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Open Access Article
1 - Designing and measuring the optimal pattern of referral advertising process in Iranian society
mahsa mosalla Vahid Reza Mirabi Hassan EsmailpurReferral advertising allows brands to send their messages to their customers through people they trust. In referral ads, the customer receives the ad from someone he or she knows beforehand and gives him or her more confidence in knowing that the person in question is n MoreReferral advertising allows brands to send their messages to their customers through people they trust. In referral ads, the customer receives the ad from someone he or she knows beforehand and gives him or her more confidence in knowing that the person in question is not the ad recipient. The purpose of the present study is to identify the factors influencing the likelihood of a customer being advertised and accepting referral advertising on the social network of Instagram. The research method is by nature in the category of Mixed Method (qualitative and quantitative). In the first stage, 8 variables were identified as influencing factors on the likelihood of advertising referrals through interviewing social network users on Instagram and analyzing interview codes with the Thematic Analysis approach: Social Media Characteristics, Product Characteristics, Intermediary Role, Consumer Demographic Characteristics, Content Characteristics, Reference Motivation, Brand Relationship Strength, and Interpersonal Relationship Strength. In the second phase, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to users of the social networking Instagram. A total of 334 questionnaires were collected and analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that all these factors had a positive effect on the probability of referral and the probability of acceptance of the referral advertisement. Also regarding the moderating variables, the results showed that the two groups of youth and the gender of women had the most reaction to the model stimuli. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Imperial Russia’s Military Designs and Road-Building Projects in Iran
Mohammad Ali KazembeykiIn recent centuries, the relationship between Russia, as a great power, and a neighboring country has had a special place in Iran's foreign policy. Despite the multi-faceted nature of relations between the two countries, the development of Russia’s expansion, mili MoreIn recent centuries, the relationship between Russia, as a great power, and a neighboring country has had a special place in Iran's foreign policy. Despite the multi-faceted nature of relations between the two countries, the development of Russia’s expansion, military threat and interventions has always been a cause of Tehran’s concern. The current article is a translation and study of a secret document regarding fragments of the Russian military plan in Iran, which British intelligence agents obtained in 1909. The examination of this plan in the context of military designs attributed to Russia for both territorial expansion in Iran and endangering the interests of the British in India, reveals Russia’s strategy to advance toward the Persian Gulf in 1907 and the military goals of St. Petersburg investment in road-building projects in Iran as well. The findings also show that following the conclusion of Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1907, the mentioned war plan, though primarily designed against the interests of Britain, in practice enforced against Iranian nationalists and the Central Powers in World War I. References Asnādī darbāra-yi Hudjūm-i England wa Russia bih Iran, Revised by M. Turkamān, Institute for Political and International Studies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (IPIS), 1991/1370. Asnādī Az Rawābiṭ Iran wa Russia, trans. R. Mosalmanian Qobadiani & B. Mosalmanian Qobadiani, Markaz Asnād wa Tāʿrīkh-i Dīplumāsī, Tehran, 1999/1378. British Documents on Foreign Affairs, Part I, Series B, vol. 13, ed. D. Gillard, University Publications of America, 1985. Dar Takāpū-yi Tādj wa Takht, Asnād-i Abū al-Fatḥ Mīrzā Sālār al- Dawla, Revised by Reza Azari, National Library of Iran, Tehran, 1999/1378. Guzārish-hā-yi siyasī Alā al- Mulk, Revised by A. Safaei, Vol. 2, Gurūh-i Intishārātī-yi Ābād, Tehran, 1981/1362. Iran Political Diaries 1381-1965, ed. by R. M. Burrell, Archives Editions, 1997. Kitāb-i Nārindjī, Revised by A. Bashiri, Nashr-i Nūr, 1983/ 1364. U.K.: National Archives, FO, Annual Series of Trade Reports, Cd. 2682. U.K.: India Office, L/MIL/17/15/26. Historical Newspapers Daily Journal [London] Gentleman's Magazine [London] Manchester Guardian [Manchester] Morning Post and Gazetteer [London] Observer [London] Times [London] Weekly Miscellany [London] Books & papers Atkin, M., Russia and Iran, 1780-1828, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1980. Baker, V.,Clouds in the East: Travels and Adventures on the Perso-Turkoman Frontier, London, 1876. Cohen, A., Russian imperialism: development and crisis, Praeger, Westprot CT, 1996. Curzon, G. N., Persia and the Persian Question, London, 1892. Duffy, Ch. Russia’s Military Way to the West: Origins and Nature of Russian Military Power, 1700-1800, Rout!edge& Kegan Paul Ltd, London, 1985. Eastwick, E. B., Journal of a Diplomat’s three years’ Residence in Persia, London, 1864. Ermarth, F. W., “Russia’s Strategic Culture: Past, Present and … in Transition?” Paper prepared for Defense Threat Reduction Agency, U.S.A., 31 Oct. 2006. available at: www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/dtra/russia.pdf Farrington, A. J. (ed.), British Intelligence and Policy on Persia (Iran), c. 1900-1949: India Office Political and Secret Files and Confidential Print, ed., Brill, Leiden, 1999. Floor, W., “The Iranian Navy in the Gulf during the Eighteenth Century,” Iranian Studies, 20- No. 1 (1987). Galbraith, J. S., “British Policy on Railways in Persia, 1870-1900,” Middle Eastern Studies, 25- No. 4 (1989). Ibid , “Britain and American Railway Promoters in Late Nineteenth Century Persia,” Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, 21- No. 2 (1989). Hotz, A., “Persian Trade Routes,” Journal of the Society of Arts, 47 (1898:Nov. 18-1899: Nov. 10). Hurewitz, J. C., Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, A Documentary Record: 1535-1914, Vol. I, Princeton, 1956. Istarābādī, Mīrzā Mahdī Khān, Djahāngushā_yi Nādirī, Revised by Seyyed Ali Anvar, Society for the Appreciation of Cultural works and Dignitaries, Tehran, 1998/ 1377. Iʿtimād al- salṭana, Muḥammad Ḥasan Khān, al- Maāthir wa l- āthār, Revised by A. Afshar, Asāṭīr, Tehran, 1995/ 1374. Jamalzadeh, M. A., Gandj-i Shāygān, Kaveh, Berlin, 1916 AD/ 1335 AH. Kagan, F. W., Military Reforms of Nicholas I: The Origins of the Modern Russian Army, Martin’s Press, New York, 1999. Kazem Beigi, M. A., “Britain wa Khuṭūt-i Āhan-i Iran wa Khāwar-miyāna 1337 AH/ 1919_1918 AD”, Faṣl- nāma Muṭāliāt-i Tārīkhī, No. 22, 1387/ 2008. Ibid, Daryā-yi Māzandarān wa ḳudrat-hā-yi Buzurg: Imperialism-i Britain (1338- 1335 AH/ 1916- 1919 AD), Markaz Asnād wa Tāʾrīkh-i Dīplumāsī Wizārat-i Umūr-i Khāridja, Tehran, 2005/ 1384. Ibid, “Kunsūl-garī-yi Britain dar Iyālāt-i Djunūbī-yi Daryā-yi Māzandarān dar Dawrān-i Ḳādjāriyya wa Kārkunān-i Maḥalī-yi Ān”, Journal of Social History, No. 2, 2011/ 1390. Ibid, “Mardum, ʿUlamāʾ wa tawsiʿa dar ʿAṣr-i Ḳadjāriyya: Rah-i Gīlān”, Farhang, No. 60, 2006/ 1385. Kazemzadeh, F., “Russia and Britain in Persia, 1864- 1911”, Harvard Slavic Studies, 4(1957). Kowner, R. (ed.), The Impact of the Russo-Japanese War, Routledge Curzon, London, 2007. Kuropatkin, Gen. A., The Russian Army and Russo-Japanese War, translated into English by Captain A. B. Lindsay, E. P. Dutton and Co., New York, 1909. Litten, Wilhelm, Iran Az Nufūdh-i Musālimat- Āmīz tā Taḥt al- Ḥimāyigī (1919- 1860), Trans. M. Mir Ahmadi, Moin-Publisher, Tehran, 1986/ 1367. Lobanov-Rostovsky, A., “Russian Imperialism in Asia. Its Origin, Evolution and Character”, The Slavonic and East European Review, 8- No. 22 (1929). Lockhart, L., Nadir Shah: A Critical Study Based Mainly Upon Contemporary Sources, London, 1938. Ibid , “The ‘Political Testament’ of Peter the Great”, The Slavonic and East European Review, 41 (1936). Mackinder, H. J., “The Geographical Pivot of History”, The Geographical Journal, 23(1904). Marshall, A., The Russian General Staff and Asia, 1800–1917, Routledge, London, 2006. Moberley, Gen. F. J., Operations in Persia, 1914-1919, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London, 1987. Mojtahed-Zadeh, P., Small Players of the Great Game, Routledge Curzon, 2004. Nazem, H., Russia and Great Britain in Iran (1900-1914), Tehran, 1975. O’Brien, P. P. (ed.), The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Routledge Curzon, London, 2004. Roostaei, M., “Sardār Akram naẓar ʿAlī Khān-i Ṭarhānī”, Luristān Pazhūhī, No. 3 & 4, 1998/ 1377. Reese, R., (ed.), The Russian Imperial Army, 1796–1917, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2006. Resis, A., “Russophobia and the ’Testament’ of Peter the Great, 1812-1980”, Slavic Review, 44: 4 (1985). Sārawī, Muḥammad Fatḥallah b. Muḥammad Taḳī, Tārrīkh-i Muḥammadī, Revised by GH. R. Tabatabai Majd, Amīr Kabīr, 1992/ 1371. Shneidman, J. I., “The Proposed Invasion of India by Russia and France in 1801”, Journal of Indian History, 35(1957). Spring, D. W., “The Trans-Persian Railway Project and Anglo-Russian Relations, 1909-14”, Slavonic and East European Review, 54-No. 1 (1976). Steinberg, J. W., All the Tsar’s Men: Russia’s General Staff and the Fate of the Empire, 1898–1914, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Washington, D.C., 2010. Stone, D. R., A Military History of Russia, From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya, Praeger, Westprot CT, 2006. Strong, J. W., “Russia’s Plan for an Invasion against India in 1801”, Canadian Slavonic Papers, 7(1965). Subtelny, O., “Peter I's Testament: A Reassessment”, Slavic Review, 33: 4 (1974). Sutherland Edwards, H., Russian Projects against India, London, 1885. Taylor, B. D., Politics and the Russian Army: Civil–Military Relations, 1689–2000, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003. Teymouri, A., Aṣr-i bī- khabarī, Tarikh-i Imtiyāzāt Dar Iran, Iḳbāl, Tehran, 1953/ 1332. Van der Oye, D. S., “Paul’s great game: Russia's plan to invade British India”, Central Asian Survey, 33:2(2014). Van der Oye, D. S. and B.W. Manning (eds.), Reforming the Tsar's Army: Military Innovation in Imperial Russia from Peter the Great to the Revolution, Cambridge University Press and Woodrow Wilson Press, 2004. In recent centuries, the relationship between Russia, as a great power, and a neighboring country has had a special place in Iran's foreign policy. Despite the multi-faceted nature of relations between the two countries, the development of Russia’s expansion, military threat and interventions has always been a cause of Tehran’s concern. The current article is a translation and study of a secret document regarding fragments of the Russian military plan in Iran, which British intelligence agents obtained in 1909. The examination of this plan in the context of military designs attributed to Russia for both territorial expansion in Iran and endangering the interests of the British in India, reveals Russia’s strategy to advance toward the Persian Gulf in 1907 and the military goals of St. Petersburg investment in road-building projects in Iran as well. The findings also show that following the conclusion of Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1907, the mentioned war plan, though primarily designed against the interests of Britain, in practice enforced against Iranian nationalists and the Central Powers in World War I. References Asnādī darbāra-yi Hudjūm-i England wa Russia bih Iran, Revised by M. Turkamān, Institute for Political and International Studies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (IPIS), 1991/1370. Asnādī Az Rawābiṭ Iran wa Russia, trans. R. Mosalmanian Qobadiani & B. Mosalmanian Qobadiani, Markaz Asnād wa Tāʿrīkh-i Dīplumāsī, Tehran, 1999/1378. British Documents on Foreign Affairs, Part I, Series B, vol. 13, ed. D. Gillard, University Publications of America, 1985. Dar Takāpū-yi Tādj wa Takht, Asnād-i Abū al-Fatḥ Mīrzā Sālār al- Dawla, Revised by Reza Azari, National Library of Iran, Tehran, 1999/1378. Guzārish-hā-yi siyasī Alā al- Mulk, Revised by A. Safaei, Vol. 2, Gurūh-i Intishārātī-yi Ābād, Tehran, 1981/1362. Iran Political Diaries 1381-1965, ed. by R. M. Burrell, Archives Editions, 1997. Kitāb-i Nārindjī, Revised by A. Bashiri, Nashr-i Nūr, 1983/ 1364. U.K.: National Archives, FO, Annual Series of Trade Reports, Cd. 2682. U.K.: India Office, L/MIL/17/15/26. Historical Newspapers Daily Journal [London] Gentleman's Magazine [London] Manchester Guardian [Manchester] Morning Post and Gazetteer [London] Observer [London] Times [London] Weekly Miscellany [London] Books & papers Atkin, M., Russia and Iran, 1780-1828, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1980. Baker, V.,Clouds in the East: Travels and Adventures on the Perso-Turkoman Frontier, London, 1876. Cohen, A., Russian imperialism: development and crisis, Praeger, Westprot CT, 1996. Curzon, G. N., Persia and the Persian Question, London, 1892. Duffy, Ch. Russia’s Military Way to the West: Origins and Nature of Russian Military Power, 1700-1800, Rout!edge& Kegan Paul Ltd, London, 1985. Eastwick, E. B., Journal of a Diplomat’s three years’ Residence in Persia, London, 1864. Ermarth, F. W., “Russia’s Strategic Culture: Past, Present and … in Transition?” Paper prepared for Defense Threat Reduction Agency, U.S.A., 31 Oct. 2006. available at: www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/dtra/russia.pdf Farrington, A. J. (ed.), British Intelligence and Policy on Persia (Iran), c. 1900-1949: India Office Political and Secret Files and Confidential Print, ed., Brill, Leiden, 1999. Floor, W., “The Iranian Navy in the Gulf during the Eighteenth Century,” Iranian Studies, 20- No. 1 (1987). Galbraith, J. S., “British Policy on Railways in Persia, 1870-1900,” Middle Eastern Studies, 25- No. 4 (1989). Ibid , “Britain and American Railway Promoters in Late Nineteenth Century Persia,” Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, 21- No. 2 (1989). Hotz, A., “Persian Trade Routes,” Journal of the Society of Arts, 47 (1898:Nov. 18-1899: Nov. 10). Hurewitz, J. C., Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, A Documentary Record: 1535-1914, Vol. I, Princeton, 1956. Istarābādī, Mīrzā Mahdī Khān, Djahāngushā_yi Nādirī, Revised by Seyyed Ali Anvar, Society for the Appreciation of Cultural works and Dignitaries, Tehran, 1998/ 1377. Iʿtimād al- salṭana, Muḥammad Ḥasan Khān, al- Maāthir wa l- āthār, Revised by A. Afshar, Asāṭīr, Tehran, 1995/ 1374. Jamalzadeh, M. A., Gandj-i Shāygān, Kaveh, Berlin, 1916 AD/ 1335 AH. Kagan, F. W., Military Reforms of Nicholas I: The Origins of the Modern Russian Army, Martin’s Press, New York, 1999. Kazem Beigi, M. A., “Britain wa Khuṭūt-i Āhan-i Iran wa Khāwar-miyāna 1337 AH/ 1919_1918 AD”, Faṣl- nāma Muṭāliāt-i Tārīkhī, No. 22, 1387/ 2008. Ibid, Daryā-yi Māzandarān wa ḳudrat-hā-yi Buzurg: Imperialism-i Britain (1338- 1335 AH/ 1916- 1919 AD), Markaz Asnād wa Tāʾrīkh-i Dīplumāsī Wizārat-i Umūr-i Khāridja, Tehran, 2005/ 1384. Ibid, “Kunsūl-garī-yi Britain dar Iyālāt-i Djunūbī-yi Daryā-yi Māzandarān dar Dawrān-i Ḳādjāriyya wa Kārkunān-i Maḥalī-yi Ān”, Journal of Social History, No. 2, 2011/ 1390. Ibid, “Mardum, ʿUlamāʾ wa tawsiʿa dar ʿAṣr-i Ḳadjāriyya: Rah-i Gīlān”, Farhang, No. 60, 2006/ 1385. Kazemzadeh, F., “Russia and Britain in Persia, 1864- 1911”, Harvard Slavic Studies, 4(1957). Kowner, R. (ed.), The Impact of the Russo-Japanese War, Routledge Curzon, London, 2007. Kuropatkin, Gen. A., The Russian Army and Russo-Japanese War, translated into English by Captain A. B. Lindsay, E. P. Dutton and Co., New York, 1909. Litten, Wilhelm, Iran Az Nufūdh-i Musālimat- Āmīz tā Taḥt al- Ḥimāyigī (1919- 1860), Trans. M. Mir Ahmadi, Moin-Publisher, Tehran, 1986/ 1367. Lobanov-Rostovsky, A., “Russian Imperialism in Asia. Its Origin, Evolution and Character”, The Slavonic and East European Review, 8- No. 22 (1929). Lockhart, L., Nadir Shah: A Critical Study Based Mainly Upon Contemporary Sources, London, 1938. Ibid , “The ‘Political Testament’ of Peter the Great”, The Slavonic and East European Review, 41 (1936). Mackinder, H. J., “The Geographical Pivot of History”, The Geographical Journal, 23(1904). Marshall, A., The Russian General Staff and Asia, 1800–1917, Routledge, London, 2006. Moberley, Gen. F. J., Operations in Persia, 1914-1919, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London, 1987. Mojtahed-Zadeh, P., Small Players of the Great Game, Routledge Curzon, 2004. Nazem, H., Russia and Great Britain in Iran (1900-1914), Tehran, 1975. O’Brien, P. P. (ed.), The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Routledge Curzon, London, 2004. Roostaei, M., “Sardār Akram naẓar ʿAlī Khān-i Ṭarhānī”, Luristān Pazhūhī, No. 3 & 4, 1998/ 1377. Reese, R., (ed.), The Russian Imperial Army, 1796–1917, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2006. Resis, A., “Russophobia and the ’Testament’ of Peter the Great, 1812-1980”, Slavic Review, 44: 4 (1985). Sārawī, Muḥammad Fatḥallah b. Muḥammad Taḳī, Tārrīkh-i Muḥammadī, Revised by GH. R. Tabatabai Majd, Amīr Kabīr, 1992/ 1371. Shneidman, J. I., “The Proposed Invasion of India by Russia and France in 1801”, Journal of Indian History, 35(1957). Spring, D. W., “The Trans-Persian Railway Project and Anglo-Russian Relations, 1909-14”, Slavonic and East European Review, 54-No. 1 (1976). Steinberg, J. W., All the Tsar’s Men: Russia’s General Staff and the Fate of the Empire, 1898–1914, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Washington, D.C., 2010. Stone, D. R., A Military History of Russia, From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya, Praeger, Westprot CT, 2006. Strong, J. W., “Russia’s Plan for an Invasion against India in 1801”, Canadian Slavonic Papers, 7(1965). Subtelny, O., “Peter I's Testament: A Reassessment”, Slavic Review, 33: 4 (1974). Sutherland Edwards, H., Russian Projects against India, London, 1885. Taylor, B. D., Politics and the Russian Army: Civil–Military Relations, 1689–2000, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003. Teymouri, A., Aṣr-i bī- khabarī, Tarikh-i Imtiyāzāt Dar Iran, Iḳbāl, Tehran, 1953/ 1332. Van der Oye, D. S., “Paul’s great game: Russia's plan to invade British India”, Central Asian Survey, 33:2(2014). Van der Oye, D. S. and B.W. Manning (eds.), Reforming the Tsar's Army: Military Innovation in Imperial Russia from Peter the Great to the Revolution, Cambridge University Press and Woodrow Wilson Press, 2004. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Wars between Iran and Russia as a Foundation of Change in Iran's Educational System
داود یحیایی فاخته ماهینیThe Russian attack on Iran in Qajar Period at the beginning of the 19thcentury occurred, at a time when Iran faced numerous problems in itsinternal affairs ignorant of global changes, this unfortunate event hada positive consequence, in that Fath Ali Shah and his court& MoreThe Russian attack on Iran in Qajar Period at the beginning of the 19thcentury occurred, at a time when Iran faced numerous problems in itsinternal affairs ignorant of global changes, this unfortunate event hada positive consequence, in that Fath Ali Shah and his court’s menbecame aware of Iran's weakness in military equipments and science.This in turn was an intensive development for reform in theeducational system of Iran. This article investigates the mostimportant actions taken in this regard which provides the backgroundfor this reform. (R.H.) Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Analyzing the mediating role of social influence transmission in the impact of digital content marketing components on word of mouth e-marketing and viral e-marketing
Mohamad Shoaib Allami mohamad Hadi AsgariBackground: The purpose of this study is to analyze the mediating role of social influence transmission in the impact of digital content marketing components on word of mouth electronic marketing and viral electronic marketing of food tourism industry in Guilan province MoreBackground: The purpose of this study is to analyze the mediating role of social influence transmission in the impact of digital content marketing components on word of mouth electronic marketing and viral electronic marketing of food tourism industry in Guilan province.Objective: To measure the impact of digital content marketing components by emphasizing the mediating role of social influence transfer on word of mouth electronic marketing in the food tourism industry of Guilan province and is of a practical type.Methods: The method of the present study in terms of nature, descriptive-survey and statistical population of this study included all tourists in Guilan province. Due to the unlimited statistical population, the population size was determined based on Krejcie Morgan table 384 people who were selected by available sampling method, statistical samples. Data collection tools and information in this study are digital content marketing questionnaires (Yi Bo et al., 2020); Electronic Viral Marketing (Joe Parkinson et al., 2019); And word-of-mouth marketing (Kwak and Kim, 2017); Their content validity was confirmed according to scientific experts and structural validity was confirmed based on confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity and divergent validity.Resualt:In this study, normative social influence has been able to.Conclusion: The findings showed that the transfer of social influence has a positive and significant effect on the impact of digital content marketing components on word of mouth electronic marketing and electronic viral marketing, which means that by increasing the transfer of social influence and improving its indicators, Expect the digital content marketing components to improve. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - The Caspian Oil: Injecting Rivalry to Eurasia
Dr. Masoud SouriThe fall of the Soviet Union converted the international system and its actors because of itsinfluence on them and power distribution. Besides, it had some effects on various geographicalparts, both friends and enemies’ and created a new type of regional relation MoreThe fall of the Soviet Union converted the international system and its actors because of itsinfluence on them and power distribution. Besides, it had some effects on various geographicalparts, both friends and enemies’ and created a new type of regional relation and competition.The transformation of regional countries’ Caucasian and Central Asian, condition, reinforcementof cultural and economic elements in relations among countries, the development ofnongovernmental actors in the sense of kind action and number, invigoration of non-governmentalelements such as human rights, faith, religion and nationality should be mentioned as the mostimportant effect of the Soviet Union dipolar government collapse.The general changes in the power of international system perspectives to strategic andgeostrategic regions and ups and downs of this geographic region have been a consequenceof this dipolar system collapsing. Upon this, we could observe the absence of the SovietUnion power in strategic and geographical regions including Caucasia and Central Asia. Inthese regions known as Eurasia, some contradictory trends have been revealed. On the onehand, The US government’s competition to complete the global hegemony and Russia’scompetition to complete a regional hegemony in Eurasia have been manifested.On the otherhand, Russia attempts to exercise influence in the region and create a regionalist hegemonyleaning against Moscow after the Putin era was witnessed. Also, the competition of China,Russia, Africa, Iran, India, Turkey along with the attitude of other countries in the region forreinforcement of convergence and divergence trends from Moscow create several trendsinEurasia which have reached their climax in Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Georgia and Caucasia.The primarily formed competition between America and Russia and the tendency ofboth toward completion of their hegemony in Eurasia from besides other national and7 regional trends caused two different probabilities which have been mentioned in the case of Eurasia:First, the hegemonist government of the USA could be prospered to compensateRussian absence in the region and make it a second grade power all over the world.Second, Russia would profit the Soviet Union contemporary heritage and maintain,develop and strengthen its competition with the USA.The persistence of this competition can cause bloody disputes, competitions and challengesin the region among Russian west-oriented countries.The purpose of this study is to understand regional and superregional actors fromthe various national, sub national and international angles and the combinationof them. Upon this, this paper tries to study The impact of the competition between the USand Russia on the regional changes through the related means such as OECD, WTO andPFP, CSTO of them and Shanghai Union.It also wishes to show that obtaining Eurasia regional crude oil and its distribution amongwest and Europe are discussed as a main reason for the USA and Russia competition.According to our investigation we believe that the establishment of oil and gas pipelines andits exportation to west can be brought up as the most important USA and Europe strategy fordistinguishing Caucasia and Central Asian countries from Russia and occupying its powerin the region which cause the economic, political, financial and martial independence ofother regional countries from Russia’s concentration.8 Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Factors Affecting Viral Marketing in Health Tourism Development
Mahdieh Zahmatkesh saredorahi Fatemeh Mohammadpour Shirazi Aram Ardian Mohammad Siadatan Mohammad Amir OveisiIntroduction: Since Iran is one of the main hubs of health tourism in the region, it will not only prevent the outflow of foreign exchange, but will also bring significant foreign exchange earnings to the country. Although in recent years, management and marketing measu MoreIntroduction: Since Iran is one of the main hubs of health tourism in the region, it will not only prevent the outflow of foreign exchange, but will also bring significant foreign exchange earnings to the country. Although in recent years, management and marketing measures have been taken to attract foreign tourists, but unfortunately due to the lack of coherence and coordination between the public and private sectors, and especially the lack of codified rules in the field of tourism. Health, this process has not had the desired economic results. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting viral marketing in the development of health tourism and prioritize factors. Methods: This research is descriptive in terms of its practical purpose and in terms of data collection. After expressing the subject and examining the research background, the conceptual framework of the specific model and the data were analyzed using fuzzy cognitive mapping tools and techniques and analysis of social networks. Results: Findings indicate that the factors that distinguish distinctive services, build trust and credibility, and the content of the message are more central than other factors, and therefore more attention should be paid to these factors. Conclusion: Due to the rapid growth of the Internet, there are countless opportunities for health activists and consumers, which, according to research, suggests that the main factors affecting viral marketing that promotes health tourism development. More attention can be paid and steps can be taken in this direction with appropriate planning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Conceptualizing Social Health through Viral Advertising
shima shahhosseini bideh sayyed hasan hataminasab shahnaz nayebzadeh Mohammadreza dehghani ashkezari sayyed majid mirhosseiniIntroduction: Advertisements play an important role as an efficient strategy in improving the level of social health of the society. The aim of the current research is to qualitatively analyze articles in the field of viral advertising and to identify and determine the MoreIntroduction: Advertisements play an important role as an efficient strategy in improving the level of social health of the society. The aim of the current research is to qualitatively analyze articles in the field of viral advertising and to identify and determine the ranking of indicators in the field of social health. Methods: In this study, with a systematic review and according to the PRISMA guidelines, the articles published in the field of viral marketing during the period from 2001 to 2022 were investigated in the Wos database, and the data were guided by using qualitative content analysis. Then, using fuzzy screening, the effective indicators were identified and prioritized using the fuzzy method. Results: By analyzing the qualitative content of the selected articles, 26 indicators were extracted and using the fuzzy screening method, 17 indicators were identified as effective indicators and prioritized by the fuzzy method. Conclusion: The social health field is constantly looking for ways to adapt to new technologies. Therefore, the principled and correct use of viral advertisements can be considered as a new perspective in the field of social health. The results of the research showed that among the 17 confirmed indicators, information, creativity, source reliability, innovation in the message, and accessibility are more in order than capacity and indicators of message specialization, fantasy, social stimulus, interactivity, and perceived intention. The source of the least capacity can have significant improvement and growth of social health. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Design and Development of a Native Model of Viral Advertising for Online Retailers Using the Grounded Theory
