there are remarkable manifestations of interaction and cooperation, which have long played a significant role in advancing social goals, facilitating work, economic prosperity, managing human resources, ending ethnic conflicts, and erasing the face of poverty. He has had many communities Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - A Descriptive Analytical Approach to the Functioning of Women in Kurdish Myths Based on Vladimir Prop's Model
Hadi Yousefi Shiva MohammadiLegends as an important component of popular literature include history and culture, thoughts, beliefs, customary and ethical rules, and the kind of attitude and worldview of a society that is written and orally understood using simple language and intelligible language MoreLegends as an important component of popular literature include history and culture, thoughts, beliefs, customary and ethical rules, and the kind of attitude and worldview of a society that is written and orally understood using simple language and intelligible language is transmitted An important part of the culture of nations to the future. Women, as an important part of human society, have always been active in the field of fairy tales, have performed or been associated with behaviors referred to in the Prop model as Functional, and the sum of these Relationships represent the face of women in the legends of a nation. The present paper seeks to describe, in a descriptive-analytic way, and using library resources examine the image of women and their functions in Kurdish myths based on Vladimir Prop's model, and explore the roots and causes of this kind of society's attitude toward women from this perspective.According to the findings of the study, women in Kurdish legends based on their presence, respectively have appeared in the roles of daughter, wife, mother, slave, old woman, stepmother, neighbor woman, mother-in-law, aunt and so on. And they play roles such as the villain, the hero, the princess, the false hero, the forgiver, the dispatcher and the helper. The role of the "girl" has the highest frequency among the characters of Kurdish myths and the most frequent of the acts belongs to the "evil" which indicates the negative attitude of society towards women and their behaviors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - The phonetic and syntactic features of Lak dialect in Sahne region of Kermanshah
seyed arman hoseini aab bariki farzane mozafarianThe Lak people are one of the Iranian tribes. Most researchers called "Laki dialect" as one of the ancient forms of Kurdish language and its language index. Some Luri researchers also have considered this dialect as Luri dialect, and others have considered it as an inde MoreThe Lak people are one of the Iranian tribes. Most researchers called "Laki dialect" as one of the ancient forms of Kurdish language and its language index. Some Luri researchers also have considered this dialect as Luri dialect, and others have considered it as an independent language. The authors of this research firstly attempt to consider language specifications, folk cultural and geography situations of Lak people to solve the issue of including Laki dialect as Kurdish dialects or Luri dialect; Then, they want to introduce the phonetic and syntactic features of this dialect regarding the accurate transcriptions (case study: Sahne region) Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - The comparison between Kurdish and Persian proverbs
seyed ahmad parsaThe object of this study is to make a comparison between proverbs of two languages: Kurdish and Farsi. Recognition of common affairs of these languages is considered as another aim for this research, a matter which can improve human communications within two languages; MoreThe object of this study is to make a comparison between proverbs of two languages: Kurdish and Farsi. Recognition of common affairs of these languages is considered as another aim for this research, a matter which can improve human communications within two languages; for, the knowing of common cultural affairs including proverbs will provide a suitable basis for understanding each other and subsequently it can help improve national unity and conformation. In this course 3000 Kurdish and Farsi proverbs have been gathered and compared with each other through a systematic sampling method. To fulfill the research these references have been selected: "Kurdish bywords" by Qadir Fattahi Qazi, "12000 Persian proverbs and their equivalents" by Ibrahim Shakourizadeh Boluri; because the above references are more comprehensive than the others. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - An Introduction to “Zarirnameh”, a Poem by Molla Nour Ali Varmazyari
khalil beig zadeh somaye erfaniMolla Nour Ali Varmazyari, composed the religious and epic poem of “Zarirnameh” or the story of Zarir in Gouranian Kurdish dialect. This poem which is considered one of the religious and historical works of Kurdish local literature, narrates the important ev MoreMolla Nour Ali Varmazyari, composed the religious and epic poem of “Zarirnameh” or the story of Zarir in Gouranian Kurdish dialect. This poem which is considered one of the religious and historical works of Kurdish local literature, narrates the important event of Ashoura from the beginning to the end as well as the rising of Zarir using an epic style in heroic couplet. It is a free adaptation of Khazaee‟s Zarirname. As the results of this study show some of the most prominent characteristics of this poem are the narrative language and the epic style. The main theme of this poem is revenge. The poet, regarding the character building and the usage of other plot elements tries to advance the stories and he managed to build a solid, believable, and presentable context in the chronology of events Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Another story of "Nofel and Majnoon" (Based on Kordish Nofelnameh of Mirza Shafi Goorani
arman hoseini aab bariki saied mehdi farOne of the most well known love stories in Persian and Arabic literatures is the story of "Layli and Majnoon". Hakim Nezami Ganjavi was the first poet who composed this poem. For imitation and response to Nezami, many poets composed poems on the same story among those M MoreOne of the most well known love stories in Persian and Arabic literatures is the story of "Layli and Majnoon". Hakim Nezami Ganjavi was the first poet who composed this poem. For imitation and response to Nezami, many poets composed poems on the same story among those Mirza Shafi Kolyaei, the Kurdish poet of the late twelfth and early thirteenth Hejria century composed a new narrative version, which has not appreciated. Importance of this narrative is that the Kurdish poet with the poetic ability and by using the elements of story, especially the unique characters, produces a different work. This study firstly intends to introduce this work and to compare this poem with that of Nezami‟s poems, the Nofel and Majnoon part Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - The comparison of some of mourning traditions of Kermanshah people with shahnameh mourning
ghollamreza salemian khalil kahriziThe Iranian had special ways and traditions to do different actions some of which have been forgotten at present. The signs of these forgotten traditions may be found at the cities and villages on which they live of the ancient forgotten traditions. The main question of MoreThe Iranian had special ways and traditions to do different actions some of which have been forgotten at present. The signs of these forgotten traditions may be found at the cities and villages on which they live of the ancient forgotten traditions. The main question of this paper is there any similarity between these traditions and Shahnameh tradition in the Kermanshah province of Iran? In this investigation, three traditions of the villages in the Kermanshah province with the samples of the local poems in the Kermanshah Kurdish Language have been studied. These traditions and poems have been compared with three Shahnameh traditions named the Moghany roaring, fastening bloody Zonnar and Cutting hair. The results of the study showed the close surprising similarity between the Shahnameh and the Kermanshahi mourning traditions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - A picture of Hafiz in Nari’z Divan
yosef karami chameh seyed morteza hashemi gholam hosein sharifiThe Kurd Poets have seen the Persian language as an interesting and wonderful Literature and they have been influenced by it. These impacts were in the forms of entailment, translation, and imaginary and common concepts. The Cord poets paid much attention to Hafiz to ot MoreThe Kurd Poets have seen the Persian language as an interesting and wonderful Literature and they have been influenced by it. These impacts were in the forms of entailment, translation, and imaginary and common concepts. The Cord poets paid much attention to Hafiz to other Iranian poets. It is attempts in this study to introduce the influence of Persian language on Cord Poets and then NARI one of the Kordish Sufi poet (1253 0f Hijrah) and His small Divan which published in Iraq and Iran and his biography and also the introduction some reasons for his impact from Hafiz. Firstly, we present the common concepts and subjects between Hafiz and Nari and then four Pentagonal Ghazal ( sonnets) that Nari entailed from Hafiz were studied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - Analysis and Evaluation of the Evolution of Tourist Destinations Using the Combined Persuade-Allen-Butler Model (STLC) A Case of Tourist Destinations in Kurdistan Province
arastoo yari hesar Bahram Imani Saeed Zanganeh Shahraki arezoo moradi Barzin ZarghamiThe life cycle of tourism destinations in Iran is a relatively new subject that offers a valuable framework for understanding the dynamics of tourist activities and planning their transformation towards sustainable tourism. This study aims to evaluate target villages fo MoreThe life cycle of tourism destinations in Iran is a relatively new subject that offers a valuable framework for understanding the dynamics of tourist activities and planning their transformation towards sustainable tourism. This study aims to evaluate target villages for tourism development in Kurdistan province using the integrated model of Prescott, Allen, and Butler (Sustainable Tourism Life Cycle - STLC). The evolution of sustainable tourism in these villages is assessed based on the STLC model. The sample size for this research consists of 356 individuals. The survey results indicate that most of the studied villages are in the intervention and conflict stages or at the early stages of development in the sustainable tourism life cycle. The primary strategy recommended for villages in the intervention and conflict stages is community participation and the expansion of tourism infrastructure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Anti-mold properties of alginate coating incorporating essential oil of Pistacia atlantica subsp. kurdica on bread
Elham Ahmadipoor samira bahramianAntimicrobial agents can be incorporated into edible films and coatings to reduce the risk of microbial growth on food surfaces. This offers advantages such as the use of small antimicrobial concentrations and low diffusion rates. Therefore, this study aimed to determin MoreAntimicrobial agents can be incorporated into edible films and coatings to reduce the risk of microbial growth on food surfaces. This offers advantages such as the use of small antimicrobial concentrations and low diffusion rates. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the antifungal effect of Pistacia atlantica subsp. Kurdica essential oil in sodium alginate coating against Penicillium chrysogenum growth in bread. First, minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oil (EO) against mold was determined by agar dilution method. Then, the EO with or without alginate coating was applied on bread surface and the percent inhibition of radial growth was determined. The results showed that Bene’s EO at concentration of 25 mL/L inhibits the mold growth. At concentration of 125 mL/L of EO on bread surface, without alginate coating 71.28% and with alginate 74.45% mold growth inhibition was observed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - The Iraqi Kurdistan Developments and its Impact of the National Security of Islamic Republic of Iran
