Integration of population forecasting in providing decision support system for municipal solid waste landfill siting (Case study: Qazvin province)
Subject Areas : Geospatial systems developmentZahra Asadolahi 1 , Naghmeh Mobarghei 2 , Mostafa Keshtkar 3
1 - Assistant Professor, Department of Environment and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
2 - Associate Professor, Department of Planning and Designing the Environment, Environmental Science Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
3 - PhD Student of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Environmental Science Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: Future Forecasting, landfill, Single Objective Land Allocation, Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation,
Abstract :
Background and ObjectiveRapid urban expansion along with population growth, has significantly amplified the production of municipal solid waste (MSW) in recent years. Despite the importance of burying solid waste as one of the most efficient ways in waste management cycle, its basic standards have been neglected in many parts of Iran. Recently, the Geographic Information System (GIS) has been recognized as a suitable tool in landfill site selection studies. In addition, Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) has been introduced as a well-known technique to investigate complex decision-making issues such as landfill selection, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is one of the well-known methods of MCDM. In general, landfill siting based on GIS has two main screening steps including first, removing unsuitable land areas and then ranking remaining areas. Additionally, waste landfill siting mainly depends on information availability related to population characteristics. In this way, it is needed to forecast population in the future. Qazvin as a province in the central part of Iran, is facing a population growth in the recent decade. Comparing the population in 2011 and 2016, it showed an increase of about 1.17 percent of average annual growth in Qazvin's population. Therefore, with regard to the increasing population in this newly established province, it is considered critical to conduct a landfill site selection procedure. To achieve the aim, the present research intended to establish a landfill site regarding environmental factors and using integrated GIS-AHP approach which incorporated into the population forecasting in Qazvin province.Materials and Methods The present study was conducted in three main steps include; initial waste Landfill siting using Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE), determination of the required landfill area based on population forecasting up to 2046 and final locating of waste landfills using Single Objective Land Allocation (SOLA) in TerrSet software. In the first step, the initial Landfill siting was conducted by the integrated GIS-AHP approach during the process of identifying and selecting the criteria, weighting the criteria, standardizing the criteria and finally integrating the criteria with the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method. In the second step, the area required for waste disposal sites was estimated based on population growth rate, per capita waste generation (kg per day) and average groundwater depth. In order to forecast the population growth up to 2046, reports of Iran's Plan and Budget Organization was used. In the third step, the final sitting of the municipal solid waste was determined with a SOLA in TerrSet software. The initial suitability map was entered into the model as the base input. Also, the estimated area from the second step. In this study, two scenarios were implemented. In the first scenario, in order to select the appropriate locations, the condition of having the highest value of the map was applied, and in the second scenario, in addition to the mentioned condition, the need to have a 10 km buffer for each of the selected options was considered.Results and Discussion According to the expert's opinions and environmental standards, seven ecological and socio-economic criteria were suggested that each criterion consists of several sub-criteria. Then by implementing the AHP method on the experts’ judgment, the final weight of each criterion and sub-criterion was obtained. After preparing the GIS layers, each of the invoice layers was standardized according to the functions in the fuzzy membership tool and was classified with a range of numbers from 0 to 255. The results showed that in the study area the combination of AHP and GIS for landfill siting is significantly compatible with field observations. GIS is a very powerful tool that could provide a quick assessment of the study area to determine the appropriate location for landfill. The selection of criteria was one of the most important steps in this research. The environmental factors should be considered along with economic factors in choosing a landfill site. Therefore, the eight main criteria of distance from the road, elevation, slope, distance from residential areas, distance from surface waters, distance from protected areas, geology, hydrology and land use were used in their research. The criteria were divided into three parts; morphological, environmental and socio-economic. In this research, in addition to the mentioned criteria, various natural and human parameters such as distance from energy transmission lines, distance from industrial towns and railways, etc. were also used to double the comprehensiveness of the present study. By integrating standardized GIS layers with WLC method, the initial map indicating the distribution of suitability of different sites to waste disposal location in Qazvin province was prepared. By implementing the AHP method into each criterion and combining in GIS, the waste disposal areas in the study area were classified into four classes. According to this classification, the initial map was divided into very good, appropriate, inappropriate and very poor areas. According to the initial suitability map, the cities of Takestan, Abik and Buin Zahra, with an area of 50.15, 14.55 and 54.48 km2, respectively, had a good condition for landfill location. The suitable places for landfill were the flat territories near the urban and had the advantage of the appropriate access path. Then, using land use allocation algorithm, the best landfill site was identified in two scenarios and three location options for each scenario. In the first scenario, the maximum map value was applied to select the location options. In the second scenario, in addition to the mentioned condition, a 10 km buffer was considered for each location option. Finally, site number one of the first and second scenarios and site number three of the second scenario were identified as priorities. Site number one was selected in the range of Buin Zahra city and near the village of Elahabad. While site number three was located 15 km away from the waste management department of Qazvin city and near the Zinabad village.Conclusion It should be noted that not only the final location of municipal solid waste landfills has not been determined in recent years, but also a comprehensive program in the field of reducing waste production and implementation of waste separation plans from the source in the studied cities has not been implemented.Formation of a future forecasting section on the organizational structure of landfill waste management systems can not only reduce environmental risks but also bring sustainability to economic and social resources.
