-
Open Access Article
1 - The Rise and Fall of the Chaks in Kashmir (962-993 A.D.)
مریم معینینیا هادی عالمزادهThe Chak family emigrated to Kashmir in the Sahh Dyve Rajah government(701-720 A.D), and a branch of them under Pando Chaks leadership was settled in Trehgāmand served Shahmiri,s soltans at administrative and army positions and converted to the Imami school coincided wi MoreThe Chak family emigrated to Kashmir in the Sahh Dyve Rajah government(701-720 A.D), and a branch of them under Pando Chaks leadership was settled in Trehgāmand served Shahmiri,s soltans at administrative and army positions and converted to the Imami school coincided with the arrival of Mir shams al-Din Muhammad Iraqi to Kashmir.This article is investigated the rise and fall of the Shiite branch of this family and its role and function in the political, social and cultural aspects of Kashmir in a descriptive-analytical method based on historical texts, particularly the Baharestan Shahi. Although Chaks ruled over the territory of Kashmir in a short period (962-993 AD), and by their internal conflicts and presence of Mongols in India-Babryan invasion-,were able to extend their authority and effective actions, to develop the Shiite school in this land so that there is today. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Identifying the drivers of the development of professional sports in Iraq
mohammed obays carnvl almamoori ghasem rahimi sereshbaderani ali atiyah dakheel nazari rasoolThis research was conducted with the aim of identifying the drivers of the development of professional sports in Iraq. According to the nature of the subject and research objectives, the current research is qualitative and based on the theory derived from the data. To c MoreThis research was conducted with the aim of identifying the drivers of the development of professional sports in Iraq. According to the nature of the subject and research objectives, the current research is qualitative and based on the theory derived from the data. To collect research data, 25 in-depth and semi-structured interviews with experts and managers of Iraqi sports organizations were used. The participants in the research were selected by purposeful and theoretical sampling. Analysis of the data from the interviews emerged during three stages of open, central and selective coding. Based on the results of core coding and common concepts between open codes, 10 cores are named as support for professional athletes, training facilities and training equipment, training and promotion of coaching, national and international competitions, scientific research and innovation, media and culture, financial support, The approach of integrating development policy, participants in sports and cultivating talents and elitism was identified in the matter of identifying the drivers of the development of professional sports in Iraq; Therefore, it is suggested; By institutionalizing the process of meritocracy and stability of management in attracting, employing and retaining professional sports managers, especially in clubs, focusing on empowering managers, especially in the women's sector, by improving strategic thinking and systemic attitude in the development of professional sports in Iraq. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Iran and the New Iraq: Challenges and Opportunities
کیهان BarzegarConsidering the developments taking place in Iraq andthe imminent installing of a new government in the country, theauthor, in this article, seeks to explore the opportunities andchallenges of the aforementioned situation to the Iranian nationalinterests. The main quest MoreConsidering the developments taking place in Iraq andthe imminent installing of a new government in the country, theauthor, in this article, seeks to explore the opportunities andchallenges of the aforementioned situation to the Iranian nationalinterests. The main question of the research involves that whatkind of government in Baghdad would secure the Iranian nationalinterests, as the fact that Iraq has persistently represented andwill be a strategic rival and a security threat to Iran. This articleis organized in three sections. In the first section, the authorexposes the Iranian general views toward the Arab world andIraq in particular. The second and third sections observe the constants in the Iranian-Iraqi relations and pays attention to thechallenges ahead. Finally, the author undertakes that Iran andthe new Iraq are able to divert their relations from the stage ofcontinued conflicts and threatening each other’s interests anddirect them toward a constructive rivalry and cooperation withinthe framework of common interests. This will largely depend onthe first step to be taken by the new Iraqi government. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Strategic Statues of Iraq’s Kurdistan in Iran-Israel Foreign Policy
Ali Reza Mousavizadeh Mahdi Javedani MoghaddamStrategic alliance of Israel with Iraq’s Kurds brings about the stability of national security strategyand Israel’s foreign policy in the Middle East to extend Israel’s presence in the region. In the wakeof new changes in Iraq’s Kurdistan and inc MoreStrategic alliance of Israel with Iraq’s Kurds brings about the stability of national security strategyand Israel’s foreign policy in the Middle East to extend Israel’s presence in the region. In the wakeof new changes in Iraq’s Kurdistan and increasing the political, economic and social activities ofthe Iraq’s Kurds, Israel has sought to highlight its presence in the region. Hence, Israel has newlycommenced closed cooperation with Iraq’s Kurdistan through its direct presence in the region orby interfering Kurdistan’s economic and social affairs following the formation of a new unifiedstrategy in the Middle East based on «Environmental Unity» doctrine This issue gained someopposition from the regional countries like Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey about Israel and Kurdistanrelationships and consequently prevalence of the news about the presence and interference ofIsrael in the region; as in some cases the Turkish and Arab media in the region have been keen toexaggerate. This article aims to study the mutual strategic interests of Israel and Iraq’s Kurdistanthrough examining the background relationship and its new changes, specially Israel’s attemptsto make moves in the Iraq’s Kurdistan region. Then, by means of studying the outcomes of theirinteraction both inside the region and beyond, the article tries to provide solutions to maintain thenational benefits of I.R. Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - A Study on Schools of Geography throughout the History of Islamic Civilization
Reza Ebadi Jam Khaneh Sina Foroozesh -
Open Access Article
6 - The Crisis Management in Regional Encounters (Case of Study: The Imposed War)
Abbas Mosallanezhad -
Open Access Article
7 - Explaining the Factors Affecting the Geopolitics of the Iranian-Iraqi Border
Zahra Saber Farham Goodarzi GOLAM Reza ADABINeighbor-nation relations around the territorial and non-territorial factors have always been a part of the realities of world political history. Meanwhile, the geography and geopolitics of each region has played an important role in the quality of relations between nei MoreNeighbor-nation relations around the territorial and non-territorial factors have always been a part of the realities of world political history. Meanwhile, the geography and geopolitics of each region has played an important role in the quality of relations between neighboring political and spatial units. And border issues are one of the perennial geopolitical areas of the two countries' relations. Therefore, the authors of this paper, using descriptive-analytical method and library method, have collected the data and presented GIS maps to explain the factors affecting the geopolitics of Iran-Iraq border. The findings of the study, which are analyzed in the three axes of "natural, human and economic components", suggest that natural components in the form of topography and boundary rivers, human components in the form of history and antiquity, identity and racial changes and The distribution of religion and economic components in the form of border markets, customs, and tourism affect the geopolitics of the Iran-Iraq border Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Evaluation of Iraq's insecurity factors and its effects on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran
mohamad eisa ansarifard simin armaqan alireza estelajiwill give necessary and at the same time will clarify the possibilities and limitations for them. Since there is a relationship between geographical factors and government policies, governments make policies according to the geographical situation of their country. For Morewill give necessary and at the same time will clarify the possibilities and limitations for them. Since there is a relationship between geographical factors and government policies, governments make policies according to the geographical situation of their country. For this reason, geopolitical studies are particularly important. In addition to examining the relationship between geographical factors and the politics of a country, geopolitics also deals with the interpretation of eventsand predicts the future and determines the political policy of the country. Today, one of the most important issues that make countries face fundamental challenges is geopolitics versus security. The security of people in a geographical space is dependent on the security of governments, and the more powerful and stable the governments are, the more secure they can be. One of the issues that has a fundamental position in relation to the discussion of international security is the discussion of failed governments, which pose a danger not only to its subjects, but also to international security and can challenge international security and This basis in the current decade is among the countries that are among the failed governments; The country is Iraq. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - The Place of Mir Shams-ud-Din ‘Iraqi in Khashmir
گل آرا DavarpanahThe activities of Mir Shams-ud-Din ‘Iraqi, an Iranian mystic, represented a revolution in social and cultural life of the Kashmiris. He was a disciple of Sayyid Shāh Qasim Anwar. He came twice to Kashmir to promulgate the Nurbakhshi doctrines in Kashmir in Sultana MoreThe activities of Mir Shams-ud-Din ‘Iraqi, an Iranian mystic, represented a revolution in social and cultural life of the Kashmiris. He was a disciple of Sayyid Shāh Qasim Anwar. He came twice to Kashmir to promulgate the Nurbakhshi doctrines in Kashmir in Sultanate era. He received the protection of Baba Ali Najjār who was an influential religious leader and the protection of Malik Musa Raina and Kachi Chak who were the prime ministers. Many of the Kashmiris were converted to the Islam, Shi'ite and the Nurbakhshi order through ‘Iraqi's activities. This article tries to portrait a clear picture of Mir Shams-ud-Din and study his role and place in Kashmir. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - A Comparative Look at "Colonialism and Anti-Authoritarianism" in Boshra Al-Bostani and Tahereh Saffarzadeh’s Poetries
Behnam Fe’li Enayaollah Fatehinejad Latifeh Salamat BaveilBoshra Al-Bostani in contemporary Arabic poetry and Tahereh Saffarzadeh in the field of contemporary Persian literature are considered to be the true preachers of anti-authoritarianism. The two mentioned poets, who represent the sensitive, conscious and cultured strata MoreBoshra Al-Bostani in contemporary Arabic poetry and Tahereh Saffarzadeh in the field of contemporary Persian literature are considered to be the true preachers of anti-authoritarianism. The two mentioned poets, who represent the sensitive, conscious and cultured strata of their society, were able to compose exciting poems and stimulate the people’s dormant emotions in order to leave lasting literary works in the interests of their land in addition to influencing events and happenings.The present study, which is descriptive – analytical and enjoys the library method, seeks to examine the concept of anti-authoritarianism, which is one of the most important common themes of the poems of these two from the perspective of comparative literature. The results of the present article indicate that the most important common themes in two mentioned resistance poets’ poetries are concepts such as expressing the miserable situation of the country, exposing the oppression of internal enemies and colonialists, and the effects and consequences of their attack on Iraq and Iran, and finally calling on the people to maintain unity in order to defeat the enemies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Iraq’s Aggression against Iran and Kuwait and its Reflection in the Poetry of the Two Countries
Seyed Ebrahim ArmanThe two Muslim countries of Iran and Kuwait have witnessed a pain-ful aggression from the part of Saddam dictatorial regime. Saddam’s attack to Iran leaded to an 8 year imposed war, which is called Persian Gulf 1st War. His attack to Kuwait leaded to invasion of MoreThe two Muslim countries of Iran and Kuwait have witnessed a pain-ful aggression from the part of Saddam dictatorial regime. Saddam’s attack to Iran leaded to an 8 year imposed war, which is called Persian Gulf 1st War. His attack to Kuwait leaded to invasion of the country and finally the greatest war of the contemporary era after 2nd world War, which is called Persian Gulf 2nd War. The bitter events and anti-human-istic crimes of the former Iraqi regime against these two neighbor coun-tries are innumerable. The present study is to probe into the common subject matters of the poetry of the two countries, from a critical and analytical viewpoint and via conducting a comparative analysis of the resistance poetry, which appeared during and after war in the contem-porary literature of Iran and Kuwait. It is hoped that the present study paves the way for comparative investigation of other common fields of the contemporary literature of Iran and Persian Gulf countries, which have a great history of cultural and economic cooperation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - A COMPARISON OF SOCIAL THEMES IN THE POETRY OF PARVIN ETESAMI AND AHMAD SAFI AL-NAJAFI
Ramezan RezaeiIn the past century of the contemporary world, some nations have had similar destinations and thus similar social issues. Advocating society has been a major trend in poetry and many contemporary Iranian and Iraqi poets have been under the impacts of soci MoreIn the past century of the contemporary world, some nations have had similar destinations and thus similar social issues. Advocating society has been a major trend in poetry and many contemporary Iranian and Iraqi poets have been under the impacts of social movements and thus have reflected these issues in their poetry. The present article studies and compares the social issues reflected in the works of two contemporary poets namely Parvin Etesamiand Ahmad Aafi Al-Najafi. Despite all the differences they have due to being of different genders, they have discussed themes like patriotism, liberalism, defending the poor andfighting oppression. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Analysis of Symbols in Political, Social and Religious Poetries by Javad Jamil
Parviz Heidari Firouzjaei Katayoun Fallahi Leila Qasemi Haji AbadiApplication of symbols in contemporary is one of the main characteristics of the poets who increased their poetries’ beauty by making layers in their language; it’s a method enables poets to apply it to inspiration and transferring their message. Arabic comm MoreApplication of symbols in contemporary is one of the main characteristics of the poets who increased their poetries’ beauty by making layers in their language; it’s a method enables poets to apply it to inspiration and transferring their message. Arabic committed literature enjoys the mentioned feature and artistic capacity and some committed poets such as Javad Jamil – Iraqi contemporary poet – have chosen mysterious language for their religious, political – social poetries by applying symbols and creating beautiful and rhetoric images. Javad Jamil applied mysterious interpretation according to obstruct atmosphere of the society as well as avoiding outspokenness. Applied data in the present research are librarian, cited from internet, documents and the method is descriptive – analytical. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - A Comparative Study of Resistance Thoughts in the Poetry of Yahya Al-Samawi and Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani
Masoumeh Baghbani Leila JamshidiYahya Samawi, as one of the prominent contemporary poets of Iraq, and Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani, one of the contemporary poets of Iran, try to have an evident role by the weapon of pen, language of art and using various literary techniques in exposing the nature of MoreYahya Samawi, as one of the prominent contemporary poets of Iraq, and Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani, one of the contemporary poets of Iran, try to have an evident role by the weapon of pen, language of art and using various literary techniques in exposing the nature of colonialism and the occupying forces. The present study, in addition to explaining the literary position of these two poets, tries to study in detail and inductively the commonalities and differences of the poets in the concepts of resistance with a comparative approach based on the American school and investigate the emergence of ideas of stability and resistance in Samavi and Shafi'i poetry. The results of this study indicate that the traces of American colonialism in both countries have had bad consequences. Therefore, the two poets, relying on the high values of the Qur'an and Islam and with the support of the rich culture and glorious history of their land, while using national-religious myths symbolically and sometimes openly, have had a significant contribution to the awakening of their nation and by creating the solidarity between them has taken firm steps towards stability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The Role of Iran's Social Traditions in Iraq's Contemporary Literature by Looking at Javaheri, Najafi, Sayyab and Bayati Works
Ali tashakori Ibrahim Dibaji Mahmoud ShakibEvery poet or author adds value to his country’s literature and culture history as well as a comprehensive image of his inner and our world. Persian poets also were affected by Indian ones in an era; but the journey to the West was of more value. Many poets tried MoreEvery poet or author adds value to his country’s literature and culture history as well as a comprehensive image of his inner and our world. Persian poets also were affected by Indian ones in an era; but the journey to the West was of more value. Many poets tried to be affected by westerns and today’s Iraqis after Safavid dominance on Iran. Attention to Iraq was in many poets’ minds; on the other hand many Iraqi poets and thinkers paid special attention to some Iran’s traditions. The present paper attempts to study culture, symbols, Persian language and literature influence – which all are sub – traditions – in four Iraqi contemporary poets: Javaheri, Najafi, Sayyab and Bayati. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Comparative Study on Forugh Farrokhzad and Nazik al-Malaika's Thoughts Manifestation
Farideh Salamat Nia Saeid Kheirkhah BarzakiThe present paper attempts to answer a main question: what are the similarities and differences between Forugh Farrokhzad and Nazik al-Malaika's thoughts in analytical and librarian method. Forugh is known as an absolute representative of feministic poetry in Iran and N MoreThe present paper attempts to answer a main question: what are the similarities and differences between Forugh Farrokhzad and Nazik al-Malaika's thoughts in analytical and librarian method. Forugh is known as an absolute representative of feministic poetry in Iran and Nazik al-Malaika also is known as the founder of modern poetry in Arabic literature and especially feministic literature. Additionally to feminine language and emotion, the most important feature of Forugh and Nazik al-Malaika's poetry is the echo of the period of their living which fight against poverty, anti – colonialism, appreciation, manophobia, animism, idealism and etc. could be felt a lot. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Oppression and Injustice in Al-Rusafi and Farrokhi Yazdi’s Famous Poetries
Fatemeh Gol Naami Morteza GhadimiIraq and Iran have always stood up to domestic and foreign oppression throughout their history of struggles. Maruf Al-Rusafi (1875) Iraqi poet and Farrokhi Yazdi (1889) Iranian liberalism poet have always called on the people to rise up against foreign oppression and co MoreIraq and Iran have always stood up to domestic and foreign oppression throughout their history of struggles. Maruf Al-Rusafi (1875) Iraqi poet and Farrokhi Yazdi (1889) Iranian liberalism poet have always called on the people to rise up against foreign oppression and colonialism and defend their homeland to the extent their patriotic sentiments and calls to fight oppression and injustice are clearly appear through their poetries. These two poets, as representatives of the intellectual and liberalism class of society, were well aware of the evil intentions of the enemies and following the rejection of oppression and tyranny in their own country or in other lands, condemned the actions of aggressors in their poems and fated people and called for an uprising against them. The method of the present study is descriptive – analytical and library resources are applied to explain the manifestations of the struggle of these two poets against oppression and injustice by referring to their poetries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Mozaffar Al Navab and Ali Akbar Dehkhoda’s Satire
Tahereh GoudarziIran and Iraq have had a common destiny according to their political, geographical and religious situations during the twentieth century. They are known as oilfield countries and the foreign and west countries have always had a covet look to them. During the past centu MoreIran and Iraq have had a common destiny according to their political, geographical and religious situations during the twentieth century. They are known as oilfield countries and the foreign and west countries have always had a covet look to them. During the past century, the intelligentsias of these societies have started to criticize the political and social situation of the country which has been caused the combination of social criticism and political issues. Great poets and literati were emerged in that era who have expressed their reforming messages with a new form regarding the mentioned issues. Mozffar Al Navab – an Iraqi poet – and Ali Akbar Dehkhoda – an Iranian poet – were two of these literati and intelligentsia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Common principles of resistance literature in the poems of Jamil Sedghi Zahavi and Maroof Al-Rasafi
Alireza Hosseini Hossein HadidiResistance literature is considered as one of the most dynamic contemporary Arab literary currents and was formed especially in Iraq, following the increase of oppression of the Ottoman government and the colonialists in order to fight against it. These poems reflect th MoreResistance literature is considered as one of the most dynamic contemporary Arab literary currents and was formed especially in Iraq, following the increase of oppression of the Ottoman government and the colonialists in order to fight against it. These poems reflect the pains and sufferings, struggle and stability, freedom and express the problems of different strata of human societies, that poets such as Zahawi and Rasafi are the true preachers. With a great effort, they were able to compose exciting poems and provoke the dormant emotions of the people who, in addition to influencing events, also wrote lasting literary works in the interests of their homeland. This article examines the dimensions and angles of the subject using literary and historical research methods. The findings show that love for the homeland, struggle against the Osmani government and the rule of guardianship are the most important parts of the resistance literature in the poems of these two Iraqi poets. Zahawi and Rasafi were among the poets who called the people to seek right and oppression. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - The Impact of Omar Khayyam's Thoughts and Poetry on Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati's Poetry
Fatemeh Jamshidi Elnaz Eskandari Shahnaz AminiThe impact and effect are the phenomena among the poets since many years ago and have been reflected in their works. Omar Khayyam Neyshabouri – fifth and sixth century's poet and philosopher – can be definitely known as the most effective poets on east and w MoreThe impact and effect are the phenomena among the poets since many years ago and have been reflected in their works. Omar Khayyam Neyshabouri – fifth and sixth century's poet and philosopher – can be definitely known as the most effective poets on east and west scholars whose works are the mirror of his philosophical ideas. Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati – Iraqi contemporary poet – who was familiar with Iranian literature and specially Omar Khayyam has borrowed many speech acts. Thus the present research – which is qualitative – is done in descriptive – analytical method in order to familiarize the fields of effects of Bayati from Khayyam based on the French school in comparative literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Revolutionary and protest approach in the poems of Mohammad Mehdi Al-Jawahiri
Esmail Esmailpoor Asieh Zabihnia Emran Mahmod SadegzadehMohammad Mahdi Al-Jawahiri, a contemporary Iraqi poet of Iranian origin, who prayed in the story of the anti-domestic tyranny or the foreign aggression in all the political, social, economic and economic issues of the economy and the economy. In al-Thawri poetry, the je MoreMohammad Mahdi Al-Jawahiri, a contemporary Iraqi poet of Iranian origin, who prayed in the story of the anti-domestic tyranny or the foreign aggression in all the political, social, economic and economic issues of the economy and the economy. In al-Thawri poetry, the jewels are discussed in terms of language for the development of all the branches of the world and the interpretation of the human meaning. And the secular culture is in the verdict of the protest ode and the critique, which is interpreted from the pain and the social meaning. And it's like a just court to change the knowledge of life and revival and suppression ... This article teaches the study of the effects of reflection and its reflection in the poems of this Iraqi poet in a descriptive and analytical way. Answering the current lesson on the basic question about the side of the aspects of the good that you have eaten in the jewels of the jewels and the side of the cheekbone that is strong against you. Searching Njaz according to the first-Jawahiri Ahtmama Khasa Lmfhvm Alsvrh I like Summit term research and demand Bttbyqha per Almjtm I Aldalh term research Valhryh Valmsavah.v Kahn Ynvy Vyqsd I Alahtjajy Srakhh per Vantqadh Crotone less apt delays, Kan Ynvy notification of people on Fighting with Alzlm Valqhr Valnfaq per Almjtm The rule of assembly is social justice. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Revolutionary and protest approach in the poems of Yahya Al-Samawi and Maroof Al-Rasafi
Mostafa Esmailpour Asiyeh Zabih Nia Omran Mahmoud SadeghzadehYahya al-Samawi and Maruf al-Rasafi (1875-1945) are Iraqi contemporary poets who, in their poems, call for the fight against internal tyranny and foreign violation in all political, social, cultural and economic fields and to stand up against anti-liberation currents an MoreYahya al-Samawi and Maruf al-Rasafi (1875-1945) are Iraqi contemporary poets who, in their poems, call for the fight against internal tyranny and foreign violation in all political, social, cultural and economic fields and to stand up against anti-liberation currents and the situation of Iraqi society has played an important role in their poetry. Al-Samawi and Al-Rasafi, in their revolutionary poems, seek a language to talk to all the people of the world and to express the sufferings of humanity. Revolutionary culture is as a protest and critical poem that expresses social pains and sufferings. And it is like a court for trial and condemning destruction, revelations; anti-oppression ... In this article, it is tried to study the revolutionary effects and their reflection in the poems of these two Iraqi poets by descriptive and analytical methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Irony in the poetry of Muhammad Reda al-Shabibi