asghar bayat null null null nullAbstract: The Iraqi Kurdistan region is one of the important regions of the Middle East due its unique geopolitics. This region after the fall of Saddam (2003) and the formation of autonomous government have witnessed several events and developments which have had thei MoreAbstract: The Iraqi Kurdistan region is one of the important regions of the Middle East due its unique geopolitics. This region after the fall of Saddam (2003) and the formation of autonomous government have witnessed several events and developments which have had their impact on the security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The present article has paid attention to Iraqi Kurdistan developments for two reasons. First due to presence and activities of regional and extra-regional powers in Iraqi Kurdistan after the fall of Saddam, second the spread and strengthening the Kurdish nationalism in Kurdish residing regions of Iran. The consequences of these events are the expansion of the ethnic demands and expectation of Iranian Kurds from the central government and the possibility of disintegration from Iranian central government with foreign backing. Therefore, the present article by futures studies method wants to answer the question as to “what are the impacts of Iraqi Kurdistan developments on security of the Islamic Republic of Iran?” The hypothesis is that the Iraqi Kurdistan developments particularly the presence of regional powers there and in areas near Iranian borders and the presence of Kurdish groups who are against Iran can provide a disfavor able ground for measures against the national security of Iran. Eventually in this regard four scenarios have been suggested for future of this issue in the Middle East. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - Iraqi Kurdistan and Islamic Republic of Iran in an Era of interdependence: Opportunities and challenges
Hossein Masoudnia Ali Ebrahimi Mojtaba RezazadehAbstract: Undoubtedly the geopolitical location of Iran and Iraq and their economic, political and cultural ties has intertwined in history and in an era of interdependence one can witness the interactions of the above spheres. One of the regions where has great importa MoreAbstract: Undoubtedly the geopolitical location of Iran and Iraq and their economic, political and cultural ties has intertwined in history and in an era of interdependence one can witness the interactions of the above spheres. One of the regions where has great importance in new Iraq is the autonomous region of Kurdistan. This region has great geopolitical significance and it is necessary to know that what opportunities and challenges it has for the Islamic Republic of Iran. The present article by adopting mutual interdependence as its theoretical framework wants to answer this question as to what potentials and factors Iraqi Kurdistan have to influence Islamic Republic of Iran. The underlying hypothesis is that the relations between Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan in issues like culture, terrorism and regional security, economic activities and the issue of energy can create opportunities and challenges for Islamic Republic of Iran. The present article by a qualitative method and descriptive-analytical approach deals with the problem. The finding of the study shows that the right understanding of the importance and place of Iraqi Kurdistan can help to achieve Iran's interests and contain the threats from the latter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - Explanation the Approaches of the AKP towards Kurds Minority (From National Reconciliation to Political Repression 2002- 2015)
soghra farahmand alireza samieeAbstract: The approach adopted by the leader s of AKP party of Turkey towards the Kurdish minority after 2002 parliamentary elections victory showed the sign of move towards national reconciliation in future years. Nevertheless in practice the party could not act to it MoreAbstract: The approach adopted by the leader s of AKP party of Turkey towards the Kurdish minority after 2002 parliamentary elections victory showed the sign of move towards national reconciliation in future years. Nevertheless in practice the party could not act to its commitments towards the Kurd minority. The present paper wants to know the reasons for the change of policy and fluctuations of AKP party toward the Kurds minority between 2002 till 2015. The paper make use of qualitative causal method to answer the question as to what have been the causes of widening gap between Turks-Kurds after the decade of reconciliation policy and withdrawal of support of the Kurds to AKP party in 2015 elections? The underlying hypothesis is that the inability of Turkish government led by AKP in pursuing and fulfilling the demands of Kurdish minority and failure of the Kurds to reach their main demands on the one hand and the tendency of the Kurds to extra-territorial solidarity with Syrian Kurds and Iraqi Kurds after the fast happening developments in the Middle East on the other hand led to sharpening the cleavage between the Turks and the Kurds in recent elections. The finding of the study shows that a part of the policies of the AKP remained on rhetoric and in practice could not fulfill the party’s objectives. Consequently the failure of the AKP party to pursue and fulfill the demands of the Kurds led to the activation of gap between Turks and Kurds in recent elections. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - The roots of the Iraq geopolitical crisis and the persistence of anti-geopolitical resistance
zohre heidari beni ezatollah ezati mohammadreza hafeznia haydar lotfiAfter founding of a new Iraq in the post-World War I age, geopolitical crises have been the main indicator of political dynamics in the country, which has been featured in the Kurdish anti-geopolitical process over the past decades. In this regard, the aim of this resea MoreAfter founding of a new Iraq in the post-World War I age, geopolitical crises have been the main indicator of political dynamics in the country, which has been featured in the Kurdish anti-geopolitical process over the past decades. In this regard, the aim of this research is answering this fundamental question that, what are the roots of geopolitical crises in Iraq and in particular, anti-geopolitical Kurds, and what factors have contributed to the continuation of this crisis? The findings of this study show that the geopolitics imposed by the great winners of the World War I, especially Britain, in shaping the post-World War I regional order, led to the formation and continuation of the geopolitical crisis in Iraq, and in particular the Kurdish anti-geopolitical resistance. On the other hand, the humanitarian intervention of the Security Council, and in particular the issuance of Security Council resolution 688, and ultimately the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, have led to the opening of the geopolitical blockade and the strengthening of the anti-geopolitical Kurdish resistance in Iraq. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the method of data collection is library and internet resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - The relationship of the Turkish Justice and Development Party with the government of Iraqi Kurdistan From 2003 to 2018
Bashir Esmaeili Niloofar Hamdi Esmaeil ShafieeTurkey is one of the main factors in challenging the crises of district, It is necessary to analyze the policies Turkey makes in Iraq. Due to the dispersal of Kurdish ethnic groups in Turkey and the Kurds of neighboring countries we have witnessed different policies by MoreTurkey is one of the main factors in challenging the crises of district, It is necessary to analyze the policies Turkey makes in Iraq. Due to the dispersal of Kurdish ethnic groups in Turkey and the Kurds of neighboring countries we have witnessed different policies by the Turkish government in dealing with the Kurds .The main purpose of research is to analyze the relationship of Justice & Development Party in Turkey with the government of Iraqi Kurdistan.The Turkish Justice and Development Party has taken a turn in its foreign policy pursuing a policy of regional hegemony seeking to resolve domestic and regional issues and one of the most important issues in the region is the Kurdish question. The descriptive- analytical method was used in this research and library resources, papers and theses helped the analysis of this problem. The main question of the research is whether there is a relationship between the Justice and Development Party of Turkey and the Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government? Theoretical framework of research is aggressive realism to describe this research. Turkey tries to full fill the policies concurrently, develop its relationship with government of Kurdistan and extend it to the level of strategic relation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - The Impact of Iraqi Kurdistan Geopolitics on Foreign Policy of the United States in Iraq (2003-2012)
Seyyed Jalal Dehghani Firouzabadi Khezr Khadiri VarikThe developments of the 2003 of Iraq have totally changed the political chessboard of this country as compared with the past. The United States with the aim of establishing a united secular central government implemented the first step of her policies but later it had t MoreThe developments of the 2003 of Iraq have totally changed the political chessboard of this country as compared with the past. The United States with the aim of establishing a united secular central government implemented the first step of her policies but later it had to change her approach and implemented the second step of her policies (pursuing objectives through Cohen’s entrances). In this direction the Kurds due to their geopolitical and geostrategic importance attracted the attention of the United States policy makers. The present article by a descriptive analytical method wants to answer this question that what has been the impact of Iraqi Kurdistan geopolitics after the fall of Saddam on the United States foreign policy towards Iraq? The finding of the study shows that the geopolitical features of Iraqi Kurdistan have facilitated the United States ability to influence Iraq’s policies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Problematic Federalism in Iraq (Text in Persian)
Ahmad Saei Jahanbakhsh MoradiSome of the political observers and researchers consider federalism as an effective way for solving the problem of establishment of nation-state in societies which have multiple ethnic، religious and race structure. Iraq، being a multi-ethnic and religious country، on t MoreSome of the political observers and researchers consider federalism as an effective way for solving the problem of establishment of nation-state in societies which have multiple ethnic، religious and race structure. Iraq، being a multi-ethnic and religious country، on the basis of article four of the provisional constitution and article one of the permanent constitution chose federalism as its form of government in post Saddam era. In spite of these provisions، there still exists a problematic condition about the future of federalism in Iraq and the reason is due to certain innovations and ambiguities in Iraqi constitution and also legal and political problems about federation in that country. The present article examines these ambiguities and innovations. The article also shows that Iraqis have not used the positive experience of other federal systems. There also exist practical problems like geographical-territorial conditions، the problem of contending discourse about the place of Kurdistan in Iraqi political system. The above problems had led to a shaky position for Iraqi federalism and thus federalism is facing several challenges and problems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - Integrative and Disintegrative Factors in Iran and Turkey’s Relations after Coming into Power the Islamist Party of Justice and Development in Turkey (2002-2009
Jalal Derakhsheh Majid DivsalarThe present article examines the relations of Iran and Turkey from the time of coming into power of the Islamist party of Justice and Development in Turkey from 2002 till 2009. For this purpose the paper lays emphasis on variables such as the quest of the two country to MoreThe present article examines the relations of Iran and Turkey from the time of coming into power of the Islamist party of Justice and Development in Turkey from 2002 till 2009. For this purpose the paper lays emphasis on variables such as the quest of the two country to become a regional power، the attitude of the two countries towards the Middle East، nuclear issue of Iran، the Kurdish problem in relations of the two countries، the important factors in expansion of the relations of the two countries، the impact of the United States and Israel relations with Turkey on Iran، the economic cooperation between the two countries and the interaction of these variable on each other. The question، which is raised by the article، is that، what are the factors contributing to integration and disintegration between Iran and Turkey? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - The Study of Role of Ethnic Identity in Sustained Security: Case Study of Iranian Kurdistan (Kurdish Ethnicity)
