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Open Access Article
1 - Environmental Challenges of Waste in International Law
زینب پورخاقان شاهرضایی Zahra sadat HosseiniToday, environmental risks caused by the mismanagement of waste are recognized as a fundamental issue worldwide. With the rapid advancement of technology, waste and its management have emerged as crucial topics in the field of international environmental laws. These law MoreToday, environmental risks caused by the mismanagement of waste are recognized as a fundamental issue worldwide. With the rapid advancement of technology, waste and its management have emerged as crucial topics in the field of international environmental laws. These laws go beyond the protection of nature and the environment; rather, they constitute a comprehensive framework of norms, institutions, and methods specifically crafted for waste management, taking into account diverse global dimensions. This study uses an analytical-descriptive method to explore the environmental challenges associated with waste in international law. The research methodology is library-based, relying on the review of existing studies, international laws, and regulations about waste. The research findings emphasize that pollution resulting from waste is a primary global concern, leading to the approval of numerous international documents addressing environmental challenges posed by waste at both domestic and international levels. These documents establish environmental responsibilities for governments. Additionally, the advancement of technology and increase in the production of electronic wastes have introduced new challenges in environmental protection for countries, with recycling standing out as a crucial factor in waste management. The issue of waste is not limited to the internal laws and policies of individual countries; it necessitates global cooperation. It is recommended that relevant organizations take proactive measures to establish a unified procedure in waste management, backed by robust executive guarantees. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Potential measurement of waste and cellulosic waste recycling in Tehran
Kazem Roghani Shahrzad Khoramnejhadian Samira Ghiasi ali dehghan banadakiIntroduction: Various sections of the urban ecosystem in Tehran produce waste containing lignin. This type of waste is either incinerated or transferred to landfill sites. This research examines the amount of wooden waste generated in different sectors of Tehran. Green MoreIntroduction: Various sections of the urban ecosystem in Tehran produce waste containing lignin. This type of waste is either incinerated or transferred to landfill sites. This research examines the amount of wooden waste generated in different sectors of Tehran. Green spaces, tree pruning, fruit crates in fruit markets, and used wooden furniture are the primary sources of waste production based on wood. The objective of this study is to estimate the amount of wooden waste in Tehran and determine its resource allocation. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the amount of wooden waste entering 22 districts and the hay markets in the year 1400 has been investigated. The relevant information was obtained through field visits, 100 questionnaires in each region, and sampling of abandoned waste and waste processing stations. Questionnaires were distributed in the 22 districts of Tehran city. The results from the questionnaires and the physical analysis of wooden waste were utilized as primary data for analyzing the status of wooden waste in Tehran. Results and Discussion: The results show that 79% of the volume of wooden waste in Tehran is attributed to tree pruning and branches. The production of wooden waste is seasonal, with the highest amount produced in late winter, particularly in February. The majority of wooden waste production is related to branches, tree pruning, and bulky waste in the month of Esfand (February/March). Districts 4 and 5 have the highest amount of household pruning waste, while District 9 has the lowest. About 29% of the wooden waste consists of bulky items such as furniture and cabinets, and only 1% is allocated to green space waste. Conclusion: The conducted investigations have revealed that wooden wastes constitute a significant portion of Tehran's municipal waste. Result shown that the highest amount of wooden waste is generated by furniture manufacturers. Pruning waste is seasonal, with consistently moderate levels in all seasons. It is recommended that solutions for organizing and recovering these wastes be proposed to better manage the substantial volume of wooden waste in Tehran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - The Effectiveness of Waste Segregation Training on the Environmental Attitude of Female Members of Isfahan Municipality Cultural Centers
محمد علی نادی Hamid Reza RezvaniThe rapid population growth, urbanization, continuous economic development, industrialization, and increased well-being of people have led to a rise in the production of municipal solid waste. One effective approach to promote recycling in waste management is to educate MoreThe rapid population growth, urbanization, continuous economic development, industrialization, and increased well-being of people have led to a rise in the production of municipal solid waste. One effective approach to promote recycling in waste management is to educate individuals on waste separation at its source. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of waste segregation training on the environmental attitudes of female members of Isfahan Municipality Cultural Centers. This study is practical in its purpose and follows a two-stage exploratory research design, utilizing a mixed-methods approach (qualitative and quantitative). The first stage involved qualitative research, where a waste segregation training package was developed based on thematic analysis. The second stage was quantitative, aiming to determine the effectiveness of the waste segregation training. In the quantitative phase, a semi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design was conducted. Sixty female members of cultural centers in Isfahan city were selected and assigned to experimental and control groups. Data analysis was performed using SPSS23 software. The results revealed a significant difference in the environmental attitude variable between the control and experimental groups in both the post-test and follow-up phases (p < 0.001). The average environmental attitude scores in both the post-test and follow-up stages were higher in the experimental group than the control group. Considering the study's findings and the importance of waste management, we recommend that the government and high-level officials provide financial support for environmental training programs in society. Environmental education, particularly waste separation education, supports environmental preservation and leads to substantial savings in energy consumption. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Environmental Accounting with Emphasis on Solid Waste Management
Rezvan Hejazi Kimiya EslamiMain goal is following to identify indicators for calculation of environmental expenditures in waste area, with review effective factors to creation pollution and prevention of pollution ways. Such that calculating environmental expenditures and render financial reporti MoreMain goal is following to identify indicators for calculation of environmental expenditures in waste area, with review effective factors to creation pollution and prevention of pollution ways. Such that calculating environmental expenditures and render financial reporting to users. At this research, first classification creation pollution methods and human correlate with this and then distributed questionnaires among decision makers (municipal executives and citizens) and specialist (accountant and specialists of environmental) than by analyzing they and by SPSS could be identify environmental indicators. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - The potential of compost-based organic nano-adsorbent (Compost/Fe3O4NPs) for contaminated soil remediation
laleh Ghafghazi Lobat Taghavi Behnam Rasekh Hadi Farahani Amir hesam HassaniOne of the most important emerging pollutants in human health, food safety, and environmental protection challenges is phthalate esters. Among these, the contamination of agricultural soils with the endocrine-disrupting chemical Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has be MoreOne of the most important emerging pollutants in human health, food safety, and environmental protection challenges is phthalate esters. Among these, the contamination of agricultural soils with the endocrine-disrupting chemical Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been confirmed globally. In this research, the DEHP-absorption potential of compost enriched with Fe3O4 NPs was identified. The effects of the sorbent dose in the range of 2–5 g.L-1, 3–11 pH, and DEHP concentration at 5–10 mg.L-1 on absorption efficiency (%) were optimized via response surface methodology in design expert software. The kinetic equilibrium experiment results showed a two-step process, requiring 6 hours of equilibrium time for the exothermic adsorption process at 25ºC. The adsorption process of DEHP fitted best to the pseudo-second-order kinetic (R2 = 0.9932) and the linear form of the Freundlich isotherm models. In the central composite design, the significant quadratic model was validated and used to predict the interaction of variables (P-value <0.0001, adjusted R2 = 0.9753). The optimum conditions of absorption efficiency (74.173%) were obtained at a sorbent dosage of 4.157 g.L-1, pH 5.85, and a DEHP concentration of 4.88 mg.L-1 with a desirability of 0.987. The comparison of FTIR absorption spectra confirmed the active participation of O-H bands (functional groups of phenol, alcohol, and carboxyl) and primary amine (N-H) in the DEHP absorption through interaction with the oxygen atom of the phthalate ester group (C=O). As a result of its successful and acceptable efficiency, using compost/Fe3O4 NP absorbent based on organic wastes is a low-cost and eco-friendly technique for DEHP removal from sensitive ecosystems and also to improve the efficiency of bioremediation in agricultural soils amended by compost. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Gender differencesin attitude and participation on Waste Management Plan in the 5th region of Tehran
zahra zareWaste management is one of the requirements of modern urban society and social development. People is a key to program of waste management and their attitudes and behavior is very important. public attitudes in areas of urban management knows more important role for wom MoreWaste management is one of the requirements of modern urban society and social development. People is a key to program of waste management and their attitudes and behavior is very important. public attitudes in areas of urban management knows more important role for women especially housewives in this plan. Many programs are be planned and implemented for women. This study aimed to compare women and men in attitudes and participate in waste management and This judgment has to be examined.In this study, suvrey with person questionnaire has been used. Statistical population are citizens of of region 5 of Tehran. Samples were 800 people who were questioned by multistep cluster sampling from all communities in this region.According to t-tests, significant differences have not seen in attitude and behavior in waste management plan between men and women in 5th region of Tehran.Good general tendency is in citizens of region 5 of Tehran regardless of gender, which can be a good potential to be used in the field of waste management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Gender Differences in Attitude and Participation on Waste Management Plan in the 5th Region of Tehran
Zahra ZareWaste management is one of the requirements of modern urban society and social development. People is a key to program of waste management and their attitudes and behavior is very important. Public attitudes in areas of urban management knows more important role for wom MoreWaste management is one of the requirements of modern urban society and social development. People is a key to program of waste management and their attitudes and behavior is very important. Public attitudes in areas of urban management knows more important role for women especially housewives in this plan. Many programs are be planned and implemented for women. This study aimed to compare women and men in attitudes and participate in waste management and this judgment has to be examined. In this study, survey with person questionnaire has been used. Statistical population are citizens of region 5 of Tehran. Samples were 800 people who were questioned by multistep cluster sampling from all communities in this region. According to t-tests, significant differences have not seen in attitude and behavior in waste management plan between men and women in 5th region of Tehran. Good general tendency is in citizens of region 5 of Tehran regardless of gender, which can be a good potential to be used in the field of waste management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - An intelligent Hybrid Algorithm for Urban waste Collection Problem
heydar Lotfi Babak sadeghiThis paper presents an Algorithm to solve an urban waste collection problem bydelivering suitable route in each separate areas of Tehran in order to minimize the costof waste collection. We know the fuel consuming has a direct relation ship withdriving distances by coll MoreThis paper presents an Algorithm to solve an urban waste collection problem bydelivering suitable route in each separate areas of Tehran in order to minimize the costof waste collection. We know the fuel consuming has a direct relation ship withdriving distances by collection vehicles, so, by minimize the cost of fuel consumingbecause waste collection consist of 50%-70% of totally collection expenses.Mathematical programming used to solve this problem base on integerprogramming with three variables and four limits.We propose a practical solution method which consists of three components: zoningAlgorithm, route generating Algorithm and combination Algorithm.Zoning Algorithm: a separated area divides in to small areas which each areaconsist of many big trash bins and surrounded between four streets, each points onborder could be considered as a start or end points.Route generating Algorithm: find the smallest routes between start and end points.Combination Algorithm: find the suitable neighborhood areas by consideration ofthe collection vehicles and capacities in each area. Until to minimize the traversedcompletely. Our topological limitations are: deadened streets, boulevards, traffic laws,such as one way streets in order to become closer in the real in the real word scale.The experimental results on real word problem, using data from 3 separate areas ofTehran, showed the superiority of the solution generated by the porposed intelligentAlgorithm to the solution generated by human experts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - A Survey on locating of solid waste inhume in GIS by linear programing (case study: khorasan razavi state area)
Heydar Lofti Yousef Ali Ziari Babak SadeghiSolid waste is the natural outcome of human societies. Nowadays in Iran, the treat of mismanagmentof solid wastes are the main problems, in addition to the various other environment issues such as air and water pollutions. According to the problems of solid waste disp MoreSolid waste is the natural outcome of human societies. Nowadays in Iran, the treat of mismanagmentof solid wastes are the main problems, in addition to the various other environment issues such as air and water pollutions. According to the problems of solid waste disposal management in the county of Mashad. It is needed to select a site for land filling or in huming in a suitable place. For site selection, application of geographical information system(GIS) software is the scientific method. Factors and criteria such as topography ,slope,soil type, geology, hydrologhy, distance from surface water, ground water table, population centers and access road, sources of solid waste production and others are the base data for laying the maps are used in the GIS. This paper based on several maps 2 suitable and 2 very suitable sites were been found. All of the selected lands were acceptable for land filling. The municipality of mashad can choose each of the sites with respect to the cost of the financial badget. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Assessing factors influencing the effectiveness of face to face training of Tehrancitizens' behavior regarding urbanwaste management issues (Case study of 18th zone of Tehran City)
محمدمهدی مظاهری حسین کرامتی نژادIntroductionandObjective:Training programs can only be reliable and valid evidence to justify their value in improving the effectiveness of training on participant behavior and thus the interest of people and the area. Itwould not bepossiblewithout theprovision ofa comp MoreIntroductionandObjective:Training programs can only be reliable and valid evidence to justify their value in improving the effectiveness of training on participant behavior and thus the interest of people and the area. Itwould not bepossiblewithout theprovision ofa comprehensiveand effectivetrainingthattheyshouldalladversefactorsaffecting thegreater effectivenessof this trainingconsider.In this context, this study aims to determine thefactors that affectthe effectiveness offace to face trainingcoursesTehran Municipalityofurbanwaste managementissuessurrounding thecitizen's behavior has been developed. Methods:.The study of research methods and the nature of relationship (first part) and a causal-comparative (second part) on the issue of measuring the impact of training on the face are considered citizens.However, the first section reviews the factors influencing their effectiveness in terms of research training, surveys and the target is applied.The first section reviews the factors influencing their effectiveness in terms of research training, surveys and the target application is placed on the agenda and measure the impact of education on the part of the citizens of the three levels of knowledge, vision and action in the next five Dimensions of citizens behavior. The data are housewives in their family.A total of 384 people have been calculated according to Cochran's formula but based on the response received letters that have the ability to take advantage of the 341 patients are being employed.To collect the data needed to achieve the research objectives, a variety of methods such as observation, interviews with experts and education experts, archival and library research, Internet search and the questionnaire (research tool) based on Likert was used.This information is analyzed in two steps.First, descriptive statistics such as percentage, mean, variance, frequency tables and the data are described, then the inferential statistics such as correlation, regression analysis and test research hypotheses and inferences are in. Findings:29.6% of the population in terms ofageless than30years old and52.8percent werebetween30 and 50years of age.Educationlevel ofthe subjectsshowedthat among341cases studied, the most frequent is thediplomalevel.Ethnicstatus checkshows34.9% of the study populationare Turks, 10.3% Lors, 10% Kords, 12.6%Gilak& the restis Fars.Dataanalysisshows thatthe vastpopulationofreligious people (fine ortoohigh). Conclusions: Theresults fromthe studyindicatethatfactors such astimecourses, spiritualmotivation, quality ofcourses, ethnicity, religion, education, age, explainedthe objectives ofthe course, according to thevictims' attitudes and ability toteachlearnerswitheffectivetrainingin thefaceto face of citizens' behavior regardingwaste managementissueswill make a meaning.Butassumptionsrelatedaids, instilland motivateenforcementtrainingmaterialonconceptualmodelshave been rejected. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Waste Separation & Its Role in Increasing the Recycling Process
مراد کردی سعید تیموری احمد مرادعلیانThe daily increase of urban population in Tehran, along with the creation of new populated centers, the lack or weakness of policy-making and the evaluation of various urban functions and activities based on comprehensive and large-scale national plan, the change of con MoreThe daily increase of urban population in Tehran, along with the creation of new populated centers, the lack or weakness of policy-making and the evaluation of various urban functions and activities based on comprehensive and large-scale national plan, the change of consumption patterns and the continuity of waste discharge of the urban environment are the factors that create crisis which has caused after-crisis and has put to various risks many natural environments and the quality of health in humans; also, it has caused the discard of over 7000 tons of waste material. The discards are consisted of valuable metals, useable glass dishes, paper, recyclable plastic, pet, food waste and etc which are rich in nutrients. Among these useful waste materials, substances such as mercury in batteries, cadmium of fluorescent bulbs, toxic chemical cleaners also exist. Separating the bad waste materials from the good ones extremely helps in keeping the environment and human life healthy and helps the society to save more money. Today's urban management professionals have decided to find a way which helps people save more money and at the same time protect the environment and human health. This article states the importance and necessity of the waste separation plan and illustrates the problems caused by the unsuccessful implementation of the project and mentions the strategies which help the better implement of optimal plan coverage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Identify the factors affecting the adoption of waste management by the citizens of Tehran
Shaghayegh Kheiri Akram Azad ArmakiIntroduction and purpose of research: Wastes generated in Tehran that is true dirty gold and entering the valuable water and soil resources, Ecosystems will lead to more pollution and there are many diseases. Due to this the correct way to collect waste in the city have MoreIntroduction and purpose of research: Wastes generated in Tehran that is true dirty gold and entering the valuable water and soil resources, Ecosystems will lead to more pollution and there are many diseases. Due to this the correct way to collect waste in the city have been emphasized therefore the aim of the study it was Identify the factors affecting the adoption of waste management.Method: The study was the applied and descriptive – correlational method. The research population was all in Tehran Housewives. The sample size was determined by Cochran's formula (n= 385). Proportional stratified random sampling method was used. Data was collected through an instrument that developed by researchers. Validity estimated by a panel of experts in University and Environmental experts, department of Tehran city. Reliability was conducted by a Pilot test study and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient assumed (0/78≤ α ≤ 0/95) which show its suit for research conduct.Findings: the result showed that there was a significant difference between seven variables Education, citizenship education, citizen participation, the role of the media, economic, political and cultural factors in the adoption of waste management among citizens of Tehran.Conclusions: Spearman test with 95% confidence significant positive relationship between education and the adoption of waste management revealed citizens. Pearson test with 99% confidence significant positive relationship between cultural factors, political, economic, media's role, participation and citizenship education and Waste Management Admission indicated. Due to the above factors can be co-citizens in waste management (waste separation, etc.) to be optimized Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Analyzing the Improvement Criteria of Urban Waste Management Based on Internet-of-Thing (IoT) Technology Using Dimatel Method
Nadi Alizadeh Masoud ahmadigorjiIntroduction and Aim: Waste management is a key issue of stable environmental development stimulated the relevant authorities to appropriately manage it. In recent years, the operational costs of waste management have increased which most of it assigned to collect MoreIntroduction and Aim: Waste management is a key issue of stable environmental development stimulated the relevant authorities to appropriately manage it. In recent years, the operational costs of waste management have increased which most of it assigned to collection and transportation section. Hence, it is required to examine the substituent approaches using the modern technologies. Parallel to sophisticated challenge of resources management, health, pollution, traffic and waste management, we encounter with emerging of technology-based smart cities their standards and exploitations approaches are not still elucidated. The main purpose of this research is to analytically evaluate the improvement criteria of the urban waste management based on internet-of-thing (IoT) technology.Method: Dematel method is utilized to identify and assess the mutual relation between criteria and network equations' mapping.Achievements: The smart infrastructure criterion is the most effective factor and the smart interface layer is the most affectable factor. Additionally, the smart interface layer has the most relation with other system factors. Conclusion: With the aim of reduction in operational cost, the IoT technology can optimize the waste collection services based on conversion of the waste management to data-based collection procedures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Possibility of implementation of municipal solid waste management in Khrazi township,zone 22 (district 3) of Tehran municipality
دکتر اسمعیل کاوسی معصومه دادوندIn troduction and objective:Management of reside in the metropolitan line Tehran is a more difficult job and to improve this management in practical is impossible, if not taken people function and their importance whom producer of the main residue into account. The MoreIn troduction and objective:Management of reside in the metropolitan line Tehran is a more difficult job and to improve this management in practical is impossible, if not taken people function and their importance whom producer of the main residue into account. Therefore , the current research is intended to study the public participation in improving urban residues , education and how to use technological facilities . Methodology: Here, the participants including all the civilians residing at Kharazi town in district 3 of municipality 22 . All family heads have been investigated and totally 106 questionnaires were obtained which were analyzed by SPSS through coding and categorizing the items . First,descriptive statistic has been used and pierson and spirmans correlation tests was used for proving the hypotheses and studing correlation among variables . Findings: The results indicated that the management of residues has been done optimally across district 3 ,22 areas Tehran municipality and this district is of appropriate educational facilities for fulfilmenting of residues management Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Ways of Reducing Environmental Hazards of Chemical Waste Intakes from the Viewpoints of Agri-Jihad and Environment Organization Experts in the City of Sari
Hossein i Ahmadi Gorji Kheil Seyed Mehdi Mirdamadi Maryam Omidi najafabadiThe aim of this study was to identifying ways of reducing the environmental hazards of chemical inputs from the experts' point of view in Agricultural Jihad and Environment Organization of Sari, Mazandaran province. The statistical population of the study consisted of 1 MoreThe aim of this study was to identifying ways of reducing the environmental hazards of chemical inputs from the experts' point of view in Agricultural Jihad and Environment Organization of Sari, Mazandaran province. The statistical population of the study consisted of 106 experts working in the Jihad-e-Agriculture and Environment Organization of Sari. Data were collected using a census method, using a questionnaire its validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was reported by Cronbach's alpha of 0.938 Factor analysis showed that the solutions were classified into five factors that explain the educational strategies as the first factor of 9.467% of total dispersion. The second factor, called the ‘’Social-Political’’ strategies, was 8.616%, the third factor called the ‘’Economic’’ strategies 7.066%, the fourth factor called the‘’Motivational’’strategies of 6.915%, and finally the fifth factor, called the ‘’Technical’’ solutions, was 6.81% of the variation of total of the above mentioned factors could explain 38.873% of the total variation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - The Effects of Irrigation with Innovative Compost Tea from Food Waste on Some Tomato Traits
Nasim Golestanehzadeh Javad Razmi Masoud HonarvarBackground and Aim: Food waste is one of the biggest challenges in today’s modern world and leads to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming issues. Converting organic waste into vermicompost and compost tea by efficient biotechnology methods could prevent nat MoreBackground and Aim: Food waste is one of the biggest challenges in today’s modern world and leads to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming issues. Converting organic waste into vermicompost and compost tea by efficient biotechnology methods could prevent natural resources depletion and decrease carbon footprint. These soil conditioners promote soil fertility, crop yields, soil resources conservation, and community health.Method: Based on this study, organic waste of the industrial kitchen of the science and research branch university, was converted to vermicompost. The compost tea was produced by a mixture of seaweed, vermicompost, molasses, and humic acid. Greenhouse studies to compare the effect of experimental treatments including irrigation level with compost tea 25, 50, and 100% and chemical fertilizer containing calcium nitrate, potassium sulfate, and 10-52-10 fertilizer on vegetative and biochemical traits of tomato (Karun variety) in six replications were performed.Results: The results showed that irrigation with 100% compost tea and chemical fertilizer, were not significantly different from each other and had the highest effect compared to other treatments. Irrigation with 100% compost tea had the greatest effect on leaf number (66 pieces), plant height (29.8 mm), root length (660 mm), and root fresh weight (29.84 mg). The highest number of flower clusters (8.94 clusters), root diameter (8.94 mm), peroxidase enzyme (3.5 µmol mg-1 protein min-1), chlorophyll a (14.44 mg g-1 FM), and total chlorophyll content (191.91 mg g-1 FM) obtained from 25% compost tea.Conclusion: There was no difference between irrigation with 25 and 100% compost tea, and chemical fertilizers. Furthermore, they had similar effects on most of the studied traits. So, irrigation with compost tea can decrease chemical fertilizers in tomato fields and leads to soil conservation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Review of Unsegregated Food Wastes’ Circular Bioeconomy by Insects’ Assistance
Nassim Golestanehzadeh M. HonarvarIntroduction: Currently, unsegregated food waste in our country is one of the environmental and economic problems. while in some countries, there are some precise superseded and retributive legal rules to prevent the release of not separated household or commercial food MoreIntroduction: Currently, unsegregated food waste in our country is one of the environmental and economic problems. while in some countries, there are some precise superseded and retributive legal rules to prevent the release of not separated household or commercial food waste, thus, refusal these orders are accompanied by financial or social penalties.Materials and Methods: The last 5 years literature review on the management of these kind of wastes have been reviewed. Results: There are over 1,900 known species of edible insects. Cockroaches, caterpillars, bees, flies, and ants are the most popular. In this article, the use of these edible insects, which are used in some countries for human consumption, extraction of various sources such as protein or animal feed, has been mentioned and discussed as a solution for the use of these nonseparated food wastes containing plastics, which consequently, could be the aim of creating a green economic cycle for returning to nature and make economic exploitation.Results: Totally, the use of insects as a part of natural life cycles and as food and feed, especially in some developed and developing countries, has become one of the cost-effective and economic solutions to adjust the problem of non-separated food waste.Conclusion: Considering the country's economic and currency conditions, this can be an alternative solution, and these insects can be used as a source of protein for food and feed, or be used for biodiesels or agricultural purposes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Modern Membrane Bio Reactors Investigation in biodegrading of municipal landfills leachate
Mohammad Etemadi Morteza ShokriBackground and Objective: This article, demonstrate uses of Membrane Bio Reactors in municipal landfills. Because of daily increasing sweeping amounts and no balance between generation and recycling of them in the most part of the world, type of management and gathering MoreBackground and Objective: This article, demonstrate uses of Membrane Bio Reactors in municipal landfills. Because of daily increasing sweeping amounts and no balance between generation and recycling of them in the most part of the world, type of management and gathering of sweeping has challenged. Thus hygienic burial method for generated sweeping is one of the applied methods in many countries. Hence, monitoring and management of productive leachate of municipal landfills to prevent underground water and soil from pollutant is obligatory. Material and Methodology: In this study, some modern Membrane Bio Reactors in municipal landfill were investigated. Then, advantages, defects, and application of each ones have been considered. Therefore, recent articles and researches about biodegrading of leachate were studied. Findings: Among the various methods of biological treatment, complex system method is one of the effective and strong approaches to treatment and biodegrading of wastewaters. Finally, to showing active carbon action for prevention of membranes fouling, two aerobic pilots with equal conditions were compared. Also, clearing the important parameters of wastewater contaminants such as COD and NH3-N in the presence of granular activated carbon was compared. Discussion and Conclusion: In order to treatment of municipal landfills leachate lots of methods with strengths and weaknesses is used. With investigation and Feasibility of municipal landfill site, the most efficient and effective method in terms of performance and cost based on need can be selected. . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - An economic model for food packaging waste management with a sustainable development approach
avideh Asadollahi Hamid Tohidi Ahmad ShojaBackground and Objective: Today, food packaging waste management is a challenge on a global scale that has faced many economic constraints in developing countries. If this waste is not managed properly, it will have irreparable consequences on the quality of the environ MoreBackground and Objective: Today, food packaging waste management is a challenge on a global scale that has faced many economic constraints in developing countries. If this waste is not managed properly, it will have irreparable consequences on the quality of the environment and human health. The purpose of this paper is to select sustainable scenarios for packaging waste management based on product design. Material and Methodology: In this research, by simulating a mathematical model, the costs of waste management scenarios and at the same time the detrimental effects on environmental quality and human health have been minimized. The proposed model, which can be used in various industries, has been implemented using binary genetic optimization algorithm, taking into account the design details, life cycle analysis and end-of-life options (in the form of 9 management scenarios). Findings: In general, estimating the optimal solution of the proposed model in each product group, shows the winning scenario appropriate to the optimal design alternative, which is an economic option with the least destructive effects on the environment and human health. The results of model implementation for a real example show in seven product groups defined four scenarios (25% source reduction, 25% recycling and 45% incineration and only 5% landfill) and scenario five (source reduction by 60% and incineration of 30% of waste and 10% landfill) are the winning options for optimal designs in most product groups. Discussion and Conclusion: The simulated model helps manufacturers to have a proper estimate of the environmental and economic consequences of the designed product. This research also enables decision makers and policy makers to achieve the goals of sustainable development, by legislating more manufacturers to accept responsibility for end-of-life management of their products as well as municipalities to set up a network. Encourage urban waste management systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Environmental Impact Assessment of Proposed Location of Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Case Study: Hidaj City (Zanjan Province) Environmental Impact Assessment of Proposed Location of Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Case Study: Hidaj City (Zanjan Province) Environmental Impact Assessment of Proposed Location of Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Case Study: Hidaj City (Zanjan Province)
Younes Khosravi Abdolhossein Parizanganeh Mi Ali Asgha Mokhtari Khadije SalehiBackground and Objective: The high rapid urbanization, unappropriated patterns of consumption, changes in living standards and diversity of productions are the main factors of increasing of waste generation and changes in the composition of wastes that cause many proble MoreBackground and Objective: The high rapid urbanization, unappropriated patterns of consumption, changes in living standards and diversity of productions are the main factors of increasing of waste generation and changes in the composition of wastes that cause many problems in the environment. Accordingly, selecting a suitable site for landfill can prevent their adverse environmental impacts. Materials and Methods: This investigation is an applied research using descriptive-analytical methods and was aimed to determine appropriate location for waste landfilling of Hidaj city in Zanjan province. For this purpose, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and ArcGIS 10.3 software were used. Accordingly, and given the required parameters for choosing the optimum site that have an important role in site selection, weighting using hierarchical method was performed and thereafter the layers were overlaid and the optimum sites were identified. Results: According to the results, the suitable area for landfill was diagnosed in the eastern part of the Hidaj city. The required area of land for landfill was determined based on the average rate of population growth, density of generated waste, volume of waste mass, and the average per capita of waste generation in the study area. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that the selected area likely has high potential for landfilling of municipal solid wastes of Hidaj for the next 20-year period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Presentation of Strategic Management Program for Disposal of Hospital Wastes Using Combination of SPACE and Freeman Methods. (Case Study Dr. Shariati Hospital of Tehran)
pooya farhani seyed ali jozi saeed malmasiBackground and purpose: Ignoring hospital wastes management has caused numerous problems. So the consequences of neglecting the management of these wastes have threatened the environment and human health. This research is done in 1394 and is a case study in Dr. Shariati MoreBackground and purpose: Ignoring hospital wastes management has caused numerous problems. So the consequences of neglecting the management of these wastes have threatened the environment and human health. This research is done in 1394 and is a case study in Dr. Shariati hospital of Tehran. The aim was to assess the current situation of hospital wastes management system and propose practical strategies and suggestions for improving the management system of hospital wastes. Material and Methods: To determine the current status, after observing the place and controlling wastes management condition during 3 months a questionnaire was distributed through SWOT method and Likert scoring scale within 30 persons and its results were used to complete internal and external factors Matrix and tables of SPACE and Freeman methods. Results: The analyses showed scoring of external and internal factors are 2/34 and 2/61 respectively. In order to determine each external and internal factors weight more accurately, the hierarchy structure and paired comparison was established using AHP method and Expert Choice software. To set the position of the hospital, SPACE method was used and the hospital rank was in SO position. At the end, Freeman method was used to prioritize the strategies from stake holders’ point of views and “accurate wastes management” became first by +75 score. Conclusion: As a result, it can be concluded that Freeman and SPACE methods are suitable and efficient for presenting strategic programs in hospital wastes management Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Efficiency of Iron Nanoparticles and Cellulosic Wastes for Reclamation of Lead Contaminated Soil and Oak Seedling Establishments