Barakat A, Hilali A, Baghdadi ME, Touhami F. 2017. Landfill site selection with GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation technique. A case study in Béni Mellal-Khouribga Region, Morocco. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(12): 413. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6757-8.
Cervantes Turcott DE, López Martínez A, Cuartas Hernández M, Lobo García de Cortázar A. 2018. Using indicators as a tool to evaluate municipal solid waste management: A critical review. Waste Management, 80: 51-63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.046.
Chabuk A, Al-Ansari N, Hussain HM, Knutsson S, Pusch R. 2016. Landfill site selection using geographic information system and analytical hierarchy process: A case study Al-Hillah Qadhaa, Babylon, Iraq. Waste Management & Research, 34(5): 427-437. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X16633778.
Cheng H, Hu Y. 2010. Municipal solid waste (MSW) as a renewable source of energy: Current and future practices in China. Bioresource Technology, 101(11): 3816-3824. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.040.
Chitsazan M, Dehghani F, Rastmanesh F, Mirzaei Y. 2013. Solid waste disposal site selection using spatial information technologies and fuzzy-AHP logic:(Case study: Ramhormoz). Journal of RS and GIS for Natural Resources (Journal of Applied RS & GIS Techniques in Natural Resource Science), 4(1): 39-51. (In Persian).
Demesouka OE, Anagnostopoulos KP, Siskos E. 2019. Spatial multicriteria decision support for robust land-use suitability: The case of landfill site selection in Northeastern Greece. European Journal of Operational Research, 272(2): 574-586. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2018.07.005.
Demesouka OE, Vavatsikos AP, Anagnostopoulos KP. 2013. Suitability analysis for siting MSW landfills and its multicriteria spatial decision support system: Method, implementation and case study. Waste Management, 33(5): 1190-1206. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.01.030.
Eastman JR. 2003. IDRISI Kilimanjaro: guide to GIS and image processing. Worcester: Clark Labs, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA, 01610-1477 USA, 328 p.
Getahun T, Mengistie E, Haddis A, Wasie F, Alemayehu E, Dadi D, Van Gerven T, Van der Bruggen B. 2012. Municipal solid waste generation in growing urban areas in Africa: current practices and relation to socioeconomic factors in Jimma, Ethiopia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(10): 6337-6345. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2423-x.
Harris-Lovett S, Lienert J, Sedlak DL. 2018. Towards a new paradigm of urban water infrastructure: identifying goals and strategies to support multi-benefit municipal wastewater treatment. Water, 10(9): 1127. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/w10091127.
Hoornweg D, Bhada-Tata P. 2012. What a waste: a global review of solid waste management. doi:http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17388.
Hydarian P, Rangzan K, Maleki S, Taghizade A, Azizi Ghalaty S. 2014. Municipal landfill locating using Fuzzy-TOPSIS and Fuzzy-AHP models in GIS: A case study of Pakdasht city in Tehran province. Journal of Health and Development, 3(1): 1-13. (In Persian).
Joseph K, Rajendiran S, Senthilnathan R, Rakesh M. 2012. Integrated approach to solid waste management in Chennai: an Indian metro city. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 14(2): 75-84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-012-0046-0.
Kamdar I, Ali S, Bennui A, Techato K, Jutidamrongphan W. 2019. Municipal solid waste landfill siting using an integrated GIS-AHP approach: A case study from Songkhla, Thailand. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 149: 220-235. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.05.027.
Khan D, Samadder SR. 2014. Municipal solid waste management using Geographical Information System aided methods: A mini review. Waste management & research, 32(11): 1049-1062. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X14554644.