abdollkarim alboughbish raheem ansaripour aziz eshmidianAbstract:Many Iraqi poets, in their poems, touched on the prevailing and ruling situation on the Iraqi people and the extent of the oppression of the ruler and occupier of their country, and they took different approaches to explain what happened to their homeland, Iraq MoreAbstract:Many Iraqi poets, in their poems, touched on the prevailing and ruling situation on the Iraqi people and the extent of the oppression of the ruler and occupier of their country, and they took different approaches to explain what happened to their homeland, Iraq. Among these methods, which have had an effective and effective resonance in the hearts of Iraqis, is the use of satirical poetry, and many satirical poets have emerged who use satirical poetry as a weapon to defend their principles and enlighten the ideas of their oppressed people. Irony in dealing with many social, cultural, religious and political issues in the Iraqi society in particular and the issues of the Arab world in general. Al-Shabibi and his political ideas went beyond the framework of Iraq and included a broader and more comprehensive framework, which is the Arab framework. Religion and mocking customs and traditions and the like. This study relied on the descriptive-analytical approach in dealing with the features of irony in the poetry of Muhammad Reda Al-Shabibi and showing his goals from employing such an art to reach his goals. Keywords: irony - al-Shabibi - Iraq - poetry - satire Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - The lights of the principles of religious reform according to Jamal al-Din al-Afghani in the poetry of Mohammed Ridha Al-Shabibi (comparative analytical vision)
Dana TalebpourThe influence of reformist thought during the crisis in Iraq in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries had a effect on justifying the ideas of the poets of this era. Among them is the name of Jamal Al-Din Afghani because of his prominent role in the contempor MoreThe influence of reformist thought during the crisis in Iraq in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries had a effect on justifying the ideas of the poets of this era. Among them is the name of Jamal Al-Din Afghani because of his prominent role in the contemporary literary movement and the justification of the ideas of leading poets, including; Mohammed Ridha Al-Shabibi shines and the necessity and importance of the discussion is in this point. Among them is the name of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, because of his prominent role in the contemporary literary movement and the justification of the ideas of leading poets, including; Mohammed Ridha Al-Shabibi shines and the necessity and importance of the discussion is in this point. In this article, in order to explain the effects of this influence, the reflection of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani correction axes on Shabibi's poems was studied. The method of this research is analytical-comparative and in the end some results were obtained: Islamic countries must be cautious in their interaction with the West and its progressive civilization, and adopt things that lead to their progress. They denounce various forms of religious, national, and tribal prejudice and shout at stagnation and imitation, which has closed the way to progress. In their view, all issues of human life are under the control of the divine will and the power of judgment and predestination. Undoubtedly, their influence on the Holy Quran and Islamics missions is one of the most important pillars in their thoughts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Symbols in poems of Yahya Alsamavi Application
Behnam Bagheri Jahangir Amiri Hadi Jahed Yahya Alsamavi is one of Iraqi's contemporary poets who has experienced Iraqis’ predicament in the years of saddam dictatorship and in the following years of American Occupation and the false liberty. He is a committed poet has devoted himself honestly to More Yahya Alsamavi is one of Iraqi's contemporary poets who has experienced Iraqis’ predicament in the years of saddam dictatorship and in the following years of American Occupation and the false liberty. He is a committed poet has devoted himself honestly to the Iraqi people and their sufferings, while he is himself a victim of resistance on ideals and became homelessness. His true feelings represent the Iraqis sufferings and his agony has made his odes as an illustrative picture. Alsamavi utilizes all his literary and language capacity to state his feelings and to represent the horrendous events and bloodthirstiness taking place in Iraq. He, utilizing these natural elements and their personification, get a way from real meaning to the symbolic meaning in his image processing. As the nature, animals and birds features has urged him to use them in the symbolic meaning. The present paper aims to investigate the attitudes of this poet in expressing his feelings and Iraqis sufferings in the middle of his uses of these symbols and their implications for representing the disaster, suffering and resistance of himself and Iraqi people in his poetic discourse. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Poetic Mystery and Technical Image in Ali Jaafar Al-Allaq's Poetry
Mohammad Ali Azarshab Hossein Elyasi Bayan QamariMystery is one of the substantial elements of contemporary Arabic poetry and the contemporary poet applies it as a strong tool in his poetry because of the mystery importance in strengthening and dynamic role. In fact mystery application is not only for expressing the m MoreMystery is one of the substantial elements of contemporary Arabic poetry and the contemporary poet applies it as a strong tool in his poetry because of the mystery importance in strengthening and dynamic role. In fact mystery application is not only for expressing the meanings in a complex format; but also the poetic mystery plays a vital role in increasing the power of expressing poetries as well as its beauty and that's why it has always been applied in contemporary Arabic poetry. Ali Jaafar Al-Allaq is one of the famous contemporary poets of sixth decade who surveys his era's society by realism view point. He is one of the poets whose poetries include pessimism which originates from breakups and destructions in his society. The present research studies "Babylonian songs". The results show that the poet criticizes and challenges the present situation by emphasizing his societies past conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Life & Death Dual in Al Jabouri's Poetries
Hossein ElyasiMuad Al Jabouri is one of the sixtieth century's poets who has experienced that era's events beside his hometown people and tried to make his people hopeful and happy in the rough days of Saddam government era. The present research – which is analytical &nda MoreMuad Al Jabouri is one of the sixtieth century's poets who has experienced that era's events beside his hometown people and tried to make his people hopeful and happy in the rough days of Saddam government era. The present research – which is analytical – descriptive – attempts to study the dominant thought of Muad Al Jabouri: death and life. The outcome of the study is that he enjoyed the natural mysteries about death in the form of Saddam's dictatorship government and occupier America on Arabic lives. The poet runs toward the living life by the flames of hope and optimism. Being in his poetry means death and martyr and martyr for hometown means heroic death from his view point. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Sea and Seashore's Motif in Mohammad Javad Al Jazayeri's Diwan
Nafiseh Haji Rajabi Hassan AbdollahiMotif means theme in literature or frequent subject, term, factor or motivation in literary works. Motif includes mysterious indications and hints in literary works which have close relationship with poet's thoughts, ideas and spirit. Motif has been appeared in various MoreMotif means theme in literature or frequent subject, term, factor or motivation in literary works. Motif includes mysterious indications and hints in literary works which have close relationship with poet's thoughts, ideas and spirit. Motif has been appeared in various forms such as concepts, terms and mysteries in Iraqi poet's works – Mohammad Javad Al Jazayeri. Two important mysterious motifs which are applicable to express philosophical issues and own semantic indications are "Sea" and "Seashore" motifs and related issues. The mentioned terms have been entered in his poetries widely in order to offer new ideas and indications. Sea possesses various associations and manifestations in Al Jazayeri's pictorial language which human's soul, this world and nature amongst all. Seashore also indicates general existence, this world, past and future and specific natural creatures. The present article intends to way of applying the abovementioned terms and their implications based on descriptive – analytical method according to poet's experiences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Irony in poems of Ahmad Al-Safi Al-Najafi
hamed sadeghi abdolkarim alboghiyeshAbstract Satire is one of the methods of expressing in literature that is used in two ways of direct and indirect. Among these two methods, the second one is used more by the poets and writers because it helps them escaping from being face to face with the governments MoreAbstract Satire is one of the methods of expressing in literature that is used in two ways of direct and indirect. Among these two methods, the second one is used more by the poets and writers because it helps them escaping from being face to face with the governments and their organizations. Concerning the Iraqi government and its cruel policies on those days, using first kind of satire was problematic and could result in that the poet or the writer was hanged or sent to jail for many years because of his piece of poem or writing. One of these poets is Ahmad Al-Safi Al-Najafi. He was one of the outstanding Iraqi satire poets who were not comfortable because of the Iraqi government. He had a hard life and had to emigrate from one country to another. He also spent some time in the jail, but all these couldn’t keep him from creating satire poems. He continued the satire poems to the end of his life, these poems had so many things to say. In this article, we first introduce the satire and its implication in literature, then we give a biography of this poet, and finally we study and look at the satire poems by this poet. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - The political analysis of Hosseini poetry by Emphasis on Hassen Al Senaid Poetry
Soqra Falahati Morteza Zare Hossein AshouriThe present article is an attempt to familiarize with Ashoura political poetry in the Iraq contemporary literature. The emphasis is on Hassen Al Senaid Poetry as one of the most important remonstrant poets in Iraq. The method of reading the revolutionary – politic MoreThe present article is an attempt to familiarize with Ashoura political poetry in the Iraq contemporary literature. The emphasis is on Hassen Al Senaid Poetry as one of the most important remonstrant poets in Iraq. The method of reading the revolutionary – political poetry which is related to the Iraqi poet is inductive – analytical. The results have shown that the most important aim of the poet was to encourage people to counterrevolution against Ba’athist regime and disclosure their crimes and offences. Invitation to counterrevolution is the most important goal of Hassen Al Senaid. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Examination of structure in Hoboubi Najafi,s elegies
Nahede Fouzi Maryam Peykanpour Sad JaberianiThe fivefold elements of elegy which has come from classical Arabic criticism has special place in Hoboubi,s poem.Hoboubi, like his other contemporaries, insisted on using these elements and applied their rules and regulations on the basis of the former critic MoreThe fivefold elements of elegy which has come from classical Arabic criticism has special place in Hoboubi,s poem.Hoboubi, like his other contemporaries, insisted on using these elements and applied their rules and regulations on the basis of the former critics,s ideas in his poem well and nicely. He believed that the elements of the ancient poem are valuable heritage in literature which is remained from predecessors. And first, every poet must try to apply them nicely in his poem. Second, a poet must try to achieve the goal of creating new literal works out of traditional styles of poems. In this examination we see that Hoboubi has used special talent and genius in selecting anice opening verse and agreement of the contents of opening verse with the poems and its end. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - A study and Analysis on Allusive Images Implications in Razouk Faraj Razzouk Poems
Maryam Rahmati Ashraf Mane' FarhoodRazouk Faraj Razzouk is one of the 20th century Iraqi poets who played special role in cooperation with Nazik al-Malaika and Badr Shakir al Sayyab in foundation of "Ekhwan Abqar" association. He had applied allusion technique in depicting most of his works in MoreRazouk Faraj Razzouk is one of the 20th century Iraqi poets who played special role in cooperation with Nazik al-Malaika and Badr Shakir al Sayyab in foundation of "Ekhwan Abqar" association. He had applied allusion technique in depicting most of his works in order to envoy his main message; thus he used different mythical, religious and historical mysteries derived from nature. The present article attempts to initially study poetic images as keys to enter the mystical issues in general in descriptive – analytical method and then analyzes mystical images of the abovementioned poet. The aim of the present paper is to introduce the literary and scientific character of Razouk Faraj Razzouk and studying his poetic mysteries and their beauties. He could create new approach in preparing poetic symbols and that's why he knows as a different poet amongst his contemporaries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Marouf Al Rosafi; Overview of his life and literature
Tofigh RajabiMaruf Al Rosafi is one of the four great Iraqi poets. The other three are Al zahavi, Al kazemi and Al shabibi. He was born in Baghdad, Iraq in 1875. He had learned reading- writing and memorizing Quran in traditional Iraqi Schools and then entered the army college. He c MoreMaruf Al Rosafi is one of the four great Iraqi poets. The other three are Al zahavi, Al kazemi and Al shabibi. He was born in Baghdad, Iraq in 1875. He had learned reading- writing and memorizing Quran in traditional Iraqi Schools and then entered the army college. He could not deal with the courses so had started self studies and went to religious schools. His instructor, Alus had motivated him in literature to the extent that later he had started teaching Arabic literature in a ministry in Iraq and could be elected as a candidate in Iraq’s Parliament. He had prose a Divan which was about national issues. He had passed away in 1945. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - The politic and social issues of Iraq in the poems of Adnan Al_Sayegh
Raheleh Mahmoodi Seyyed Mohammad reza Ebn o rasoolAdnan Al_Sayegh is one of the dominant poets of the war who is belong to 80 decade of Iraq. He spent a lot of his time in challenging with death in war time and because of this he is very averse of it. He has several collects of poems and most of the subjects of his poe MoreAdnan Al_Sayegh is one of the dominant poets of the war who is belong to 80 decade of Iraq. He spent a lot of his time in challenging with death in war time and because of this he is very averse of it. He has several collects of poems and most of the subjects of his poems are about political and social issues in Iraq. He is the most complete instance of current poem in Iraq. He writes free poem and some of his poems alternates between poem and free poem. The way of research in this one is descriptive-analyzing, because it survey the poems of Adnan Al_Sayegh and find the thoughts pearl from its poems sea, and after that it presents a politic and social analyze from it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - The Expatriation with Nazok al Malaekat
mehdi Momtahen Hosein Shams AbadiIf we take the concept of Expatriation in a broad sense, we find that it had accompanied man since ancient, ///And its guidelines has been clarified in the first instance through the binaries shown in character and subject, and thought and existence, as w MoreIf we take the concept of Expatriation in a broad sense, we find that it had accompanied man since ancient, ///And its guidelines has been clarified in the first instance through the binaries shown in character and subject, and thought and existence, as well as nature and spirit./// This is, in the fact of its essence, and that is not unless logical consequence of the previous equation that is called the "unity of thought and existence."/// If we come to the medieval world, we'll see that it is to take the religious character "indicating the theory of creation from the nothingness accompanied by the care"/// And the theory of creation out of nothing, is "an expression of absolute power."/// As "care" refers to superiority of human, and to distinguish man from all other creatures./// Hence arose a new bilateral that is "God and Science" the biggest share in the Islamic concept to a vast extent./// If we look for the dimensions of the experience of alienation with Nazok al Malaekat through her biography, and prose and poetry in an era more than a third of a century, we find that Nazok al Malaekat has gone through several types of alienations/// Each has its own nature and distinguished character, according to the technical phase that the poet was going through. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - A Study on Revolutionary Violence and Population Rush in Mohammad Mahdi Jawahiri's Poetry
Farzaneh Ismaeli Rahim Ansari Poor Sediqeh Sadat MeqdariThe present study tries to survey the revolutionary violence and public's rush in Mohammad Mahdi Jawahiri's poetry. Jawahiri entered Iraq in the political evolution era in the early twentieth revolution. Thus revolutionary violence refers to the outrageous nature in Jaw MoreThe present study tries to survey the revolutionary violence and public's rush in Mohammad Mahdi Jawahiri's poetry. Jawahiri entered Iraq in the political evolution era in the early twentieth revolution. Thus revolutionary violence refers to the outrageous nature in Jawahiri's personality which differentiate his character. Jawahiri's violence is not the violence with hatred and hostility but the time, place and conditions create the first violence; his violence is a natural reaction to the bitter and unpleasant fact. He mentioned and considered his people in all his odes and defends the in some way. Although he lived in a foreign country but he never forgot his country's people, pains and sufferings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Contradiction in Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri’s Poetry
Hussein Shamsabadi Mehdi Momtahen Raheem AnsaripourThe Current study examines contradictions in Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri’s political poetry. Al-Jawahiri led most of his life amidst the turmoil caused by the political events and developments that Iraq has undergone through different periods beginning with the 192 MoreThe Current study examines contradictions in Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri’s political poetry. Al-Jawahiri led most of his life amidst the turmoil caused by the political events and developments that Iraq has undergone through different periods beginning with the 1920 Revolution led by religious leaders and ending with al-Ba‘th Party and Saddam Hussein. Al-Jawahiri has beencontradictory in his poems onal-Ba‘th Party, religious leaders, the contemporary Islamic movement, and the red communist tide which dominated Iraq in Abd al-Karim Qasim’s era. Al-Jawahiri has assumed such ironic and sarcastic stances toward events through his poems. An in-depth inspection of the true nature of his political positions demands an objective and historical study of his political poetry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - A comparative study of the crime of premeditated murder in Islamic jurisprudential religions and the Iraqi Penal Code with emphasis on its punishment
Syede parisa Andak Seyed Ali Rabbani MousaviyanOne of the most important crimes among crimes, but also the most serious, is premeditated murder, and the punishment for premeditated murder in Islamic jurisprudence is called retribution for jurists. In the jurisprudence of Islamic religions, there are many commonaliti MoreOne of the most important crimes among crimes, but also the most serious, is premeditated murder, and the punishment for premeditated murder in Islamic jurisprudence is called retribution for jurists. In the jurisprudence of Islamic religions, there are many commonalities in this issue, and only sometimes they disagree on the elements of retribution. The present study tries to analyze the method of sharing and differentiating the punishment of premeditated murder from the point of view of the jurists of khamseh religions and the Iraqi penal code by analytical and descriptive method and by library method and determine the effectiveness of the Iraqi penal code from these religions. Findings indicate that the punishment for premeditated murder In Islamic jurisprudence and in Iraq it is considered one of the three punishment of life imprisonment or temporary imprisonment, execution and life imprisonment of execution. In Islamic jurisprudence, the main punishment for premeditated murder is retribution, and in Iraq, the main punishment for intentional homicide in temporary or permanent imprisonment. In special cases, the death penalty is punishable by death, although these are the most common forms of murder deliberately included. Meanwhile, the president is an exception, and according to the Iraq penal code, the initial and unconditional punishment for the executioner has been set. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - ISIS: An Actor with Pre-Modern Thought and Ultra- Modern Instruments
masoud motallebi لیلی حیدریIslamic group Isis is one of the most important salafi That has been able to dominate parts of Iraq and Syria in short time and be in focus of regional and international change. ISIS can be seen as an extreme actors in search of redemption, rescues and returns to the in MoreIslamic group Isis is one of the most important salafi That has been able to dominate parts of Iraq and Syria in short time and be in focus of regional and international change. ISIS can be seen as an extreme actors in search of redemption, rescues and returns to the initial ideals of Islam.This group consider itself as a identity phenomenon with task of reviving the Islamic caliphate and Emarat and the restoration of Sunni glory. Isis is also an example of new terrorist groups, transnational and global nature, that emphases on terror and violence,it has transcend modern, state-centered, materialistic interests and seeking confined to the boundaries passed and focuses on identity claim is global. The main problem of the present article is manifested in question ” how actors is Isis intellectually and how uses cyberspace in order to advance it is goals?” . The proposed hypotheses is "Isis, although is intellectually pre –modern but is a typical of post-modern terrorism in virtual space that uses it is facilities in order to introduce itself and to make terrorist network to creat"Islamic caliphate" Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - The War in the Hegemonic Theories of International Relations: Reflection of the War of Occupation of Iraq in a Hegemonic Behavior View
amin ravanbodThe discovery of the causes of the war for a better understanding of it and, if possible, avoiding it, is one of the factors driving knowledge of international relations. Hegemonic behavior and hegemonic governments are the main source of hegemonic international relatio MoreThe discovery of the causes of the war for a better understanding of it and, if possible, avoiding it, is one of the factors driving knowledge of international relations. Hegemonic behavior and hegemonic governments are the main source of hegemonic international relations theories for a better understanding of hegemonic wars, especially wars between the dominant hegemon and the challenging government calling for hegemony. In this regard, the main purpose of the present paper is to examine and criticize the hegemonic theories of international relations about the Iraq war in 2003 based on the hegemonic behavior or hegemonic governments, with an emphasis on the impact of US behavior as hegemony. The research method is library research and descriptive research. The research findings show that global hegemony, and in particular the United States hegemony, have two options because of the lack of a reference group of hegemons, where hegemony is fully, mutually and peacefully happens: first, hegemony can be exercised for the highest degree of dominance, authority, and leadership, through peaceful practices such as promoting new norms and exercising legitimate leadership based on standards accepted by others, or on a very different path in the traditional way of winning a major war or resorting to force in limited dimensions. Whenever the weight of the option of using force in hegemonic policies increases, the probable conditions of leading to war occur with a higher probability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - An Analysis of the Effect of Challenges and Conflicts Related to the Syrian Crisis on the National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Muhammad Ebrahimi Ali Mohseni Abbas Barjoee fardThe purpose of the present study is to review challenges and conflicts related to the Syrian crisis on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method was descriptive-analytic and it was conducted using library sources and inferential and docu MoreThe purpose of the present study is to review challenges and conflicts related to the Syrian crisis on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method was descriptive-analytic and it was conducted using library sources and inferential and documentary approaches. The results convey that challenges and disputes related to the Syrian crisis have aspects more than just political disagreements or ethnic, identity, and religious challenges. They are rooted in the negative interference and competition of regional and super-regional powers to gain more penetration in the Middle East. The consequences of this process on the Islamic Republic of Iran include: threatening military, political, social, and economic security which creates serious challenges for the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Investigating the Impact of the Strategy of Exporting the Islamic Revolution of Iran on the Geopolitics of the Middle East and the Beginning of the Iraq-Iran War