Mohammad Jafar Javadi Arjomand Mohsen Tavakolian Nahid GhamaryanAbstract: In countries like Iran where there is ethnic and religious diversity the question of attracting the ethnic group to national mainstream which leads to national integration is important for maintaining a durable and sustained security. The present articl MoreAbstract: In countries like Iran where there is ethnic and religious diversity the question of attracting the ethnic group to national mainstream which leads to national integration is important for maintaining a durable and sustained security. The present article wants to examine the obstacles on the way of attracting the Kurdish ethnic group to national mainstream and formation of a national identity. The Iranian Kurdistan province due to its proximity to Iraqi Kurdistan, Turkey’s Kurdish populated provinces and separatist and ethnic propaganda and unrest and tension gets affected. For this reason it becomes necessary to pay special attention to this region for maintaining peace, stability and security. The underlying hypothesis of the present article is that Iranian Kurds have kept their affinity with mainland despite distorted and divisive propaganda but this relation is facing challenge and obstacles. These challenges relate to economic problems, unbalanced regional development and separatist propaganda and security oriented look to the region. Therefore there is a need to have a comprehensive and expert look at the region to evaluate the problems and find solution for it. The present article gives suggestion for solving the problems of Iranian Kurdistan province in four sectors, i.e. political, cultural, economic and religious. The authors are of the view that the existing approach to region should be revised. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Iraqi Federalism and Iran’s National Security; Opportunities and Challenges
Mehdi Dehnavi Hossein TajabadiAbstract The US led coalition forces attack to Iraq on the pretext of WMD has turned this country's events into one of the main topics discussed by the experts in political and international issues. Based on the new Iraqi constitution, which was approved by Parliament MoreAbstract The US led coalition forces attack to Iraq on the pretext of WMD has turned this country's events into one of the main topics discussed by the experts in political and international issues. Based on the new Iraqi constitution, which was approved by Parliament and the majority of Iraqi people, the government was established as 'democratic, federal parliamentary republic'. This paper tries to answer the following question: what is the impact of the federal system in Iraq on Iran's national security? To answer this question, authors have used descriptive-analytical method . Compared to Iraq’s thereat, as a unitary state, for Iran’s national security (as was the case of the last Iran- Iraq war) or as a distorted country which paves the way for inference of trans regional powers in opposition to Iran’s national interests, it seems that the new Iraq federal system regardless of some challenges that may cause for neighbors including Iran, can be the best model for national security. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - Effects of PMSG Doses on Reproductive Performance of Kurdi Ewes Artificially Inseminated during Breeding Season
M. Nosrati M. Tahmorespoor M. Vatandoost M. Behgar -
Open Access Article
128 - اثر جیرههای پیش از بلوغ بر عملکرد تولیدمثلی، غلظت هورمونها و تولید شیر در برهمیشهای کردی
ص. منتیان ح.ر. میرزایی الموتی ف. فتاح نیا ر. معصومیبه منظور بررسی تأثیر جیره پیش از بلوغ روی عملکرد تولید­مثلی، غلظت هورمون­ها و تولید شیر در بره میش­های کردی، چهل رأس بره میش کردی سالم (میانگین سن=6/8±30 روز، میانگین وزن بدن= 4/3±2/10 کیلوگرم) در دوره قبل از شیرگیری به صورت تصادفی به یکی از دو Moreبه منظور بررسی تأثیر جیره پیش از بلوغ روی عملکرد تولید­مثلی، غلظت هورمون­ها و تولید شیر در بره میش­های کردی، چهل رأس بره میش کردی سالم (میانگین سن=6/8±30 روز، میانگین وزن بدن= 4/3±2/10 کیلوگرم) در دوره قبل از شیرگیری به صورت تصادفی به یکی از دو جیره آزمایشی: جیره با کیفیت بالا (HQD، 50/2 مگاکالری انرژی متابولیسمی در کیلوگرم ماده خشک و 148 گرم پروتئین خام در کیلوگرم ماده خشک) یا جیره با کیفیت پایین (LQD، 02/2 مگاکالری انرژی متابولیسمی در کیلوگرم ماده خشک و 87 گرم پروتئین خام در کیلوگرم از ماده خشک) اختصاص داده شدند. در زمان شیرگیری، نیمی از بره­های هر گروه به صورت تصادفی به HQD یا LQD اختصاص یافتند. بنابراین در دوره پس از شیرگیری چهار تیمار وجود داشت: H-H (HQD پیش و پس از شیرگیری)، H-L (HQD پیش از شیرگیری و LQD پس از شیرگیری)، L-H (LQD پیش از شیرگیری و HQD پس از شیرگیری) و L-L (LQD پیش و پس از شیرگیری، گروه کنترل). ماده خشک (DM) مصرفی به صورت هفتگی اندازه­گیری شد. وزن بدن (BW) و میانگین افزایش وزن روزانه (ADG) هر دو هفته یک بار از سن 30 تا 210 روزگی اندازه­گیری شد. غلظت­های سرمی انسولین، لپتین و پروژسترون به روش رادیو-ایمونو-اسی اندازه­گیری شد. در طول دوره پیش از شیرگیری جیره HQD در مقایسه با LQD ماده خشک مصرفی (DMI) را افزایش داد (01/0>P). نتایج نشان داد که وزن اولیه بین گروه­های آزمایشی مشابه بود (05/0<P). در پس از شیرگیری، بره­های تیمار H-H، ماده خشک ، انرژی متابولیسمی و پروتئین خام مصرفی بیشتری نسبت به سایر تیمارها داشتند (05/0>P). غلظت سرمی پروژسترون در بره­های تیمار H-H در پس از شیرگیری نسبت به سایر گروه­ها بیشتر بود (05/0>P). غلظت سرمی انسولین در هر دو دوره به وسیله کیفیت جیره تحت تأثیر قرار گرفت (05/0>P). غلظت لپتین به وسیله تیمارها تحت تأثیر قرار گرفت و بره­های گروه L-H غلظت لپتین بیشتری داشتند (05/0>P). سن در زمان بلوغ به وسیله تیمارها تحت تأثیر قرار گرفت (05/0>P). به علاوه بره­ میش­های تیمارهای H-H و L-H در سن پایین­تر و وزن بالاتری به بلوغ رسیدند. جیره­های پیش از بلوغ، میزان تولید شیر در نخستین دوره شیردهی را تحت تأثیر قرار دادند (05/0>P). در مجموع چنین نتیجه­گیری می­شود که جیره­های پیش از بلوغ نقش مهمی در ترشح پروژسترون، انسولین و لپتین دارند، که منجر به بلوغ جنسی می­شوند. و همچنین این برنامه­های استراتژیک با تسریع شروع بلوغ بره ­میش­ها در پرورش گوسفند، باعث بهبود بازده اقتصادی می­گردد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - Population Viability Analysis on Kurd Horse Breed
H.R. Bahmani S. Badbarin H. Amin Rasouli -
Open Access Article
130 - اثر جیرههای پیش از بلوغ بر رشد اسکلتی، مرگ و میر برهها، غلظت IGF-I و کمیت و کیفیت تولید آغوز در بره میشهای کردی
ص. منتیان ح.ر. میرزایی الموتی ف. فتاحنیا ر. معصومیاین آزمایش به منظور بررسی تأثیر جیره پیش از بلوغ روی رشد اسکلتی، مرگ و میر برهها، غلظت فاکتور شبه رشد انسولین-1 (IGF-I) و تولید و ترکیب آغوز در بره میش­های کردی انجام شد. چهل رأس بره میش کردی سالم (میانگین سن برابر با 6/8±30 روز، میانگین وزن بدن برابر با 4/3 Moreاین آزمایش به منظور بررسی تأثیر جیره پیش از بلوغ روی رشد اسکلتی، مرگ و میر برهها، غلظت فاکتور شبه رشد انسولین-1 (IGF-I) و تولید و ترکیب آغوز در بره میش­های کردی انجام شد. چهل رأس بره میش کردی سالم (میانگین سن برابر با 6/8±30 روز، میانگین وزن بدن برابر با 4/3±2/10 کیلوگرم) در دوره قبل از شیرگیری به صورت تصادفی به یکی از دو جیره آزمایشی: جیره با کیفیت بالا (HQD، 50/2 مگاکالری انرژی متابولیسمی در کیلوگرم ماده خشک و 148 گرم پروتئین خام در کیلوگرم ماده خشک) یا جیره با کیفیت پایین (LQD، 02/2 مگاکالری انرژی متابولیسمی در کیلوگرم ماده خشک و 87 گرم پروتئین خام در کیلوگرم از ماده خشک) اختصاص داده شدند. در زمان شیرگیری، نیمی از بره­های هر گروه به صورت تصادفی به HQD یا LQD اختصاص یافتند. بنابراین در دوره پس از شیرگیری چهار تیمار وجود داشت: H-H (HQD پیش و پس از شیرگیری)، H-L (HQD پیش از شیرگیری و LQD پس از شیرگیری)، L-H (LQD پیش از شیرگیری و HQD پس از شیرگیری) و L-L (LQD پیش و پس از شیرگیری، گروه کنترل). ماده خشک (DM) مصرفی به صورت هفتگی اندازه­گیری شد. غلظت هورمون IGF-I به روش الایزا اندازهگیری شد. تیمار HQD مصرف ماده خشک روزانه و وزن بدن (BW) را در طول دوره پیش از شیرگیری در مقایسه با تیمار LQD افزایش داد (01/0>P). حیوانات تیمار L-H در مقایسه با تیمار H-L در سن 210 روزگی دارای طول بدن، ارتفاع جدوگاه، ارتفاع هیپ و عرض لگن بیشتری بودند. در سن 210 روزگی برای دور سینه، عرض لگن، ارتفاع جدوگاه و طول بدن اثرات متقابل دورهها معنیدار نبود (05/0<P). کیفیت جیره عرض لگن را در زمان شیرگیری تحت تأثیر قرار نداد. اگر چه برههای تیمار H-H و L-H عرض لگن بیشتری در مقایسه با تیمارهای H-L و L-L در طول دوره پس از شیرگیری داشتند. کمیت و کیفیت آغوز به وسیله برنامه تغذیهای پیش از بلوغ تحت تأثیر قرار نگرفت (05/0<P). بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش نویسندگان پیشنهاد میکنند که رشد اسکلتی تضعیف شده ناشی از فقر جیره در طول دوره پیس از شیرگیری در دوره پس از شیرگیری جبران میشود. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که اندازه اسکلتی نسبت به وزن بدن (BW) شاخص بهتری برای تولید آغوز در اولین دوره شیردهی است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - The study of the position and application of Persian and Kurdish languages in Uramanat from the point of view of social linguistics
Saeed Ahmadi Bahman ZandiIn this essay it is tried to study the placement and usage of Persian and Kurdish languages in Awramanat (Paveh, Javanrood, Ravansar and Salas – e – Babajani townships.Based on this among the statistical community (four townships of Awramanat), 450 examinees MoreIn this essay it is tried to study the placement and usage of Persian and Kurdish languages in Awramanat (Paveh, Javanrood, Ravansar and Salas – e – Babajani townships.Based on this among the statistical community (four townships of Awramanat), 450 examinees are selected randomly as samples. In this essay adjusted questionnaire of Parasher's research pattern (1980) was used. The examinees were asked to mark Persian or Kurdish language in Social , family , friendship , vicinity , trade , education and administration realms according to a four choices scale which its choices are "Always" , "Often" , "Sometimes " and "Never". The questionnaire has 36 questions which ranked from informal to formal according to the realms' formality. When the questionnaires gathered data processed by computer. T-test, pair test and One –way analysis of variance are statistical methods used to analyze the findings of the essay. Analysis of findings shows that differences in using the two languages (Persian and Kurdish) by different age, education and gender groups and married people whose spouse is Kurd or is not Kurd are meaningful statistically in such a way that young and educated people use Persian more than others in administration , education and friendship realms more than other realms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Investigating the Opportunities and Obstacles to Development in the Border Areas of Iran Using the SWOT Model Case study: Iran's border with the Kurdistan region of Iraq
Ali Mohseni Reza Fekri barkoosaraeiAbstractBefore and after the fall of the Ba'ath regime, the border region of Iran and Iraq was a low-security, security-rich region. In the course of this period, the economic situation in the border regions of the two countries was not well developed. But since 2003, a MoreAbstractBefore and after the fall of the Ba'ath regime, the border region of Iran and Iraq was a low-security, security-rich region. In the course of this period, the economic situation in the border regions of the two countries was not well developed. But since 2003, after the collapse of the Ba'athist regime and the rule of democracy in Iraq, the common borders of the two countries came out of a state of emergency and entered a new era, the most important feature of which is the economic prosperity of the border region of the two countries. A common border area between Iran and Iraq is the common border between Iran and the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Within the framework of democratic Iraq, the Kurdish region of Iraq became an autonomous entity in various fields, including economics. This has directly and independently linked this autonomous climate with neighboring countries, especially Iran. This has led to the rapid development of some of the border towns in Iran, egion. Therefore, this paper attempts to explore the opportunities and obstacles facing development in this region by using the SWOT model and present strategies for strengthening development in this region. In this regard, the main questions of the paper are as follows: What are the weaknesses, strengths, threats and opportunities facing the development of the border region of Iran with the Kurdistan region of Iraq? What strategies can be developed to improve the development situation in these areas? It is worth noting that this research was written in an analytical-descriptive manner. The data of this paper were obtained in a library and survey method and a questionnaire, and the analysis method was also performed through the SWOT model.Keywords: Development, Border Region, Iran, Iraqi Kurdistan Region, Strategic SWOT Model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - چهارچوبی برای ارزیابی پایداری کسب و کارهای کشاورزی در مناطق روستایی
سنور احمدی حسین کوهستانی Hossein Yadavar حسین شعبانعلی فمی آزاد احمدیپژوهش حاضر ضمن تاکید بر جنبه کاربردی با روش توصیفی و تحلیلی و فن پیمایشی دلفی، ابتداٌ در پی دستیابی به یک چارچوب مفهومی در تعیین مولفهها و معیارها و شاخصهای سنجش کارافرینی پایدار در کشاورزی است و در نهایت برآن است تا مجموعه شاخصهای معرف عنصر پایداری در بین فعالیتهای Moreپژوهش حاضر ضمن تاکید بر جنبه کاربردی با روش توصیفی و تحلیلی و فن پیمایشی دلفی، ابتداٌ در پی دستیابی به یک چارچوب مفهومی در تعیین مولفهها و معیارها و شاخصهای سنجش کارافرینی پایدار در کشاورزی است و در نهایت برآن است تا مجموعه شاخصهای معرف عنصر پایداری در بین فعالیتهای کشاورزی کارآفرینی در روستاهای استان کردستان را مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرار دهد. نمونههای مورد بررسی در این پژوهش شامل 30 از کارآفرینان،کارشناسان، اساتید دانشگاه و صاحب نظران در سطح استان کردستان است. بنابراین در پی دستیابی به اهداف تحقیق بر اساس روشهای تحلیل تصمیم گیری چند معیاره (TOPSIS , Anthoropy) تحلیل شاخصهای کارافرینی پایدار در کشاورزی انجام گرفته است. نتایج تحقیق نشان داده است که در بعد اجتماعی، کاهش مهاجرت روستائیان با امتیاز 0.64 و شاخصهای افزایش امنیت و رفاه اجتماعی، کاهش بیکاری فصلی و دایمی، کاهش احساس محرومیت و فقر و دستیابی همگانی به اطلاعات نوین با امتیاز 0.50 و در بعد پایداری زیست محیطی کارآفرینی کشاورزی، شاخصهای استفاده از کودهای سبز و بیولوژیک جهت ازدیاد تولید با امتیاز 0.59، استفاده از روشهای مبارزه بیولوژیک برای دفع آفات با امتیاز 0.45 و شاخص تثبیت کربن در خاک و استفاده از سوخت-های پاک با امتیاز 0.44 و در بعد اقتصادی سرمایه گذاری در کارهای تولیدی با امتیاز 0.68، استفاده از نوآوریها و تجهیزات جدید کشاورزی با امتیاز 0.49 و تنوع محصولات کشاورزی با امتیاز 0.46 از مهمترین شاخص هایی هستند که جهت توسعه پایداری فعالیت های کارآفرینی کشاورزی، بایستی مورد توجه قرار گیرد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - The Effects of Non-Farm Business in Rural Sustainable Development: A Case Study in Sanandaj's Rural Areas, Kurdistan