Mahya Tafazoli Seyed Mohammad Hojjati Pourya Biparva Yahya Kooch Norbert Lamersdorf Background and Objective: Due to the contamination of northern forests with heavy metals by activities such as mining, the aim of this study was to use zero-valent iron-nano-particles and cellulosic-waste for reclamation of soil contaminated with lead and to esta More Background and Objective: Due to the contamination of northern forests with heavy metals by activities such as mining, the aim of this study was to use zero-valent iron-nano-particles and cellulosic-waste for reclamation of soil contaminated with lead and to establish oak seedlings. Method: One-year-old oak seedlings were planted in plastic-pots filled with nursery soil in March-2014. Lead was added to the pots at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 300 (mgkg-1) using lead-nitrate solution. Cellulosic-waste with levels of 0, 10% (W1), 20 %( W2) and 30 %( W2) was added to the pots at the same time of planting. Zero-valent iron-nanoparticles with levels of 0, 1(N1), 2(N2) and 3(N3) mgkg-1 was injected into the soil. The diameter, height, dry weight, bioavailable concentration of lead and amendments efficiency was measured at the end of the growing season. Findings: With increasing levels of amendments (from 10 to 30% for cellulosic-waste and from 1 to 3 mg kg-1 for iron-nanoparticles), an increasing trend in seedlings biomass was observed for all levels of contamination. The highest efficiency for all contamination levels was observed in highest level of each amendment. The efficiency of N3 treatment for Pb 100, Pb 200 and Pb 300 was 79.5, 84.4 and 67.8%, respectively and the efficiency of W3 treatment was 55.6, 74.9 and 63.1%, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: The use of zero-valent nano-particles had a better efficiency than cellulosic-waste to reduce the bioavailability of lead; therefore, planting native species and using such amendments in planting holes can help the reforestation of contaminated areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Forecasting Municipal Solid Waste Quantity by Intelligent Models and Their Uncertainty Analysis
Maryam Abbasi Malihe Fallah Nezhad Rooholah Noori Maryam MirabiBackground and Objective: The first step in design of municipal waste management systems is complete understanding of waste generation quantity. Forecasting waste generation is one of the most complex engineering problems due to the effect of various and out of control MoreBackground and Objective: The first step in design of municipal waste management systems is complete understanding of waste generation quantity. Forecasting waste generation is one of the most complex engineering problems due to the effect of various and out of control parameters on waste generation. Therefore, it is obvious that it is necessary to develop approaches to a model such complex events. The objective of this study is forecasting waste generation quantity using intelligent models as well as their comparisons and uncertainty analysis.Method: In this study, Mashhad city was selected as a case study and waste generation time series of waste generation in 1380 to 1390 were used for weekly prediction. Intelligent models including artificial neural network, support vector machine, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system as well as K-nearest neighbors were used for modelling. After optimizing the models’ parameters, models’ accuracy were compared by statistical indices. Finally, result uncertainty of the models was done by Mont Carlo technique.Findings: Results showed that coefficient of determination (R2) of artificial neural network adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, support vector machine, and K-nearest neighbor models were 0.67, 0.69, 0.72 and 0.64 respectively. Uncertainty analysis was also justified the results and demonstrates that support vector machine model had the lowest uncertainty among other models and the lowest sensitivity to input variables.Conclusion: Intelligent models were successfully able to forecast waste quantity and among the studied models, support vector machine was the best predictive model. Moreover, support vector machine produced the results with the lowest uncertainty the other models. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Study on the Effective Process Parameters Simultaneously for Survey of Solid Waste Management of Khomarlu City in Summer 2013
SeyedAlireza Mousavi Abdolah Darghahi Farnaz AziziIntroduction:Increase the amount, varietyandMismanagementof manufacturingwastehas been most importantsocietydifficult that are cause environmental pollutionandhealth risks.The purpose ofthisstudy was to evaluatethe current status of the quantity and qualityofwastekhomar MoreIntroduction:Increase the amount, varietyandMismanagementof manufacturingwastehas been most importantsocietydifficult that are cause environmental pollutionandhealth risks.The purpose ofthisstudy was to evaluatethe current status of the quantity and qualityofwastekhomarloand exposure suitable solution in the summer of1392.Materials &Methods:Thisstudy wascross– sectional that with surveying waste management khomarlo cityperformed in summer 1392. Samplingand Physical analysisof waste,at3months (July, August andSeptember)were done,Eachmonth,three samples were selected for separation. Due to the low amount of municipal waste generated per day (one container), the total daily waste was selected .ByBalance weighing50kg were used.Todetermine thedensityof wasteina containermarkedwith volumedepletion, andwastedensitywas calculatedby dividingweightbyvolumeFindings:According toresearchthe average per capitawasteis 2.02 kg/capita-day inthe summer. Average weight ofputresciblematerials 59.31, plastic17.91, Paper 7.14, the metal 1.97, glass 3.58, textile 3.09,timber 3.87 and other items were 3.13. Averagedensitywas 358.3,Also most percent organicmaterials and paper were in AugustandJuly,respectively.Discussion& Conclusion: According to the findings,59% waste is wetand41% ofthe remainingwasteis drying.thatconditions tobeprovided foradverseenvironmental and health.Therefore,recommendedpublic education toreduce the volumeof waste produced, with emphasis on source separation andaccuratewaste management Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Survey of Vermi compost Production by Eisenia Fetida of Fruit and Vegetable Waste
maryam daghestani hossein niknamBackground: Today, Vermi compost production process as one of the very good procedures in terms of economic,health, and environmental sustainability to stabilize the organic waste is discussed. The aim of this study was Vermi compost production from fruit and vegetable MoreBackground: Today, Vermi compost production process as one of the very good procedures in terms of economic,health, and environmental sustainability to stabilize the organic waste is discussed. The aim of this study was Vermi compost production from fruit and vegetable organization waste by earthworm (Eisenia Fetida). Methods: In order to evaluate the quantity of produced Eisenia Foetida and Vermi compost an investigation was conducted in Azadi fruit and vegetable organization. The experiment was completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments were fruit, leaf vegetable and lettuce, non leafly vegatables, paper and combination of four treatments, in similar conditions. Results: the amount of Vermi compost significantly increased by fruit, combination and non leafly vegetables. Also the numbers of mature Eisenia Foetida, significantly increased by fruit and combination. But there were no significant differences in number of immature worms. Total weight of mature and immature worms was increased significantly by using fruit, combination and non-leafy vegetables. The highest increase in the average body length of mature worms and the most used waste were observed during the use of fruit treatment. The results showed that Vermi-compost quality treatments examined were in the standard range and only in terms of the organic matter was higher than the standard level. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that using waste of fruit and vegetable for producing compost from Eisenia Foetida is fully justified. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Providing Optimal Model for Municipal Solid Waste Management System Using Genetic Algorithm Based on Fuzzy Logic (Case Study: Tehran City)
monireh ahani reza arjmandi hasan hoveidi Jamal Ghoddousi mohammad reza miri lavasaniBackground and Purpose: In recent years, a variety of models have been used to evaluate the waste management systems in Tehran in order to select the best waste management options. But the problem of the final disposal of waste in Tehran is still one of the issues relat MoreBackground and Purpose: In recent years, a variety of models have been used to evaluate the waste management systems in Tehran in order to select the best waste management options. But the problem of the final disposal of waste in Tehran is still one of the issues related to the environmental management of the metropolis. The purpose of this study is to provide one model for allocating optimal annual quantities of waste to waste management subsystems of Tehran in order to achieve the highest efficiency, reduce costs and increase system revenue.Materials and Methods: In this research, first by referring to the Arad Kooh complex in Tehran and interviewing with experts and using the information recorded in this complex, the required data was collected. Then, an optimal model proposed for allocating optimal annual amount of municipal waste with considering all of limitations to 5 sub-systems of recycling, aerobic compost, anaerobic digestion, incinerator , landfill using genetic algorithm improved by fuzzy logic with the aim of reducing the total cost of the municipal waste management system in the MATLAB environment and its results were analyzed.Findings: The significant results showed with increasing capacity the subsystems with lower cost and more profitability, the system will not necessarily seek to be optimized and optimal amount of waste allocated to each of the subsystems such as recycling, aerobic compost, anaerobic digestion, incinerator and landfill were estimated about 750,000, 960000, 182000, 325000, 780000 tons in each year, respectively.Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of the optimal model proposed in this study, it is necessary to carefully follow the flow and optimal allocation of waste from the annual production of Tehran to each of the following subsystems: recycling, aerobic compost, anaerobic digestion, incinerator and landfill in order to achieve the high annual efficiency for municipal solid waste management system in Tehran city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Investigation and Feasibility of Reclamation and Remediation of Old and Abandoned Landfills (Case study: Babaheydar Landfill)
Mohammad Sadegh Niknam Mahdi Jalili GhazizadeBackground and Objective: One of the problems in the old landfills in the world is the side environmental pollution. Babaheydar landfill is in the vicinity of the Babaheydar’s dam reservoir and located three kilometers away from the city of the same name in the Ch MoreBackground and Objective: One of the problems in the old landfills in the world is the side environmental pollution. Babaheydar landfill is in the vicinity of the Babaheydar’s dam reservoir and located three kilometers away from the city of the same name in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province and municipal solid waste of Babaheydar city and some surrounding villages is being imported and dumped to this landfill. Since one of the main objectives of Babaheydar’s dam is supplying drinking water and the presence of these landfill can contaminate the dam reservoir water. Therefore, in this study existing methods for facing with this type of landfills was investigating technically, economically and environmentally. Method: In order to select the best option for facing with the landfill, at first, all of the available methods were studied. Then feasible methods such as landfill capping, landfill mining, treatment with soil washing and subsurface cut-off walls were investigated. Findings: Comparison results according to technical, economic and environmental aspects show that soil washing technique in terms of technology and need for special equipment, specialized management, need for water, materials and chemicals, investment and management costs require specific conditions that make the implementation of this method difficult. In opposite, excavation and transfer to a new landfill in terms of above parameters has most potential to execute. The methods of landfill capping and enclosing with subsurface cut-off walls are between two mentioned methods. Discussion and Conclusion: With investigation, feasibility and Comparison of potential executable methods for reclamation and remediation of landfill, it was found that the method of excavation and transfer to a new landfill compared to other methods is more suitable technically, economically and environmentally. Thus, applying of this method is recommended for Babaheydar landfill. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - The Impact of Policies on Domestic Waste Management (Case study: Region 8 of Tehran Municipality)
Sadegh Salehi Jila AhmadiBackground and Objective: Separation of waste from the source is one of the basic strategies in household waste management. To achieve this goal, different policies are adopted by planners and city managers, and the rate of achievement of goals can also vary depending o MoreBackground and Objective: Separation of waste from the source is one of the basic strategies in household waste management. To achieve this goal, different policies are adopted by planners and city managers, and the rate of achievement of goals can also vary depending on the type of policy. To investigate the impact of policies on household waste management in the form of facilities, opportunities and incentives, the present study was conducted in August 2015 in District 8 of Tehran Municipality.Material and Methodology: For this research, 400 samples of Tehran citizens were selected by quota-random sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaire and face validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used to assess the validity and reliability of the questions. Data analysis was performed using Spss software version 16 and descriptive and inferential statistics.Findings: The results of testing the research hypotheses showed that the variable of facilities and opportunities for waste segregation is correlated with the behavior of waste segregation. But the economic incentive variable has no significant relationship with waste segregation and this hypothesis was rejected. Further investigation revealed that the tools of economic incentives through factors such as promoting the issue of waste segregation using sources such as writers, radio and television news, etc., as well as citizens' awareness of municipal policies and executive programs in the field of waste management (law Waste management, dry waste collection methods, how to communicate with the municipality, etc.) can be effective on waste segregation.Discussion and Conclusion: The findings suggest the complexity of identifying and determining the factors affecting the behavior of waste segregation and in general the need to consider a set of social factors in predicting environmental behavior. Emphasis on incentive tools and components alone can not affect waste segregation behavior or lead to citizen participation and cooperation. Lack of proper information to citizens regarding municipal programs such as the implementation of the waste segregation plan or lack of awareness about the waste management law are among the factors that have challenged the successful implementation of this plan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Simultaneous Simulation of Gasification Reactor and Steam Cycle of Tehran's Waste Incineration Power Plant
Milad Banaei gholamreza SalehiBackground and Objective: The purpose of this paper is simulationg of gasification and steam cycle of Tehran waste power plant in order to achieve and identify the parameters affecting the efficiency and output of power plant. The information obtained through this simul MoreBackground and Objective: The purpose of this paper is simulationg of gasification and steam cycle of Tehran waste power plant in order to achieve and identify the parameters affecting the efficiency and output of power plant. The information obtained through this simulation, in addition to being used to increase the productivity and efficiency of Tehran power plant, can be used as valuable information in other waste power plants of the country should also be employed. Method: By considering the obtained data from Process Flow Diagram, actual operation condition of this plant, the analyses of Tehran’s urban waste and using Aspen plus software as the simulating and modeling tool. The developed simulation model has been validated by using actual operating condition of the plant and also the experimental results of the verified papers. Findings: The result shows that the moisture content and the composition of the inlet MSW have significant impact on the output power of this plant. The findings indicate that a 10% reduction in the moisture content of inlet MSW cause an increase of 30% in output power. Also, by increasing the wood and the green waste in the combination of inlet MSW, the output power will be reduced. Discussion and Conclusion: Generally, MSW has low thermal value due to its high percentage of biological ingredients. Therefore, identifying the factors which are affecting the efficiency and power output of the power plant is essential and important. In this regard, the simulation shows that the high percentage of wood-containing compounds and green waste in the input waste will reduce the output power of this plant. As a result, implementing necessary measures to reduce the amount of moisture content of incoming waste as well as achieving the combination with the least amount of wood and green waste will increase the efficiency and the output power of this plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Laboratory Investigation of Cow Manure and Digested Synergistic with Municipal Organic Solid Waste in Anaerobic Digestion Process for Efficiency Increasing
Leila yousefi Abbas BahriBackground and Objective: Increasing production rate, biogas volume and pressure, methane composition are increased efficiency. The effect of adding a mixture of cow manure (CM) and digested to municipal organic solid waste (MOSW) for increase productivity of process is MoreBackground and Objective: Increasing production rate, biogas volume and pressure, methane composition are increased efficiency. The effect of adding a mixture of cow manure (CM) and digested to municipal organic solid waste (MOSW) for increase productivity of process is considered.Method: Through three steps single MOSW, CM and digested mixing were treated by laboratory setup. Digested and CM mixing effect with MOSW were studied and evaluated by investigating of physical-chemistry properties, feed and digested elemental analysis, and also biogas pressure and volume measuring, AD time and biogas analysis. Findings: Adding mixture of digested and CM with MOSW increases feed dry part and its carbon and nitrogen content. Transformation rate in MOSW co-digestion with digested and CM mixture (3rd step) compare to co-digestion of MOSW with digested (2rd step) and also conversion percent of mentioned quantities derived from 2rd step compare to single digestion of MOSW (1rd step) are increased. Biogas volume and pressure in base on feed mass unit and also biogas relative component, in 3rd step compare to 2rd and also in 2rd step compare to 1rd are increased.Discussion and Conclusion: Digested and CM mixing with MOSW not only contributes in increasing the organic part of the feed, but also collaborates in inoculation in process and increases the methane generation. Biogas volume and pressure and also methane production efficiency are increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Application of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Models Based on Geographic Information Systems in Locating Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites (Case Study: Bushehr Province)
Ghazaleh Danesh masoud monavari ghasemali omrani Abdolreza Karbasi Forough FarsadBackground and Objective: Todays, due to the expansion of cities, large quantities of industrial and hazardous materials are produced, which, in order to prevent its long-term and dangerous effects on human and environmental communities, selecting the best site for thes MoreBackground and Objective: Todays, due to the expansion of cities, large quantities of industrial and hazardous materials are produced, which, in order to prevent its long-term and dangerous effects on human and environmental communities, selecting the best site for these wastes has become one of the complex decisions in urban management action. Because of numerous industrial units, especially refineries, in Bushehr province, it is essential to find a management solution for hazardous wastes of this province. Finding the optimal location using multi-criteria decision models based on GIS that has both the lowest environmental risks and economically optimal, is the main goal of this article.Method: In this study, 24 parameters were used to analyze the selection of hazardous waste disposal sites based on the Delphi method in Bushehr province. Selected criteria were divided into two ecological and economic categories and ANP method was used to weight the criteria. At the final stage, suitable sites for these wastes were determined based on the GIS-based WLC method. Findings: The results showed that ecological criteria had the highest score (61/34%) and land use had the highest weight (0/27) and evaporation of the lowest weight (0/0017). Also, 6/13% of the province has a very high potential and 17/7% of the surface area is completely inappropriate for the disposal of hazardous wastes.Discussion and Conclusion: Study results highlighted the importance and significant weight of environmental criteria in prioritizing the proposed areas for hazardous disposal in Bushehr province, and has shown the model's efficiency in integrating GIS and MCDM. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Landfill site selection for urban wastes using Analytic Hierarchy Process and Leopold matrix methods (Case Study: Malekan city)
Ghodrat Barzegari Alireza Esmaeili Ebrahim Asghari KaljahiBackground and Objective: Uncontrolled urban expansion in country cause to increasing of waste production in the cities and became to an important issue despite the progress of science and technology. The purpose of this study is to investigate and select a suitable loc MoreBackground and Objective: Uncontrolled urban expansion in country cause to increasing of waste production in the cities and became to an important issue despite the progress of science and technology. The purpose of this study is to investigate and select a suitable location for landfill in Malekan city. Method: In this study, the required criteria including lithology, land use, vegetation, soil characteristics, topography (slope), distances from urban areas and away from the main road, the main and secondary canals, residential areas, wells and aqueducts, faults have been identified and collected. To form a pair wise comparison matrix and the weight of information layers determined by using of the Expert Choice 11 software and analytic hierarchy process. Then the appropriate zones have been modeled by overlaying of different layers in GIS media. Findings: It was found that the current waste disposal site of Malekan city does not have sufficient conditions for waste disposal and in order to select a suitable location, in addition to addressing the impact of the included criteria, it is necessary to use field visits and environmental assessments to finally select the most suitable place for landfilling. Discussion and Conclusion: As a result, 8 zones have been selected that 4 of them were eliminated based on field visits. Finally in order to planning of the studied area waste, the candidate zones were evaluated by the Leopold matrix and finally the zone number 4 located on the east of Qalejogh village has been selected as a best location for landfill of Malekan urban waste. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Landfill Site Selection of Construction and Demolition Wastes Using GIS and AHP Method (A Case Study of Hamedan City)
Fateme Jafari Nobakht Mehrdad Cheraghi Bahareh LorestaniBackground and Objectives: Population growth, urban development, and increased human activities will bring various outcomes, including the production and accumulation of waste, followed by environmental pollution. In developing countries, construction waste accounts for MoreBackground and Objectives: Population growth, urban development, and increased human activities will bring various outcomes, including the production and accumulation of waste, followed by environmental pollution. In developing countries, construction waste accounts for a large proportion of municipal waste, which in addition to the high cost of disposal, also has adverse effects on the environment. Because construction debris takes up a lot of space due to its bulk, disposing of it in landfills reduces the useful life of these areas and it is necessary to find a new place to bury construction debris. Method: Searching for a new landfill is a complex and time consuming process and requires a capable and efficient system, as using GIS and combining different layers of information and considering environmental, social and economic criteria, the most suitable landfill can be found. Located a building. In the present study, 16 criteria (slope, land use, residential, commercial and industrial centers, villages, roads (including 3 layers of highways, main roads and side roads), water (including 6 layers of wells, springs, aqueducts, Rivers, dams and waterways), antiquities, airport runways and mines) are involved in the location process, so that privacy and distance maps are prepared first ,then, in order to achieve more reliability, scoring the classes or parameter intervals was done in three ways. Criteria were weighted using Expert Choice software and hierarchical analysis (AHP). Findings: The results of the three types of scoring to multi-criteria analysis showed that there were significant differences in the results of different methods of scoring. Discussion and Conclusions: The results of combining 16 parameters involved in site selection in software Arc GIS9.3 showed that the appropriate zones for construction and demolition wastes buried in Hamadan, often are located in a 90-degree slice. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Using Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling in the impact of consumer attitudes and awareness on Intention to Participate in Electronic Waste Collection System
Fereshteh Hatam Reza Najafbagy MohammadJavad KameliBackground and Objective: Waste and municipal waste management is a major concern in any society and in this regard, the role and participation of citizens is very important. The purpose of this study is to design a model for impact of consumer attitude and awareness on MoreBackground and Objective: Waste and municipal waste management is a major concern in any society and in this regard, the role and participation of citizens is very important. The purpose of this study is to design a model for impact of consumer attitude and awareness on the intention to participate in the electronic waste collection system.Material and Methodology: The present study is an applied study in terms of purpose and a case study in terms of method.After extracting the structures from theoretical foundations and articles, to finalize them from 25 people Experts were consulted. Also, to validate the research model, a sample of 384 citizens of Tehran was selected. A standard questionnaire with a reliability of 0/968 was used to collect data. The model validation method is Bayesian structural equations which was implemented in AMOS 26 software.Findings: Findings showed that environmental factors, mental norm, economic stimulus,infrastructure and attitude from Yang Ko et al. (2017) model are effective on citizens' participationintention. Also, the variables of personal education, responsibility and publicity that were identifiedfrom the article of Tavakoli Nia et al. (2017) were approved by experts. Among the identified factors,the highest impact was related to environmental factors with an impact rate of about 85%.Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that environmental factors, mental norms and attitudesaffect the infrastructure and economic stimulus and also through these two variables affect theintention of citizen participation and have an indirect effect. Finally, publicity and accountabilitythrough environmental factors influence the intention of citizen participation. In addition, the resultsshow that the infrastructure facilitates the conversion of subjective norms and attitudes to intentions,which shows that lack of access to electronic waste collection infrastructure, reduces the impact ofsubjective norms and attitudes on intention. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Investigation of Quality and Quantity of Waste Generation in South Azadegan Oil Field (Southwest of Iran)
Zhinoos Tavakoli Hossein Sakhaeinia Farshid Pajoum ShariatiBackground and Objective: Oil fields can be considered as a major waste resource that leads to considerable adverse effects on human health and the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality, quantity and type of waste generated in the oil field o MoreBackground and Objective: Oil fields can be considered as a major waste resource that leads to considerable adverse effects on human health and the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality, quantity and type of waste generated in the oil field of South Azadegan. Material and Methodology: The present work reviewed the quality and quantity of waste generated in the south Azadegan oil field (Southwest of Iran) according to the production point and operation unit and waste classification. The present work was conducted in 2020 and firstly the various sectors of waste generation were identified and classified. Then a questionnaire was provided and distributed to all sectors for data collection. Ethical issues were considered at all stages. Fidings: The results showed that some recyclable wastes (approximately 35%) and organic waste (63.5%) were generated in the restaurant unit and the total weight of healthcare waste was 50Kg/year that include 28% non-infectious and 72% infectious waste. The engineering and sanitation unit of south Azadegan. produce the most waste generated in this area and the most wastes generated in this unit was drilling rig and fluids. Also, the chemical analysis of drilling rigs showed that the concentration of heavy metals in these samples is high. Discussion & Conclusion: According to the results, it should take into consideration that various wastes have been generated in studied area, some of which are hazardous, and new strategies should be used to protect the environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Investigation and evaluation of methane production using standard mathematical models by municipal solid waste
Seyed Ali Asghar Shariat Hosseini Kazem Bashirnezhad Peyman Bashi ShahabiBackground and Objective: Due to the increasing use of biomass technologies, especially methane gas produced from the decomposition of organic matter in municipal solid waste and its use as a source of energy production, and the importance of methods used in estimating MoreBackground and Objective: Due to the increasing use of biomass technologies, especially methane gas produced from the decomposition of organic matter in municipal solid waste and its use as a source of energy production, and the importance of methods used in estimating methane gas and Energy production, a study based on the use of mathematical models to estimate the methane gas produced at the Mashhad landfill. Material and Methodology: This research was conducted in 1398 in Mashhad. The method used in this study is based on the use of IPCC mathematical models developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Findings: According to mass balance and stoichiometric calculations performed for two categories of fast biodegradable and slow biodegradable materials, about 53.89% of the total landfill gases are methane and 46.11% are carbon dioxide. According to the calculations, the potential for methane production capacity is 115.33 cubic meters of methane per megagram of waste and the methane production rate is 0.021 per year. The data were analyzed in Landgem software. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results obtained in 1414, the maximum volumetric flow of methane produced is 2.6×107 cubic meters per year. Also, the high and low thermal values of landfill gas are 21.484 and 19.361 megajoules per cubic meter, respectively. In case of direct use of landfill gas in power generators, in 1414, the highest net output power with high and low thermal value of landfill gas can be obtained 11503.633 kw and 10366.83 kw, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - The influence of biochar and phytoremediation of Heavy Metals (Cr, As & Pb) in a soil contaminated by oil drilling waste
sara sharifi hoseini Ahmad Landi Saied Hojati Neemat JaafarzadehBackground and Objective: Soils and waters are frequently subject to contamination by inorganic elements including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn, mainly due to anthropogenic activities, such as mining, incineration of wastes, drilling of petroleum shaft and agr MoreBackground and Objective: Soils and waters are frequently subject to contamination by inorganic elements including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn, mainly due to anthropogenic activities, such as mining, incineration of wastes, drilling of petroleum shaft and agricultural practices (i.e., pesticides and sewage sludge application). Phytoremediation employs the use of plants to degrade, remediate and stabilize various environmental contaminants in soil, water and air. Biochar (BC) can be produced from a wide range of organic wastes via pyrolysis. It has great potential as an amendment for phytoremediation but its effects depend on the type of feedstock it derives from. This study was conducted to identify the effects of biochar addition and phytoremediation on As, Cr, and Pb concentrations in a soils polluted by oil drilling wastes.Material and Methodology: The current study was carried out to examine the heavy metal immobilizing effect of biochar produced from sugar cane waste and subsequent heavy metal uptake by Sorghum, Atriplex sp. and prosopis farcta. Sugar cane wastage biochar was incorporated into four application rates (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 % (w/w)) and soil biochar mixtures were examined for an incubation period of 2 months (so that the contaminated material could be distributed evenly in the soil particles). Then pot trials were provided for cultivation of Sorghum, Atriplex sp and Prosopis farcta so that for each plant, a row of 12 pots and a total of 36 pots for the three under-study plants.Findings: The results showed, average of Cr, As and pb concentration in contaminated soil is 56, 53.4 and 582 ppm. Average of Cr, As and pb concentration in contaminated soil is Amendment with BC is 30, 21.5 and 224. Average of Cr, As and pb concentration in contaminated soil is Amendment with Sorghum is 22, 7.2 and 43, Amendment with Atriplex sp is 16, 15.3 and 141, Amendment with prosopis farcta is 18, 19.9 and 192 ppm.Discussion and Conclusion: Effective treatment of Cr was prosopis farcta and 1 % (w/w) biochar, Sorghum and 2 % (w/w) biochar for As and pb. Although heavy metal-contaminated soils can be reclaimed effectively by application of biochar, further research is needed to explore its long-term environmental and economic aspect to gain maximum benefits from this novel material Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Site selection for construction and demolition waste management facilities using GIS & FVIKOR (Case Study: Karaj)
Zahra Hasannezhad Saeid MehrabianBackground and Objective: Selecting a suitable site for construction and demolition waste management facilities, is one of the critical decision-making issues, which requires a comprehensive evaluation. The high amount of construction and demolition waste produced MoreBackground and Objective: Selecting a suitable site for construction and demolition waste management facilities, is one of the critical decision-making issues, which requires a comprehensive evaluation. The high amount of construction and demolition waste produced compared to the total production of waste makes it absolutely necessary to determine suitable sites for landfilling this type of waste. The objective of this study is to present the methodology to select a suitable site for this kind of waste.Material and Methodology: There are three steps in evaluating the sites in this research. In the first step, after determining the effective factors and determining their weight by the Eigenvector Method and hierarchically, the studied areas were evaluated with 28 criteria in a fuzzy method by geographic information system (GIS). In the second step, the suggested areas by GIS, by 7 other criteria were rated by the use of FVIKOR and the score of each area was found. In the third step Final rating of sites were done by two criteria (the achieved scores of GIS and the achieved scores of the FVIKOR method).Findings The final weight of evaluation criteria by GIS and FVIKOR methods was 0.86 and 0.14, respectively, and 21 places were ranked in three steps.Discussion and Conclusion: The approach used in this study is using (GIS) and fuzzy logic, considering the weight and relative importance of each criterion and use a suitable method for rating that increases accuracy and reliability of assessment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Evaluation of environmental performance of the Starclean composting machine in converting the wet wastes into compost
Hamid Abasalizadeh Arzhang Fathi-Gerdelidani Shahab Khalaj Siavash Jalili ArameshBackground and Objective: Ideal management of urban, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes is important due to high daily production of them, particularly from environmental and hygienic perspective. The aim of this research was to evaluate the environmental perfo MoreBackground and Objective: Ideal management of urban, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes is important due to high daily production of them, particularly from environmental and hygienic perspective. The aim of this research was to evaluate the environmental performance of StarClean composting machine in converting wet wastes at origin to compost fertilizer and chemical and microbial analysis of the produced fertilizer and comparing it with reference national standards.Material and Methodology: One composting machine with a capacity to convert 5-10 kg wet wastes was installed in region 22 of Tehran municipality, then Alicyclobacillus sendaiensis bacteria were added to the machine tank and wet wastes were strewed in it daily and after 24 hours, the produced compost was picked up. Afterwards, microbial and chemical characteristics of the compost were analyzed.Findings: Results showed that heavy metals concentration and Salmonella and Coliform fecal bacteria counts of the machine output compost were lower than permissible limits and completely passed the reference standards. Other chemical properties also were ideal which indicates the produced compost is a high quality organic fertilizer and its use can improve soil fertility.Discussion and Conclusion: the studied composting machine converts wet wastes to compost fertilizer with high quality in a short time without the production of leachate and an unpleasant odor. It also allows to complete separation of wet and dry wastes at source and production of compost fertilizer with high quality. Hence it is suggested to use this composting machine in places of wet waste generation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - A Hybrid Multi-criteria Decision-making and Allocation Model for Selection of Hospital Waste Disposal Firms