Khan MM-U-H, Vaezi M, Kumar A. 2018. Optimal siting of solid waste-to-value-added facilities through a GIS-based assessment. Science of The Total Environment, 610-611: 1065-1075. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.169.
Khodaparast M, Rajabi AM, Edalat A. 2018. Municipal solid waste landfill siting by using GIS and analytical hierarchy process (AHP): a case study in Qom city, Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 77(2): 52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-7215-3.
Lin H-Y, Kao J-J. 2005. Grid-based heuristic method for multifactor landfill siting. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 19(4): 369-376. doi:https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(2005)19:4(369).
Liu N, Tang S-Y, Zhan X, Lo CW-H. 2018. Policy uncertainty and corporate performance in government-sponsored voluntary environmental programs. Journal of Environmental Management, 219: 350-360. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.110.
Mahini AS, Gholamalifard M. 2006. Siting MSW landfills with a weighted linear combination methodology in a GIS environment. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 3(4): 435-445. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325953.
Makhdoom MF. 2012. Fundamental of Land Use Planning. University of Tehran, Press, 2203, ISBN: 946-03-4025-1. 300 p. (In Persian).
Moghadam MA, Mokhtarani N, Mokhtarani B. 2009. Municipal solid waste management in Rasht City, Iran. Waste Management, 29(1): 485-489. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.029.
Muttiah RS, Engel BA, Jones DD. 1996. Waste disposal site selection using GIS-based simulated annealing. Computers & Geosciences, 22(9): 1013-1017. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(96)00039-8.
Raviv O, Broitman D, Ayalon O, Kan I. 2018. A regional optimization model for waste-to-energy generation using agricultural vegetative residuals. Waste Management, 73: 546-555. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.10.011.
Razavian MT, Kanooni R, Firouzi E. 2016. Site selecting urban Solid Waste Landfill (Case study: Ardebil city). Spatial Planning (Modares Human Sciences), 19(4): 67-92. (In Persian).
Saaty TL. 1990. How to make a decision: the analytic hierarchy process. European Journal of Operational Research, 48(1): 9-26.
Salari M, Moazed H, Radmanesh F. 2012. Site selection for solid waste by GIS & AHP-FUZZY Logic (Case study: Shiraz city). Tolooebehdasht, 11(1): 88-96. (In Persian).
Salmanmahiny A, Kamyab H. 2009. Applied remote sensing and GIS with Idrisi. Mehr Mahdis Press, Tehran. 610 p. (In Persian).
Sarptas H, Alpaslan N, Dolgen D. 2005. GIS supported solid waste management in coastal areas. Water Science and Technology, 51(11): 213-220. doi:https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0408.
Şener Ş, Sener E, Karagüzel R. 2011. Solid waste disposal site selection with GIS and AHP methodology: a case study in Senirkent–Uluborlu (Isparta) Basin, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 173(1): 533-554. doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1403-x.
Singh A. 2019. Environmental problems of salinization and poor drainage in irrigated areas: Management through the mathematical models. Journal of Cleaner Production, 206: 572-579. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.211.
Singh A, Panda SN, Saxena C, Verma C, Uzokwe VN, Krause P, Gupta S. 2016. Optimization modeling for conjunctive use planning of surface water and groundwater for irrigation. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 142(3): 04015060. doi:https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000977.
Spigolon LM, Giannotti M, Larocca AP, Russo MA, Souza NdC. 2018. Landfill siting based on optimisation, multiple decision analysis, and geographic information system analyses. Waste Management & Research, 36(7): 606-615. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X18773538.
Staley BF, Barlaz MA. 2009. Composition of municipal solid waste in the United States and implications for carbon sequestration and methane yield. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 135(10): 901-909. doi:https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000032.
Sukholthaman P, Shirahada K. 2015. Technological challenges for effective development towards sustainable waste management in developing countries: Case study of Bangkok, Thailand. Technology in Society, 43: 231-239. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2015.05.003.
Tchobanoglous G, Theisen H, Vigil S. 1993. Integrated solid waste management: Engineering principles and management lssues. McGraw-Hill. 340 p.
Unal M, Cilek A, Guner ED. 2020. Implementation of fuzzy, Simos and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis for municipal solid waste landfill site selection: Adana City case study. Waste Management & Research, 38(1_suppl): 45-64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X19893111.
United Nations. 2017. World Population Prospects: 2017 Revision Population Database. Online at. 2nd December 2017. http://www.un.org/esa/population/unpop.htm.
Uyan M. 2014. MSW landfill site selection by combining AHP with GIS for Konya, Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences, 71(4): 1629-1639. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2567-9.