Reza Movahedi Hadi Fathi Somaye Latifi LatifiRural economy has an important role in rural sustainable development in every region or country. However, the rural economy in Iran is too much depending on agriculture and development of other rural economy in particular nonfarm activities, has been neglected by Irania MoreRural economy has an important role in rural sustainable development in every region or country. However, the rural economy in Iran is too much depending on agriculture and development of other rural economy in particular nonfarm activities, has been neglected by Iranian rural communities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the role of non-farm business on rural sustainable development in Sanandaj Township. This study was a type of surveying research and employed both questionnaire and interview tools. A four-part questionnaire (with 48 questions) was developed in order to collect data from the respondents. Likert-type responses with five scales were used to assess different sections of the questionnaires. The questionnaires’ reliability was tested by Cronbach’s Alpha technique and it was 76% (a=0.76). A number of 279 families, 181 families with and 98 without non-farm business were selected randomly in 2011. Results of the study showed that non-farm business can contribute to employment growth, income generating, and prevent seasonal and permanent migration from rural areas. Based on the results, non-farm business and non-farm industries need to be strongly invested by financial facilities through rural cooperatives and unions. Additionally, encouraging rural participation is essential in non-farms and industrial activities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - Numerical Analysis for Tectonic Activity and Landslide Stability Evaluation in Baneh, Kurdistan, Iran
Semko Arefpanah Alireza Sharafi -
Open Access Article
136 - A Comparative Study of Public Libraries of Kurdestan Province with IFLA Standards
Safura Mirkay Ali Akbar Famil Rohani Famil Rohani Mozafar Cheshme SohrabiPurpose: It is a comparative investigation of Kurdistan public libraries with IFLA standards. The findings of this paper can assist library officials and managers to identify information and knowledge demands of public library users. It can also provide resources throug MorePurpose: It is a comparative investigation of Kurdistan public libraries with IFLA standards. The findings of this paper can assist library officials and managers to identify information and knowledge demands of public library users. It can also provide resources through identification of public libraries' weak points and shortages that can help libraries' management for future planning. Methodology: A descriptive approach was considered and all the data were collected through questionnaires, observation and telephone interview with library officials. Findings: Results derived from data analysis in this paper indicated failure in different aspects of public libraries of Kurdistan cities such as physical space and building, library complexes and the number of visitors. Public libraries of Kurdistan cities are below the level of IFLA standards in terms of specialized man power. As mentioned earlier, general results of this research showed that public libraries in Kurdistan are below the level of IFLA standards. For that reason we have provided some proposals for improvements of these libraries. Conclusion: Development and promotion of knowledge and mental aptitude of society is the core objective of public libraries as social and cultural institutions. To gain this objectives development of libraries and free of charge services are of high importance. For this cause not only quantitative development is required but qualitative improvement criteria must be considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - The Kurdish Stance on Political and Social Power Structure of the Region
Mirtayyeb Mussavi Aryanaz Sadat Mussavi -
Open Access Article
138 - Investigating the effect of Green behaviors of managers on Human resource management strategic developement at medical science university in Kurdistan
Nadia Allah Moradi Masoud Bastami Amirmohsen MadaniThe aim of the current applied, descriptive and correlational study was to investigate the effect of Green behaviors of managers on Human resource management strategic developement at medical science university in Kurdistan. The research population comprised 3500 employ MoreThe aim of the current applied, descriptive and correlational study was to investigate the effect of Green behaviors of managers on Human resource management strategic developement at medical science university in Kurdistan. The research population comprised 3500 employees in medical science university in Kurdistan out of whom a sample 340 was randomly selected, based on Morgan Table, to participate in the study. The research data were collected using a researcher-made five-point level Likert scale questionnaire comprising 4 factors and 32 items tapping the participants’ responses were. Therefore, 340 questionnaires were distributed among members of the target population. Having distributed and collected the questionnaires, we analyzed descriptively and inferentially. Descriptively, features like absolute and relative frequency, mean, standard deviation and variance of background and main variables were estimated. Inferentially, correlational tests, multiple regression and F-Test used indicated that of Green behaviors of managers had a significant effect on Human resource management strategic developement at medical science university in Kurdistan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Identification effected social & cultural factors on compatibility among students in Kurdistan
Alireza Allah Moradi Alireza Samet Ismail KausiThe aim of the current applied, descriptive and correlational study was to identification effected social & cultural factors on compatibility among students in Kurdistan. The research population comprised 4000 students in Kurdistan out of whom a sample 383 was rando MoreThe aim of the current applied, descriptive and correlational study was to identification effected social & cultural factors on compatibility among students in Kurdistan. The research population comprised 4000 students in Kurdistan out of whom a sample 383 was randomly selected, based on Morgan Table, to participate in the study. The research data were collected using a researcher-made five-point level Likert scale questionnaire comprising 3 factors and 44 items tapping the participants’ responses were. Therefore, 400 questionnaires were distributed among members of the target population. Having distributed and collected the questionnaires, we analyzed descriptively and inferentially. Descriptively, features like absolute and relative frequency, mean, standard deviation and variance of background and main variables were estimated. Inferentially, correlational tests, multiple regression and spirman used indicated that social & cultural factors had a significant effect on compatibility among students in Kurdistan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Effects of Data-Driven Teaching on Learning and Retention of English Prepositions by Intermediate Kurdish EFL Learners
Ahmed__Azeez__Mohammed Ahmed__Azeez__Mohammed Fatemeh Mirzapour Nesa NabifarThe aim of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of data-driven learning (DDL) method in helping pre-intermediate Kurdish students in learning six English prepositions, which were in, on, at, to, behind, in front of, between, beside, over and under. The par MoreThe aim of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of data-driven learning (DDL) method in helping pre-intermediate Kurdish students in learning six English prepositions, which were in, on, at, to, behind, in front of, between, beside, over and under. The participants of the study were 100 intermediate EFL Kurdish learners aged 18 to 20 from Lebanese French University in Kurdistan, Iraq. The participants were divided into two groups, one experimental and control group (50 in each group). The present research adopted a quantitative research as a quasi-experimental research which was fulfilled in the form of pretest and a posttest. The uniformity of the EFL students was ensured using the Oxford Placement Test (OPT). The researcher created the pretest and posttest in this study to assess the participants' learning and retention before and after the intervention. The results revealed that DLL method had a greater impact on English preposition learning in comparison with rote learning. Thus, this study has some pedagogical implications for English language teachers in Iraq to be aware of cognitive linguistic usage as a frequent practice in the EFL classroom. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - اعتبار سنجی مدل عوامل انگیزشی برای یادگیری زبان انگلیسی در بین زبان آموزان زبان انگلیسی کردی و آذربایجانی ایرانی با استفاده از رویکرد مدل سازی معادلات ساختاری
Faran Rasoulian Fazlollah Samimi Shahram Afrazاین مطالعه با هدف توسعه مدلی از عوامل انگیزشی برای یادگیری زبان انگلیسی در بین زبان آموزان زبان انگلیسی کردو آذری ایرانی انجام شد. بدین منظور در ابتدا تلاشی برای کشف عوامل انگیزش و اعتبارسنجی یک مدل صورت گرفت. لذا در مرحله کیفی، مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته با 18 مصاحبه شوند Moreاین مطالعه با هدف توسعه مدلی از عوامل انگیزشی برای یادگیری زبان انگلیسی در بین زبان آموزان زبان انگلیسی کردو آذری ایرانی انجام شد. بدین منظور در ابتدا تلاشی برای کشف عوامل انگیزش و اعتبارسنجی یک مدل صورت گرفت. لذا در مرحله کیفی، مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته با 18 مصاحبه شونده آذربایجانی (در دانشگاه آذربایجان تبریز) و 18 نفر کرد (در دانشگاه کردستان سنندج) به همراه 6 شرکت کننده از گروه های متمرکز مربوط به هر قوم به منظور استخراج ایده آنها انجام شد. پس از کشف هفت عامل انگیزشی زبان انگلیسی با 29 مقوله، پرسشنامه ای ساخته شد که منعکس کننده عوامل بود. در مرحله کمی، پرسشنامه 80 سوالی برای آزمون روایی مورد تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی قرار گرفت و پس از تایید روایی و پایایی آن از طریق مطالعه مقدماتی با 234 شرکتکننده، پرسشنامه بین 320 شرکتکننده توزیع شد. برای تایید اعتبار مدل پیشنهادی، از روش مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری (SEM) با لیزرل 8.8 استفاده شد. در نهایت، یک تحلیل عاملی تأییدی اجرا شد ودر مدل پیشنهادی که با هفت عامل انگیزشی کشف شد ۳ عامل مربوط به دانشجویان آذربایجانی منجر به ایجاد انگیزه از نوع تلفیقی گردید و چهار عامل دیگر نیز درمیان دانشجویان کردی باعث ایجاد انگیزه ابزاری شد. مدل پدیدار شده برای سیاست گذاران آموزش و پرورش و معلمانی که به آموزش بهتر انگلیسی اهمیت می دهند مفید است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Control of strawberry gray mold fungus with combined application of different species of Trichoderma and salicylic acid
saghi younesi mehrdad salehzadeh mohammad javad soleymani pariBackground & Objectives: The rot caused by strawberry gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) is one of the most important rots causing damage in the field and market. The purpose of this research is that biological control agents and compounds inducing plant defense reactions MoreBackground & Objectives: The rot caused by strawberry gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) is one of the most important rots causing damage in the field and market. The purpose of this research is that biological control agents and compounds inducing plant defense reactions seem to lead to a reduction in the frequency of spraying or not spraying fungicide compounds on the crop.Materials & Methods: Different isolates of B. cinerea were collected from greenhouses and farms in Kurdistan province, and their morphological and molecular characteristics were determined. In the following, different concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) either individually or in combination with different Trichoderma species were investigated in the laboratory and greenhouse on strawberry gray mold.Results: In the comparison of averages, the highest percentage of inhibition in the cross-culture between Trichoderma spp and Botrytis sp. is related to T. orientalis (60.82%), the highest percentage of inhibition of the extracellular secretions of Trichoderma isolates on the growth of Botrytis in each two concentrations of 15 and 30% related to T. ceramicum was 85.57% and the effect of volatile compounds of different Trichoderma species on the growth of B. cinerea showed that the highest percentage of inhibition was related to the treatment of T. asperellum isolate with 63.70%. Investigating the effect of salicylic acid in preventing the mycelium growth of botrytis fungus in the laboratory showed that with increasing concentration of salicylic acid from 1 to 2 millimolar, the inhibition percentage of Botrytis cinera increased to 61%.Conclusion: The results of the experiment showed that the use of some Trichoderma species along with salicylic acid increases the resistance and control of strawberry to gray mold disease in the field and laboratory. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Marxist criticism with the analysis of Sawareh Ilkhanizadeh's poems