Mohammad amin Sabeti Karajvandani Ghasem Abbasi Omid Amirtaheri Soheila KhishtandarBackground and Objective: In a context where substantial volumes of hospital waste are generated and disposed of daily, the ineffective sanitary disposal of such waste can lead to environmental risks and higher operational expenses. However, hospitals frequently overloo MoreBackground and Objective: In a context where substantial volumes of hospital waste are generated and disposed of daily, the ineffective sanitary disposal of such waste can lead to environmental risks and higher operational expenses. However, hospitals frequently overlook objective criteria when evaluating and selecting waste disposal firms, relying instead on subjective judgment and past experiences. This research proposes a decision-making framework that presents a hybrid model combining multi-criteria decision-making and linear programming. The primary objective of this study is to propose a safe and efficient method for outsourcing disposing of or recycling hospital waste. Material and Methodology: This study presents a framework for decision-making in hospital waste disposal, addressing both single and multiple outsourcing scenarios. Firstly, the literature is reviewed to identify the criteria for evaluating waste disposal firms. The DEMATEL method is employed to explore the cause-and-effect relationships among these criteria, selecting the most significant ones and visualizing their causal relationships in a network format. The analytic network process (ANP) method is then utilized to evaluate and choose the most suitable waste disposal firm in a single outsourcing scenario. Additionally, to mitigate the risks associated with single outsourcing, a linear programming model is introduced for multiple outsourcing. This mathematical model determines the optimal allocation of waste quantities to various waste disposal firms, aiming to maximize the overall amount of waste disposed of by these firms. Fidings: The framework introduced in this study was put into practice to assess and choose hospital waste disposal firms in Tehran. Through a comprehensive literature review, 10 evaluation criteria were identified. Among these, the six most influential criteria were selected using the DEMATEL method, and their causal relationships were depicted in a network. The ANP was employed to assign weights to the evaluation criteria and the candidate firms. The evaluation criteria, in descending order of importance, include qualified human resources, recycling and disposal capacity, experience, cost, collection and transportation infrastructure, and waste disposal and recycling technology. Furthermore, a linear programming model was solved using Lingo software to optimize the allocation of waste among the candidate firms. Discussion & Conclusion: The decision-making model presented in this article offers advantages to both hospital officials and urban pollution control officials in the context of outsourcing sanitary waste disposal. The outcomes obtained from implementing the proposed framework demonstrate that decision-making based on this model not only benefits hospitals in selecting a suitable firm but also helps to mitigate conflicts of interest and disagreements between hospitals, sanitary waste disposal firms, and urban pollution control officials. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - 1
تقی عبادی حمید خزاعی عباس سروش -
Open Access Article
42 - 1
علی محمد لطیفی محمود تولایی حسین غفوریان امین نظری -
Open Access Article
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سیدمعسود منوری نعمت الله خراسانی قاسمعلی عمرانی پریناز ارباب -
Open Access Article
44 - Back setting of Treated Wastewater from Xanthenes Production Process into the New Fermentation Run
Samaneh Sedighi Khavidak Mohammad Reza Soudi Jamshid FooladiParallel to development of biotechnology and fermentation processes in the country, the importance of the wastewater treatment has been increased. One of the cost effective methods in fermentation and wastewater treatment is back setting and recycling wastewater in a ne MoreParallel to development of biotechnology and fermentation processes in the country, the importance of the wastewater treatment has been increased. One of the cost effective methods in fermentation and wastewater treatment is back setting and recycling wastewater in a new run of fermentation which is used in this project to reduce xanthenes fermentation wastewater and water usage. In this project, the main chemical and microbiological characteristics of distilled wastewater were determined. Thereafter distilling was added to new batches of fermentation in different concentrations at different times; and the effect of these additions on xanthenes production quality and quantity were examined. This study showed that the use of different physic – chemical methods is necessary for the distilling treatment before its back setting in a new fermentation batch. For this purpose, in this project, the effect of treated distilling with C18 disk was examined. Further examinations showed that the back setting of distilling treated with C18 disk in 25% concentration in Xanthenes production medium leads to producing of 11.91 g/l crude Xanthenes in comparison with the positive control (culture medium prepared from tap water), 11.68 g/l crude Xanthenes, was produced. Moreover, the increase of 107% crude xanthenes, 75% pure xanthenes and 67% viscosity compared to the negative control (culture medium prepared from raw distillation) is observed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
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سید مسعود منوری قاسمعلی عمرانی امیر حسام حسنی کتایون ورشوساز -
Open Access Article
46 - 7
الهه علیزاده -
Open Access Article
47 - Quantitative & Qualitative Study of Chemical Hazardous Waste in Refinery of Tehran with the Propose of Mitigation
Farzaneh Jafarigol Abdulreza Krabasi Parvin NasiriAbstractIn this study, waste product process, type, volume, source and their period of disposal as well asmanagement methods have been identified. Moreover waste and chemical substance classification hasbeen done according to RCRA law and Basel convention by considering MoreAbstractIn this study, waste product process, type, volume, source and their period of disposal as well asmanagement methods have been identified. Moreover waste and chemical substance classification hasbeen done according to RCRA law and Basel convention by considering certain codes for eachsubstance.In general, average produced waste in the study area is estimated about 1750 tones, which means20.4g per each crude oil barrel. Annual average hazardous waste is estimated about 1338.7 tons/year,which is %76.5 of whole produced waste and average amount of non-hazardous waste is %23.5 ofwhole produced waste.According to RCRA classification amongst all substances, only 9 of them have been categorized ashazardous waste listed in K list, 11 substances as hazardous waste from unknown source listed in Flist, 25 substances classified as poisoned hazardous waste listed in U list and 4 substances classified asmajor hazardous have been listed in list P. Generally 49 substances of 133 substances have beenidentified and included in RCRA list.On the other hand according to Basel classification, 14 substances classified by Y codes, 6 substancesby H code and 16 substances goes to both H and Y codes.Results from examinations on soil samples show, that wastes produced by refinery includes heavymetal such as Cd, Co, Cu, Ni and Pb more than standards limits.Soil in Salvage area includes the highest average of Zn, and lowest of Cd.Average density of TPH in regional soil is about 230.58mg per each gram of soil; this clearly showsthe polluted soil with oil-waste in Salvage area Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Evaluation of municipal solid waste final disposal scenarios through life cycle assessment and analytic hierarchy process methods (Case study: Tehran)
Somayeh Khan Pouraghdam Mehdi Ghanbarzadeh Lak Mehrdad Mohtadi Mohammad Reza Sabour Background and Objective: An integrated model of life cycle assessment and hierarchical analysis was developed to determine the best practical method for municipal solid waste disposal. The model used for environmental and technical assessments of scenarios inclu More Background and Objective: An integrated model of life cycle assessment and hierarchical analysis was developed to determine the best practical method for municipal solid waste disposal. The model used for environmental and technical assessments of scenarios included (A) landfilling of wastes without energy extraction; (B) waste incineration with energy recovery and ash burial; and (C) production of compost from the organic components and landfilling other wastes. Method: In order to conduct environmental assessments, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) was estimated by life cycle of the disposal method. Technical evaluations were carried out based on the hierarchical analysis method and a survey of experts. In order to analyze the results of the proposed model, Tehran city in Iran was selected as a case study. Findings: The highest greenhouse gas emissions occurred in scenario A, and the lowest was associated with scenario B. Maximum discounts on emissions from burning putrescible wastes, paper and cardboards were obtained in scenario B. In contrast, landfilling of such wastes in scenarios A and C was the main source of methane production. Although the incineration of plastic wastes might lead to more energy extraction in scenario B, the generation of non-biological CO2 had an incremental effect on GHG emissions. Scenarios A and C had a relatively high superiority over scenario B from the perspective of most technical criteria, but the probability of leachate in these scenarios reduced their technical advantages. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the combination of evaluations, the method of landfilling without energy extraction is the most inappropriate option, and waste incineration with energy extraction leads to the lowest greenhouse gas emissions and is technically acceptable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
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Seyed Masoud Monavari Zahra Abedi Hanieh Gharehbakhsh -
Open Access Article
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تقی عبادی لیندا یادگاریان محمدرضا ذوالفقار پور پروین فرشچی پگاه فلاحی -
Open Access Article
51 - Biodiesel Production Process from Waste Vegetable Oil and Optimization of its Physical Properties
Mahdy Turkish Boldaji Bahman Najafi Amir hossein Zamzamiyan Reza EbrahimzadehBiodiesel is Alkyl Ester of fatty Acids that is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel compared with diesel fbel contains less sulftir and aromatic compounds, and includes 10% oxygen in its molecular construction which results decreasing in exhaust emi MoreBiodiesel is Alkyl Ester of fatty Acids that is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel compared with diesel fbel contains less sulftir and aromatic compounds, and includes 10% oxygen in its molecular construction which results decreasing in exhaust emission pollutants of diesel engine. In this research biodiesel is produced from waste cooking oil by means ofTrans Esterification method in the presence ofNaOH catalyzes (0.5 % oil weight) and 6:1 of methanoi to oil ratio. For improving some physical properties of biodiesel, such as cloud point and pour point crystallization of ester with n-hexane solvent was used. Some blends with different levels of biodiesel and diesel fuel were obtained from each kind of blend fuel. Physical properties identified and compared to diesel fuel #2. Conclusions show: increasing of biodiesel percent in blend resulted increasing of density and viscosity. High percent of biodiesel in blends, has negative effect on cloud point and pour point, and so compared with diesel fuel, causes increasing these two properties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Investigation of the Effect of Different Amounts of Sawdust on Physical and Chemical Parameters of Municipal Solid Waste compost
Javad Yousefi Habibollah YounesiIntroduction: Composting is one of the best methods for solid wastes disposal, therefore, some efforts seem tobe essential for improving its process and its products quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectof sawdust admixture on composting process o MoreIntroduction: Composting is one of the best methods for solid wastes disposal, therefore, some efforts seem tobe essential for improving its process and its products quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectof sawdust admixture on composting process of municipal waste and some physicochemical parameters ofcompost such as temperature, pH, EC, heavy metals concentration and nutrient content.Methods: 4 piles were prepared and different amounts of sawdust were added (0, 16, 32 and 70%). Every daythe temperature was measured within each pile; pH and EC were measured weekly; and heavy metals andnutrient content were measured in final products.Results: The pile without sawdust showed fluctuation in thermophilic temperature, and the gradual decrease intemperature was started on day 33, whereas this decrease was started on day 18 for 16 and 32% treatments. ThepH value was shown to increase on day 21 and then slightly decreased to end of process. The pH value in finalproduct was maximum in 0% treatment (8.1) and it was minimum in 70% treatment (7.73). The EC valueshowed a slight increase in all treatments during the composting process. Treatments with sawdust showed a lowEC value in final products. 0% treatment gave a maximum amount (4.884) of EC and 32% treatment gave aminimum amount (4.235) of EC. The concentration of heavy metals and nutrients, except for Na and K,decreased with sawdust admixture. This was due to dilution effect of sawdust because of low metal content. Naconcentration increased with sawdust admixture due to high content of Na in sawdust and used water.Conclusion: Temperature fluctuation was controlled in composting piles and thermophilic temperature waspreserved in active composting phase with sawdust admixture. Also compost quality was improved and heavymetals content decreased; therefore, the negative effects of compost on human health decreased with addition ofsawdust Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Application of Analytical Hierarchy process (AHP) for environmental and technical assessment of using industrial and construction debris in road pavement layers
Mohammad Delnavaz Hossein Hasanpour Hossein ZangooeiBackground and Objective: The efficient waste management and the environmental protection are important issues in engineering field especially in road construction. Excessive consumption of natural materials for construction and rehabilitation of roads damages the natur MoreBackground and Objective: The efficient waste management and the environmental protection are important issues in engineering field especially in road construction. Excessive consumption of natural materials for construction and rehabilitation of roads damages the natural environment severely. Therefore, in this research, the use of excavation debris and the steel slag in the road pavement evaluated. Methods: for this purpose, the experiments consisted of plastic and liquid limit, sand equivalent (SE), Los Angeles abrasion, soundness of aggregate and CBR test were done and the reliability of the materials was determined by several factors using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Findings: The result of CBR test on debris was obtained 36.2 that indicated the quality of this debris for sub-base layer. On the other hand, the steel slag arising from electric arc furnace cannot be used alone in the pavement layer of road because of lack of adhesion properties and therefore the steel slag was mixed with adhesive materials. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed proper quality of construction debris and steel slag in road pavement by considering different factors especially environmental issues. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Study of Solid Waste Management of Hotels placed in District No 6 of the City of Tehran
Monireh Majlesi Ghasem Ali Omrani Parisa ElahiIn past times, Tehran citys solid waste management was included mostly collecting and burying waste. Environmental knowledge was increased over times due to improvement in environment technology and sciences and so the relationship between the public health and environm MoreIn past times, Tehran citys solid waste management was included mostly collecting and burying waste. Environmental knowledge was increased over times due to improvement in environment technology and sciences and so the relationship between the public health and environment became more obvious. Main waste producer sections are trading centers such as hotels and restaurants which mostly produce semi-household wastes. According to studies undertaken on District 6 of Tehran city, hotels are the main waste producers. The most part of waste composition includes organic and regenerative matters with plant-and animal-based origin (70%). So solid waste management must concentrate mostly on such materials separations and compost production. Hotels solid waste management is a topic which yet no study has been implemented about it or if any, there is no publication in general and expertise libraries about the subject. The present study has been carried out since 1385 to 1386 aiming to investigate the current status of solid waste management dominated on Tehrans hotels. There are 72 hotels, 180 hostels and 160 restaurants in the city. Study areas include waste production rate, distinction of physical composition, Storage, collecting and transportation systems. To improve waste management task it is necessary to obtain required knowledge about these steps. Data gathering with respect to hotels solid waste management was performed through referral for sampling (random selection), physical analysis and questionnaire completion in which the later was carried out with 11 copies for hotels in District 6. The questionnaires have been standardized according to Delphi method. Among hotels with various ranking in service delivery quality, two hotels were selected randomly and considered for investigation, (in some cases with seemingly more changes, the number was increased to 4 hotels). Sampling of two hotels (Enghelab and Azadi) in the District was carried out with 3 referrals for Physical analysis and waste fractions weight was measured separately. Above mentioned trading units have been selected randomly for physical analysis and because of waste composition similarities in hotels (due to undertaken studies), a bin was selected randomly for every trading unit which then was analyzed physically. Step sampling method has been introduced for final conclusion. Based on the project findings, hotels’ waste production per capita is bout 1-1.5 kg. It was also observed that waste separation is not undertaken in 36.3 percent of hotels but 63.6 percent do the task mostly for dried bread. The study shows the average percent of waste physical composition in hotels is as following: 75.8% wet residual, 14.6% plastic, 1.5% metal cans, 2.5% paper, 3% glass and 2.5% other materials. It was also shown that 27 percent of hotels were not equipped with bin and 45 percent had 1.2 and 3 bins, 27 percent had more than 4 bins. Waste collecting procedure is carried out in un-mechanized collection system in 27.3 percent of hotels which 36.4 percent of them are satisfied with mechanical waste collection and 36.4 percent are very satisfied with the method Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Comparison of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Solid Waste Management Systems Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Mohammad Javad Zoghi Ariayaman Ghavidel Mohsen SaeediBackground and Objective: Municipal solid waste treatment is one of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions sources. Waste management systems can affect GHG emissions from these sources. This study evaluates the current and other three patterns of integrated waste management MoreBackground and Objective: Municipal solid waste treatment is one of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions sources. Waste management systems can affect GHG emissions from these sources. This study evaluates the current and other three patterns of integrated waste management systems (IWMSs) with respect to greenhouse gas emissions, using life cycle assessment (LCA), based on the Lavandevil case. Method: System 1 represents the current MSW management in Lavandevil, including collection, transport and landfilling. Other three IWMSs along with collection, transport, landfilling and incineration include recycling (system 2), anaerobic digestion (system 3) and recycling and anaerobic digestion (system 4). Results: The results show that global warming potential (GWP) from system 1 amounts to 840 Kg CO2 eq, whereas GWP from system 4 reduces to 474 Kg CO2 eq for each ton of Lavandevil’s MSW. Considering the results obtained from this study, in all management systems (system S1-S4), lanfilling has the highest share in GWP increasing. GWP from landfilling can be reduced by power generation from landfill gas (LFG). Therefore, in this study, all management systems (system S1-S4) are assumed under two different methods (landfilling with and without energy recovery). By assumption, 75% recovery of landfill gas results in a GWP reduction of nearly 36% by GWP of landfilling. Conclusion: The results show that source separation and use of separate waste in recycling and anaerobic decomposition processes have the highest impact in GWP reducing. Therefore, this study suhhests that source separation of waste, recycling and anaerobic decomposition treatment should be increased in the country’s waste management systems. On condition that both treatment systems could not be founded together, recycling is favorable over anaerobic digestion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Hazardous Wastes Landfill Site Selection Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Zanjan Province
Mehdi Boroumandi Mashalah Khamehchyian Mohammad Reza NikoudelRecently, hazardous waste management is a major issue through the world due to increasing ofhazardous wastes in countries. According to numerous industrial units, Zanjan province needs aneffective managing method for hazardous wastes. Landfilling is the most common meth MoreRecently, hazardous waste management is a major issue through the world due to increasing ofhazardous wastes in countries. According to numerous industrial units, Zanjan province needs aneffective managing method for hazardous wastes. Landfilling is the most common method used tohazardous waste management. Determining of optimum location with considering minimumenvironmental risks and cost effective methods are the scope of this paper. The used method in thispaper is combination of geographic Information System (GIS) and multiple criteria Analysis (MCA).Because of several influencing parameters in landfill site selection, using MCA is necessary. A twosteps method of landfill site was done, including elimination exclusionary areas and calculationsuitability index. In order to determine weights of effective parameters, Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) was applied. Simple additive weight method was used for determination of suitability indexand evaluation of study area for hazardous waste landfill. Finally regions with high suitability indexwere suggested for hazardous waste landfills in Zanjan province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - The use of System Dynamics Methodology for Analysis of Generation, Collection and Transport Systems of Municipal Solid Waste (The case of metropolitan city of Tehran)
Mohammad Ali Afshar Kazemi Leila Eftekhar Ghasem Ali OmraniIntroduction: The waste generation is the product of different human activities that have been transformed because of the change of life style and multilateral development. By progression in science and technology, waste management has been reviewed scientifically. With MoreIntroduction: The waste generation is the product of different human activities that have been transformed because of the change of life style and multilateral development. By progression in science and technology, waste management has been reviewed scientifically. Within the eight branches of functional elements of municipal solid waste management system, generation, collection and transportation have especial importance. The significance of waste generation is due to being the first loop in the chain of recycling and reducing production is the base of comprehensive solid waste management pyramid .Otherwise the greatest part of costs for managing solid waste systems relates to collection and transportation of wastes. Materials & Method: In this paper we described municipal solid waste management system and dynamic modeling methodology. After that we reviewed the literature research about dynamic modeling of municipal solid waste management systems. In the next step, we illustrated a dynamic model for generation, collection and transportation of wastes in the city of Tehran. Then we analyzed the findings from the base run of model and examined that with validation tests to gain accredited model. Result& Discussion: After achieving a valid model the improved scenario have been built based on 3R techniques and policy and sensitivity analysis. In Tehran city, emphasis on reducing production and decreasing of per capita waste generation, awaken citizens and officials on necessity of separation wet and dry wastes in era and Effort to improving the performance of Dry waste separation plan are the best options to manage generation ,collection and transportation wastes subsystems . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Evaluation of the Influence of Sulfur and Municipal Solid Waste Compost on Soil pH and Uptake of Some of the Micronutrients by Corn.
Mohammad Reza Sabour Morteza Shokri Saeed Samavat Mohammad Reza FarahaniIntroduction: Application of sulfur and organic matters has an important role in improving ofphysicochemical properties in soils. In this research optimizing the mixture design between sulfur andmunicipal solid waste compost for application in an alkaline soil was teste MoreIntroduction: Application of sulfur and organic matters has an important role in improving ofphysicochemical properties in soils. In this research optimizing the mixture design between sulfur andmunicipal solid waste compost for application in an alkaline soil was tested.Materials & Methodology: In this research randomized designs with three replications is used. Theapplied factors were the total fertilizer content of compost and sulfur, M, and the ratio between sulfurand compost in fertilizer, T. M factor had four options, zero,0.5, 1 and 2 percent of soil weight and Tfactor include 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 sulfur to compost ratios.Discussion & Results: The obtained results indicated that all of treatments with 99 percentcontingency decreased the soil pH and T2M4 treatment had the best influence. The content of Znuptake by corn has been significant in 5 percent level in many treatments. The content of Fe uptakehad remarkable incensement in treatments, but it wasn't significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Positioning waste management laws in comparison with France's laws and utilizing the Strategic Position and Action Evaluation (SPACE) matrix
Jafar Nouri Seyed Abbas Pourhashemi Reza Arjmandi Fatemeh AlimardaniIntroduction:In this study, a comparative analysis has been made between the environmental laws and regulationsrelated to waste in Iran (as a developing country) and France (as a developed country) to presentmanagement solutions using three models of QSPM, SPACE and SWO MoreIntroduction:In this study, a comparative analysis has been made between the environmental laws and regulationsrelated to waste in Iran (as a developing country) and France (as a developed country) to presentmanagement solutions using three models of QSPM, SPACE and SWOT.Materials and Methods:In the present study, the two systems were initially identified, assessed and analyzed by comparativeanalysis, and after the completion of related questionnaires by some of the professors and experts ofEnvironment and Energy Faculty, the data were normalized. Then the superior strategies of SWOTwere identified by the QSPM model and employed in presenting management solutions.Results and Discussion:Strategic Position and Action Evaluation (SPACE) matrix showed that Iran laws were in a defensiveposition and this means that the internal weaknesses must be rectified and the external threats must beavoided. For the effectiveness of management solutions for reducing adverse effects of waste,rectification of the following legal issues should be given priority: enacting Environmental NationalPolicy law, establishing an environmental special commission in the country’s parliament,establishing special courts for environmental crimes, employing Justice Ministry official experts toaccelerate the settlement of environmental records, amending the law enforcement procedures,motivating and supporting the private sector in recycling the waste from laboratories and hospitals,expediting the preparation of a list of special wastes and providing the necessary legal facilities forreducing the volume of special wastes, and enacting binding legislations for application of up-to-datestandards and environmentally friendly technologies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Assessment of Hospital Waste Management system with focus on disinfection method
keivan saeb Saeed Kardar Farah Salehi Shohreh alidoustBackground and objective: Hospital wastes are the second hazardous wastes after radioactive wastes. Proper management of this wastes cause to affordable disposal of hospital wastes which is also compatible with the environment. The present study has been done to evaluat MoreBackground and objective: Hospital wastes are the second hazardous wastes after radioactive wastes. Proper management of this wastes cause to affordable disposal of hospital wastes which is also compatible with the environment. The present study has been done to evaluate the quantity of waste produced and also the function of safety methods in Sari's hospitals. Method: Required data were collected by going to the production and storage of waste and assessment of the devices function have been done based on biological monitoring of indicator bacteria in infectious wastes. Findings: Average of total wastes produced were 3198 kg per day in Sari's hospitals and per capita waste production were estimated kg per bed per day 2.49. Average of normal wastes, infectious wastes and winning wastes and radiation wastes were determined per bed respectively, 1.56, 0.7, 0.22, 0.01 kg per day. The total wastes and infectious wastes in private hospitals were more than of public hospitals and Social Security. The results showed that 46% and 36% of infectious wastes have been annihilated by incineration and safe methods respectively. Biological monitoring showed that the most of function Safety devices were at an acceptable level in hospitals. They have been eliminated with an average 80% of microorganisms. Discussion and conclusion: Waste production in the most of our hospitals, especially private hospitals, are much higher than usual offered by the World Health Organization. The results show that the size of hospitals (large or small) have no influence in the production of solid waste per bed, and there were related to the type of ownership and management procedures largely. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Quality Evaluation of Composted Urban Solid Wastes Materials Produced in Tehran Arad-Kouh Factory Using Parameters of CIELAB Color Standard during Production Process
Hadith Khandehroo Bubak SouriBackground and objective: CIE color standard system has been extensively used to determinevarious physic-chemical characteristics of porous media such as soil. Objective of this study is toevaluate the relationship of C/N ratio and organic matter percentage with paramet MoreBackground and objective: CIE color standard system has been extensively used to determinevarious physic-chemical characteristics of porous media such as soil. Objective of this study is toevaluate the relationship of C/N ratio and organic matter percentage with parameters of CIELAB colorstandard system during composting production process.Material and methods: In this study, changes on parameters of CIELAB color standard alongsidewith organic matter percentages and values of C/N ratio were measured for 90 days during urban solidwastes materials’ composting process in Arad-Kouh factory in Tehran.Results: The results showed that there are significant relationships of L* with organic matter(r=0.942, α=0.01) and ratio of C/N (r=0.915, α=0.01) from one hand and parameter of a*/b* withorganic matter (r=-0.876, α=0.01) and ratio of C/N (r=-0.893, α=0.01) from other hand.Conclusion: Statistical interpretation of the obtained results approved that instead of commonanalytical methods for quality evaluation of composted materials; parameters of L* and a*/b* areeasy, inexpensive and quick to estimate ratio of C/N and organic matter percentage of compostedurban solid wastes materials reliably. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Solid wastes separation considering environmental economic aspects: technical vs. traditional system (case study: Tehran district 20)
Hassan Karimzadegan Seyed Masoud Monavari Reza Naghavi Afsaneh HassaniSolid wastes separation at the source of production --"producer source separation plan"-- has been carried out since 1374 in the districts of Tehranwith various methods to increase recycling efficiency. District 20 ofTehran is one of the districts that attempted to impl MoreSolid wastes separation at the source of production --"producer source separation plan"-- has been carried out since 1374 in the districts of Tehranwith various methods to increase recycling efficiency. District 20 ofTehran is one of the districts that attempted to implement these projects at that time. In this district, about 70% of the recycling has been performed through the traditional system and 30% through the technical system since 1383. The present study aimed to compare the two methods considering environmental economic aspect. To this end, the Solid Wastes Separation Plan was implemented inTehran district 20 in the year 1384. The results revealed that the project’s profits, consistent with the technical and administrative system in the first year of implementation (1384), turned out to be negative, but the profits of dry solid wastes collected through the traditional system were positive. In the years 1385 and 1386 (the second and third years of implementation), 50% and 100% of the households were included in the producer source separation plan, respectively. Moreover, the project’s profits in 1385 and 1386 were estimated to be 1.6 % and 3.3% higher than that of 1384, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Effects of physic-chemical characteristics of municipal waste on the estimation of collecting vehicles using WAGS software Case study municipality No.22, Tehran
Abdoreza Karbasi Sayed Masoud Monavari Ghasemali Omrani Leila ZaheriUncontrolled urban developments on one hand and changes in the pattern of consumption on the other hand has faced human kind with unexpected environmental pollution and undoubtedly waste production is amongst the very significant sources of environmental pollution which MoreUncontrolled urban developments on one hand and changes in the pattern of consumption on the other hand has faced human kind with unexpected environmental pollution and undoubtedly waste production is amongst the very significant sources of environmental pollution which is created by human kind. Therefore, modern solid waste management is necessary to overcome the created problem. Such management should carefully consider various aspects of waste generation, storage, collection, transport, recycle and final disposal. Among these, one should admit that the higher cost of waste management belongs to transport of wastes. This includes both collections from residential areas, their transportation to transfer stations and finally transport to the landfill. In the present investigation, municipality No.22 of Tehran city is selected to examine cost of transport using WAGS software. The results show that the highest percentages of total transport cost is allocated to the wages of personal (almost 74%). The other components such as vehicles, repairs, full and others have a share of 16, 6, 3 and 1% of the total cost of collection and transporting of solid wastes. The overall expenditures of waste collection are about 44140 million Rails which indicates the need for additional investment equal to 36470 million Rails to the year 2020. At present the cost of collection and transportation of wastes to the transfer station is about 75 Rials/Kg. This amount encompasses all personal, vehicles, fuel and other associated costs. It is estimated that above mentioned cost increase from 75 to 81 Rials/Kg in the year 2020. At present each family has to pay 85640 Rials/year as a cost of collection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Evaluation of Construction Waste Management (Case Study in Kerman in 1387)
Hossein Jafari Mansourian Ahmad Rajabizadeh Shidvash DowlatshahiIntroduction: Construction and demolition wastes make considerable part of the municipal solidwastes. Construction industry uses large amounts of the natural resources and produces massivequantities of construction and demolition wastes. Thus construction and demolition MoreIntroduction: Construction and demolition wastes make considerable part of the municipal solidwastes. Construction industry uses large amounts of the natural resources and produces massivequantities of construction and demolition wastes. Thus construction and demolition wastesmanagement is one of the prime concerns especially in developing countries. Construction anddemolition wastes management requires knowledge of ways of collection, recycling, and disposal ofconstruction and demolition wastes. This study was conducted to evaluate collection system,recycling, and disposal of construction and demolition wastes of the city of Kerman in 1387.Materials and Methods: This work has been a cross-sectional research study .This study wasconducted to evaluate the status of construction and demolition wastes in the city of Kerman. Initially,the required issues and matters were classified based on the research goals. Relevant foreign researchpapers and experiences of countries in the area of management and recycling of this type of wasteswere reviewed. Then, a comprehensive questionnaire was designed and compiled.Result and Discussion: In Kerman 2400 tons construction and demolition wastes are generated daily,that is, 0.005kg/capital-day. The sources of the construction and demolition wastes in Kerman areconstruction of residential ,commercial ,industrial buildings ,excavation ,demolition andreconstruction of old buildings ,parks ,squares and curb forming which show a remarkable increaseduring last six years .Of 2400 tons construction and demolition wastes 120 tons (5%) are recycled andthe rest are disposed .The predominant recycled construction and demolition wastes are scrap iron(3%) ,soil (2%) ,brick (1%) ,wood (0.5%) and asphalt (0.5%) .At the present time collection,transportation, and disposal of the wastes are accomplished by public and private section by the meansof 300 auto trips each day .Conventional method of the construction and demolition waste disposal inKerman is stored in places which is safe environmentally, hygienically, and recreationally.Theimplementation of a successful recycling plan demands thorough information regarding quality andquantity of wastes as well as recycling site. Trade market conditions of construction and demolitionwastes are also prime importance. Establishment of a systematic method for collection, transportation1- MSc. Environmental Health, Centre of Health Promotion Research, Health Dept. Zahedan Medical SciencesUniversity.2- Member of the Board of Engineering, Environmental Health School, Kerman Medical Sciences UniversityJ.Env.Sci,TechJ.Env. Sci. Tech., Vol 15, No.1, Spring 2014179and recycling of construction and demolition wastes would be a productive step in the direction ofadvancement and development goal of the city of Kerman.Present research results are conformed to obtained results in Thailand in the cases of the generationrate and management of construction and demolition wastes recycling, recycling of construction anddemolition waste via a mechanical sorting process in Taiwan and generation and management ofconstruction and demolition waste in Greece Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Study of Landfill leachate pollution of Rasht City
Masoud Monavari Ghasemali Omrani Fatemeh GhanbariBackground and Objective: Study of landfill of urban solid wastes is important because of its different kind of pollution. The most important pollutants of landfill, is leachate of the resulting from solid wastes. Solid waste leachate may penetrate into surface and unde MoreBackground and Objective: Study of landfill of urban solid wastes is important because of its different kind of pollution. The most important pollutants of landfill, is leachate of the resulting from solid wastes. Solid waste leachate may penetrate into surface and underground water and pollute these resources. This place is located near one of Siahroud River branch. And is named Zarjoub. This river evacuates the pollution resulting from solid waste leachate with other urban, industrial and agricultural pollutants at Anzali wetland. Methods: In this research, the qualification of Rasht landfill and Kacha River were studied for leachate contamination. For purpose BOD, DO, PH, TP and COD parameters were studied in two humid and arid seasons. Findings: The averages of COD, BOD, Do and TP in river are 3862.5 and 1326.25, 0.3 and 6/5 Mg/L. Also the average of pH is 7.01. Discussion and Counclusion: The results show that observed amounts are higher than the standards of environmental protection organization. Furthermore, the pollution resulting from leachate showed remarkable increase in comparison with the results of experiments of 1997. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Landfill locate in Bukan by Boolean logic and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