Yazdani M, Monavari S, Omrani GA, Shariat M, Hosseini S. 2015. Assessment of municipal solid waste landfill sites using GIS (Case study: west of Mazandaran province). Journal of RS and GIS for Natural Resources (Journal of Applied RS & GIS Techniques in Natural Resource Science), 6(1): 31-46. (In Persian).
_||_Barakat A, Hilali A, Baghdadi ME, Touhami F. 2017. Landfill site selection with GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation technique. A case study in Béni Mellal-Khouribga Region, Morocco. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(12): 413. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6757-8.
Cervantes Turcott DE, López Martínez A, Cuartas Hernández M, Lobo García de Cortázar A. 2018. Using indicators as a tool to evaluate municipal solid waste management: A critical review. Waste Management, 80: 51-63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.046.
Chabuk A, Al-Ansari N, Hussain HM, Knutsson S, Pusch R. 2016. Landfill site selection using geographic information system and analytical hierarchy process: A case study Al-Hillah Qadhaa, Babylon, Iraq. Waste Management & Research, 34(5): 427-437. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X16633778.
Cheng H, Hu Y. 2010. Municipal solid waste (MSW) as a renewable source of energy: Current and future practices in China. Bioresource Technology, 101(11): 3816-3824. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.040.
Chitsazan M, Dehghani F, Rastmanesh F, Mirzaei Y. 2013. Solid waste disposal site selection using spatial information technologies and fuzzy-AHP logic:(Case study: Ramhormoz). Journal of RS and GIS for Natural Resources (Journal of Applied RS & GIS Techniques in Natural Resource Science), 4(1): 39-51. (In Persian).
Demesouka OE, Anagnostopoulos KP, Siskos E. 2019. Spatial multicriteria decision support for robust land-use suitability: The case of landfill site selection in Northeastern Greece. European Journal of Operational Research, 272(2): 574-586. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2018.07.005.
Demesouka OE, Vavatsikos AP, Anagnostopoulos KP. 2013. Suitability analysis for siting MSW landfills and its multicriteria spatial decision support system: Method, implementation and case study. Waste Management, 33(5): 1190-1206. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.01.030.
Eastman JR. 2003. IDRISI Kilimanjaro: guide to GIS and image processing. Worcester: Clark Labs, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA, 01610-1477 USA, 328 p.
Getahun T, Mengistie E, Haddis A, Wasie F, Alemayehu E, Dadi D, Van Gerven T, Van der Bruggen B. 2012. Municipal solid waste generation in growing urban areas in Africa: current practices and relation to socioeconomic factors in Jimma, Ethiopia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(10): 6337-6345. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2423-x.
Harris-Lovett S, Lienert J, Sedlak DL. 2018. Towards a new paradigm of urban water infrastructure: identifying goals and strategies to support multi-benefit municipal wastewater treatment. Water, 10(9): 1127. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/w10091127.
Hoornweg D, Bhada-Tata P. 2012. What a waste: a global review of solid waste management. doi:http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17388.
Hydarian P, Rangzan K, Maleki S, Taghizade A, Azizi Ghalaty S. 2014. Municipal landfill locating using Fuzzy-TOPSIS and Fuzzy-AHP models in GIS: A case study of Pakdasht city in Tehran province. Journal of Health and Development, 3(1): 1-13. (In Persian).
Joseph K, Rajendiran S, Senthilnathan R, Rakesh M. 2012. Integrated approach to solid waste management in Chennai: an Indian metro city. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 14(2): 75-84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-012-0046-0.
Kamdar I, Ali S, Bennui A, Techato K, Jutidamrongphan W. 2019. Municipal solid waste landfill siting using an integrated GIS-AHP approach: A case study from Songkhla, Thailand. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 149: 220-235. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.05.027.
Khan D, Samadder SR. 2014. Municipal solid waste management using Geographical Information System aided methods: A mini review. Waste management & research, 32(11): 1049-1062. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X14554644.
Khan MM-U-H, Vaezi M, Kumar A. 2018. Optimal siting of solid waste-to-value-added facilities through a GIS-based assessment. Science of The Total Environment, 610-611: 1065-1075. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.169.
Khodaparast M, Rajabi AM, Edalat A. 2018. Municipal solid waste landfill siting by using GIS and analytical hierarchy process (AHP): a case study in Qom city, Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 77(2): 52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-7215-3.