Saeed Makvandi Godazhdar Lena Abdolkhani ruhollah shahabi Fereydoon AkbarzadehMore than three decades after the end of the Iraq-Iran war, and while the discourse of the new Iranian Islamic civilization is emerging as a model in international relations, especially in the Middle East Geopolitics, some analysts have sought to accuse the fonders of t MoreMore than three decades after the end of the Iraq-Iran war, and while the discourse of the new Iranian Islamic civilization is emerging as a model in international relations, especially in the Middle East Geopolitics, some analysts have sought to accuse the fonders of the Islamic Republic at the beginning of the victory of the Islamic Revolution to pursuing a policy of interfering in the internal affairs of Iraq and exporting the revolution, and introduced it as the main factor in starting the war by Saddam. This article tries to answer the question whether the strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in exporting the revolution is the main factor in starting the war by Saddam? With studying the theory of internal self-fragility as well as the overall stands of Imam Khomeini and the statements of the Ba'athist regime in Iraq, it can be seen that ,the theory of the Islamic Republic of Iran's strategy in exporting the revolution is the main cause of the Iraq-Iran war, lacks scientific and convincing reasons and it is totally rejected . The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data collection is documentary and librarian . This research is cross-sectional in terms of time, qualitative in terms of the studied variable and practical in terms of purpose. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Russia and the State-Nation Building Crisis in Modern Iraq
Mohammadreza HakakzadehWith the purpose of reviewing the policy of Russia towards the state-nation building crisis in Iraq, the present study seeks to answer what were the impacts of the state-nation building crisis in modern Iraq on the perception of Russian elites about the transformations MoreWith the purpose of reviewing the policy of Russia towards the state-nation building crisis in Iraq, the present study seeks to answer what were the impacts of the state-nation building crisis in modern Iraq on the perception of Russian elites about the transformations in this country and consequently Russian policy. The method of study is descriptive analysis and it relies on the hypothesis that state-nation building transformations in modern Iraq such as the emergence of Takfiri extremism, threatening the interests of Russian allies, and concerns over spreading instabilities to Eurasia, have led to changing the perception of Russians and as a result, adopting the policy of expanding the presence and penetration of Russia in Iraq. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Examining the Impact of the Islamic Republic of Iran's Exportation of the Revolution Strategy on the Geopolitics of the Middle East and the Onset of the Iran-Iraq War
Saeed Makvandi Godazhdar Lena Abdolkhani Fereydoon Akbarzadeh Ruhollah ShahabiThe present study aims to examine the impact of the Islamic Republic of Iran's strategy of exporting the revolution on the geopolitics of the Middle East and the onset of the Iran-Iraq War. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the results indicate that con MoreThe present study aims to examine the impact of the Islamic Republic of Iran's strategy of exporting the revolution on the geopolitics of the Middle East and the onset of the Iran-Iraq War. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the results indicate that considering the internal fragility of Arab countries and the nature of the authoritarian regimes in the Middle East, which suffer from crises of identity and legitimacy, as well as the positions of Imam Khomeini, whose intent behind exporting the revolution was never to interfere in Iraq's internal affairs or to send terrorist equipment to this country, and the statements of the Ba'athist regime of Iraq, it can be concluded that the theory suggesting the Islamic Republic of Iran's strategy of exporting the revolution was the cause of the Iraq-Iran War is generally invalid and lacks scientific and definitive evidence. The primary reason for the fears and concerns of the Ba'athist regime in Iraq was the crisis-ridden nature of its system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - An Analysis and Assessment of Turkey’s Foreign Policy in Iraq and Its Impact on National Interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran (2010-2023)
Sami Rasool Maktouf al-Rekabi Mohammad Torabi Mohammad Hassan Ali Mohammad Bashir EsmaeiliThe purpose of the present research is to study Turkey’s foreign policy in front of Iraq and its impact on national interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this regard, the theory of neorealism along with a descriptive-analytic method was used. The results showed MoreThe purpose of the present research is to study Turkey’s foreign policy in front of Iraq and its impact on national interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this regard, the theory of neorealism along with a descriptive-analytic method was used. The results showed that Turkey’s foreign policy in Iraq is based on increasing penetration, acquiring better position, and maintaining power balance with Iran which, on the one hand, has common interests for both countries, and on the other hand, involves contradictory interests. At for positive points and collaboration, this subject is rooted in the geography of 3 countries and is a function of regional environment, terrorism, and Kurds’ issue while with respect to competition, it is due to the expansion of the penetration of 2 countries in Iraq. Iran supports the policy of sustaining the status quo whereas Turkey seeks changing the current situation. Iran considers itself as an ally of Iraq while Turkey pursues hegemony and regional leadership. On the other hand, in the economic field, Turkey aims to acquire the highest share of trade and take control of energy transmission from Iraq to Europe. Therefore, it can be said that Turkey mostly uses means of soft power for its hard purposes while Iran uses components of hard power for its soft purposes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - A Constructivist View of Russian Foreign Policy in the Middle East (Case Study: Syria and Iraq 2018-2011)
Davood Kiani Zeinab SadoughiThe purpose of this paper is to study the impact of the Middle East geopolitical crisis on Russia's policy in the region, especially towards countries such as Iraq and Syria. The research is based on the assumption that Changes in the doctrine of Russian foreign policy, MoreThe purpose of this paper is to study the impact of the Middle East geopolitical crisis on Russia's policy in the region, especially towards countries such as Iraq and Syria. The research is based on the assumption that Changes in the doctrine of Russian foreign policy, the emergence of extremism, the threat to Russia's interests, as well as concerns over the escalation of uprisings in Eurasia since 2011 and political and social unrest in the Arab Middle East , has led to policy of expansion of influence and presence in the Middle East by Moscow due to change in perception of the Russian elite. The results of this descriptive-analytical study showed that Russia, by changing its regional approach, increased its role in the region and by promoting security and stability, playing an important role in managing crisis and turning threats into opportunities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Literary and artistic applications of letter Alif in the area of Persian literature (by relying on poets' poetry Jami and poets' poetry with Iraqi Style(
gholam reza heydari'A' or 'Alif' the first letter of Persian alphabet, is a prominent vowel in Farsi language. It is the first letter of Abjad numeral system which represents number one in this system. Alif signifies the Taurus astrological sign. In mystical, philosophical, and rhetorical More'A' or 'Alif' the first letter of Persian alphabet, is a prominent vowel in Farsi language. It is the first letter of Abjad numeral system which represents number one in this system. Alif signifies the Taurus astrological sign. In mystical, philosophical, and rhetorical literature, Alif represents unique God, Holy Spirit, God's mercy; Adam's the father, abstract sphere, solitude, and the single mystery and etc.Due to its special form and position and some other unique features, letter Alif is one of the most used letters in order to create the original themes and poetic areas, mot and elegant expressions and compounds in Persian literature, poetry with Iraqi Style. Alif is a leading in most of poetry by these poets meanings like consistent and firm colossal stature, handsomeness, oblong, tense and stretched. It also signifies greatness, proud and honor, slimness, uprightness, stability, resistance, persistence, staunchness, loyalty, faithfulness and standing on one's promise. Alif has fallen in love with its stature. Since Alif has accent-like sign overhead, it is rebellious. Despite having tongue, it is dumb and silent. It is regarded as one of the poorest in terms of wealth among letters. It symbolizes poverty, abjection, destitution, vacancy, pauperism, beggary, inexistence, absence, loss, and self-denial. It also suggests nakedness, nudity, embarrassment, self-evidence, preparedness, distress and confusion and adornment. It carries meanings like solitude, individualism, loneliness, uniqueness, detachment, freedom, honesty, frankness, and innocence. Alif is motionless and stagnant. Its creation begins with points and dots. All letters and numbers then are founded upon this letter. Alif is the first letter of creation. It also indicates minuteness, brevity and tininess. Alif is the most common simile in Persian literature and the poetry's and prose's images or contents used in Persian literature are described. It was compared to needles, thorn, moon crescent, sticks, pens and plumes, fingers, arrows, bolts, cedars, gallows and scaffolds, newly grown whiskers or beard, half or full moon, and etc. In this article, we try to study the literary, artistic, and video applications of letter Alif in poets' poetry with Iraqi Style. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Sociological analysis of the relationship between the education system and the war (case of study: historical experience of the role of education in the imposed war of Iraq against Iran)
Nowruz Hashem Zehi Rasool Yahi Ensyeh AsghariEvery organization is created to respond to goals and specially to redefine needs in times of war. Social subsystems must be both managed and assisted in crisis management in order to survive the crisis. The purpose of this article is to analyze the role of the Ministry MoreEvery organization is created to respond to goals and specially to redefine needs in times of war. Social subsystems must be both managed and assisted in crisis management in order to survive the crisis. The purpose of this article is to analyze the role of the Ministry of Education in helping to balance the education system during the Iraq-Iran war on the one hand and creativity in supporting the war in the historical period from 1980 to 1988 on the other hand. The research method is qualitative and of historical research type. The data collection tool is receipt and interview, which has been done by using all the documents of first- and second-hand textual sources and interviews of education directors during the imposed war. The method of analysis is thematic analysis. According to the research findings, the Ministry of Education in the field of playing a specialized role in formulating special educational rules and regulations during the war, the establishment and operation of training complexes for combatants behind the front and war zones, creating conditions for continuing education and compensatory classes and strengthening militant students, education through television has taken place during the bombing of cities. The most important public actions of this ministry were setting up a war relief and support headquarters, sending teachers and students to the front, participating in building fortifications and shelters in schools, and continuously rebuilding bombed schools. The ministry helped strengthen community support for combatants by managing moral challenges and establishing behind-the-scenes training. The relationship between education and the war greatly influenced the positive cultural values of the society and the spread of the ideology of the leaders in the first decade after the Islamic Revolution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Amalgamation of two different experiences: presence of dystopian in the romantic experience of Yassin Taha Hafez
Ati Abiat Abdoalhossin Feghi Hossein ElyasiYassin Taha Hafez belongs to a group of poets who mix in their poems the experience of romantic love and the experience of place in its covering dimension outside the romantic framework associated with different manners of love and desire or distance and separation. The MoreYassin Taha Hafez belongs to a group of poets who mix in their poems the experience of romantic love and the experience of place in its covering dimension outside the romantic framework associated with different manners of love and desire or distance and separation. The romantic experience in this genre of poetry is unique and has a new color, in that it narrates the story of love in corrupted city. The present article studies this new poetic dimension in the poems of Taha Hafiz Yasin by use of descriptive analytic method. The aim of the article is the study of amalgamation between the experience of romantic love and the experience of presence in corrupted city in the poems of Taha Hafiz Yasin. The results of the study show that the poems of Taha Hafez Yassin have two dimensions, i.e. they are connected to the place and the experience of romantic love that tells the story of Fatima, the poet's beloved. The poet in all his poetic works draws the corruption of his own city that is in contradiction with the serenity of love and purity, a corrupted environment in which the modern man cannot experience pure romantic love. The contradiction results from dominant negative circumstance on the city and existence of materialism in the city as well as overflow of inclination to the body and lust and destruction of dynamism in the modern city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - cash of Ode “Andalusian wounds of Iraq” Based on Lacla and Mouffe Approach
پرویز احمدزاده هوچ Ali Sayadani Abdolahad Gheibi Atefeh RahmaniCritical Discourse Analysis (CDA) plays an important part in finding insights into a discourse. CDA runs a contentious examination of texts and plays a significant part in expression of textual implications and connotations. It helps going over the formalistic gloss of MoreCritical Discourse Analysis (CDA) plays an important part in finding insights into a discourse. CDA runs a contentious examination of texts and plays a significant part in expression of textual implications and connotations. It helps going over the formalistic gloss of the text which poses barriers to capturing its true sense. It helps discover underlying discourse and latent layers of meanings. CDA differs from discourse analysis in terms of its methodology of examination. It is not pure examination of text or discourse within the textual framework. Boshra albostani, a renowned contemporary Iraqi poetess with a prominent poetic status. The distinctive linguistic structures of her poems have captured the attention of researchers. Employing Laclau and Mouffe approach, this research attempts to examine Al Bostani’s Ode of “Andalusian wounds of Iraq”. As one of her notable works, this ode signals a civilizational attitude as it was composed during years of Iraq’s occupation. The theme of resistance is the centralsignifier of this work while betrayal and handing the keys to the country to outsiders form other signifiers around which other secondary signifiers are articulated. Chain of Equivalence takes shape to breaks the discourse of others. In an ideological foray, it attempts to unveil the actual, consistence identity of the other party. Here, the poet relies on an inspiring, dynamic poetic language to enchantingly portray the exposition of the actual identity of the other party. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - A Critique and New Look into the Emergence of Modern Poetry in Iraq
Toraj ZeinivandEmergence of any literary movement, whether poetry or prose, needs a suitable environment. Appearance of epic among the Greek and the Iranian implies this fact that birth of each literary phenomenon is impossible in vaccum atmosphere, but they need special circumstances MoreEmergence of any literary movement, whether poetry or prose, needs a suitable environment. Appearance of epic among the Greek and the Iranian implies this fact that birth of each literary phenomenon is impossible in vaccum atmosphere, but they need special circumstances and means for their development and evolution. Movement of free verse developing in Arabic lands was in fact reaction to artistic, social, political and cultural needs of these countries. Birth of this movement was in Iraq but not in other Arabic states because this country had higher ability and readiness for it in addition to a rich literary heritage due to dominance of autocracy and colonialism than other Arabic countries. However it seems that the main and distinct reason for birth of free peotry in Iraq has been its pioneers' ability to be influenced by movements which dominated European and western literature, though it may be possible that literary men of this country have known about Persian free verse and its evolutions which has been more due to Iraqi modern peotry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Criticism and Study of theTwo Colors Red and Green in Poems of Nazik Al-Malaika
Ali Piranishal Zohre Naemi Khadije Hashemi The color is the most striking element in forming sensory images of old and contemporary poets. Poets have used colorful words to objectify poetic images and to discover and explain the relationship between poetic images. Indeed Nazik Al-Malaika use More The color is the most striking element in forming sensory images of old and contemporary poets. Poets have used colorful words to objectify poetic images and to discover and explain the relationship between poetic images. Indeed Nazik Al-Malaika uses different colors to interpret thoughts, emotions and feelings. Due to the importance and beauties of red and green in the poems of Nazik Al-Malaika, this article studies and criticizes these colors and their implications in his poems. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic and statistically based. Colors represented her emotions, grieves and joys ;However in some delicate cases, she has taken advantage of non-genuine position of colors and converted one color to another one as an element of beauty and induction of political and social concepts.. The poet’s great attention to colors, different meanings, symbolic implications and their beauties show that she has had an intelligent look at the moments of life and the nature around her. She was impressed by events, social and political changes and the selection of red shows his interior desire toward effort and implies referents like love, liberty and modesty . The selection of green after red is a symbol of hope, life and desire and fulfillment of desires. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Reflection of Elements of Resistance in the Poetry of Adnan Alsaeq
Hamed Sedqi Sayyed Adnan Ashkoori Soqra Falahati Sabri Jalilian Literature of resistance is the sign of conscious conscience against violence of enemies and restoring human rights and also a collective reaction against domination of oppression that may be imposed from inside or outside. As a country in which policies of More Literature of resistance is the sign of conscious conscience against violence of enemies and restoring human rights and also a collective reaction against domination of oppression that may be imposed from inside or outside. As a country in which policies of terror, oppression and war by the "Baath regime" ,attacks of America ,and imposing global sanctions observed during recent few decades, Iraq has been a proper context for rise of resistance literature and warrior and exiled poets. "Adnan Al-Saeq" (born1955), contemporary Iraqi poet, is one of these poets whose poetic concepts are an outcry against the oppression of "Baath regime" and American occupation and abuses of world superpowers and a cry for union with mass movements and defense of the oppressed Palestinian people. Adnan uses different techniques in expressing his purposes including calling religious-historical events, applying masks of some historical figures, fictional odes, conversation elements, satire , burlesques, and symbolism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Nazik al-Mal’ika and her Poetic Inventiveness
Hussain Shamsabadi Mahdi MomtahenThis article probes the career of the Iraqi poetess Nazik al-Mal’ika who earned a vital role in modern Arabic poetry from 1940’s through 1960’s. This lady entered a literary battle traditionally undertaken by men and actually did prove her creativity a MoreThis article probes the career of the Iraqi poetess Nazik al-Mal’ika who earned a vital role in modern Arabic poetry from 1940’s through 1960’s. This lady entered a literary battle traditionally undertaken by men and actually did prove her creativity and originality and secured for herself an unimpeachable status in the canon of Arabic literature. Nazik is the Iraqi representative of the romantic school of poetry that is based on creativity and not imitation. Nazik was responsible for an evolution in this school which had virtually reached Iraq late. Nazik was one of the pioneers of poetic transformation. Such transformation had already spread across many countries around the world. This fine poetess championed the propagation of originality, novelty, and criticism in Arabic poetry. Nazik experienced cultural and sexual discrimination in a conservative family and society dominated by male chauvinism which deprived women from self-expression. Nazik could not attend literary clubs and gatherings and in compliance to public opinion was inhibited like other women from integrating with men in social contexts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Koranic Intertextuality in Contemporary Poetry of Iraq
Ali Salimi Abdolsaheb TahmasbiThe Arab poetry has adorned different types of intertextuality which include: mythical, historical, and religious ones. Abundant use of this phenomenon, especially what is called koranic intertextuality, led to the review of this phenomenon. For this means & MoreThe Arab poetry has adorned different types of intertextuality which include: mythical, historical, and religious ones. Abundant use of this phenomenon, especially what is called koranic intertextuality, led to the review of this phenomenon. For this means one must identify the strengths and weaknesses imposing a framework for it. Considering the interaction of poet with the holy Koran intertextuality is divided in to several types such as : total and partial intertextuality , referential intertextuality and conceptual intertextuality. Some of these give abeautiful forms to the poetry and some are ugly and unacceptable, because they do not preserve dignity of Koran.It should be noted that the overall shape and detailed koranic intertextuality is more susceptible to error, while the conceptual and referential formsare less affected by slips. This research criticizes and studies koranic intertextuality in modern poetry of Iraq. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - The Role of Place in the Poetic Design of Mozaffar Navvab
mohammad mahdi roshanPoetic location (place) is of the main elements in the poetic design of Mozaffar Navvab, the contemporary Iraqi poet. He spent most of his life in exile away from home in countries such as Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Sudan, Algeria, Greece and France as he was struggling aga MorePoetic location (place) is of the main elements in the poetic design of Mozaffar Navvab, the contemporary Iraqi poet. He spent most of his life in exile away from home in countries such as Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Sudan, Algeria, Greece and France as he was struggling against dictatorship by poems and defending the oppressed. Therefore, his poems are enriched with places and implications of the locations. The research intends to analyze the role of dimensions and places in MozaffarNavvab poems. This descriptive-analytical study concludes that the locations in Mozaffar Navvab poems are not limited to Iraq; rather, they embrace Arabic, western and Iranian areas. He passed beyond geometrical and geographical dimensions of the location in his poems and assigned them new roles and connotations of political, religious, social, mental, historical, national, natural and aesthetics. Once he complains about deportation and homesickness, a psychological role is assigned to the place; and the national role of the place is manifested through expressing passion, love and dream of returning to home. Negative and positive social characteristics, accent, and scientific groups give the social role to the location. Political prisoning, the issue of oil and Arab politicians, as well as Palestine make the political role of location appears. Calling for historical and religious locations and characters leads to the religious and political character for the location. The aesthetics role of the location is manifested through nature; further, the symbolic and mythical role of the location is appeared in places like dessert, mountains, and tomb. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Reflection of the U.S. invasion of Iraq (March 2003) in the contemporary Iraqi poetry,The poems of Boshra Al Bostani
morteza zareberomiThis study is an attempt to learn Iraqi war literature, based on the poetry of the Iraqi poet, Bushra Bustani, The third Gulf War took place in Iraq in 2003, And continued from 19 March to 1 May 2003, And led to the occupation of Iraq by the United States of America and MoreThis study is an attempt to learn Iraqi war literature, based on the poetry of the Iraqi poet, Bushra Bustani, The third Gulf War took place in Iraq in 2003, And continued from 19 March to 1 May 2003, And led to the occupation of Iraq by the United States of America and help other countries such as Britain, Australia and some countries allied with America, Thus, the new Iraqi poetry went in two directions: The first is the silence that is heard in tears during the time of violence which we see in Crushed bodies and Cut heads and the ruins of devastated life, and the second: the resistance, which works to monitor the causes of defeat thus Requests everyone for steadfastness and challenge and urges them to jihad. This research shows the importance of these voices and their implications in the Iraqi national poetry from the perspective of the Al Bostani Poems, as one of the most important poets of the Iraqi national resistance in the face of the U.S. occupation forces. The results show that, the poet is a literary narrator and a military correspondent, the poet paints us the difficult battle and the fierce war against Iraq and reveals the secrets of war and reveals the evil ways of this war and its obvious and hidden goals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Transformation and modernity of Allegory in the Theory of Existence Unity and Intuition Unity (Focusing on Sanai and Fakhr al-Din Ibrahim Iraqi’s Masterpieces)
Ali Akhlaghi Maryam MahmoodiThe attitudes of famous mystics, facing epistemological matters and relationship between human being, the Creator, and the universe during eras and times, at any mystic level, differ from one another. Every thinking-mystic attitude is endowed with a particular analysis MoreThe attitudes of famous mystics, facing epistemological matters and relationship between human being, the Creator, and the universe during eras and times, at any mystic level, differ from one another. Every thinking-mystic attitude is endowed with a particular analysis of the mystic and enjoys the exclusive writing methods or special thoughts to express their mystical discoveries, which might have been the results of other famous mystics’ team works. Although investigating mystics’ masterpieces, sayings, and writing structures have many things in common, much attention and evaluation of this piece with the special and pure mystical factors and literary language may provide precise readers with delicate differences regarding vocabulary, imagination, and thoughts. Allegory is considered to be the best mimetic method for the mystics to express more about mystical experiences and in higher levels, mystical-instructional thoughts, which have different structures and images in the two big inclinations of intuition unity and existence unity. By comparing the masterpieces of two mystic poets as the samples of these two mystical thoughts – i.e. Hakim Sanai Ghaznavi and Fakhr al-Din Ibrahim Iraqi – the author has tried to analyze this issue in order to explain and express the same through evidences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - An Approach to the Techniques of Allegory and Allegorical Similes in Iraqi's Divan