Mostafa Mirabadi Ali Hussein AbdiBackground and Objective: Population growth, industrial development and increase in quality and quantity of consumer products has led to the increase of waste generated. According to Department of Municipal Utilities of Bukan an average of 189 tons of waste is generated MoreBackground and Objective: Population growth, industrial development and increase in quality and quantity of consumer products has led to the increase of waste generated. According to Department of Municipal Utilities of Bukan an average of 189 tons of waste is generated daily, that means per capita waste generation is about 640 to 820 grams per day, which is slightly higher than the country average (the equivalent of 600 to 800 grams per day).Therefore the selection of a municipal waste landfill is one of the most important steps and goals in management of municipal solid waste of Bukan. Method: This study is analytical-descriptive, therefore by full recognition of locating criteria such as communicational lines, distance between rural and urban areas, surface waters privacy, distance from fault, land usage, slope and the direction of slope which play critical rule in selecting the waste landfill site and utilizing Boolean Logic and weighting of layers using AHP model in GIS software, the best location for landfill waste is selected based on mentioned criteria. Findings: Results obtained from the poll of experts in the AHP model has showed that Hydrology criterion with a weight of 0/235 as the most important and land use with a weigh of 0/023 as the least important one have been known. Also after extracting the information layers of criteria from the maps and prioritizing locating ranges in 5 classes, it has been found that there are notable zones to landfill waste in the city of Bokan which ultimately a zone with the area of 138 Hectares is chosen. The selected are is located between Bokan and Simineh and to the south of Kani Shaqaq village. Discussion and Conclusion: Generally, considering the results of the presented research, it can be said that prioritised ranges for positioning can be determined by combining the Boolean logic method and AHP model, acceptably. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Strategic Planning Management of Solid Waste in Zahedan City Using SWOT Method
Hamid-Reza Rakhshaninasab Khadijeh SafariBackground and Objective: Nowadays, with the advances of sciences and technologies, production and management of solid waste have been significantly transformed. Regarding the fact that in the present age, strategic management is considered as an MoreBackground and Objective: Nowadays, with the advances of sciences and technologies, production and management of solid waste have been significantly transformed. Regarding the fact that in the present age, strategic management is considered as an effective step in attaining organizational successes and also realization of organizational objectives in long-term plans; therefore, in the preset study, the strategic planning management of solid waste in Zahedan City is investigated and presented. Method: In order to present the strategic planning management of the waste of Zahedan City, the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) were employed. In addition, the professional ideas of elites and experts were used. Findings: The findings of the present study indicate that the most strategy with the highest score for realization of the organization's objective and achieving sustainable development in Zahedan City, the government's cooperation and support for allocation of credits is necessary. Providing the situation of attracting and participating private sectors, necessity of education and public acculturation, codifying production approaches and software sections and the lack of executing regulations and laws regarding management of the waste are among the effective strategies in improving solid waste management in Zahedan. Discussion and Conclusion: Strategic priorities obtained from the study can take a significant step in the path of sustainable development for the realization of ecological objectives of management of the waste in Zahedan. On the other hand, municipalities and local organizations can execute and organize the required policies for reinforcing local innovations and Initiatives. Furthermore, families, industries and occupations, offices and providers of services working in the domain of waste are required to execute MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) management system Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Assessing the occupational challenges for Tehran Municipality Waste Management educators
Mojtaba Khanjani Farzam Babaei semiromi Ebrahim TalaeiBackground and Objective: Waste Management Organization (WMO) has always sought to educate and promote citizens in waste separation from the source. WMO, by developing the training programs, seeks to teach the concept of waste management operations to public citizens. T MoreBackground and Objective: Waste Management Organization (WMO) has always sought to educate and promote citizens in waste separation from the source. WMO, by developing the training programs, seeks to teach the concept of waste management operations to public citizens. This can be done through the municipal waste management educators. However, the question that should be addressed in this study is that: what challenges the municipal waste management educators are faced with in carrying out their duties, knowing that the problems and challenges of a career in teaching are usually considered as barriers. Method: This study was carried out based on the questionnaires of Akphilet and Kout, in which 172 educators, working in municipal WMO, responded 5 questions on the Likert scale. Findings: Occupational challenges check reveals that the place of employment has not provided the necessary opportunities for learning and professional development. Yet, 59% of the educators believed that the organization needed to encourage learning and did not provide the basis for more professional development. However, the teachers of 20-25 and over 35 years old are seeking professional development opportunities more than others, and people become less willing to use their professional growth opportunities with the increase of their experience. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that the influence of organizational factors of progress is more than individual factors. The people believe that the organization have to provide the basis for development and professional growth rather than attempting to make development and professional growth by themselves. The regression coefficient calculated for professional development measures showed that different parts affect the process of professional development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Rural Solid Waste of Hormozgan Province and Methods of Management
Mohammad Ali Abduli Farshid Rahimi Reza Samie Fard Mehdi Jalili Ghazi ZadehManagement of Solid waste goes back to ancient times. But modern and enlightened management ofwastes began from 1930. Since 1995, , in Iran studies started on the ground of “Integrated Solid WasteManagement Plan” and these studies finally led to the approval MoreManagement of Solid waste goes back to ancient times. But modern and enlightened management ofwastes began from 1930. Since 1995, , in Iran studies started on the ground of “Integrated Solid WasteManagement Plan” and these studies finally led to the approval of “Waste Management Law” in 2004.Solid waste management in Hormozgan’s villages was the aim of this research. In this study, 26villages, scattered all over the province, were selected. A questionnaire addressing the current status ofsolid waste disposal in rural area was developed. This questionnaire was administered to all 26Dehyaries. Waste sampling was carried out for seven successive days in the middle of the fourseasons. On each sampling day, 65 samples of 1 m3 volume were taken from specified homes in eachof the 26 villages. Numbers obtained from questionnaires and physical and chemical analysis wereused as data to study current situation and suggesting appropriate methods for solid wastemanagement system in rural areas of Hormozgan province. Field studies showed that about 617.3grams of residential solid waste per capita is generated in selected villages every day. There are 360shops in chosen villages and total amount of commercial waste is about 3816 kg per day. The averageamount of medical waste is about 8.8 kg per hygienic unit. Waste Composition in selected villages is:putrescible materials 43.77, paper and cardboard 9.72, plastics 9.62, wood 6.20, metal 10.44, glass7.90, rubber and leather 5.58 and textile 6.79%. The main obstacle to recycling program is theunbiased collection of waste in rural area. It is recommended that for the first five year program,Source separation includes degradable matter and dry wastes (paper, plastics and metals).Source separation of other components such as wood, rubber, glass and textile can be carried out inthe second five year program. From the economical point of view, incineration with energy recoverycannot be a good alternative for rural waste disposal in Hormozgan. Due to the low volume of1- PhD. Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran2- M.Sc. Faculty of Environmental Engineeruing, University of Tehran3- PhD. Student, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, University of Tehran4- Former PhD student of Environmental Sciences of Tehran University, Assistant Professor, Research centre ofEnvironmental Pollutant, University of Shahid Beheshti,.J.Env.Sci,TechJ.Env. Sci. Tech., Vol 16, No.4, Winter 2015209degradable matter, land availability with low cost labor force in rural areas, low technologycomposting is recommended. The quantity of waste generated in each village is not sufficient to bemanaged separately, so a regional solid waste management must be defined to include adjacentvillages. Collection of waste must be carried out by each Dehyari in each village. Waste recovery anddisposal should be managed regionally. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Determination of optimal percent mixing of cardboard waste in production of non-load bearing concrete
Daryoush Yousefi Kebria Seyyedeh Fatemeh Seyyedalipour Mehdi Dehestaniincineration and disposal methods for their waste production. Hazardous substances contained in thesewastes can contaminate the environment and cause a risk for the human health. Many recent studiesshow that some of the paper and cardboard industry wastes can be used as Moreincineration and disposal methods for their waste production. Hazardous substances contained in thesewastes can contaminate the environment and cause a risk for the human health. Many recent studiesshow that some of the paper and cardboard industry wastes can be used as raw material in theconstruction industry. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal percent mixing of cardboardwaste in production of non-load bearing concrete.Materials and method: In this study, two kinds of recycled paperboard mill wastes (type 1: wastecontains cardboard and sand and type 2: waste containing nylon, cardboard and Yonolit) that have themost volume of the wastes were used. Physical and microbial characteristic of wastes were measuredaccording to ASTM. As well as the chemical composition of the waste consists of various elementswere measured by using an electron microscope. After preparation of the samples, the required testswere carried out to determine the optimal mixture of waste in concrete at the ages of 7, 14 and 28 daysrespectively.Results: Since the pH of fresh concrete containing waste is greater than 12, can be sure that therewill not be any microbiological problem. In general, the use of waste in concrete production reducesthe compressive strength of the samples. Comparing the compressive strength of concrete containingwaste type 1 and concrete samples containing both waste types shows that reducing the amount ofwaste type 2 in compare with waste type 1 improves concrete strength. The results of dry density testshow the density decrease of concrete samples containing waste by increasing the percentage of wastereplacing in the sand. Also using of waste type 2 causes lighter concrete samples in compare withusing waste type 1. Optimal amounts of waste replacement instead of sand for samples containingwaste type 1 and type 2, 70% and 75% ,respectively, as well as for samples containing both wastetypes, 49% of waste type 1 and 21% waste type 2.1- Assistant professor, Department of Civil & Environmental engineering, Babol Noshirvani University ofTechnology, Babol, Iran.2- MSc in Environmental engineering Department of Civil & Environmental engineering, Babol NoshirvaniUniversity of Technology, Babol, Iran.3- 1-Assistant professor, Department of Civil & Eenvironmental engineering, Babol Noshirvani University ofTechnology, Babol, Iran.J.Env.Sci,TechJ.Env. Sci. Tech., Vol 17, No.3, Autumn 2015203Conclusion: According to the results, in terms of economic and environmental benefits, the use ofwaste type 1 in the production of concrete for the lower use of cement is more satisfactory. The use ofpaperboard mill wastes in the production of concrete due to environmental and economical efficiency(profitability and employment, reducing the cost of transferring waste to landfills, reducing structuralweight, using waste instead of buying sand and reduce the environmental pollution caused byincineration and landfilling) is noticeable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Study of Electronic Waste Condition in Yazd City and Effect of Privatization Policies on its Amount (Case study: Computer wastes from governmental, public non-governmental and private organizations in Yazd city)
maedeh dehghani tafti Ehsan Parvane AvalBackground and Objective: Electronic waste management and disposal have been one of the main problems in recent decades. Government policies and management programs in the country have a huge impact on the production and management of electronic waste. Privatization pro MoreBackground and Objective: Electronic waste management and disposal have been one of the main problems in recent decades. Government policies and management programs in the country have a huge impact on the production and management of electronic waste. Privatization programs in the country could lead to fundamental changes in the function of economy and waste management. Method: This study examines the amount of electronic and computer wastes, attitudes and knowledge about environmental and health effects of electronic wastes and the current waste management system in thirty organizations in three types of governmental, non-govermental and private organizations in Yazd and its suburbs using a questionnaire and collection of computer waste data. Findings: The results showed that the public non-governmental organizations have a higher percentage of computer waste production than the total annual purchase of computer (28% and 20% compared to governmental organizations with 3.7%). In this study, the amount of computer waste anually produced in the 30 studied organizations was estimated to be about 2.1 tons. Discussion and Conclusion: The considerable amount of computer waste production along with other electronic waste produced in different parts of the city and its suburbs can be used as raw materials required in electronic waste recycling centers. Electronic waste recycling can save resources, prevent the pollution cused by entry of toxic compounds such as lead and cadmium into the environment, contribute to recovery of valuable metals such as copper, finally leading to economic development and job creation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Review and assess the social determinants of household waste produced per capita loss (Case Study: Tehran Municipality Region 3 and 10)
Yaghowb Peyvastehgar Jahanbin MirzaiiAbstract Background and Objective: Increasing production of waste in cities is an issue that municipalities deal with it and a significant amount of municipal funds spent on the collection, transport and disposal of the waste, in addition to the many environmental probl MoreAbstract Background and Objective: Increasing production of waste in cities is an issue that municipalities deal with it and a significant amount of municipal funds spent on the collection, transport and disposal of the waste, in addition to the many environmental problems will follow. Method: This paper aims to identify social factors that influence the production of household waste is reduced. For this purpose, the two regions 3 and 10 of Tehran municipality in terms of per capita household waste generation and associated social factors were studied. Because these two regions close together despite the population, in terms of physical and social differences with each other, which can help reduce household waste produced per capita. Then to answer assumptions, based on a survey questionnaire containing open and closed questions was used. Findings: The findings show that many social factors have a direct impact on per capita production of household waste, such as age, gender, marital status, family size, length of stay in Tehran and region, type of home and respect for the separation of waste. Then the two regions based on criteria and indicators of physical, social, environmental and management were evaluated and by region 3, percentage points respectively is 67, 64, 36 and 38 and the region 10 is 47, 46, 33 and 36. Finally, 20 action plan to reduce domestic waste generation per capita was presented with an emphasis on social factors. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of the questionnaire were analyzed by using statistical tests. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Recognition of industrial wastes production sources and recycling procedures in Caspian region
Mohammad Ali Abduli Tooraj Nasrabadi Ehsn Taheri Gholamali HoshyaripourIn the Caspian region (Mazandaran and Guilan Provinces), there are 176 industrial units, each with a work force of more than 10 persons. One hundred and fifteen of these units are located in Guilan and the others in Mazandaran. The basic industries located in this regio MoreIn the Caspian region (Mazandaran and Guilan Provinces), there are 176 industrial units, each with a work force of more than 10 persons. One hundred and fifteen of these units are located in Guilan and the others in Mazandaran. The basic industries located in this region are textile, cellulose and metal industries. Unlike the solid wastes produced in cities, industrial wastes are generated separately, in large quantities and in a limited number of locations. As a result, recycling such wastes could be carried out more easily and with a higher efficiency. Major industrial waste generators of the region are located around the cities of Rasht, Lahijan, Sari, Bandar Anzali, Babol, Amol and Behshahr. At present, part of the wastes is recycled in some industries; bone powder, yeast powder, low quality paper and cardboard are produced from the wastes of slaughter houses, alcohol production factories, and food and cellulose industries, respectively. In this study, the present status of the generating and recycling industrial wastes in the region is evaluated, and practical suggestions as well as appropriate alternatives are offered. The suggestions mostly emphasize modern recycling technologies. In Caspian region, 32.7 tons of industrial wastes are produced daily. Food industry, textile industry, wooden products industry, paper and cardboard, equipment and machinery are the main waste generators in this region. Regarding the types of wastes and the capacity of the Caspian region, the production of OROPON powder, mushrooms, fruit essence and acids, and pure cellulose (α cellulose) is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Identification and classification of Maroon Petrochemical Company Olefin Unit special residues based on BAZEL Convention Method
Zahra Moavi Forozan FarrokhianBackground and Objective: Technology fast growth, attaining to production new processes, replacement artificial materials with natural fiber and thousands synthesis of materials kind and chemical compounds, lead to increasing much amount of industrial wastes and in some MoreBackground and Objective: Technology fast growth, attaining to production new processes, replacement artificial materials with natural fiber and thousands synthesis of materials kind and chemical compounds, lead to increasing much amount of industrial wastes and in some cases it has leaded to producing dangerous solid and liquid residue. Accordingly, the aim of this research is identification and classification of residues and consumer chemical identification and classification of residues and consumer chemical materials in Maroon Petrochemical Company Olefin Unit. Material and Methodology: Method in this research includes library studies and field observations from Olefin Unit and finally residues classification was based on Basel Convention. Findings: Studies showed that unit has 18 non-dangerous and 9 dangerous residues all those have identified on solid, semi solid, and liquid phase. The most non- dangerous residue belongs to wastage flea with 60 tons and the least was cloth element with 0.144 in year. Also, the most dangerous residue belongs to heavy oil with 144 tons and the least was petroleum with 1 ton in year. Discussion and Conclusion: Therefore, by 1.900.000 tons in year of consumer raw materials for producing of product in Olefin Unit, there was 323.9 tons of dangerous residue production in year. It is suggested that the performance of the olefin unit should be controlled according to the designed conditions and the catalysts and absorbents in the unit should be replaced with better types with a longer useful life. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Investigation of hospital wastes management variables and their adaptation with ISO 14001 standard
Mohammad Saleh Ali-Taleshi Farhad Nejadkoorki Hamidreza Azimzadeh MohammadTaghi Ghaneian Mahdieh NamayandehAbstract Background and Objective: The optimal management of hospital waste is essential to protect the public health and environment. The aim of the present study is to investigate the variables of hospital waste management in terms of their compliance with the ISO 14 MoreAbstract Background and Objective: The optimal management of hospital waste is essential to protect the public health and environment. The aim of the present study is to investigate the variables of hospital waste management in terms of their compliance with the ISO 14001 standard. In addition to identivying the weaknesses of waste management, some strategies are presented overcome them. Method: This study was carried out in 2013. The required data for hospital waste sector were obtained using a questionnaire and the Tables designed by World Health Organization (WHO). Condition of the environmental management of the wastes was described using the questionnaire, the environmental management system standard (ISO 14001), the national standard of Iran, and Likert range. All the data were analyzed by SPSS 16. Findings: Results showed that the conditions in the studied hospitals were lower than the hypothetical average (3) in terms of some variables such as identification of environmental aspects, planning for achieving the macro and micro goals; receiving the necessary training, drafting functions and responsibilities of waste management, and preparation for emergency response. In order to identify the environmental aspects of hospital waste, results showed that from 2307.82 Kg of the waste produced in hospitals daily, 62.23% were general waste, 36.17% were infectious waste and 0.58% were sharp substances. There was a significant correlation between the numbers of provided services in hospitals and the rate of daily generated waste (r= 0.992، P=0.008). Moreover, there was a significant regression relation between the overall area of hospitals and the rate of daily generated waste (P=0.02). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Vermicomposting of Domestic Waste Using Eisenia Foetida Erathworm
Mohammad Ali Abduli Mabubeh Hadipour Mehdi Jalili Ghazizade Hossein Ali AsgharniaBackground: The high percentage of putrescible materials in generated waste in Iran, in one hand, and lack of proper lands for sanitary landfilling of waste (specially in the northern parts of the country), in the other hand, along with problems of collection, transport MoreBackground: The high percentage of putrescible materials in generated waste in Iran, in one hand, and lack of proper lands for sanitary landfilling of waste (specially in the northern parts of the country), in the other hand, along with problems of collection, transportation and disposal of waste all make it necessary to think about vermicompost method as an efficient technique for disposal of organic waste. Method: The present study aims to investigate the degradation of domestic waste using specific earthworm ‘Eisenia foetida’. For this purpose, a wooden pilot including three floors was designed. Length, width and height of the pilot were 45, 25 and 65 cm respectively. Then 500 earthworms were collected manually and put on created media in the pilot. The domestic waste was added every week to the pilot, and after 60 days the compost was taken out. Finally, the important parameters in the produced compost were analyzed in the laboratory. Results: The result shows that providing proper situations like temperature range of 20-30 °C and moisture range of 60-75% and also appropriate aeration can lead to creation of a suitable place for the growth of earthworms and consequently conversion of organic wastes to rich compost. The ratio of C/N in the produced vermicompost was 14.53 (range of C/N is 10-20). Conclusion: One of the other advantages of this method is that it can also be used for increasing the earthworms as a food resource for domesticated animals and aquatic creatures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Environmental Evaluation of Existing Solid Waste landfill of Semnan in the basis of Site Selection Criteria
Niloofar Abedinzadeh Fatemeh GhanbariIntroduction: Today by increasing the urbanization in bid cities and increasing solid waste percapita for industrialization of societies, waste collection and disposal have hanged to one of the most important issues in municipal solid waste management. Solid waste landf MoreIntroduction: Today by increasing the urbanization in bid cities and increasing solid waste percapita for industrialization of societies, waste collection and disposal have hanged to one of the most important issues in municipal solid waste management. Solid waste landfills have adverse impacts on environment. These impacts will intensify more when landfill sites have chosen without any site selection processes. Therefore it is essential usage of current evaluation techniques for identification of adverse impacts and offer approaches in order to diminishing negative impacts. Methods and materials: Many difference parameters and criteria are used for site selecting and evaluating of landfills. In this study, the landfill of Semnan have been evaluated by using data from slope, topography, land use, soil type and ground water maps via three current methods of evaluating of landfills. Results: This site is classified in good category in Oleckno method, acceptable category by using Monavari method and it is placed in better score range by applying Drastic method. Conclousion: Despite this site has chosen without site selection process, it locates in suitable position. According to this study, it is necessary to attend engineering action and design and landfill management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Industrial Waste Management;Case Study, Shams Abad Industrial Park
Soude Pazouki Hamid Reza JafariIntroduction: Increasing hazardous industrial waste and lack of necessary regulations for management of them have led to serious problems in some parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the situation of collection, transportation, recycling, and disposal of MoreIntroduction: Increasing hazardous industrial waste and lack of necessary regulations for management of them have led to serious problems in some parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the situation of collection, transportation, recycling, and disposal of hazardous industrial wastes in the Shams Abad Industrial Park of Tehran, Iran. Method: The research was descipttive, cross sectional one. The data was gathered by first referring to industrial units and completion of Iranian Environmental Organization Questionnaire and then analyzing the gathered data.Findings: In the Shams Abad Industrial Park, 532224 ton/year or 1478ton/day of different industrial waste is produced. The biggest proportion of waste includes mineral wastes which are about 426048 ton/year or 805%. The smallest proportion in Cellulose waste is produced at a rate of 30.36 ton/year or 0.005%. 90 percent of the active industries at this park produce solid industrial waste.Results and Discussion: The result of this study showed that disposal of these wastes is mainly done by recycling and re-usage in other industries is about 85%. The best , most economic, and most environment-friendly waste management activity of the Shams Abad Industrial Park is prevention of production, increasing the potential recycling, and reuse of material with emphasis on sorting at the production site, increasing mechanical sorting, and decreasing production of disposable waste. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Industrial Waste Management (Case study: Abbas Abad Industrial Park)
Soudeh Pazouki Hamidreza JafariBackground and Objective: Increasing hazardous industrial waste and lack of necessary regulations for their management have led to serious problems in some parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the situation of collection, transportation, recycling, and d MoreBackground and Objective: Increasing hazardous industrial waste and lack of necessary regulations for their management have led to serious problems in some parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the situation of collection, transportation, recycling, and disposal of hazardous industrial wastes in Abbas Abad Industrial Park of Tehran, Iran. Method: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study performed using questionnaires and local visit during 2013. Findings: In Abbas Abad Industrial Park, 60,000 ton/year or 165ton/day of different industrial waste is produced. The largest proportion of waste includes metal waste which is about 47,232 ton/year or 80%. The smallest proportion is textile waste which is produced at a rate of 34 ton/year or 1%. 90% of the active industries at the Park produce solid industrial waste. Conclusion: Disposal of these wastes is mainly done by selling to trading agencies in amount of about 55%. The wastes of most industrial units at this Park have the potential to be recycled and re-used in other industries in amount of about 33.2%. The best, most economic, and most environment-friendly waste management activity in Abbas Abad Industrial Park is prevention of production, increase in the potential of recycling, and reuse of material with emphasis on sorting at the production site, increase of mechanical sorting, and decrease in production of disposable waste. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Investigation and prioritization of environmental training methods for separation, collection and management of waste
MajidReza Ganji Lobat Taghavi Ghasemali OmraniBackground and Objective: Since identifying different methods of training for citizens and employing effective ways can pave the way for comprehensive management of residues and solid waste and ultimately sustainable development, they are used to provide a background fo MoreBackground and Objective: Since identifying different methods of training for citizens and employing effective ways can pave the way for comprehensive management of residues and solid waste and ultimately sustainable development, they are used to provide a background for this study. Method: Four instruments were used to collect data including interviews with professors and experts, library studies, documents and questionnaire (main questionnaire specific for Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)). Collected data were analyzed using SPSS and prioritized using AHP technique. In this study, α-Cronbach's value of 0.81 was calculated to obtain reliability. To measure and approve validity, questionnaire was checked out by professors and related experts. Conclusion: Results of AHP technique showed that integration method is the best way to train separation and collection of residues or wastes. Finally, it was concluded thatamong four training methods available in this District 17, integration method is the best one; the best training time is on weekday afternoons; and the best places are schools and parks. It is noteworthy that promoting specialized knowledge of teachers, educators and other individuals related to waste management in municipalities could be effective on efficiency of training methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Landfill sites site selection using fuzzy logic in GIS and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchical Model (FAHP)(case study: minoodasht city)
Mohamad Javad Amiri Vahid Nikzad Yasser Moarab Negar ForoughiBackground and Aim: An appropriate urban landfill site selection prevents environmental issues in cities. The study aimed to identify suitable sites for landfill site selection based on an estimated population of 20 years and the area required for landfill sites in Mino MoreBackground and Aim: An appropriate urban landfill site selection prevents environmental issues in cities. The study aimed to identify suitable sites for landfill site selection based on an estimated population of 20 years and the area required for landfill sites in Minoodasht city by using Fuzzy logic model in GIS and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchical (FAHP) . Methods: Selecting a suitable site for landfill requires several factors which using spatial data and its integration with other planning and management activities is necessary according to the complexity of affecting factors in site selection. For this purpose deployment of the integrated Geographic Information Systems (GIS)and multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) are the perfect tools for landfill site selection. Findings: The present study focuses on using many data layers including ; Distance from roads، elevation، slope، land use، precipitation، distance from faults، distance from surface waters، distance from protected areas، geology and Distance from city and villages for an appropriate landfill sites site selection of minoodasht city. the maps of each data layer ، standardized in IDRISI software and were prepared in the form of Fuzzy Then، in order to integrate the layers، Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) and GIS were applied. Result: Ultimately the final maps performed by applying 5 operators of fuzzy Gamma، Fuzzy Product، Fuzzy AND ، Fuzzy OR and Fuzzy SUM. Then، suitable landfill site selection maps were chosen and each of them classified to four categories of: suitable، average، weak and very weak. And suitable category became dappling. Methods which their Spots area were less than required area of landfill were excluded. Finally (AND)، (GAMMA) methods with 0.9 number، determined a suitable landfill site for a period of 20-years. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Technical and economic study of using Tehran rejected solid waste as a fuel in cement kilns
Azadeh Panahandeh Gholamreza Asadollahfardi Mohsen MirmohammadiBackground and Objective: Daily 7500 tons of municipal solid waste generated in Tehran and after processing, 4000 tons of them remain as rejected waste. Reuse of waste to conserve resources and reduce environmental pollution is necessary. The objective of this study was MoreBackground and Objective: Daily 7500 tons of municipal solid waste generated in Tehran and after processing, 4000 tons of them remain as rejected waste. Reuse of waste to conserve resources and reduce environmental pollution is necessary. The objective of this study was to investigate the technical and economic possibilities of using Tehran rejected waste in cement kilns. Method: The amount of rejected waste was askesd from the Waste Management Organization and their heat value was computed using the Dulong Formula. Then, physical and chemical characteristics of the rejected waste were computed using ultimate analysis. Finally, the cost of producing 1 ton of clinker using gas, Mazut and waste fuel, as well as the cost saving by using waste in kiln No. 8 of the Tehran cement factory were calculated. Findings: Tehran rejected waste contains chemical formulas of C71H107O32NS0.07, 24.72% moisture, 21% ash content and 21.4-23.6 MJ/kg heating value. Therefore, we can produce 3613.54 tons/day of waste fuel with a heat value of 19.63 MJ/kg and 20% moisture content. Also, replacement of 10% of the heating value used in kiln NO. 8 of the Tehran cement factory with waste instead of Mazut will result in a 4.16 billion Rial annual revenue and 282.6 million Rial saving in the cost of waste landfilling. Conclusion: The heating value and sulfur content of Tehran rejected waste meet the requirements of alternative fuel; however, reduction of ash, moisture content and size of waste, as well as increase of heating value of the rejected waste is necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Evaluation of HSE risks in the process of collecting and transferring urban solid waste (Case study of Tehran's 5th and 22nd districts
Manouchehr Omidvari Mahsa Afshari badrloo Farzam BabaeiIntroduction: Waste materials are produced as a result of human activity and work. Population growth and rising living standards increase the quantity of these substances. In other words, solid waste is an integral part of human life. The growth of technology and more u MoreIntroduction: Waste materials are produced as a result of human activity and work. Population growth and rising living standards increase the quantity of these substances. In other words, solid waste is an integral part of human life. The growth of technology and more use of natural resources and energy conversion has increased the size and complexity of solid waste production. These wastes must somehow move away from human habitation or re-enter the material and energy cycle. Today, irrational disposal of waste in addition to many disorders of the ecosystem and the emergence of many dangers in the world. Therefore, it is appropriate to take basic steps in this field to protect the environment and reduce economic losses.Goal: In this study, to achieve general and specific goals, the information collected in the two sections was information related to experts and residents of the two areas of Tehran.Design and Methods: First, Excel software was used to store and analyze information. In this way, the data were entered into Excel software and analyzed, and finally displayed in the form of tables and graphs by regions, and then the criteria and sub-criteria set by experts that the data were collected through a questionnaire. It has been analyzed using super decisions software.Results: The risk assessment form examines three criteria of environmental, safety, and health in two regions 5 and 22, each of which is effective in terms of safety, health, and the environment with weights in both regions 5 and region 22 of Tehran. The main environmental criteria in Zone 5 and the main safety criteria in Zone 22 are the high weight. Risk assessment form (HAZID method) is the environmental criterion of region 5, the highest risk number with 540 is related to dredging activity, washing elements, sweeping, administrative affairs, ..... Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Identifying and ranking factors influencing the sustainable development of environmental culture in sports
omid mohamadalikhan shahrzad khoramnejadianBackground & Objective: Production of clean energy and elimination of waste is one of the priorities of environmentally friendly societies. By producing biogas from manure, biological pollution in the environment can be reduced and energy can be produced. Phytoremed MoreBackground & Objective: Production of clean energy and elimination of waste is one of the priorities of environmentally friendly societies. By producing biogas from manure, biological pollution in the environment can be reduced and energy can be produced. Phytoremediation is one of the ways to remove soil pollutant. The purpose of this research is to investigate the production of biogas from camel dung and phytoremediation waste and also to identify the variables that improve biogas production using the fuzzy AHP method. Material and Methodology: The loading of camel dung in the digester has been done at different mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures (36-37 and 55). The waste from the lead phytoremediation was mixed with camel dung and was loaded in similar conditions. During 1 month of material loading, biogas production was measured. The results have been analyzed using SPSS software. Findings: The results showed that pH plays an important role in biogas production. The first load was low due to low input feed as well as failing to reach the desired digestion operation, resulting in very low digestive pH, which gradually increased as the number of gas production speeds and gas production increased. It was also found to decrease the amount of biogas production as the amount of refined plant was increased. The parameters were ranked using the fuzzy AHP method. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results, camel dung has a good potential for biogas production. Nitrogen and phosphorus are more important in biogas production and the ratio of volatile solids has the lowest rank according to the fuzzy AHP method. Phytoremediation waste could be used in small amounts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Waste management of Food industries in Rasht