Lin H-Y, Kao J-J. 2005. Grid-based heuristic method for multifactor landfill siting. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 19(4): 369-376. doi:https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(2005)19:4(369).
Liu N, Tang S-Y, Zhan X, Lo CW-H. 2018. Policy uncertainty and corporate performance in government-sponsored voluntary environmental programs. Journal of Environmental Management, 219: 350-360. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.110.
Mahini AS, Gholamalifard M. 2006. Siting MSW landfills with a weighted linear combination methodology in a GIS environment. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 3(4): 435-445. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325953.
Makhdoom MF. 2012. Fundamental of Land Use Planning. University of Tehran, Press, 2203, ISBN: 946-03-4025-1. 300 p. (In Persian).
Moghadam MA, Mokhtarani N, Mokhtarani B. 2009. Municipal solid waste management in Rasht City, Iran. Waste Management, 29(1): 485-489. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.029.
Muttiah RS, Engel BA, Jones DD. 1996. Waste disposal site selection using GIS-based simulated annealing. Computers & Geosciences, 22(9): 1013-1017. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(96)00039-8.
Raviv O, Broitman D, Ayalon O, Kan I. 2018. A regional optimization model for waste-to-energy generation using agricultural vegetative residuals. Waste Management, 73: 546-555. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.10.011.
Razavian MT, Kanooni R, Firouzi E. 2016. Site selecting urban Solid Waste Landfill (Case study: Ardebil city). Spatial Planning (Modares Human Sciences), 19(4): 67-92. (In Persian).
Saaty TL. 1990. How to make a decision: the analytic hierarchy process. European Journal of Operational Research, 48(1): 9-26.
Salari M, Moazed H, Radmanesh F. 2012. Site selection for solid waste by GIS & AHP-FUZZY Logic (Case study: Shiraz city). Tolooebehdasht, 11(1): 88-96. (In Persian).
Salmanmahiny A, Kamyab H. 2009. Applied remote sensing and GIS with Idrisi. Mehr Mahdis Press, Tehran. 610 p. (In Persian).
Sarptas H, Alpaslan N, Dolgen D. 2005. GIS supported solid waste management in coastal areas. Water Science and Technology, 51(11): 213-220. doi:https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0408.
Şener Ş, Sener E, Karagüzel R. 2011. Solid waste disposal site selection with GIS and AHP methodology: a case study in Senirkent–Uluborlu (Isparta) Basin, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 173(1): 533-554. doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1403-x.
Singh A. 2019. Environmental problems of salinization and poor drainage in irrigated areas: Management through the mathematical models. Journal of Cleaner Production, 206: 572-579. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.211.
Singh A, Panda SN, Saxena C, Verma C, Uzokwe VN, Krause P, Gupta S. 2016. Optimization modeling for conjunctive use planning of surface water and groundwater for irrigation. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 142(3): 04015060. doi:https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000977.
Spigolon LM, Giannotti M, Larocca AP, Russo MA, Souza NdC. 2018. Landfill siting based on optimisation, multiple decision analysis, and geographic information system analyses. Waste Management & Research, 36(7): 606-615. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X18773538.
Staley BF, Barlaz MA. 2009. Composition of municipal solid waste in the United States and implications for carbon sequestration and methane yield. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 135(10): 901-909. doi:https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000032.
Sukholthaman P, Shirahada K. 2015. Technological challenges for effective development towards sustainable waste management in developing countries: Case study of Bangkok, Thailand. Technology in Society, 43: 231-239. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2015.05.003.
Tchobanoglous G, Theisen H, Vigil S. 1993. Integrated solid waste management: Engineering principles and management lssues. McGraw-Hill. 340 p.
Unal M, Cilek A, Guner ED. 2020. Implementation of fuzzy, Simos and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis for municipal solid waste landfill site selection: Adana City case study. Waste Management & Research, 38(1_suppl): 45-64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X19893111.
United Nations. 2017. World Population Prospects: 2017 Revision Population Database. Online at. 2nd December 2017. http://www.un.org/esa/population/unpop.htm.
Uyan M. 2014. MSW landfill site selection by combining AHP with GIS for Konya, Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences, 71(4): 1629-1639. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2567-9.
Yazdani M, Monavari S, Omrani GA, Shariat M, Hosseini S. 2015. Assessment of municipal solid waste landfill sites using GIS (Case study: west of Mazandaran province). Journal of RS and GIS for Natural Resources (Journal of Applied RS & GIS Techniques in Natural Resource Science), 6(1): 31-46. (In Persian).