Monir sadat Mirahmadi yazdan shirmohammadi Seyed Mahdi JalaliThe spread of the Internet in everyday life and its development in all social and economic sectors and business processes has caused in today's world, caused by the spread of the deadly corona virus, fundamental changes in the economic system and consequently in marketi MoreThe spread of the Internet in everyday life and its development in all social and economic sectors and business processes has caused in today's world, caused by the spread of the deadly corona virus, fundamental changes in the economic system and consequently in marketing and marketing advertising; Therefore, this study tries to help develop theoretical knowledge in this field by examining the characteristics of viral advertising and provide solutions for the implementation of viral advertising programs for marketing managers; Therefore, the aim of the present study is to design a native model of viral advertising for online retailers using the data method. The present research is an applied research in terms of purpose and a qualitative survey research in terms of method. The statistical population of the study consisted of 15 managers and senior experts of the online retail company Digi Kala who were selected by purposive cluster sampling. Research data were collected using semi-structured interviews, the questions of which were confirmed by face to face with the opinion of professors and experts. Results of data method analysis of six identified categories; Indicates causal category, main category, contextual category, interventionist or environmental category, strategies and consequences category. The results of the quantitative section also show that the proposed model presented in the research has seven indicators including message content, usage, sensory perception, trust, branding, ease of use and attitude. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Identifying and Prioritizing the Factors Affecting the Intention of Viral Marketing Behavior in Customers with a Multi-Criteria Decision Approach (Fuzzy Hierarchical Analysis)
naser seifollahi Mohmmad BahadorinejadIntroduction and Objective: Today, in a competitive market all products have competitive advantages and it is not easy to find the difference between the products. One of the ways to achieve these differences is using methods that focus more on customers. In viral marke MoreIntroduction and Objective: Today, in a competitive market all products have competitive advantages and it is not easy to find the difference between the products. One of the ways to achieve these differences is using methods that focus more on customers. In viral marketing, the organization sends its message to others using communication between customers. By turning the internet network of customers and subscribers into a huge machine that spreads mouth to mouth, viral marketing subjects the company to everyone. Due to its low cost, this marketing method possibly complements or even alternatives to traditional methods, especially in services and industry, and Marketers can persuade more customers and users by examining the effective factors. Therefore, this study aims to identify the factors affecting the intention of viral marketing behavior in customers and their prioritization. Methods: In this study, documentary analysis and the AHP method with fuzzy approach were used to identify and prioritize the effective factors. Findings: According to the documentary analysis results, five main categories of mouth-to-mouth marketing, customer satisfaction, loyalty programs, recipients, and viral elements are cited among the main influential factors. Each of these main criteria included a total of 30 sub-criteria. Based on the fuzzy AHP results, the loyalty programs criterion has the highest, and mouth-to-mouth marketing has the lowest final weight. Conclusion: According to the results, customer satisfaction is responsible for persuading customers to buy more from that company and showing individual viral marketing behavior. Customer loyalty programs significantly affect viral marketing intent, and their motivation for viral marketing increases when customer loyalty increases. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Investigating the Scientific Outputs of the Field of Viral Marketing in the Web of Science
shima shahhosseini bideh sayyed hasan hataminasab Shahnaz Nayebzadeh mohammadreza dehghani ashezari sayyed majid mirhosseiniIntroduction: The purpose of this research is to present a comprehensive picture of the state of scientific activities in the field of marketing and to draw a co-occurrence map of words in scientific articles introduced in the Web of Science database.Methods: The curren MoreIntroduction: The purpose of this research is to present a comprehensive picture of the state of scientific activities in the field of marketing and to draw a co-occurrence map of words in scientific articles introduced in the Web of Science database.Methods: The current research is a scientometric type, which was carried out using scientometric indicators and network analysis method. So that by referring to the Web of Science database, the information of 250 degrees in the field of viral marketing was examined. VOSviewer network analysis software was used for data analysis.Results: After searching, screening and qualitative evaluation of the studies, the final analysis was performed on 250 articles in the period from 2001 to 2021. In-depth analysis of the selected articles showed that the most research in the field of viral marketing is related to 2020 with the number of 49 articles. The United States is the most active country in this field with 75 articles, followed by China and Singapore, respectively, with the highest number of research and communication between authors. Iran is ranked fourteenth. Also, in the evolution of keywords, the primary focus has been on "social media" and "popularity", and in the following years, respectively, the words "word of mouth", "viral marketing", "electronic word of mouth", "Twitter" and "Facebook" has arrived.Conclusion: Paying attention to the most used and least used countries and researchers through scientometrics can reveal research opportunities and weaknesses in the field of viral marketing and illuminate the horizon for Iranian researchers to shine their results at the international level. According to the results obtained in Iran in the field of viral marketing, although it has superior authors, it has weak points due to communication with other authors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - The imminent return of Jesus Christ in the Anglican religion with a look at Islamic jurisprudence
mansooreh nejat nia Bakhshali ghanbari mohammadreza adliThe return of Jesus Christ, which is interpreted as the second coming or parousia, is a Christian belief that this idea is based on prophecies and is part of Christian eschatology. There are differences of opinion among Christian sects regarding this view. In the New Te MoreThe return of Jesus Christ, which is interpreted as the second coming or parousia, is a Christian belief that this idea is based on prophecies and is part of Christian eschatology. There are differences of opinion among Christian sects regarding this view. In the New Testament, the return of Jesus is mentioned and in it terms like: arrival, coming or presence are mentioned and that event is defined as "savior" and "incarnation" of God. According to the New Testament Bible, the return of Jesus to earth will be a glorious event that will appear with events. The Second Coming is mentioned in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles' Creed. In the following centuries, the issue of the return of Jesus Christ in the Protestant circles also has debates and reform actions, especially because in the Lutheran and Anglican rites it is mentioned as the second return that Jesus will come again with glory to judge the living and the dead. According to Anglicans' belief, we experience the signs and evidences of Christ's return in the world and in our current life, which we clearly witness in the Eucharist. According to them, the return is in justice and peace and this fact must be realized. Finally, there is the belief and expectation of the return of Jesus in the end times. In this essay, prominent cases of apocalyptic beliefs of Christianity, especially in the Anglican denomination, are examined. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Guilan role in Iran and Russia cultural relations
hossein kalhorIntroduction and objectives: Culture or the cultural affinities, are nowadays rather an important way to shape the international relationships between countries. Investigation on such an issue would be helpful in order to establish good relation with other societies. Ir MoreIntroduction and objectives: Culture or the cultural affinities, are nowadays rather an important way to shape the international relationships between countries. Investigation on such an issue would be helpful in order to establish good relation with other societies. Iran and Russia face each other on the Caspian Sea. Gilan as the border region of Iran shares various cultural legacies with Russia. These legacies that have been created during last five centuries can create a lot of opportunities in order to take initiatives in their future affairs. This paper aims to exploit the role of Gilan in the future of Iran-Russia relationship. Method: the author makes use of a series of bibliographical, descriptive and analytical data. Therefore, the use of historical documentation, the current events as well as the statistical data become essential for the development of this paper. Finding: the study of cultural and economic capabilities of the region, points out how the historic background of Gilan province with Russia can give rise to new perspectives on Iran-Russia relationship. Results: the cultural and economic capabilities of Gilan Province have never been taken into account seriously because of special circumstances occurring in related area. In more than five centuries of political and economic enterprises between Gilan province and its overseas Russian counterparts let them to claim that they have enough cultural notions to share with. Above the ethnic similarity there are for example, several common words and expressions that both languages share from each other as well as the North South Transport Corridor (NOSTRAC) that runs from Russia to India through Caspian cost to increases the trade connectivity. Thus we can assert that the Gilan province can have a pivotal role to play through the cultural relations with Russia and help to prepare the ground for strengthening the Iran-Russia relationship. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Undeveloped Imports and Exports of Iran and Russia in the Qajar era (1174-1304 AD)
mahmood seyyed majid golmohamadiDuring the Qajar period, Iran was not impressive enough to modernize its old structures, familiarize itself with the economy and industry, and the progress made in importing and exporting. The weakness of the economic structure has made it unrivaled in the international MoreDuring the Qajar period, Iran was not impressive enough to modernize its old structures, familiarize itself with the economy and industry, and the progress made in importing and exporting. The weakness of the economic structure has made it unrivaled in the international economy, but its proper trading position has expanded its relationship with Russia. In this research, we tried to examine the structure of the development of import and export with the Russian Federation during this period by using the documents of the Qajar period. In this article, we have tried to analyze the reasons for the replacement of Iranian imports and exports and the factors that put Iran at the forefront of dependence and backwardness. Is the development of the import and export of Iran and Russia due to the incorrect policies of the Qajar governments or the subsequent governments? According to the research findings of colonial governments, including Russia in the nineteenth century, by limiting the activity of Iranian capitalists in important industrial fields, establishing industrial dependence and limiting imports and exports, bankrupt the domestic industry, pushing the country's economy toward raw materials production, and Depriving Iran of a significant portion of oil revenues over a long period of time plays an important role in Iran's lack of industrial development. Although the Qajars were the cause of Iran's industrial depletion, post-Qajar governments also played a major role in Iran's lack of industrial development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Iran's regionalism strategies in the Caucasus Against Russia based on game theory
mostafa hashemi Rebaz Ghorbaninejad Qiuomars Yazdanpanah Dero mohammad hassan namiThe profound geopolitical changes in the South Caucasus have had a significant impact on relations between Iran and the three republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. The Islamic Republic of Iran has expanded political-economic cooperation with the people of the re MoreThe profound geopolitical changes in the South Caucasus have had a significant impact on relations between Iran and the three republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. The Islamic Republic of Iran has expanded political-economic cooperation with the people of the region due to its historical relations and socio-cultural ties. The active presence of regional and trans-regional actors has had a direct impact on this relationship. This study seeks to select an effective strategy to achieve Iranian regionalism in the Caucasus against Russia and to design operational strategies using game theory. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and exploratory in nature, in which library and field methods including interviews with elites have been used to collect research data. the statistical population included a collection of political geography experts, officials of related organizations and relevant institutions who, in addition to collecting information, helped in other areas. In this study, an attempt is made to select an effective strategy to achieve Iranian regionalism in the Caucasus against Russia in this region. Then, the results of statistical analysis have been implemented in the form of game theory; Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Russia’s policy in Central Asia and Caucasus and the upcoming challenges after cold war
عبدالرضا Faraji Rad مریم ShabaniAccording to the Russian leader's ideas, traditional sphere of Soviet Union particularly, central Asia and Caucasus, is the first defensive trend for protecting of Russian national security, and it should be looking to exert dominance over the region, on the context of MoreAccording to the Russian leader's ideas, traditional sphere of Soviet Union particularly, central Asia and Caucasus, is the first defensive trend for protecting of Russian national security, and it should be looking to exert dominance over the region, on the context of the Tosarist Russia and soviet. Nevertheless, Russia during the two past decades, has taken different approaches towards central Asia and Caucasus, that, at first glance it may associated to confusion of kremlin leaders; but with scrutiny about the reason of adopting such a procedure can be realized that the approaches have been just tactical and in order to achieve the overall strategy in central Asia and Caucasus. Current trends, indicate that, Russian administration with its long-term strategy, have always been looking for Russia as an empire of oil and acting with their promotion, able to play the geopolitical key role in energy, And exploit Russia's energy resources and also energy transfer pipeline monopoly as a mean of political and economical to provide the geopolitical benefits of country in Eurasia, especially in relations with Europe union. In this research we want to answer this question that what are the obstacles in achieving the goals for Russia after cold war in central Asia and Caucasus? It seems that some of the obstacles are Ethnic - cultural wars in Caucasus and after that the presence of Trans-regional powers in this area that in this research we focus on this two issues. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - 21 Century and Russia Geo-Economic Evolutions
Maryam verij KazemiThe cold war ,energy changed to geo-economy concept which to name was geo-politic concept and to convent to effect agent in the relatives between major global powers. basically particular zones of the world that had energy, they have been substituted to the important ph MoreThe cold war ,energy changed to geo-economy concept which to name was geo-politic concept and to convent to effect agent in the relatives between major global powers. basically particular zones of the world that had energy, they have been substituted to the important phenomenon of strategy. Russia perform a prominent role in area of the world energy to develop energy with large energy resources and industrial bases and it cases to attract the attention of regions powers and another region of large companies become of a lot of energy resources and our affairs in CIS and also area dynamism built in structures geo-politic and geo-economic and causes lots of conflicts in many cases, Russia economy has associated with CIS and it can be good and bad affected to Russia economy it happens any changes in there countries . Regarding strategy, these countries are security areas and being another powers affect on Russia security. In this article we are trying to explain the subject, Russia geo-economy and its relative to CIS and to assess Russia politics in view of energy resources in the encounter of these countries and global powers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Explaining the Role of Policy Factors on Institutional Building of Risk Management in Rural and Agricultural Regions of “Rostov on Don” in Russian Federation
Shahab Alddin Shokri Alexey Urich Arkhipov Ulia Viacheslavovna Filonenko Belokrilova Olga Spiridonova Marina SanikovaThe purpose of this research was to specify a structural model in order to estimate the impact of policymaking factors (financial policy and energy policy) on institutional components related to the risk management in agricultural and rural areas of Rostov on Don. At th MoreThe purpose of this research was to specify a structural model in order to estimate the impact of policymaking factors (financial policy and energy policy) on institutional components related to the risk management in agricultural and rural areas of Rostov on Don. At the first stage, we explored and ranked a risk profile in agriculture based on the Rostov situation including climate, production, socio-economic, agricultural market, labor market and land regulation. At the next stage, the main strategies were identified in order to manage related risks and increase economic resilience. The data used in this paper were collected through a structured questionnaire from 75 subject matter specialists in the field of economics and agricultural economics from Southern Federal University (Rostov on Don) and Saratov State Agrarian University along with a number of governmental experts. Two confirmatory models of policy making and institutions fitted the data or supported by the obtained sample data. Resulted from the structural model showed that two factors of “financial policy” and “energy policy” explains 48 and 38 percent of variance in “institutional technology” and “institutional building” respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - بررسی احتمال بیماری سپتی سمی هموراژیک ویروسی VHS (Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia)در تعدادی از مراکز تکثیر و پرورش ماهیان قزل آلای ایران با روش هیستو پاتولوژیکی وآزمایش ملکولی PCR
دکتر عادل حقیقی خیابانیان اصل دکتر بهرام کاظمی دکتر مژگان بنده پور -
Open Access Article
19 - Experimental study on protective effects of Crocin on nephropathy induced by complete unilateral ureteral obstruction in the rats
رامین کفاشیالهی، داریوش مهاجری .Any obstruction to urinary flow leads to obstructive nephropathy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the renoprotective effects of Crocin following unilateral ureteral obstruction in the rats. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 5 equal groups. Groups MoreAny obstruction to urinary flow leads to obstructive nephropathy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the renoprotective effects of Crocin following unilateral ureteral obstruction in the rats. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 5 equal groups. Groups 1 and 2 were considered as control and sham operated rats, respectively. In group 3 left ureter was obstructed surgically and in group 4 following the left ureteral obstruction, Crocin was gavaged at 50 mg/kg for 15 days. Finally, blood samples were collected for measurement of serum urea, acid uric and creatinine. Malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione contents for assessment of renal free radical activity; and enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase as indicators of antioxidation, were measured in kidney homogenates. Histopathology of left kidney was conducted for verification of biochemical findings. Significant differences among the groups were determined by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey post-test. Statistical significance was considered at p<0.05. Unilateral ureteral obstruction caused significant increase of serum urea, uric acid and creatinine levels and renal content of malondialdehyde; as well as significant reduction of renal antioxidants and reduced glutathione contents. Crocin-treatment significantly reduced elevated markers of renal injury in serum and kidney malondialdehyde; a well as brought back the declined kidney antioxidants and reduced glutathione towards normal. Histopathology of kidney confirmed the changes induced by ureteral obstruction and the renoprotective effect of Crocin. Crocin exerts protective effects in unilateral ureteral obstruction possibly through its antioxidant properties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Apocalyptic Eschatology in the Words of Jesus of Nazareth and its Reflection in the Gospels
Tahereh Hajebrahimi Mohammad Reza AdliJesus was in fact an apocalyptic preacher and a herald of eschatologicalrestoration. His message can be fairly characterized as apocalypticeschatology. His own words were reflected in the Gospels more thanany other parts of the New Testament. But the narrators of the Go MoreJesus was in fact an apocalyptic preacher and a herald of eschatologicalrestoration. His message can be fairly characterized as apocalypticeschatology. His own words were reflected in the Gospels more thanany other parts of the New Testament. But the narrators of the Gospelsadded their own speculations to these words; however, these words andthe speculations reflect the early Christian traditions.This article tries to survey the teachings of Jesus, considering itseschatological aspects. Moreover it reviews the Jewish background ofthe eschatological concepts. Finally it comes to this conclusion:apocalyptic eschatology constitutes the essential theme of the Jesus'teachings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Optimisation and Evaluation of Saffron Extraction Conditions in the Binary and Ternary Solvent Systems
B. Ghorani R. Kadkhodaee B. Emadzadeh A. R. SadeghianIntroduction: Saffron with the botanical name of Crocus sativus L., is the most expensive spice in the world. Introduction of a suitable method for the extraction of these bioactive compounds, as well as the technological and economical issues are important points to be MoreIntroduction: Saffron with the botanical name of Crocus sativus L., is the most expensive spice in the world. Introduction of a suitable method for the extraction of these bioactive compounds, as well as the technological and economical issues are important points to be considered. The aim of this study is to develop the most economical method to extract the bioactive compounds of saffron. Materials and Methods: In the present study the extraction conditions of crocin, safranal and picrocrocin in the binary solvent system (water: ethanol and water: acetone) as well as ternary solvent system (water: acetone : ethanol) were investigated in terms of different ratios of solvents and different ratios of solvent to saffron. Results: The best extraction conditions were found with the binary solvent system of ethanol: water; 3:2 with a solvent ratio of 12 ml per gram of saffron and also applying the ternary solvent system of water: acetone: ethanol (40:45:15) per gram of saffron at 25° C for 16 hours to extract the optimal saffron bioactive compounds. The amount of crocin, safranal and picrocrocin in the aqueous extract of saffron were measured 229.05, 35.17 and 75.53 respectively for the binary solvent system of ethanol: water and 272.96, 40.03 and 13.6 respectively for the ternary solvent system of water: acetone: ethanol (40:45:15). Conclusion: Based on the need for the desired color and flavor in various food processing, and considering the economical aspects, each of the proposed extraction method might be used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - A comparison of the stability of Italian cypress (Cupressus sempervirense var. horizontalis) and Brutia Pine (Pinus brutia Ten) plantations in Ramian, Golestan Province of Iran
Aynaz Charkazi Mojtaba Amiri Homan Ravanbakhsh داوود مقدسیBackground and Objective: Tree slenderness coefficient (The ratio of total height to diameter at breast height) is one of the most important indicators of tree stability against the wind and shows the environmental properties of the forest sites therefore it will be a g MoreBackground and Objective: Tree slenderness coefficient (The ratio of total height to diameter at breast height) is one of the most important indicators of tree stability against the wind and shows the environmental properties of the forest sites therefore it will be a good guide for silvicultural operation. The aim of this study is analyzing and surveying of elongation coefficient for the species of Cypress and Brutia Pine in Ramian forest plantations.Material and Methodology: after the primary assessment of the region and selecting the intended forest stands including Cypress and Brutia Pine, four plots of one hectare (100×100 m) were determined in each stand. Then on hectare divided to 4 plot 2500m2. In each plot quantitative parameters of trees including diameter and total height were measured. To study the stability of cypress and pine plantations, Burschel & Huss stability indexes were used. Independent t test was applied to compare the quantitative parameters of species.Finding: According to the results, there was a decreasing relationship between diameter and elongation coefficient as when the diameter is increased, the total height will be decreased and resulted in more stability of the trees. In this research, the least amount of elongation coefficient was for Pinus brutia (59.4%) and the highest amount was for Cupressus sempervirens (68.4%). According to, Burschel & Huss stability indexes, P. brutia was more stable than the other species because of the less slenderness ratio.Discussion and Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that P. brutia is more successful species than C. sempervirense for afforestation in Ramian and similar regions. To improve the stability of cypress stands, scheduled and appropriated silvicultural operation is suggested. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Study on Growth Performance of Pinus Brutia Ten in the Oldest Plantation Stand of in Khorramabad
akram latifi nia Javad Soosani kamran adeli esmat ostakh samane namdariBackground and Objective: The study growth performance of afforestation and adaptation species planting in the new region increasing succes the future afforestation. The aim of this study is growth performance of Pinus brutia Ten in the plantation stand (ca. 41 ha and 2 MoreBackground and Objective: The study growth performance of afforestation and adaptation species planting in the new region increasing succes the future afforestation. The aim of this study is growth performance of Pinus brutia Ten in the plantation stand (ca. 41 ha and 2×3 m spacing) located in the north part of the khoramabad city.Method: For this purpose, 5 pine trees were randomly selected and cut. current annual increment volume obtained by trunk analysis. 35 samples were taken from Pinus Brutia trees at breast height by increment borer for closer examination. in the study area and according to regression analysis, the annual volume increment of these 35 samples were obtained and finally the data of annual increment were extracted from 40 Pinus Brutia trees.Findings: Results showed in comparison to Pinus Bruttia afforestation of origin (Turkey), Annual growth volume in hectare less growth Volume and Average growth volume and Dominant Height (DH) more. Generally, region located between good and medium site conditions. Also in the study Mean annual increment Pinus Brutia befor 30 years is 11.95 m3/ha.Discussion and Conclusion: This growth performance showes fast growing and adaptation species to ecological conditions region. Therefore, regions with same ecological conditions can be considered as suitable sites for, pinus brutia plantation for the industrial wood production and paper industry suppliers to avoid excessive outflow of currency from the country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Investigation of residue content of cyanobacterial hepatotoxin in water samples using DLLME method