bahar kazemi jamal ahmadiMarxist is a form of literary criticism about the relationship between society and literature. In Marxist criticism, the basis of literature analysis is the historical conditions of the creator. Hence, for the Marxist crititic, knowing the historical backgro MoreMarxist is a form of literary criticism about the relationship between society and literature. In Marxist criticism, the basis of literature analysis is the historical conditions of the creator. Hence, for the Marxist crititic, knowing the historical background is highly important. occupation of Iran and the Kurdistan region after World War I A current dominates Kurdish literature, which influences many Kurdish writers and intellectuals under the influence of Marxism and Communism. Savare Ilkhanizadeh (1316-1354) is one of the prominent poets of contemporary Kurdish poetry in the 40s and 50s. Like many intellectuals of that time, he was influenced by the ideological currents of his time. According to the requirements of his time, Saware has chosen symbolic language for his poems. He tries to express his thoughts in a mysterious language. In this research, which was carried out by descriptive-analytical method, using library sources, it is tried to analyze the components of Marxist criticism in his poetry, while examining the symbolic language of his poems. The results indicate that the political and social conditions of Saware's time had an impact on his poems and these poems were a means of expressing his thoughts and ideology, which are Marxist-socialist thoughts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - The economic situation of Kurdistan during the First World War (Grain hoarding and crisis)
Kihan Moshir Panahi Mohammad Sheikh Ahmadi Osman Yousefi Mohammad Gurban KianiAbstract With the start of the First World War and the entry of the Ottomans into the battlefield, the scope of the war was also extended to Kurdistan. The presence of the armies of the warring governments in Kurdistan, the personal interests of the local rulers by hoa MoreAbstract With the start of the First World War and the entry of the Ottomans into the battlefield, the scope of the war was also extended to Kurdistan. The presence of the armies of the warring governments in Kurdistan, the personal interests of the local rulers by hoarding grains caused a grain the crisis in Kurdistan and social consequences such as poverty, hunger, corruption, prostitution, in the migration of people from cities and the destruction of villages followed. Research method/approach: The current research is based on historical sources, such as books, documents and press, using a descriptive-analytical approach. Objective: To investigate the grain hoarding and crisis in Kurdistan, the activities and performance of local rulers in the First World War. Findings and conclusions: The presence of the forces involved in the First World War in Kurdistan has disturbed the economic order of the region, the provision of food for these forces from local products, the decrease in the essential food of the people, as well as the hoarding of grains by the owners, the negative and inappropriate performance of the local rulers, and in addition to the problems and the many problems caused by the military forces involved in the war in the Kurdistan region due to their own benefit and the survival of their power have become a factor for increasing the economic and social damage of the region and finally led to hoarding and grain crisis in Kurdistan and caused poverty, hunger, famine and other unfortunate repercussions in Kurdistan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - US,, Identity challenges and failed state in Iraq (2020-2003)
Behnam SarkheilThe great powers, such as the US, seek to advance their policies in the region, especially in key countries such as Iraq, by influencing the components of power. This is while the political situation after the formation of the new Iraq (2003-2020) has developed in such MoreThe great powers, such as the US, seek to advance their policies in the region, especially in key countries such as Iraq, by influencing the components of power. This is while the political situation after the formation of the new Iraq (2003-2020) has developed in such a way that the currents of identity have enjoyed a growing role and Challenges arising from identity rivalries have acted in a variety of forms such as state-building or even disrupting political stability. However, recognizing the role and position of identity currents and how to identify them in a situation where there is virtually no clear vision for a US presence in the region has become doubly important.The present article examines the role of identity currents in Iraq in a descriptive-analytical manner and in the framework of Rosena Chaos Theory and it answers the question, what strategy has the United States prioritized over the nation-state in Iraq, given the intermediate variables of identity currents? Hypothesis: The United States, understanding the growing role of identity movements, has sought to undermine existing structures in Iraq by shaping a set of identity challenges and creating socio-political irregularities. Paved the way for the realization of the model of a failed state and provided the conditions for the continuation of its interventions in Iraq. Findings: Utilizing soft power such as media and virtual tools to create political, economic, and social destabilization (such as riots and street protests) is part of the strategy of a failed state in Iraq. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Implikimet e sigurisë të pavarësisë së rajonit të Kurdistanit të Irakut në zonat kufitare perëndimore të vendit
hannaneh darashti alireza najafiThe national security of any country is a function of the set of internal developments and movements of the security environment of that country. The issue of the Kurds and the events related to them is one of the most important political issues in the Middle East. The MoreThe national security of any country is a function of the set of internal developments and movements of the security environment of that country. The issue of the Kurds and the events related to them is one of the most important political issues in the Middle East. The main problem of the researcher in this research is that what are the most effective scenarios of the security consequences of the Iraqi Kurdistan region on the western border regions of the country for a period of 5 years. Accordingly, the main goal of this research is to design the scenarios of the security consequences of the Iraqi Kurdistan region on the western border regions. It is the country. . The result of the evaluation of the eight designed scenarios shows that Kurdistan, on the part of the world powers, raises the tension between the countries with Kurdish minority and the integration between the Kurdish minority in the neighboring countries, the best situation for declaring and implementing the independence of Iraqi Kurdistan and for the security of the west of the country is dangerous and the scenario that is opposite to this scenario It is possible (non-recognition by world powers, alignment of countries with Kurdish minority and differences among Kurds in the region) is the best scenario that indicates the lack of independence of Kurds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - Iraqi Fili Kurds and Soft Diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Ali Reza Zargar Ali MolaeeThe purpose of this study is to identify the sources of soft diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran among the Iraqi Fili Kurds. Soft diplomacy or cultural diplomacy today as a powerful and effective tool for relations between governments and nations with the main goa MoreThe purpose of this study is to identify the sources of soft diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran among the Iraqi Fili Kurds. Soft diplomacy or cultural diplomacy today as a powerful and effective tool for relations between governments and nations with the main goal of providing a clear and justified view of the value culture and behavior of an actor for various players in the international arena, including governments, international government agencies. And NGOs are civil society institutions and public opinion that pave the way for improving the level of relations between governments and creating international peace and stability. This is important for Islamic Iran, it requires recognizing and using its software resources in countries according to the cultural, political and social contexts of each target community. Among these assets in Iraq are the Fili Kurds. The fact that the Fili Kurds are Iranians and the existence of Iranian tendencies among them has caused them to always be influenced by the developments in Iran. This people has a high potential to ensure national interests and increase Iran's soft power. The research method is historical-qualitative (thematic analysis) and its statistical population includes first-hand documents and historical sources, as well as interviews with knowledgeable people or knowledgeable gatekeepers. The sampling method was purposeful. The results show that Fili Kurds share with Iran in the context of cultural diplomacy such as: historical and civilizational background, historical-cultural coexistence, religion, religion, culture, customs and the third, holding the Arbaeen Hosseini ceremony, Persian language, Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Foreign Policy of the U.S. and Iraqi Kurds
Manochar Jofreh Auob Mennati Mohammad RahguiAbstract This survey will analyze the U. S. foreign policy toward Iraqi Kurds in political changes in the Middle East region. Military attendance of the U.S. military forces in the north of Iraq, whether in father Bosh time or in Iraq occupation’s time by the son MoreAbstract This survey will analyze the U. S. foreign policy toward Iraqi Kurds in political changes in the Middle East region. Military attendance of the U.S. military forces in the north of Iraq, whether in father Bosh time or in Iraq occupation’s time by the son of Bosh simultaneously lead in increase the role of kurds in power changes in this country. The Kurdish people have influenced in this region to the extent that they play the mediator and determiner’s roles between Iraqi Shiites and Sunnites who are two power elements in the government and the foreign policy of the U. S. could not reach to this condition without their cooperation. For understanding to realize the American foreign policy in Iraq it seems that we should know about ethnical changes and Iraq itself is essential Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Anatomy of Political Parties and Groups in Iraq and Their Impacts on the Relations between Iran and Iraq
Mohammad Sohrabi Amrollah Ashrafi Morteza KarimiAbstract The main aim of this paper is to examine the most important and influential cultural-political parties and groups in Iraq. Iraq is a country that has historically suffered from ethnic diversity and always have been met dominated by one ethnicity or religion, A MoreAbstract The main aim of this paper is to examine the most important and influential cultural-political parties and groups in Iraq. Iraq is a country that has historically suffered from ethnic diversity and always have been met dominated by one ethnicity or religion, Arabs or Kurds, or Sunnis and Shiites. These parties have played important roles in foreign policy, especially in relation to Iran and drawn. Shiites and Kurds in Baghdad's power structure, remove the Baathist regime vengeful, Changing approach from "Arabia- Sunni" to "Arabia-Kurdish-Shia" in Iraqi politics, emerging opportunities in the country in the national interest of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The question now is this cultural and political groups in the Iraqi political scene today that has the greatest impact on the state and the country domestic and foreign policy, what are they? Which of these trends will have the greatest impact on relations between Iran and Iraq and in order to align Iraqi foreign policy and regional politics with Iran? Authors assumed on that Shiite and Kurdish groups have most influence on the Iraqi government and foreign and internal policy, these political and cultural currents, constitute the majority in the country and have had the greatest impact on relations between Iraq and Iran. Coalition of these two groups involved with ISIS and other Sunni Arab neighbours would be the strongest factor in Iraq's foreign policy and regional alignment. The exclusion of any of the parties to the irreversible consequences will follow. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Development of Strategic Planning for Export Production Development Using SWOT and QSPM Model (Case Study: Kurdistan Province)