M. MoslemizadehOne of the evaluation criteria of the poet's proficiency in eloquence is the use of rhetorical figures. The emphasis on a specific type of rhetoric may distinguish a poet's style from others, but it cannot be the only stylistic feature of a specific literary period. For MoreOne of the evaluation criteria of the poet's proficiency in eloquence is the use of rhetorical figures. The emphasis on a specific type of rhetoric may distinguish a poet's style from others, but it cannot be the only stylistic feature of a specific literary period. For example, allegory almost has been used during all times of Persian literature, but because of its high frequency during Safavids (Isfahani/ Hindi style) it has become a prominent style of then. Since allegory has things in common with the allegorical simile and so on, sometimes they are ignored and supposed one category, though this article intends to give some evidences of different types of the mentioned techniques in Fakhr-e Iraqi's divan. The results show that Iraqi, fallowing the literary style of his period, has applied many common literary figures sufficiently in his poems, amongst them allegory and allegorical similes with a high frequency and diversity of themes and structure are mostly shown off. This proves that he could exceed the limits of rhetorical principles without ignoring them and extract his methods from those limitations by innovation, invention and creativity to adorn his poems by a dignified style. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Baba Taher Hamadani’s Influence on Iraqi Style
Abd-Ol- Reza Modarres ZadehBaba Taher Hamadani is one of the most well-known Persian poets of the fifth century. Researchers have not paid attention to him and his poetry as much as he really deserves. This is due to the fact that his poetry does not share anything with the courtly poetry of his MoreBaba Taher Hamadani is one of the most well-known Persian poets of the fifth century. Researchers have not paid attention to him and his poetry as much as he really deserves. This is due to the fact that his poetry does not share anything with the courtly poetry of his age, and thus, was bereft of all materialistic possessions. Despite this, one should not forget that general public recite and remember a lot of his poems. The aim of this paper is to study three aspects of this poet’s influence on the succeeding poets, particularly those belonging to the Iraqi style era: incorporation, verbal, and semantic similarities. Even if we accept that these similarities are “connotative,” they indicate that Baba Taher’s thoughts and ideas have affected, and been employed by, other succeeding poets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Investigating Iraqi EFL Teachers’ and Students’ Attitudes Towards English Book of Grade 6 of Primary School: Task-Based Language Learning in focus
Sedigheh Vahdat Zohreh Gooniband Shooshtari Kadhim Waheeb Kadhim -
Open Access Article
62 - Effects of Instructional Games on the Vocabulary Learning and Retention of Iraqi Primary School Students
Fatemeh Karimi Oday Kareem Shakir ShareefUsing instructional games in vocabulary learning is beneficial, but their effects in the Iraqi EFL context have been overlooked. This study investigated the effects of instructional games on Iraqi primary school students’ vocabulary learning and retention. To fulfill th MoreUsing instructional games in vocabulary learning is beneficial, but their effects in the Iraqi EFL context have been overlooked. This study investigated the effects of instructional games on Iraqi primary school students’ vocabulary learning and retention. To fulfill the objectives of the study, a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design was adopted. The present study's participants were 40 Iraqi primary school students selected based on a convenience sampling. The participants were divided into two groups, one experimental (N= 20) and a control group (N=20). The students in the experimental group (EG) received vocabulary instruction in the form of game-based teaching. The control group (CG) was instructed using conventional teaching procedures. In this study, a textbook (Family and Friends 2) was used as the material, and two tests were utilized as the measurement instruments. It was found that the group of Iraqi primary school students who were instructed through the games considerably outperformed the group of students who received the traditional teaching in the classroom. Furthermore, the results revealed that the Iraqi primary school students who received vocabulary through instructional games had much better vocabulary retention than those who underwent the traditional teaching methods. The findings might have some implications for the material developers and EFL teachers in Iraq. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Relationship between Learning Style Preferences and Nationality Background: A Case Study of Iranian and Iraqi University EFL Students
Sediqeh Vahdat Zohreh Gooniband Shooshtari Faezeh MohammadnejadThis study investigated the relationship between learning style preferences and the nationality background of Iranian and Iraqi University EFL students. A total number of 40 male and female participants, 20 Iraqi and 20 Iranian, majoring in EFL, took part in this study. MoreThis study investigated the relationship between learning style preferences and the nationality background of Iranian and Iraqi University EFL students. A total number of 40 male and female participants, 20 Iraqi and 20 Iranian, majoring in EFL, took part in this study. To conduct the study, a qualitative-quantitative method was used which encompassed two kinds of data-gathering instruments: a questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. The first instrument was Cohen, Oxford, and Chi's (2001) online learning style survey questionnaire which assessed the participants’ general approaches to learning, and the second instrument was a semi-structured interview that asked some other questions not covered by the questionnaire. Prior to using the learning style survey questionnaire, a pilot study was conducted to validate and refine the questionnaire. Statistical procedures such as descriptive statistics which consisted of Mean, Skewness, Kurtosis, and Standard Deviation were used. Moreover, the Chi-square, Cramer’s V, and T value were used to analyze the collected data. The obtained results revealed that the relationship between learning style preferences and nationality background was meaningful and the learning styles of students from these two nationalities were different from each other. From a quantitative standpoint, Iranian learners were more open-oriented learners, while Iraqi participants were more closure-oriented in their learning process. The results also revealed that not only the Learning Style Preferences (LSPs) were different across groups, but also were various for individuals in each group. The results of this study offer valuable insights for teachers who are working with learners from diverse nationalities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Fakhruddin Ibrahim Iraqi’s Intellectual Components in his Sonnets
MohammadYusef Nayyeri Mojgan EskandariSheikh Fakhruddin Ibrahim Iraqi is one of the mystic poets of 7th century AH. By inclining toward mysticism, especially MohiuddinArabi’ pantheism, which was given to him through ZakariaMultani, and one the other hand, paying attention to the thoughts of Ahmad Ghazali a MoreSheikh Fakhruddin Ibrahim Iraqi is one of the mystic poets of 7th century AH. By inclining toward mysticism, especially MohiuddinArabi’ pantheism, which was given to him through ZakariaMultani, and one the other hand, paying attention to the thoughts of Ahmad Ghazali and Sanaee’smoghane, as well as disregarding social superficialities and public beliefs, he composed ambitious and beautiful sonnets quite different from other poets. The research shows that some of these thoughts as unity in the sonnets have at least attendance and in Lumaat and al-Targi`at and tarkībāt with more intensity has been mentioned. However, love or essence that Iraqi by it and its Paraphernalia (paramour and minion) express relationship between absolute essence with creatures in dimension of feeling and emotion and not in form has been mentioned in Lumaat make the structure and the main framework of the sonnets of Iraqi In the end it should be mentioned that based on the intent of Calandarian and Kharabatian that roguish and love, poverty and mortality and existence and Naught has been mixed, Iraqi is a sort of kharabati and Calandar. In addition, this intention and secttion are extracted from his sonnets Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Investigating Representation of Monademeh Elements in Vinous-Mystical Poetry (A Case Study of Fakhroddin Iraqi)
Fazel abbaszadehMonademeh means drink wine together and flush and companionship in apologetic. Poet usually in vinous poetry which overwhelmed by the form of fiction, with using sensory elements and story elements such as persons and tools like butler and boon companion, minstrel, hang MoreMonademeh means drink wine together and flush and companionship in apologetic. Poet usually in vinous poetry which overwhelmed by the form of fiction, with using sensory elements and story elements such as persons and tools like butler and boon companion, minstrel, hangover, wine, sweetheart, cup, taverns and etc, narrates the process of Monademeh. Already the main issue is the circumstance of appearance and interaction of poet in Vinous-Mystical poetry with such elements. Is there any application of Monademeh in Vinous-Mystical poetry and whether poet or gnostic applies its elements and which elements of Monademeh has the main effects on it and which one disappears within the text. This issue always challenges the quizzer mind of mystical literature addresser. Therefore the current article aims by investigation and criticism of circumstance of Monademeh and its elements in Iraqi Vinous-Mystical chorus solve this issue, and measures the nature and the way of representation and quantity of application of these elements in Vinous-Mystical poetry. Result of the current study indicates that Iraqi like other Vinous-Mystical poets used all of Monademeh elements and its original template of physical Monademeh, but manner of dealing with these elements and looks and its manifestations in vinous-Mystical poetry has its own style. The descriptive-analytical method was used in the implementation of the current study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Impact of Spirituality and Mysticism on Iraqi Shiites' Economy during the First Half of Third Century Hegira
Fatemeh Okhravi shhrbanoo debrary Tahereh AzimzadehThe economic status of Shiites during the Islamic Imams, despite having farmlands at hand and the abundant water flow of Tigris and Euphrates for farming in Iraq, and taxes including Khums and Zakat and the like that Muslims used to pay is important for investigation. A MoreThe economic status of Shiites during the Islamic Imams, despite having farmlands at hand and the abundant water flow of Tigris and Euphrates for farming in Iraq, and taxes including Khums and Zakat and the like that Muslims used to pay is important for investigation. Also, donors gave endowments with spiritual, divine, and mystical motivations such as fighting with internal souls, taking stages of divinity, giving services to public exclusively for the sake of God that had an impact on the economy. The writer of the paper that used the analytic descriptive methodology has assessed the factors effective on the economy of Shiites in Iraq and has concluded that undoubtedly the establishment of divine government that meets the every goals of human beings is only possible through chaste imams because human based governments have always gone through the personal interests of a specific individual or group. Therefore, Islamic government is an important issue that Muslims are dealing with and that a portion of the pillars this type of government is founded on economic issues because the first requisite for the independence of an establishment is economic independence whereby it is applied well in the world of Shi'ism via zakat, khums, (Anfal) spoils of war, and (Kharaj) land taxes Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Frequency of complaint poems in Iraqi and Indian style
tayebeh alizadehReviewIn Persian literature, the widest semantic horizon is the horizon of lyrical poetry; Poems that express personal feelings and emotions. Lyrical poetry in Persian is presented in the form of lyric, Masnavi, quatrain, couplet and even ode, but the most important for MoreReviewIn Persian literature, the widest semantic horizon is the horizon of lyrical poetry; Poems that express personal feelings and emotions. Lyrical poetry in Persian is presented in the form of lyric, Masnavi, quatrain, couplet and even ode, but the most important format is lyric. There are many types of lyrical literature, and Beth al-Shukwa's poetry is one of them. Shokouyeh's poem is in fact a kind of revelation of inner sufferings and pains that afflicts the poet, although the poet expresses his sorrow in terms of the moods and mourning of the poems and the imprisonment of the poems. And in satires and satires, he shouts his anger and disgust towards the factors of his sorrow, but in the complaints, he complains by introducing these factors. "The importance of complaints is more in recognizing the spirits of their poets, because each complaint, in addition to revealing the unfavorable situation of the poet's life, also gives a clear picture of his ideal society." (Cerami 2008). Since there are many issues that cause human grief as well as complaints and grievances, it is difficult to classify them.However, in terms of content, complaints can be divided into 5 categories: 1- personal 2- philosophical, 3- social, 4- mystical, 5- political. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - A geophysical correlation between near-surface radioactivity and subsurface faults detected by gravity method for a region located in the western desert of Iraq
Wadhah Mahmood Shakir AL-Khafaji Hayder Abdul Zahra Al-Dabbagh -
Open Access Article
69 - Resistivity surveys application for detection of shallow caves in a case example from Western Iraq
Ali Abed Kamal Ali Asama Al-Hadithy -
Open Access Article
70 - Facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy of lower-middle Miocene Euphrates formation (WadiHajar), West of Iraq
Muthana Al-Tharb Abdulhameed Al-Hadaithy Furat Al-Musawi Amer Al-Jibouri -
Open Access Article
71 - Tectonical history of Arabian platform during Late Cretaceous An example from Kurdistan region, NE Iraq
کمال حاجی کریم زردشت. ا طاهاNew simplified tectonic models and depositional history of Late Cretaceous rocks are established in a part of Zagros Orogenic Belt that is located in the Northeastern Iraq. These rocks constutes the most important Cretaceous oil reservoir in the Middle East. The depende MoreNew simplified tectonic models and depositional history of Late Cretaceous rocks are established in a part of Zagros Orogenic Belt that is located in the Northeastern Iraq. These rocks constutes the most important Cretaceous oil reservoir in the Middle East. The dependent tools are petrography, field study and the concept of drowning phases. This concept is relatively new and accurate in explanation of development of carbonate sequences growth and termination. The columns of both carbonate and clastics rocks of the area are divided into three phases of drowning: 1- Pre-drowning phase of reefal limestone which is represented by Qamchuqa Formation which is equivalent to Mauddud and Shuaba formations (Early Cretaceous) in the south Iraq and in the Gulf. 2- Transitional phase of pelagic limestone and marl deposition which is transitional to post drowning phase during which Gulneri Shale and Dokan limestone Formations (Cenomanian- Turonian) are deposited. 3- Post drowning phase of deep carbonate sedimentation during which Kometan Formation (Santonian-Campanian) and 4- Burial Phase in which Shiranish and Tanjero Formations (Maasstrichtian) are deposited by which Arabian Platform was covered by siliciclastics sediments and main carbonate sedimentation was ended during Campanian. These phases, as resulted from tectonics of Zagros, can replace the complex previously assigned tectonic and depositional history of the area during Later Cretaceous. The application of the phases revealed nearly a continuous history of deposition in foredeep during Early Cretaceous and foreland basin during later ages. This continuous sedimentation is opposite to previously cited episodic sedimentation in the Cretaceous basins. Moreover than that, the occurrences of the previously mentioned subaerial cycles of erosion (unconformities) are not ascertained. The previous cycles had segmented the rocks and history of the area into several separated and unrelated tectonic events that occurred in different basins. According to the above cycles and unconformities the tectonic setting and depositional history of the whole northwestern Iraq assumed be violent during compete time span of the Late Cretaceous by which basin isolation and uplift and erosion occurred. The above ideas are amended and the unconformable boundaries are changed to conformable ones. Consequently, in the present study, a new tectonic history and model are established for Cretaceous which agree with field observation and existed lithofacies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Relations between Deep and Shallow Stratigraphic Units of Northern Iraq during Cretaceous
Kamal H Karim Rabea K Al-Hamadani Sirwan H. AhmadThe studied area includes Sulaimani, Erbil and Dohuk Governorates where Cretaceous rocks are well exposed in the High Folded Zone of North and Northeastern Iraq. This area is part of the northwestern boundary of Arabian platform near to Iranian border. In these governor MoreThe studied area includes Sulaimani, Erbil and Dohuk Governorates where Cretaceous rocks are well exposed in the High Folded Zone of North and Northeastern Iraq. This area is part of the northwestern boundary of Arabian platform near to Iranian border. In these governorates, the study tries to clarify the relations between deep and shallow stratigraphic units (formation or facies) during Cretaceous. The result of the present study is mainly depended on the field lateral tracing of the lithologic changes and paleontological evidences for indicating the new age termination of the units. The result showed as a generalized and simple model of temporal and special relations between Cretaceous deep and shallow water formations. The Balambo (Kazhdumi in Iran), Kometan (Ilam), Shiranish-Tanjero (Gurpi) Formations (as deep facies) are indicated as lateral equivalent of shallow facies of Qamchuqa (Sarvak and Dariyian), Bekhme (has not equivalent in Iran yet) and Aqra Formation (Seymare or Tarbur) respectively. On the model, the transition zone is indicated where the deep facies, from the east, change to shallow ones at the west. The shallow facies consist of coarse grain limestone with fossils skeletons, bioclasts and intraclasts. The deep facieses are fine grain pelagic limestone with microfossils (panktonic forams and nanofossils) whiles the transitional facies (zones) generally consist mixture of the two as interfigering relation between the deep and shallow facies. As the changes of the lithology of transitional zones are relatively sudden, therefore, they are not designated as formation and not defined previously. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Violence against Women in the Poetry of Contemporary Iraqi Poets and its Causes (Case study: Rassafi, Zahavi, Siyab and Malaekeh)
Mostafa Travideh Peyman SalehiThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the concept of violence against women in the poems of four contemporary Iraqi poets including Rassafi, Zahawi, Siyab, Malaekehand and their point of views on the phenomenon of violence against women by referring to the MoreThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the concept of violence against women in the poems of four contemporary Iraqi poets including Rassafi, Zahawi, Siyab, Malaekehand and their point of views on the phenomenon of violence against women by referring to their poems based on cultural critique and applying the descriptive-analytical method. Violence against women is a bitter phenomenon with a long history, having physical, psychological, sexual, social and economic dimensions that still exist in human societies. The results of the study indicated that the poets had reflected different types of violence against women, such as denial of women participation in the community and their enjoyment of scientific and cultural development, using women as sexual goods, contempt, threats to divorce and wandering, maltreatment, physical punishment, and denying their right to choose a spouse. The poets had also been severely affected by sexual deviation of women caused by the pressure of poverty, the lack of support and social organizations, and unfair slaughter of women based on the tribe tradition of wiping out disgrace. These posts have considered that the education of a noble, free and brave generation for the community depends on women's enjoyment of an honorable life. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Women From the Fakhreddin Iraqi Perspective
Layla ShokuhfarIslamic mysticism had well treated women for centuries. While it was needed there were no differentiation between men and women in ritual practices such cases like "self reconstruction" and "truth seeking journey". In some cases women are considered more valuable and mo MoreIslamic mysticism had well treated women for centuries. While it was needed there were no differentiation between men and women in ritual practices such cases like "self reconstruction" and "truth seeking journey". In some cases women are considered more valuable and more transcendent. And even more rights were taken into concern for women based on"spirituality and love". Women can be one of the top mediators in the aspirations of men to their bliss and esteem of God. In Islamic mysticism there was independent stream named "flow of love" or "aesthetic mysticism ". One of the most eminent figure of the mentioned doctrine was "Fakhreddin Iraqi", the love poet and mystic in seventh AH century. He believed that the identity and authenticity and character of emotional, physical, spiritual and intellectual of "woman", made her as a source of love and affection and introduced the woman as one of the most beautiful manifestation of the divine beauty of creation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Indian style and Nezami’s Panj Ganj
Mohammad Amir Obeidiniya Vahdat Motallebi RadThe Indian style of Persian poetry originated in the 11th century. Invention of new themes, fancy, brevity, paradox, personification, and most significantly, parallelism are among the characteristics of this style of poetry. Some other literary schools such as Vasukht, MoreThe Indian style of Persian poetry originated in the 11th century. Invention of new themes, fancy, brevity, paradox, personification, and most significantly, parallelism are among the characteristics of this style of poetry. Some other literary schools such as Vasukht, or shunning the beloved, preceded and coexisted with the Indian style. Since one can find the roots of any style or literary school in the preceding ones, one can find the roots of some characteristics of the Indian style, especially parallelism, and the concept of Vasukht, in some preceding styles, such as the Azerbaijani style or in the work of some celebrated poets like Nezamis. Since from among the characteristics of the Indian style, parallelism has a special place in Nezami’s Panj Ganj, after some preliminary words about Nezami and the Indian style and a review of the concept of Vasukht and the history of parallelism in Persian literature, we show the roots of Indian style features and the concept of Vasukht in Nezami’s Panj Ganj. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - The ideals World of Maroof Rasafi
Mostafa YeganiPoetry of Rosafi is like a mirror that reflects people’s life. His poetry is the best document to assess the situation of Iraq in the nineteenth and twentieth Century. He has seen all the social problems of his time and have tasted the bitter taste of the p MorePoetry of Rosafi is like a mirror that reflects people’s life. His poetry is the best document to assess the situation of Iraq in the nineteenth and twentieth Century. He has seen all the social problems of his time and have tasted the bitter taste of the problem. Problems such as poverty, illiteracy, men and women, war, oppression,etc. He is a poet of great and famous Arab world and one of the most influential poets in the Arab world and Iraq. He used poetry as a means to express his thoughts. Among the poets he is loyal to the people. He is a classic poet in form but in the themes is developed. In his poem he talks against oppression, ignorance, illiteracy and backwardness. He Strongly criticizes the political and social situation and defines an ideal society; a society without poverty, illiteracy, injustice and war. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - An overview of the origin and geographical routing of fine dust and strategies to deal with it in Iran
hamid kheyroddinIran and the Middle East are in the dry belt of the world. Due to climatic and geographical conditions, our country is prone to dust storms. Drought, insecurity and war, lack of vegetation, atmospheric instability in neighboring deserts and horizontal and vertical trans MoreIran and the Middle East are in the dry belt of the world. Due to climatic and geographical conditions, our country is prone to dust storms. Drought, insecurity and war, lack of vegetation, atmospheric instability in neighboring deserts and horizontal and vertical transfer of dust particles and its intensification due to intrusion and occupation The practice has had adverse effects on the ecosystem, health, health, production, transportation, tourism, increased pollution, increased migration, and the like. This research intends to use the method of collecting library information and using data, maps and spatial and geographical analysis to get a proper knowledge and picture of the geographical status of the fine dust phenomenon in terms of origin and direction of its creation. Then, using this information, to analyze the space and find the root of the internal and external origin of fine dust. Therefore, in this article, with a review and descriptive method, the route and the dust center are first examined outside the country, such as Iraq, Syria and the Arabian Peninsula, and then the Northeast region, Central Asia, Turkmenistan and southeast Pakistan using The map and related zoning were collected and then the internal origin in the main geographical directions of the dust and dust phenomenon from the interior of the country was studied. This phenomenon occurs throughout the year, but the frequency of occurrence and its negative effect and worse air quality It is more common in hot seasons, especially in summer and July and August. This is due to the frequent influx of dust from Iraq and the instability of the Hijaz desert climate, declining air humidity, drought, excessive use of water and natural resources, increasing temperature and speed and wind direction, and drying of wetlands and mismanagement. Various in economic, social, political, environmental dimensions. There is an institution and organization that mentions some of these consequences and strategies to deal with it from the research results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - The role of the institution of the ministry in the relationship between the Iraqi Seljuk monarchy and the Abbasid caliphate.