Soheila Rezaitabar soheila rezaitabar Nader BahramifarBackground and Objective: Hepatotoxins are dangerous biological toxins produced by cyanobacteria. Because of the high consumption of cost and time in the extraction and detection procedure of these toxins, the main aim of the present study is to investigate the performa MoreBackground and Objective: Hepatotoxins are dangerous biological toxins produced by cyanobacteria. Because of the high consumption of cost and time in the extraction and detection procedure of these toxins, the main aim of the present study is to investigate the performance of a new extraction technique, termed dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) in the extraction of one hepatotoxin with the name Microcystin LR from water samples, using chlorinated organic extraction solvents. Material and Methodology: In the first stage, the efficiency of the common method (solid phase extraction) was investigated. Then the mixture of disperser solvents (acetone, ethanol, methanol, and acetonitrile) and extraction solvents (chloroform, dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene) were used to investigate the efficiency of DLLME. Findings: The results showed that the efficiency of SPE using a C18 cartridge was 102 %. For high efficiency of DLLME, a cloudy solution should be formed (fine particles of extraction solvent which are dispersed entirely into the aqueous phase). In the present study, only in a mixture of acetone and tetrachloroethylene (with different ratios), a stable cloudy solution was found. The best-observed efficiency was 3 % for DLLME. Discussion and Conclusion: The observations in this study suggest that although based on the obtained efficiency, the chlorinated organic solvents, could not be appropriate extraction solvents in MC-LR extraction, but the DLLME method using other solvents like Ionic liquid extraction solvents is a suitable technique for hepatotoxin extraction because of low consumption of cost, time and solvents in the extraction procedure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Effect of Altitude Changes on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics and Environmental Afforestation Stand of Pinus Brutia Ten
Asghar Fallah Yahya Kooch Ali Akbar RostaghiBackground and Objective: Afforestation stand of Ghapan region (with 232 ha-1 area) was selected for investigation of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Pinus brutia ten. Method: Three altitude classes (200-400, 400-600 and 600-800m) were classified and&nbs MoreBackground and Objective: Afforestation stand of Ghapan region (with 232 ha-1 area) was selected for investigation of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Pinus brutia ten. Method: Three altitude classes (200-400, 400-600 and 600-800m) were classified and number of 30 sample plots (with 400m2 area) were selected by using of random – systematically method in every classes. Some of quantitative and qualitative characteristics were recorded in every sample plots. Also, three soil profiles (A and B horizons) were excavated in every three altitude classes for investigation of soil properties. Findings: Results of this research showed that mean D.B.H and height was similar to normal distribution. Volume of high class (600-800m) was estimated more than the other two classes. Qualitative characteristics showed that plummet of stem, stem without branch, fresh of crown were climbing as crown symmetry and stem curvature were reducing with increase of altitude. Multi branch and stem healthy don’t show regular changes in relation to altitude changes. Soil studies showed no significant different in relation with altitude changes. Discussion and Counclusion: The final result shows that pinus brutia ten stands with the best quality and quantity and it is visible in high altitudes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
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احمد مهدوی محمدرضا بیابانی سید ضیاء الدین میرحسینی -
Open Access Article
27 - The determination of N: P ratio in Cyanobacterial bloom of Anabaena flos- aquae in the Caspian Sea, Iran in situ
Maryam Fallahi S.Mohammad Reza Fatemi Ali Mashinchian Atoosa Noori KoupaeiIntroduction: The aim of this study is determining the N: P ratio which causes the maximum bloomof toxic cyanobacteria: Anabaena flos- aquae of the Caspian Sea and finding the N: P ratio thateliminates its bloom. To perfect this study, the effect of different phosphorus MoreIntroduction: The aim of this study is determining the N: P ratio which causes the maximum bloomof toxic cyanobacteria: Anabaena flos- aquae of the Caspian Sea and finding the N: P ratio thateliminates its bloom. To perfect this study, the effect of different phosphorus concentrations on thegrowth level was also inspected.Material and method: The experiments were carried out in situ (the temperature and light intensitywere kept at 25± 2 degrees centigrade and 3500± 350 lux respectively). Different N: P ratios andvarying phosphorus concentrations were applied as treatments with respect to logarithmic calculations.Three replicates were considered for each treatment and one control (Zinder media). The laboratoryexperiments lasted 96 hours. Visual counting at the start and end of the experiments were carried outto assess the growth percentage.Results: In this project, Anabaena bloomed in Zinder media (control) with 9.9 μg/lit ofnitrogen, 2.96 mg/lit of phosphorous and the 0.0033N:1P ratio.N: P ratios of 15: 1 to 22: 1 resulted in the maximum bloom of Anabaena flos- aquae. The maximumlevel of growth percentage was reached to 5219.84± 1486.69 in 18.15N: 1P ratio with 53.72 mg/lit ofnitrogen and 2.96 mg/lit of phosphorus. The bloom ended at 218.86N: 1P.Studies on the effect of phosphorus concentration showed phosphorus concentration in Zinder media(2.96 mg/l) is the optimum value for Anabaena bloom.1- Associate Professor, Inland waters research institute, Bandar Anzali2- Assistant Professor, Department of Marine Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University3- Assistant Professor, Department of Marine Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University4- PhD. Department of Marine Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad UniversityAbstracts of Articles in EnglishJ.Env. Sci. Tech., Vol 17, No.2, Summer 2015190Conclusion: The whole results indicate, although in the presence of enough phosphorusconcentration, Anabaena bloomed even with low nitrogen concentrations (9.9 μg/l in Zinder media)by fixing atmospheric nitrogen when enough phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations supplied withlow N: P ratio the maximum bloom intensity was observed. Manuscript profile -
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Vahid Shapouri Mohammad Reza Alavi Moghadam Taghi Ebadi10 -
Open Access Article
29 - حل دستگاه ازن مرتبه دوم ویژه توسط OHAM
صادق پورجعفر زینب آیتی محمود شفیعیسیانوباکتری ها (جلبک های سبز- آبی) مانند میکروسیستین، ندولارین ها ، ساکسی توکسین ها، آناتوکسین ها و سیلندروسپرموپسین عامل بیماری های خطرناک از طریق آب آشامیدنی هستند. یکی از این سموم میکروسیستین – ال آر است که وجود مقدار کمی از آن در آب آشامیدنی منجر به آسیب Moreسیانوباکتری ها (جلبک های سبز- آبی) مانند میکروسیستین، ندولارین ها ، ساکسی توکسین ها، آناتوکسین ها و سیلندروسپرموپسین عامل بیماری های خطرناک از طریق آب آشامیدنی هستند. یکی از این سموم میکروسیستین – ال آر است که وجود مقدار کمی از آن در آب آشامیدنی منجر به آسیب کبدی و سرطان شده، همچنین باعث صرف هزینه های بالای اجتماعی و بهداشتی می گردد. هر چند که سیانوباکتری ها در مقابل مواد ضد عفونی مقاوم هستند، اما نشان داده شده که ازن قابلیت بالایی در سم زدائی سیانوباکتری ها دارد. ازن محلول در آب به طور همزمان باعث ضد عفونی بیشتر و اکسیداسیون با OH رادیکال می گردد. در این مقاله، جواب دستگاه تجزیه مرتبۀ دوم ازن با OH رادیکال و میکروسیستین – ال آر بدون مواد آلی محلول (DOC) به دست آمد. نتیجه اینکه با کمترین هزینه و زمان، می توان با این مشکل مبارزه نمود. دستگاه دیفرانسیل مربوطه به روش هموتوپی مجانبی بهینه حل شد و نتایج حاصل با شکل بیان گردید. نشان داده شد که با مقدار کمی ازن و زمانی اندک، می توان مقدار زیادی از میکروسیستین – ال آر را صفر نمود. به این منظور اسیدیتۀ 2 ، 4 و 7 در حرارت 10 ، 20 و 30 درجۀ سانتیگراد بررسی گردید. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - A Study on Social Motif in Sudanic Tayeb Salih Novels
Ali Ahmadian Keisomi Nahid Gandomi Kal Hossein abavianiAlthough most characters in Tayeb Salih – Sudanic author – are from the traditional, Arabic and African Sudan; the colony country of England with unpleasant experiences of post-colonial era – his attitude is philanthropy and free of political, social, MoreAlthough most characters in Tayeb Salih – Sudanic author – are from the traditional, Arabic and African Sudan; the colony country of England with unpleasant experiences of post-colonial era – his attitude is philanthropy and free of political, social, color, racism, sex and religious orientation. Iranian poets and authors' affect by social and political conditions is confirmed and inevitable by most of the scholars and literary men. Mirza Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi is also affected by social and political conditions. The aim of the present article is to introduce Tayeb Salih and his novels to the Iranian academic society and express his view point on social phenomena in his novels. The applied method is librarian or documented and the data has been collected by note taking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - میزان شیوع آلودگی مراکز تکثیر و پرورش مزارع قزلآلا رنگینکمان (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ایران به ویروس سپتی سمی خونریزی دهنده ویروسی (VHS) و نکروز عفونی بافتهای خونساز (IHN) بر اساس برنامه ملی مراقبت سازمان دامپزشکی کشور ایران
پریا دهش امرله قاجاری علیرضا باهنر نسرین شهبازیان کامبیز رخشانی مهر -
Open Access Article
32 - وقوع بیماری سپتیسمی خونریزی دهنده ویروسی در مزارع پرورش ماهی قزل آلای رنگین کمان در سال های 1393 تا 1397 در استانهای چهارمحال و بختیاری، لرستان و اصفهان
مهدی رئیسی کیوان صادقیان اردشیر گنجی عبدالرسول نامجو مظاهر زمانی داریوش آزادیخواه مهران مهدی پور -
Open Access Article
33 - تاثیر ضد ویروسی عصارههای الکلی لیمو، بابونه، موسیر و گل سرخ بر ویروس بیماری نیوکاسل
سیده الهام رضا توفیقی مریم ابراهیمیان پریناز لردی فر ندا مهر آور سید منصور سید نژاد -
Open Access Article
34 - اولین گزارش تریپانوزوما(هرپتوزوما) گروسی (Trypanosoma grosi) در جوندگان دشت رزن، غرب ایران
علی یوسفی صادق رهبری علی سینا کریمی -
Open Access Article
35 - بررسی دلایل نقشآفرینی روسیه در تحولات سوریه
محمدحسین حاجیلو روح اله حسین وند شکری زهرا قاسم اقدمی قره تپه -
Open Access Article
36 - تأثیر همکاریهای نظامی ایران و روسیه بر تحولات ژئوپلیتیک منطقهای ایران
سیدمحمد صادق خسرو عزت اله عزتی رحیم سرور -
Open Access Article
37 - تأثیر ساختار ژیوپلیتیک حاکم بر روابط روسیه و ایالات متحده آمریکابر رقابت آنها در جنوب غرب آسیا
سجاد مرادی نیا زهرا پیشگاهی فرد کیومرث یزدان پناه بهادر زارعی -
Open Access Article
38 - سهم ایران از دریای خزر همچنان در هالهای از ابهام
کیومرث یزدان پناه بهادر زارعی محمود واثق فتح اله دهقان -
Open Access Article
39 - تأثیر سیاست همسایگی جمهوری فدراسیون روسیه بر رویکرد منطقهگرایی ایران در قفقاز
مصطفی هاشمی ریباز قربانی نژاد کیومرث یزدان پناه درو محمدحسن نامی -
Open Access Article
40 - The effect of microcystin toxin from algae microcystis on human liver carcinoma HepG2 cell line by using Real-TimePCR
samaneh mohammadkhani roudabeh behzadi andouhjerdi فاطمه نوریPioneering and Objective: Microsystemin is a brain heptapide that is known as the most abundant cyanotoxin produced in the world's most extensive distribution, and is the most commonly produced hepatotoxin produced by cyanobacteria. This complication affects vertebrate MorePioneering and Objective: Microsystemin is a brain heptapide that is known as the most abundant cyanotoxin produced in the world's most extensive distribution, and is the most commonly produced hepatotoxin produced by cyanobacteria. This complication affects vertebrate cells, and thus the cyanotoxins are limited to limbs, which, like the liver, express and transport anionic organic carriers on their cells. In this study, the expression of BAX and BCL2 genes in the HepG2 cell line under the influence of Microsystemin was investigated using Real-TimePCR, so that it can be studied further by studying the mechanism and its effect as an appropriate target for treatment. Liver cancer.Methods: At first, HepG2 Cell Cell Passage was performed, then MTTassay test was performed. Next, RNA extraction and CDNA extraction were used and the RNA sample was purified from the nanotypic spectrophotometer, then the specific and suitable primers for the desired gene were designed And synthesized and using the Real-Time PCR, the expression of Bax and BCL2 genes was measuredResults: The BAX gene was expanded as a pro-apoptosis, and the more hepG2 was exposed to venom, the higher the expression of BAX, and the expression of BCL2 decreased, and in this case the cell went to apoptosis Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - QSAR studies, docking and molecular dynamics simulation of a number of heterocyclic compounds including nitrogen oxide as new anti-tuberculosis agents
Ghasem Ghasemi Babak Motahary Robabe SayadikordAbadiObjectiv: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is agent of tuberculosis. A series of novel N‑Oxide-Containing Heterocycles have been reported as selective Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibitors. QSAR, Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation studies were investigated.Mate MoreObjectiv: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is agent of tuberculosis. A series of novel N‑Oxide-Containing Heterocycles have been reported as selective Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibitors. QSAR, Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation studies were investigated.Materials and Methods: Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA), Partial least squares (PLS), Principle Component Regression (PCR), Least Absolute Shrinkage, Selection Operator (LASSO), and Monte-Carlo simulation were used to create QSAR models. The molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were carried out on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strain H37Rv (PDB: 4XGQ).Findings: Atomic masses, atomic sanderson electronegativities, Ghose–Viswanadhan-Wendoloski antiinfective-like index and Ghose –Viswanadhan-Wendoloski hyptonic-like index were important in our study. The SMILES files have been used with coralsea software. The root-mean square errors of the training set, and the test set for ICA model, were 0.2970, 0.1395 respectively. The results of the Monte-Carlo method were the following: n=7, R²=0.9931, Q²=0.9857, MAE=0.039 (Training set); n=6, R²=0.9413, Q²=0.9107, MAE=0.367 (Test set).Conclusion: Molecules 10 and 11 were presented as the most stable ones that may be introduced for further investigations, including clinical experiments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Review of Russia's stance on foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran from 84 to 94, emphasizing Iran's nuclear case
pirouz hashempourFollowing the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and, consequently, the collapse of the Soviet Socialist Republic, despite the temporary change in the positions and views of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Russia still retained its position. As a member of the Secu MoreFollowing the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and, consequently, the collapse of the Soviet Socialist Republic, despite the temporary change in the positions and views of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Russia still retained its position. As a member of the Security Council, Russia has displayed a variety of positions following the start of the Iranian nuclear dispute and the opposition of Western and American governments to its expansion. Using the descriptive-analytical method and the library research method, we are looking to answer the main question: What were the views and positions of Russian foreign policy on Iran's nuclear case from the beginning to the end? And in response, Russia should consider Russia's foreign-policy-oriented tool and interest in its policy towards Iran. Operative politics based on the strategic opportunism of the gray position on the nuclear case in line with the West and the vote in favor of the Sixth Security Council resolutions are strongly opposed to Joining Iran to nuclear-weapon states and threats against Muslims in Central Asia Using Iran's card to play and win points from the West in relation to the Ukrainian crisis and sanctions against Russia, and propose itself as an important decision-maker in the Middle East Prolonging the case Iran's nuclear weapons and arms sales are in fact the best Has taken advantage of this. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Examining the Causes of Russian Presence in the Middle East after the uprisings (with an emphasis on Syria)
Davood KianiThe Wave of popular uprisings in the Arabic countries in the Middle East led to overthrow of governments in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen from one side and providing civil war in Syria from another side. Extension the uprisings in the region cause Russia attention to MoreThe Wave of popular uprisings in the Arabic countries in the Middle East led to overthrow of governments in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen from one side and providing civil war in Syria from another side. Extension the uprisings in the region cause Russia attention to its Security, political and economic Preferences so at this time Russia fellow status quo approach in regard to Syria and it leads to Reciprocity and cooperation with some regional actors. This article will express the causes of expanding Russia's presence in the Middle East, especially after the revolutionary uprisings on the basis of Descriptive - analytic method and "offensive realism" theory. Results show that Russia's policy based on preventing the spreading uprisings into Eurasia, as well as play a greater role in international equations for vacuum left by the United States presence in the region and this policy shows reasons for divergence' and convergence' Russia with some regional actors Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Strategic Competitions between Powerful Countriesin India-Oceania and Eurasia
Reza Simbar Danyal RezapoorThe purpose of the present study is to investigate bilateral ties between India-Eurasia (Russia and the United States) and India-Oceania in new world conditions and also to assess the gradual transformations of India effective in the above 2 regions using the theory of MoreThe purpose of the present study is to investigate bilateral ties between India-Eurasia (Russia and the United States) and India-Oceania in new world conditions and also to assess the gradual transformations of India effective in the above 2 regions using the theory of geopolitical region. The hypothesis is that bilateral relations in the triangle of India, U.S.A and Russia is of special importance with regard to the growing history of India in the international realm and an ongoing competition between the U.S.A and Russia to remain faithful to India. Furthermore, with respect to the efforts of New Delhi to become an influential world power, India will have to do more trades; therefore, it makes use of its close relations with Washington and Moscow. The method of the study is descriptive-analysis and the results showed that deteriorating relations between Russia and the U.S.A is a hindrance to achieve trilateral cooperation. Despite traditional friendship and mutual trust between India and Russia, it seems that relations between the two countries cannot meet the realities today. Although Washington and Moscow regard relationship with New Delhi as a sign of growing regional ties in India-Pacific Ocean and Eurasia, they face with a special resistance from the Indian counterpart when it comes to developing ties. China is considered as a key variable in the triangle model between the U.S.A, India, and Russia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Russia and the State-Nation Building Crisis in Modern Iraq
Mohammadreza HakakzadehWith the purpose of reviewing the policy of Russia towards the state-nation building crisis in Iraq, the present study seeks to answer what were the impacts of the state-nation building crisis in modern Iraq on the perception of Russian elites about the transformations MoreWith the purpose of reviewing the policy of Russia towards the state-nation building crisis in Iraq, the present study seeks to answer what were the impacts of the state-nation building crisis in modern Iraq on the perception of Russian elites about the transformations in this country and consequently Russian policy. The method of study is descriptive analysis and it relies on the hypothesis that state-nation building transformations in modern Iraq such as the emergence of Takfiri extremism, threatening the interests of Russian allies, and concerns over spreading instabilities to Eurasia, have led to changing the perception of Russians and as a result, adopting the policy of expanding the presence and penetration of Russia in Iraq. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - A Study of Russia's Political and Security Approaches to Cooperation with the Islamic Republic of Iran to Counter Fundamentalism and Terrorism in the Middle East
Jaber Monirpour Malek Zolgadr Mahdi KhoshkhatiToday the main threat to governmental actors at the international level comes from emerging non-governmental actors, so at this point, security cooperation is needed between Russia and Iran to counter fundamentalism and terrorism in the Middle East. The purpose of the p MoreToday the main threat to governmental actors at the international level comes from emerging non-governmental actors, so at this point, security cooperation is needed between Russia and Iran to counter fundamentalism and terrorism in the Middle East. The purpose of the present study is to answer how the subject of terrorism and fundamentalism has fostered cooperation between Russia and Iran. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the theoretical approach of neorealism has been used. The research relies on the hypothesis that the common goals between two countries to counter fundamentalism have improved their cooperation and transformed bilateral ties between Tehran-Moscow. The results showed that although the level of cooperation between Iran and Russia has been improved, the complexity of globally and regionally structural and realistic approaches has removed special strategic ties between them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - A Study of the Backgrounds and Causes behind Iran-Russia's Strategic Coalition in Syria
Morteza Rafieibasiri Mahdi Javdani Moqaddam Davood kianiCooperation in the management of the Syrian crisis is considered a new field in the process of collaboration between Iran and Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In this regard, there are two different views about the strategic or tactical perspective of r MoreCooperation in the management of the Syrian crisis is considered a new field in the process of collaboration between Iran and Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In this regard, there are two different views about the strategic or tactical perspective of relations between two countries inside and outside Syria. Within this framework, the main research question of the present study is: what are the main reasons behind Iran-Russia cooperation in the Syrian war and what is the perspective of the strategic coalition between two countries? The research method is descriptive-analytic and it relies on the hypothesis that since Iran and Russia had long term political-economic interests and also a common enemy in Syria, operational cooperation between two countries in the level of strategic coalition started which successfully led to the stabilization of the Syrian government and provision of the common interests of Iran and Russia. Yet, their strategic coalition in Syria and globally is under the influence of historic perceptions underlying relations between two countries especially, from the view of some Iranian and Russian elites and it would create an important challenge in transition to their strategic alliance in international policy. Accordingly, the research results confirm their strategic coalition but reject their strategic alliance. Iran has always supported the stability of its neighboring countries. The most important threat to Iran is lack of government or having a weak government in the neighboring countries as the instability would penetrate into the territories of the Islamic Republic of Iran. It seems that the Russian federation is also afraid of extension of the Syrian crisis to enter its southern territories. Lack of government in the neighboring countries would be a basis for the emergence of some groups such as ISIS and so on which can possibly be used by regional and trans-regional competitive powers. From this view, one of the important threats to the national security of Iran and Russia is lack of government or having weak governments in their neighboring countries because in this situation regional and trans-regional powers as well as terrorist groups can plan and organize to challenge the national security of two countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - An Identity-Centered Approach to Russia’s Balanced Policy toward Islamic Countries in the Middle East: A Case Study of Iran and Saudi Arabia (2011-2020)
Sayed Razzagh Moghimi Davoud Kiani Mahdi Javdani MoghaddamThe purpose of the present research is to study effective criteria on Russia’s policy towards Islamic countries in the Middle East after Arab revolutions. In this regard, the main research question of the current study is: what factors have led Russia to adopt a b MoreThe purpose of the present research is to study effective criteria on Russia’s policy towards Islamic countries in the Middle East after Arab revolutions. In this regard, the main research question of the current study is: what factors have led Russia to adopt a balanced policy towards Islamic countries in the Middle East during 2011-2020? Moreover, the research relies on the hypothesis that during that the above time period, Russia, on the one hand, assisted Shi’ite groups led by Iran to fight against excommunication (Takfiri) terrorism, and on the other hand, expanded its relations with Sunni Muslim countries in order to prevent stimulation of religious fundamentalism in its Muslim republics. The current study which was conducted by a descriptive analytic method in the theoretical framework of constructivism, presents a rather distinctive analysis of the essence of Russia’s relations with middle eastern Islamic countries after Arab revolutions. The results indicate that since Arabic revolutions in 2011 and formation of new groups in the regional and international level in the Middle East, especially the Syrian crisis that initiated a new stage in Russia’s relations with the Islamic world, Moscow has attempted to adopt a balanced policy towards Islamic countries in the Middle East to remove the danger of Islamic extremism, avoid tension with those countries and reinforce relationship with them. Therefore, it is expected that Russia highlights the role of Islam in its foreign policy and that Russian politicians show more interest in constructive collaboration with middle eastern Islamic countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - The Feasibility of a Civilization Battle in the Syrian Crisis: the Causes and Consequences
Mehdi Hedayati Shahidani danyal rezapoorIn the Syrian crisis, there is an increasing spread in the territorial geography of the conflict, and the manner in which violence is perpetrated is more and more different than in other contemporary conflicts. However, alongside these two inner dimensions, an exterior MoreIn the Syrian crisis, there is an increasing spread in the territorial geography of the conflict, and the manner in which violence is perpetrated is more and more different than in other contemporary conflicts. However, alongside these two inner dimensions, an exterior feature also gives this distinctive chaotic environment a clash of several different civilization systems. The direct and indirect presence of a large number of regional and international actors is one of the most important features that makes the analysis of why and its implications in different dimensions essential. For this reason, the main issue of research is to analyze and analyze the causes of the collision of several civilizations in the Middle East and specifically in the Syrian crisis. This article focuses on fundamental research and has utilized documentary, library, and online resources that have been written using inferential analysis in the context of a descriptive and analytical approach.The findings of the research have shown us that today we are witnessing a full-blown civilization war involving three civilizations (Islam, Orthodox and Confucius) in the field of civilization battle with Western civilization. The battlefield is the world of Islam, and Syria is now the main testing ground for these four civilizations. Given the structural decline of the Western world's ability to contain global chaos and instability in various economic, social and military spheres, and with the increasing progress of Eastern civilizations such as Slav-Orthodox and Confucian civilization, what is now happening in Syria and Iraq can be He considered the latest efforts of Western civilization to maintain its former status and the resistance of Eastern civilizations to its demands in the battle of civilizations. In addition, in these conflicts, a new culture, with the emergence of Islam, advocates movements of Islamic resistance influenced by this new cultural geography, thereby expanding Western influence from its security and cultural environment while expanding its sphere of influence. The ultimate goal of this crisis for the Muslim world is to liberate and liberate all the oppressed nations of the Islamic world and the world from the oppression and domination of the oppressors. Hence, the bloody conflict in Syria is a reflection of the civilizations' war and the changing geopolitical status of the region and the birth of a new order on the international scene. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - A Constructivist View of Russian Foreign Policy in the Middle East (Case Study: Syria and Iraq 2018-2011)