omar mahmoudi hiva rahiminia kawan mahmoudiThe main objective of this paper is to develop strategies for developing export production in Kurdistan province. Therefore, from three different statistical samples of exporting producers, experts and exporters, semi-structured interviews were conducted to identify the MoreThe main objective of this paper is to develop strategies for developing export production in Kurdistan province. Therefore, from three different statistical samples of exporting producers, experts and exporters, semi-structured interviews were conducted to identify the opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses of export production in Kurdistan province. Then, using the SWOT model and the QSPM tool, and examined the status of the province and prioritized strategies. The findings of this research on the divergence of views of various statistical samples and the need to consider the combined strategies of development of export production in Kurdistan province. In addition, the most threatened exports of this province are political issues, economic fluctuations and financial-administrative problems. Among other considerations are the importance of the natural opportunities of export production in Kurdistan province, which the government does not play in their creation, and the importance factor of the social capital of the province as strengths. And perhaps the most important result of this research is the quantum interconnection of the factors affecting the production of exports in Kurdistan province and the need to change structures in creating productive incentives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - Ethnicity, religion and participation forms among Shia and Sunni kordish followers in Kermanshah cit
fariba mowghofehi alireza mohsenitabriziThe present article investigated the ethnicity, religion and participation forms among Shia and Sunni Kurdish followers of Kermanshah city in 2017. Through survey research method and according to the statistical rules for determining the sample group, 384 Shia and Sunni MoreThe present article investigated the ethnicity, religion and participation forms among Shia and Sunni Kurdish followers of Kermanshah city in 2017. Through survey research method and according to the statistical rules for determining the sample group, 384 Shia and Sunni Kurdish religious people were chosen in stratified ratio sampling way as the sample case of study. The data was collected through researcher-made questionnaire consisting of items with 5 Likert scales which had 0.95 approval reliability and accepted contents validity. The Lerner, Eisen and Fieshbine-Homans and also Moseni Tabrizi teories were applied to codify research`s theoretical framework for the variables. The obtained results revealed that the status of participation forms among Kurdish people in Kermanshah was 5.62 percent. The results of independent t-test also proved that Shia Kurdish followers had higher levels of psychological, cultural and political participation. But, Sunni religious followers, in contrast to Shia followers, had upper level of economical and social participation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - Reviews and ratings Iranian provinces using the Human Development Index (Emphasis on Kurdistan)
soma mardokhi iraj saiearasiThe purpose of development is to nurture human’s abilities. In order to achieve development, Increase of revenue is a tool not an end. On the other hand, having a long healthy and innovative life is the ultimate goal. The best way to advance the stable development MoreThe purpose of development is to nurture human’s abilities. In order to achieve development, Increase of revenue is a tool not an end. On the other hand, having a long healthy and innovative life is the ultimate goal. The best way to advance the stable development is to use human development. The main purpose of conducting this analytic- descriptive research is to determine the ranking order of the provinces of Iran, especially Kurdistan, in the years of 1385 and 1390. In order to eliminate the differentiation of scaling among the used criteria, using the technique of indices have been proposed. Results show that although our country has had minor improvements in the development of human resources goals, but the results of year 1390 shows that there is not a significant change in the ranking order of the undeveloped provinces compared to five years earlier. Combinatory index of human development shows that in Kurdistan province, human development is in an inappropriate condition so that Kurdistan was placed 29th and 30th in the ranking table in years of 1385 and 1390 respectively. We can conclude that the ranking order during these years has not had significant progress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - Effects of Water Salinity on Growth Indices and Physiological Parameters in Some Wild Pistachio
H.R Karimi Z Zamani A Ebadi R Fatahi -
Open Access Article
154 - بررسی ساختارهای داخلی کره چشم به وسیله اولتراسونوگرافی در گوسفند سالم نژاد کردی
فواد سعدیهدف از انجام این مطالعه بدست آوردن پارامترهای آناتومی کره چشم در حالت طبیعی و سالم درگوسفند نژاد کردی به وسیله دستگاه اولتراسوند دوبعدی می باشد. چون در بیماری های مختلف همانند بیماری چشم صورتی در اثر التهاب حاصل از بیماری پارامترهای کره چشم دستخوش تغیی Moreهدف از انجام این مطالعه بدست آوردن پارامترهای آناتومی کره چشم در حالت طبیعی و سالم درگوسفند نژاد کردی به وسیله دستگاه اولتراسوند دوبعدی می باشد. چون در بیماری های مختلف همانند بیماری چشم صورتی در اثر التهاب حاصل از بیماری پارامترهای کره چشم دستخوش تغییراتی می شود. در این بررسی کره چشم 12 گوسفند با سن حدود 24-16 ماه از نژاد کردی به وسیله یافته های حاصل از امواج اولتراسوند مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. تصاویر حاصل از تحقیق به وسیله پروب خطی 12-8 مگا هرتزی به صورت طولی انجام گرفت. نتایج حاصله نشان داد که اندازه محور طولی کره چشم 0.3±24.3 میلیمتر، عمق اتاقک قدامی 0.16±3.1میلیمتر، عمق اتاقک زجاجیه 0.15±11.30میلیمتر، ضخامت دیواره شبکیه صلیبه ای 0.06±1.70میلیمتر، قطر عدسی0.25±9.65 و ضخامت قرنیه0.03±0.875میلیمترمی باشد. ابعاد مختلف اجزای کره جشم که در حالت طبیعی و سالم بدست آمد در یک جدول قراد داده شده تا دامپزشکان در بیماری های مختلف چشم با مقایسه اندازه ساختارهای داخلی کره چشم بیمار با اندازه ساختارها در حالت طبیعی و سالم بتوانند از آن به عنوان یک مرجع جهت تشخیص بیماری های چشم استفاده کنند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - The Study of Antioxidant and Cellular Toxicity Effects of Methanol, Ethyl Acetate, Aqueous and n-Hexane Extracts of Symphytum Kurdicum Plant
Shiva Khalil_moghaddam Atousa Aliahmadi Nastaran Jalilian Mohamad Aref Tabad -
Open Access Article
156 - The Comparative Study of Ethnic Identity and National Identity among Azeri Turkic and Kurdish Students (Case study: City of Miandoab)
Mahdi Jalali Iran is a country with an ethnic diversity that these people have had diverse relationships with each other throughout the history. National solidarity is seen as a prerequisite for the development of the country. The city of Miandoab is one of the areas with two More Iran is a country with an ethnic diversity that these people have had diverse relationships with each other throughout the history. National solidarity is seen as a prerequisite for the development of the country. The city of Miandoab is one of the areas with two ethnic groups where the Azeri Turkic and Kurdish people live in the region together. Knowing that the Azeri Turkic and Kurdish people emphasize on which type of their identity can increase the understanding of the issue. In the present research, the main question of the research was suggested as follows: Will the weak ties between two people increase the national solidarity? Given the background of the research and available theories, the hypothesis was made as follows: There is a significant relationship between the weak ties between the two ethnic groups and the national / ethnic identity. The research methodology was a surveying one using randomized sampling method. The research findings revealed that the national identity increases with the increased weak ties between the two ethnic groups. Also, as the level of communication of a nation’s people with the people of another nation decreases, their ethnic identity rate will increase as a result. The result of the study indicated that one of the most important factors in strengthening national identity is the extent of communication and relationship between the people of ethnic groups. With the increased relationships between ethnic groups, the national identity, and consequently, the national solidarity will also be strengthened. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - Religion and Social Conflicts in Iranian Kurdistan: over the Past Half Century
seyed Yasin Hosseini hassan mohaddesi mohamadbagher tajoldinConflict in societies is a pervasive issue that manifests itself in various economic, political, scientific and religious dimensions. Religion, although often cohesive, cannot be denied the contradictions based on it. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to investigate MoreConflict in societies is a pervasive issue that manifests itself in various economic, political, scientific and religious dimensions. Religion, although often cohesive, cannot be denied the contradictions based on it. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to investigate the social conflicts based on religion in the last half century in Kurdistan province. This research aims to investigate religious-based social conflicts in Kurdistan over the past half century. The research has a qualitative approach to the subject and uses two historical methods via historical documents including biographies, books, papers and oral history. In this way, informed people in Kurdistan are also interviewed. The second method includes ethnography which the researcher uses the observation and conversation techniques to debate the lived experiences of the studied population (religious people of various religious sects). In the meantime, these experiences are used to address relevant social conflicts. The findings suggest that the distribution of conflicts between groups are identified from a geographical point of view. Seven categories of religion-based social conflicts in Kurdistan including “religion as the eliminator of conflicts”, “religion as the concealer of conflicts”, “religion as the representer of conflicts”, “religion as the perpetuator of conflicts”, “religion as strengthener and intensifier of conflicts”, “religion as source and origin of social conflicts” and “religion as underminer of conflicts” are extracted. Each of the said conflicts has arisen between intellectual groups with different religious attitudes or religious groups with secular thinking attitudes. These conflicts have sometimes been embodied in the form of conflicting views, and sometimes in the form of physical and force majeure. These conflicts are sometimes strengthened and undermined by religion in the form of a process and long term, or are immediate and short term. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in ruminants in Kurdistan province, Iran
siyamak kakekhani milad moradiCryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that can cause mainly gastrointestinal diseases in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in ruminants in Kurdistan province.The present study was applied and random For this MoreCryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that can cause mainly gastrointestinal diseases in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in ruminants in Kurdistan province.The present study was applied and random For this purpose, a total of 239 fecal samples from 75 sheep, 43 goats and 121 cows At different ages of less than 1 year, 1 to 3 years and 3 years and older in both sexes, for staining and observation of oocysts. To examine the presence of parasites, all samples were stained by Zill Nielsen method and examined microscopically. After analyzing the collected data, the findings showed that the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in ruminants in Kurdistan province is 15.06% of the tested samples. Also, the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in Kurdistan province did not show a significant difference compared to age, sex and geographical extent..(P < 0/05)The results show that the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in ruminants in Kurdistan province is consistent with other studies in this regard. To reduce this prevalence, anti-parasitic health and prevention programs can be used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - Sand accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract and its relationship with its ultrasound evaluation of excretion stool in Kurd foal
Rasoul RahimzadehConsistent intake of sand (and soil) with unprotected feed in the feces may cause it to accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract and lead to gastrointestinal disorders, This study is a report of the study of sand accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract of Kurdish hor MoreConsistent intake of sand (and soil) with unprotected feed in the feces may cause it to accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract and lead to gastrointestinal disorders, This study is a report of the study of sand accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract of Kurdish horses by diagnostic methods. So far, there have been no reports of horse butter from any breed in Iran. Therefore, none of the available studies includes the evaluation of the prevalence and diagnosis of sand without signs of accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract of foal. This study is also the first study to examine the foal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of sand accumulated in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy horses and to compare ultrasound and the amount of sand excreted. Abdominal ultrasound was evaluated. Ultrasound examination showed the presence of sand, sand was found in a single place, usually detected in the left diagnostic window. The mean amount of sand was 0.18 ± 0.21 g per 100 g of feces. Sand may accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract without any clinical signs. The amount of sand excreted in the stool does not indicate the amount of sand accumulated in the gastrointestinal tract. Abdominal ultrasound examination should be combined with it for more specific results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Clinical evaluation of the prevalence of behavioral abnormalities in Kurd horses in Kermanshah province