Parviz Hosseini seyed abolghasem foroozaniAbstract The institution of the ministry, considered as the most premier institution and the head of the monarchy and caliphate bureaucratic system, played an important role in the relationship between the Iraqi Seljuk monarchy and the Abbasid caliphate. These relations MoreAbstract The institution of the ministry, considered as the most premier institution and the head of the monarchy and caliphate bureaucratic system, played an important role in the relationship between the Iraqi Seljuk monarchy and the Abbasid caliphate. These relationships, which lasted for nearly 80years (511 to 590 AH), were divided into three distinct historical periods in terms of their ministerial role and the extent to which the ministers succeeded in empowering monarchy or caliphate. Although some well-known ministers such as ab-ol ghasem Dargozini in the first period and Kamal-ol-din mohammad Khazen in the second period, played an important role in this realationship, they didn’t succeed as much as Awnad-Din ibn Hubayra did in the third period. The purpose of this article is to examine the historical and political conditions of the Iraqi Seljuk government and the Abbasid caliphate system in a descriptive-analytical manner, while analyzing the role of the ministry in the structure of their government, to answer the question why the ingenious ministers of the first and Second period of these relations did not succeed in establishing governmental authority. The results of the present study showed that although the role of ministers in any government structure has been high or low according to their merits and abilities, but without other factors of power, such as monarchy or powerful caliphate and an organized state organization, no minister, even the most skillful of them did not succeed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - The role and position of Mozhaj tribe in scientific and cultural developments
Fahimeh NasrollahiInvestigating the role of Arab tribes in the scientific and cultural events of the Islamic world is one of the important topics of Islamic history. In this research, the role of this tribe in historical events, political factions, intellectual and ideological currents, MoreInvestigating the role of Arab tribes in the scientific and cultural events of the Islamic world is one of the important topics of Islamic history. In this research, the role of this tribe in historical events, political factions, intellectual and ideological currents, and cultural achievements of the Islamic society in the first two centuries of this Hijri has been studied, and the contexts, causes, and effects of this category have been analyzed. The Mazhaj tribe became Muslims during the lifetime of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, and their tendency towards Islam was not unrelated to the cultural and religious records of this tribe on the verge of entering Islam, the internal developments of the Islamic society, and the influence of conquered areas. This tribe had different approaches to the important developments in the history of Islam due to having many clans, dispersion in the vast Islamic territory, and ethnic and local religious and political tendencies and prejudices. Due to the nature of this research, the research sources are library and documents, and the method used in that search is the study and analysis of data. Based on these authentic and authentic sources, it is necessary to use scientific research method to use modern research to achieve further analysis, and the way of expressing content is based on historical development and analysis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - The effect of Islamic revolution on the Iraqi Shiites' movement
Firooz NajafiMany political analysts believe that Iraqi Shiite people's revolutionaty movements emanates from Iran s Islamic revolution because the two countries have a long border and numerous common histrorical and cultural backgrounds in addition to their common religion which ha MoreMany political analysts believe that Iraqi Shiite people's revolutionaty movements emanates from Iran s Islamic revolution because the two countries have a long border and numerous common histrorical and cultural backgrounds in addition to their common religion which have made the people of the two nations very close to each other since there are holy shrines in both countries and there is a revolutionary motivation inspired from iran's Islamic Revolution among Iraqi Shiites which are considered to be the majority in that country. This revolutionary motivation continued to influence Shiites supported by Islamic revolution. On invasion of us to Iraq (second Persian Gulf war)and the collapse of the previous regime in Iraq, the nation and government of Islamic Republic of Iran have continued thair political, economical, diplomatic, scientific, medical and security supports until now. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - The Sources of Opposition Parties in the Process of Political Development (Case Study: Goran Party in Kurdistan Region of Iraq)
Safar Valadbaigi sadegh ziba kalam monfared Alireza Azghandi AliAshraf NazariThe Kurdistan region has more than 600 kilometers of common border with Iran, which are culturally and historically compatible and have a deep influence on each other in the field of democracy. The question of the research includes: is the formation of political opposit MoreThe Kurdistan region has more than 600 kilometers of common border with Iran, which are culturally and historically compatible and have a deep influence on each other in the field of democracy. The question of the research includes: is the formation of political opposition in the Kurdistan region a sign of the transition of this region towards democracy or authoritarianism? The hypothesis suggests although the emergence of the opposition is a sign of minimal democracy, its formation, stabilization, and weakening are proof of the authoritarian structure and functioning of the two main parties in this region. The research method is qualitative (library documents). The results show that the formation of the political opposition in the region was a reaction to the authoritarian rule, but at the same time, it was a sign of the movement of the Kurdish society towards a kind of political and party pluralism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - The role of political culture on the formation and development of the Takfiri and salafi currents in Middle East (case study: Iraq and Syria)
Nahid Moradzadeh Ehsan Shakeri KhooyiThis study aims to investigate the role of political culture on the formation and development of Takfiri and Salafi currents in the Middle East as the case study of Iraq and Syria. Variables in this study include: the traditional political culture and formation and deve MoreThis study aims to investigate the role of political culture on the formation and development of Takfiri and Salafi currents in the Middle East as the case study of Iraq and Syria. Variables in this study include: the traditional political culture and formation and developments of Takfiri and Salafi currents. The explanation of the role of political culture on the formation of Takfiri and Salafi currents in Middle East, particularly in Iraq and Syria communities; the explanation of the components of the political culture in Middle East; the explanation of the social structure of Iraq and Syria; and an explanation of the emergence of ISIL social origin are among the purposes of the study. Theoretical framework based on research study of the concepts such as political culture, political culture in the Middle East and the ideas of Takfiri and Salafi. The timing of the research related to the period after the occupation of Iraq and toppling Saddam Hussein’s regime in 2003 up to now, and social and political developments in Syria, after the death of Hafez al-Assad in 2000 and the coming to power of Bashar al-Assad. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - The crises of the process of government and nation building and its role on the formation of fundamentalism in Middle East (Case study: Iraq and Syria)
Sedigheh Moradzadeh Ehsan Shakeri KhoyeeThe aim of the present study is the process of the government and nation building and its role on the formation of religious fundamentalism in Middle East, as the case study of Iraq and Syria. Explanation of the components of nation building in Middle East communities, MoreThe aim of the present study is the process of the government and nation building and its role on the formation of religious fundamentalism in Middle East, as the case study of Iraq and Syria. Explanation of the components of nation building in Middle East communities, explanation of the formation and social structure of Iraqi and Syrian communities and explanation of the social origin of the emergence of ISIS are also among the aims of this study. The research hypotheses are: Incomplete government and nation building in the Middle East (Iraq and Syria) that caused the formation of religious fundamentalism, diverse structure and plural ethnic, religious and mosaic communities of Iraq and Syria, incomplete and artificial government- nation building on the basis of the Sykes-Picot agreement in Middle East countries and the process of government- nation building that caused the accumulation of debts and lack of its realization in Iraq and Syria. Case study in this research is in connection with the religious fundamentalism in Iraq and Syria. The timeframe of the research is related to the period after the occupation of Iraq and toppling Saddam Hussein’s regime in years 2003 up to now, and also social-political developments in Syria after the death of Hafez al-Assad in years 2000 and coming to power of Bashar al-Assad. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Studying the causes of Iran's success in confronting with ISIS
kamran parhoodeh gholamhosein bolandian Akbar Ashrafi Ahmad Bakhshayesh ArdestaniPurpose: The Islamic State of Iraq (ISIS), with the goal of Islamic fundamentalism, expanded its presence in the Middle East in an extreme manner and committed numerous atrocities that led to the issuance of a United Nations Declaration on Joint Action to Control the Te MorePurpose: The Islamic State of Iraq (ISIS), with the goal of Islamic fundamentalism, expanded its presence in the Middle East in an extreme manner and committed numerous atrocities that led to the issuance of a United Nations Declaration on Joint Action to Control the Terrorist Group. In the meantime, Iran maintained a broad presence in the Iraqi and Syrian Governments with the full consent of these governments to protect its interests in the region and to protect the shared borders between Iran and Iraq-Syria. Meanwhile, there were factors that led to Iran's victory in this intervention and consolidated Iran's position in the region. The purpose of this study was to examine the causes of Iran's success in confronting ISIL with the Iraqi government and Syria.Findings: The findings of this study indicate that various factors have contributed to Iran's success against ISIS. These can include Iran's missile and military capabilities, the Revolutionary Guards, Iran's powerful diplomacy, Iran's position in the region, national-opposition to foreign intervention in Iraq, Shiite-led power in Iraq, revolutionary leadership, the use of combined-war techniques, He pointed to the potential of soft power and the presence of proxy forces in powerful areas of the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - The Political Development process in Iraqi Kurdistan Region and it's Effect on Iranaian National Interets (1991-2020)
safar valadbaigi sadegh zibakalam monfared sayed alireza azghandi aliashraf nazarianThe formation of an autonomous and later federal system in Iraqi Kurdistan has been the product of international political interactions and Kurdish nationalist struggles in the form of political parties. The experience of three decades of Iraqi Kurdish parties in govern MoreThe formation of an autonomous and later federal system in Iraqi Kurdistan has been the product of international political interactions and Kurdish nationalist struggles in the form of political parties. The experience of three decades of Iraqi Kurdish parties in governing, self-governing, developing new democratic institutions, and generating challenges to the growth of democracy means that the Kurdistan Region is a rich place to test the relationship between political parties and political development. The main question is: In the process of political development of the Kurdistan region, what role did the main parties play in the conflict of existing obstacles and resources? The research method is documentary method. Data included library resources, and interviews with ten experts in the field of political development at universities in Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan. Findings show that although the process of political development in this region has not been continuous, dynamic and increasing, but this region with the rule of its parties over the last three decades is moving towards a kind of minimal democracy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Effective Strategies for Expelling the United States from Iraq
armin amini Yadollah Mohammadi mohammad mohammadiEight years after the US invasion of Iraq, with the withdrawal of the last American combat brigade on 19 August, 2010, this war officially ended. However, the US continues to maintain parts of its forces in sensitive areas under various pretexts. This issue became more MoreEight years after the US invasion of Iraq, with the withdrawal of the last American combat brigade on 19 August, 2010, this war officially ended. However, the US continues to maintain parts of its forces in sensitive areas under various pretexts. This issue became more apparent after the assassinations of Qassem Soleimani and AbuMahdi al-Mohandes, and due to this incident, the study of the possibility of the US expulsion from Iraq became one of the most important issues in this country. But the main question is, what are the main prerequisites for the US withdrawal from Iraq and what are the interests of Iraq-US in this area? And what is the role of Iran? Due to the nature of this issue, the main element of this research method is meta-analysis. Therefore, for this article, a meta from various electronic and published sources is used to interpret the reasons for the US presence in Iraq from a neo-realist perspective. The findings of this study suggest that the various factors influencing the US withdrawal from Iraq are not strong enough to be expected in the short and even medium term for Iraqi officials to reach a unified strategy for the complete withdrawal of the US from Iraq. Despite all the problems and challenges, this study also examines measures that could eliminate the Iraq needs to foreign forces. Perhaps relying on these measures could increase the pressure on the US to withdraw from Iraq or at least minimize its presence in this country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Explaining Geometric Codes in Iraqi Poetry
mojgan eskandari soheila sadeghi mohammad yousef NayeriThe subject of this article is a comprehensive explanation of the geometric and spiritual knowledge of the Fakhr al-Din Ibrahim Iraqi sermons. Geometric cues are an integral part of the scientific creation of the mind and the creator of science; thus, the reader will un MoreThe subject of this article is a comprehensive explanation of the geometric and spiritual knowledge of the Fakhr al-Din Ibrahim Iraqi sermons. Geometric cues are an integral part of the scientific creation of the mind and the creator of science; thus, the reader will understand the gem of wisdom and Sufi teachings by reading mystical texts. In this research, while analyzing Iraqi linguistic geometry, the researchers seek a descriptive and documentary analysis of this answer, which one of those languages is the most frequent among the various types of language used by Iraq in its poetry? The result of the research is that Iraqis have benefited from Sufi language in the form of linguistic geometry such as: heart language, truth, allegory, paradox, tune-up, parody and tame, and has been able to well keep up with the great news of his mystical doctrines Transmit to the audience.Of the languages, the language of truth and mystery, has the highest frequency in Iraqi poetry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - The spatial reflections of the Iran-Iraq war on the urban network and the hierarchy of the cities of Kermanshah province based on the class-difference limit model
tahereh shahbazi Abbas Malek Hosseiniin recent years, for many reasons populated urban centers of Iran with severe spatial changes that resulted in the increase in small and medium urban imbalance in the hierarchy of the country were observed. This study examined the hierarchy of urban developments to thos Morein recent years, for many reasons populated urban centers of Iran with severe spatial changes that resulted in the increase in small and medium urban imbalance in the hierarchy of the country were observed. This study examined the hierarchy of urban developments to those in the cities of Kermanshah province during the 1976 to the 2016 war time on the urban network hierarchical province .The method of the present research was quantitative - analysis in which models of deferential class analysis, prime city index, the rank - size, ranking model modification have been used. The results showed that the distribution pattern of urban settlements in Kermanshah province was unbalanced during war which imposed imbalances to all the difference parts. It was found that Kermanshah city due to the performance of various factors have had a strong performance, and had attracted surrounding populations from other provinces, especially in times of war as a city which was predominant caused uneven systems in the city. Therefore, in order to maintain the last balance, a phase of reallocation and redirection of functions to the neighboring cities is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Attitudes of University Students toward English Language Education Policy in Iraqi Kurdistan
Momen Yaseen Amin Javad Gholami -
Open Access Article
90 - Najaf constituency and political-partisan developments in Iraq between the two coups (July 14, 1958 - February 8, 1963) Community Verified icon )
Ali Akbar Zavar ali begdeli nemat ahmadi nasabSince the beginning of 1955, the Arab world has been embroiled in a series of crises, with Iraq also affected by this atmosphere, leading to the bloody coup d'état of July 14, 1958, the fall of the Hashemi family from the monarchy and the announcement of the repu MoreSince the beginning of 1955, the Arab world has been embroiled in a series of crises, with Iraq also affected by this atmosphere, leading to the bloody coup d'état of July 14, 1958, the fall of the Hashemi family from the monarchy and the announcement of the republican system headed by General Abdul Karim Qassem. The new rulers immediately made some changes to the structure of the government. The main question of this research is: What was the relationship between changes and changes with the principles of Islam? What was najaf's reaction to these movements? And finally, what results did it lead to on the Iraqi Shiite community? According to this article, since the changes and changes made with the beliefs of Islam and Shi'a religion were in fundamental contradictions, it led to confrontation and confrontation between najaf seminary and the government of Qasim and his supporters [until the bloody coup d'état of February 8, 1963]. On the other hand, the July 14 coup d'état marks a turning point in the history of the Seminary of Najaf because it ended years [since the suppression of the 1920 uprising and the exile of scholars to Iran] the inaction and remoteness of the Shiite marja'iyya institution from the Iraqi political space. This research tries to investigate the issue by relying on information in historical sources and with a descriptive-analytical approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Explain and Analyze the Umayyad Propaganda Approaches
Nabi Sanjabi farinaz hooshyar Naser JadidiPropaganda is one of the important areas of communication of societies , therefore, it has always been considered in different fields, including political and governmental fields in different periods . The Umayyads also used propaganda to legitimize, gain power, and mai MorePropaganda is one of the important areas of communication of societies , therefore, it has always been considered in different fields, including political and governmental fields in different periods . The Umayyads also used propaganda to legitimize, gain power, and maintain political sovereignty, especially against the Alawites (Shiites) . Advertising approaches are attention to areas and the use of various tools that are given the nature of advertising. The present study answers the question: What were the areas of Umayyad propaganda approaches? It has been done in a descriptive-analytical method and with reference to library sources. The result of this research shows that many propaganda methods were founded by Muawiyah and continued by the later caliphs. The propagandistic approaches of the Umayyads included a religious, political, emotional-psychological and economic approach that was aimed at influencing the thoughts and behavior of individuals and leading society to the goals of the Umayyads. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - The analysis of the Fragile state of Iraq and the Security Dilemma in the Persian Gulf
Hossein Moeinabadi bidgoli Mansoureh Mansouri Parisa shahmohammadiThe security dilemma,as one of the main concerns of countries in the international arena, that as one country's security increases, other countries will go through a process of insecurity.It is the duty of states to provide political goods such as security, economic fac MoreThe security dilemma,as one of the main concerns of countries in the international arena, that as one country's security increases, other countries will go through a process of insecurity.It is the duty of states to provide political goods such as security, economic facilities, legal order and infrastructure.When a state fails to provide these features, it is considered as a fragile state.The concept in the last decade, is one of the characteristics of some Middle Eastern countries.Iraq has been included in the group of fragile states since 2003 and has always had an unsatisfactory level of security since then.Accordingly,the main question is “what effect does the fragile state of Iraq have on the security dilemma in the Persian Gulf?”.Using a descriptive -analytical method, the purpose of this paper tries to examine the security dilemma in post-2003 Iraq as a state in the Persian Gulf region.Findings show that the fragile state of Iraq has intensified the security dilemma in the Persian Gulf by disrupting the regional Arab order, paving the way for increased military intervention,influencing the balance of power between Iran and Saudi Arabia, and paving the way for the spread of terrorist activities and oil smuggling in the Persian Gulf region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - The Iraqi Kurdistan Developments and its Impact of the National Security of Islamic Republic of Iran
asghar bayat null null null nullAbstract: The Iraqi Kurdistan region is one of the important regions of the Middle East due its unique geopolitics. This region after the fall of Saddam (2003) and the formation of autonomous government have witnessed several events and developments which have had thei MoreAbstract: The Iraqi Kurdistan region is one of the important regions of the Middle East due its unique geopolitics. This region after the fall of Saddam (2003) and the formation of autonomous government have witnessed several events and developments which have had their impact on the security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The present article has paid attention to Iraqi Kurdistan developments for two reasons. First due to presence and activities of regional and extra-regional powers in Iraqi Kurdistan after the fall of Saddam, second the spread and strengthening the Kurdish nationalism in Kurdish residing regions of Iran. The consequences of these events are the expansion of the ethnic demands and expectation of Iranian Kurds from the central government and the possibility of disintegration from Iranian central government with foreign backing. Therefore, the present article by futures studies method wants to answer the question as to “what are the impacts of Iraqi Kurdistan developments on security of the Islamic Republic of Iran?” The hypothesis is that the Iraqi Kurdistan developments particularly the presence of regional powers there and in areas near Iranian borders and the presence of Kurdish groups who are against Iran can provide a disfavor able ground for measures against the national security of Iran. Eventually in this regard four scenarios have been suggested for future of this issue in the Middle East. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Explaining the Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia vis-à-vis the Excommunicative Terrorism in Iraq and Syria
مهدی هدایتی شهیدانی sajad morady kelardehAbstract: The Middle East region is witnessing an increase in the activities of terrorist groups in recent years. The activities of these groups have had different reactions of regional countries. The present paper by an analytical method and within the framework of def MoreAbstract: The Middle East region is witnessing an increase in the activities of terrorist groups in recent years. The activities of these groups have had different reactions of regional countries. The present paper by an analytical method and within the framework of defensive realism theory wants to examine Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy towards excommunicative terrorism in Iraq and Syria and with this objective discusses two main questions. First what is the role of excommunicative terrorism in Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy in Iraq and Syria? Second, what strategies does Saudi Arabia follow about excommunicative terrorism in Iraq and Syria? The findings of the paper shows that the excommunicative terrorism in Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy plays the role of threat balancing in the face of Iran’s expansion of power in Iraq and Syria and Saudi Arabia’s strategy vis-à-vis excommunicative terrorism is a varied range of policies consisting direct support, making consensus against Iran in regional organizations under his influence and coalition making with regional countries. The article examines the above issue by the use of library and internet sources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Iraqi Kurdistan and Islamic Republic of Iran in an Era of interdependence: Opportunities and challenges
Hossein Masoudnia Ali Ebrahimi Mojtaba RezazadehAbstract: Undoubtedly the geopolitical location of Iran and Iraq and their economic, political and cultural ties has intertwined in history and in an era of interdependence one can witness the interactions of the above spheres. One of the regions where has great importa MoreAbstract: Undoubtedly the geopolitical location of Iran and Iraq and their economic, political and cultural ties has intertwined in history and in an era of interdependence one can witness the interactions of the above spheres. One of the regions where has great importance in new Iraq is the autonomous region of Kurdistan. This region has great geopolitical significance and it is necessary to know that what opportunities and challenges it has for the Islamic Republic of Iran. The present article by adopting mutual interdependence as its theoretical framework wants to answer this question as to what potentials and factors Iraqi Kurdistan have to influence Islamic Republic of Iran. The underlying hypothesis is that the relations between Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan in issues like culture, terrorism and regional security, economic activities and the issue of energy can create opportunities and challenges for Islamic Republic of Iran. The present article by a qualitative method and descriptive-analytical approach deals with the problem. The finding of the study shows that the right understanding of the importance and place of Iraqi Kurdistan can help to achieve Iran's interests and contain the threats from the latter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - The Confrontation of Violence of Hegemony and Terrorism in Iraq