Masoud Monavari Zahra Behjat Nejad Zanjani Mahsa AghakhaniRasht, as the center of Gilan province, has the highest number of food industries and since these industries in the northern part of the country, especially Gilan are the most dominant existing ones, it seemed necessary to study management conditions of the food industr MoreRasht, as the center of Gilan province, has the highest number of food industries and since these industries in the northern part of the country, especially Gilan are the most dominant existing ones, it seemed necessary to study management conditions of the food industries’ residuals through observation and filling in topic questionnaires in 40 active industrial units in Rasht. As the first step in this research, the food industries of the city were identified and classified based on their products. Then, active units were specified and their residuals’ management status was studied. Next, obtained data were analyzed using statistical softwares such as SPSS and other softwares were used for drawing relevant tables and diagrams. To study the quality of residuals and their compositions in each food industry group, the temporary storage places were surveyed and through filling in the questionnaires by those in charge the physical analysis of the residuals and the production levels were reviewed the results of which are as follows: Studies showed that the majority of food industries in Rasht did not pay close attention to environmental aspects, particularly the management of their residuals; they did not observe environmental regulations; they considered the cooperation of environment experts costly and problematic and often would not take any measure to analyze their residuals. It is noteworthy that among all food industries of the city only one of them was selected as the “Green Industry”. It was also found that bread, biscuit and drinks producing groups had the highest level of industrial wastes while bread, biscuit and drinks producing groups showed the highest level of domestic wastes. About 63% of the wastes from industrial residuals were recyclable; however only were practically recycled. The most frequent waste disposal methods exercised by the industries were selling (45.6%) and hygienic burying (32%). In addition, some industries burned a part (4.3%) of their wastes in a nonstandard way. The common way of keeping wastes until disposal was open stores in the factory that in itself could cause pollution. The major source of industrial wastes in food industries could be said to be from products (24.32%) and then those of packaging (20.58%). Moreover, the time periods of waste disposal in 48.2% of industries were case disposals and 15.4% of them were reported on a daily basis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Investigation on Thresholds of Criteria Affecting Site Selection of Municipal Landfills
Akram Bemani Mahdi Mozaiffar Malihe ErfaniBackground Objective: Solid waste landfill site selection requires proper studies and management practices, and many criteria affect the site selection of suitable landfill, not paying attention to them can cause severe environmental pollution and harm to humans. Severa MoreBackground Objective: Solid waste landfill site selection requires proper studies and management practices, and many criteria affect the site selection of suitable landfill, not paying attention to them can cause severe environmental pollution and harm to humans. Several criteria have been proposed to select the appropriate site for landfill, each of them cause specific restrictions and requirements for location. In other words, each criterion is based on scientific fields, so that such studies have found multidimensional identity and interdisciplinary structure. Methods and materials: In this study, the most important criteria affecting the landfill site selection based on lecture review and study of various guidelines have been identified. In this study, in addition to introducing these criteria, the importance of each of the mentioned criteria in the site selection of municipal landfill is discussed. For all these criteria, numerical values of appropriate thresholds were also investigated in different studies. Results: Some of the most important criteria are slope, bedrock, faults, distance from surface water sources, depth of groundwater, dominant wind, rainfall, protected areas, distance from urban and rural settlements, land use, distance from road network. Locations and distance from historical and ancient centers. Discussion: Due to the lack of a coherent study on the importance of criteria and thresholds, this study could be used as a model for landfill site selection considering the environmental characteristics of the area by researchers and decision makers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Evaluation of waste situation in Yazd city Using D.P.S.R model and planning strategies for wast Management
Mohammad hossein Saraei Mahin Hazeri Marziyah AsadalaeiTarget field: With the increasing urban population, increasing prosperity, extreme consumerism and changing patterns of people's lives, has increased the amount of waste. In the absence of waste management, will be many environmental problems. The purpose of the researc MoreTarget field: With the increasing urban population, increasing prosperity, extreme consumerism and changing patterns of people's lives, has increased the amount of waste. In the absence of waste management, will be many environmental problems. The purpose of the research is to evaluate and understand the current state of waste in Yazd city, to explain and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the waste system, and to formulate waste management strategies for this city.Analysis method: The nature and method of research is descriptive - analytical. Information is collected by field and library studies. This study was conducted in Yazd city. The waste situation in Yazd city is studied by D.P.S.R model. Driving forces include population, household welfare and consumption pattern. Pressure factors are commercial, office, educational, cultural, industrial workshops, health centers. After examining the Driving forces and pressure factors, the present situation is described. The swot model has been used to provide responses.Findings: Region 2 with the highest density of the population has the highest amount of waste in the Yazd city. Per capita waste in1 Region, is lower than other areas of Yazd city. Per capita waste in 3 Region is higher than other parts of the city. The implementation of source separation program is the most important strength and lack of citizen participation is the most important weakness. Low waste per capita and sustainable employment through the recycling industry is the most important opportunities. The negative attitudes to waste-related occupations and the inadequate cooperation of other organs are the most important threats.Results: Population density leads to more waste production, but the composition of waste depends on the welfare status of citizens. Comparison of wet and dry waste in Yazd city in 1385 and 1394 shows that the amount of dry waste has increased compared to wet waste, which is an indication of the change in the consumption pattern in Yazd city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Systematic management of waste on sustainable development with SWOT technique (Case study of Pardis City
Sara Mashayekh Azita Behbahaninia shahrzad khoramnejadianBackground and Objective: Today waste management is a significant issue in the world, which is of vital importance. The growing population and, consequently, the increase in the production of wastes have made solid waste management the most important issue in recent dec MoreBackground and Objective: Today waste management is a significant issue in the world, which is of vital importance. The growing population and, consequently, the increase in the production of wastes have made solid waste management the most important issue in recent decades. Analysis methodology: In this research, in order to manage solid waste in the new city of Pardis, checklist from the series of stages of production to waste disposal was prepared and data was collected using a survey, interview and a questionnaire. The Delphi method was used to identify the internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and the external factors (opportunities and threats). A list of the internal and external factors affecting the waste management strategies in the region was prepared and a number of experienced people as Delphi group were asked to comment on the internal and external factors affecting waste management. After identifying the internal and external factors, the weighting of the criteria was done by AHP method and then all possible strategies were classified in ST, WO, SO and WT categories. Findings: Among the identified components, two factors lack of inorganic coordination and unsafe landfill of solid waste in The final landfill location with a weight score (0.774) was identified as the most basic weakness and two factors of the lack of coordination and environmental pollution with a weight score (0.881) as The most fundamental threat to the solid waste management system was identified. Discussion and Conclusions: Therefore, all the main factors (reduction at the source, production, storage, processing and management on site, collection, transportation, recycling, disposal and post-disposal care) should be included in the agenda of the solid waste organization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Assessment of quantity and management on medical wastes of South Khorasan province during 2014 -2015
Elham Yousefi Zeynab Karimzadeh Motlag Fatemeh Doagoyan Morteza NakhainejadBackground and Aims: This article is intended to update the statistics and medical information of South Khorasan province in the number of hospitals, health centers, clinics and physicians' offices, the amount and type of waste produced and way of collection and destruc MoreBackground and Aims: This article is intended to update the statistics and medical information of South Khorasan province in the number of hospitals, health centers, clinics and physicians' offices, the amount and type of waste produced and way of collection and destruction of these centers the county of the province has been divided.Materials and Methodology: Collecting data and monitoring the province's medical wastes. Visitors and monitored for three weeks and review the management of medical waste and getting information from the authorities was performed.Results: The total quantity mean of waste generated in the Medical waste of Province are 228/1537 kg/day. This amount for infectious and sharp, pathological and chemical-pharmaceutical wastes are 1490.84, 13.39 and 33.998 kg/day respectively. The type of medical waste (infectious and sharp, pathological and chemical-pharmaceutical wastes) for hospitals by 1106, 12.33 and 28.695, medical centers 182.47, 0, 0.438, clinic 158.65, 0, 1.56, laboratories 21.73, 1.06, 1.08 and offices 21.99, 0 and 2.225 kg per day.Conclusion: According to the 1044 number of beds in these facilities, the per capita production of waste per bed per day, compared to the national average of 1.098 kg is estimated that the situation is better. According to a survey conducted, the least amount of problem is in government waste producing centers and in the field of infectious waste. Also in connection with the chemical and pharmaceutical wastes existence a program written in province in regarding the management and destruction of is much felt. Finally, it can be said that most of the problems is in the field of private sector producer of medical waste, the organization and its management is being implemented and it is hoped that this path be taken more quickly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Evaluation of Biogas Potential from Rural Wastes (Case Study: Abyaneh Village)
Ali Daryabeigi zand Maryam Rabiee AbyanehBiogas is one of the renewable energy sources that is produced by the decomposition of organic materials as a result of the activity of anaerobic bacteria. Putrifiable materials in municipal and rural wastes are of biomass sources that can be used in biogas production. MoreBiogas is one of the renewable energy sources that is produced by the decomposition of organic materials as a result of the activity of anaerobic bacteria. Putrifiable materials in municipal and rural wastes are of biomass sources that can be used in biogas production. Establishment of biogas production units can be considered as an effective step to resolve waste management issues as well as emissions of environmental pollutants.The main objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of biogas production from rural wastes in Abyaneh village to address waste management issues in the region. For this purpose after quantitative and qualitative study of waste production in Abyaneh village, applicable amount of waste that can be used in biogas plants was determined and the potential of biogas production from them was calculated. The amount of recoverable biogas from organic waste produced in Abyaneh village was determined to be 24407546.68 m2 per year. On average 15864905.34 m2 of methane per year can be generated, which is equivalent to 34268195.55 MJ of energy. Obtained results demonstrated that wastes generated in Abyaneh village can be considered a suitable source for biogas production based on its quantity and composition. It is suggested to establish biogas production plants in the region which can be used to reduce the volume of wastes, transportation and disposal costs and improve human health. Also the energy produced from it can be used for cooking, lighting, power generation and transportation fuel. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - A Review of Various Suitable Methods of Dry Anaerobic Digestion for Agricultural Wastes Disposal in Iran
Laleh Ghafghazi Lobat TaghaviBackground and Objective: Dry anaerobic digestion is a cost-effective method to purify and recover agricultural waste. Agricultural production statistics (over 128 million tonnes in 2019-2020) and its consequent high waste production (38 million tonnes per year) indicat MoreBackground and Objective: Dry anaerobic digestion is a cost-effective method to purify and recover agricultural waste. Agricultural production statistics (over 128 million tonnes in 2019-2020) and its consequent high waste production (38 million tonnes per year) indicate the need for optimal disposal of this biomass. The purpose of article is identification and compare dry anaerobic digesters for optimal management of agricultural waste disposal in Iran. Material and Methodology: This article is the result of several internal and foreign online sources: Google Scholar, Science Direct, Research Gate, and publishers Elsevier, Springer, Frontiers, and Civilica with the keywords of agricultural waste, biogas, and dry anaerobic digestion. Findings: The results of the study show that good performance, low-cost energy, and maintenance are the benefits of mesophilic temperature conditions in dry anaerobic plants. Hydraulic retention times varied from 20 to 35 days, with mean total solids above 15% and mean methane percent at 55%. Batch digesters are a relatively simple and acceptable technology for disposal of agricultural waste but sustainability of biogas supply can be easier with continuous reactors, despite the high need for maintenance and management. Disscusion and Conclusion: This technology, for its efficiency and flexibility, is essential for the high utilization of agricultural waste, and sustainable development of biogas. Appropriate technology to increase biogas productivity is suggested, by considering geographical features, production tonnage, and characteristics of agricultural waste. The batch anaerobic process in provinces of Iran that have smaller-scale agricultural activities is more effective than continuous digestion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - A Survey on the Status of Municipal Waste Source Separation in Zanjan City
Farzaneh Gharajelou Younes Khosravi Abdolohossein Pari Zanganeh Abbasali ZamaniBackground and purpose: Human progress and increasing growth of population increase municipal waste production. According to this issue, for decreasing the destructive effects of municipal wastes, efficient management plan are need that it is first phase of wastes separ MoreBackground and purpose: Human progress and increasing growth of population increase municipal waste production. According to this issue, for decreasing the destructive effects of municipal wastes, efficient management plan are need that it is first phase of wastes separation. Therefore, the main goal of this research is survey on the status separation of municipal waste source and introducing methods that increase public participation. Analysis method: The statistical society of this research is the citizens of triple areas of Zanjan city. For this purpose, 450 questionnaires were prepared based on random cluster sampling of distribution. Mixing both interview and questionnaire method were used in this study. Data were summarized in frequency tables and relations and differences between variables were determined using descriptive and analytical statistical methods like Dunck and Mann Whitney, Chi square. SPSS 20 and Excel software’s have been used in data analysis. Results and Discussion: Data of this study show that approximately 70% of citizens in Zanjan city are volunteers for implementing of waste source separation plan. Now the municipal waste source separation is done only in 38% of statistical society in this case study. The most important reason of citizens for fulfill this plan was the increase of the cleanliness of the city and the environmental protection (66%). The most important reason for lack of waste source separation was the lack of necessary facilities in the city (50%). The level of received training of 90% of statistical society is poor or very poor, and 7% of societies are satisfied from instructions and notices of media about separation plan, that shows the poor performance of recycle management. Conclusion: The results of research indicate that there are factors that are effective in the level of awareness of society about waste source separation plan. Among the affecting factors, education level, family income and residential area were more evident. Also, it hasn't been seen any relationship between gender, marital status and age and environmental awareness. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Modeling of municipal waste landfill in QGIS environment (Case study of Zahedan city)
khadijhe safari Seyed Ali Jozi Sahar rezaianBackground and Objective: Waste management, which is one of the most important tasks of metropolitan urban management around the world, is also one of the most complex and costly problems of urban management. Precise principles of locating different activities in the ci MoreBackground and Objective: Waste management, which is one of the most important tasks of metropolitan urban management around the world, is also one of the most complex and costly problems of urban management. Precise principles of locating different activities in the city Due to the nature of urban problems are very much solved. Lack of proper management and not choosing the right location for landfilling municipal waste creates problems for the environment. Material and Methodology: In this paper, method 3 is presented with the aim of modeling municipal landfills in QGIS environment in Zahedan city. First, the effective criteria in selecting the burial site according to the conditions of the region and with the opinion of experts (Delphi questionnaire) were examined and 18 sub-criteria were determined in two groups, ecological criteria and socio-economic criteria. All steps, except for determining the weight and examining the internal relationships of the criteria, were coded in the QGIS open source software and the location system of the municipal waste landfill was developed in the open source context. Findings: QGIS 3.16 software was used to build a landfill for Zahedan landfill. It is possible to use open source software to develop numerical numerical models in the process of assessing the suitability of land for landfill use. In general, the use of geographic information systems, the possibility of spatial analysis, analysis and storage, definition Different functions have provided appropriate visual representation in order to locate with different criteria, descriptive information of spatial and non-spatial data. Discussion and Conclusion: The results obtained in QGIS software are completely consistent with the results obtained from the implementation of the process in ARC GIS software. QGIS software is a suitable method with the aim of faster and smarter selection of landfill location criteria in Zahedan city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Punitive measures of the Iranian legal system in the matter of waste (Comparative study with French law)
sayed hadi mosavi Ebrahim Taghizade Ali ChahcandinejadToday, waste management is one of the most essential axes of sustainable development. The growing trend of waste production has doubled the need to pay attention to this issue. The present study is based on descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources MoreToday, waste management is one of the most essential axes of sustainable development. The growing trend of waste production has doubled the need to pay attention to this issue. The present study is based on descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources, including books and related research. In our country, Article 50 of the Constitution and the Law on Waste Management, as well as other scattered laws, including the Islamic Penal Code, have established appropriate legal capacities in waste management. Among the envisaged mechanisms is the guarantee of criminal executions for perpetrators of actions outside the framework and legal rules in the field of waste. Unlike some countries that have used both the tools of imprisonment and fines to control this issue, the punitive policy of the Iranian legal system is based on the fine of the offender and does not mention imprisonment as a deterrent mechanism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Providing a Framework based on Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) consideration using FAHP in the Demolition of Buildings (Case study: Saadat Abad Tehran)
Mohammad Hossein Shahabadi Mohammad Reza Fathi Mohammad Hasan MalekiThis study provides a framework to examine the issues of health, safety and environmental concerns associated with the demolition of the buildings. For this purpose, firstly, the existing problems, in the field of building’s demolition in Tehran and deficiencies i MoreThis study provides a framework to examine the issues of health, safety and environmental concerns associated with the demolition of the buildings. For this purpose, firstly, the existing problems, in the field of building’s demolition in Tehran and deficiencies in state and municipal laws were identified. Checking the existing problems in association with the study of Saadat Abad incident showed that demolition topic, requires fast actions and effective remedies. Besides extraction of the existing defects, according to the available literature and the results of the researcher's efforts, Effective factors on buildings demolition were obtained. According to the experts, including university professors and demolition contractors, significant factors were identified and prioritized using FAHP method. Finally, after obtained results and the significance of the factors, corrective strategies and a functional model for improving the current circumstances is presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Agricultural waste utilization and efficiency in the removal of heavy metals and dyes from water and wastewater: optimal absorption studies
Mohammad Sadegh Niknam Afsaneh Shahbazi Javad FarajlouAdsorption process is proven as one of the world's best water purification technology according to its efficiencies and widespread usage. Up to now, very valuable efforts have been done to the application of municipal and industrial solid waste usage in wastewater treat MoreAdsorption process is proven as one of the world's best water purification technology according to its efficiencies and widespread usage. Up to now, very valuable efforts have been done to the application of municipal and industrial solid waste usage in wastewater treatment. The use of agricultural waste is appropriate as a low cost adsorbent, based on their effect on reducing the cost of waste disposal and on helping to protect the environment. In this study, the adsorption efficiency of various agricultural wastes in removal of hazardous pollutant, such as heavy metals and organic dyes from wastewater, have been investigated. Analyzing the respective literature, it seems that the agricultural wastes have a great potential for the removal of pollutants. The related studies about heavy metals removal showed that maximum absorption efficiency was obtained by the rice husk, green pistachio peel and orange peel with more than 99 percent efficiency, and the minimum performance occurs in the pomegranate peel with 55 percent efficiency. For dyes removal, the maximum absorption efficiency was occurred by hazelnut shell, maize stem, and pistachio shell with over than 99 percent and the minimum color removal efficiency was approximately 44 percent by removal of potato peel. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Recognition, classification and waste management of shiraz oil Refinery based on RCRA method
Parvin Sabet Eghlidi Hady Zarei Ghasem ali OmraniAbstractThe management of Industrial solid wastes such as oil sludge and un industrial wastes is one of themost appropriate methods for reducing the adverse effects of industrial activities on the environment.The purpose of this study is identifying and classification o MoreAbstractThe management of Industrial solid wastes such as oil sludge and un industrial wastes is one of themost appropriate methods for reducing the adverse effects of industrial activities on the environment.The purpose of this study is identifying and classification of wastes in order to manage them until thelast stage of waste management in shiraz oil refinery. The field study has been accomplished in Shirazoil refinery. Based on the research, after studying production process, the points of waste production,and the period of waste discharge, the type and tonnage of waste production were recognized. Thenspecific codes allocated to the recognized wastes by RCRA and separated to dangerous and nondangerouswastes. After recognizing the productive residues specified by rule's RCRA the resultsshowed that 43% of productive industrial wastes in Shiraz oil refinery are dangerous. Of totaldangerous wastes recognized, 91% were in the list of F (lists of dangerous wastes with unknownsource) and of 9% in K list (lists of dangerous wastes with specified source) so that, 54 % of wastemass have toxic properties, 22% of flammability, 23% reactive and 1% were corrosive. Finally, thecorrect way of productive residues in Shiraz oil refinery should be based on the hierarchical presentedof Environmental Protection Agency of America, and it was offered to use the new methods forreducing the production of oil sludge and suggested a place with the appropriate specifications in orderto Maintain the special industrial waste. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Study of pollution resulting from leachate in Rasht solid waste land fill
Masoud Monavari Ghasemali Omrani Fatemeh GhanbariStudy of environmental and sanitary environment of landfill of urban solid wastes is of high importance due to creation of different pollutions. The most important pollutant, is leachate of the resulting from solid wastes. Solid waste leachate may penetrate into surface MoreStudy of environmental and sanitary environment of landfill of urban solid wastes is of high importance due to creation of different pollutions. The most important pollutant, is leachate of the resulting from solid wastes. Solid waste leachate may penetrate into surface and underground water and pollute these resources. Rasht solid waste landfill has been located in 15 Km Rasht at Saravan area. This place near one of the sources of SiahroudRiver,namely KachaRiver.KachaRiver joins SiahroudRiver, and is named Zarjoub. Then it joins GoharroudRiver in Pirbazar area and enters eastern part of Anzali wetland. This river evacuates the pollution resulting from solid waste leachate together with other urban, industrial and agricultural pollutants that it receives within its route at Anzali wetland. In this research conducted in the year 2006-2007 , the status of Rasht city , and also KachaRiver was studied regarding the pollution due to leachate. For this purpose , parameters BOD, DO , PH , TP and COD were studied in two seasons of winter and summer. The results of this research show that all parameters under our study exceed the mounts authorized by Environmental Protection Organization. Furthermore ,the pollution resulting from leachate showed remarkable increase in comparison with the results of experiments of 1997. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Estimating amount of agricultural residuals useable in wood and paper Industries (case study: Golestan province)
Roya Fazli Saeed Kamrani Nooredin NazarnezhadThis study conducted by the purpose of investigating agricultural wastes (usable in wood and paper industry) remained in farm lands which due to factors such as burning caused environmental contamination in Golestan province. In this way, from applicable findings, rema MoreThis study conducted by the purpose of investigating agricultural wastes (usable in wood and paper industry) remained in farm lands which due to factors such as burning caused environmental contamination in Golestan province. In this way, from applicable findings, remained farm products in Golestan field such as wheat, rice and barely have been used. Study Result showed that about 1/3 of the agricultural plants stem in agricultural field remained and burnt without harvesting, including wheat, rice and barely. In this study, estimating amount of the wastes in one square meter area of the Golestan field randomly and finally in hectare level and total cities have been generalized. Results showed that the highest amount of burnt waste related to wheat straw and the lowest on related to rice straw. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Evaluation and optimization of the collection and transportation system of solid waste management in Zanjan with GIS application
Azadeh medhat Masood Monavvari Amir Hossein Javid Akbar Eslami Mohsen Ahad negadDevoting the most portion of expenditures of the solid waste management on the one hand , and the necessity of operation exploiting of this system with decreasing the spent time on the other hand have propound the optimization of solid waste collection and transportatio MoreDevoting the most portion of expenditures of the solid waste management on the one hand , and the necessity of operation exploiting of this system with decreasing the spent time on the other hand have propound the optimization of solid waste collection and transportation system as a principle in designing and management With regard to performance of present solid waste collection and transportation system in Zanjan and lack of suitable organization, it is necessary to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the system with mathematical relations and GIS, afterwards, with regard to urban structure and tonnage of the produced solid waste, the most optimized management system must be presented. In this research karmandan town in the city of Zangan was chose as the pilot. Time data of the solid waste collection and transportation stages in the present routes of collection in karmandan the district of Zanjan was gathered within 10 minutes using two digital chronometers and was analyzed by mathematical relations, excel software and GIS. Thereafter, depending on this information such as density, population and the capacity of garbage production in present routes and using mathematical relation and GIS. Optimized system of solid waste was calculated and designed. The results of time evaluation of the present management system shows that the whole spent time for solid waste collection and transportation Karmandan town by garbage trucks takes 2 hours, 55 minutes and 42 seconds and the mean time of the trucks round trip per ton of solid waste In each journey is 11 minutes and 44 seconds. Considering locating of storages and assigning the optimized routs, solid waste collection system was calculated and designed using mathematical relation and GIS. . In this research designing solid waste collection system of karmandan town was also carried out and 60 containers with the capacity of 550 and 660 liters were located in the town. With designing optimized routs by GIS and trial and error method, there tracks including a reserved truck were calculated and recommended to collect the solid waste of karmandan town. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Offering Conceptual Model for Public Participation in Solid Waste Management in Tehran (Case study: 3, 6 and 21 Districts)
Hanieh Tavanayi Mohammad Hassan Behzadi Mohammad reza KhaniNowadays due to the urban waste disposal problems and environmental pollution of this substances on natural resources and Ecosystem, it is inevitable public participation in the waste management. In the present research the factors affecting the rate of public participa MoreNowadays due to the urban waste disposal problems and environmental pollution of this substances on natural resources and Ecosystem, it is inevitable public participation in the waste management. In the present research the factors affecting the rate of public participation in waste management of the municipal districts 3, 6 and 21 of Tehran city has been studied and meanwhile conceptual model of public participation in waste management has been presented. The target statistical population is Tehran citizens over 12 years old residing in those districts and the sample volume is computed at the level of 95% with Cochran formula and the selected sampling method is Pseudo multistage cluster sampling meanwhile the research method is descriptive survey in sectional manner. Data collecting is done by means of the questionnaire consists of 21 questions. In order to perform the quantitative valuation of the questionnaire answers, Likert method has been applied. Research assumption after data collection have been analyzed by the software SPSS and after performing the Pearson correlation and regression lineal multiple tests among the effective factors of sex, age, education, number of family members, income and training. Our results determined the factor of training has a significant correlation with the rate of public participation in waste management and with higher level of training it is possible to increase the rate of public participation in waste management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - A Survey and Analysis of Production and Management of Medical Waste in Golestan Province, Iran
Mazdak Dorbeiki Hooman Bahmanpour Ataollah Golalipour Ali Ghaemi Morteza MallahMedical waste is one of the challenges of the modern society which its poor management has undesirable impacts on the environment and human health. The present research addresses the current situation of medical wastes in Golestan province in the North of Iran. This is MoreMedical waste is one of the challenges of the modern society which its poor management has undesirable impacts on the environment and human health. The present research addresses the current situation of medical wastes in Golestan province in the North of Iran. This is a descriptive analysis that includes data collection, field survey, and Iranian Department of the Environment (DOE) standard questionnaires for management and monitoring of medical waste in hospitals of the province. The results show that 25 hospitals with 2247 active beds produce 3574 and 2252 domestic and hazardous waste per day, respectively. The waste generation is 2.59 kg/day/bed (1 and 1.59 kg for hazardous and domestic, respectively). Disinfection process in 88% of all hospitals is active and 44% and 52% of the hospitals have done outsourcing, respectively. Disinfection methods include chemical, steam autoclave and dry heat which the second method is the most frequent in most hospitals. Also, 16 hospitals provide monitoring self-reports. The overall situation of medical waste management in the hospitals of Golestan province is average. Considering the change of environmental situation of the country in the future years, the management of this type of wastes should be more serious and it is necessary to design and implement operational programmes for optimum management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Study of common and modern methods of disinfection and disposal of hazardous hospital waste
Farnoosh Bagheri zonoz Afsaneh ShahbaziThe management of hospital waste is to be a major challenge, particularly, in the most of developingcountries in the world. Lack of identify, isolation, storage and proper disinfection of hazardoushospital wastes causes health and pollution problems in the environment. MoreThe management of hospital waste is to be a major challenge, particularly, in the most of developingcountries in the world. Lack of identify, isolation, storage and proper disinfection of hazardoushospital wastes causes health and pollution problems in the environment. In according to WorldHealth Organization (WHO), dangerous hospital wastes were divided to eight groups includesinfectious waste, pathology, chemical, toxic, sharp things, medical waste with the content of heavymetals, pressurized containers and radioactive. Disinfection method of dangerous hospital wastes mustbe affordable, practicable, and chosen compatible with environment rules. Common technology ofdisinfection and treatment such as burning, autoclave and chemical disinfectant are practicable andrecommendable in the most of countries all over the world such new technologies were mentionedmicrowave and super critical fluid carbon dioxide. The selection of new method on based supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SCFCO2) can decrease the infection of hazardous hospital wastes. It is notonly the adaptable method with the environment but also a compatible method of environment thatdecreases contact with infectious wastes, work force and cost. Therefore it can be proposed as a neweffective method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - Identification and comparative study of especial industrial wastes using UNEP method, RCRA method, and Iran’s written list: (A petrochemical complex in the western of Iran A case study)
Parisa Ahmadi Ahmadi Nematollah Jafarzade Haghighifard Lobat Taghavi Madi Ahmadi moghadamThe petrochemical industry is one of the most important production bases and the country's development indicators. Since the production process involves the release of dozens of wastes and non- consumable materials, however, it often leads to creation of various wastes MoreThe petrochemical industry is one of the most important production bases and the country's development indicators. Since the production process involves the release of dozens of wastes and non- consumable materials, however, it often leads to creation of various wastes and have adverse effects on the natural environment. One very good way to create interaction and connection between the petrochemical industry and the environment and to reduce the adverse effects of industrial activities on the environment is identification and management of wastes in this industrial sector to reduce the environmental problems associated with its production and prevents loss of valuable and usable materials in the production process. This study aimed to identify and compare the special wastes of a petrochemical complex in the Western Iran to survey within the waste proper management framework and reduce the environmental risks associated with their production. After the identification and assessment of production process, the areas of production, type and volume of produced wastes, and the frequency of discharges were detected. Based on the proposed International (RCRA, UNEP) methods and Iran’s written list, the wastes were grouped and unique identifiers were assigned to each of the materials. In the studied industrial unit, 42 production areas produced 353 tons of wastes per year. The investigation showed that 65.6% of wastes were produced permanently and 34.3% were produced temporarily. The most important produced waste was industrial and waste oil. This material has toxicity, flammability, and reactivity properties; so safety is needed in handling them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Management of Solid Waste Recycle in Semnan Industrial Estate