Meysam Moravedji Borhan Shahveysi Maryam Rahravani Saeed Hanifeh Zadeh Mohsen Ebrahimi Seyyed Esmaeil Hashemi Ehsan Nazari Nikoo Tahmooresi Sobhan Jafari Bafrouei Mohammad VahidiBackground and purpose: Equines have always been one of the favorite animals of human societies, which are still exploited in various fields. Due to the mechanization of the horse breeding industry, many problems have occurred in them, the most important of which is the MoreBackground and purpose: Equines have always been one of the favorite animals of human societies, which are still exploited in various fields. Due to the mechanization of the horse breeding industry, many problems have occurred in them, the most important of which is the occurrence of behavioral disorders, especially in Kurd horses. Materials and methods: In this study, the effect of demographic factors such as sex, physical activity and age groups on 120 male and female Kurd horses in riding clubs of Kermanshah province was investigated. In this evaluation, 16 types of behavioral disorders were observed in 49 horses (40.8%). Results: The results indicated that the highest amount of behavioral disorders were related to aerophagia (22 cases), crib biting (19 cases), stall walking (12 cases), etc., among which only the significant behavioral disorder was aggressive behavior with anger, which was significant only in horses that lacked physical activity (p<0.05); Meanwhile, no significant statistical relationship was observed between any of the independent and dependent variables (p>0.05). Discussion and conclusion: Despite the high rate of behavioral disorders in Kurd horses (40.8 percent) and due to the non-significance of most behavioral disorders with demographic factors, it was revealed in this study that apart from demographic factors, non-demographic factors such as intestinal microbiota, hormonal disorders, etc. are involved. Therefore, considering the proof of the existence of behavioral disorders, it is recommended to investigate the involvement of non-demographic factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - Serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii in female Markhoz goats of Saqqez district, Kurdistan
Ghazaaleh Adhami Aram ParviziBackground & Purpose: Toxoplasma gondii is a meat-borne zoonotic parasitic protozoan that causes congenital infection, miscarriage, and stillbirth in the human and animals. Goat is an important resource of meat production in Kurdistan Province, and the consumption o MoreBackground & Purpose: Toxoplasma gondii is a meat-borne zoonotic parasitic protozoan that causes congenital infection, miscarriage, and stillbirth in the human and animals. Goat is an important resource of meat production in Kurdistan Province, and the consumption of its raw or half-cooked meat is a major risk factor for infection with Toxoplasma. The present study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Markhoz goats of Saqqez City of Kurdistan province in western Iran.Materials & Methods: In a cross-sectional study, we utilized 188 serum specimens ( 144 serum samples belonging to goats with a history of abortion and 44 samples belonging to goats without a history of abortion ) for the evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies by ELISA. 38 samples out of 188 serum specimens in the study were positive for Toxoplasma gondii using ELISA, and the infection rate of the goats was 20.2%.Results: Two (3.57%) out of 56 Markhoz goats under 2 years of age were positive for Toxoplasma infection and 36 (27.27%) out of 132 Markhoz goats over two years of age were positive for the infection. The statistical examination indicated significant relationships between the pollution and age groups (p<0.05). 36 (25%) out of 144 Markhoz goats with a history of abortion were positive for Toxoplasma infection, and 2 (4.54%) out of 44 goats without a history of abortion were positive for the infection. The statistical studies indicated a significant correlation between the rates of infection and abortion (p<0.05).Conclusion: Given the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Markhoz goats, we suggest providing information about prevention and control, refraining from eating uncooked or undercooked meat, and performing molecular studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Study of degenerative Injury of Frogs (Thrush) in kurd Horses
Rasoul RahimzadehDegenrative injury of the frog (Thrush) is one of the diseases of the locomotor system in horses and despite paying special attention to this disease. This study was performed in equestrian centers on Kurd horses. In this study, all four motor limbs of 384 horses kept i MoreDegenrative injury of the frog (Thrush) is one of the diseases of the locomotor system in horses and despite paying special attention to this disease. This study was performed in equestrian centers on Kurd horses. In this study, all four motor limbs of 384 horses kept in care centers were clinically examined. Factors such as age, sex and number of infected venoms were evaluated and the incidence rate was graded from 1 to 3, with grade 3 indicating maximum frog disease examined to see if the horses had a black discharge in the frog's cleft. From all the studied horses, 215 (55.84%) heads were diagnosed with the disease. The prevalence of most research samples is between 7 to 10 years of age, and the lowest frequency is in the range of 4 to 7 years (P <0.05). The incidence of the disease was not related to the sex of the animal and no significant difference was observed (P <0.05). Transformed frog disease in the anterior motor limb of the studied horses was significantly higher than the posterior motor limb (P <0.05) and grades 2 and 3 of the disease in the anterior motor limb were more than the posterior motor limb was observed. Among the studied samples, 120 cases of anterior limb involvement and 95 cases of posterior limb involvement were observed. The quality of the litter, the use of moisture-absorbent litter for horses, improved nutrition, and regular venom modification can protect against poisonous frog thrush and improve performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - Fungal profile of the normal ocular microflora in Kurd horse
Abdullah Araghi-Sooreh saber mameghaniKnowledge of resident fungal species on the normal ocular surface may influence selection of antifungal agents for the treatment of keratomycosis. In this study conjunctival fungal flora of 40 Kurd horses with normal eyes (n = 80) from Tabriz was identified using horses MoreKnowledge of resident fungal species on the normal ocular surface may influence selection of antifungal agents for the treatment of keratomycosis. In this study conjunctival fungal flora of 40 Kurd horses with normal eyes (n = 80) from Tabriz was identified using horses of both genders and aged 2-30 years old. Samples were taken from the lower conjunctival sac of both eyes with a dry cotton swab, seeded in Sabouraud's dextrose agar with chloramphenicol, and incubated at 25 °C for 21 days. Thirty-one (77.5%) horses and 49 (61.25%) eyes were culture positive. The most commonly isolated fungi were Aspergillus species (38.82 %). Other isolates in order of frequency were Candida spp, Penicillium spp, Fusarium spp, Cladosporium spp, Mucor spp, Scopulariopsis spp, Pseudallescheria sp, Rhodotorula sp, and Trichoderma sp. Yeast genera represented 18.82% of the total isolates. Sex of horse had significant effect on the frequency of certain fungi. Fungal contamination of eyes decreased with increase of horse age but correlation between them was not significant (r = -0.255; P = 0.064). The fungal species isolated are comparable with those reported for horses in other areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - Identifying the drivers of Pan-Kurdism in relation to the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Reza Parsay Ali Mortazavian , Mohammad Rahim EyvaziBackground and Aim: The future is uncertain, and scenarios teach us to think about the unknown, to unravel today's cumbersome assumptions, and to be able to identify the discontinuities that may change our world. Accordingly, in order to predict the security situation o MoreBackground and Aim: The future is uncertain, and scenarios teach us to think about the unknown, to unravel today's cumbersome assumptions, and to be able to identify the discontinuities that may change our world. Accordingly, in order to predict the security situation of the country in the coming years and design appropriate security scenarios, it is absolutely necessary to pay attention to the ethnic situation and ethnic challenges. The purpose of this study is to identify the drivers of pan-Kurdish ideology in relation to the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran.Method: This research is applied in terms of nature and purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. Its statistical population is in the form of a panel of experts according to the futures research approach. The drivers of this research were identified by cross-matrix method using Mick Mac software.Findings: The findings of this study showed seven variables: the involvement of foreign factors, the activities of Kurdish-language satellite networks, the development of virtual networks, underdevelopment, the substitution of Persian instead of the native language, regional competition and the effects of Iraqi Kurdistan. They were identified as key variables extracted from Mick Mac software in the form of three economic, political and cultural drivers.Conclusion: The results of this study also indicate that all seven variables identified by Mick Mac software are consistent with the realities and situation of pan-Kurdism in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - A comparative study of cultural anthropology in the poem "Mehr and Wafa", in classical literaturePersian and Kurdish vernacular
ebrahim rahimi zangane neda yansAbstract It is obvious that the lyrical verses of Persian poetry represent the most cultural patterns and signs of civilization. Examining these stories from the perspective of cultural anthropology (whose main foundations are popular culture) is a new approach to them MoreAbstract It is obvious that the lyrical verses of Persian poetry represent the most cultural patterns and signs of civilization. Examining these stories from the perspective of cultural anthropology (whose main foundations are popular culture) is a new approach to them and introduces researchers to two options: one is to investigate people's culture in the content of the stories and Another cultural influence is the narrator according to the culture in which he was raised, and this applies to all the stories that have different narrators. In this research, the various literary and cultural knowledge hidden in the Kurdish popular literature "Beit" will be compared and analyzed with the systems of classical Persian literature, especially where the structure and content of these works are related to the principles of storytelling. If it matches, it can be a valuable work in the field of cultural anthropology studies. This research describes and analyzes the cultural components from an anthropological point of view in the poem "Mehr wa Wafa" in classical Persian literature and Kurdish folk literature narrated by Mam Ahmed Lotfi. To achieve this goal, a descriptive-analytical method has been used. The findings indicate that most of the anthropological components have appeared in this system, and the amount of similarities is greater than the differences, and this indicates the intertextuality between the Persian and Kurdish systems. Another is that the Kurdish narrations of the story, although in terms of generality, theme and concept, are in accordance with the Persian narrations of the same name, but both in form and content, especially the changes and transformations of mystical, epic and lyrical culture. It is in different periods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - The Effects of Age, Gender, and Experience on Grit, Anxiety, and Commitment of Kurdish EFL Secondary School Teachers