Shahrouz Shariati Akram MirzadehAbstract The recent developments in the Arabian Middle East countries particularly Iraq have attracted the attention of international relations observers but what has turned the region into an explosive situation is the expansion of terrorist activities of radical Isla MoreAbstract The recent developments in the Arabian Middle East countries particularly Iraq have attracted the attention of international relations observers but what has turned the region into an explosive situation is the expansion of terrorist activities of radical Islamic groups and the military presence and violent and hegemonic measures of the United States in confronting the phenomenon. On this basis, the examination and analysis of terrorism and hegemonic suppression of it and the role of these two phenomena in intensifying each other needs to be explained because it is one of the important problems in the Middle East today. The paper attempts to evaluate the picture and outcome coming out of the interaction and confrontation between terrorism and iron hand suppression of it. In fact the paper wants to examine the causes of growth and expansion of terrorism in the Arabian Middle Eat with emphasis on relations between hegemonic suppression of terrorism and terrorism in Iraq. The article takes the help of historical descriptive, analytical method and statistics to prove the hypothesis. The finding of the study shows that the growth and expansion of terrorism in the Arabian Middle East is the product of employing explicit and implicit violence by the United States hegemonic stability strategy and the relation between hegemonic stability and terrorism in Middle East is evaluated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - A Study of the Effective Geopolitical factors of Iraq and their Impact on National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Sayed Mostafa hashemi abdolreza farajirad rahim sarvarAbstract Geopolitical sphere of Iraq has integrative and disintegrative forces which act under certain circumstances. These forces are continuously in competition with each other. Iraq has undergone great upheavals in recent years and these developments have led to chan MoreAbstract Geopolitical sphere of Iraq has integrative and disintegrative forces which act under certain circumstances. These forces are continuously in competition with each other. Iraq has undergone great upheavals in recent years and these developments have led to change in power structure and identity. As a result there has been change in geopolitics and change in the approach of actors and regional players. Ethnic and religious groups, hydro politics, national identity and Arab identity, oil resources and the huge revenue coming from them and access to Persian Gulf have deep impact on Iraq developments. These factors have led to adoption of different geopolitical strategy. Depending on the conditions of Iraq, the type and the composition of government in power, Iran's national security will be affected and Iraq can becomes an enemy, strategic rival, strategic partner. The present article by examining political geography, interior space, history and geopolitical factors of Iraq, using a descriptive-analytical method deals with set of spatial, political and security compulsions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Obama's Middle Eastern Strategy: From Assigning Responsibility to Allies to Accepting limited responsibility
فرزاد محمدزاده ابراهیمی محمدرضا ملکی سید جواد امام جمعه زادهAbstract There has been much criticism about Obama’s Middle East strategy and some believe that it lacked strategic prospect. An examination of the Middle East strategy of the United States under Obama administration from the viewpoint of neo-classic realism not MoreAbstract There has been much criticism about Obama’s Middle East strategy and some believe that it lacked strategic prospect. An examination of the Middle East strategy of the United States under Obama administration from the viewpoint of neo-classic realism not only does not approve this view but also indicates that Obama has adopted a coherent strategy from the beginning of his presidency towards the Middle East and on this basis he has made significant efforts to promote the United States national security. So it is interesting to answer this question as to what strategy Obama adopted vis-à-vis the Middle East and what policies was pursued to achieve those goals? The present article by a descriptive-analytical method wants to show that the Middle East strategy of the United States under Obama administration started with assigning responsibility to its allies within the framework of balancing from remote distance and by the passage of time moved to accept limited responsibility. Taking into consideration the closeness of Obama’s administration foreign policy to realism theory, the authors of the article believe that this theory can better explain the foreign policy of the United States under Barack Obama presidency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - The Scope and Horizon of the Relations of Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey (2011-2021)
حسین یارمحمدیان Ali Omidi Shahrooz EbrahimiAbstract: The present article first describes the ups and down of relations of Iran and Turkey and it explains how Justice and Development Party’s gradual distancing from secular Kamalist military establishment led to expansion of diplomatic relations between Iran MoreAbstract: The present article first describes the ups and down of relations of Iran and Turkey and it explains how Justice and Development Party’s gradual distancing from secular Kamalist military establishment led to expansion of diplomatic relations between Iran and Turkey after 2002. Then the article focuses its attention on Arab uprising which led to a gulf between Iran and Turkey. The article by a descriptive-analytical method and by making use of the puzzle of security theory raises the question that “ what factors and issues leads to erosion of Iran and Turkey relations and how these factors act in coming future?” The hypothesis is that from geographical aspect both are affected by the fragile political situations in the Middle East and in particular in Iraq and Syria and therefore both the countries want to influence political and security developments in Fertile Crescent of Iraq and Syria. From identity point of view each country wants to expand its own values and ideology and direct the social and political groups related to themselves residing in strategic regions and in this way they want to play an active role in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - The Obstacles on the Process of State-building in Iraq
ahmad zarean saeid maadani mohammad bagher tajeddin Abstract: After the fall of Saddam in 2003 Iraqi people formed a new political structure based on democratic principles. In this development the Iraqi Shiites and Kurds played an active role while the Sunnis passively participated. There was an impression that More Abstract: After the fall of Saddam in 2003 Iraqi people formed a new political structure based on democratic principles. In this development the Iraqi Shiites and Kurds played an active role while the Sunnis passively participated. There was an impression that with the fall of one of the biggest dictator in history, Iraqi will experience peace and stability but on the contrary the country plunged into severe political and security crises which disrupted the process of democratic state building and created serious challenge to Iraqi government. The present paper by a heuristic method and by making use of library sources and interview wants to answer this question as to "what are the obstacles on the process of state building in Iraq?" The underlying hypothesis is that the social gap which has been activated due to ethno-religious and tribal habitation of the population in Iraqi geography along with lack of necessary grounds for democratization and outside interference have disrupted the process of state building. The finding of the study besides corroborating the hypothesis shows that the consensus democracy as a model of political system on the one hand leads to social division and on the other hand creates an inefficient political system which is an obstacle on the path of state building. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - A Comparative Study of the Impact of Developments of Syria and Iraq on Regional Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey
mohammadjavad fathi elham rasooli milad khosravinezhadAbstract: Nowadays regionalism is one of the requirements of active foreign policy. Keeping eyes on the developments in the peripheral region and their specific interest there guides the government to pursue suitable regional policies. Countries try to use their region MoreAbstract: Nowadays regionalism is one of the requirements of active foreign policy. Keeping eyes on the developments in the peripheral region and their specific interest there guides the government to pursue suitable regional policies. Countries try to use their regional role and available opportunities to further their international position. Iran and Turkey as two regional powers and having important place among the Middle East countries are seeking to increase their regional role. The development which started from 2011 in Syria and later in 2013 in Iraq had great impact on regional policies of Iran and Turkey. The question raised by the present article is “what has been the impact of Syria and Iraq on regional policy of Iran and Turkey?” the hypothesis is “ the regional development in the said period have provided common opportunities and challenges for both the country and have strengthen the geopolitical look of Iran and Turkey”. The article has used Copenhagen framework named regional security suite theory and has categorized the opportunities and challenges in three determinants; namely mutual security interdependence, pattern of friendship and enmity and cultural and race affinities. The finding of the study shows that political, ideological and economic opportunities and security, economic challenges have strengthened the regional policy of Iran and Turkey after the said regional developments. The methodology used in the paper is descriptive-analytical Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - The roots of the Iraq geopolitical crisis and the persistence of anti-geopolitical resistance
zohre heidari beni ezatollah ezati mohammadreza hafeznia haydar lotfiAfter founding of a new Iraq in the post-World War I age, geopolitical crises have been the main indicator of political dynamics in the country, which has been featured in the Kurdish anti-geopolitical process over the past decades. In this regard, the aim of this resea MoreAfter founding of a new Iraq in the post-World War I age, geopolitical crises have been the main indicator of political dynamics in the country, which has been featured in the Kurdish anti-geopolitical process over the past decades. In this regard, the aim of this research is answering this fundamental question that, what are the roots of geopolitical crises in Iraq and in particular, anti-geopolitical Kurds, and what factors have contributed to the continuation of this crisis? The findings of this study show that the geopolitics imposed by the great winners of the World War I, especially Britain, in shaping the post-World War I regional order, led to the formation and continuation of the geopolitical crisis in Iraq, and in particular the Kurdish anti-geopolitical resistance. On the other hand, the humanitarian intervention of the Security Council, and in particular the issuance of Security Council resolution 688, and ultimately the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, have led to the opening of the geopolitical blockade and the strengthening of the anti-geopolitical Kurdish resistance in Iraq. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the method of data collection is library and internet resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - The Sadrist Process and the emergence of Identity Backwardness on Iraq Resistance in both terms of Hard and Soft Dimensions
Abdolreza Alishahi Hossein Masoudnia Younes ForouzanIn this paper authors' aim to answer the question of why and how the Sadr Process, as an influential current in Iraq, has led to the emergence of divergence among the Shiites of Iraq in particular and the resistance front in general? The hypothesis of the article is tha MoreIn this paper authors' aim to answer the question of why and how the Sadr Process, as an influential current in Iraq, has led to the emergence of divergence among the Shiites of Iraq in particular and the resistance front in general? The hypothesis of the article is that the pragmatic approaches of the Sadr Process have led to the emergence of rebellion among the Shiites of Iraq and the resistance front in the region, and this problem is seen Resistance in both terms of hard and soft Dimensions. The findings of the paper, which are based on the theory of constructivism and behavioral theory of political activists, using the analytical-descriptive method and the use of written and virtual resources confirms that, in a hard dimension, the Sadr Process is interspersed with Saudi Arabia and a strategic coalition with the current Ayad Allawi, A secular Shiite and trusted America and Saudi Arabia and deep challenges with other Iraqi Shiite currents and in the soft dimension, by adopting retrograde positions towards the Islamic Republic of Iran, Syria, Saudi Shiites and Yemen, and the dual positions of the Shiite Iraqi authorities he is trying to create an independent Arab Shiite front Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - The relationship of the Turkish Justice and Development Party with the government of Iraqi Kurdistan From 2003 to 2018
Bashir Esmaeili Niloofar Hamdi Esmaeil ShafieeTurkey is one of the main factors in challenging the crises of district, It is necessary to analyze the policies Turkey makes in Iraq. Due to the dispersal of Kurdish ethnic groups in Turkey and the Kurds of neighboring countries we have witnessed different policies by MoreTurkey is one of the main factors in challenging the crises of district, It is necessary to analyze the policies Turkey makes in Iraq. Due to the dispersal of Kurdish ethnic groups in Turkey and the Kurds of neighboring countries we have witnessed different policies by the Turkish government in dealing with the Kurds .The main purpose of research is to analyze the relationship of Justice & Development Party in Turkey with the government of Iraqi Kurdistan.The Turkish Justice and Development Party has taken a turn in its foreign policy pursuing a policy of regional hegemony seeking to resolve domestic and regional issues and one of the most important issues in the region is the Kurdish question. The descriptive- analytical method was used in this research and library resources, papers and theses helped the analysis of this problem. The main question of the research is whether there is a relationship between the Justice and Development Party of Turkey and the Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government? Theoretical framework of research is aggressive realism to describe this research. Turkey tries to full fill the policies concurrently, develop its relationship with government of Kurdistan and extend it to the level of strategic relation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Investigating the causes of insecurity in Iraq based on the Haggett model and its impact on relations with Iran
Jahanbakhsh Moradi Nosratullah HeidariIraq is made up of borders that have been constantly shaken and faced with security challenges in less than a century since its formal and new formation. Acknowledging the positive and negative impact of geographical factors, in this study, the aim was to answer the que MoreIraq is made up of borders that have been constantly shaken and faced with security challenges in less than a century since its formal and new formation. Acknowledging the positive and negative impact of geographical factors, in this study, the aim was to answer the question: what role did geographical factors play in creating insecurity in Iraq and its impact on relations with Iran? In this regard, using the 12-point model of Peter Haggett, an attempt was made to answer the above question, and the research hypothesis was that almost all factors of insecurity in Iraq and the causes of stable and unstable tensions in relations with Iran have geographical and geopolitical nature and many of the factors of the Haggett model apply in this case. The result was that although the Shiites are currently in power in Iraq, the ongoing tensions in Iran-Iraq relations are largely geographical and geopolitical in nature that this issue multiplies the need for Iranian foreign policy makers to pay attention to these factors. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the required information and data have been collected based on the library and filing method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - The Reasons behind Iraq opposing against Syria Arabic Isolation
Mohammadreza dehshiri ali shamsabadiBy starting the Syrian crisis at the end of 2010, many Arab states such as Saudi Arabia and Qatar, instructed to politically isolate Syrian government. To do so, as the first step, they tried to eliminate Syrian government diplomatic presence in Arab entities which the MoreBy starting the Syrian crisis at the end of 2010, many Arab states such as Saudi Arabia and Qatar, instructed to politically isolate Syrian government. To do so, as the first step, they tried to eliminate Syrian government diplomatic presence in Arab entities which the most important is “Arab League”. Iraq in contrast has always by unilateral and Multi-lateral means tried to avoid this plan to go on. In this research we are trying to answer the main question: “Why after 2011, Iraq on a same diplomatic path, has tried to return Syria into Arab League?”. In order to figure out the best explanation for this Iraqi approach, based on descriptive-explanative research method, first we monitored news and statements trend during the last decade to describe the Iraqi policy in this regard; and second, based on library, media and think-tank sources, we explanting the causes behind taking that policy into action. Based on our findings, all Iraqi cabinets from 2010-2020, have sought to bring back Syria into Arab league for improving Iraq regional weight, improving relations with Syria, avoiding new asylum seeker crisis and counter extremist groups. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - The position of the political-spiritual approach of social capital in the victories of the era of holy defense
Nematullah hamrahi feredoun akbarzadeh Shiva Jalalpoor Hamed Mohagheghniawhich was enriched by emphasizing principles such as anti-tyranny and martyrdom of the Islamic Republic of Iran, played an important role against the invading forces. The war was a great test for the spirit of national resistance and patience. Based on this, the present Morewhich was enriched by emphasizing principles such as anti-tyranny and martyrdom of the Islamic Republic of Iran, played an important role against the invading forces. The war was a great test for the spirit of national resistance and patience. Based on this, the present study was written with the aim of evaluating the place of the political-spiritual approach of social capital in the victories of the holy defense period. The findings show: Iran's land has been attacked by enemies throughout its history, especially in the last two hundred years, and has lost parts of its strategic areas. But in the saga of eight years of holy defense, considering the charismatic leadership of Imam Khomeini (RA) and benefiting from religious teachings and revolutionary Shiism, martyrdom, the spirit of self-sacrifice and sacrifice in the path of God, the war fronts. They brought and the Iranian soldiers forced the aggressor to retreat and defeat the aggressor in an asymmetric war. One of the important indicators of this research, which makes it different from other researches, is the role of deep religious beliefs and spiritual power in the victories of Iranian fighters in the course of the developments of the Iraq-imposed war against Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Analyzing the challenges and opportunities affecting political development in Iraq
تکتم شهرستانی ALI SHIRKHANI ماشااله حیدرپورThe purpose of the current research is to analyze the challenges and opportunities affecting the political development in Iraq. The research method was descriptive-analytical and the results showed that the factors affecting the political development in Iraq, in the per MoreThe purpose of the current research is to analyze the challenges and opportunities affecting the political development in Iraq. The research method was descriptive-analytical and the results showed that the factors affecting the political development in Iraq, in the period from 1920 to 2002, were in two areas of challenges with indicators such as the structure of tradition, the weakness of civil society, etc.; And in the field of opportunities, it can be checked with indicators such as the presence of oil, geopolitical position, etc. Although the path of development in Iraq has never been smooth, but considering that no society can ever be observed in stagnation and stagnation, and relying on the fact that development is a long and time-consuming matter, we can see the future of Iraq in the realization of the path Political development was promising. Of course, this does not mean ignoring the potential and actual challenges and obstacles in this direction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Investigating the impact of the US presence in Iraq and the spread of insecurity In this country after the fall of Saddam
Ali Alhendavi Masoud Jafarinezhad Firas Abdul Karim Mohammed Ali Mohammad Reza Aghareb ParastThe main strategy of the United States to advance its goals in the early third millennium AD was preemptive attack and preventive war, in fact, the incident of September 11 belongs to those thoughts, programs, groups, and radical and radical political tendencies in the MoreThe main strategy of the United States to advance its goals in the early third millennium AD was preemptive attack and preventive war, in fact, the incident of September 11 belongs to those thoughts, programs, groups, and radical and radical political tendencies in the field of American foreign and defense policy that in Throughout the presidency of Bush Sr. and Clinton, they were in isolation, and during the period of Bush Sr., it was possible to appear and emerge, and it was transferred from the margins to the text of the foreign policy of the United States. The process of developments in Iraq after the American attack had greatly changed the political structure of Iraq. After Saddam, Iraq experienced a new era, one of the components of which was the spread of insecurity and terrorism in this country. In order to carry out this research, which has been written in a descriptive-analytical way, the following question has been raised: What are the security consequences of America's presence in Iraq after Saddam? In order to answer the question raised, this hypothesis has been presented that: the presence of America in Iraq caused the crisis and created insecurity . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - The Impact of Iraqi Kurdistan Geopolitics on Foreign Policy of the United States in Iraq (2003-2012)
Seyyed Jalal Dehghani Firouzabadi Khezr Khadiri VarikThe developments of the 2003 of Iraq have totally changed the political chessboard of this country as compared with the past. The United States with the aim of establishing a united secular central government implemented the first step of her policies but later it had t MoreThe developments of the 2003 of Iraq have totally changed the political chessboard of this country as compared with the past. The United States with the aim of establishing a united secular central government implemented the first step of her policies but later it had to change her approach and implemented the second step of her policies (pursuing objectives through Cohen’s entrances). In this direction the Kurds due to their geopolitical and geostrategic importance attracted the attention of the United States policy makers. The present article by a descriptive analytical method wants to answer this question that what has been the impact of Iraqi Kurdistan geopolitics after the fall of Saddam on the United States foreign policy towards Iraq? The finding of the study shows that the geopolitical features of Iraqi Kurdistan have facilitated the United States ability to influence Iraq’s policies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Problematic Federalism in Iraq (Text in Persian)
Ahmad Saei Jahanbakhsh MoradiSome of the political observers and researchers consider federalism as an effective way for solving the problem of establishment of nation-state in societies which have multiple ethnic، religious and race structure. Iraq، being a multi-ethnic and religious country، on t MoreSome of the political observers and researchers consider federalism as an effective way for solving the problem of establishment of nation-state in societies which have multiple ethnic، religious and race structure. Iraq، being a multi-ethnic and religious country، on the basis of article four of the provisional constitution and article one of the permanent constitution chose federalism as its form of government in post Saddam era. In spite of these provisions، there still exists a problematic condition about the future of federalism in Iraq and the reason is due to certain innovations and ambiguities in Iraqi constitution and also legal and political problems about federation in that country. The present article examines these ambiguities and innovations. The article also shows that Iraqis have not used the positive experience of other federal systems. There also exist practical problems like geographical-territorial conditions، the problem of contending discourse about the place of Kurdistan in Iraqi political system. The above problems had led to a shaky position for Iraqi federalism and thus federalism is facing several challenges and problems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - The Right of Religious Minorities in Constitution of Iran, Egypt and Iraq
Hojatolah EbrahimianThe presence of religious minorities and the kind of interaction of governments with them who are considered as one kind of the minorities is a point of attention for the governments from the old times. Iran, Egypt and Iraq have important place due to their long history MoreThe presence of religious minorities and the kind of interaction of governments with them who are considered as one kind of the minorities is a point of attention for the governments from the old times. Iran, Egypt and Iraq have important place due to their long history of existence. The presence of religious minorities in these three countries and study of their rights have attracted the attention of observers in the past and present. In Iran Zoroastrian, Jews and Christians are considered as religious minorities (article 13 of the constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran). In Egypt despite the presence of religious minorities like Shiites, Coptic Christians and Jews there is no mentioning of the name of any specific minorities in the constitution but article 40 of the constitution emphasizes that all Egyptian citizens without consideration of religion enjoy the general rights. In article two of the Iraqi constitution the religious minorities like Christians, Yezidis and Mandaeans Saebies are recognized. It is possible that the religious minorities in these three countries might enjoy special rights in their own political community but the present article focuses only on general rights of the religious minorities in these three countries with emphasis on civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. The comparative study of the constitution of these three countries in respect of general rights of religious minorities one can come to know about the commonalities and the distinctions of the rights of minorities in these three countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Iraqi Federalism and Iran’s National Security; Opportunities and Challenges
Mehdi Dehnavi Hossein TajabadiAbstract The US led coalition forces attack to Iraq on the pretext of WMD has turned this country's events into one of the main topics discussed by the experts in political and international issues. Based on the new Iraqi constitution, which was approved by Parliament MoreAbstract The US led coalition forces attack to Iraq on the pretext of WMD has turned this country's events into one of the main topics discussed by the experts in political and international issues. Based on the new Iraqi constitution, which was approved by Parliament and the majority of Iraqi people, the government was established as 'democratic, federal parliamentary republic'. This paper tries to answer the following question: what is the impact of the federal system in Iraq on Iran's national security? To answer this question, authors have used descriptive-analytical method . Compared to Iraq’s thereat, as a unitary state, for Iran’s national security (as was the case of the last Iran- Iraq war) or as a distorted country which paves the way for inference of trans regional powers in opposition to Iran’s national interests, it seems that the new Iraq federal system regardless of some challenges that may cause for neighbors including Iran, can be the best model for national security. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Reason for the Increase in Terrorist Attacks in Iraq after the Fall of Saddam