Davood Kiani Zeinab SadoughiThe purpose of this paper is to study the impact of the Middle East geopolitical crisis on Russia's policy in the region, especially towards countries such as Iraq and Syria. The research is based on the assumption that Changes in the doctrine of Russian foreign policy, MoreThe purpose of this paper is to study the impact of the Middle East geopolitical crisis on Russia's policy in the region, especially towards countries such as Iraq and Syria. The research is based on the assumption that Changes in the doctrine of Russian foreign policy, the emergence of extremism, the threat to Russia's interests, as well as concerns over the escalation of uprisings in Eurasia since 2011 and political and social unrest in the Arab Middle East , has led to policy of expansion of influence and presence in the Middle East by Moscow due to change in perception of the Russian elite. The results of this descriptive-analytical study showed that Russia, by changing its regional approach, increased its role in the region and by promoting security and stability, playing an important role in managing crisis and turning threats into opportunities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Foreign Policy of Russia vis-à-vis the Islamic Republic of Iran (with an Emphasis on Iran Nuclear Program)
مجتبی محمدی نودهکی محمدرضا اصغری مهدی جاودانی مقدمIran and Russia has gone ups and downs of relations for centuries. The most important relations have been built during Tsarist, ex-communist and neo-Russian governments after 1991. Prior to disintegration of ex-Soviet, Russian policy before Iran had been negative and al MoreIran and Russia has gone ups and downs of relations for centuries. The most important relations have been built during Tsarist, ex-communist and neo-Russian governments after 1991. Prior to disintegration of ex-Soviet, Russian policy before Iran had been negative and always with politico-military interventions, but after disintegration of Soviet Union and during Putin’s presidency, it has maintained a divergently cooperative policy. In these years, Russian policy enjoyed focal points in different areas. Russia’s paradoxical policy has revealed itself particularly about Iran nuclear program. Although Russia was the only country that continued nuclear cooperation with Iran after the western nations resigned to keep on cooperating with Iran, it has, since Iran nuclear crisis began, tried to maintain its relations with Iran and the west and make benefits from such hubbub. Paradoxical policies of Russia affected by internal-external variables led us to trying to explore the reasons behind the paradoxical behavior of Russia to keep a more understandable concept of such policies because miscalculations trigger unfavorable outcomes when further predictable optimism and reliance towards Russia and its real capacities of foreign policy are given consideration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - A Formalistic Analysis of Three Sonnets of Shams
Jaleh Akhtaryar Azar Fatemeh Emami Maryam ArjmandRussian formalism is one of the most influential approaches of literary criticism that examines literature from a linguistic perspective. The formalist approach often looks at the forms of literary texts and believes that it is the literary forms that carries meaning an MoreRussian formalism is one of the most influential approaches of literary criticism that examines literature from a linguistic perspective. The formalist approach often looks at the forms of literary texts and believes that it is the literary forms that carries meaning and meaning is nothing but the connections between the formal components of the word.In this article, the researcher has studied three lyrics of Rumi from the perspective of Russian formalism based on the theory of Jacobsen and Grammon in a descriptive-analytical method. It is worth mentioning that Rumi has created tones in the lyrics through repeated words, symmetry, imagery, metaphor, expression, pauses, emphasis and etc., which interact with the emotional dimension of the work. The role of structural art, which is one of the principles of formalism, has an aesthetic aspect in Rumi's lyrics and has led to innovation in the construction and form of verses in order to become richer and more artistic through harmony, de-familiarization, anomaly, metaphorical and figurative images. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Comparison, Review and Analysis of Two Letters from Ghaem Magham Farahani and Amir Nezam Garossi with Emphasis on Roger Faller's Theory of Social Linguistics
Sarvenaz Javidan Mohamad Ali Gozashti Ali Asghar HalabiThe subject of the present article is the comparison, discussion, study and analysis of linguistic and sociological features of two letters, one by Ghaem maqam Farahani, and the other by Amir Nezam Grossi, with the subject of internal problems. Since these letters MoreThe subject of the present article is the comparison, discussion, study and analysis of linguistic and sociological features of two letters, one by Ghaem maqam Farahani, and the other by Amir Nezam Grossi, with the subject of internal problems. Since these letters can be examined in the context of the communication system, we have measured them with Jacobsen's theory of communication, and in terms of the connection of language with consciousness and society, Roger Faller's theory which is a new method in the criticism of literary texts. Taking data from linguistic knowledge is what we have used. In this article, the letters are weighed in different ways and some of their similarities and differences are explained. Information about the subject was obtained using the library method and the method of analysis of this data was qualitative and analytical. We have tried to put the analyzed data in a specific framework and under certain headings to make it easier to access. The purpose of this study was to show the writing style of the Qajar era and their social and political content. The most important achievement of the researchers has been that the way these two writers look, which of course is a function of the government's view of domestic and global issues, has influenced their language and caused a difference between the two. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Investigation of C-O tautomerism in a derivative of Flucytosine: A DFT study
بهزاد چهکندیIn this research investigation of tautomerism and transition states of 6-Hydroxy 5-Flourocytosine from 1,3 proton transfer between oxygen and carbon atoms in the gas phase and in solution and in a micro hydrated environment with 1-3 water molecules was performed by quan MoreIn this research investigation of tautomerism and transition states of 6-Hydroxy 5-Flourocytosine from 1,3 proton transfer between oxygen and carbon atoms in the gas phase and in solution and in a micro hydrated environment with 1-3 water molecules was performed by quantum calculations at the DFT/B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory. For this purpose, the optimized geometries of various tautomers of the desired molecule were obtained. Also by using frequency calculations at the same level thermodynamic properties of different tautomeric equilibriums such as ΔE, ΔH, ΔG and Keq were obtained. Then transition states of various tautomeric interconversion of 6-Hydroxy 5-Flourocytosine and it’s kinetic and thermodynamic amounts were calculated by QST2 and QST3 methods. And also the tunneling effects on rates of reaction were investigated. The results show in both gas phase and solution, rate constants of tautomeric reactions have high sensitivity on tunneling effects and rate of tautomeric interconversion increase by about five or more. Also transition state calculations show in absence of water assisted molecules the tautomeric interconversion reacctions have high barrier energy and so are very slow, in other word they can not be done Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - One-Pot Synthesis of Some Heterocyclic Organic Compounds by Magnetic Nanoparticles and its Application in Electrosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
Seyed Hashem AkhlaghiHeterocyclic compounds are a subset of cyclic compounds inwhich the ring-forming atoms are composed of two or more different typesof atoms. Heterocyclic chemistry is an important part of organic chemistrythat studies the properties, production methods, and reactions ofh MoreHeterocyclic compounds are a subset of cyclic compounds inwhich the ring-forming atoms are composed of two or more different typesof atoms. Heterocyclic chemistry is an important part of organic chemistrythat studies the properties, production methods, and reactions ofheterocyclic compounds. Among the heterocyclic compounds, pirans areone of the most important and valuable categories of heterocycles that havemany applications in medicine and therapy. In this project, we intend tosynthesize three of the Pirans derivatives under temperature and refluxconditions. The purpose of synthesizing these derivatives is theimmobilization of Ag nanoparticle, with uniform distribution, on thesurface of glassy carbon electrode such that the electrocatalytic current ofAg nanoparticle be constant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Experimental Investigation of Forced Convective Heat Transfer of Nanofluids Fe3O4 Magnetic Field Influences the Variable Magnetic Field
M.H. Dibaei M.B. Shafii M.H. Nobakhti -
Open Access Article
57 - Tajikistan contemporary poetry which means veneration and praise of Russia in socialistic-realistic era
Marjan AliAkbarzadehSoviet 's 70 years domination upon Tajikistan has figured the Soviet-Tajik literature which is entitled socialistic-realism literature respectively. Contemporary literature of the above-mentioned era from the period of 1917 October revolution in Russia can be reviewed. MoreSoviet 's 70 years domination upon Tajikistan has figured the Soviet-Tajik literature which is entitled socialistic-realism literature respectively. Contemporary literature of the above-mentioned era from the period of 1917 October revolution in Russia can be reviewed. ( of course the above-said revolution has been shaped by 1920 Bokhara 's one as well). In this thesis we scrutinize one of the outlooks relating to Tajikistan contemporary poetry which means veneration and praise of Russia in socialistic-realistic era, enmity and contention with Russia in the uproar of fading of socialistic-realism and eventually pro collapse of Soviet Union and Tajikistan independence in 1991. The basic realm of the thesis is considered to evaluate the contrast of the two incompatible approaches on Tajikistan contemporary poetry which is the outcome of social-political variations. The desired subject matter of the text is evaluated by examples related to Tajik poets pro and pre domination of Russia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Status of Hafiz’ Ode and Mysticism in Russian Poetry
Marzieh Yahyapour Janolah Karimi Motahhar Soutlana RodakovaThis paper tries to explain the main reason why Russian poets are inclined toward Hafiz’ poetry and to refer to some factors helping Russian poets get a better recognition of his poetry or affecting the creation of their oriental works. Russian poets detached from MoreThis paper tries to explain the main reason why Russian poets are inclined toward Hafiz’ poetry and to refer to some factors helping Russian poets get a better recognition of his poetry or affecting the creation of their oriental works. Russian poets detached from other oriental poets paid a special attention toward Hafiz so that this great man of Shiraz gained a special position in the literary community in Russia. Some Russian poets mentioned the name of Hafiz directly in their works and even some others composed some poetry attributing the philosophical mystical and ethical mentality of Hafiz. This paper also refers to ‘Association of Hafiz Followers’ founded in Saint Petersburg by ode composing poets, namely, Vichislav Ivanov and Michael Kuzmin, known as Hafiz Camp. The members of the association are all Hafiz followers. The association has remarkably contributed to the identification and distribution of Hafiz’ thoughts. The outcome of this paper illustrates that Russian poets have used the name of Hafiz in various eras so that his ethical and philosophical mystical ideas as well as his rhythmic odes are reflected in their poetries. Inspired by Hafiz and his poetry, Russian poets have also used some words such as mystic, ascetic, nightingale, bartender, cloak, ecstasy, comrade, red roses of Shiraz, etc. so that their poetry is filled with a totally oriental and mystical atmosphere. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Evaluation of antiviral effects of plant extracts against Tobacco mosaic virus
Sasan GHASEMI Saeid TABEINIn the last decades, viral diseases cause to high losses in worldwide crop production. Since, agents with direct effects on virus particles are not available, management approaches of viral diseases includes control of vectors and/or protection of plants according to tr MoreIn the last decades, viral diseases cause to high losses in worldwide crop production. Since, agents with direct effects on virus particles are not available, management approaches of viral diseases includes control of vectors and/or protection of plants according to transformation. According to this, high plant extracts considered as a source antiviral agents. In this study, antiviral effect of methanol extracts of Tagetes patula, Salvia officinalis and Mirabilis jalapa was examined. Collected plants were dried at laboratory condition and then extraction from these samples was carried out by methanol solvent. Antiviral effect of these extracts was screened against tobacco mosaic virus on Nicotiana glutinosa as a local lesion host. Concentration of one twentieth of extracts was used against 2mg/ml purified TMV at three different times: two hours before, simultaneous and two hours after inoculation of virus. After 35 hours post-inoculation, lesions produced by TMV were countered at each treatment. This factorial experiment was performed based on completely randomized design with five replications for each treatment. Data were analyzed and showed two main factors: plant species and time had significant differences at 1% probability level. Means comparison of time treatment showed that use of extracts at simultaneously and after inoculation of virus had most effect on decrease of local lesions. Means comparison of plant species treatment showed that S. officinalis methanol extract had most antiviral effect against TMV. This is a first report of antiviral effect of S. officinalis against phytoviruses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - A Study of Western Vocabulary and Terms in the Illustration and Thematic Creation of the Poetry of the Constitutional Era "Case Study of Iraj Mirza's Poems"
Ali Ghaempanah Tajabadi Maryam Gholamreza Beigi Majid Hajizadeh AskariLoss is a dynamic and living phenomenon that changes over time and in its extent, many changes occur. One of its most important features is borrowing from other languages. In the constitutional period, this issue was done in the poems of poets such as Iraj Mirza, due to MoreLoss is a dynamic and living phenomenon that changes over time and in its extent, many changes occur. One of its most important features is borrowing from other languages. In the constitutional period, this issue was done in the poems of poets such as Iraj Mirza, due to factors such as the prevalence of printing industry in Iran, familiarity of Iranians with European literature, translation and publication of European works, etc. Is. In this research, the authors have used a descriptive-analytical method and with the help of library tools to "study Western words and expressions in the illustration and thematic creation of Iraj Mirza's poems". The findings of the study indicate that Iraj used Western words in his poems and the frequency of French words in his poems in relation to administrative terms is the most Western words and social and political terms, military, Western tools. In everyday life, modern, cultural, literary, and scientific places are next in order. In this regard, the poet, more in a humorous way, has used novel and expressive industries in order to be able to acquaint people better with the situation of his time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Investigating Western borrowings in the imagery and theme-creation of constitutional era poetry "A case study of the poems of Malek al-Shaarai Bahar"
Ali Ghaempanah Tajabadi Maryam Gholamreza Beigi Majid Hajizadeh AskariThe constitutional era is one of the ups and downs of Iran's history, in which the results of the industrial progress of the West reached the third world countries and Iran. Therefore, researching and examining the poems of poets of this period will lead to more familia MoreThe constitutional era is one of the ups and downs of Iran's history, in which the results of the industrial progress of the West reached the third world countries and Iran. Therefore, researching and examining the poems of poets of this period will lead to more familiarity with the political, economic and social conditions of that era. In this research, an attempt has been made to "investigate Western vocabulary and terms in the depiction and theme-creation of the poetry of the constitutional era by means of a descriptive-analytical method and with library tools, relying on the divan of Malik al-Shaarai Bahar's poems." The findings of the research show that Bahar used imagery and thematization to express political, cultural and social themes due to familiarity with the past texts of the Persian language. In the thematic section, Bahar has used western loanwords more than other poets of his time, and in the illustration section, irony array has been used the most and he has created an image with the help of expression techniques with western words. The importance of using loan words in Diwan Bahar is that it expresses the atmosphere of cultural, political, social and economic relations between Iran and the countries of France, England and Russia. The high frequency of borrowing French words expresses political and social issues and the use of Russian words is mostly due to economic and industrial relations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Relationship between the biological parameters of Diuraphis noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the host phenolic content
H. Tabasian sh. goldasteh Gh. h. Moravvej E. Sanatgar M. Ghadamyari -
Open Access Article
63 - A review on the application of multi-component reactions in the synthesis of pharmaceutical heterocyclics
Samira Arab-SalmanabadiMost of the chemical drugs that have been used recently have been designed, identified, and manufactured by organic-pharmacological chemists through various chemical reactions. Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) as an evolving process have played an effective role in the s MoreMost of the chemical drugs that have been used recently have been designed, identified, and manufactured by organic-pharmacological chemists through various chemical reactions. Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) as an evolving process have played an effective role in the synthesis of various drug compounds and the production of various molecules and heterocycles. The chances of producing new drugs increase through different methods of synthesis and study of the biological properties of synthetic derivatives. In recent years, the synthesis of new drugs and the study of various variables to optimize the production process of various chemical compounds with diverse functional groups, which can be the source of various biological activities, has been a very significant topic in the field of organic-medicinal chemistry. So far, extensive research has been conducted on the synthesis of new heterocycles with the aim of drug studies. In this review article, an attempt has been made to compile and present a set of researches in the field of design and synthesis of heterocycles with medicinal properties, focusing on the use of multi-component reactions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - آینده پژوهی دیالکتیک علائق ژئوپولیتیکی ایالات متحده آمریکا، ایران و روسیه درآسیای مرکزی
علیرضا محرابی امیرعلی عابدینی -
Open Access Article
65 - بررسی وامواژگان فرانسوی و روسی در دیوان ایرج میرزا
وحید سجادی فر طاهره ایشانی مسعود باوان پوریزبان موجودی پویا و زنده است که همواره در حال دگرگونی، رشد و گسترش است. یکی از اصلیترین شاخصهای پویایی زبان پذیرفتن وام واژههایی است که تحت تأثیر روابط سیاسی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی و اجتماعی و . . . از زبانهای دیگر به آن زبان وارد میگردد. زبان فارسی نیز با وجود توان بالقو Moreزبان موجودی پویا و زنده است که همواره در حال دگرگونی، رشد و گسترش است. یکی از اصلیترین شاخصهای پویایی زبان پذیرفتن وام واژههایی است که تحت تأثیر روابط سیاسی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی و اجتماعی و . . . از زبانهای دیگر به آن زبان وارد میگردد. زبان فارسی نیز با وجود توان بالقوه در داشتن واژگان، از این امر مستثنی نبوده و شاهد حضور وام واژگان عربی، انگلیسی، فرانسوی، ترکی و روسی و . . . در آن هستیم. ایرج میرزا، شاعر دوره قاجار، یکی از شاعرانی است که در شعر خویش از وام واژگان فراوانی بهره برده است. وی بیشتر از زبان و فرهنگ عربی تأثیر پذیرفته است . با مطالعه شعر وی میتوان به وضوح وام واژگان فرانسوی و روسی را در شعر وی مشاهده نمود. وی از واژگان فرانسوی مانند آژان، ژاندارمری، تلفن، پودر و . . . و نیز وام واژگان روسی مانند: اسکناس، چمدان و اتو و . . .استفاده نموده است. پژوهش حاضر برآنست با روش توصیفی- اسنادی و با بهرهگیری از فرهنگ لغتهای مختلف و ریشهیابی کلمات، وام واژگان فرانسوی و روسی در شعر وی را برای خوانندگان تبیین و بررسی نمایند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Temperature and smoke profile of fire in the parking of a commercial building with Pyrosim software
Fatemeh Behbahani mahdi hamzei zahra mehrdoost mohammad moghimanIn recent years, the use of parking space in large buildings has become popular. One of the dangers that always threatens buildings is the risk of fire. Smoke is generated after a fire. Smoke from fire poses a greater risk to life than fire. By controlling the smoke, th MoreIn recent years, the use of parking space in large buildings has become popular. One of the dangers that always threatens buildings is the risk of fire. Smoke is generated after a fire. Smoke from fire poses a greater risk to life than fire. By controlling the smoke, the building and its occupants can be protected and the damage caused by the fire can be reduced. In this study, smoke distribution and temperature profiles in the parking lot of a commercial complex were investigated using Pyrosim software. Navier-Stokes equations for energy, Conservation of mass were used to solve, and Large Eddy Simulation model was used for turbulence. Two scenarios were considered to investigate the fire. In the first scenario, parking without a ventilation system was studied and in the second scenario, it was studied with the ventilation system. Exhaust fan was used to evacuate the smoke and a supply fan was used to supply fresh air. The results of these two simulations were compared with each other. The fire power was 4 MW. The results showed that in the first scenario, the smoke concentration is 0.003 mol / mol and the temperature is 80 ° C. In the second scenario, the smoke concentration is 0.0002 mol / mol, which is 93% better than the first scenario. The temperature also dropped to 28 ° C by evaporating the smoke in 1200 seconds. In fact, the temperature improved by 65% compared to the first scenario. Reducing the concentration of smoke and lowering the temperature make it easier for people to evacuate during a fire. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - بررسی جایگاه اصل حسن نیت در موضوع اختلاف علیه روسیه در دیوان بینالمللی دادگستری
Abdul Majid Mehdizadeh mohammad hadi soleimanianGood faith is one of the fundamental principles of international law. This principle is among the multi-layered and complex concepts that have always been discussed both in doctrine and in the practice of the International Court of Justice and other international judici MoreGood faith is one of the fundamental principles of international law. This principle is among the multi-layered and complex concepts that have always been discussed both in doctrine and in the practice of the International Court of Justice and other international judicial authorities. Court judges have also discussed and cited the concept of good faith in their separate opinions on different occasions. The case of Ukraine against Russia is one of the latest lawsuits filed in the International Court of Justice regarding the interpretation and implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of Genocide. In this article, using the analytical-descriptive method and referring to legal sources and the judgment of the International Court of Justice, while analyzing the case, the position of good faith in the judgment issued by the court in this case has been examined and the results obtained indicate that the International Court of Justice , citing the principle of good faith in the settlement of international claims, has played an effective role in the development of international law Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Heavy minerals are the best key for studying minerals and mineralization at Sirjan desert
Majid SalajegheMost of Iran is mountainous and unachievable. In fact, by studying plains and heavy minerals in them, we canfind mineralization, mineralogy and petrology of the regions surrounding it, easily. In order to the recognitionriver deposit that they were accounted as an impor MoreMost of Iran is mountainous and unachievable. In fact, by studying plains and heavy minerals in them, we canfind mineralization, mineralogy and petrology of the regions surrounding it, easily. In order to the recognitionriver deposit that they were accounted as an important economical resources. The most important goals of thesestudies are discovering diamond from metamorphic sources, gold from igneous sources in placers and iron,copper and titan in placers and its surroundings altitudes. In addition to desert studies, geology and region maps,there are basic methods in this procedure which are including sampling in proper seasons, samples' preparation,heavy mineral tests with liquids with special gravity (bromoforum), hydro cyclone studies spectrography testsand XRD that matching them with altitudes giving us the best results. Sirjan placers are accounted as the modelsfor this study, since the altitudes of Sirjan including Orumieh Dokhtar eocene volcanic and Sanandadj sirjanmetamorphic rocks in which the coloured mélange with the width of 15 k.m. Since in most samples G, gold, asPts (gram per 1000) was found. The possibility of gold sources in placers and its altitudes was large and byconsidering the existence of rutile and sphene in most samples for exploiting titan from placers, the formalexplorations were essential since most samples contain titan having abundant iron. The existence of sources fromtitan – magnetic in altitudes, also the existence of copper minerals with high carat in samples, though does notconsider the existence of placer sources from iron and copper as an economical, but consider the possibility ofthese sources in the altitudes. Uranium, gold and Hg ,Ti,Zr deposits found at sirjan placers are economical andFe,cu mines are existence in altitudes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Study on the antiviral activity of Weeping willow, Yarrow and common Nettle plant ethanolic extracts on Cucumber mosaic virus infection in cucumber under greenhouse conditions
Taban Safarzadeh Khosroshahi Farshad Rakhshandehroo Tomas Canto Gholamreza Salehi JouzaniIn this research the antiviral activity of medicinal plants including Weeping willow, Yarrow and Common Nettle ethanolic extracts against CMV-Fny infection in cucumber plant was explored under the greenhouse conditions. To this end, cucumber seedlings were mechanically MoreIn this research the antiviral activity of medicinal plants including Weeping willow, Yarrow and Common Nettle ethanolic extracts against CMV-Fny infection in cucumber plant was explored under the greenhouse conditions. To this end, cucumber seedlings were mechanically inoculated with the CMV-Fny. The extract of the mentioned plants was added directly into the plants' rhizosphere at 200 ppm, 800 ppm and 1000 ppm concentrations. CMV-infection level in inoculated as well as young grown leaves was tested by DAS-ELISA in 3, 6, 9 and 12 days post-inoculation. Peroxidase (POX) enzyme activity was assessed for the cucumber seedlings which showed maximum virus inhibition at 12 days post-inoculation and the expression level of inhibitor of viral replication (IVR) gene was also examined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR (sq-RT-PCR) method for them at this time. ELISA results indicated that at 12 days after virus inoculation, CMV-Fny protein titer in inoculated and young grown leaves as well as disease severity index (DSI) decreased in cucumber seedlings treated with the plant extracts compared to the negative control. The most decreased level of CMV-titer observed 12 days at mature inoculated and young leaves by applying 1000 ppm concentration of nettle and 200 ppm of yarrow extracts. The expression level of IVR gene and POX enzyme specific activity increased in treated cucumber seedlings at 12 days post inoculation, represent a systemic resistance activity against CMV-infection, after extracts treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - A New Approach to Detect and Eliminate Orphan Processes