Bahroz Mawlood Jaleh Hassaskhah Hezha AbdallahThis mixed methods study examined the effects of three demographic variables, namely, grit, anxiety, and commitment, on Kurdish EFL teachers in Sulaimani Province secondary schools. To this end, using snowball purposive sampling, 73 Kurdish EFL secondary school teachers MoreThis mixed methods study examined the effects of three demographic variables, namely, grit, anxiety, and commitment, on Kurdish EFL teachers in Sulaimani Province secondary schools. To this end, using snowball purposive sampling, 73 Kurdish EFL secondary school teachers, 42 male and 31 female, aged between 22 and 50 with an experience range between 1 to 28 years, participated in the study and completed the questionnaire. Expanding the quantitative results, interviews with 10 participants were conducted to further the information and support the quantitative results. Descriptive statistics were utilized to analyze the quantitative data, specifically, the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), independent sample t-test, and Pearson’s correlation. A thematic analysis was conducted for the collected interview data. The quantitative findings indicated that age, gender, and experience significantly affected Kurdish EFL secondary school teachers’ grit, anxiety, and commitment. Results of the qualitative data revealed that Kurdish EFL secondary school teachers consistently pursue their educational goals and show unwavering persistence in the face of challenges. They also handle their anxiety by compartmentalizing personal issues and controlling their impulses to maintain a positive teaching environment, reflecting their understanding of the importance of teaching and their interest in developing their students. Lastly, Kurdish EFL secondary school teachers exhibit high levels of commitment to both the educational community and institutional standards, even when challenges appear. The results of this study are beneficial for policymakers, English language teachers, and also EFL learners. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - Analysis of the Kurdish Tale "Shirzad Shirdil" Based on Joseph Campbell's Theory of the Hero's Journey
Marjan Aliakbarzade zehtabThe present article, which has been written in a descriptive-analytical manner based on field studies in the field of popular literature, examines the oral and Kurdish tale "Shirzad Shirdil," which has not yet been fully documented, based on Joseph Campbell's (1904-1987 MoreThe present article, which has been written in a descriptive-analytical manner based on field studies in the field of popular literature, examines the oral and Kurdish tale "Shirzad Shirdil," which has not yet been fully documented, based on Joseph Campbell's (1904-1987) theory of the hero's journey. It aligns the stages of the tale with this theory and also addresses some of its symbols. The importance of the present subject is due to the cultural-literary value of folk tales and the interdisciplinary position of Campbell's theory. The main question is: How and to what extent do the stages of this tale correspond to the hero's journey? The hypothesis is that although this tale does not have all the stages of Campbell's hero's journey, it has most of them. Based on the research findings, since Shirzad is accompanied by the older dimension of his existence – Malek-Ahmad - both dimensions must necessarily attain transcendence. Therefore, to complete the hero's journey, the repetition of a stage such as the meeting with the goddess, the passage through the belly of the whale, the ultimate boon, the apotheosis, and the master of two worlds is sometimes manifested. Additionally, this tale lacks the stages of the hero's refusal of return, the magical flight, and the rescue from without. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - Explain the strategic position (SWOT Analysis) departments of education in Kurdistan
mostafa bagherian far loft alleh saedmoocheshi saedi somayeh sayed heshmatellah mortazavizadehThe main goal of this research is SWOT Analysis of Explain the strategic position of education in Kurdistan city. The research method is combined exploratory studies. First, the qualitative part has been implemented in this study and then quantitative section has been d MoreThe main goal of this research is SWOT Analysis of Explain the strategic position of education in Kurdistan city. The research method is combined exploratory studies. First, the qualitative part has been implemented in this study and then quantitative section has been done. Then an interview was conducted with 16 managers and administrative assistant in the qualitative part of the study. As a result, a questionnaire was prepared from the results of the analysis of the interviews and reports. The research populations were employees of department’s Education Kurdistan. The research sample according Cochran formula was consisted of 164 employees. Content validity was used to determine the validity of the study and Cronbach’s alpha was used to determine the reliability research (98/0=α). Data from the questionnaires were analyzed through descriptive Statistics, One-sample t test, Friedman test, Internal and external factors evaluation matrix. The results showed that the main priorities of SWOT analysis was being expertise staffing among teachers (The strength), Lack of funds to increase the motivation of teachers and paid overtime (weakness), being educational software and technologies with the jobs and rank staffing (Opportunities) and lack of knowledge and technology in the country (threats).The results showed the Kurdistan education offices are located in positions of SO. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - The impact of public policy in terms of general welfare on social-political development Case Study of Kurdistan Province
Seyyed Rahmat Ollah Barzanjeh Atry Malek taj KhosraviFrom a public welfare perspective, public policy is the concept of studying and reviewing the social and welfare services of the state. These services are non-political and mainly include housing, social security, social work, and education. The main goal of social pol MoreFrom a public welfare perspective, public policy is the concept of studying and reviewing the social and welfare services of the state. These services are non-political and mainly include housing, social security, social work, and education. The main goal of social policy is to reduce inequality and improve human well-being, including health, nutrition, employment, and other public services. With this definition, the present paper addresses the impact of public policy in terms of general welfare on the social policies of the Iranian government, with emphasis on the presidency of Hassan Rouhani. This research is applied research whose task is not scientific discovery and its main objective is to test and investigate the possibility of using existing knowledge in order to be able to solve specific policy issues from the perspective of general welfare and to assist agents to carry out their duties. The results of this study, which were conducted using the Delphi method, show that Kendall's agreement coefficient is higher than 0.4 and considering the lower level of significance level from 0.05, it can be said that Kendall's consensus coefficient is significant and At 95% confidence level, the consensus among experts has existed. The closer the Kendall agreement is to one closer, the more consensus among the experts will be. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - New findings regarding the Tale of Siavash amid the Kurdish narrative by Almas khan Kanoule’ei
zahra jamshidi abas mohamadianAbstract The glory of the tales and their captivating features in Shahnameh have always been the focus of attention by the local poets. Kurdish poets are no exceptions to this rule and had many times embarked on translation or representation of Shahnameh tales.&n MoreAbstract The glory of the tales and their captivating features in Shahnameh have always been the focus of attention by the local poets. Kurdish poets are no exceptions to this rule and had many times embarked on translation or representation of Shahnameh tales. One example of such influence is the book of poetry, Siavashnameh the invaluable work composed by Almas Khan Kandulei in Kurdish Gurani dialect following the example of the Tale of Siavash. The Kurdish poet made an attempt to avoid mere translation and imitation and pay attention to literary creation. To achieve this end, he narrates the story with more details to recreate another collection of poetry for this reason one encounters more precise cause and effect relations, and plots are more solid than its counterpart in Shahnameh, hence it could be used as a key to solve certain ambiguities in the tale of Siavash in Shahnameh and serve to provide solutions for the questions as yet left unanswered. The writers of this article while making an effort to introduce Almas Khan and deal with his biography and works, also made an attempt to examine the two tales in terms of narrative, content, and events in the story and cite their points of difference employing comparative analytic method. Moreover for certain actions and events in the story appropriate mythological analysis are provided. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Analysis of a verse from Rostam and Sohrab based on the Minstrels’ narration and Kurdish Shahnameh
Jalil Ahangar nezhad Ali heidaryAbstract The story of Rostam and Sohrab is one of the most famous epic tales in the world. Despite its beauty and literary and artistic value, it is not exempt from some flaws in narrating the story. These flaws whether originated from Ferdowsi’s sourc MoreAbstract The story of Rostam and Sohrab is one of the most famous epic tales in the world. Despite its beauty and literary and artistic value, it is not exempt from some flaws in narrating the story. These flaws whether originated from Ferdowsi’s sources, Ferdowsi himself and Shahnameh editors are not very significant. This article deals mainly with the manner in which Sohrab addresses his mother Tahmineh about his origin. Spontaneously and furiously Sohrab questions his mother about his father’s name and ruthlessly threatens to kill her if she fails to provide an answer. In different editions of Shahnameh, there is not a justified and acceptable answer to this question, however in minstrels’ narration and also in Kurdish Shahnameh the main reason for raising the question with such rage is well accounted for. The extraordinary might of Sohrab among the boys of his age and the fact that Sohrab is the fruit of the union between Rostam and Tahmineh outside the customary wedlock prompts his comrades to question his lineage and regard him as illegitimate child. Sohrab’s fury of such insult explains why he questions his mother about the secret of his birth with such rage and menace. Keywords Rostam, Sohrab, Ferdowsi, Minstrels’ narration, Kurdish Shahnameh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Some Gorani Lyric Verse
Sayyed Mahdi SadjadiSince its debut in 1881, when Charkes Rieu´s brief but masterly grammatical sketch appeared, the Gorani koine has become one of the Cinderellas of Iranian studies, literary and linguistic.Apart from a notice by E. B. Soane, of which more below, its only real outin MoreSince its debut in 1881, when Charkes Rieu´s brief but masterly grammatical sketch appeared, the Gorani koine has become one of the Cinderellas of Iranian studies, literary and linguistic.Apart from a notice by E. B. Soane, of which more below, its only real outing has been in Professor Minorsky´s compendious article on the Goran, containing an illustrated survey of all the epic, lyric, and religious verse then known in Gorani. The surviving manuscripts acquired by Pofessor Minorsky he has since donated to the Leningrad branch of the Oriental Institute (Institut Narodov Azzi AN), where they remain unpublished. The same is true of the many MSS acquired by Oskar Mann for the former Preussische Staatsbibliothek and of the passages which he transcribed and intended to publish as a volume. Proben aus der Goran-Literature of his Kurdisch-Persische Forschungen. Only lately has M. Mokri begun to draw upon his personal collection of MSS with the publication of a religious poem emanating from the Ahl-i Haqq sect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - A Short Story in Baluchi Language from the Hosey-e Kord-e Šabestarī Cycle
vahe BoyajianThe paper presents a small text in the Sarāwānī dialect of Baluchi about the famous hero Hoseyn-e Kord. The Baluchi story is a well-known episode from the cycle of Hoseyn-e Kord-e Šabestarī, where the hero shows his supernatural strength and gains a high social s MoreThe paper presents a small text in the Sarāwānī dialect of Baluchi about the famous hero Hoseyn-e Kord. The Baluchi story is a well-known episode from the cycle of Hoseyn-e Kord-e Šabestarī, where the hero shows his supernatural strength and gains a high social status. At the same time, for the Kord tribe in Iranian Baluchistan, Hoseyn-e Kord is not only a folkloric personage, but features as an eponym, the legendary forefather of the tribesman.The paper presents a small text in the Sarāwānī dialect of Baluchi about the famous hero Hoseyn-e Kord. The Baluchi story is a well-known episode from the cycle of Hoseyn-e Kord-e Šabestarī, where the hero shows his supernatural strength and gains a high social status. At the same time, for the Kord tribe in Iranian Baluchistan, Hoseyn-e Kord is not only a folkloric personage, but features as an eponym, the legendary forefather of the tribesman. Manuscript profile
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