Morteza Baghian Zarchi Maryam Darabimanesh Rohollah AmiriOne of the important consequences of the United States invasion of Iraq and overthrow of Saddam have been the increasing insecurity and violence in Iraq. A violence which its clear manifestation can be seen in terrorist attacks-mostly in the shape of suicidal bombing. F MoreOne of the important consequences of the United States invasion of Iraq and overthrow of Saddam have been the increasing insecurity and violence in Iraq. A violence which its clear manifestation can be seen in terrorist attacks-mostly in the shape of suicidal bombing. From 2003 to 2008 these violent incidents and terrorist attacks have increased dramatically, in a way that its repercussion is still continuing. The aim of the present paper is answering this question that what are the domestic factors contributing to recurrence and increase of such terrorist attacks after the fall of Saddam. The underlying hypothesis which is discussed with a descriptive-analytical method in reply to the above question is that several historical, cultural, social and political factors play role in increase of terrorist attacks in Iraq. Within the framework of the above hypothesis and by making use of constructivist theoretical model, three important indexes namely political history of Iraq and Baath Party, ethnic and religious differences and the United States invasion of Iraq are examined and analyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - An Investigation of the Reasons for Conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia (The Case Study Conflicts in Iraq, Bahrain, and Yemen)
Ehsan Khazri Seyed Hamzeh Safavi Amin ParhizkarAbstract: Iran and Saudi Arabia are two prominent countries in the Islamic World. They play important role in the Middle East region’s developments. The present article examines the developments of the three countries of Iraq, Bahrain and Yemen as the sphere of i MoreAbstract: Iran and Saudi Arabia are two prominent countries in the Islamic World. They play important role in the Middle East region’s developments. The present article examines the developments of the three countries of Iraq, Bahrain and Yemen as the sphere of influence of Iran and Saudi Arabia to find out the root cause competition and rivalry between the two governments and give suggestion for solving the problem. The aim of the present study is to show that the nature of the conflict between the two countries has roots in ideological consideration which originates from the prevalence of contrasting ideological and value system which has led to wide gulf between Iran and Saudi Arabia and strained regional relations. It seems that any attempt to strengthen the grounds of cooperation and interaction and attenuating the tension between the two depends on change in semantic structure of the two governments and flexibility on both sides. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Sustainable Consumption Policy: Environmental Care Requirements in Human Resource Training Study in the Iraqi Ministry of Commerce
Mamoon Ali Ebrahim Saeid Sharifi Younis Mohammad Khizr al-Sabawi Mehrdad SadeghiPaying attention to professional human resources in the framework of administrative competencies based on sustainable development requires continuous training based on the needs and requirements that were considered within the framework of duties and performance aimed a MorePaying attention to professional human resources in the framework of administrative competencies based on sustainable development requires continuous training based on the needs and requirements that were considered within the framework of duties and performance aimed at the development goals for the organization, one of the important priorities of organizations commercial, especially in developing countries. Therefore, the present research was conducted cross-section and with the qualitative content analysis method, with the aim of investigating the requirements of environmental care in human resources training, emphasizing the sustainable consumption policy in the Ministry of Commerce of Iraq. The participants in the research up to the theoretical saturation of the data were 15 subject matter experts in the field of environmental sustainability who were selected in a purposeful method dependent on the criteria. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview, and the validity of the data was confirmed by an external audit. The results showed that increasing the knowledge of consumption and its political and executive antecedents is one of the main dimensions of environmental care requirements in human resources education with an emphasis on sustainable consumption through 9 main components including the development of education, consumer self-awareness, supportive policies, and sustainable incentives. , implementation of control policies, recognition of economic models, green management training, technological development and sustainable identification are known in the form of 57 sub-components. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - An Analysis of Didactic Ideas in Gisuderaz
Ali Akbar Afrasiabpour Hosein ArianDidactic literature in the Iraqi style is becoming one of the main teaching branches and it is worthwhile to study the didactic ideas of the poets of this style with a closer look. For describing this issue and answering the research question it is helpful to investigat MoreDidactic literature in the Iraqi style is becoming one of the main teaching branches and it is worthwhile to study the didactic ideas of the poets of this style with a closer look. For describing this issue and answering the research question it is helpful to investigate the didactic teachings of the poets of this style. Since this approach does not address the educational thought of Gisudraz, the authors in this study try to present the didactic trainings of Gisudraz in various realms by means of thematic analysis and citing first-hand sources; among these trainings are: protest against the adversities of existence, kindness and its significance in human's understanding, importance of the book and book-reading. These items have been expressed in simple and fluent language following Saadi. In fact, education and training are the influential themes in his poetry collection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - God and Forgiveness in Saadi poem calling
alireza ModareszadehAll Saadi experts, despite some criticisms, consider him as the great teacher of moral principles and the master of education. Therefore, his lofty status in the spread of moral principals is established in the Persian literature. Saadi has made use of any opportunity t MoreAll Saadi experts, despite some criticisms, consider him as the great teacher of moral principles and the master of education. Therefore, his lofty status in the spread of moral principals is established in the Persian literature. Saadi has made use of any opportunity to spread moral principals in his works. One of the priorities of moral principals is in his works is calling God and forgiveness. This concept is very obvious in the chapter of advising kings. Therefore, the present article is an attempt for investigating this artistic and moral device in Saadi's works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - Knowledge Level of Rice Farmers Regarding Cultivation Practices In Mahanawiyah district, AL-Qadisiya Province, Iraq
Bassim Kshash -
Open Access Article
120 - Investigating the Opportunities and Obstacles to Development in the Border Areas of Iran Using the SWOT Model Case study: Iran's border with the Kurdistan region of Iraq
Ali Mohseni Reza Fekri barkoosaraeiAbstractBefore and after the fall of the Ba'ath regime, the border region of Iran and Iraq was a low-security, security-rich region. In the course of this period, the economic situation in the border regions of the two countries was not well developed. But since 2003, a MoreAbstractBefore and after the fall of the Ba'ath regime, the border region of Iran and Iraq was a low-security, security-rich region. In the course of this period, the economic situation in the border regions of the two countries was not well developed. But since 2003, after the collapse of the Ba'athist regime and the rule of democracy in Iraq, the common borders of the two countries came out of a state of emergency and entered a new era, the most important feature of which is the economic prosperity of the border region of the two countries. A common border area between Iran and Iraq is the common border between Iran and the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Within the framework of democratic Iraq, the Kurdish region of Iraq became an autonomous entity in various fields, including economics. This has directly and independently linked this autonomous climate with neighboring countries, especially Iran. This has led to the rapid development of some of the border towns in Iran, egion. Therefore, this paper attempts to explore the opportunities and obstacles facing development in this region by using the SWOT model and present strategies for strengthening development in this region. In this regard, the main questions of the paper are as follows: What are the weaknesses, strengths, threats and opportunities facing the development of the border region of Iran with the Kurdistan region of Iraq? What strategies can be developed to improve the development situation in these areas? It is worth noting that this research was written in an analytical-descriptive manner. The data of this paper were obtained in a library and survey method and a questionnaire, and the analysis method was also performed through the SWOT model.Keywords: Development, Border Region, Iran, Iraqi Kurdistan Region, Strategic SWOT Model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Analyzing the human resources' cyberloafing in the health field of Iraq with a mixed approach
Karar Abdul Kazem Saeed Sharifi Amer Ellami Mehrda SdadeghiAbstract Background and purpose: Human resources' cyberloafing has been recognized as an important issue in today's world with the development of the use of communication tools. The purpose of this research is to analyze the components of human resources' cyberloafing MoreAbstract Background and purpose: Human resources' cyberloafing has been recognized as an important issue in today's world with the development of the use of communication tools. The purpose of this research is to analyze the components of human resources' cyberloafing in the health field of Iraq. Research method: The research method was conducted in two phases: qualitative (thematic analysis) and quantitative (survey). The research community in the first phase was all the published texts between 2013 and 2023, of which 250 works were examined as a sample and the validity of the research data was confirmed through an external audit. The statistical sample of the quantitative part was 156 employees of health organizations in Iraq who were selected based on Cochran's formula. Through the researcher-made questionnaire based on the first phase, the data of this section were collected. In the quantitative section, structural equation modeling and second-order confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data. Findings: The results of this section included 4 overarching themes including loitering behaviors, negative consequences of loitering, functions, and causes of loitering, 9 organizing themes, and 73 basic themes. Conclusion: One of the important issues that Iraqi health managers should pay attention to is the reduction of virtual roaming behaviors in order to reduce its negative consequences in the workplace. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - A Survey of Loyalty Strategies and Word of Mouth Communication to Customers of Sports Products (Case Study of Adidas Brand Customers in Iraq)
Farah Nouri Razi Al-Awadi Omid Behboodi Ahmad Sharbaf EidghahiThe purpose of this study was to investigate the loyalty strategies and Word of Mouth Communication of sports product customers (Adidas) in Iraq. The research method was applied with a descriptive purpose and descriptive-correlational manner. The statistical population MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the loyalty strategies and Word of Mouth Communication of sports product customers (Adidas) in Iraq. The research method was applied with a descriptive purpose and descriptive-correlational manner. The statistical population of the study was the customers of Adidas brand sports products in Iraq, which was unknown to the researcher. The sample size was 384 based on Cochran's formula for unknown communities. The sampling method was available non-randomly. The research tool was the standard questionnaire of Alguacil et al. (2021). To evaluate the instrument's validity, content validity (approval of professors and experts) and structure (factor loads) were used. Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability were used for instrument reliability, and finally, the validity and reliability of the instrument were confirmed. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data using smart pls software. The results showed that loyalty strategies (credibility, trust, attitude, and homogeneity) affect the loyalty and Word of Mouth communication of Adidas brand sports products in Iraqi customers. The effect of loyalty on customers' Word of Mouth communication was even confirmed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - A comparative study on the usability of national library websites at Iran, Iraq and Turkey
Sedigheh Mohammad-Esmaeil Somayyeh Kazemi-KoohbananiPurpose: The main purpose of this study is to do a comparative evaluation of Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq and Turkey National Library websites, based on important characteristics in usability of websites. Methodology: In this research, assessment of National Library MorePurpose: The main purpose of this study is to do a comparative evaluation of Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq and Turkey National Library websites, based on important characteristics in usability of websites. Methodology: In this research, assessment of National Library websites has been done using a checklist. The checklist includes 11 criteria and 160 components for reviewing and evaluating websites. Results: According to allocated grade to hypothetical website (with 100% confirmed criteria and components) equal 663 points, the Iran national library website with 594 points (88/5%) has been achieved first rank. Turkey with 485 points (70/5%) and Iraq with 330 points (46/2%) are second and third, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, some proposals have been offered to website designers and decision-makers of Iran National Library. Through recommended proposals in the checklist of Iran National Library website, the improvement of the usability of website and preservation of regional strategic position is possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - The Kurdish Stance on Political and Social Power Structure of the Region
Mirtayyeb Mussavi Aryanaz Sadat Mussavi -
Open Access Article
125 - A historical Review of British Role in Iran-Iraqi Dispute on the Shatt-al-Arab Waterway
Aliasghar Zargar -
Open Access Article
126 - Iraqi Shiites and Their Interaction with the Occupying Forces after the fall of Saddam
Zeinab Ssadat Mirmohammadi Nayereh Mirzababaei Samaneh Keshvardoost -
Open Access Article
127 - Historical Analysis of the Iraqi Shiites’ Status from the Era of Imam Ali (AS) until the fall of Saddam
Zeinab Sadat Mirmohammadi Samaneh Keshvardoost Nayereh Mirzababaei -
Open Access Article
128 - A comparative Study of Iranian and Turkish Cultural Diplomacy in Iraq (2003 to 2020)
پریسا پورعلی Mohammad Reza Dehshiri Mohamadreza Ghaedi -
Open Access Article
129 - The Capacities and Constraints of Using Myths in Novels of the Imposed War of Iraq against Iran
Mohammad Alijāni Mohammad ĀhiMyths have a close connection with the phenomenon of war. The war writers can create lasting literary works by using myths. By using descriptive and analytic method, the present article attempts to consider the capacities and constraints of using myths in novels of the MoreMyths have a close connection with the phenomenon of war. The war writers can create lasting literary works by using myths. By using descriptive and analytic method, the present article attempts to consider the capacities and constraints of using myths in novels of the Imposed War of Iraq against Iran. The authors of the article have focused on political, social, psychological and cultural problems of the imposed war of Iraq against Iran and have analyzed the contexts and constraints of using myths in the war novels. The results show that influence of the Islamic Revolution of Iran on the imposed war, the influence of the Revolution in applying myths, the influence of religion on recreation of myths, the resemblance of the styles of narration of the Islamic Revolution and the imposed war with styles of narration of Iranian myths (the opposition of good and evil) can be the sources of writers for creating lasting literary works. But, some writers have one-dimensional views and do not feel the need to know the ancient Iranian mythology and mythology of the other nations, so they cannot use myths in their works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Mystical Distress From Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi's Point of View
mohammadjavad shams majid farhanizadehThe present study examines the mystical concept of distress in the poems of Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi. The concept refers to the separation from God; it awakens the soul of man from forgetfulness, makes him/her eager to meet the Beloved and leads him/her to seek God. The mysti MoreThe present study examines the mystical concept of distress in the poems of Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi. The concept refers to the separation from God; it awakens the soul of man from forgetfulness, makes him/her eager to meet the Beloved and leads him/her to seek God. The mystical concept of distress is presented in Iraqi poetry in two different ways: First, in the form of an unpleasant and intense pain that is not never desired by the devotee and it is hard and sometimes impossible for him/her to bear it; but, in order to achieve spiritual development, she/he has to be patient until reaching God. The second manifests itself in a pleasant way, so that the lover desires it and considers it as a cure. With regard to the concept of distress, the present study examines the two concepts of nearness (gorb) and distance (bod) from an epistemological perspective. Also, by using descriptive-analytical method, an attempt is made to study the issue of distress in Iraqi intellectual system, and to resolve the contradiction on the issue of distress in his poetry divan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Reexamining Significant Myths in Maad Jabouri 's Poetry
Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi Ali Akbar ReisiThe employment of myth and traditional heritage is a significant aspect of modern Arabic poetry. Contemporary poets utilize myth to convey their intended ideas indirectly and by deviating from conventional language norms, enabling them to express their contemporary ex MoreThe employment of myth and traditional heritage is a significant aspect of modern Arabic poetry. Contemporary poets utilize myth to convey their intended ideas indirectly and by deviating from conventional language norms, enabling them to express their contemporary experiences. Maad Jabouri, a contemporary Iraqi poet, has also been influenced by mythological heritage to enhance his poetry and articulate his thoughts, representing the aspirations and concerns of the people of Iraq and the Arab world. The poet recognizes the delicate atmosphere of the era and endeavors to inform the Muslim nations so they can address these concerns. The authors of the present study, employing an analytical-descriptive method with the intention of expressing the poet's concerns in the political and social realms, aim to identify the most crucial semantic implications of myth in Maad Jabouri's poetry. The study's findings suggest that Jabouri, inspired by the mythological legacy, has employed diverse non-conventional myths to create meaning and accentuate the text. These myths illustrate the poet's desires, passions, and concerns in various ways. In Jabouri's poetry, all mythological characters embody political and social concerns and lament a shared suffering. Additionally, they yearn for Iraq's independence and political freedom, as well as the establishment of social justice within the country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Possibility, Phases and Purpose of Cognition Based on Perception of Beauty in Fakhr al-din Iraqi`s Epistemological System
Sārā Manoochehri Moghadam Mohammadrezā RikhtegarānIn Fakhr al-din Iraqi`s epistemological system, the pantheistic viewpoint of the creation of the universe is appeared in the form of adoration of the sensible beauties and as the Good`s manifestations. By using descriptive-analytic method, the present paper tries to mak MoreIn Fakhr al-din Iraqi`s epistemological system, the pantheistic viewpoint of the creation of the universe is appeared in the form of adoration of the sensible beauties and as the Good`s manifestations. By using descriptive-analytic method, the present paper tries to make an epistemological explanation to the perception of Beauty in the thoughts of Iraqi; so it first determines the rule of Beauty and then the phases and purpose of perceiving it in his thought. The research shows that according to Iraqi, the perception of the sensible beauty leads to recognizing of the Good in His manifestations. Divine providence causes man perceives the sensible beauties as the Good`s manifestations and the cognition ofHim begins; the context is provided for the Perfect Man and the spiritual journey (suluk), the attraction by God and the union are realized. According to Iraqi, the epistemological cognitive phases of the Good`s manifestations- which are equal to the phases of loving Him- and the existential transubstantiation are simultaneous. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - US,, Identity challenges and failed state in Iraq (2020-2003)
Behnam SarkheilThe great powers, such as the US, seek to advance their policies in the region, especially in key countries such as Iraq, by influencing the components of power. This is while the political situation after the formation of the new Iraq (2003-2020) has developed in such MoreThe great powers, such as the US, seek to advance their policies in the region, especially in key countries such as Iraq, by influencing the components of power. This is while the political situation after the formation of the new Iraq (2003-2020) has developed in such a way that the currents of identity have enjoyed a growing role and Challenges arising from identity rivalries have acted in a variety of forms such as state-building or even disrupting political stability. However, recognizing the role and position of identity currents and how to identify them in a situation where there is virtually no clear vision for a US presence in the region has become doubly important.The present article examines the role of identity currents in Iraq in a descriptive-analytical manner and in the framework of Rosena Chaos Theory and it answers the question, what strategy has the United States prioritized over the nation-state in Iraq, given the intermediate variables of identity currents? Hypothesis: The United States, understanding the growing role of identity movements, has sought to undermine existing structures in Iraq by shaping a set of identity challenges and creating socio-political irregularities. Paved the way for the realization of the model of a failed state and provided the conditions for the continuation of its interventions in Iraq. Findings: Utilizing soft power such as media and virtual tools to create political, economic, and social destabilization (such as riots and street protests) is part of the strategy of a failed state in Iraq. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - The role of public diplomacy in the growth and development of economic relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq(in the post-ISIS period 1400-1396)
Seyed Hamid Seyed Taghizadeh mahnaz goodarziTehran-Baghdad economic relations in the post-ISIS period, by some social and identity challenges Like Arab and non-Arab issues, Shiite-Sunni challenges in the Sunni regions, the existence of Iranophobic ideas, differences in economic lifestyle, vulnerability Has been e MoreTehran-Baghdad economic relations in the post-ISIS period, by some social and identity challenges Like Arab and non-Arab issues, Shiite-Sunni challenges in the Sunni regions, the existence of Iranophobic ideas, differences in economic lifestyle, vulnerability Has been encountered. Therefore, given the importance of Iraq among the economic partners of Iran, reducing these challenges is very important for maintaining and developing economic relations between Iran and Iraq. Meanwhile, public diplomacy, which plays an important role in reducing identity gaps with foreign audiences, has been used mainly by Tehran to strengthen political and cultural relations with Iraq. Therefore, this study sought to answer the question, "What role does public diplomacy play in the iran's economic relations with Iraq?"Findings show that regulating the public diplomacy of Iran towards Iraq, In proportion to the existing social and identity challenges in the path of bilateral economic cooperations, Will have a positive impact on maintaining and developing bilateral interactions in this area. Accordingly, the preservation and development of Tehran-Baghdad economic relations by reducing different ideas and subsequently strengthening the common economic, cultural and political identity, by influencing the identity of the elites and the economic system of Iraq, Managing different business ethics and influencing the tastes of Iraqi consumers, reducing the effects of ethnic, religious and historical challenges on economic interactions, reducing the consequences of Iranophobia of rival countries on economic and trade activities, is including the results of public diplomacy to development of economic relations.This research is a qualitative research and the research method is descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - Comparative study of Iranian and Turkish cultural diplomacy in Iraq (2003 to 2020)
parisa pourali mohammadreza dehshiri mohammadreza ghaedi hasan khodaverdiIran and Turkey, as two influential powers in the developments in the Middle East, are trying to advance their cultural diplomacy in Iraq according to the nature of their government, goals and aspirations. The main question of the research is what are the effective char MoreIran and Turkey, as two influential powers in the developments in the Middle East, are trying to advance their cultural diplomacy in Iraq according to the nature of their government, goals and aspirations. The main question of the research is what are the effective characteristics of the cultural diplomacy of Iran and Turkey in Iraq in the years 2003 to 2020? The hypothesis is that Iranian cultural diplomacy in Iraq after 2003 has been proposed with the approach of Shiism, the axis of resistance and urban Iran as opposed to Turkish cultural diplomacy with the approach of Turkish nationalism and neo-Ottomanism. On this basis, each of these governments is trying to exert influence in Iraq with the approach of soft power and cultural diplomacy. In this way, Iran and Turkey have different conditions, opportunities, threats and tools to advance their cultural diplomacy. The research findings indicate that Iran is in a better position than Turkey in terms of conditions, opportunities and tools but the focus on Shiism and the issue of resistance in Iraq has led to little attention paid to other features of cultural diplomacy. In contrast, Turkey, with its utilitarian and opportunistic approach, has been able to make the most of it from tools such as Kurdish language and literature, media diplomacy, tourism development, scientific and educational topics, etc. through careful planning and gained more influence in Iraq. Data analysis was done by descriptive-analytical method and data collection was done by library method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - Implikimet e sigurisë të pavarësisë së rajonit të Kurdistanit të Irakut në zonat kufitare perëndimore të vendit