Arash SabbaghiIn distributed systems, due to performing remote procedure calls, there is the possibility of generating orphan processes. Actually orphan processes are remote computations which their callers are crashed for any reason. The existence of orphan computations are not desi MoreIn distributed systems, due to performing remote procedure calls, there is the possibility of generating orphan processes. Actually orphan processes are remote computations which their callers are crashed for any reason. The existence of orphan computations are not desirable because they waist resources and also there is the possibility that they see inconsistent situations in shared data. In this paper, a new approach in order to detect and eliminate orphan processes is presented. Proposed approach has significant advantages over existing methods in this area. The main advantages of this method are as follows: detection and elimination of all remote children and grandchildren of orphan process, few numbers of communication messages, no decrease in efficiency, load balancing and increase in fault tolerance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Numerical Study of Magneto Hydrodynamic effect on Ferrofluid flow in channel
بهنام وثوق Hadi Kargar SharifabadIn this numerical case study, thermal and hydrodynamic behavior of Ferro fluid (water + %2 Fe2O3) in two dimension channel in present of magnetic field has been study by single phase model and finite volume method. Magneto hydrodynamic effect and then impact of adding m MoreIn this numerical case study, thermal and hydrodynamic behavior of Ferro fluid (water + %2 Fe2O3) in two dimension channel in present of magnetic field has been study by single phase model and finite volume method. Magneto hydrodynamic effect and then impact of adding magnetic Nano and effect of non-uniform magnetic field on fluid has been study. channel’s wall are on constant temperature of 290 kelvin and main fluid inter the channel in 340 K. four magnetic dipole place along channel and the placed the fluid under magnetic field strength of 0.1,0.15,0.2,0.25 .impact of these magnetic field on velocity, pressure, heat transfer rate and Nusselt number studied and it showed very little impact heat transfer enhancement under magnetic field and can be negligible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - The Consequence of England Policy at Constitutional Revolution of Iran after Treaty 1907
aliakbar khadrezadehBefore spreading Germany power in Europe, England was looking mainly to protect its own interests in India.Since Germany reached the peak of its power and applied the policy of "taking the east in to consideration" during the second Wilhom (1888-1918),England which had MoreBefore spreading Germany power in Europe, England was looking mainly to protect its own interests in India.Since Germany reached the peak of its power and applied the policy of "taking the east in to consideration" during the second Wilhom (1888-1918),England which had confronted the growing threats of Germany in the Persian Gulf, sought to put aside its old policy based upon competing with Russia in Iran.In the late 19th centuary England brought to end its different with France and signed "treaty 1907" with Russia.By signing this treaty, England policy in Iran was changed which was based on decreasing Russia influence and favouring the constitutional revolution changed and applied another policy in Iran together with Russia which led to bombarding the first parliament Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Impact of the North Oil Score on Iran-Soviet Relations
Azim Rafizadeh alireza abtahi soheyla torabiIn the history of Iran's relations with the Soviet-Union, the issue of the North Oil Score is of particular importance. When the five northern provinces of Iran were excluded from the Darcy-contract and the British won the South-Oil Score without any problems, since the MoreIn the history of Iran's relations with the Soviet-Union, the issue of the North Oil Score is of particular importance. When the five northern provinces of Iran were excluded from the Darcy-contract and the British won the South-Oil Score without any problems, since then, Russia and the Soviet Union have been trying to obtain similar privileges in Iran. The Soviet Union sought to earn points from the northern oil. But with the passage of the Iranian National Assembly not to give up any oil pledge until the end of the world war, however there were some problems in the internal situation in Iran, the Soviets failed to achieve this goal. The issue of applying for a petroleum scourge has become a major controversy in relations between Iran and the Soviet-Union. The Soviet Union was never satisfied with the powerful western powers such as the United States and Britain to close to the borders of the country on the pretext of extracting oil. Iran also pursued its own goals with the North Oil Score. The Iranian government that was usually under pressure from Russia and the United Kingdom, in the first attempt, with the suggestion of transferring North-American concessions, while reducing its economic problems, tried to released the Soviet and British pressure. Meanwhile, putting the third power foot on Iran could have adjusted the conditions for Iran in international competitions. As a result, despite the tendency to lease the North-Oil Score to American and British companies, they opposed the Soviet request. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - The investigation of Iran`s Foreign Indebtedness in the Era of Mozaffaradin Shah
mosayeb abbasiThe studies carried out on Iran`s economic condition in Naseraddin Shah`s era show that the King and Statesmen could not save the country from financial crisis and fund shortage not using practical and scientific strategies. Consequently, in order to finance the require MoreThe studies carried out on Iran`s economic condition in Naseraddin Shah`s era show that the King and Statesmen could not save the country from financial crisis and fund shortage not using practical and scientific strategies. Consequently, in order to finance the required money, they petitioned for foreign loans. After Naseraddin Shah`s assassination, Mozaffaradin Shah came to power and this catastrophic heritage put the old king into trouble. The inability in increasing income through proper management and short return financial resources and not allowing knowledgeable statesmen to do financial reforms rose foreign indebtedness as Iran`s socio- economic and political conditions in Mozaffaradin Shah`s era were more critical than before. The purpose of this study is to analyze Iran`s foreign indebtedness in this era and its effect on the country. The study shows that Mozaffaadin Shah and his Statesmen run the country more poorly than the previous ones. Engaged in England`s tricks, nation`s protest and elite and journalists` criticism, they borrowed variously from Russia and England to spend on unnecessary allocations. Accordingly, a very poor and endangered country was given to Mashrote. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - The Russian Empire’s Expansionism in Persian Gulf and the Ottoman Empire’s Stance in This Respect
loghman dehghan nere abbas ashure nezhadStarting from the second half of the 19th century (13th AH), especially during the last quarter of that century, the Russian Empire – through partial control over Iranian Shah and court – paved their way to Persian Gulf, striving to materialize their long-la MoreStarting from the second half of the 19th century (13th AH), especially during the last quarter of that century, the Russian Empire – through partial control over Iranian Shah and court – paved their way to Persian Gulf, striving to materialize their long-lasting dream of gaining mastery over Persian Gulf; and, provisionally, they gained considerable success in this respect. These Russian measures were taking place at a period when the Ottoman Empire – as a compensation for their failure in Europe – was earnestly looking for ways of revitalizing their glorious past dominance over Persian Gulf region, so as not to be left out of the internatiKey Words: Russia, Ottoman, Persian Gulf, Basra, Bushehronal circles of power. Therefore, the expansionist attitudes of the Russian and Ottoman Empires culminated in their confrontation on the shores and inland areas of Persian Gulf. After a long series of ups and downs, Russians failed in realizing their dreams, mainly owing to: British policy in supporting the Ottoman Empire; Ottomans’ improving their strongholds at Basra; German-Ottoman coalition; and, ultimately, conclusion of 1907- (1325 AH) treaty Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Russian ultimatum to Iran and agha sheikh Mohammad Hosein Maghsoodlou
abolhasan shahvari fatemeh taghatiIn terms of economic chaos in Iran , parliment got decision to invite the financial advisors . as an example of these counsellors was Morgan Shoster ( an American counsellor who will act aggressively ). shuster' measurs weren't pleasing to government who had poletical a MoreIn terms of economic chaos in Iran , parliment got decision to invite the financial advisors . as an example of these counsellors was Morgan Shoster ( an American counsellor who will act aggressively ). shuster' measurs weren't pleasing to government who had poletical and economic desires in Iran . shuster's order, based upon the confiscation of Shoaosaltane 'properties (Mohammadali Shah's brother). because of his dept to Iranian government . as a result of this , Russian government provoked and to ask for expellining of shuster from Iran. Russian ultimatum was accepted by the Iranian government but didn't accept by the natinal consulative assembly. the presence of nationalist representative and country devoted and their insistance on the rejection of ultimatum and intervene in internal affairs of Iran convert the field between the government and parliment . as an example of liberal delegates ,Haj Mohammaad Maqsudlu (Ester abad representative)that with a short and histirical speech destined epopee and resistence and prid for Iranian people against foreigners.in this research tried to deliberate about the role of haj mohammad hossein in ultimatum event Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - ,jhgk
fazlallah boshasebdtyydtyy Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Examine the roots of the crisis in the Cabinet of the Mashrute revolution in 1285 until 3rd of Esfand in 1299
mohammad yosofi juibari ali arastehCabinets that have reigned after Mashrute revolution faced with several problems for different reasons, such that 51 cabinets have reigned during 14 years and one in 3 months were average changes of period that indicates no good situation in early Mashrute. Several inte MoreCabinets that have reigned after Mashrute revolution faced with several problems for different reasons, such that 51 cabinets have reigned during 14 years and one in 3 months were average changes of period that indicates no good situation in early Mashrute. Several internal and external factors played role in these crisises. From external point of view, direct and unlimited involvements of colonical governments including Russia and England in all the internal issues of Iran and determining their intended prim minister in order to fulfill their profits and wants, practically, made cabinets as part of instruments of colonial authorship in Iran. Nevertheless, it should be mentioned to the internal factors like the first experience of Mashrute and parliamentary authorship, personal and familian ego- centrism, groupism, preference of private advantages to the public and disturbance as aresult, different classes and groups became pessimistic toward structure and performance of Mashrute system and prepar objective and subjective substract for emergence of a dictator. Finally Rezakhan could end the event flow infavor of himself relying on internal and external factors and partially personal abilities. In this article, it is attempted to examine internal and external crisises in Iranian Cabinets since Mashrute revolution in 1285 solar calendar to coupdetat of 3rd of Esfand in 1299 of solar calendar.the methodology is descriptive – analytic and based on library and archive method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Causes and conclusions of the first military intevention of the Soviet communist regime in Iran
Behzad BahramiAfter the 1917 revolution and rise of communist in Russia, leaders of this country faced with many internal and external problems, tried to some measures in the short time to provide the grounds of friendly relations with Iran, but this situation didn’t last long MoreAfter the 1917 revolution and rise of communist in Russia, leaders of this country faced with many internal and external problems, tried to some measures in the short time to provide the grounds of friendly relations with Iran, but this situation didn’t last long and after 1919 treaty between Iran and Britain and some other factors Russia exerted important changes in its foreign policy and has abandoned tolerance politics and in the first stage attacked to Gilan. This millitary attack gave rise to a number of sequels. We tried in this paper to have a glance at communist Russian politics after 1919 Treaty to 1921 Mavaddat Treaty between Iran and Russia and the end of jungle movement in order to prove the claime that change of the Russia government didn’t lead to fundamental changes in its foreign policy toward Iran ang against their communist slogans seeking more benefits and didn’t refused any action to reach their goals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - The Consequence of England Policy at Constitutional Revolution of Iran after Treaty 1907
Ali Akbar KhedrizadehBefore spreading Germany power in Europe, England was lookingmainly to protect its own interests in India.Since Germany reached thepeak of its power and applied the policy of "taking the east in toconsideration" during the second Wilhom (1888-1918),England whichhad conf MoreBefore spreading Germany power in Europe, England was lookingmainly to protect its own interests in India.Since Germany reached thepeak of its power and applied the policy of "taking the east in toconsideration" during the second Wilhom (1888-1918),England whichhad confronted the growing threats of Germany in the Persian Gulf,sought to put aside its old policy based upon competing with Russia inIran.In the late 19th centuary England brought to end its different withFrance and signed "treaty 1907" with Russia.By signing this treaty,England policy in Iran was changed which was based on decreasingRussia influence and favouring the constitutional revolution changed andapplied another policy in Iran together with Russia which led tobombarding the first parliament. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Density Functional Theory studies of heterocyclic compounds furan and pyrrole
Leili Rahimi Zahra JavanshirIn the present investigation, HOMO-LUMO energy gap, polarizability, structural parameters, molecular mass, hardness, softness, chemical potential of the heterocyclic compounds furan and pyrrole in the gas phase were calculated. Density Functional Theory calculations wer MoreIn the present investigation, HOMO-LUMO energy gap, polarizability, structural parameters, molecular mass, hardness, softness, chemical potential of the heterocyclic compounds furan and pyrrole in the gas phase were calculated. Density Functional Theory calculations were performed by the B3LYP method with 6-311++G(3df,3pd) basis set on the compounds. The bond length of R(1,2) of pyrrole larger value of furan and the bond length of the R(2,3) of furan have the larger value of pyrrole. Furan and pyrrole present polarizability of 48.45834 and 54.29600 a.u. at the B3LYP method, respectively. The HOMO–LUMO energy gap of 6.36730 and 5.63534 ev were obtained for the furan and pyrrole using B3LYP method, respectively. According to the calculations, HOMO–LUMO energy gap, hardness of furan, and dipole moment, polarizability and softness of pyrrole in the gas phase have the largest values. The furan and the pyrrole have the most negative charge and negative electrical potential on O5 and N5 atoms respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Review and analysis of the right to secession (remedial measure) based on international law, emphasizing the secession of the Crimean region from the Ukrainian government
Adel mohammadi Abu Mohammad Asgarkhani Sayed Bagher Mirabassi -
Open Access Article
83 - Analysis of the Strategic Culture of Russia and Iran in Establishing Strategic Relations 2000-2018
Alireza Rostamaghae Abdolali Ghavam Ahmad Naghibzadeh kayhan barzegarThe concept of strategic culture has its roots in constructivism; on the other hand, it strikes a blow at "rational choice theory". The question raised in this study is to what extent it is possible to establish strategic relations between the two cou­nt­ri­ MoreThe concept of strategic culture has its roots in constructivism; on the other hand, it strikes a blow at "rational choice theory". The question raised in this study is to what extent it is possible to establish strategic relations between the two cou­nt­ri­es? This study uses a constructivist approach to understand the building blocks of the strategic culture of Russia and Iran, to examine the potential of strategic relations between Tehran and Moscow. This article argues that given the charac­te­ri­stics of Russia's strategic culture, which is based on hard power, not only is there little potential for strategic relations between the two countries, but the two countries compete in many areas, such as the Central Asia, the Caspian Sea, and the energy sector. In this research, electronic and written sources are used. The present research is descriptive in nature and the information has been collected by library method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Impact of Ukraine Crisis on Russia, Focusing on Ukraine's Geopolitical Importance to Russia after Soviet Collapse by 2018
Sohila Poladi Bahram Yusefi Fereydoon Akbarzadeh Hossein Karimi FardSohila Poladi[1] Bahram Yusefi[2] Fereydoon Akbarzadeh[3] Hossein Karimi Fard[4] Abstract: Ukraine is a country with a specific geopolitical position between the EU and Russia; this geopolitical situation has unintentionally engaged Ukraine in internationa MoreSohila Poladi[1] Bahram Yusefi[2] Fereydoon Akbarzadeh[3] Hossein Karimi Fard[4] Abstract: Ukraine is a country with a specific geopolitical position between the EU and Russia; this geopolitical situation has unintentionally engaged Ukraine in international disputes, which generally arise between the three powers Russia, the European Union and the United States. In this research, the research is descriptive-analytical and the data are col­le­cted using library resources. Research Question: What were the origins and effects of the Russian-Ukrainian crisis? Conclusion: Russia has felt threatened by the West's presence in Ukraine and its position on the Western Front, and with the separation of the Crimean Peninsula from Ukraine and its accession to its territory, it has sought to balance the W­est; The parties involved have argued that Ukraine's territorial integrity could be eroded, Ukraine's economic situation weakened, Ukraine's def­e­­nse capability boomed, Russia's boycott of the West and its economy we­akened, Russia's suspension of Eighth membership, NATO's sus­pe­ns­ion of cooperation. Russia, an EU boycott of EU agricultural products a­nd challenge among EU members on how to deal with Re-entry vehicle, challenged the hegemony of America and Asian countries are close to Russia. [1]- PhD in Political Science - International Relations - Khorramshahr International Branch - Persian Gulf - Islamic Azad University of Khorramshahr - Iran [2]- Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Khorramshahr International Branch - Persian Gulf, Khorramshahr Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran: Corresponding Author [3]- Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Khorramshahr International Branch - Persian Gulf, Khorramshahr Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran [4]- Associate Professor and Scientific Memberships Department of Political Science, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Investigating the NATO-Shanghai Conflict in the Persian Gulf
Mahdi Kordi Kalak Mashallah Heydarpour Mahdi Javdani MoghadamMahdi Kordi Kalak [1],Mashallah Heydarpour[2]*,Mahdi Javdani Moghadam[3] Abstract: NATO is one of the most important international organizations that has defined expansion to the East as one of its priorities after the Cold War and the functional transformation o MoreMahdi Kordi Kalak [1],Mashallah Heydarpour[2]*,Mahdi Javdani Moghadam[3] Abstract: NATO is one of the most important international organizations that has defined expansion to the East as one of its priorities after the Cold War and the functional transformation of its missions.In this context, NATO, in the framework of the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative, has tried to strengthen its presence in the Persian Gulf in order to ensure energy security, play a role in regional security and enclose Iran.Under these circumstances, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) effort to map out security issues, impose restrictions on NATO, and control energy transit routes in the Persian Gulf is reminiscent of the Warsaw Pact confrontation with NATO.This article seeks to address the key question of what approach and causes of the NATO-Shanghai security co­n­frontation in the Persian Gulf can be analyzed?The research hypothesis c­o­nsiders the main causes of confrontation in conflicting security goals, conflict of interests in energy transportation routes and different views towards Iran. [1].Graduated in PhD in International Relations, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran [2].Assistant Professor,Department of International Relations, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran ,Corresponding Author [3].Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Imam Sadegh University, Tehran, Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - The sociological study of effective tactics on viral marketing and its effect on purchasing behavior (Case study of Refah chain stores of East Azerbaijan province)
Bijan Elmi Mojtaba RamezaniThe purpose of this research is to study the effective factors on viral marketing and its effect on customers' purchasing behavior. The statistical population includes all customers of branches of Refah chain stores of East Azerbaijan province. The data provided randoml MoreThe purpose of this research is to study the effective factors on viral marketing and its effect on customers' purchasing behavior. The statistical population includes all customers of branches of Refah chain stores of East Azerbaijan province. The data provided randomly via questionnaire among 384 in a period of one year (90 to 91). To analyze the conceptual model of the research descriptive and inferential statistics were used with SPSS software. The results show that the mentioned tactics have positive and significant effect on viral marketing and customers' purchasing behavior in major retailing. Also, the most effective tactics on viral marketing and customers' purchasing behavior are offering the product and free of charge services. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - The effect of individual and structure variables on Turkey's attitude towards Russia; A case study of the Justice and Development Party period
mahboobeh RoohiTurkey's relations with Russia have been influenced by several factors throughout history. But since the AKP came to power, these relations have undergone major changes , Which cannot be imagined suddenly and without background. In the formation of this golden age of bi MoreTurkey's relations with Russia have been influenced by several factors throughout history. But since the AKP came to power, these relations have undergone major changes , Which cannot be imagined suddenly and without background. In the formation of this golden age of bilateral relations, Turkey's interest in the development of these friendly relations is undeniable . Among the various causes at the domestic, regional and international levels, the Two variables of decision-maker and structure seem to have played a major role in smoothing Turkey's efforts for this type of relationship . Therefore, the main question of this article, What has been the impact of the two variables of decision-maker and the structure in the Turkey's relations with Russia? The results of the study, by examining the objective manifestations of the effect of these two variables, indicate that these two factors have provided the ground for changing Turkey's attitude towards Russia from a maximally confrontational and hostile form to an interactive and friendly minimum. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Putin's geopolitical and geoeconomic impact on the European Union
hamid salehi ramin bakhshi mohammadreza farhadi -
Open Access Article
89 - Balanced-Oriented Order: The Russian Pattern of Order in the Post -Cold War International System
Alireza RezayiThe theory of international relationship is concerned with how to cope with the problems arising in the international arena and/or try to bring order among nations. Hence, the science of the international relationships can be defined as the study of systematic order. In MoreThe theory of international relationship is concerned with how to cope with the problems arising in the international arena and/or try to bring order among nations. Hence, the science of the international relationships can be defined as the study of systematic order. In the discussion of international order, we must distinguish between the demand and the supply of order and that is because some of the world actors are demanding order rather than trying to provide it. It is also noteworthy that in the discussion of international actors, international order depends more on the governments rather than nongovernmental organizations and individual actors. The role playing of great powers such as the United States, Russia, China and the European Union in bringing order in the international arena becomes determining factors. The present study aims to the role of Russian pattern of order in the post- cold war period in the international system. To understand the objective of Russia in this period, we analyze the Russian pattern of the international order in the framework of the concept of "balanced-oriented order" which is intended to create political-military equilibrium of power. Manuscript profile -
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90 - a
Ali akbar jafari &quot;kazem shojaee -
Open Access Article
91 - aa
Khodayar Barari Reykandeh hajar jarastaa -
Open Access Article
92 - aa
MohammadReza Movahedi alireza rezaieaa -
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93 - a
amir shir Toumaj abdolreza bay ali mohammad zadeh -
Open Access Article
94 - Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea in cattle population of Golestan province by ELISA method
Aref Amanbaei Jalal Shayegh Mohammadreza Valilou Haniyeh TaghiyanBovine Viral Diarrhea is considered as one of the difficulties in industrial livestock whole world. If it went out of control, can causes significant economic losses. The eradication of the disease requires serological and molecular studies due to the presence of animal MoreBovine Viral Diarrhea is considered as one of the difficulties in industrial livestock whole world. If it went out of control, can causes significant economic losses. The eradication of the disease requires serological and molecular studies due to the presence of animals with persist infection. This study’s purpose is prevalence assessment of this disease in Golestan province. In order to do this, serum samples were taken from 200 cows (which) selected from industrial and traditional farms in 6 cities of the Golestan province randomly and they were tested for the presence of antibodies against BVDV by standard ELISA kits. The results showed that the prevalence of BVD antibodies in obtained serums is 22/92 percent. The most prevalence is related to the Bandar-e-Turkman county and the least prevalence is related to the Aliabad county. The prevalence of the disease in industrial farming system was more than traditional one (p<0.1) and there was a significant relationship between increasing age and number of claves with increasing antibody titer. Thus, the high serum prevalence of infection in farms in Golestan province refers to spread of pollution and economical importance of controlling the disease. Emphasis on changing the approach to livestock industrialization can help controlling the disease beside other preventive measures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Assessment of seroprevalence of equine viral arteritis in club horses of Urmia using indirect ELISA