Mina Goshayeshi Bita Ayati Hossein Ganjidoust dostAbstract: Introduction: Semnan industrial estate with 2000 hectares is located in km 8 of Damghan-Semnan road. At present time, 300 manufacturing units are active in this estate. Some of them are manufacturing of electronic, metal, chemical, textile, non-metallic MoreAbstract: Introduction: Semnan industrial estate with 2000 hectares is located in km 8 of Damghan-Semnan road. At present time, 300 manufacturing units are active in this estate. Some of them are manufacturing of electronic, metal, chemical, textile, non-metallic mineral and lignocelluloses products. The investigations have shown that solid waste production and its improper disposal is one of the main important problems in the industrial estate. Material: In this study according to the available documents and field studies, solid waste were identified and classified basis on kinds, physical properties, recyclability, production place, offloading periodicity, temporary storage, transferring to the landfill. Result and discussion: According to the quantitative and qualitative investigation, there are 32 types of recyclable wastes in the estate. Four main types of them are plastic, paper, metal and wood wastes with annual production of 1000, 1400, 8400 and 540 ton, respectively. With consideration of all determinants of recycling complex establishment, the paper wastes recycling plant is only recommended. Transfer of plastic and metal wastes to the neighbor industrial complexes and reuse of wood wastes are also proposed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Landfill Site Selection for Urban Hysteresis of Qazvin City using the AHP in ArcGIS Software
Younes Khosravi Hamid AshjaeiThe daily increase in populationand urban development, increasing consumption of undegradable materials and many other of mechanical and modern life aspects have caused to managers pay more attention to the issue of wastes. According to the environmental, economic and e MoreThe daily increase in populationand urban development, increasing consumption of undegradable materials and many other of mechanical and modern life aspects have caused to managers pay more attention to the issue of wastes. According to the environmental, economic and ecological impacts, choosing landfill must be done carefully and during a scientific process. This study was aimed to suggest the best places for municipal urban solid waste disposal in Qazvin. This investigation is an applied research using descriptive-analytical methods and was aimed to determine appropriate location for waste landfilling of Qazvin city. For this purpose, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and ArcGIS 10.3 software was used. Accordingly and given the required parameters for choosing the optimal site that have an important role in site selection such as Soil, Geology, Rivers, Roads, Cities and Villages points, Climatology, Roads etc., the AHP model was performed and the target areas were identified for landfill in Qazvin city. According to the maps and layers created, Potential areas for wastes disposal have been identified in 5 classes and were chosen Lands with an area of above 70 hectares from lands in fifth grade and for the best place to landfill in the range of 40 years old. Based on the results, the suitable area for landfill was diagnosed in central and northern parts of the Qazvin city cause of low permeability soil, suitable land use, suitable distance and good buffer from rivers, the distance from faults, cities and village, proximity to road access and communication and dry climate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Locating urban landfill, the city of Kermanshah Case Study
Said Amanpour Jafar Saedi Esmail Soleimani RadUncontrolled urban spread, resulting in Indiscriminate increase urban population Especially inrecent years has increased more than consumption, resulting in increased production of all kinds ofwaste in urban areas have been. The process of municipal solid medical waste MoreUncontrolled urban spread, resulting in Indiscriminate increase urban population Especially inrecent years has increased more than consumption, resulting in increased production of all kinds ofwaste in urban areas have been. The process of municipal solid medical waste urban managementrequirements for for each city that it can be neglected for any city and even villages around the cityis a problem. Including major Iranian city of Kermanshah that many industries are within the scopeof their political that proper disposal of waste in an appropriate area of environmentally andeconomically important to be. Present article an analytical method - Documentary method and itstarget to Locating the city of Kermanshah in landfill through GIS software, which is the mostappropriate place to be determined by the municipal landfill, So that the layers of topography, landuse type, land slope, rural habitats around town, faults, surface water mines and factories Aroundthe town and its distance from the city of Kermanshah is used Each of these layers is just one aspectof the characteristics of a waste excretion demonstrated optimum location They combine with theadvantages and disadvantages each layer and prorated together the best location were determined.To each of these layers through became given weight With AHP model. In the present investigation,five optimal locations for landfill location is the city of Kermanshah. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Use of Decision Support Tools in Municipal Solid Waste Management (Case Study: Landfill Site Selection of Alborz Province)
Marzeyeh Mahtabi Oghani Akbar Najafi Habibollah Yunesi Mazaher MoeinaddiniWaste is natural consequence of living human communities and environmental hazards caused by environmental mismanagement of solid waste, one of the fundamental problems. In the past decades, exponential growth of urban population in developing countries and speed of urb MoreWaste is natural consequence of living human communities and environmental hazards caused by environmental mismanagement of solid waste, one of the fundamental problems. In the past decades, exponential growth of urban population in developing countries and speed of urbanization phenomenon, necessity of sustainable environmental development and efficient management of waste has been established. The main goal of the current study is applying various spatial analyses, with use of geographic information system in order to optimum site selection with minimal environmental adverse effects for urban waste burial. Therefore, in first step, effective data Layers in determining of landfill of Karaj ( like land use, streams, wetlands, roads, morphology, ground waters, demography, wildlife parks, soil) from data bases and organization was prepared. The second step, data layers (digital maps) was entered to soft ware of Arc GIS9.2 and data base was created. In the third step, according to limitations, suitable areas, was extracted with using of GIS. Then these data was applied as appropriate options ( input data) for AHP. In the next step for determination priorities of the remaining landfill options according to criteria is used by AHP. The results of this study are evidence that GIS and AHP provide performance tools for selection and priority of optimal landfill. Also in this study land slope and ground water have more important than other criteria and option 3 is most appropriate for landfill. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Steps and measures of construction and demolition waste management in natural disasters
Nima Heidarzadeh Alireza Ramezani KhoojinDisasters have caused 1.2 million fatalities and 1.7 trillion damages (USD) in the world during 2000-2012. Depending on the nature and severity, disasters can generate large volumes of debris and waste. Values of between 30 and 113 t/household can be used to estimate th MoreDisasters have caused 1.2 million fatalities and 1.7 trillion damages (USD) in the world during 2000-2012. Depending on the nature and severity, disasters can generate large volumes of debris and waste. Values of between 30 and 113 t/household can be used to estimate the amount of debris of a damaged house and building. The waste can overwhelm existing solid waste management facilities and also impact on other emergency response and recovery activities. Thus, management of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes is one of the most important action should be done. Disaster waste management actions include three major phases as follow:1) Emergency phase, 2) preliminary recovery phase, and 3) final recovery phase. In this article, technical options of disaster waste management have been studied such as: estimation methods of C&D waste amounts, planning and management need in emergency, temporary storage in transfer stations, disposal, reuse and recycling of the wastes, prioritization of actions. Studies show that many types of C&D waste, such as bricks, blocks, concrete, asphalt, plasterboard, tiles, and iron sheets, can be recycled or reused for different application including: landfill waste cover, concrete aggregate, building and road base material, production of cement, soil drainage improvement, ingredient/additive in the production of fertilizer and compost Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Ability of earthworms in organic wastes management
Farzad Mehrjo Mohsen RastakhizOrganic wastes are includes domestic wastes, crop wastes, garden waste, agricultural and food processing industries, poultry and livestock waste, human waste, fruit and vegetable wastes, orchards and farms. One effective and affordable method in organic waste management MoreOrganic wastes are includes domestic wastes, crop wastes, garden waste, agricultural and food processing industries, poultry and livestock waste, human waste, fruit and vegetable wastes, orchards and farms. One effective and affordable method in organic waste management using is earthworms to produce vermicompost fertilizer, in addition to reducing environmental risks; the nature of their turnover in fertilizer consumption has accelerated. Vermicomposting is through decomposition of organic wastes help certain species of earthworms. In general, there are about 3000 species of earthworms in different sizes from 0/6 to 330 cm. Only two species Eisenia foetida and Lumbricus rubellus due to production efficiency and ease of replication are most widely used in the production of vermicompost. Considering limitation of the right places disposal of organic wastes and from hand landfill and incineration adverse effects on public health and the environment, Vermicomposting using biotechnology earthworms a suitable option for is organic waste management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Landfill Site Selection in Bandarabbas by Analytical Hierarchy Process Model
Hamideh Samari Jahromi Hassan HosseinzadehaslOne of the main parts of management in the urban solid wastes is finding an appropriate place in order to dispose the wastes. Difference criteria should be paid attention in site selection, so using of special methods are necessary to assimilate the criteria. This study MoreOne of the main parts of management in the urban solid wastes is finding an appropriate place in order to dispose the wastes. Difference criteria should be paid attention in site selection, so using of special methods are necessary to assimilate the criteria. This study was done to locate the appropriate landfills in the city of Bandarabbas through using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for offering the optimal alternatives for site selection. In present study, in order to select sites for dispose of urban waste of Bandarabbas, the following data layers and maps have been utilized; the maps of land use, road network, water source, and the layers related to the distance from city center. In next step, each layer(criteria) weights are calculated by using the AHP. Through field visits, four locations for comparison and evaluation through hierarchical analysis process were selected and ultimately by doing closer studies on the selected locations and exerting appropriate weights on each of the locations, the final location will be selected. Finally, an appropriate location for landfill, North West Bastak was selected. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Assessment the Potential of Nutrient Pollution Caused by Household Waste and Livestock (Case Study: Cham Gardalan's dam Watershed)
Parisa Amiri Mehdi Ahmadikalan Fouzieh BeigmohammadiThe purpose of this study is to identify the sources of pollution in the catchment area of Chamgardalan Dam and to determine the potential for contamination of organic matter in the household and livestock waste of the catchment area and finally to provide guidelines MoreThe purpose of this study is to identify the sources of pollution in the catchment area of Chamgardalan Dam and to determine the potential for contamination of organic matter in the household and livestock waste of the catchment area and finally to provide guidelines for controlling and reducing pollution. After preparing the catchment area using Arc GIS10 software, field visits were conducted to accurately identify the sources of contamination of the catchment area, including villages and livestock units. Then, the contamination potential of organic matter in household and animal wastes was calculated. Then, the contamination potential of organic matter in household and animal wastes was calculated. About 56% of the total nitrogen load and 54% of the total phosphorus load are produced by various dams under the Gol Gol basin, and about 71% of the pollution potential from population centers is under the Gol Gol basin and 17% is under the Chaviz basin. And 12% below the basin. Accordingly, Gol Gol basin, due to the high density of rural population and also having the largest number of livestock and poultry farms in the catchment area, has the highest amount of household and livestock waste compared to the other two sub-basins. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Investiation of problems resulting from debris management after earthquake and providing appropriate solutions
nina Rafeei abdolreza KrabasiEarthquaks in urban areas produce large volumes ofdebris that delay the recovery and response phases.Therefore, debris management and debris removalunder the framework of recovery programs are soimportant. International experiences have shownthat in recovery phase, larg MoreEarthquaks in urban areas produce large volumes ofdebris that delay the recovery and response phases.Therefore, debris management and debris removalunder the framework of recovery programs are soimportant. International experiences have shownthat in recovery phase, large amount of wastes canbe recycled and reused. So, necessary constructionmaterials can be provided and the amount of debrisdelivered to landfills and environmental problemswill be reduced. However recovery and responsephases should be done with proper debris management.In this paper some of the problems involvedin earthquake debris are considered and appropriatesolutions are discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Producing Renewable Energy from Food Processing Wastes
Zohreh DidarFood processing plants consume huge amount of energy for converting raw material to final product so food industry accounts as one of seven high consumption industries. This industry as well as high energy requirement, producing large amount of solid and liquid wastes. MoreFood processing plants consume huge amount of energy for converting raw material to final product so food industry accounts as one of seven high consumption industries. This industry as well as high energy requirement, producing large amount of solid and liquid wastes. These wastes basically contain biodegradable organic compounds that their discharge to environment could cause serious pollution. Generally, large amount of these solid wastes discharge to landfill and liquid ones to rivers and oceans without any treatment. Recently, the strict environmental legislations restrict discharge of wastes to environment, so discharge of these materials is a big challenge for food industry. (Increasing the price of fuel and high cost of energy, encourage the researchers for finding approaches for producing low cost and green energy sources from food wastes). In this article some of the most important ways for converting food wastes to different form of energy such as biodiesel, Gasification, Anaerobic digestion, Thermal liquefaction and ethanol production is discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - مکانیابی محل دفن پسماندهای شهری با استفاده از GIS و AHP (مطالعۀ موردی: شهر ساحلی- صنعتی عسلویه)
محمد غلامی ,ولی اله نظری منصور رضاعلی -
Open Access Article
116 - Study of clbB and clbN genes in E.coli isolates isolated from vegetables irrigated with surface water and urban waste
Samira Sadeghian Mohsen Zargar shahla Mohammad GanjiObjective: One of the factors causing colorectal cancer is infection with a specific strain of Escherichia coli (E.coli) that has a PKS genomic island with two clbB and clbN genes. One of the ways of human bacterial contamination is to consume vegetables irrigated with MoreObjective: One of the factors causing colorectal cancer is infection with a specific strain of Escherichia coli (E.coli) that has a PKS genomic island with two clbB and clbN genes. One of the ways of human bacterial contamination is to consume vegetables irrigated with water contaminated with bacteria. These two genes cause the activation of the message transmission pathway and the DNA mutation and tumorigenesis by producing the toxin Bactin. The main aim of the present study is to investigate clbB and clbN genes in Escherichia coli isolated from vegetables irrigated with surface water and urban waste. Materials and methods: Vegetables irrigated with surface water, well and urban waste were collected from three regions of Tehran. Their E.coli bacteria were isolated and identified and confirmed. Then, PCR test was performed for clbB and clbN genes of all isolated E.coli bacteria. Findings: The obtained microbial and biochemical results confirmed the E.coli bacteria isolated from the investigated vegetables. The molecular results showed that the highest and lowest frequencies for the samples that simultaneously contained both studied genes were related to vegetables irrigated with urban waste and vegetables irrigated with well water (P≤0.05). This result was almost the same for the vegetables of all three studied regions. Conclusion: Considering the high frequency of E.coli bacteria isolated from vegetables irrigated with municipal waste and in order to prevent bacterial infection and consequently colorectal cancer, complete disinfection of vegetables and non-irrigation of vegetables in areas with waste are suggested. Keywords: E.coli, clbB, clbN, Vegetables, Urban waste, Surface water. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Preparation and Study of Curing Behavior, Mechanical Properties and Hysteresis of SBR Based Hybrid Nanocomposites of Nanoclay and Carbon Black
M. Mohammadi M. Karrabi M.R. Mottaghi -
Open Access Article
118 - Integration of population forecasting in providing decision support system for municipal solid waste landfill siting (Case study: Qazvin province)
Zahra Asadolahi Naghmeh Mobarghei Mostafa KeshtkarBackground and ObjectiveRapid urban expansion along with population growth, has significantly amplified the production of municipal solid waste (MSW) in recent years. Despite the importance of burying solid waste as one of the most efficient ways in waste management cyc MoreBackground and ObjectiveRapid urban expansion along with population growth, has significantly amplified the production of municipal solid waste (MSW) in recent years. Despite the importance of burying solid waste as one of the most efficient ways in waste management cycle, its basic standards have been neglected in many parts of Iran. Recently, the Geographic Information System (GIS) has been recognized as a suitable tool in landfill site selection studies. In addition, Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) has been introduced as a well-known technique to investigate complex decision-making issues such as landfill selection, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is one of the well-known methods of MCDM. In general, landfill siting based on GIS has two main screening steps including first, removing unsuitable land areas and then ranking remaining areas. Additionally, waste landfill siting mainly depends on information availability related to population characteristics. In this way, it is needed to forecast population in the future. Qazvin as a province in the central part of Iran, is facing a population growth in the recent decade. Comparing the population in 2011 and 2016, it showed an increase of about 1.17 percent of average annual growth in Qazvin's population. Therefore, with regard to the increasing population in this newly established province, it is considered critical to conduct a landfill site selection procedure. To achieve the aim, the present research intended to establish a landfill site regarding environmental factors and using integrated GIS-AHP approach which incorporated into the population forecasting in Qazvin province.Materials and Methods The present study was conducted in three main steps include; initial waste Landfill siting using Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE), determination of the required landfill area based on population forecasting up to 2046 and final locating of waste landfills using Single Objective Land Allocation (SOLA) in TerrSet software. In the first step, the initial Landfill siting was conducted by the integrated GIS-AHP approach during the process of identifying and selecting the criteria, weighting the criteria, standardizing the criteria and finally integrating the criteria with the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method. In the second step, the area required for waste disposal sites was estimated based on population growth rate, per capita waste generation (kg per day) and average groundwater depth. In order to forecast the population growth up to 2046, reports of Iran's Plan and Budget Organization was used. In the third step, the final sitting of the municipal solid waste was determined with a SOLA in TerrSet software. The initial suitability map was entered into the model as the base input. Also, the estimated area from the second step. In this study, two scenarios were implemented. In the first scenario, in order to select the appropriate locations, the condition of having the highest value of the map was applied, and in the second scenario, in addition to the mentioned condition, the need to have a 10 km buffer for each of the selected options was considered.Results and Discussion According to the expert's opinions and environmental standards, seven ecological and socio-economic criteria were suggested that each criterion consists of several sub-criteria. Then by implementing the AHP method on the experts’ judgment, the final weight of each criterion and sub-criterion was obtained. After preparing the GIS layers, each of the invoice layers was standardized according to the functions in the fuzzy membership tool and was classified with a range of numbers from 0 to 255. The results showed that in the study area the combination of AHP and GIS for landfill siting is significantly compatible with field observations. GIS is a very powerful tool that could provide a quick assessment of the study area to determine the appropriate location for landfill. The selection of criteria was one of the most important steps in this research. The environmental factors should be considered along with economic factors in choosing a landfill site. Therefore, the eight main criteria of distance from the road, elevation, slope, distance from residential areas, distance from surface waters, distance from protected areas, geology, hydrology and land use were used in their research. The criteria were divided into three parts; morphological, environmental and socio-economic. In this research, in addition to the mentioned criteria, various natural and human parameters such as distance from energy transmission lines, distance from industrial towns and railways, etc. were also used to double the comprehensiveness of the present study. By integrating standardized GIS layers with WLC method, the initial map indicating the distribution of suitability of different sites to waste disposal location in Qazvin province was prepared. By implementing the AHP method into each criterion and combining in GIS, the waste disposal areas in the study area were classified into four classes. According to this classification, the initial map was divided into very good, appropriate, inappropriate and very poor areas. According to the initial suitability map, the cities of Takestan, Abik and Buin Zahra, with an area of 50.15, 14.55 and 54.48 km2, respectively, had a good condition for landfill location. The suitable places for landfill were the flat territories near the urban and had the advantage of the appropriate access path. Then, using land use allocation algorithm, the best landfill site was identified in two scenarios and three location options for each scenario. In the first scenario, the maximum map value was applied to select the location options. In the second scenario, in addition to the mentioned condition, a 10 km buffer was considered for each location option. Finally, site number one of the first and second scenarios and site number three of the second scenario were identified as priorities. Site number one was selected in the range of Buin Zahra city and near the village of Elahabad. While site number three was located 15 km away from the waste management department of Qazvin city and near the Zinabad village.Conclusion It should be noted that not only the final location of municipal solid waste landfills has not been determined in recent years, but also a comprehensive program in the field of reducing waste production and implementation of waste separation plans from the source in the studied cities has not been implemented.Formation of a future forecasting section on the organizational structure of landfill waste management systems can not only reduce environmental risks but also bring sustainability to economic and social resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - Application of multi-criteria decision-making methods in land use evaluation to determine municipal waste landfills location
Khadijhe Safari Seyed Ali Jozi Sahar RezaianBackground and Objective Recently, the use of GIS in urban planning has been developed with the rapid expansion of cities and the dramatic increase in the amount of information that must be processed for urban management. This study investigates the best landfill site f MoreBackground and Objective Recently, the use of GIS in urban planning has been developed with the rapid expansion of cities and the dramatic increase in the amount of information that must be processed for urban management. This study investigates the best landfill site for Zahedan city using the performance of decision support tools, Network analysis process (ANP) and Weighted linear combination (WLC) for weighting criteria, and map standardization methods based on Boolean and Fuzzy logic in the form of multi-criteria decision-making. Indeed, based on the variables' impacts in locating the waste landfill in Zahedan city, using multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) to weigh and prioritize and evaluate the effective factors are considered to identify the optimal location regarding the ecological potential of the region. The proposed model indicates the priorities of creating different types of decision-making during the evaluation analysis of the development capabilities of the study area.Materials and Methods Developing a multi-criteria evaluation method in a GIS environment to determine and estimate the capability of desirable landfills in Zahedan city is considered. Thus, by preparing a questionnaire by the Delphi method, 18 sub-criteria in two groups of criteria: 1. ecological criteria (Slope, altitude, soil, erosion, fault, precipitation, wind, direction, surface water, groundwater, vegetation, land use, and geology); 2. Socio-economic criteria (Distance from city, village, mine, airport, and road) is determined, and regarding expert's perceptions and using Network Analysis Process (ANP) in super decision software, weights of each criterion were calculated; and in the next step, the layers of criteria were evaluated in a database based on ArcGIS and stored as benchmark maps; and finally using the WLC method were considered to combine all layers to extract the map of a suitable landfill site in Zahedan city.Results and Discussion By fuzzifying 18 layers (criteria) with fuzzy logic and also applying constraints with Boolean logic, 18-layer maps are prepared and by merging layers with one of the common methods of weight linear composition in Multi-criteria decision, the final landfill location map has been explored. In terms of the spatial distribution of suitable landfills in Zahedan city, according to 5 categories of classification, it was found that the highest level of the region is categorized as the low capable class (99.76%) and suitable areas for landfilling in total is around 0.231, also no part of the Zahedan city has a very high or high capability for using as the landfill location, while around the city of Nusratabad, areas with very high and high capability are observed. It was also found that mainly lands with both low and medium capability, are located in the suburban areas of Zahedan and Nusratabad, with 22 units for the city of Zahedan and 35 units for the city of Nusratabad.Conclusion Reviewing the research literature shows the strengths of using a multi-criteria decision-making method to locate landfills, enabling the use of a robust set of interactive tools to regulate compensability between criteria, which allows a quick assessment of the relationship between the criteria. Other strengths of this method include the ability to integrate homogeneous data sets such as qualitative and quantitative criteria using specialized knowledge, the flexibility to select specific criteria for different study areas or various issues, to implement one or more decision-making groups, the flexibility to change the level of criterion importance and different choices for acceptable levels of decision-making risks. By comparing the final outputs related to other areas, it can be concluded that the final results are close and the method is suitable for landfill locations everywhere. Therefore, it is suggested that for other areas, the evaluation of land capability should be examined with the proposed method in this research. However, since the location of landfills by different criteria and the influence of public opinion depends on scientific analysis, we assume that this method has significant potential to support the decision-making complexities of real-world applications. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Evaluation of national standards for locating industrial waste landfills using GIS
Eham Yousefi Rubiat Elham Yousefi Rubiat Elham ChamanepourBackground and Objective The rise in wealth, improving living standards, increasing the rate of population growth, along with increasing the level of commercial and industrial activities in urban areas around the world, are the main reasons for the significant increase MoreBackground and Objective The rise in wealth, improving living standards, increasing the rate of population growth, along with increasing the level of commercial and industrial activities in urban areas around the world, are the main reasons for the significant increase in solid waste production, including industrial waste. These wastes lead to the emergence of environmental and human problems and on the other hand, disrupt environmental security. Among the wastes, industrial wastes are highly important due to their high variability, and choosing a suitable location for the landfill site of these wastes is an effective means of controlling pollution from its source. There are many methods for waste disposal such as a sanitary landfill, combustion, recycling, recovery, reduction, and composting. But sanitary burial in a Landfill is an appropriate and acceptable option for disposing of industrial solid waste. Choosing the right place for a solid waste landfill is an effective means of controlling pollution from its source. The site selection process is one of the most difficult tasks related to solid waste management systems because it is subject to government regulations, municipal and government budgets, increasing population density, increasing environmental awareness, public health concerns, reducing the availability of suitable land for Landfilling and increasing political and social opposition to the creation of landfills. GIS is an important tool for identifying and selecting the right site and has a positive impact on time and cost management, as well as providing a digital database for long-term monitoring that is able to process complex geographic data and graphically display results. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the proper place for non-particular landfill of Birjand industrial park, based on the standards of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Ministry of Energy in the GIS environment. In this study, the best places in terms of environment, soils, geology, hydrology, hydrogeology, climate, infrastructure, and socio-social criteria. This study is able to provide a model while applying all standards of the country, to reduce the ecological risk. Materials and Methods For this purpose, 8 parameters including environmental, soils, geology, hydrology, hydrogeology, climate, infrastructure, and socioeconomic as the main criteria were examined in the form of 26 subcriteria. After identifying the criteria and the amount of restriction and prohibition for each factor, information was obtained by referring to the relevant organizations of each criterion. And the database is required by using GIS and Google Earth pro systems. Then, the limitations in each layer were removed using the tools in the GIS software environment. The remaining areas were standardized using layers defuzzification. Finally, the layers are integrated using the Rasters calculation tool, and the best area for the site construction of the waste landfill location was selected.Results and Discussion After combining the maps and applying the existing prohibition, four polygons in the north of the industrial park and a polygon in the south of the region were identified that there is no prohibition on the construction of a landfill place. Then the parameters such as slope, height, aspect, soil type, rainfall, land use, and vegetation map were applied as restrictions. After applying the restrictions in the region, only one polygonal remains in the northern part of the industrial park, which is proposed as a suitable area for the construction of a waste landfill. The area has less than 5% slope, its vegetation is poor and the moor region is considered. It is also not in the dominant wind direction of the region. This polygon distance to the industrial park is about 4 km. The overall area is 3 million square meters. With a field visit of the proposed polygon, the sigmoid sluice area, the bare lands, and the border of the hill was removed from an area of 3000000 m². And, only two polygons with an area of 467,000 m3 were reminded. According to the annual volume of waste generated in the region (2400 m²) and the lifespan of 20 years, the total volume of waste is equal to 48000 m². To bury this volume of waste, a land with dimensions of 300×80 m² with a depth of at least two meters is needed. According to the area of the proposed area, there are about 18 plots with a depth of two meters in the area that can be selected as a landfill.Conclusion The results show that attention to existing standards can be considered a tool for choosing the ideal site. This study is able to provide a model that, while using all national standards, also leads to an ecological risk. Finally, it is suggested that recycling produced per unit reduces waste production from origin. The stone powder prepared from the stone factories' wastes, re-separation of construction waste according to the size, and reuse of them in construction can lead to the recycling of most of this waste. It is essential to implement the proposed landfill as soon as possible, as they are now discharged without any management around, which has become a health and aesthetic problem and the area is becoming a dust source. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Assessment of municipal solid waste landfill sites using GIS (Case study: west of Mazandaran province)
Mohadese Yazdani Seyed Masoud Monavari Ghasem Ali Omrani Mahmoud Shariat Seyed Mohsen HosseiniSeveral factors to reduce the negative impacts on natural resources as well as public health in landfill sites should be considered. So in the present study the significance lies in the fact that it tends to assess the suitability of the existing municipal landfill site MoreSeveral factors to reduce the negative impacts on natural resources as well as public health in landfill sites should be considered. So in the present study the significance lies in the fact that it tends to assess the suitability of the existing municipal landfill sites in the west area of Mazandaran province, located in north of Iran, and the south coast of the Caspian Sea. In order to carry out this assessment, 3 guidelines such as United States Environmental Protection Agency, management and planning organization of Iran and Iran department of environment are used. After reviewing all the specified criteria in each of the guidelines with Arc GIS software and visit the field, the authenticity of each deposit site of the study area and the entire area also was examined; and eventually the appropriate areas were identified. As a result, all of the 10 landfill sites were unsuitable with the Iran department of the environment, according to the management and planning organization of Iran only Marzan abad site was suitable and according to USEPA criteria Noor, Noshahr and Kelar abad were suitable and other site were unsuitable. In the entire studied area 20%, according to the Iran department of environment, 48.5%, according to the management and planning organization of Iran and 77.9% of the study area according to the guideline of USEPA were suitable for landfill siting. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Nutritional composition,effect of four organic Side-Streams on black soldier fly larvae feeding
maryam zolfaghari emad pourfathollah anis esmailiBlack soldier fly (BSF) larvae, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), can effectively convert the organic wastes into a nutrient-rich biomass and appropriate for animal feed, the composition of larve largely dependent on the composition and structure of the sid MoreBlack soldier fly (BSF) larvae, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), can effectively convert the organic wastes into a nutrient-rich biomass and appropriate for animal feed, the composition of larve largely dependent on the composition and structure of the side stream which are used. The polyphage diet and the quality of the larvae's macronutrients (mainly lipids and proteins) make them suitable candidates for different applications such as organic side-streams management and using as protein sources in animal feed. In the present study, BSF larvae were reared on feed substrates composed of Mix of fruit and date pulp, Mix of fruit and olive pulp, mix of waste fruit and bread and waste fruit which is a readily available and cheap source of agriculture,s by product in Iran. The dry matter, crude fat, crude protein and ash of the BSF larvae fed each feed waste organic were quantified by chemical analyses. Larval weight, survival and feed conversion were also recorded. The results showed that the mixed of date and fruit pulp and the mixed of olive and fruit pulp are suitable diets for BSF rearing. Our findings may provide important supporting information to support the use of BSF larval meal as potential new source of nutrient- rich and supportable animal feed ingredients to substitute expensive and limited protein sources such as fishmeal and soya beanmeal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - بررسی وضعیت مدیریت پسماند شهری با رویکرد تفکیک از مبدأ (نمونه موردی: شهرداری شهر شیروان)
زهره پیرزاده مرضیه صبوری علی اسماعیل زاده کواکی رویا دولت آبادی -
Open Access Article
124 - The Study Of Women's Participation In Waste Management
Marzieh Nouroozi Jahan Abad Sima SabzalipourThe aim of this study was to determine the source separation of waste and the participation of women in Shiraz city. To collect data a questionnaire of 23 questions randomly distributed among 380 inhabitant women in the 6 and 7, Shiraz regions. Descriptive statistical w MoreThe aim of this study was to determine the source separation of waste and the participation of women in Shiraz city. To collect data a questionnaire of 23 questions randomly distributed among 380 inhabitant women in the 6 and 7, Shiraz regions. Descriptive statistical was implemented to analyze the collected data. The results showed that the rate of women's participation in 6 area (uptown urban residence) was significantly more than the 7 area (downtown urban residence). Income, education level, age, education and giving information on source separation plan, impacted the rate of women's participation in the separation and collection of waste. The awareness promotion of the source separation through education was considered as the most effective way to increase the women participation in source separation plan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - Identification and prioritization of factors affecting the reverse logistics supply chain of industrial wastewater waste in Gol Gohar Mining and Industrial Company