hannaneh darashti alireza najafiThe national security of any country is a function of the set of internal developments and movements of the security environment of that country. The issue of the Kurds and the events related to them is one of the most important political issues in the Middle East. The MoreThe national security of any country is a function of the set of internal developments and movements of the security environment of that country. The issue of the Kurds and the events related to them is one of the most important political issues in the Middle East. The main problem of the researcher in this research is that what are the most effective scenarios of the security consequences of the Iraqi Kurdistan region on the western border regions of the country for a period of 5 years. Accordingly, the main goal of this research is to design the scenarios of the security consequences of the Iraqi Kurdistan region on the western border regions. It is the country. . The result of the evaluation of the eight designed scenarios shows that Kurdistan, on the part of the world powers, raises the tension between the countries with Kurdish minority and the integration between the Kurdish minority in the neighboring countries, the best situation for declaring and implementing the independence of Iraqi Kurdistan and for the security of the west of the country is dangerous and the scenario that is opposite to this scenario It is possible (non-recognition by world powers, alignment of countries with Kurdish minority and differences among Kurds in the region) is the best scenario that indicates the lack of independence of Kurds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Iraqi Fili Kurds and Soft Diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Ali Reza Zargar Ali MolaeeThe purpose of this study is to identify the sources of soft diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran among the Iraqi Fili Kurds. Soft diplomacy or cultural diplomacy today as a powerful and effective tool for relations between governments and nations with the main goa MoreThe purpose of this study is to identify the sources of soft diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran among the Iraqi Fili Kurds. Soft diplomacy or cultural diplomacy today as a powerful and effective tool for relations between governments and nations with the main goal of providing a clear and justified view of the value culture and behavior of an actor for various players in the international arena, including governments, international government agencies. And NGOs are civil society institutions and public opinion that pave the way for improving the level of relations between governments and creating international peace and stability. This is important for Islamic Iran, it requires recognizing and using its software resources in countries according to the cultural, political and social contexts of each target community. Among these assets in Iraq are the Fili Kurds. The fact that the Fili Kurds are Iranians and the existence of Iranian tendencies among them has caused them to always be influenced by the developments in Iran. This people has a high potential to ensure national interests and increase Iran's soft power. The research method is historical-qualitative (thematic analysis) and its statistical population includes first-hand documents and historical sources, as well as interviews with knowledgeable people or knowledgeable gatekeepers. The sampling method was purposeful. The results show that Fili Kurds share with Iran in the context of cultural diplomacy such as: historical and civilizational background, historical-cultural coexistence, religion, religion, culture, customs and the third, holding the Arbaeen Hosseini ceremony, Persian language, Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - American military invasion of Iraq and its impact on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Mohammad SohrabiAbstract: America's invasion and occupation of Iraq in March 2003 that led to the fall of the Baathist regime was the beginning of a new era in relations between Iran and Iraq. The collapse of Saddam's regime, created a unique opportunity for the Islamic Republic to exp MoreAbstract: America's invasion and occupation of Iraq in March 2003 that led to the fall of the Baathist regime was the beginning of a new era in relations between Iran and Iraq. The collapse of Saddam's regime, created a unique opportunity for the Islamic Republic to expand political and cultural power in Iraq. Although this occupation weaken Iraq and the elimination of direct threats of serious national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran, but the continued presence of trans-regional powers, internal instability in Iraq, the uncertain future of northern Iraq and increasing regional role of Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and other countries. region and more important than all this continued bumpy device foreign policy we compared to other regional competitors, threats to the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran increased so as to increase the role of regional, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Israel the recent military alliance between the two countries, Israel has allowed itself in terms of geography Close to Iran and the presence in northern Iraq to counter Iran closer to your goals. In this paper, factors and elements affecting national security after the occupation of Iraq has been analyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - ISIS and Creation of Balance of Threat in Iran-Iraq Relations
Abdolmajid Seifi Naser PourhassanAbstract: Iran's relation with its western neighbor is one of the most unusual in the history of foreign relations in international Relations. This relation has included long-term dispute periods and short-term period of peace and coexistence in recent centuries. From 1 MoreAbstract: Iran's relation with its western neighbor is one of the most unusual in the history of foreign relations in international Relations. This relation has included long-term dispute periods and short-term period of peace and coexistence in recent centuries. From 1958 to 2003, there were many severe disputes between two countries that led to eight-year war between them. After escalation the war in Syria and Neo salafist groups’ arrival in this country, most of the Syria’s neighbors are also involved in this crisis. Among these neighbors, Iraq is confronted with a crucial situation. The invasion of Neo salafist groups, especially Islamic State in Iraq and Sham (ISIS), to Iraq due to a crucial condition for both Iraq and Iran. Therefore, the expansion of ISIS presence results in creating a common threat for these neighbors and encourages them to create the balance of threat. This article aims to investigate the impact of ISIS’ expansion to Iraq on creating a balance of Threat in Iraq-Iran relations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Foreign Policy of the U.S. and Iraqi Kurds
Manochar Jofreh Auob Mennati Mohammad RahguiAbstract This survey will analyze the U. S. foreign policy toward Iraqi Kurds in political changes in the Middle East region. Military attendance of the U.S. military forces in the north of Iraq, whether in father Bosh time or in Iraq occupation’s time by the son MoreAbstract This survey will analyze the U. S. foreign policy toward Iraqi Kurds in political changes in the Middle East region. Military attendance of the U.S. military forces in the north of Iraq, whether in father Bosh time or in Iraq occupation’s time by the son of Bosh simultaneously lead in increase the role of kurds in power changes in this country. The Kurdish people have influenced in this region to the extent that they play the mediator and determiner’s roles between Iraqi Shiites and Sunnites who are two power elements in the government and the foreign policy of the U. S. could not reach to this condition without their cooperation. For understanding to realize the American foreign policy in Iraq it seems that we should know about ethnical changes and Iraq itself is essential Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Obama’s Foreign Policy in the West of Asia and North Africa Until 2015
Mohammadjafar Javadi Arjmand Amin Parhizkar Ehsan KhezriAbstract Although Most of Critics of Barack Obama‘s Regional strategy believe that Obama lacking a strategy point of view. This reasoning looks completely wrong. When Obama sat on presidential seat he believed that high volume reduction of military commitments and MoreAbstract Although Most of Critics of Barack Obama‘s Regional strategy believe that Obama lacking a strategy point of view. This reasoning looks completely wrong. When Obama sat on presidential seat he believed that high volume reduction of military commitments and political investment in Middle East is one of the vital and important profits of United States. Engrossing of Iraq and also widespread war against terrorism has faced United States lots of problems, particularly in time of recession. Adjusting presence of United States in this region was not only limited to reduction of its physical appearance in Middle East, but also it includes restraint policy, as Syria, Libya and Yemen has proved that. It means United States take steps back in conflicts of region and give more safety to its allies for more responsibility they take. This study show that Obamas has followed this policy, continuously and he resists strongly against efforts is made to stop this policy. Although it is not in favour of everyone in Washington, but it is a clear and comprehensive strategy which has made Obama to take serious proceedings for issues he thought they are important just as national security; the issues such as Iran nuclear program, Palestine-Israel conflicts, Iraq war and specially recent changes in Region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - The Future of Iraq and Its Related Scenarios (2010 - 2020)
Malektaj Khosravi Khosravi Ehsan Khosbani YazdaniSince the Second World War up to now and in contemporary political history, Iraq was one of the most challenging countries in south west Asia (Middle East). Unmistakable, determinant and important role of Iraq in political conditions in geopolitics of the region is one MoreSince the Second World War up to now and in contemporary political history, Iraq was one of the most challenging countries in south west Asia (Middle East). Unmistakable, determinant and important role of Iraq in political conditions in geopolitics of the region is one of the main reasons of these challenges. Like the past, Iraq has the key and determinant role in the current developments of the region. This role will lead to interest and actions conflict among different regional and international powers in this supersensitive region. The main objective of this research is the future of Iraq with respect to political and security conditions of this country. In the context of secondary objectives we can refer to influence of internal, regional and international actors in Iraq’s current developments, predicting territorial future of Iraq and feasibility study of Iraq’s disintegration. Researcher based on the future studies, with respect to the type of current trends and also through the game theory, surveyed the subject. Within analyzing the subject, the role of different actors and alter ant factors in geopolitical scene of Iraq and its impacts on the future and territorial integrity of Iraq is surveyed. Finally after planning probable scenarios about disintegration or non-disintegration of Iraq through the next decade, the future of this country is anticipated as follows: 1- Iraq disintegration scenario 2- Iraq civil war scenario3- democratic and square distribution of power scenario. At last, the position of actors in respect to mentioned scenarios, before and after ISIS outbreak in Iraq as well as determinant factors of actors’ role in Geopolitical scene of Iraq are surveyed. And finally the result of this research is that: disintegration of Iraq through the next decade is not possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Sinusoidal Relation between Iran and Britain after the Islamic Revolution
Jahanbakhsh Mohebbimia Alireza Amini Hasan SanatiAfter the Islamic revolution, relations between Iran and the UK have unique constraints which mainly were because of the lack of acceptance of new facts by the British after the revolution.In contrast to this view of the analysis, it can be noted in relation to Iran.Sin MoreAfter the Islamic revolution, relations between Iran and the UK have unique constraints which mainly were because of the lack of acceptance of new facts by the British after the revolution.In contrast to this view of the analysis, it can be noted in relation to Iran.Since the advent of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the region and internationally was not in interests of the British andIran had the capacity to influence the avarice of England, this country always been its endeavor to weaken or intensify pressure on Iran, and this procedure is unfriendly to continue.The most important are the British government plans to support Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war, Salman Rushdi issue,European Union accord and pioneer of the American and British governments in actions against Iran in the UN Security Council andcatapult the legitimate rights of the Iranian people to access peaceful nuclear technology.This paper attempts to examine the rise and fall of relations between Iran and England after the Islamic Revolution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Anatomy of Political Parties and Groups in Iraq and Their Impacts on the Relations between Iran and Iraq
Mohammad Sohrabi Amrollah Ashrafi Morteza KarimiAbstract The main aim of this paper is to examine the most important and influential cultural-political parties and groups in Iraq. Iraq is a country that has historically suffered from ethnic diversity and always have been met dominated by one ethnicity or religion, A MoreAbstract The main aim of this paper is to examine the most important and influential cultural-political parties and groups in Iraq. Iraq is a country that has historically suffered from ethnic diversity and always have been met dominated by one ethnicity or religion, Arabs or Kurds, or Sunnis and Shiites. These parties have played important roles in foreign policy, especially in relation to Iran and drawn. Shiites and Kurds in Baghdad's power structure, remove the Baathist regime vengeful, Changing approach from "Arabia- Sunni" to "Arabia-Kurdish-Shia" in Iraqi politics, emerging opportunities in the country in the national interest of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The question now is this cultural and political groups in the Iraqi political scene today that has the greatest impact on the state and the country domestic and foreign policy, what are they? Which of these trends will have the greatest impact on relations between Iran and Iraq and in order to align Iraqi foreign policy and regional politics with Iran? Authors assumed on that Shiite and Kurdish groups have most influence on the Iraqi government and foreign and internal policy, these political and cultural currents, constitute the majority in the country and have had the greatest impact on relations between Iraq and Iran. Coalition of these two groups involved with ISIS and other Sunni Arab neighbours would be the strongest factor in Iraq's foreign policy and regional alignment. The exclusion of any of the parties to the irreversible consequences will follow. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - Analysis of the Factors in the Emergence and Rapid Growth of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
Kamran TaremiSince 2010 the organization called the Islamic State has emerged as the most dangerous terrorist outfit in the Middle East. This article examines the factors that have interacted to shape the organization since it appearance in 2003. It also discusses the internal facto MoreSince 2010 the organization called the Islamic State has emerged as the most dangerous terrorist outfit in the Middle East. This article examines the factors that have interacted to shape the organization since it appearance in 2003. It also discusses the internal factors that have contributed to the organization's success in the region. It argues that factors such as the spread of Salafi and jihadi thought among the Sunnis in the Muslim world, big power intervention in the area, and the so-called Islamic awakening have been the most prominent reasons behind the rise of Islamic State. It also contends that the organization owes its success to the popularity of its message among the Sunnis, its military prowess, good governance, and efficient utilization of its financial resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - The Role of Ayatollah Sistani in Iraq State-building Process after the Fall of Saddam
Arsalan horbani Saeed Bashiri Javad AlizadehIraq socially textured mosaic of ethnic groups in numerous sectarian. Three demographic and Political nature of the country always has potential areas of tension and separation. America and its allies attack and the fall of Saddam's regime, released the fundamental forc MoreIraq socially textured mosaic of ethnic groups in numerous sectarian. Three demographic and Political nature of the country always has potential areas of tension and separation. America and its allies attack and the fall of Saddam's regime, released the fundamental forces in the north and south of Iraq, who were repressed for many years and provide them an opportunity to gain a greater share of power in Baghdad's government. Shia ‘a, Sunni and Kurdish are three main ethno-sectarian groups with different interests in Iraq. What matters over the role of the Shia’s in the process of state-building in Iraq is that the Shi’a in the past decades due to various reasons was out of power. The fall of Saddam's government caused that the role of Shia’s authority role as an active political force and actor, being increasingly discussed. This study sought to examine the role of the Shia’s authority in Iraq's state-building process with an emphasis on strengthening the rule of Shia’s Ayatollah Sistani’s thought. According to the structures of ethnic, tribal and religious in today's Iraq policy, it seems that legal and political positions of today authority about the role of supervision, guidance and actors in the political system, has an important influence on political and social developments and state-building process by strengthening Shia’s rule in today Iraq. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - Iraqi Border Disputes with Its Neighbors Based on the Second Persian Gulf War
Mahmood Seyyed Fatemeh ZareAbstract The second Persian Gulf war can be called the first great international crisis after the cold war, which occurred in a sensitive and strategic area between a huge number of international celebrities and Iraq that was invading Kuwait's land. T MoreAbstract The second Persian Gulf war can be called the first great international crisis after the cold war, which occurred in a sensitive and strategic area between a huge number of international celebrities and Iraq that was invading Kuwait's land. The borderline disagreements between Persian Gulf countries comes from countries' fights over the borders and it is considered as strategic developmental and significant goals for Iraq, Kuwait and Khouzestan in Iran. After failure at Khouzestan's experience and its union to Iraq, it was natural for Iraq to go forward to conquer its second goal which was Kuwait. After Iran-Iraq war's cease-fire big concerns surrendered Kuwait and other Persian Gulf countries about developmental politics. Iraq's military powers and having the world's fourth powerful army, financial problems with Arabic countries and Saddam's threats, were the problems which had made the Persian gulf area insecure in that era. On the other hand, the world that had known the Persian Gulf’s area as the heart of world's energy after the cold war, was seeking to determine the destiny of the world's power in this war. The US, after the loss of an equivalent competitor like the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was trying to prove its new role as new world order in a world that claims to form around only one superpower. The second Persian Gulf war was an ideal chance for America to not only improve its position toward its economic competitors like European Union and Japan, but also to harness the international changes, and as the guardian of Arabic countries that produce oil, from then be able to control the heart beats of world's power and economy and at the end can rise as the world's superpower with no competitor after the second Persian Gulf war. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Contexts of US Changing position in post-Cold War: From a historical sociological perspective
Mehdi Zibaei Shahla NajafiAfter the collapse of the Soviet Union and the success of the United States International Coalition outside Iraq's expulsion from Kuwait in the 1990s, the groundwork was laid for the formation of a US-led unipolar system in the international arena. In this regard, the t MoreAfter the collapse of the Soviet Union and the success of the United States International Coalition outside Iraq's expulsion from Kuwait in the 1990s, the groundwork was laid for the formation of a US-led unipolar system in the international arena. In this regard, the then President of the United States of America George Herbert Walker Bush (1988-1992) in a speech used the term "New World Order" to indicate the beginning of a new chapter in political relations based on American supremacy in the international arena, including It was a sentence. Had. However, the emergence of China as an emerging power and the non-implementation of its regional policies in the Middle East over the last two decades is an inadequate indication of US power over the desired order. Now the question is, what have been the factors underlying the decline of the US government over the last three decades? The analysis of historical facts shows a set of results of the development of the neoliberal economy worldwide (deepening poverty in the region), international environmental developments (unexpected results of the globalization process), incorrect goals (biased support for Israel), miscalculations. The invasion of Iraq, etc., which sometimes dates back to before the end of the Cold War, has weakened the US position in the international arena in general and in appearance in particular. In the light of the theory of historical sociology of international relations, the present intends to examine the change in US regional writing over the past few decades. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - The jurisprudential nature of the requirements of the second step statement of the revolution
Mahdieh Yousefi majid vaziri Yaghoti YaghotiForty years after the establishment of the Islamic Republic in Iran, the System L ead er as the highest authority in the country, Based on fears and hopes of following the right and wrong path in the past and present, Issued the “ Dec MoreForty years after the establishment of the Islamic Republic in Iran, the System L ead er as the highest authority in the country, Based on fears and hopes of following the right and wrong path in the past and present, Issued the “ Declaration of the Second Step of the Re volution ” . Researching about the c onsideration of the Declaration as Normative Ethics or Shari'a Rulings or Mandatory or Guiding O rders, and generally explain the relationship between the Declaration and “ governmental jurisprudence ” or “ jurisprudential government ” , has provided a broad research platform for jurisprudential and legal researchers. The Declaration contains sentences and phrases about justice, the fight against corruption, the resistance economy, independence, freedom, national dignity, and the like, which was mainly associated with the “should be” and “should not be” and its mandatory aspect is clear and obvious. The present article has tried to examine the type of requirements of the Declaration from a jurisprudential perspective and concluded that due to the variety of Declaration Requirements, we cannot list all of them in one legal entity . Although some of them can be included under the mandatory Orders , but many of them are Shari'a rulings and Rational Independents that the Supreme Leader has encouraged the nation and the authorities to implement them Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Afforestation of the Biosphere Reserve of Iraq with Norway Spruce (Picea abies) and Austrian Pine (Pinus nigra) Seedlings: a Quantitative and Qualitative Study
Kuanysh Syman Ammar Dham Hussein S.H. Ridha Ahmed Hazem Salem Hayder Abdullah Talib Sarah Jaafar Saadoon Abdulbary Amin Mahuop Ahmed -
Open Access Article
151 - Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Its Effect on the Levels of Dopamine and Adrenaline in Humans
Zahraa K. Mijbel Hussain A. Mhouse Alsaady -
Open Access Article
152 - Assesment of Antimicrobial Resistance Modes in Children with Pyelonephritis
Hulal Saleh Sahib Falah Mahdi Al-Khafaji Ahmed Ali Obaid -
Open Access Article
153 - A Comparative Study of the Evolution of the Concept of Power in Iran's Regional Politics in the Age of Globalization with Emphasis on Iraq, Yemen and Syria (2013-2009)
Reza Aliakbar pour Garineh Keshishyan SirakiSince cultural characteristics, ideological approaches, geography and religious beliefs are among the factors that determine Iran's position in the regional arena, Iran, according to the national and Islamic tradition as a revolutionary actor, By emphasizing Iran's majo MoreSince cultural characteristics, ideological approaches, geography and religious beliefs are among the factors that determine Iran's position in the regional arena, Iran, according to the national and Islamic tradition as a revolutionary actor, By emphasizing Iran's major role in the Islamic world, they emphasize the position of regional power in Iran. Now, according to the conditions and requirements of globalization; The question addressed in this article is what effect has the evolution of the concept of power due to globalization had on the nature of the regional politics of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the three countries of Iraq, Yemen and Syria? In response, in a comparative reaserch it seems that with the evolution of the concept of power from hard power to soft power and then smart power in the age of globalization, the nature of regional politics of the Islamic Republic of Iran also seeks to combine soft power cooperatively with hard politics asymmetric balance of power. Has changed. In this regard, it can be emphasized that the formation of Shiite groups throughout the Middle East, which is influenced by the principle of exporting the revolution and the model of Islamic government, is supported by the tactics of intelligent power and cultural diplomacy of Iran. The purpose of writing this article is to a comparative study the evolution of the concept of power in Iran's regional politics with emphasis on Iraq, Yemen and Syria from 2013 till 2019. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - Review of the regional security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 13901400
Fazlollah Rezvantalab hojjatollah darvishpour محمد علی خسرویIn this article, according to the special and strategic geo-economic conditions of Southwest Asia and the Middle East, the regional security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which have always played a decisive and influential role in the security arrangements o MoreIn this article, according to the special and strategic geo-economic conditions of Southwest Asia and the Middle East, the regional security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which have always played a decisive and influential role in the security arrangements of this region, have been investigated. This research aims to explain and understand Iran's regional security policies in 1390-1400 AH, which can be a basis for determining the country's security policies against security threats in the region and addressing the question that Iran's regional security policies In this decade, according to the environmental threats, what principles have been established? has investigated the issue, and in this regard, this hypothesis is proposed that Iran's policies are focused on the main areas of strengthening and supporting the resistance front and expanding all-round relations with neighboring countries and trying to reduce the presence and influence of the United States in the region. Bari Buzan region has benefited. In order to collect data, library documents and existing books and using news and analytical websites have been used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - The Cultural Policies in Iraq and Iran: A Study on Rez§ Sh§h and Malek Faisal Reigns
Mustafa Ayed Abd Alghazali Hadi VakiliIn the 20th century, many cultural and social changes were made in Iraq and Iran in the direction of modernization and development. Modernization and reformations that were discussed in two countries intensified during the reign of Malek Faisal bin Hossein (1300-1312) a MoreIn the 20th century, many cultural and social changes were made in Iraq and Iran in the direction of modernization and development. Modernization and reformations that were discussed in two countries intensified during the reign of Malek Faisal bin Hossein (1300-1312) and Reza Shah (1304-1320). The current research examines and compares the cultural reforms in Iraq and Iran during the reign of King Faisal and Reza Shah, and also to evaluate the level of those reforms and their commonalities and differences in two countries. This research results show that the most important shared aspects of modernization in Iraq and Iran were first the reforms in the field of education at the primary level and then paying attention to the necessity of social active language. The most important difference was based on preserving the religious and indigenous aspects of cultural fields such as education, associations and clothing in Iraq, while in Iran the religious and indigenous aspects of cultural fields were severely weakened and marginalized under the influence of Western modernism and antiquarianism. Also, the level of cultural changes in Iran was much wider than in Iraq. Manuscript profile
Sanad
Sanad is a platform for managing Azad University publications
Links
Related Centers
Technical Support
Official pages
The rights to this website are owned by the Raimag Press Management System.
Copyright © 2021-2024