Fariba Rezaie Badrash Arash Araghi-SoorehEquine viral arteritis is a respiratory and reproductive disease of equides. Clinical signs include a fever, anorexia, serous nasal discharge, congestion of the nasal mucosa, intermandibular lymphadenopathy, conjunctivitis, lacrimation, and less frequently, keratitis. E MoreEquine viral arteritis is a respiratory and reproductive disease of equides. Clinical signs include a fever, anorexia, serous nasal discharge, congestion of the nasal mucosa, intermandibular lymphadenopathy, conjunctivitis, lacrimation, and less frequently, keratitis. Edema of the sheath, scrotum, ventral midline, eyelids and limbs occurs as well as because of necrotic vasculitis. Abortion also may occur if pregnant mares get infected. This study was aimed to determine the seroprevalence rate of equine viral arteritis in club horses of Urmia in relation to age, sex and breed. Sera from 64 horses (49 males and 15 females), aged 1-19 years, of four breeds-kurd, Arab, Turkman and crossbred were tested by indirect enzyme linked immunosrobent assay (iELISA) to detect specific antibodies of equine arteritis virus. Overall, 28.1% (95% CI: 17.1-39.1%) of horses were seropositive, 54.7% (95% CI: 42.5-66.9%) were negative and 17.2% (95% CI: 8.0-26.4%) were found to be doubtful. Seropositivity was significantly affected by sex (p= 0.013). Based on regression analysis odds of infection in females compared males was 4.957 (95% CI: 1.365-18.009%). Sex, breed and age of horses explained 1.601, 0.246 and 0.213% of infection’s fluctuations, respectively. The results indicate relatively high seroprevalence of equine viral arteritis in club horses of Urmia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Protective effects of Crocin on experimental hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat
bahram Amouoghli Tabrizi daryoush Mohajeri Ischemia followed by reperfusion (I/R) may cause metabolic and structural hepatic damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of crocin on liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. For this purpose a total of 40 male Wistar rats were More Ischemia followed by reperfusion (I/R) may cause metabolic and structural hepatic damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of crocin on liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. For this purpose a total of 40 male Wistar rats were randomized into four groups of ten: (1) controls: including unmanipulated rats; (2) sham group: rats subjected to the surgical procedure, except for liver I/R, and given saline; (3) I/R group: rats underwent liver ischemia for 45 minutes followed by reperfusion for 45 minutes; (4) I-R/Crocin group: rats pretreated with crocin (200 mg/kg, ip). Blood samples and liver tissues were harvested from the rats, and then the rats were sacrificed. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were determined. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) were assayed in liver homogenates. Also liver tissue histopathology was evaluated by light microscopy. In group 4, crocin significantly (p<0.001) decreased the elevated levels of serum biomarkers of hepatic injury and significantly (p<0.001) decreased the lipid peroxidation and elevated the decreased values of hepatic antioxidants. Histopathological changes were significantly attenuated in crocin-treated livers. These results suggest that crocin because of its anti-oxidant potential, has protective effects against hepatic I/R injury, and is a potential therapeutic drug for ischemia reperfusion-related liver injury. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Histopathological study on the effects of Crocin on prevention of fatty liver disease in the rats fed with high fat diet
داریوش Mohajeri علی Rezae GH Mousavi جعفر RahmaniNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now recognized as the most common type of liver disease and might lead to an important public health problem. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effects of Crocin on rat high fat diet-induced hepatic s MoreNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now recognized as the most common type of liver disease and might lead to an important public health problem. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effects of Crocin on rat high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis model. For this purpose male Wistar rats were given either control diet, high fat diet alone or high fat diet plus Crocin via gavage at different doses (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) for 4 weeks in different experimental groups. Histopathological studies of the liver were conducted in all experimental rats at the end of experiment. Animals of the different groups were sacricified by cervical dislocation. Liver issue specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and 5 micron thick sections were prepared using routine hitopathological techniques.The serum levels of aminotransferases, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured to determine hepatocyte injury. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin (TB) were measured to assess biliary function. Albumin (Alb) and total protein (TP) was measured to reflect liver synthetic function. Histopathology of the liver in high fat diet fed rats showed severe fatty change of hepatocytes. Crocin reduced accumulation of lipid droplets in the hepatocytes in a dose dependent manner. In the high fat diet fed rats, serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP and TB significantly (p<0.01) increased, and serum Alb as well as TP levels significantly (p<0.01) reduced in comparison with normal control rats. Crocin treatments (100 and 50 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively) reduced elevated markers of liver tissue injury and significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively) increased serum Alb and TP levels in high fat diet fed rats. Low dose of Crocin (25 mg/kg) made no significant changes in the mentioned parameters. The results obtained showed that Crocin has protective effects against hepatic steatosis in rats fed with high fat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Prevalence of antibodies to BVD virus in milk tanks, dairy farms in Tabriz with history of abortions in 90-1389
منصور Khakpour هیوا Ahmadi A.R Monadi صمد MosaferiBovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is the most important bovine viral disease across the world. The virus belongs to Flavi viridae and of Pesti virus genus which causes to various syndromes. The virus affects the reproduction, respiratory, digestive, cardiovascular, immunity, MoreBovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is the most important bovine viral disease across the world. The virus belongs to Flavi viridae and of Pesti virus genus which causes to various syndromes. The virus affects the reproduction, respiratory, digestive, cardiovascular, immunity, lymphatic, muscular and central nervous systems .Today, different tests (virus isolation, RT-PCR, capturing ELISA, direct and indirect ELISA and immune fluorescence test) have be designed in order to diagnosis viral infection of cattle’s viral diarrhea. This study aimed at demonstrating the importance of the disease in cattle’s abortion of Tabriz suburb’s cattle pens in 89-90 by measurement antibody titre of produced milk. ELISA test was used in the present study since ELISA test of bulk milk is one of the diagnostic methods in cattle pens according to the regulations of counyry veterinarian organization for controlling BVD-MD disease. The results demonstrated that there were 9 positive and 11 negative samples of 20 milk samples. The results suggest that of the rate of milk tanks contamination of Tabriz suburb is about 45% in 89-90 which shows relatively 2% resistant contamination in cattle pens of the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - A Comparison of the Effect of Saffron and Crocin Extract on Sex Hormones in Male Rats with Alzheimer's Disease
Tahereh Jaydari fard Ali Asghar PilehvarianAbstract Introduction: Previous studies have shown that Alzheimer's disease can lead to dysfunction of sex hormones; however, consumption of antioxidant foods can prevent it. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of saffron extract and crocin on sex hormones i MoreAbstract Introduction: Previous studies have shown that Alzheimer's disease can lead to dysfunction of sex hormones; however, consumption of antioxidant foods can prevent it. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of saffron extract and crocin on sex hormones in male rats with Alzheimer's disease. Materials and methods: This experimental study included 32 rats with Alzheimer's disease in four groups of 1) control 2) sham, 3) saffron and 4) crocin. Each group consisted of eight series. The third and fourth Groups received 25 mg/kg of saffron and crocin peritoneally daily for eight weeks. Serum levels of FSH, LH and testosterone were measured by ELISA. To analyze the data, the groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests at a significance level of p < /em> < 0.05. Findings: Saffron had a significant effect on increasing FSH (P=0.001), LH (P=0.002) and testosterone (P=0.001). Like saffron, crocin had a significant effect on increasing testosterone (P=0.001), however, saffron’s effect was greater on increasing testosterone than that of crocin (P=0.001). Conclusion: Although crocin can improve serum testosterone levels in rats with Alzheimer's disease, saffron seems to have better effects on increasing sex hormones in Alzheimer's rats than crocin. Keywords: Saffron, Crocin, Alzheimer's, Sex Hormones Extended abstract Introduction Increased life expectancy is associated with specific problems and diseases of old age. One of the major problems of this period is the prevalence of dementia. One of the most common dementias is Alzheimer's. Symptoms of Alzheimer disease include memory loss, judgment, reasoning, changes in mood and behavior, cognitive decline, memory impairment, sleep disorders, and personality and mood changes (2). In relation to Alzheimer's disorders, it has been shown that testosterone levels in people with advanced Alzheimer disease are significantly reduced as a sign of the progression of the disease (3). It has been reported that proper nutrition can improve Alzheimer's disorders to some extent, so the use of herbs can be effective in this regard. Saffron with the scientific name of Crocus sativus belongs to the lily family. Low-dose saffron is recommended for the treatment of pertussis, asthma, colds, menstrual pain, irregular menopause, infertility, inflammation, depression, headache, sore throat and nausea (7). Considering the improving effects of saffron and its active ingredients, the present study aimed to investigate and compare the effect of saffron extract and crocin on the sex hormones of male rats with Alzheimer disease. Materialsand methods In this experimental study, 32 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were purchased and kept in the laboratory for one week to be adapted to the new environment. Then, on the eighth day, the rats were injected intra- peritoneally with 8 mg/kg of trimethylettin chloride (TMT) (14) .After four days, its complete effect on the hippocampus was confirmed. Alzheimer patients were randomly divided into four groups of 1) control 2) sham, 3) saffron and 4) crocin. There were eight series in each group. Rats in groups 3 and 4 received 25 mg/kg of saffron and crocin peritoneally daily for eight weeks. To prepare crocin, 0.1 g of crocin by the name of Sigma Aldrich and Cat-No: 17024-4G was dissolved in 100 cc of normal saline and injected intra- peritoneally into rats at a dose of 25 mg/kg (8) Also, to prepare saffron extract, 9.2 g of saffron was poured into 1000 cc of distilled water and the mixture was incubated for 16 hours at 50 ° C. Then the solution was passed through a strainer and stored at 4 ° C. During the injection it was injected at a dose of 25 mg / kg peritoneally (9). At the end of the study, 48 hours after the last injection of saffron and crocin, rats were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine. Blood samples were taken directly from the left ventricle of rats to measure the research variables. Serum levels of FSH and LH as well as serum testosterone levels were measured using a hormone test kit (Radim Italy) and a German IBL hormone test kit by ELISA respectively. The Shapiro-wilk test was used to identify a normal distribution. Also, One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post- hoc test were performed (P≤0.05) for statistical analysis. Findings The results of one-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in the serum levels of FSH, LH and testosterone among the four groups of the study (P=0.001). The results of Tukey’s post- hoc test showed that there was no significant difference in the serum levels of FSH (P=0.87), LH (P=0.94) and testosterone (P=0.99) between the control and sham groups ,though, serum FSH in saffron group was significantly higher than that of control and crocin groups (P=0.001);in addition, serum LH levels in saffron group were significantly higher than control group (P=0.002); moreover, serum testosterone levels in the saffron (P=0.001) and crocin (P=0.002) groups were significantly higher than the control group. Also, the saffron group was significantly higher than the crocin group (P=0.001). Discussion The results of the present study showed that saffron had a significant effect on increasing FSH, LH and testosterone in rats with Alzheimer disease. The results of Modarresi et al.'s study showed that daily consumption of 25 and 50 mg per kg of body weight does not have a significant effect on increasing testosterone, FSH and LH hormones (6). However, consumption of 100 mg per kg of body weight leads to a significant increase in rats. Therefore, it seems that the dose of saffron consumption as well as the basal levels of sex hormones can be effective in saffron consumption. It has been reported that saffron ingredients such as crocin and crocetin can inhibit total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, malondialdehyde and increase the thickness of the aortic end layer as well as nitric oxide levels (13). The results of the present study also showed that crocin had a significant effect on increasing testosterone in rats with Alzheimer disease. Crocins, which are glycosides composed of carotenoids called crocins and sugars, are responsible for the color of saffron (18). Researchers believe that saffron and its ingredients can induce their metabolic and anti-necrotic regulatory effects by increasing antioxidants. Also in the present study, saffron had a greater effect on increasing testosterone in Alzheimer rats than crocin. Therefore, it seems that saffron can have more favorable effects on improving testosterone than crocin in Alzheimer disease. Conclusion Although crocin can improve serum testosterone levels in rats with Alzheimer disease, saffron seems to have better effects on increasing sex hormones than crocin in Alzheimer rats. Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Marvdasht Branch of Islamic Azad University. Funding Isfahan Branch of Payame Noor University. Authors' contributions Design and conceptualization: Tahereh Jaydari fard, Ali Asghar Pilehvarian; Methodology and data analysis: Tahereh Jaydari fard; Supervision and final writing: Ali Asghar Pilehvarian. Conflicts of interest The authors declared no conflict of interest. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Effect of silver nanoparticles and corm weight on physiological and morphological traits of saffron (Crocus Sativus) under Sistan climatic conditions
Fatemeh Mahmoodi nafiseh mahdinezhad barat ali fakheri ahmad ahmadianIn order to survey the effect of silver nano-silver particles and weight of corm on physiological and morphological features of Crocus Sativus under climatic conditions in the area of Systan, an experiment was carried out based on a factorial randomized complete base-bl MoreIn order to survey the effect of silver nano-silver particles and weight of corm on physiological and morphological features of Crocus Sativus under climatic conditions in the area of Systan, an experiment was carried out based on a factorial randomized complete base-blocks design with three repetitions using two different weights of Crocus Sativus corm (more and less than 8 g) and two different concentrations of nano-silver treatment (zero and 50 ppm) in Dadi village located in Teymourabad district of Hamoun province during two consecutive years 2014-2016. Findings indicated that the treatment with nano-silver particles (AgNPs) had a significant effect on the morphological and physiological properties during the both study years and increased all traits under study as compared with the control. Moreover, the treatment including corm weight more than 8 g had significant effects on all properties under study during these two years. The results of analysis of the quantitative traits and color in saffron, which was done by HPLC method, showed that flavonoids, flavor, and odor of saffron in the sample soaked in the Ag Nanoparticles' solution remarkably increased in comparison with the control. Comparisons also indicated that the samples weighing more than 8 grams had a more significant increasing rate of the traits compared with the lighter samples. The results of the present study also showed that under hot and dry conditions and if the saffron corms with optimal size are exposed to suitable concentrations of Ag nanoparticle solution, increased qualitative and quantitative traits is observed, and this can even lead to improved economical properties in the plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - The effect of continuous illumination and photoperiods on growth and heterocyst frequency of cyanobacterium Fischerella ambigua from Golestan province
Fereshte Vakili Kayvan Ghorchibeigi Neda Soltani Shadman ShokraviThe effect of limited continuous irradiance and photoperiods on survival, growth and heterocyst frequencies of cyanobacterium Fischerella ambigua collected from paddy-fields of Golestan province have been studied at laboratory condition. After soil collection and cultur MoreThe effect of limited continuous irradiance and photoperiods on survival, growth and heterocyst frequencies of cyanobacterium Fischerella ambigua collected from paddy-fields of Golestan province have been studied at laboratory condition. After soil collection and culture, sample were isolated, purified, and incubated under 2μEm-2s-1 continuous irradiance with no carbon dioxide addition. The photoperiods were 2, 4, 6, 8 hours darkness each day. Survival, growth and heterocyst frequencies were studied in each treatment using optical density and chlorophyll measurements. Results showed that this cyanobacterium can survive under relatively short times of darkness (2 and possibly 4hours). The highest specific growth rate was related to 2hours dankness daily. 6 and 8hours darknesses cause relative similar results. 8hours darkness daily showed the highest degree of stress and cause sharp drop in growth. Chlorophyll production and morphological behaviors of aggregations showed unpredictable irregular fluctuations independent of photoperiods. We saw highest amount of heterocyst frequency and better regular patterns of heterocyst production at continuous irradiance but correlation between growth and heterocyst production differ completely at this condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Explaining and analyzing Nader Shah's policies in Karabakh and its impact on Iran's neighboring countries
yasaman javanshir manizheh Sadri hoseyn ahmadiThe Caucasus region has been a special importance to Iran throughout history, and when the central government of Iran was weak, the first part that separated from Iran was the Caucasus region, and during the strong rule of central Iran, the first part that was annexed t MoreThe Caucasus region has been a special importance to Iran throughout history, and when the central government of Iran was weak, the first part that separated from Iran was the Caucasus region, and during the strong rule of central Iran, the first part that was annexed to Iran was the Caucasus region. The successors of Peter the Great wanted the north of Iran and the Ottomans wanted the west of Iran and over the years they have tried to infiltrate this region. During the Afghan occupation of Iran, the Ottomans occupied Azerbaijan and made the Russian Empire envy. Nader Shah (king of Iran) came to the Caucasus region in 1725-1726 AD and realized the political-military goals of Russia and the Ottomans, who had seized parts of the region by force. Nader was able to defeat the Ottoman forces and capture the Karabakh region. The reasons for the instability in dominating of the central government of Iran in this region have been partly related to the policies of the Iranian rulers and partly to the territorial expansion of the neighbors of this region throughout history. In this article, we will examine Nader Shah's policies in this region with an analytical and descriptive method. Findings show that Nader Shah's policy weakened the ties of the Karabakh region with the Iranian government and the tendency of the Khans to join the powerful governments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - The study of how Russian views entered Iranian modernist ideas at the beginning of the Qajar period (Reflecting on the example of the Akhondzade)
Akbar Zarifi alireza abtahi feizollah boushasbThe beginning of relations with the new image between Iran and Russia dates back to the formation of the Qajar government in Iran. From the beginning of the Safavid era, trade relations have been the cornerstone of these relations. Until Peter the Great's time in Russia MoreThe beginning of relations with the new image between Iran and Russia dates back to the formation of the Qajar government in Iran. From the beginning of the Safavid era, trade relations have been the cornerstone of these relations. Until Peter the Great's time in Russia, the importance of Russia's settlement was not for Iranian agents, and most Russians were interested in relations.What effect did the consequences of this conflict have on Iranian modernity? And how and what was the impact of this impact? And where did it have a direct impact?After the war, there were issues that directly affected the quality of relations. The Caucasus route became a way for Iranians to become acquainted with the sparks of modern life and try to achieve something. The Russians became acquainted with European civilization earlier than the Iranians. After the wars, the Iranians tried to achieve a civilization that was recognized as the cause of Russia's victory in the wars. Iranian thinkers based in the Caucasus or related to the Caucasus, They were the first to try to get acquainted with Europe and localize European modernist congresses and bring them back to the country. Recognize the ways in which ideas that can be necessary and useful for the development of the country's structures are always necessary by looking at the past. Especially for countries that have just entered the path of development. Which is descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - Historical geography of Talesh from the Safavids to the Turkmenchay Treaty
laleh erfani namin Reza Sha&amp;rsquo;abani sina furoozeshTalesh is a land in west of the Caspian Sea that Persistent Iranians have lived there for a long time And it is rich in historical, social, economic, geographical and religious perspectives.Wire this area into two parts of the northern and southern Wire this area into t MoreTalesh is a land in west of the Caspian Sea that Persistent Iranians have lived there for a long time And it is rich in historical, social, economic, geographical and religious perspectives.Wire this area into two parts of the northern and southern Wire this area into two parts of the northern and southern tributaries after the Turkmenchay treaty, a study of its historical geographical range prior to division is necessary. In the Period of different religions throughout history, it has had a more sustained presence than its neighbors. Therefore, its population composition is assumed to be reflective. This paper seeks to answer these questions by a descriptive-analytical method: What was the historical geography of Talesh before it was divided? Have the historical and human characteristics of Talesh been influenced by geographical factors? The findings of the study indicate that Talesh's specific geographical location has protected it from other influxes of tribal populations and to some extent it preserved the ethnic origin of the area. On the other hand, the attempt on the Gilan route to Azerbaijan, the Caucasus and Russia has created a history of different ups and downs between neighboring states. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - A Reflection on Ahmad Ahsai's Influence on the Qajar Politicai Historey in the First Quarter of the 19th Century
javad abbasi kangevari amirteymour rafiei Reza Shabani SamghabadiAbstractAt a time when the war between major European powers over the seizure of resources of Asian and African countries had also made Iran the scene of these conflicts, and given the Iranians' lack of readiness to enter new and clever battles, important evidence such MoreAbstractAt a time when the war between major European powers over the seizure of resources of Asian and African countries had also made Iran the scene of these conflicts, and given the Iranians' lack of readiness to enter new and clever battles, important evidence such as: Mehdi Ali Khan's success in engaging Fath Ali Shah with Afghans, France's five-month honeymoon with Iran from Finckenstein to Tilsit, the fictitious brawl between the Indian company representatives and the British Foreign Office (James - Minto) in front of Fathali Shah, and the deceptive thirty-month trip of Abul Hassan Khan Ilchi and James Morier to London, and frequent and full of deception ceasefire recommendations of Russia to Iran throughout the two-phase wars and etc., are irrefutable evidence of the Iranians getting politically played and deceived. Under these circumstances, the arrival of a new school of thought in Iran called Sheikhia headed by Ahmad Ahsaie’s , had devastating effects on the Iranian Political Historey during this period, including courtiers, religious schools, and the general public. Using library research, this paper focuses on a corner of this issue, that so far has not been discussed in detail, due to the gravity of the effects of the issues on each other. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - the resualts of St. Petersburg Agreement in iran
Hojat Abdolahi Masomeh Gharadaghi Manuchehr samadivand Nazli EskandarinejadDuring the Qajar period, Iran was considered the point of Russian-British convergence policy. Due to Iran's strategic importance and important geopolitical components, such as the location of the crossroads of the superpowers, the government plays a shocking role in the MoreDuring the Qajar period, Iran was considered the point of Russian-British convergence policy. Due to Iran's strategic importance and important geopolitical components, such as the location of the crossroads of the superpowers, the government plays a shocking role in the confrontation between the superpowers and the Indian issue, as well as the Afghan crisis in the east and the Caucasus wars in the northwest. Russia came from the north in four directions, British India and Afghanistan from the east, the Ottomans from the west and Britain from the south in the Persian Gulf to the Qajar states. Which dominates the vital highway of the world. In the treaty of August 31, 1907, he concluded an agreement with Tsarist Russia, dividing Iran into three regions under his influence and Russia, and neutralizing it completely, and completely protecting Iran. However, the territorial integrity of Iran and the independence, order and development of the country were emphasized. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Iran on the eve of World War I and the impact of the war on trade in eastern Iran
majid kalegnia manizheh Sadri seyed yosef motevali haghhi Monirh kazemirashedWorld War I began on July 28, 1914, eight days after the coronation of Ahmad Shah Qajar, at a time when Iran was experiencing unprecedented chaos in contemporary history. The spring of the constitution and the National Assembly had ended with the tyranny of Mohammad Ali MoreWorld War I began on July 28, 1914, eight days after the coronation of Ahmad Shah Qajar, at a time when Iran was experiencing unprecedented chaos in contemporary history. The spring of the constitution and the National Assembly had ended with the tyranny of Mohammad Ali Shah, and the various groups involved at the local and national levels had left little to be desired. It had practically turned Iran into a Khan Khani government. The government could not collect taxes and the treasury was becoming more empty every day.Given the importance of accurate knowledge of the situation in Iran on the eve of World War I, the present study is a library method, based on valid documents and a descriptive, analytical approach to try to get a clear picture of the situation in Iran on the eve of World War I and the impact of war. Offer on Mashhad trade. Clarifying the social situation of Iran during the war years are some of the other results of the research. The purpose of research is to explain and study the situation in Iran on the eve of World War I. ; Iran's turmoil on the eve of war and power struggle, the decline in trade in eastern Iran and the decline in Iranian customs revenue are among the results of the study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - The field of Gotham Hill battle and the coagulant contract in 1881.