Mostafa Mahmoudabadi SADEGH ABEDIIn recent years, given the importance of industrial wastewater waste, supply chain stakeholders expect the reverse supply logistics supply chain to be considered. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize the reverse logistics supply chain of i MoreIn recent years, given the importance of industrial wastewater waste, supply chain stakeholders expect the reverse supply logistics supply chain to be considered. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize the reverse logistics supply chain of industrial wastewater waste in Gol Gohar Mining and Industrial Company. The research was applied development and was conducted in a mixed way. Using purposive sampling method, 12 experts familiar with the research were identified. In the qualitative section, content analysis was used to code and identify the factors. Fuzzy Dematel was used to prioritize the factors in the quantitative part. The results showed that the factors affecting the reverse logistics supply chain of industrial wastewater include 7 general themes. Commitment to management, environment, cost, flexibility, rules and regulations, social and total quality management. Using Dematel technique, it was determined that management commitment is the most influential factor on other factors and the environment is the most influential factor on other factors, which shows the impact of other factors on this factor Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Using Lucas Experimental Method to Investigate the Relationship between Exchange Rate Overshooting and Business Cycles in Iran
Rahim Ghasemie Amirabas Saminia Mohamad Hasan Hemati Abolfazl Kaviri BidgoliAmong the current production management issues, the ability to handle the unexpected changes, survive the unexpected threats in the business market and suitable use of environmental fluctuation as an opportunity are the most challenges of the production organizations. T MoreAmong the current production management issues, the ability to handle the unexpected changes, survive the unexpected threats in the business market and suitable use of environmental fluctuation as an opportunity are the most challenges of the production organizations. This ability is agility. The first step to achieve the agility is to measure the current agility level of organization. As each organization has its own structure, culture, strategies, and goals, the agility differs from one organization to others. Furthermore, the required agility level differs from one organization to another regarding the competitive environment in which they compete. In this paper, a model presented in order to measure the agility level in Shiraz municipality waste management organization. Based on this goal, first through the comprehensive literature review, different agility model studied and relevant dimensions and components of agility measurement model extracted using the meta-synthesis method. The main criteria and the principal components of these models include Agility drivers, agility enablers, key capabilities, agility strategies, required agility level, agility goals, and results. Then all levels of the model (three levels) have been Finalized using Focus Group method and the agility measurement tools designed according to the third level of a model (Guide tips). Finally, the agility level of Shiraz municipal waste management organization measured and results show a moderate level of agility in this organization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - مروری بر سلولهای خورشیدی پروسکایت هالید فلز-آلی: چالشها و فرصتها
محمد بادروج -
Open Access Article
128 - ارزیابی قابلیت روش آلتراسونیک با استفاده از موج طولی موازی سطح با زاویه شکست بحرانی درحذف تنش پسماند و افزایش عمر خستگی
پژمان تقی پور بیرگانی -
Open Access Article
129 - Cutting waste landfill zoning using AHP Fuzzy (Case study: Khorram Bid Township)
hamidreza amiri Tahereh Erfanmannesh Sanaz FalahCurrent industrial cities in terms of mining, ore crushing and production units located in that area could be contaminated with particulate matter, especially heavy metals such as lead, nickel -Zinc, copper, cadmium, etc. are various forms. On the other hand disrupt the MoreCurrent industrial cities in terms of mining, ore crushing and production units located in that area could be contaminated with particulate matter, especially heavy metals such as lead, nickel -Zinc, copper, cadmium, etc. are various forms. On the other hand disrupt the daily lives of those residents near waste disposal sites are essential to prevent the need for waste disposal location. The researcher sought the appropriate location for solid waste landfill Khorram Bid Township in the province is using GIS. To achieve this objective, criteria such as slope, aspect, elevation, geology, land use, lines of communication, distance from the settlement, distance from the wells and aqueducts, distance from surface water is used. Then, for each of the factors at zoning cutting waste landfill was prepared in GIS data layers and each layer was weighted. Then, to modeling, to each of the data layers based on their importance in landfill zoning stonework using AHP model is assigned an appropriate weight. The following layers were normalized using fuzzy functions. The results of layers lands on the information to select suitable sites for landfill classified into five classesThus, according to research that the final map, the north and northeast of the city for which it is intended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Investigation of Factors Affecting the Diffusion of cadmium from Electronic Waste In soil environments
homan BahmanpourElectronic and electrical wastes are special types of wastes whose main components include capacitors, transistors, ICs, electronic circuits, cathode and anode components, and have toxicity, pathogenicity and stability in the environment and even in the corpuscles, corr MoreElectronic and electrical wastes are special types of wastes whose main components include capacitors, transistors, ICs, electronic circuits, cathode and anode components, and have toxicity, pathogenicity and stability in the environment and even in the corpuscles, corrosive installations and Equipment and the like. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate and identify the effective factors in the liberation of these metals and especially the cadmium element in the surrounding environment. To investigate this, the effect of different factors such as temperature, pH, HMC and time on the release of cadmium from these wastes to soil environments has been studied. For this purpose, the selected parts were analyzed and examined. The results indicate that in the soil environment, the level of cadmium penetration in very acidic and very alkaline pH increases the amount of release. Also, in the soil environment, the increase in temperature increases the penetration of the cadmium element in the environment, and the effect of the contact time parameter is also proportional to the pH variation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Investigating the Pollution of Heavy Metals at the Bottom of Solid Waste Landfill in Yazd
sara gilvari Ali Reza Mazloumi Bajestani Syed Abolfazl Kashfi Hamid Reza Rahim DelIn today's growing world that explosive population growth it has an endemic growth of residual and its specific contamination, the environmentalists' minds are concerned about the extent to which the material can endanger the environment, water, soil and MoreIn today's growing world that explosive population growth it has an endemic growth of residual and its specific contamination, the environmentalists' minds are concerned about the extent to which the material can endanger the environment, water, soil and air. The unhealthy disposal of solid waste on different organisms at different concentrations and pollution intensities will produce different effects. The purpose of this study, environmental assessment Yazd solid waste landfill for this purpose, environmental sampling of the environmental elements of the current landfill site and determine the composition of municipal solid waste was done. The results of the well water analysis showed a slightly higher concentration of some of the investigated elements in the lower reaches of the burial site than the World Health Organization's (2008) standard for drinking. Soil analysis results showed a slight increase in the concentration of some elements in and near the landfill (in the direction of the slope of the layers), compared to the Canadian standard (2004) for agriculture. The analysis of the well water in the control and sample samples was lower (far from the burial site), and the concentration of the elements was close to the normal range. In relation to the analysis of leachate, the parameters are not consistent with the irrigation and agricultural standards of the Water Pollution Control Agency (2011). Finally, it can be said that the results of the analyzes did not show the widespread and critical effects of burial on the environment, especially the urban environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Assessment, Matrix, Disposal, GIS, Waste, Leachate
Behnosh Khoshmanesh Fatemeh RazavianThe increasing daily production of waste and its proper disposal is one of the major environmental challenges of human societies, and burying waste is one of the most commonly used methods in this direction. Urban landfills can be considered as civil projects that have MoreThe increasing daily production of waste and its proper disposal is one of the major environmental challenges of human societies, and burying waste is one of the most commonly used methods in this direction. Urban landfills can be considered as civil projects that have multiple environmental impacts. The use of environmental impact assessment and assessment of current disposal sites can be considered as one of the tools for environmental management. The purpose of this study was to use this tool to identify the negative effects of Gandak landfills in Damavand city and provide appropriate solution and option. To this end, along with examining the effects of the current project (Gandak) with 15 years of experience, other appropriate options were also considered. In order to select other suitable alternatives for the construction of landfill and associated facilities, using the existing standards, some criteria were defined for locating, and were overlapped by GIS software. By overlapping different layers, the zones suitable for burial centers were identified, and finally a different appropriate option (Option 2) was selected from among them.Then, in order to evaluate the selected options, a matrix of environmental factors and micro-activities of the project were prepared to examine the impact of each micro-activity by the construction and operation phase on 70 environmental parameters of the region. Regarding the results of the completion of the assessment matrix in two phases of construction and operation, it was found that Option 1 (Gandak) is more appropriate than Option 2. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Location of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, Oshnavyeh City by Method Hierarchical analysis
Hamid Shahinfar Fatemeh MotamediSelecting the appropriate site landfill is one of the important steps in the management of municipal solid waste. Given the devastating environmental, economic, and ecological impacts of municipal waste, landfill selection must be carefully and scientifically processed. MoreSelecting the appropriate site landfill is one of the important steps in the management of municipal solid waste. Given the devastating environmental, economic, and ecological impacts of municipal waste, landfill selection must be carefully and scientifically processed. New tools and technology can help find the right place for a landfill. Geographic information systems (GIS) are nowadays widely used in environmental planning. In this study, different parameters such as lithology, land use, vegetation, soil properties, topography (slope), distance from urban areas, distance from main road, main waterways Suburbs, residential areas, wells and aqueducts and faults in order to determine suitable location for solid waste landfill in oshnavyeh city have been considered. Next, the paired comparison matrix was developed using AHP method and the final weights of each data layer were calculated using Expert Choice 11 software and in GIS environment, modeling was performed by hierarchical analysis process. Finally, landfill sites in oshnavyeh city were identified in four floor as Quite suitable, suitable, relatively suitable and inadequate based on their location ability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Site Selection for Municipal Solid Waste Landfills with by using of GIS & AHP ; Mianeh, East Azarbaijan
Fazel KhaleghiOne of the most problem of human societies is, production of types of waste solid materials in different qualities and quantities and its discharge. Discharge is the simplest method and in many reigns is low –cost method of discharge. Main goal of discharge is sec MoreOne of the most problem of human societies is, production of types of waste solid materials in different qualities and quantities and its discharge. Discharge is the simplest method and in many reigns is low –cost method of discharge. Main goal of discharge is secure and long lasting of solid waste material discharge regard to health and environment. Selecting of place of landfill is one of the important stage in management of urban solid wastes. According to destructive environmental effects, economic and ecological of land fill, and choice of landfill should be fulfilled carefully. This research is done for this purpose to determining proper places of urban waste disposal of Mianeh city by using of hierarchical method (AHP). The current place of urban waste disposal of Mianeh city located at 13 kilometer distance in west of city and adjacent to Mianeh_Hashtrud road on the hills of Dashkasan regions with 3 kilometers motorable track and it becomes asphalt way after 10 kilometers. In this research, criteria and conditions of selecting proper places are identified for healthy landfill of waste disposals such as geology characteristic, availability ways, slop map, faults, land use map, distance of rural and urban centers, soil map of region, hydro-graphy drainage map, groundwaters and gas pipeline ways. For providing talented ability exclusion zones are deleted at first and by using of twelve information layers by weighting method to each ones and analyzing of these weights in GIS environment map obtain different criterion, then best places were selected by combination of these maps. These places located in north, northeast, southwest and southeast. From received regions, the best place is recognized and after field review, this area was confirmed final. This area is located in 8 kilometers of north and northeast and in adjacent to Mianeh _Tark and it has 2 Kilometer motorable track and after 6 kilometer. The lithology of this area mainly include marls and sandstone. It is Also, outside of Aquifer limit, and it is suitable from rural regions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - Location of solid municipal waste landfill using gis (Case study of Osco city)
Ramin Khiyabani hamid shahinfar Robab Azarmi ArabshahSolid wastes are an integral part of human life, and the production of these wastes in different quantities and qualities is one of the greatest environmental problems of the present age. To reduce the negative consequences of the waste, the use of new tools and technol MoreSolid wastes are an integral part of human life, and the production of these wastes in different quantities and qualities is one of the greatest environmental problems of the present age. To reduce the negative consequences of the waste, the use of new tools and technology to find a suitable landfill location is necessary. Today, geographic information systems are widely used in environmental planning. The central part of the city of Shahindezh, with daily production of 10 ton of waste per day, due to the lack of equipment and inappropriate location of landfill, has caused environmental, social and many health problems. In this research, in order to determine the proper location for solid landfills in the city of Osco, various indices such as Lithology, land use, vegetation cover, soil profile, topography, distance from urban areas and distance from main road, main waterways and Subsurface, residential areas, wells and faults in landfill location have been considered. For mapping capability, firstly, forbidden areas is deleted and 9 layers of weighing information, the process of analyzing of final map is prepared. Finally, proper areas of landfill in Osku city have been identified based on the location of the site in the form of four suitable and not suitable classifications. Based on the results of this study, 3 suitable zone were selected which were compared with each other after field visits from zone using TOPSIS method. Area having number 0 , in northeastern of Osku, based on the scores and having characteristics such as appropriate distance to population centers and access roads, proper slope, proper lithology, lack of vegetation and etc, with the least environmental impacts is determined as the preferred option. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - Site Selection For Municipal Solid Waste Landfills In Ilkhchi Using GIS
Maryam Valaii Hamid Shahinfar Robab AzarmiChoosing landfill is one of the most important steps in the management of municipal solid waste and according to environmental impact, ecological landfill disposal site selection should be done carefully and in a scientific process.Usage of the tools and technology seem MoreChoosing landfill is one of the most important steps in the management of municipal solid waste and according to environmental impact, ecological landfill disposal site selection should be done carefully and in a scientific process.Usage of the tools and technology seems to be necessary to find a suitable place to bury it.Nowadays, GIS is widely used in environmental planning.In this study, to locate waste disposal site in Ilkhchi, different information layers of land use, vegetation, slope, lithology, soil texture, distance from the town, population centers, water supplies (aqueducts, wells and springs), canals, mines, access roads (primary and secondary) is used in power transmission lines.In order to map the areas removed Astdaddary first eight information layers on the weighting method using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) , final map is prepared. According to the study, all areas are suitable for construction of landfill in East study area. Finally, the environmental effects of each of the zones of the zone with the lowest environmental impacts as the best location for the city's landfill Ilkhchi is selected.Finally, by studying the environmental effects of each zone, the zone with the lowest environmental impact is selected as the best location for the landfill in Ilkhchi. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Analysis and presenting an optimum post weld heat treatment cycle to maximum reduction of residual stresses of electron beam welding
Hossein Rajabi Ali HeidariIn this research, the electron beam welding process of P91 steel plates was simulated by the finite element method in two dimensions and in a short time with acceptable accuracy in two steps (non-coupled thermal and mechanical analysis). The simulation results were vali MoreIn this research, the electron beam welding process of P91 steel plates was simulated by the finite element method in two dimensions and in a short time with acceptable accuracy in two steps (non-coupled thermal and mechanical analysis). The simulation results were validated with experimental and numerical results presented by other researchers. Moreover, by applying post weld heat treatment, the residual stresses were reduced. Then, the effect of heat treatment cycle parameters such as heat input power, heating time, holding time and cooling rate were investigated on the quantity of residual stress reduction. By examining the results of the effects of the parameters, an optimum heat treatment cycle is introduced to maximum reduction of the residual stress. Using this optimum heat treatment cycle, the residual stress value was reduced to 55 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - A Model for Locating Urban Waste Disposal (Case Study : Rine Larijan Township)
Maryam Shabani abdollah hydaryeihIn today’s society solid waste management is one of the most important concerns of mankind. Increasing waste volume and diversification of waste has added to the complexity of waste collection and disposal.Landfill if not handled property will cause contamination MoreIn today’s society solid waste management is one of the most important concerns of mankind. Increasing waste volume and diversification of waste has added to the complexity of waste collection and disposal.Landfill if not handled property will cause contamination of water, soil and air…According to the latest census of the year, the fixed population of the city of Rhine is 982 people. The population reaches about 3000 to 4000 people in the four monthes of the year. On average, the amount of waste product in in the city of Rhine is between 3 and 3.5 tonnes per day. In the city of Rhine, landfill and incineration methods are used to dispose of municipal solid wasre. Therefore, choosing the right location for landfill is important.In the present study, it has been attempted to identify the best location for landfill sanitation considering ecological factors in order to minimize environmental damage. For this purpose, the location of municipal solid waste landfill was determined by using spatial analysis in GIS environment. The required digital data were collected for this purpose and using the hierarchical analytical method of AHP, the criteria were evaluated and then taken to the GIS environment. Due to limitations in the initial data collection, several factors were not taken into account, including the distance between walls and groundwater. In future research, by carefully examining all the factors, one can increase the accuracy and specify a more accurate burial site. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Landfill Site Selection in Haftkel County (Khuzestan Province) using GIS techniques based on Fuzzy-AHP
Akram Keramat Mohammad Sadegh ZangenehWaste management is one of the major challenges of urban management in different parts of the world. This problem is more severe in developing countries, which contain a large part of the world's population. The current research is to locate the landfill site selection MoreWaste management is one of the major challenges of urban management in different parts of the world. This problem is more severe in developing countries, which contain a large part of the world's population. The current research is to locate the landfill site selection in Haftkal county, Khuzestan. In this study, three main morphological, environmental and socio-economic criteria were considered. Sub-criteria include slope, elevation, geology, distance from faults, distance from water wells, distance from water surface, distance from roads, distance from oil and gas pipelines, distance from high voltage power transmission lines, distance from residential areas, distance from protected areas and landuse. According to the conditions of the city and with the help of experts' opinion, the main morphological criterion with 0.443 was assigned the most points and importance among the main criteria .Also among the sub-criteria slope, geology, distance from underground water wells and distance from roads got the most points. In this study, Geographic Information System techniques such as Weighted Sum, Fuzzy Overlay and Boolean was used and among the used Fuzzy Sum and Weighted Sum methods introduced the most suitable lands for the construction of a landfill site and the methods of Fuzzy Gamma 0.3 and Fuzzy Product were the most strict functions and they identified 171.14 square kilometers and 124.01 square kilometers of land in Haftkal as suitable for the construction of a landfill site. According to Boolean's logic the current landfill site of Haftkal is located in an inappropriate place and in the other of the studied methods it is in the average range. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - تحلیل عوامل موثر بر انگیزش شهروندان برای مشارکت در مدیریت پسماند (مطالعه موردی: منطقه 5 شهرداری تهران)
جمیله توکلی نیا مجید سعیدی راد محمد کاظمی مجتبی غریبی -
Open Access Article
141 - مدیریت مشارکت شهروندی محیط زیستی زنان در طرح تفکیک از مبدأ پسماندهای خانگی (مطالعه موردی: مناطق 4 و 5 شهر کرج)
پریسا محمدحسینی حمیدرضا جعفری حسن هویدی -
Open Access Article
142 - Review on Basics of Solid Waste Engineering and Management
Mehrab Fallahi-Samberan Samaneh KhodadadiThe amount of waste has been steadily increasing due to the increasing human population and urbanization. Waste materials are generated from manufacturing processes, industries and municipal solid wastes (MSW). A large number of components in MSW create health and envir MoreThe amount of waste has been steadily increasing due to the increasing human population and urbanization. Waste materials are generated from manufacturing processes, industries and municipal solid wastes (MSW). A large number of components in MSW create health and environmental problems. Health impacts include exposure to toxic chemicals through air, water and soil media; exposure to infection and biological contaminants. The environmental impacts can be pollution and global warming, photochemical oxidant creation, abiotic resource depletion, acidification, eutrophication, and eco toxicity to water. The communities, industries, and individuals have, therefore, found several ways to reduce and better manage Municipal Solid Waste through a combination of practices not only to extract reusable components but to generate energy in the form of heat or electricity. These practices include source reduction, recycling, and processing/disposal through different technologies such as composting, combustion/incineration, gasification, anaerobic digestion, landfill and so on. The increasing awareness about the environment has tremendously contributed to the concerns related with disposal of the generated wastes. This paper presents a detailed review about waste and waste management options, and research published on the effect of waste materials on environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Differential Concentrations of some Nutrient Element in Forage of Corn (Zea mays L.) as Affected by Organic Fertilizers and Soil Compaction
N. Najafi A. MohammadnejadSoil compaction is one of the most important limiting factor for normal crop growth, because it reduces absorption by the plant. Application of organic fertilizers in agricultural soils can reduce the detrimental effects of soil compaction on plant growth and also suppl MoreSoil compaction is one of the most important limiting factor for normal crop growth, because it reduces absorption by the plant. Application of organic fertilizers in agricultural soils can reduce the detrimental effects of soil compaction on plant growth and also supply some nutrients to plant. Thus, a factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications and 14 treatments to evaluate the effects of organic fertilizers in mitigating soil compaction. The first factor in this study was the source and amount of organic fertilizer at seven levels (control, farmyard manure, sewage sludge compost and municipal solid waste compost and each of organic fertilizers at two levels of 15 and 30 g/kg of soil). The second factor was soil compaction at two levels (bulk density of 1.2 and 1.7 g/cm3). To perform this experiment, 10 kg of dry soil was poured into special PVC pots and then seeds of single cross 704 corn were planted. At the end of the growth period, the corn shoot was harvested and concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were determined by dry ashing method. The results showed that concentrations of Cd and Pb in the shoot, related to the different treatments, were negligible. Concentrations of P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn in the corn shoot were increased significantly by application of farmyard manure, sewage sludge compost and municipal solid waste compost at both levels of soil compaction. However, Na concentration of shoot did not change significantly. Soil compaction significantly reduced P, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations of corn shoot, but it affected concentrations of Na and K significantly. Application of organic fertilizers and increasing their levels reduced the negative effects of soil compaction on nutrients uptake by corn plant. This study showed that to improve forage corn nutrition, application of 15 or 30 g of farmyard manure or sewage sludge compost or municipal solid waste compost per kg of soil can be recommended to similar compacted and non-compacted conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Investigating the Role of Environmental Education of Local Communities on Environmental Performance of Citizens of District 5 of Tabriz Municipality
Shabnam Rahmanpour Mohammad Ebrahim RamezaniThis study intended to investigate the effect of environmental educationof local communities on bioenvironmental performance of citizens’ ofdistrict 5 of Tabriz municipality. This study was a semi-experimentalsurvey research. Research method was a semi-experimenta MoreThis study intended to investigate the effect of environmental educationof local communities on bioenvironmental performance of citizens’ ofdistrict 5 of Tabriz municipality. This study was a semi-experimentalsurvey research. Research method was a semi-experimental through pretest,post-test with control group. The Population of the study is citizensof district 5 of Tabriz city. This city was selected because of availabilityof related information and references. Sample size was 60 people ofcitizens of district 5 of Tabriz, from whom 30 people were grouped inexperiment group and 30 people in control group. In this study, data wasgathered through a researcher-made questionnaire which its validity wasconfirmed by supervisor and related experts, and its reliability wascalculated through Cronbach Alpha (0.81) which is acceptable. Resultsshowed that, environmental education of citizens of region 5 of Tabrizhas positive effect on waste, water consumption, pollution, energyconsumption and maintenance of environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - Waste production and management methods in different aquaculture systems
رضا اکرمیAbstract Aquaculture is the fastest growing animal food production sector worldwide and is becoming the main source of aquatic animal foodstuff for human consumption. The intensification of production is an alternative for the needed development in aquaculture that use MoreAbstract Aquaculture is the fastest growing animal food production sector worldwide and is becoming the main source of aquatic animal foodstuff for human consumption. The intensification of production is an alternative for the needed development in aquaculture that use of more inputs, especially feed per unit area leading to an increase in waste generation from the production systems and resulted strongly criticized for environmental impacts. The total nutrients supplied to production ponds, only 30% are converted into product, while the rest as sediment or sludge is usually discharged into the environment. The impact of waste products from aquaculture has increased public concern and threatens the sustainability of aquaculture practices. Therefore, there is a need to develop culture systems that will increase fish production with efficient waste management in order to limit environmental degradation resulting from aquaculture wastes and ensure its sustainability. This paper reviewed various aspects of waste production from aquaculture and methods of management in different culture systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Solid Waste positioning using a combination of ANP-DEMATEL in GIS (Case Study city Boyerahmad)
saeed maleki rahim akbarimehrmunicipal solid waste management under the sustainable management of regional and sustainable development is an imperative The main objective of this research location in the city Boyer Solid Waste and approach to the modeling and mapping. This study aimed to study the Moremunicipal solid waste management under the sustainable management of regional and sustainable development is an imperative The main objective of this research location in the city Boyer Solid Waste and approach to the modeling and mapping. This study aimed to study the functional and cross-methodological point of view is that the study of literature in the field of theoretical basis of ten indicators were extracted. Given the pattern of impact and influence in the process of determining the best location for landfill techniques for modeling the combined Anp-Dematel View Ali in the form of indices, it is used to determine the weight and priority. And then using the Distance and Reclassify the Spatial Analyst Tools tool set privacy levels were appropriate based on existing standards Also suitable for mapping the spatial distribution of the means of FUZZY OVERLAY landfill from the set of tools available in ArcGIS Spatial Analyst Tools the software is used. The results at two levels, separated in the following thematic benchmark results are from surface water sources with the most influential impact index 0.145 And the criteria for protected areas with the most impact index was 0.72 impressionable The results revealed the location of 541,449 square kilometers, an area of 72,248 square kilometers, the city Boyer 34/13 percent The situation is quite appropriate, and suggested that the first level: Due to the proximity and distance operating costs and the avoidance of pollution Surface water was offered the right place. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - Assessment of land suitability for urban landfill site selection with an emphasis on natural factors (Case study:Joghatay City )
Ebrahim Taghavimoghadam zahra porian mohamad ali zaganeh asadi ebrahim amiriIran produces over 48,000 tons of waste per day (three times the global standard), which imposes huge costs on municipal spending every day. In terms of economic factors, land use, and access. In this research, Geodatabase database was created in ARC.Map .10.5 software MoreIran produces over 48,000 tons of waste per day (three times the global standard), which imposes huge costs on municipal spending every day. In terms of economic factors, land use, and access. In this research, Geodatabase database was created in ARC.Map .10.5 software using topographic maps, geology, statistics and climatic and demographic and hydrological information and satellite images. 11 digital layers were made of factors affecting landfills in geomorphological, geological, hydro-climatic, environmental and access subdivisions. Then, appropriate and appropriate weights were given by surveying the experts and urban experts, and the criteria of the hierarchical analysis method (AHP) were proposed. The best areas for burying waste. Demonstrated population data analysis from 1985 to 1995, the population of Jaghtai will reach 1,730 in 1415, given the population growth rate and production will be 43,800 tons of waste, so a 2-hectare area is needed to bury the waste. The research results show that 43 square kilometers of the central part of Jaghtai is suitable for the creation of a landfill site; which is one of the options. It is also recommended to use the site of the southwestern marginal site of Jaghtai city suitable for temporary landfill, construction of waste separation unit or compost production unit due to excellent access. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - پهنه بندی و اولویت بندی حوزه آبریز دریاچه ارومیه به منظور مکان یابی محل دفن پسماندهای شهری با تاکید بر شاخصهای زیست محیطی
فریدون بابایی اقدم جعفر آقایی شاهین علیزاده زنوزی بهمن قلیکی میلان -
Open Access Article
149 - Performance of Frankenia thymifolia as a ground cover plant species and its effect on physicochemical characteristics of recycled substrates in four different seasons in external green wall systems
Mansoure Jozay Fatemeh Kazemi Amir FotovatIntegrating nature into the buildings through green roofs and walls is considered a sustainable strategy in current city development. However, studies on organic waste growing media that allow appropriate plant establishment in these systems are insignificant and yet ch MoreIntegrating nature into the buildings through green roofs and walls is considered a sustainable strategy in current city development. However, studies on organic waste growing media that allow appropriate plant establishment in these systems are insignificant and yet challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the stability of the Frankenia thymifolia cover plant in four combinations of growing media (30% cocopeat + 65% perlite + 5% vermicompost, 30% leaf litter + 65% perlite + 5% vermicompost, 30% mushroom compost + 65% perlite + 5% vermicompost, and the typical soil used in the green spaces as the control) in the external green wall conditions. The study was a split-plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was the different seasons in four levels, and the second was the growing media in four levels. Also, at the end of the study, the characteristics of the substrates were tested as a randomized complete block design experiment with three replications. The morpho-physiological traits of the Frankenia plant and the physicochemical characteristics under different growing media were significantly different (p≤0.01). The results showed that leaf surface features, leaf water content, chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoid, and all the root-related traits were higher in the plants grown in the organic matter growing medium than those grown in the typical soil. Also, better physicochemical attributes (lower bulk density, porosity, less ash, more air volume, and more acidity) were observed in organic growing medium in comparison with the typical soil. The results of this research confirmed the favorable effect of using washed mushroom compost along with perlite and vermicompost instead of the common imported green wall substrates. It also suggests using the Frankenia in climates similar to Mashhad year-round in the external green wall systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - locating landfill in urban areas by Analysis Network Process(ANP)
Najmeh Vafadoost جواد میکانیکیIt is essential to ensure that environmental regulations are observed and that sustainable development goals are taken into account as well to prevent environmental pollution. The location of waste landfill sites and the achievement of sustainable development goals must MoreIt is essential to ensure that environmental regulations are observed and that sustainable development goals are taken into account as well to prevent environmental pollution. The location of waste landfill sites and the achievement of sustainable development goals must be supervised. The study area is Gonabad city in Khorasan Razavi province. It has three urban points (Gonabad-Kakhk-Bidokht) Which is burial of urban waste near two cities of Gonabad and Kakhk. The purpose of this research is to provide optimal and desirable locations for urban waste dumping in Gonabad city. The first stage of municipal waste management is their proper location. For this research, the most important indicators used for locating were: distance from water resources, vegetation, soil texture, elevation, gradient, distance from communication paths, distance from faults, and the distance from demographic points. Layers and data were weighed on the basis of ANP and using the GIS, suitable landfill locations for urban areas were identified. Then, the ANP model final map after the formation of the network and the calculation of weights were obtained by successive sum of standardized layers and the resulting map was classified in four zones (perfectly suitable, appropriate, relatively suitable and inappropriate). The method of research is based on the descriptive-analytical nature and based on the purpose of applied research. For collecting information, two methods of documentary and field-survey have been used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - بررسی پیشایندها و پسایندهای مدیریت منابع انسانی پایدار با نگرش سبزدر سازمانهای مدیریت پسماند
گوهر پوراحمدی منصور ایراندوست جمال ادهمی -
Open Access Article
152 - نقش عوامل اثرگذار بر ادراک اخلاقی مصرفکنندگان و خلق ارزش پایدار در انتخاب محصولات پسماند صفر
پیمان غفاری اشتیانی مریم غیاث ابادی فراهانی ایرج مرادی -
Open Access Article
153 - مدیریت پسماندها در شهرهای هوشمند با استفاده از شبکه اینترنت اشیاء (IOT )
محسن بیژن پور رضا احتشام راثی داود قراخانی -
Open Access Article
154 - Adaptive Neural Network Dynamic Surface Control for Nonlinear Stochastic Systems in The Strict-Feedback Form with Prandtl-Ishlinskii Hysteresis in The Actuator