sattrarberdy fajoori rajabali vosughimotlgh omid sepehriradAbstract: The eastern and northeastern borders of Iran have always been the bed of changes and the place of ups and downs of the tribes of the desert. At the end of the 18th century, Central Asia, which included the Turkmen lands, became the target of the Russian Tsar MoreAbstract: The eastern and northeastern borders of Iran have always been the bed of changes and the place of ups and downs of the tribes of the desert. At the end of the 18th century, Central Asia, which included the Turkmen lands, became the target of the Russian Tsar's expansionism. The Battle of Gogtepe is the largest military conflict in the history of Central Asia, in which the Turkmen defended their ancestral lands against Russian aggression. But finally, they were defeated by the superior military equipment of the Russians and forced to be patient and conclude the Akhal Treaty in 1881. The issue of the current research is the roots and grounds of this war and was it necessary or just a massacre to consolidate power and territorial development? This article aims to investigate the causes of the Gogtepe war between the Turkmens and the Russians using the historical research method, based on the two characteristics of description and analysis, and examines its results and consequences. The method of collecting information is library. The findings of the research show that the Russians had to fight this war for their territorial and colonial development. Keywords: Iran, Turkmen, Gogtepe, Akhal Agreement, Russia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - سیاست امنیتی روسیه در قبال اوکراین (1991-2012)
محمدرضا سورتچی ابولقاسم باباتبار سرخی -
Open Access Article
110 - روابط سیاسی ایران و روسیه در عصرناصرالدین شاه
دکترامیر تیمور رفیعی فاطمه(نعیمه) حسین خراسانی -
Open Access Article
111 - The study of Vassunaks and Marriage Songs of Hendijan Region
Fateme Shahbazi Azade EbadiSongs are of delicate poetic styles which have oral and written antiquities and they are common in various Iranian languages and dialects including Hendijani dialect. This study aims to investigate and analyze five local songs which are sung in marriage ceremonies in He MoreSongs are of delicate poetic styles which have oral and written antiquities and they are common in various Iranian languages and dialects including Hendijani dialect. This study aims to investigate and analyze five local songs which are sung in marriage ceremonies in Hendijan region and briefly the significance of wedding is discussed. In this way, we can record these songs in order to save and keep this valuable dialect. These songs were gathered based on field method in which we have interviewed with old people from North and South Hendijan and surrounding villages including Karim Abad, Chamtang, Chelmani, Derihak, and Qorabi. These local songs do not have any certain poets and they demonstrated the feelings of close relatives of the bride and bridegroom and they are expressed by skillful women of families and by this process we could find out the living style, tradition, and ideology of ancient people in Hendijan. These local songs are about to fade due to media and technology development. These songs have significant share in anthropology and native cultural and structural forms of each country so recording them seems to be necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - A study of the themes of "Soro" poems in Rostam city
gholamali Mohammadi Atamohammad Radmanesh Mahbobeh KhorasaniThe folk literature of each realm and region reflects and expresses thought, belief, customs, behavior, cultural and social relations and way of life. This literature, which is manifested in poetry and prose, is a mirror that reflects the social characteristics of a peo MoreThe folk literature of each realm and region reflects and expresses thought, belief, customs, behavior, cultural and social relations and way of life. This literature, which is manifested in poetry and prose, is a mirror that reflects the social characteristics of a people. Among the different types of folk literature, poetry has a special place and among the various forms of poetry, the words in Persian literature have a long history. This form of poetry has been prevalent in the Persian language since the beginning of poetry. One of the areas in which this form of poetry has been especially developed is the city of Rostam. The Studies show that the most significant and frequent poetry form of folk literature in this city is the “Mofradat” that booklovers read themaccording to the occasion. “Mofradat” in the folk literature of Rostam city is divided into "couplet", "Saro", "Sharveh" and "Lullaby". In this research, the items called "Soro" in terms of theme are analyzed. "Soro" is the origin of women's sensitivity and voice in the wedding celebration, in which a part of the culture of the people of the city is manifested. In fact, these poems express the love and affection of mothers and women for boys and men. As they should and perhaps have been able to cope with this love and affection of the heart and have done their duty well. On the other hand, wedding culture can be seen in these poems. In other words, "Soro" is a long-standing cultural center in the wedding celebration of Rostam city. The themes of these poems are masculinity, description, advice, threat, wedding custom, humiliation, early marriage, warning, boasting, manifestation of religion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - The study and the analysis of wedding songs in Larestan region regarding the mythological themes
Azim Jabbareh Naserou Aref FazliLocal songs are one of the main branches of folk literature and one type of these songs are poems which have been common in marriage rituals. Among these poems, various customs and rituals of the people can be recovered. In Larestan region, most of the local poems are d MoreLocal songs are one of the main branches of folk literature and one type of these songs are poems which have been common in marriage rituals. Among these poems, various customs and rituals of the people can be recovered. In Larestan region, most of the local poems are dedicated to songs with the theme of wedding ceremony. The purpose of this study is to express the characteristics of wedding poems in Larestan region and classify them in terms of theme, content and study of mythological themes. The research method in this paper is field and library; The authors first listened, recorded, and categorized some of the songs in terms of content by attending thirty weddings and interviewing olders. In the next step, using library resources, the characteristics and bases of these songs are extracted and studied with a descriptive-analytical approach. Findings show that wedding poems and songs in Larestan region can be divided into two main parts:A) poems that express the people’s customs; B) songs that describe the bride and groom; It is also worth mentioning the mythological themes of these songs, examined in the following sections: 1. The groom taking a bath. 2. Hanabandans. 3. Sacrifice of the rooster and the growth of the plant of life. 4. interwove the tree. 5. Gaz, the tree of life. 6. Rustam. 7. Fairy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Divergences and Convergences in Normalization and Codification of Soft Cyber Law: A Case Study of the Proposed Resolution by the Russian Federation (1998-2021)
nasrollah soltani Mohammad Ali Kafaei Far Mohammad Reza HoseinyThe development of international cyber law has always been accompanied by difficulties. Although security and fighting crimes arising from this space require collective efforts of governments, and the indivisibility of security in this space is one of its most important MoreThe development of international cyber law has always been accompanied by difficulties. Although security and fighting crimes arising from this space require collective efforts of governments, and the indivisibility of security in this space is one of its most important features but, little progress has been made to regularize the cyberspace. The center of gravity and the focal point of international activities to systematize activities in the cyber field is the United Nations. In the meantime, the resolution proposed by the Russian Federation to the First Committee of the General Assembly has been one of the most important efforts to regularize this space in the last two decades which, indeed, is subject of the present article. In this resolution, the role of science and technology in the context of international security and the dual military and civilian use of cyber space are stipulated. The normative approach of this resolution and the legal performance of the main actors towards this resolution is the opinion of the article. This article is considered to be exploratory-developmental in terms of its central goal, which aims at producing and developing knowledge by examining the subject and analyzing the content of all resolutions and monitoring the process of these documents. The approach followed by this research is inductive. In terms of methodology, this research follows the documentary and evidence-based research methodology based on the documents of the United Nations. The findings of this research confirm that the dominance of the company-centric approach instead of the governance-centric approach to the cyberspace on the one hand and the minimalist outlook of the big cyber powers to the role of the United Nations to regularize the cyber space as well as the lack of effective role of the UN are among the main reasons for the functional weakness of the United Nations to regularize the cyberspace. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - The Effect of PVA Fibers and Nano-Particles on the Bonding Strength of Fiber Reinforced Concrete
hossein nematian jelodar Ata Hojatkashani Rahmat Madandoust Abbas Akbarpour Seyed Azim HosseiniAbstract Repairing and Strengthening of concrete structures is of special importance and the mechanical properties of repair mortars and their compatibility with the base concrete are significant aspects in the field of repairing of damaged concrete structures. The bond MoreAbstract Repairing and Strengthening of concrete structures is of special importance and the mechanical properties of repair mortars and their compatibility with the base concrete are significant aspects in the field of repairing of damaged concrete structures. The bond strength parameter of materials is one of the important properties in the selection of repair mortars. In the current Experimental studies, the bond strength of 7 types of cement base mortars consisting Nano-Silica (NS), Micro-Silica (SF) and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) fibers have been tested on base concrete according to ASTM C882 standard. The base concrete is made of fiber concrete with a target compressive strength of 45 MPa and consisting macrosynthetic fibers. The workability of fiber concrete was 120 mm, and the method of curing the samples was done as the wet method. The obtained results indicate that all 7 types of repair materials of this research were compatible with the base concrete and the sample with the combination of PVA fibers and Nano-Silica in cement-based mortars has increased the bond strength of the samples by 85% compared to the samples without fibers. The highest bond strength among the samples was related to cement based mortar containing PVA fibers and Nano-silica (PVA0.75NS6) with bond strength equal to 21.83 MPa. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Investigating the Effects of Using Microsilica and Nanosilica on the Hardened Mechanical Properties and Durability of SCC Containing Recycled Aggregates
Reza Farokhzad mohsen mehrpoya Today, the wastes remaining from concrete degradation is considered as an environmental problem and is one of the biggest challenges in the building industry. Accordingly, many researchers have decided to re-use the materials of aggregates from More Today, the wastes remaining from concrete degradation is considered as an environmental problem and is one of the biggest challenges in the building industry. Accordingly, many researchers have decided to re-use the materials of aggregates from degradation in concrete production cycles. In this paper, attempts were made to assess and if possible to promote the mechanical and durability characteristics after the addition of nano-silica and micro-silica to self-compacting concrete containing recycled aggregates (obtained from worn concrete degradation). One of the points to be considered in this paper was the attempt to use tests such as half-pole testing and concrete wave velocity. In this regard, 72 mixture designs were studied in 8 collections. In these mixture designs, with respect to the content of recycled aggregates, the nano- and micro-contents were changed. Then, the samples underwent mechanical tests including compressive strength and tensile strength, and durability tests including corrosion potential, concrete wave velocity (ultrasonic) and electrical strength. After the tests, with an increase in the use of nano-silica and micro-silica, the efficiency and fluidity of the fresh concrete were reduced, and compressive strength and tensile strength were increased. Also, at fixed strength, nano-silica caused less efficiency and fluidity than micro-silica and also, with an increase in the content of recycled aggregates in concrete, efficiency and fluidity as well as compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete were reduced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Experimental investigation on Quartz Powder effect on Compressive Strengths of High Strength Concrete (HSC)
javad javadi Masoud PourbabaHSC has great mechanical properties and durability and is one of technology developments in concrete. This type of concrete has high cohesion, compressive strength and low water to cement ratio and permeability which results to high durability. HSC is a cemental composi MoreHSC has great mechanical properties and durability and is one of technology developments in concrete. This type of concrete has high cohesion, compressive strength and low water to cement ratio and permeability which results to high durability. HSC is a cemental composite product that contains optimum amount of fines and with a water to cement ratio (W/C) less than 0.25.High performance concrete compared with normal concrete has a structure with discontinous pores that results to high performance and minimum water permeation to concrete. HSC’s admixture contains water, silica fume, cement, fine sand, super plastisizer and rock powder like quartz that in this study are used of Iran’s local materials. In this study 10x10x10 cube specimens were made and evaluated. Compressive leads to failure were applied to concrete specimens. The purpose of this study is investigation of quartz powders increase in HSC.Results shows that concrete compressive strength with 11% quartz powder is the highest and increase in quartz powder lead to brittle pre failure and explossive failure of concrete specimens.Other considerations shows that increase of quartz powder leads to more crack on concrete and it is suggested to use fibers to prevent more crack in this type of concretes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - An Experimental Study of the Effects of Silica Fume Products on Properties of Hardened Concrete
Ahmad maleki fardin esmaeiliToday, concrete is known as one of the most used building materials in the world. Silica fume and its products are now known as one of the best mineral additives in concrete. Silica fume is mainly used to improve the properties of hardened concrete so when using Silica MoreToday, concrete is known as one of the most used building materials in the world. Silica fume and its products are now known as one of the best mineral additives in concrete. Silica fume is mainly used to improve the properties of hardened concrete so when using Silica fume concrete properties after hardening usually more significant. But although various experiments have been conducted on the subject. But this thesis is considering other products of silica impact on the hardened concrete properties have been investigated, including compressive strength, permeability and Thawing -freezing of hardened concrete. Three mixing ratio is tested in the laboratory: 1- without additives and 350 kg per cubic meter of cement, 2- with 10% Silica fume powder and one percentage lubricant, 3- with 10% of the micro gel. Based on lab work conducted in the research and the gathering of results can be explained by the properties of hardened concrete, the use of powder and gel of Silica fume increased compressive strength of 37.5 and 56 percent respectively. Water penetration rate, in the second ratio increase 50 percent and in the third ratio decreased 25 percent, compared to the first ratio. The results indicate the desirability of Silica fume gel long-term impact on the quality of hardened concrete including its durability. While the silica fume powder, could adversely affect the permeability and Freezing-Thawing of concrete. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - Laboratory Evaluation of Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity Cement-Based Grout to Improve the Quality by Using Nano and Micro-Technology
meysam shirzad shahrivar Amin GholizadMeasurements of the speed of passing ultrasonic waves are used to determine the quality and strength of materials. Velocity of ultrasonic waves of solids depends on the density and elasticity characteristics. The quality of material depends on the firmness and elasticit MoreMeasurements of the speed of passing ultrasonic waves are used to determine the quality and strength of materials. Velocity of ultrasonic waves of solids depends on the density and elasticity characteristics. The quality of material depends on the firmness and elasticity of the, so measurement of the speed of passing waves can be used to determine the quality of and elastic properties. According to the application of cement based grout to bridge the gap between the members and the concrete foundation and the ability to absorb and transmit static and dynamic loads by grout into the foundation, structural engineers need to grout with high quality, strength and durability that has a strong internal structure and with minimal pores and cavities inside. Ultrasound waves passing speed test is done to check these features and its results are presented based on dynamic modulus of elasticity. The results show that the modified grout mix with nano-silica, silica fume, and dynamic modulus of elasticity increased so that by replacing 1% nano-silica powder and 20% micro silica powder in grout combination with cement, dynamic modulus of elasticity increased to 64%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Investigation of rheological and mechanical properties of two-component and three-component mortars containing microsilica and slag
Seyed Fathollah Sajedi wilbert karamianWith the use of pozzolans and additives, today, a huge change has been made in mortar technology to achieve high strength and durability. The purpose of this study is to make two-component and three- component mortars and compare their rheological and mechanical propert MoreWith the use of pozzolans and additives, today, a huge change has been made in mortar technology to achieve high strength and durability. The purpose of this study is to make two-component and three- component mortars and compare their rheological and mechanical properties. In this research, compressive, flexural and tensile strength tests were performed on reference mortar, two-component mortars as well as three-component mortars. Slag utilized in making of research mortars was produced in Ahvaz Steel plant. Compressive strength tests were conducted at 7, 28, 56 and 91 days and flexural and tensile strength tests were performed at 28 and 91 days. In the mentioned resistance tests, cubic specimens with dimensions of 50 mm, prismatic specimens with dimensions of 160 × 40 × 40 mm and standard bow-tie specimens were applied, respectively. The results presented that the replacement of microsilica up to 10% by weight of cement increased the compressive, flexural and tensile strengths of two-component mortars, which were significant at all ages compared to the sample without microsilica. With increasing cement substitute microsilica up to 15%, changes in compressive, flexural and tensile strengths follow an inverse nonlinear behavior. Optimal microsilica and slag replacement percentages of 5% and 10%, respectively, increased the three strengths in the three-component mortars, which are significant at all ages compared to the reference sample. With increasing the percentage of replaced microsilica, the flowability of the mortars decreased and with increasing the percentage of slag, the flow increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Comparison of the effect of silica fume and fly ash on the mechanical properties of masonry recycled concretes
Mostafa Azhdarizadeh Seyyed Fathollah Sajedi Mohammad Sirous PakbazThe present study is devoted to the study of the effect of replacing silica-fume (SF) and fly ash (FA) pozzolans on the mechanical properties of recycled concrete (RC) made from recycled masonry coarse aggregates (RMCA). In manufactured concretes, natural aggregat MoreThe present study is devoted to the study of the effect of replacing silica-fume (SF) and fly ash (FA) pozzolans on the mechanical properties of recycled concrete (RC) made from recycled masonry coarse aggregates (RMCA). In manufactured concretes, natural aggregates were replaced by RMCA at different percentages. In order to improve the mechanical properties of these concretes, different percentages of SF and FA were substituted for part of the cement. Slump and specific gravity tests were performed on fresh concrete and compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests were performed on the hardened concrete. The results indicate that replacement of SF and FA increased the slump and decreased the specific weight of the concretes. Also, the results revealed that replacing 5% and 10% SF improved some mechanical properties of recycled concrete containing 50% of RMCA. Replacement of 15% SF, in concrete containing 25% of RMCA resulted in the close mechanical properties of RC compared with CC without pozzolans. Also, the test results demonstrated that replacing different percentages of Fly Ash, could not improve the mechanical properties of RC. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Effect of Air Entrain and Microsilis Additives on Light Weight Perlite Concrete
Mahin Ganadi mohammadali lotfolahiyagin Raheb AmiriAbstract This paper presents the results of a laboratory study carried out on effect of using microsilis and air entrain on compressive strength of light weight perlite concrete. In this study, 63 test specimens with different percentage and mixtures including microsil MoreAbstract This paper presents the results of a laboratory study carried out on effect of using microsilis and air entrain on compressive strength of light weight perlite concrete. In this study, 63 test specimens with different percentage and mixtures including microsilis and air entrain were used. 63 test specimens including microsilis were also prepared for comparison purposes. Laboratory test results showed that workability and compressive strength can be increased, and density can be decreased by the use of air entrain and microsilis. These results showed that concrete mixture incorporating 0.5% air entrain and 10% microsilis can be optimum case Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Effect of Water-Cement Ratio on Abrasive Strength, Porosity and Permeability of Silica Fume Concretes
Abolfaz Shamsayi Mohsen nacharchi Saber piroti Kamal rahmaniAbstract Today following the development of construction of hydraulic structures like dams, the matter of concrete durability used in these kinds of structures has gained paramount importance. One of the important factors of concrete durability in these structures is i MoreAbstract Today following the development of construction of hydraulic structures like dams, the matter of concrete durability used in these kinds of structures has gained paramount importance. One of the important factors of concrete durability in these structures is its resistance against abrasion due to the crash of particles carried by water. To enhance the abrasion resistance of concrete, different methods have been offered and investigated by researchers and one can refer to the following to name a few. Using aggregates resistant to abrasion, reducing the water-cement ratio, using nanocilica microcylis in concrete, suitable and on time seasoning. In the present research the following experiments have been done on concrete samples. -The abrasive strength of block samples of 15×15×15 cm for 28 past days using Sand Blast Method. -The hydraulic conductivity coefficient of cylinder samples with the height of 10cm., and 10cm., in diameter, 28 past days using Penetration Method. The results of abrasion experiments showed that by reducing water-cementratio from 0.50 to 0.33, the abrasive strength of concrete improves as far as 30.94 %. The permeability experiments showed that; By reduction of water-cement ratio from 0.50 to 0.33, the hydraulic conductivity coefficient of the concrete is reduced from 39.88 × 10 m/sec to 2.49 × 10 m/sec., and the porosity of concrete is reduced from 13.90 % to 13.10 %. The above results show that reducing water-cement ratio results in increasing abrasive strength and increasing the hydraulic conductivity coefficient and reducing porosity of silica fume concrete. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - اثر پوشش خوراکی کیتوزان و زمان ماندگاری بر خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمایی و حسی انگور دمخروسی
علی سرداریان اکرم آریان فر -
Open Access Article
125 - Prevalens of entrocins produced by Entrococcus fecalis isolated from dairy products in Shahrekord city
Elaheh Barzam الهه تاج بخش Ebrahim RahimiBacteriocins are proteins produced by bacteria especially Acid lactic bacteria having antimicrobial characteristics and used for food preservation. In recent years, especial considerations have been taken to detection of acid lactic bacteria and Bacteriocins in food ind MoreBacteriocins are proteins produced by bacteria especially Acid lactic bacteria having antimicrobial characteristics and used for food preservation. In recent years, especial considerations have been taken to detection of acid lactic bacteria and Bacteriocins in food industries to use them as food preservatives. In this study, 120 samples of different traditional dairy products were examined to investigate genes of Enterocin, Entrain A, Enterocin P and Enterocin AS-48. After separation and detection of bacteria in presence of special primers related to Enterocingenes, their frequencies were studied. Among 120 samples, 44 (36.36%) were contaminated to Enterococcusfireclays. The gene related to EnterocinA in 14 isolates (31/81%), the gene related to Enterocin P in 13 isolates (29/54%), the gene related to EnterocinAs-48 in 9 isolates (20/45%), the simultaneous presence of the gene related to EnterocinA and P in 2 isolates (4/54%), the gene related to Enterocins A and As-48 in 7 isolates (15/09%) and the gene related to Enterocins A, P and As-48 in 5 isolates (11/36%) were observed. According to the presence of a lot of Enterocingenes in Enterococcusfaecalis separated from dairy products, doing research on antimicrobial characteristics of Enterocins produced by this bacterium is of great necessity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - تأثیر شرایط محیط کشت و نگهداری کلاله زعفران (Crocus sativus L) بر میزان ترکیب کروسین
کامکار جایمند محمد باقر رضایی اکبر نجفی آشتیانیمقدمه و هدف: زعفران با نام علمی ((Crocus sativus L. به مقدار وسیعی در صنایع غذایی استفاده می شود. زعفران به عنوان رنگ و طعم دهنده کاربرد دارد. کلاله زعفران دارای کارتنوئیدهای کمی محلول در آب و دارای ترکیب عمده کروسین می باشد که این تر Moreمقدمه و هدف: زعفران با نام علمی ((Crocus sativus L. به مقدار وسیعی در صنایع غذایی استفاده می شود. زعفران به عنوان رنگ و طعم دهنده کاربرد دارد. کلاله زعفران دارای کارتنوئیدهای کمی محلول در آب و دارای ترکیب عمده کروسین می باشد که این ترکیب دارای اثرات مهمی علیه طیف وسیعی از تومورها در موش و سلول های لوسمی انسان و دیگر مدل های سرطانی عملکرد خوبی داشته است. در این تحقیق به تأثیر شرایط محیط کشت و نگهداری کلاله زعفران (Crocus sativus L.) بر میزان ترکیب Crocin در دو استان تهران و مرکزی پرداختیم.روش تحقیق: نمونه های مورد آزمایش از تربت حیدریه در آذر سال 1385جمع آوری و تحت شرایط مختلف محیطی کرج و خمین به مدت 20 ماه در شرایط نور، محیط تاریک و در یخچال قرار دادیم. سپس نمونه ها در مرداد 1387 جهت اندازه گیری میزان ترکیب Crocin با دستگاه HPLC مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.نتایج و بحث : نتایج این تحقیق میزان ترکیب Crocin در شرایط مختلف نگهداری کلاله زعفران از شهرستان کرج، به ترتیب در معرض نور 029/0 درصد، در محیط تاریک 041/0 درصد و در یخچال صفر درجه 030/0 درصد بدست آمد. نتایج این تحقیق میزان ترکیب Crocin در شرایط مختلف از شهرستان خمین، در معرض نور 030/0 درصد، در محیط تاریک 030/0 درصد و در یخچال صفر درجه 028/0 درصد بدست آمد.توصیه کاربردی / صنعتی: با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده، شرایط مناسب نگهداری کلاله زعفران در محیط تاریک پیشنهاد می گردد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - بررسی خصوصیات کیفی زعفران کشت شده در نواحی مختلف ایران
نسیبه شریفی محمد حجت الاسلامی مریم جعفریBackground & Aim: Saffron is one of the expensive spices known since antiquity for its color, flavor and medicinal properties. Saffron is the dried stigma of crocus sativus plant. The three basic components of the stigma on which the qualitative characteristics of S MoreBackground & Aim: Saffron is one of the expensive spices known since antiquity for its color, flavor and medicinal properties. Saffron is the dried stigma of crocus sativus plant. The three basic components of the stigma on which the qualitative characteristics of Saffron depend are crocin (color), picrocrocin (taste), and safranal (aroma). The quality of saffron is a function of climatic conditions, soil type, as well as method of drying, packaging, and storage. Experimental: In this research, the saffron growing in different regions of Iran including Kerman, Shiraz, Arak, Natanz, Ghaen, Shahrekord, and Dolatabad has been studied with regard to its humidity, ash, phenolic compounds, crocin, safranal, and picrocrocin for its classification. Results & Discussion: The saffron of Shiraz and that of Kerman showed the maximum and minimum amount for ash with a value of 8.02% and 5.38%, respectively. With a view to moisture content, Natanz and Shahrekord saffron showed the highest and the lowest moisture content with a value of 11.97% and 9.7%, respectively. The phenolic compounds were determined by spectrophotometry and ranged from 17.43 mg gallic acid/g dry weight of saffron in Kerman sample to 8.87mg gallic acid/g dry weight in Dolatabad saffron. The highest level of safranal, crocin, and picrocrocin belonged to Shahrekord, Dolatabad, and Shahrekord saffron with a rate of 84.43, 234.4 and 38.4 (strength/ g dry matter) based on the most absorption over three wavelengths of 257, 440, and 330nm, respectively. Industrial and practical recommendations: With regard to variable applications of saffron as flavoring and coloring in food industry, the results of this study can be used for appropriate usage of saffron cultivated in different regions according to their specifications. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - Russia’s Security Strategy (2005-2015): From Soft Balancing to Hard Balancing against Hegemon