Mohammad Mahdi Aghajary Mahnaz HashemiUsing the adaptive radial basis function (RBF) neural network dynamic surface control design method, a controller design approach is presented in order to the stabilization of strict-feedback nonlinear stochastic systems subjected to Prandtl-Ishlinskii nonlinearity in t MoreUsing the adaptive radial basis function (RBF) neural network dynamic surface control design method, a controller design approach is presented in order to the stabilization of strict-feedback nonlinear stochastic systems subjected to Prandtl-Ishlinskii nonlinearity in the actuator. This method is capable to be applied to nonlinear stochastic systems with any unknown dynamics. According to the universal approximation capability the RBF neural networks make it possible to approximate the unknown dynamics of the nonlinear stochastic systems. Using the minimal-learning-parameters algorithm the approximation procedure is done with a minimum complexity and required calculations. The stability of the proposed control system is proven analytically and its results are demonstrated using a simulation example. It is shown that the proposed design approach guarantees the boundedness in probability for adaptive control system, and in turn the uniformly ultimately boundedness of all closed-loop signals. It is also shown, that using this method the tracking error can be made arbitrarily small. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - Modeling of Pulsed Transformer with Nanocrystalline Cores
Amir Baktash Abolfazl VahediRecently tape wound cores, due to their excellent properties, are widely used in transformers for pulsed or high frequency applications. The spiral structure of these cores affects the flux distribution inside the core and causes complication of the magnetic analysis an MoreRecently tape wound cores, due to their excellent properties, are widely used in transformers for pulsed or high frequency applications. The spiral structure of these cores affects the flux distribution inside the core and causes complication of the magnetic analysis and consequently the circuit analysis. In this paper, a model based on reluctance networks method is used to analyze the magnetic flux in toroidal wound cores and losses calculation. A Preisach based hysteresis model is included in the model to consider the nonlinear characteristic of the core. Magnetic losses are calculated by having the flux density in different points of the core and using the hysteresis model. A transformer for using in a series resonant converter is modeled and implemented. The modeling results are compared with experimental measurements and FEM results to evaluate the validity of the model. Comparisons show the accuracy of the model besides its simplicity and fast convergence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - Evaluation of initial imperfection mode shapes and slashing of steel tanks
Ahmad maleki Ali satariThin wall shell structure has low weight and high resistance. The load capacity, buckling behavior and post buckling behavior of steel tanks thin wall, is very sensitive to geometric imperfections. Due to the small wall thickness of the shell structures enabling t MoreThin wall shell structure has low weight and high resistance. The load capacity, buckling behavior and post buckling behavior of steel tanks thin wall, is very sensitive to geometric imperfections. Due to the small wall thickness of the shell structures enabling the creation of any deformation and there is a disturbance on the surface of the wall. Considering the types of errors occurred when build or assembled these structures, are not built these structure, ideally. This imperfections may be in the process of rolling, removable panels, installation or welding arise. Incomplete reports about the negative impact of the effect of welding on the axial bearing capacity. Comprehensive research on the effects of imperfection of initial geometrical shape on the steel tank vibration modes, and its effect on the bearing capacity steel storage tanks that considerable research It's not done. In this research, the actual behavior of cylindrical shells with initial geometric imperfections on mode shapes steel tanks in the pre-buckling and post-buckling. And the effect of initial geometric imperfections on steel tanks slashing been paid. Using finite element software, ABAQUS, and verification of the results of the analysis and nonlinear analysis with experimental results. Been paid. Imperfect geometric shape has changed mods. The effect of these changes on slashing are very small. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - تاثیر نفوذ اسمزی ترکیبات موثره پسماند انگور بر خصوصیات کمی و کیفی ژل آلوئه ورا
الهام آذرپژوه پروین شرایعی نصرت عظیمی فرزاد غیبی -
Open Access Article
158 - Data analysis based on ecological behavior in the face of corona residues (Study of citizens over 18 years old in Boroujerd)
abdolreza navah محمدرضا حسینی narges khoshkalamAlthough the outbreak of coronary heart disease initially had positive environmental consequences, over time, the dramatic increase in coronary heart disease became a serious threat to the environment. Accordingly, the present study has analyzed the environmental behavi MoreAlthough the outbreak of coronary heart disease initially had positive environmental consequences, over time, the dramatic increase in coronary heart disease became a serious threat to the environment. Accordingly, the present study has analyzed the environmental behavior in the face of corona waste among the citizens over 18 years of age in Boroujerd city using a qualitative grounded theoretical method. The sample size was 26 people who were purposefully selected. The method of data collection was in-depth interview and the method of data analysis was basic theory. The results showed that the two factors "prevention mechanisms" and "treatment mechanisms" have caused the phenomenon of "coronal waste generation" and the actors due to its occurrence, "environmental behavior" in one of the types: 1) environment Friendly (responsible), 2) environmentalist (careless) and 3) anti-environmental (vandalistic) have been adopted as a strategy that has been done under the influence of the prevailing context and conditions of the interventionist. The prevailing contexts were: 1) demographic characteristics of the individual, 2) health-care-treatment infrastructure, 3) educational infrastructure, 4) coronary heart disease prevalence rate. Intervening conditions were: 1) personality traits of the individual (environmental commitment and sensitivity), 2) social characteristics of the individual (environmental insights and attitudes), 3) sociability (knowledge and awareness) Environment), 4) Culturalization (environmental norm and value), 5) Government policies (Environmental trust and belonging). Finally, the environmental behavior of actors has two consequences: 1) positive: environmental purification and 2) negative: environmental pollution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - . A Data -based analysis of ecological behavior in the face of corona residues (case of Study: residents over 18 years old in Boroujerd)
abdolreza navah Hosseini Mohammadreza narges khoshkalamAlthough the outbreak of corona disease initially had positive environmental consequences, over time, the dramatic increase in corona disease became a serious threat to the environment. Accordingly, using a qualitative grounded theory approach, the present study has ana MoreAlthough the outbreak of corona disease initially had positive environmental consequences, over time, the dramatic increase in corona disease became a serious threat to the environment. Accordingly, using a qualitative grounded theory approach, the present study has analyzed the environmental behavior in the face of corona waste (residues) among the residents of the city of Boroujerd who were over 18 years of age. The sample consisted of 26 people who were purposefully selected. The method of data collection was in-depth interview. During the three stages of coding the text of the interviews, the paradigm model of Grounded Theory was finally extracted. Also, in order to validate the research, the method of "members' credibility" and to measure the reliability, the method of "internal agreement" has been used. The results showed that the two factors "prevention mechanisms" and "treatment mechanisms" have caused the phenomenon of "coronal waste generation" and after its occurrence, actors’ "environmental behavior" was manifested in one of the following types: 1) environment Friendly (responsible), 2) un-environmentalist (careless) and 3) anti-environmental (vandalistic). The prevailing contexts were: 1) demographic characteristics of the individual, 2) health-care-treatment infrastructure, 3) educational infrastructure, 4) corona disease prevalence rate. Intervening conditions were: 1) personality traits of the individual (environmental commitment and sensitivity), 2) social characteristics of the individual (environmental orientations and attitudes), 3) socialization (Environmental knowledge and awareness), 4) Culturalization (environmental norms and values), 5) Government policies (Environmental trust and belonging). Finally, the environmental behavior of actors has two consequences: 1) positive: environmental purification and 2) negative: environmental pollution Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - An Analysis of the Factors Affecting Women’s Participation in Household Waste Management (Case of Study: Employed Women in Deylam City)
Dariyoush Rezapour sara ghajariWomen's participation and cooperation in the management of household wastes can be an important step towards better city management. In fact, the management of wastes without the participation of woman is difficult and costly. The purpose of study was to analyze the fac MoreWomen's participation and cooperation in the management of household wastes can be an important step towards better city management. In fact, the management of wastes without the participation of woman is difficult and costly. The purpose of study was to analyze the factors that influence the participation of employed women in household waste management in the city of Bandar Deylam. The research population consisted of women working in the city's offices, of which 92 of were selected as the sample using Morgan table and a simple random sampling method. To gather the data, a questionnaire was used. The data were analyzed using the spss software at descriptive and inferential levels. The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between age, attitudes towards waste management, environmental attitudes, social participation and information resources. It was also found that the two variables of social participation and the availability of information resources accounted for 42.1% of changes in waste management behaviour. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - مکانیابی محل دفن پسماندهای شهری با استفاده از GIS و AHP (مطالعۀ موردی: شهر ساحلی- صنعتی عسلویه)
محمد غلامی ,ولی اله نظری منصور رضاعلی -
Open Access Article
162 - Landfill site selection Using Analytic hierarchical Process and fuzzy method (case study city of Susa)
amir foroghian hossein eslami ehsan derikvandOne of the important environmental problems is finding a place suitable for municipal solid waste disposal (Landfill). Choose the wrong place causing damage to the environment, human health and pollution of surface and groundwater. Several factors affect landfill site s MoreOne of the important environmental problems is finding a place suitable for municipal solid waste disposal (Landfill). Choose the wrong place causing damage to the environment, human health and pollution of surface and groundwater. Several factors affect landfill site selection and there are different ways to this issue. In this paper, GIS and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) have been used to identify suitable locations for landfill in the city of Susa. For this purpose, four main factors selected that have a substantial impact on the landfill site selection consisting of technical and operational criteria, ecological and biological, socioeconomic and physical. According to these criteria, 15 information layers prepared. The final score of the parameters were calculated by using the paired comparison. After combining 15 data layer using fuzzy analysis and AHP method and helping ARC GIS software, the final map was prepared for Solid Waste. Based on the results, western parts of the city of Susa were proposed for landfill. Because of the great distance from the city of Susa and lack of proper access road, this section has been ignored as the best place appropriate waste disposal. A closer look at the result, 3 regions, with the suitable level of value, range and access road, were determined. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - Locality Evaluation of Urban Waste Landfill (Case Study: Andika Township)
Ali mohamad emamiAbstract One of the serious, potential and growing problems in many urban areas, especially in developing countries, is the management of waste and the selection of suitable sites for its disposal and burial. This issue is very important for our country, and especially MoreAbstract One of the serious, potential and growing problems in many urban areas, especially in developing countries, is the management of waste and the selection of suitable sites for its disposal and burial. This issue is very important for our country, and especially the Andika, due to issues and constraints, and most importantly the challenge of quantity and quality of water. Therefore, in this study, suitable locations for dumping landfills in the Andika city using the integration of GIS spatial knowledge and multi criteria decision analysis on hydrological factors, human factors and accessibility, geomorphology, geology and ecology were extracted and introduced. For this purpose, 15 layers of input map were prepared and analyzed in GIS environment. Effective factors were weighed, limitations were applied and places with high, moderate and low proportions in the Andika township were extracted and suggested. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - An Investigation on Proper Location of Urban Waste Landfill (Case Study: Shooshtar)
saleh torki zadeh Hossein EslamiFinding a suitable sanitation landfill is a complex process that depends on various factors and criteria. The purpose of this research is to select suitable location for sanitary landfill of municipal solid waste in Shushtar city based on environmental, health and econo MoreFinding a suitable sanitation landfill is a complex process that depends on various factors and criteria. The purpose of this research is to select suitable location for sanitary landfill of municipal solid waste in Shushtar city based on environmental, health and economic criteria. In this research, the capabilities and methods based on the GIS and the process of fuzzy hierarchy analysis have been used. In the first stage, the parameters affecting the landfill location include geology, groundwater maps, distance from wells, land use, faults, slope of land, river, flood areas, protected areas, distance maps from main roads, layers The distance was from rural urban centers and were selected. After the standard maps were prepared, standardization of the layers was performed. Then, using the fuzzy hierarchy process analysis, the weight of the criteria was calculated and after applying the weights in the corresponding layers, the overlaying of the layers was performed with the help of fuzzy functions. The result of the combination of layers indicates the proper places for burial, waste. The final landfill map was classified as waste landfill. The results showed that the areas around the villages of Abbagni, Baneh Kazem, Shirkishan and Abdol Amir are suitable as suitable areas for urban waste disposal. Keywords: location, waste landfill, fuzzy hierarchy analysis, geographic information system Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - Hazardous waste management as an approach for conservation of nature and urban Environment
mohamadali abdoli babak tavakoli mohamad hossein menhajIntroduction One of serious problems facing country’s environment especially in urban areas is the ongoing trend of hazardous waste mismanagement. The mismanagement of hazardous waste makes a lot of risks to the human health and the nature considering com MoreIntroduction One of serious problems facing country’s environment especially in urban areas is the ongoing trend of hazardous waste mismanagement. The mismanagement of hazardous waste makes a lot of risks to the human health and the nature considering combustion, reactive, corrosive and toxic characteristics. In order to reduce these side effects the country needs a more comprehensive hazardous waste disposal program (e.g. legislation and regulation). Research Methodology In this study, to overcome these challenges with regard to social - economic conditions and a better commitment by the manufacturers an appropriate legislation has been provided. The purpose of the revision and development of specific regulations for hazardous waste could be described based on the reduce of the severe damage caused by illegal disposal of pollutants into the urban environment as well as filling the existing gaps in state law to preserve nature and the environment. The study also criticized the existing law and administrative regulations of the Waste Management and following a comparison with some of the laws of developed countries, the topics for special legislation for the legal disposal was determined. Results Consisted of 23 articles and 19 notes, as well as a regulatory counterpart including 87 article and 64 notes have been compared. As a result, following a thorough and careful investigation, a piece of legislation In this revised regulations, a special attention is given based on the decrease of production and considering a recycling and reuse program. In addition to the applicable responsibilities, supervision for the implementation of the commitments is considered. This piece of legislation is annually audited by EPA with its divisions. In this regard, there is an especial emphasis by EPA on the private sector for the Waste Management. Site selection is carried out by EPA based on Land Use Planning and Environmental Impact Assessment. However, the Waste Management programs could be done by the private sector as a long contract. To transport and disposal of waste materials by the private sector, a maximum support by EPA has been considered. To reduce of environmental costs, a recycling and reuse program is emphasized. Meanwhile, the producer is responsible for disposal costs. In this proposed piece of legislation, in order to reduce the disposal costs and waste volume, some encouragements have been determined through ISO 14001. In addition, some solutions for business income and updated database are considered by the proposed piece of legislation. Overall, an organized educational program is proposed for public and private sectors. Conclusion This research revealed that to protect the urban environment, a specialized law should be codified. With regard to economic, social, cultural and political situation, a draft law for Waste Management has been developed. The illegal disposal of hazardous waste material is the most important problem in developing countries (e.g. Iran). To address this failure, the Special Waste Management Act and Regulations were presented. The advantages of this new legislation could be described in terms of the establishment of environment, and the view points of citizens on decision making processes the found could provide money for financing the costs associated with environmental recovery, primary evaluation of different legal disposal sites, and study the different environmental aspects for making decision about urgent reaction or improvement actions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - The Combination of Operational Fuzzy Functions and GIS in Urban Waste Management (Case Study: Likak City of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad)
aboozar moradi ALI boveiri saeed amanpourHygienic landfill and the management of urban solid waste as one of the elements of waste management system contains various and exact stages including site selection, its preparation and operation of the site which all of them require study, examination and executing o MoreHygienic landfill and the management of urban solid waste as one of the elements of waste management system contains various and exact stages including site selection, its preparation and operation of the site which all of them require study, examination and executing of proper management. The purpose of this study is to study and examine the various factors and parameters related to the examined factors affecting in locating the place for the landfill of the Likak city, the principal of the province Bhmaee, located in the city of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad. These factors are as fallow: geology, regional slope, distance from population centers, accessing to the communicational roads, distance from the surface water, distance from the fault and the type of the soil. The information of the above factors is classified into six important environmental, economic, social, regional, soil study, and heathrology scales. The nature of this study is theoretical-application which it is studied in a descriptive and analyzed method of the content. In this study, data are obtained by field observation and library studies. The preparation of such information and output maps is based on operational functions. The results of this study presented based on four functions included proposal and output maps which the maps are compared from two layers of the direction of annual wind and the development of the city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - اثر کمپوست آزولا، پوسته بادام زمینی و ضایعات چای روی رشد و جذب عناصر غذایی گیاه زینتی-دارویی پاپیتال (Hedera helix)
علی واحدیبه منظور بررسی اثر بسترهای کاشت مختلف روی رشد گیاه پاپیتال آزمایشی گلدانی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با 5 تیمار در سه تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی مرکز ایستگاه تحقیقات گل و گیاهان زینتی لاهیجان اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 5 نوع بستر کاشت بودند که ترکیبات تشکیل دهنده آن ها Moreبه منظور بررسی اثر بسترهای کاشت مختلف روی رشد گیاه پاپیتال آزمایشی گلدانی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با 5 تیمار در سه تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی مرکز ایستگاه تحقیقات گل و گیاهان زینتی لاهیجان اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 5 نوع بستر کاشت بودند که ترکیبات تشکیل دهنده آن ها عبارت است از: B1: 50% کمپوست آزولا + 40% کمپوست پوسته بادام زمینی + 10% پرلیت، B2: 50% کمپوست آزولا + 40% کمپوست پوسته بادام زمینی + 10% زئولیت، B3: 30% کمپوست آزولا + 30% کمپوست پوسته بادام زمینی + 30% کمپوست ضایعات چای + 10% پرلیت، B4: 30% کمپوست آزولا + 30% کمپوست پوسته بادام زمینی + 30% کمپوست ضایعات چای + 10% زئولیت و B5: 80% پیت + 20% پرلیت (شاهد بین المللی). نتایج حاصل نشان داد که ارتفاع بوته، تعداد برگ، تعداد و قطر ساقه جانبی, تعداد گره و مقدار کلروفیل برگ که از صفات زینتی یک گیاه همیشه سبز بالارونده مثل پاپیتال است در بستر B3 بیشترین مقدار است. بیشترین درصد ماده خشک ریشه و شاخساره، نیتروژن، پتاسیم و روی نیز متعلق به گیاهان رشد یافته در بستر B3 بود. بیشترین مقدار کاروتنوئید برگ و بلندترین ریشه در بستر B5 اندازه گیری شد. بستر B1 نیز موفق ترین بستر در افزایش آهن برگ بود. بدین ترتیب بستر B3 به عنوان مناسب ترین بستر برای رشد پاپیتال معرفی می شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - امکان سنجی توسعه کاربرد مدیریت پسماندهای کشاورزی روستایی در شهرستان ماسال
Mohammad Reza Safari Motlagh رویا نظرعلی فرزانه فلاح پور سالکویهضایعات محصولات کشاورزی یکی از معضلات بخش کشاورزی ایران است. بر اساس آمار اعلام شده از سوی وزارت جهاد کشاورزی حدود­ ٤0 درصد از محصولات کشاورزی تولید شده در کشور ضایع شده و از بین می­رود. پژوهش حاضر از نوع توصیفی– پیمایشی و از شاخه همبستگی و مقایسهای Moreضایعات محصولات کشاورزی یکی از معضلات بخش کشاورزی ایران است. بر اساس آمار اعلام شده از سوی وزارت جهاد کشاورزی حدود­ ٤0 درصد از محصولات کشاورزی تولید شده در کشور ضایع شده و از بین می­رود. پژوهش حاضر از نوع توصیفی– پیمایشی و از شاخه همبستگی و مقایسهای است. ابزار جمعآوری دادهها نیز پرسش­نامه است که آزمون پایایی روی آن انجام شده است. برای تعیین رابطه متغیرهای مستقل و متغیر وابسته از روش ضریب همبستگی پیرسون استفاده شده و جهت تعیین موثرترین عامل از بین عوامل مرتبط روش تحلیل واریانس و آزمون دانکن به کار گرفته شده است. جامعه آماری این تحقیق، افراد شرکت­کننده در کلاسهای آموزشی ورمی­کمپوست، در سالهای 90 و 91 و کشاورزان روستای اسطلخ زیر که پروژه ورمی­کمپوست در آنجا اجرا شده است و تسهیلگران و مروجان بخش کشاورزی بودند. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که بین متغیرهای مستقل (میزان علاقهمندی، میزان مهارت، میزان حمایت مسئولین و میزان آشنایی و آگاهی) و متغیر وابسته (مدیریت پسماند کشاورزی) رابطه وجود دارد ودر نتیجه به مقدارسطح معنی­داری به دست آمده که کمتر از 05/0 است، در سطح 95/0 پذیرفته می­شود که چهار متغیر مستقل تأثیرشان بر متغیر وابسته متفاوت است. در نتیجه تمامی عوامل به عنوان متغیر­های مستقل بر مدیریت پسماند اثرگذارند. نتایج آزمون همبستگی پیرسون نشان­دهنده تأئید تمامی فرضیه­های تحقیق بود. همچنین نتایج آزمون دانکن نشان داد که از بین عوامل موجود میزان علاقهمندی بیشترین تأثیر را بر مدیریت پسماند دارد. عوامل بعدی به ترتیب میزان آشنایی، میزان مهارت، حمایت مسئولین بودند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - مکانیابی محل دفن زباله های شهری در شهر گلپایگان با استفاده از سیستم GIS
مرضیه نیکنامی ناصر حافظی مقدس -
Open Access Article
170 - Antecedents and Consequences of Sustainable Human Resource Management in Waste Management Organizations
Gohar Pourahmadi Mansoor Irandoust Jamal AdhamiThis research investigates the antecedents and consequences of sustainable human resource management in the waste management organizations of Iranian municipalities. The research methodology is applied and developmental research in terms of purpose and descriptive in te MoreThis research investigates the antecedents and consequences of sustainable human resource management in the waste management organizations of Iranian municipalities. The research methodology is applied and developmental research in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of collecting and analyzing information, and also it is field research. The statistical population includes managers and employees of waste management organizations. The sample size is 125 individuals selected by stratified random sampling method. The tool for collecting research data is a questionnaire, its validity has been accomplished by face validity, and Cronbach's alpha test has accomplished its reliability. Testing hypotheses were made using the binomial test method, and structural equation modeling was done using SPSS and PLS software. The results of data analysis showed that the antecedents of sustainable human resource management include organizational strategy and leadership style. The consequences of sustainable human resource management include organizational performance, attractiveness, employee involvement, and employee turnover. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Study of Some of the Environmental Impact Parameters on the Release of Cadmium from Electronic Waste in Aquatic Environments
H. Bahmanpour M. Zaeimdar M. RahimiElectronic and electrical wastes are special types of wastes, the main components of which include capacitors, transistors, ICs, electronic circuits, cathode and anode components have toxic and pathogenic properties and are stable in the environment and even in body of MoreElectronic and electrical wastes are special types of wastes, the main components of which include capacitors, transistors, ICs, electronic circuits, cathode and anode components have toxic and pathogenic properties and are stable in the environment and even in body of animal, are corrosive to installations and equipment The purpose of this study is to investigate and identify the effective factors in the liberation of metals, in particular cadmium, in the surrounding environment. Accordingly, the effect of different factors such as temperature, pH, humic acid and time on the release of cadmium from these wastes to aquatic environments has been studied. For this purpose, the selected parts were analyzed and examined. The results indicate that in the aqueous medium, the amount of cadmium penetration in the very acidic and very alkaline pH, the release rate increases. Also, in the aqueous medium, the increase in temperature increases the penetration of cadmium in the environment, and the effect of the contact time parameter is also proportional to the pH variation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - تحلیل فرایند انعکاس اخبار مدیریت پسماند در روزنامه همشهری
ماندانا صنیعی علی جانمحمدی -
Open Access Article
173 - Substitution of Zinc Cation in Nickel Ferrite Synthesized by Sol-Gel Method and Evaluation of its Effect on Microwave Absorption, Structural and Magnetic Properties
Shirin Tahmasebi Reza Ebrahimi-Kahrizsangi Ali Ghasemi Ebrahim GhasemiIn this study were examined the effect of adding zinc cation instead nickel cation on the structural and magnetic properties of nickel ferrite prepared by sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy resolution spectroscopy, Fou MoreIn this study were examined the effect of adding zinc cation instead nickel cation on the structural and magnetic properties of nickel ferrite prepared by sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy resolution spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample Magnetometer and vector analysis network device produced were used to verify the structural characteristics and magnetic ferrite particles. Single temperature recognized for nickel ferrite doped with zinc ions, 1200oC.For samples the doped ferrite phase and the second phase was achieved without any impurities. Scanning electron microscopy images showed obtained by particle size increases with increasing substitution of cation zinc. Breakdown spectroscopy graphs showed substituted increase energy and reduce peak of cation zinc peak size by increasing the nickel of cation. Fourier transform infrared charts compounds to confirm the results of X-ray diffraction patterns indicate the phase formation and placement of metal cations in spinel structure. Magnetic hysteresis curves, respectively increasing the saturation magnetization and the residual magnetization to combine x=0.6 and then reduce them to combine x=1. Waste dehydrogenation magnetic have consistently decreasing trend until combined x=0.8 and then will combined x=1. With zinc substitution increased reflection loss. Zinc cation by nickel ones, causes improving of the magnetic properties and microwave absorbtion and this material could be used for the different applications such as microwave absorbance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - ارائه یک طرح جدید جهت اتصال لولههای آلومینیومی در سازههای زیر سطحی
غلامرضا مزروعی علی حیدریدر این تحقیق روش جدیدی جهت اتصال لولههای آلومینیومی بهوسیله مبدل فولادی و جوش آلومینیوم در سازههای زیر سطحی ارائه و بررسی شده است. به علت ایجاد گرمای نسبتا زیاد در محل جوشکاری، ناحیه اطراف لبه جوش تحت سیکل حرارتی بالایی قرار میگیرد و باعث ایجاد تنشهای پسماند در محل Moreدر این تحقیق روش جدیدی جهت اتصال لولههای آلومینیومی بهوسیله مبدل فولادی و جوش آلومینیوم در سازههای زیر سطحی ارائه و بررسی شده است. به علت ایجاد گرمای نسبتا زیاد در محل جوشکاری، ناحیه اطراف لبه جوش تحت سیکل حرارتی بالایی قرار میگیرد و باعث ایجاد تنشهای پسماند در محل جوش خواهد شد. بنابراین جهت بررسی اتصال پیشنهاد شده از دیدگاه تنش پسماند، به کمک نرم افزار المان محدودABAQUS جوشکاری دو پاسه لولههای AL 5083 به همراه مبدل فولادی A 36 به صورت سه بعدی مدلسازی شده و تنشهای پسماند حاصل در مناطق اطراف جوش محاسبه گردیده است. بدلیل حساسیت موضوع روند شبیه سازی مورد اعتبار سنجی قرار گرفته است. در مدلسازی انجام شده خواص مکانیکی و حرارتی لوله به صورت تابعی از دما به نرم افزار داده شده و با توجه به جریان، ولتاژ و سرعت الکترود، شار حرارتی به صورت یک بار حجمی خارجی روی محیط جانبی لوله بوسیله مدل منبع حرارتی گلداک اعمال گردیده است. تنش های حاصل در جسم از زمان اعمال شار حرارتی تا رسیدن دمای محل جوش به دمای محیط محاسبه شده و تنشهای نهایی باقیمانده در جسم در انتهای فرایند تبادل حرارتی با محیط تنشهای پسماند می باشند. نتایج مدلسازی انجام شده همخوانی مناسبی با نتایج تجربی دارد و نشان میدهد که اتصال پیشنهاد شده مناسب بوده و از نظر مقادیر تنش پسماند سازه دچار مشکل نخواهد شد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - طرح ابتکاری مدل معادل برای شبیهسازی فرایند جوشکاری
علی حیدری محمدرضا فروزان جعفر گلستانهبسیاری از محققان بدلیل زمان و هزینه بالای شبیهسازی سهبعدی جوشکاری تنها به حل دوبعدی آن اکتفا میکنند. در این تحقیق با ارائه یک طرح ابتکاری (تعریف یک مدل معادل برای شبیهسازی جوشکاری)، تعداد المانها و گرهها را کاهش داده و در نتیجه زمان حل را کاهش و تا حد زیادی مشکلات Moreبسیاری از محققان بدلیل زمان و هزینه بالای شبیهسازی سهبعدی جوشکاری تنها به حل دوبعدی آن اکتفا میکنند. در این تحقیق با ارائه یک طرح ابتکاری (تعریف یک مدل معادل برای شبیهسازی جوشکاری)، تعداد المانها و گرهها را کاهش داده و در نتیجه زمان حل را کاهش و تا حد زیادی مشکلات حلهای سهبعدی را برطرف نمودهایم. شبیهسازی فرایند جوشکاری زیرپودری به کمک روش اجزاء محدود با تحلیل غیر کوپله حرارتی و مکانیکی در سه مرحله به انجام رسیده است. در مرحله اول از حل حرارتی تاریخچه دمایی مشخص شده و سپس در مرحله دوم توزیع فازهای متالورژیکی در نواحی ذوب و متاثر از جوشکاری محاسبه میشود. نهایتاً در مرحله سوم از حل مکانیکی، توزیع تنش بهدست میآید که خاصیت ماده برای هر المان با توجه به فاز مشخص شده در مرحله دوم به آن اختصاص مییابد. یکی از مهمترین اهداف این شبیهسازی، بررسی تنشهای پسماند حاصل از جوشکاری میباشد. مقایسهای بین نتایج حرارتی حاصل شده از برنامه با نتایج متالوگرافی و آزمایشگاهی این تحقیق صورت گرفته است که گویای دقت بالای برنامه است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - بررسی عددی و تجربی تنش پسماند و استحکام خستگی فولاد CK35 در فرآیند ساچمه زنی
مهدی تاجداری حمیدرضا بهاروندی علیرضا مرادخانیساچمه زنی نوعی بمباران سطحی قطعه کار توسط هزاران ساچمه است که به ایجاد تنش پسماند فشاری در سطح قطعه کار می­­انجامد و به منظور بهبود خواص مکانیکی همچون خستگی، مقاومت در برابر خوردگی تنشی، صاف کردن شکل دهی و... انجام می­­گیرد. در این پژوهش نمونه­­ه Moreساچمه زنی نوعی بمباران سطحی قطعه کار توسط هزاران ساچمه است که به ایجاد تنش پسماند فشاری در سطح قطعه کار می­­انجامد و به منظور بهبود خواص مکانیکی همچون خستگی، مقاومت در برابر خوردگی تنشی، صاف کردن شکل دهی و... انجام می­­گیرد. در این پژوهش نمونه­­هایی از فولاد CK35 مورد عملیات ساچمه زنی با سرعت برخورد m/s 100 و m/s200 ساچمه­­های استاندارد S230 قرار گرفتند و استحکام خستگی آن­ها با نمونه­­های فاقد ساچمه زنی مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت. همچنین تغییر عمق نفوذ ساچمه­­ها در نمونه­­ها توسط نرم افزار ANSYS محاسبه گردید و با نتایج تجربی مقایسه شد. نتایج حاصل، افزایش قابل توجه استحکام خستگی را دربرداشت. این مقادیر برای برخورد ساچمه­ها با سرعت m/s100، 25% افزایش در استحکام خستگی و بیش از MPa 250 تنش پسماند ایجاد شده در سطح کار و برای برخورد ساچمه­­ها با سرعت m/s200، 40% افزایش در استحکام خستگی و بیش از MPa 300 تنش پسماند در سطح کار بهدست آمد. همچنین میزان تنش ایجاد شده در ساچمه­­ها دو برابر تنش پسماند القاء شده نسیت به سطح کار حاصل شد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - بررسی پارامترهای مؤثر در تعیین تنش های پسماند در صفحات فلزی و چندلایههای کامپوزیتی با روش شیارزنی
محمود مهرداد شکریه سعید اکبری رکنآبادیروش شیارزنی یکی از روش­های پرکاربرد در اندازه­گیری تنش­های پسماند است که طی آن شیاری در چند مرحله در قطعه مورد نظر ایجاد شده و کرنش­های آزاد شده در هر مرحله به وسیله کرنش­سنج ثبت می­شود. ارتباط بین کرنش­های ثبت شده و تنش­های پسماند Moreروش شیارزنی یکی از روش­های پرکاربرد در اندازه­گیری تنش­های پسماند است که طی آن شیاری در چند مرحله در قطعه مورد نظر ایجاد شده و کرنش­های آزاد شده در هر مرحله به وسیله کرنش­سنج ثبت می­شود. ارتباط بین کرنش­های ثبت شده و تنش­های پسماند به وسیله ماتریس ضرایب نرمی صورت می­گیرد. در این تحقیق به کمک روش اجزای محدود، پارامترهای مؤثر در محاسبه مقادیر ضرایب نرمی برای صفحات فلزی ایزوتروپیک و همچنین چند لایه­های کامپوزیتی بررسی شده است. در ابتدا فرایند شبیهسازی برای صفحات ایزوتروپیک بهصورت دو و سه بعدی انجام گرفته است. نتایج بهدست آمده بیانگر تطابق کامل نتایج دو مدل است. برای محاسبه ضرایب نرمی نیاز به محاسبه کرنش متوسط در محل کرنش­سنج است. برای این کار از روش­های مبتنی بر کرنش و مبتنی بر جابهجایی استفاده شده است. همچنین با مقایسه ترک و شیار، تأثیر عرض شیار بر ضرایب نرمی بررسی شده است. سپس میزان کرنش ثبت شده توسط کرنشسنجهای با طول اندازهگیرهای مختلف مقایسه و مشخص شد با استفاده از کرنشسنج­های با طول اندازهگیر کمتر، میزان کرنش ثبت شده افزایش یافته و در نتیجه خطای اندازه­گیری کاهش مییابد. در نهایت با استفاده از مدل سه­بعدی ارائه شده ضرایب نرمی برای دو چندلایه­ای کامپوزیتی کربن- اپوکسی و شیشه- اپوکسی تعیین شده­اند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - Study of Consumer compost of municipal waste with the nitrogen on yield and yield component wheat
Mohammad Ali Ghasemi Mohsen Selsepour Mohammad NasriUrban waste production is growing dilemma that threatens public health, and if not, irreversible environmental damage will follow. In this study the combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and compost on soil physicochemical properties and quantitative and qualitative c MoreUrban waste production is growing dilemma that threatens public health, and if not, irreversible environmental damage will follow. In this study the combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and compost on soil physicochemical properties and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of wheat were studied .Treatments were: use of composting waste at levels of 0, 10 and 20 ha and nitrogen at levels of 0, 100 and 200 kg.ha-1. The results of the experiment showed that the effect of municipal solid compost waste, the effect of nitrogen and their interaction on grain yield and biological function were significant. The highest grain yield and biological yield were obtained by use of 40 ton.ha-1 of compost with 100 kg N ha, respectively. The effects of municipal solid waste compost on 1000 seed weight was significantly and increased 20.4 % compared to control. The effects of nitrogen on 1000 seed weight was significantly and increased 26.7 % compared to control .Harvest index increased significantly with the use of compost and increased 11.85 in compare to control. Data also showed that use of nitrogen also increased the harvest index and increased 4.9%. Maximum harvest index treated with use of 20 ton.ha-1 municipal solid waste compost with 100 kg.ha-1 nitrogen. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - Investigating the environmental performance of two traditional burial systems and establishing a construction waste recycling system using the life cycle assessment approach (case study: Isfahan)
Ali Ferdowsi Hossein Nematollahi Farshad Mostajeran Gholamreza SaketiAll over the world, the improper management of construction waste is recognized as the construction industry, including the excessive production of construction waste, disorder in the burial and discharge of this waste, and negative environmental and economic effects su MoreAll over the world, the improper management of construction waste is recognized as the construction industry, including the excessive production of construction waste, disorder in the burial and discharge of this waste, and negative environmental and economic effects such as soil pollution and Water, greenhouse gas emissions, and excess consumption of natural resources. The purpose of this project is to investigate the environmental performance of two traditional burial systems and the establishment of a construction waste recycling system using the life cycle assessment approach in the Zainel Pass area of Isfahan. Using the life cycle assessment method and SimaPro software, the environmental effects were determined for two construction waste management scenarios (burial and recycling). The results of the evaluation show that the impact of burying construction waste in Zainel Pass on human health, damage to the ecosystem, climate change, and resources is 86.1%, 4.3%, 8.1%, and 4.2% respectively. 114.1%, 1.3%, 7.3%, and 5.5%, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - Land suitability evaluation of Tabriz landfill by simple limitation method.
Amir Yousefzadeh ebrahim Pazira mohammad hasan Masihabadi naser nazari maryam Dadgar forog Allahyaripour In this order to localization of sanitary landfills, the requirements of applying the studied site as a landfill were collected, and a table was designed according to FAO for determining the degree of land suitability for using as the sanitary landfill. The More In this order to localization of sanitary landfills, the requirements of applying the studied site as a landfill were collected, and a table was designed according to FAO for determining the degree of land suitability for using as the sanitary landfill. The data related to the quality of Tabriz’s landfill site were collected and after fitting them to the mentioned table, the degree of its suitability was specified. Based on the results of quality recognition of the utilized site as the landfill of Tabriz, and its comparison with the necessary criteria for being sanitary (table 1), the suitability degree of the landfill of Tabriz was determined as S3 representing low suitability of the used site as Tabriz’s landfill. In conclution, the suggestions for preven surface and subterranean water resources pollution used for irrigation in agriculture using impermeable layers like geomembrane and geotextile, making drainage system to collect the produced latex, and pumping it out of the landfill, using of evaporation ponds, separation hospitable and inhospitable wastes, separation of dry waste from wet waste in the source were recommended. Manuscript profile
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