Saeed Mirtorabi Mohammad Bagher Alitabar FiroozjaniAbstract: The disintegration of bipolar system led to the rise of the United States as world dominating and hegemon power. This change in international system led the researcher to focus their study on the reaction of smaller power to the policy of hegemon power. In th MoreAbstract: The disintegration of bipolar system led to the rise of the United States as world dominating and hegemon power. This change in international system led the researcher to focus their study on the reaction of smaller power to the policy of hegemon power. In this direction, Russia's behavior in recent years against the United States has been studies. The article by a causal-analytical approach studies Russia's security strategy during 2005 to 2015. The underlying hypothesis is that the grand security strategy of Russia in the said period had been soft balancing against the hegemon. Nevertheless, Russia has kept the option of hard but calculable balancing against the hegemon in exceptional situations. The article refers to the reaction of Russia in Georgian crisis (2008), Ukraine crisis (2014) and Syrian crisis (2011-2017) and evaluated the hypothesis in the above said crises. The article is of the view that the Russian intervention in the Syrian crisis is related to the perception of Russia about the possible scenario of Assad's fall and the resultant security threat for Russia but Russia has been careful that the military intervention in Syria should not expand to the level which instigate the United States and its allies and direct them to a possible military confrontation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - Understanding Russian Think Tanks and their Approach to Iran's Internal and Foreign Policy
Farshad Roomi Syed Mohsen Al syed GafurAbstract: Think tanks are one of the centers in foreign policy of governments in a way that they theorize and formulate the strategy for action of governments. The think tanks are one of the important pillars of decision making. One of these think tanks is Russia&rsquo MoreAbstract: Think tanks are one of the centers in foreign policy of governments in a way that they theorize and formulate the strategy for action of governments. The think tanks are one of the important pillars of decision making. One of these think tanks is Russia’s think tanks. They are having an undeniable role in defining Russia’s foreign policy. The purpose of the present article is to identify the well-known think tanks in Russia and their views about Iran's domestic and foreign policy. The main question raised by the article is "what is the perception of Russian think tanks about Iran? On which domestic and foreign policy issues do they focus? The underlying hypothesis is that "these think tanks centers have a pragmatic approach to the issue of interaction between Iran and Russia free of subjective and ideological bias. The most important preoccupation of these think tanks are reviewing Iran's political developments, identifying opportunities in Iran's economy and providing solutions for utilizing the capabilities of Iran's regional and global levels in the direction of Russia's foreign policy priorities. The research methodology used in the paper is descriptive-analytical. The finding of the study shows that the role of Russian think tanks are increasing in the process of decision making and they have strong influence on Moscow's foreign policy decisions towards Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - The United States Media policy against Russia: Hollywood and New Cold War and Revival of Russia Phobia
Bashir Esmaeil Seyed Hassan MalaekehAbstract: During the Cold War besides arms and ideological competition between the United States and Soviet Union which was based on balance of power, the United States supremacy in cultural production especially in the form of Hollywood cinema was used as a soft war ag MoreAbstract: During the Cold War besides arms and ideological competition between the United States and Soviet Union which was based on balance of power, the United States supremacy in cultural production especially in the form of Hollywood cinema was used as a soft war against the latter. After the disintegration of Soviet Union, gradually the focus of media war of the United States changed from communism to Islam and the Middle East region. This trend was intensified after September 11, 2001 incidents. A large wave of cultural products was produced with Islam phobia content. Meanwhile by the expansion of the influence of Russia in some regions of the world and formation of a new balance of power and rivalry which some observers interpreted it as new Cold War, the media war of America against Russia has been revived. The main question raised by the article is whether the developments in relations of the United States with Russia have affected media policy of America against Russia?” The finding of the study shows that after some of Russia’s success in strategic places of the world the United States media policy after a period of propaganda against Islamist and the Muslims they are now focusing on Russia phobia policy. The methodology used in the paper is comparative and interpretative. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - The Geopolitics of Ukraine and its Role in the Competition of Russia and the United States of America
Asghar Safari Saeed VosoghiAbstract On 21st November 2013 the Ukrainian president Victor Yanukovych in a meeting in Lithuania cancelled the agreement on trade and cooperation with European Union and refused to sign it. This led to widespread protest in Ukraine and five people were killed in the MoreAbstract On 21st November 2013 the Ukrainian president Victor Yanukovych in a meeting in Lithuania cancelled the agreement on trade and cooperation with European Union and refused to sign it. This led to widespread protest in Ukraine and five people were killed in the ensuing unrest. After this incident Ukraine entered one of its most serious political turmoil after Orange revolution in 2004. As in similar crisis like Syrian crisis in 2011, Russia and the United States took side in favor of the government and protesters and this led to the confrontation of the two. The question raised here is what is the importance of Ukraine for Russia and the United States? The present article argues that the main root cause of confrontation of Russia and the United States in Ukraine is geopolitical importance of Ukraine and geopolitical competition of Russia and the United States in post-Cold War era. Ukraine is one of the most important strategic regions of Eurasia and Eastern Europe. The purpose of the present research is to examine the most important determinants affecting the attitude of Russia and West in Ukraine crisis. For analyzing the above issue, geopolitics theory has been used and the research methodology is descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Influential Factors in Russia's Approach to Iran's Nuclear Program; From Bushehr Power Plant to Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
Hadi Zargari ELAHEH KOOLAEEAbstract: Russia has been one of the most influential actors in the technical and political process of Iran's nuclear program but there are no identical views about Russia's viewpoint about Iran's nuclear program. In order to evaluate these views the present article ra MoreAbstract: Russia has been one of the most influential actors in the technical and political process of Iran's nuclear program but there are no identical views about Russia's viewpoint about Iran's nuclear program. In order to evaluate these views the present article raises the question as to what are the factors shaping Russia's technical and political approach and behavior towards Iran's nuclear program? In response to the above question authors propound the hypothesis that Russia's approach can be evaluated within the larger framework of Russia's foreign policy and Russia's global, regional and nuclear role which is influenced by identity discourse of this country. Therefore, Russia's consideration in foreign policy is multi-aspect which include its effort for playing a global, regional role and nuclear doctrine along with international and economic factors in different period of time. Thus the emphasis on only one of these factors leads to reductionism and cannot explain the change in Russia's attitude and behavior. The methodology used in the paper is descriptive-analytical by using library sources and conducting interview. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - The Role of Military Diplomacy in Foreign Policy of Russia
Hadith Asemani Seyyed Mohamad TabatabeiAbstract: After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia's power declined dramatically from a superpower to a medium level regional power. For a decade after the disintegration of Soviet Union Russian leaders had a passive foreign policy till Putin came into pow MoreAbstract: After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia's power declined dramatically from a superpower to a medium level regional power. For a decade after the disintegration of Soviet Union Russian leaders had a passive foreign policy till Putin came into power. The coming of Putin brought about major changes in domestic and foreign policy of Russia. These changes include expansion and development of economic infrastructures along with major overhaul of military structure. These developments are within the larger goals of Russian leader i.e. elevating the position and status of Russia in global equation. In this direction modernization of the army, weapons and military equipment was carried out on the basis of latest technology. The present article by a descriptive-analytical method wants to examine the military polices pursued by Russia in the form of military diplomacy and its impact on Russia's foreign policy. Therefore, the main question raised here is "what is the impact of military diplomacy on foreign policy of Russia?" Since military diplomacy is a new way of showing military capability for avoiding conflict, increasing deterrence power and an instrument in the hands of foreign policy makers in order to increase bargaining power, therefore the adoption of military diplomacy approach has increased Russia's ability to pursue its foreign policy goals and consequently increase its power and position in international developments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - An Analysis of the Relations of Russia and Turkey on the Basis of Liberalism Theory (2002-2014)
mahboobeh roohi nozar shafieeAbstract The relations between Russia and Turkey expanded considerably from the beginning of 21th century particularly after coming into power of Justice and Development Party (AKP). Taking into consideration the expansion of relations between the two, the present paper MoreAbstract The relations between Russia and Turkey expanded considerably from the beginning of 21th century particularly after coming into power of Justice and Development Party (AKP). Taking into consideration the expansion of relations between the two, the present paper wants to answer this question whether the expansion of economic relations between Russia and Turkey between 2002 to 2014 have led to expansion of political relations between the two? This question is based on one of the main assumption of liberalism theory i.e. economic interdependence leads to political cooperation. The underlying hypothesis of the article which is examined by a descriptive analytical method is that between 2002 to 2014 the economic relations between Turkey and Russia has had a noticeable growth and parallel to that the political relations between the two expanded but political integration has received lesser impact from political cooperation. The political integration has been influenced from variables other than economy and trade. The examination of the above hypothesis shows that in analyzing the ties between the countries one cannot rely on one theoretical approach but a collection of different approaches should be used to analyze their relations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - Structural Complexity and Modern patterns in hegemonic war
Abomohammad Asgarkhani omid asiabanHegemonic wars have transformed their essence due to systemic changes. The concept of structural complexity has been utilized as a theoretical framework for research to explain the new patterns of hegemonic warfare. Structural complexity includes principles such as emer MoreHegemonic wars have transformed their essence due to systemic changes. The concept of structural complexity has been utilized as a theoretical framework for research to explain the new patterns of hegemonic warfare. Structural complexity includes principles such as emergent properties, nonlinear dynamics, adaptation, downward causality, network diffusion, non-equilibrium order, and self-regulatory mechanism. In the present study, the question was addressed as what the effects of structural complexity are on new patterns of hegemonic warfare in the modern international system. This research method consisted of two steps; in the first step, a theoretical and analytical model of structural complexity based on deductive inference was presented; in the second step, the time series analysis method was used to examine the historical trend of hegemonic wars as experimental data. According to the hypothesis of this research, the situation of structural complexity in the international system has caused profound changes in an important variable such as international order. The intellectual hegemony of the United States with the dimensions of productive, institutional, structural, and compulsory power in the war against the networks of civilization and identity is challenging in Russia, Iran, and China. Hence, hegemonic wars occur in the discourse, military, economic, and technological dimensions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - The role of the Islamic Republic of Iran in softening Russia's balance with the America
محمود علیپور گرجی Abdul Majid Seifi Mohadeseh RozbahaniCompetition and balancing were the major features of the Cold War era. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the international system has undergone a change and has crossed the bipolar stage, and the United States became one of the areas of the international distribut MoreCompetition and balancing were the major features of the Cold War era. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the international system has undergone a change and has crossed the bipolar stage, and the United States became one of the areas of the international distribution of power structure, and the other actors were marginalized. After Georgia and Ukraine crises, Russia began new balancing with the United States, but, it has not the power and influence of previous years and cannot balance directly with the United States, so it has turned to indirect opposition. In this soft balancing, Russia considers the states like Islamic Republic of Iran which have anti-hegemonic approach in their foreign policy. This consideration is caused to this question: what is the status of Islamic Republic of Iran in Russia’s soft balancing against the United States of America? This article investigates the status of Islamic Republic of Iran in Russia’s soft balancing against the United States. This article has been conducted using descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Impact of Russia- US Rivalry on Iran's Regional Status
ELAHEH KOOLAEE Amin naeeniThe Arab uprising that started in late 2011 has changed security order and impacted the political and military strategies of major powers in the Middle East. It also created a new opportunity for global powers to expand their role in the region. In such strategic change MoreThe Arab uprising that started in late 2011 has changed security order and impacted the political and military strategies of major powers in the Middle East. It also created a new opportunity for global powers to expand their role in the region. In such strategic changes, Russia intervened in Syria to protect the Bashar al-Assad regime. It has created a geopolitical rivalry between Russia and the US in the Middle East, while the ties of the two countries have been reaching the worst situation after the cold war. In this vein, Moscow has pursued to boost its relations with Iran, as an opposite actor to the role of the US in the region. Tehran has played a significant role in Russian foreign policy, as a card in dealing with the US. Meanwhile, the United States and Russia’s competition has spread in the Middle East,. Since the principles of Iran’s foreign policy toward the Middle East have concentrated to undermine what sees US order, Tehran has improved its relationship with Russia. This paper presents the relations among Iran, Russia, and the US under an interlocked cycle, and analyzes the influence of Moscow-Washington rivalry on the Iran-Russia ties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Understanding the threat and its effects on the Regionalology approach of Russian think tanks; emphasizing on the environment of Central Asia and the Caucasus
Mehdi Hedayati Shahidani Mohammad Reza LartiThreat is defined as an axis role in designing security doctrines. Should threat be considered as a blend of possibility for an event and its negative results, The concept of threat in the mental model of Russian analysts refers to a set of situations that have somehow MoreThreat is defined as an axis role in designing security doctrines. Should threat be considered as a blend of possibility for an event and its negative results, The concept of threat in the mental model of Russian analysts refers to a set of situations that have somehow endangered, harmed, or targeted Russia's short-term and long-term national interests, values, and priorities. In the framework of structural theory, this article explains Russian perceptions of threat and its impact on the concept of environment, especially in Central Asia and the Caucasus. By prioritizing security developments and addressing key threats in this environment, this paper raises the main question of what is the definition, perspective, dimensions and components of Russian governmental and non-governmental think tanks on the two concepts of threat and environment in Central Asia and the Caucasus? The main hypothesis of the article is that governmental and non-governmental think tanks in Russia have defined and developed the concepts of threat and environment in Central Asia and the Caucasus based on their historical experiences, national geography, natural and cultural identity, interests and material priorities. This article has been done by descriptive-analytical method and using library resources (written and electronic). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Using Russian soft power in Central Asia
Somaye Zangeneh ELAHEH KOOLAEE Shiva AlizadehIn recent years, Russia's soft power has attracted the attention of many Central Eurasian researchers. Actions taken by Russia to develop relations with Central Asian countries are usually called soft power. The using Russia's soft power policy in Central Asia can be ex MoreIn recent years, Russia's soft power has attracted the attention of many Central Eurasian researchers. Actions taken by Russia to develop relations with Central Asian countries are usually called soft power. The using Russia's soft power policy in Central Asia can be examined from different dimensions. Therefore, the article's central question is how Russia's use of soft power tools in Central Asia has influenced the foreign policy of the countries in the region. The hypothesis of the article is that Russia's use of soft power tools has led to the intellectual alignment of Central Asian leaders with Russia and their greater cooperation with the country's foreign policy goals. In this research, by using the theory of neoclassical realism and explanatory-analytical research method, the logic of using Russia's soft power in Central Asia, the efficiency of Russia's strategy in the Central Asia region, and the reasons and factors that determine Russia's soft power in the region have been discussed. It is the findings of this research show that transnational personal relations act as Moscow's main mechanism to influence the direction of the foreign policy of Central Asian countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Possible scenarios about Russia's use of nuclear weapons in the Ukraine war
MOHAMMADHAMED KIANI Mohammad Reza Aghareb Parast Bashir Esmaeili GonharaniRussia's military conflict in Ukraine, which began in February 2022 has global dimensions and various effects on the politics, economy and security of the international system. In the meantime, the evaluation of possible scenarios has a special place from the perspectiv MoreRussia's military conflict in Ukraine, which began in February 2022 has global dimensions and various effects on the politics, economy and security of the international system. In the meantime, the evaluation of possible scenarios has a special place from the perspective of future studies.The main question of this article:What scenarios can be imagined if Russia uses nuclear weapons? The hypothesis that is raised following the mentioned question is that the use of nuclear weapons by Russia will have major geopolitical, geostrategic and geoeconomic effects for global security in the short and long term. The present article tries to present some possible scenarios in relation to the future of this war and its effects on the international system in the framework of scenario planning and using the descriptive-analytical method with emphasizing on component of nuclear weapons.For this purpose, offensive realism has been chosen as theoretical framework to better explain the behavior of the Russian government in Ukrainian war.The findings of the research show that Russia's use of nuclear weapons can, on the one hand, lead to a mutual reaction by the United States and NATO, and on the other hand, instead of helping to disarm nuclear weapons, lead to its spread Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - The Collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991: Systemic Peculiarities and Historical Parallels (Text in Persian)
Helmut Wagner حسن ملائکهone of the most important events of the twentieth century was the collapse of the Soviet Union and its impact on the political، economic and ideological issues in the region and international level، which is still of importance. This paper presents a comparative analyti Moreone of the most important events of the twentieth century was the collapse of the Soviet Union and its impact on the political، economic and ideological issues in the region and international level، which is still of importance. This paper presents a comparative analytical approach to understanding the causes of the collapse of the Soviet Union and compares it with other empires of the twentieth century that have fallen. The author examines the views of Russian politicians like Vladimir Putin، Mikhail Gorbachev and Alexander Yakovlev and German scholars like Ulrich Druwe، Gerhard Simon and Helmut Altrichter to gain a comprehensive overview of the causes of the collapse of the Soviet Union. The author examines the choices before Russia in case she wants to play an effective role in world affairs and he comes to the conclusion that for achieving the above goal Russia should integrate with European Union. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - The Annexation of Crimea to the Russian Federation from the Perspective of International Law
Hamidreza Jamali Houssein KhamesipourAbstract Annexation of Crimea to the Russia refers to the separation of part of the Crimean peninsula, which was recognized as part of Ukraine. Russia annexed it to the mainland through a referendum after a military operation and help of pro-Russian local authorities i MoreAbstract Annexation of Crimea to the Russia refers to the separation of part of the Crimean peninsula, which was recognized as part of Ukraine. Russia annexed it to the mainland through a referendum after a military operation and help of pro-Russian local authorities in March 2014. A process which was considered by many international leaders and institutions as illegal and consequently sanctions were imposed against Russia. On the other hand Russia and pro-Russian Crimean people of Russian origin consider their action as legitimate and in the direction of right of self-determination. They cite the International Court of Justice (ICJ) opinion on Kosovo. The present article raises the question that how the action of Russia in separating Crimea from Ukraine and annexing it to herself can be evaluated from the perspective of international law? The methodology used in the research is descriptive-analytical. The finding of the study shows that international law cannot explain it with a no or yes answer whether this action had been legal or illegal but this practice can become a precedent which will certainly jeopardize the world security in future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - The Political and Security Relations of Russia and the United States in Eastern Europe during Putin’s Presidency (1998-2008)
Hamid Hadiyan Hasti SaifThe international system after the end of the Cold War is still in transition. There is not yet an established situation in relations of the governments. The former bipolar world has given its place to a chaotic world which does not have a definite order. The Soviet Uni MoreThe international system after the end of the Cold War is still in transition. There is not yet an established situation in relations of the governments. The former bipolar world has given its place to a chaotic world which does not have a definite order. The Soviet Union and the United States competed with each other during the Cold War era for nearly half a century due to bipolar power structure and nature. For this reason, the study of the relations of these two countries has attracted the attention of observers. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union and separation of several republics and formation of Russian Federation many changes took place in the relations of the two. The relations of the United States and Russia took a new shape during Vladimir Putin presidency due to presence and influence of the United States in the periphery and sphere of influence of Russia. The partnership for peace plan by NATO with Central Asian, Caucasus and former Eastern Europe countries led to sharp differences between Russia and NATO, also deployment of missile defense shield of the United States in Czech Republic and Poland have been among important issues and challenging factors in relations of the two. These measures by the United States have had Russia’s reaction in the shape of energy diplomacy and armament diplomacy. In this regard the Eastern Europe has been the hotbed of all these events. This region, therefore, devoted a high priority region in security policies of Russia and the United States within 1998-2008 periods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - A Study of the Activities of NATO-Russia Council: Ups and Downs in the Cooperation of NATO and Russia from the Beginning till 2009
Esmaeil Shafiee Payam JahangiryThe relations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Russian Federation as two prominent political actors in international relations are of great importance. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union، the NATO as the biggest and most important politico- MoreThe relations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Russian Federation as two prominent political actors in international relations are of great importance. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union، the NATO as the biggest and most important politico-military organization started its relations with Russian federation as the inheritor of the former Soviet Union within the framework of NATO-Russia Council. Despite Russia's serious concern about the survival of NATO and its expansion towards East، it decided to cooperate with NATO in order to prevent development detrimental to its interests. Although Russia does not have Communist political and economic system، yet the important countries which comprise NATO are aware of the high potential which Russia has to become a world power and this has caused suspicion of NATO towards Russia. Despite these differences there are international issues and areas which NATO and Russia have common interests and these brings them together. These issues are terrorism، the expansion of weapons of mass destruction، Islamic fundamentalism، and fight against extremist nationalism and ethno-religious unrest. The above common issues have prepared ground for the formation of NATO-Russia Council. The aim of the present article is to examine the vicissitudes and fluctuations of NATO and Russia's relations. The article by a descriptive analytical method and by examining the document published by the official website of NATO and the viewpoint of the observers points out the commonality and differences between Russia and NATO. The finding of the study shows this reality that Russia and NATO should inevitably cooperate with each other if they want to face the international challenges and the new aspect of security threats Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - The Role of Iran in Security of the Energy in the Region and the World
Elaheh KolaeiIn spite of the numerous progresses which have taken place so far in supplying the needs of man the issue of supplying energy is having the highest priority for the countries of the world. For the big powers with world status like the United States which after the disin MoreIn spite of the numerous progresses which have taken place so far in supplying the needs of man the issue of supplying energy is having the highest priority for the countries of the world. For the big powers with world status like the United States which after the disintegration of the Soviet Union is making tremendous effort to organize a hegemonic order, the security of energy supply is occupying a more important place. The emergence of economic powers that are growing and flourishing stresses the need for strategic view point about the areas where energy resources are located in the world. In these situations the Russian Federation which has succeeded the former Soviet Union with its large oil and gas resources has tried to have an active role in regional and world competitions. Presently Iran's oil and gas resources like previous decades have played as an important factor in security of energy supply. An effective presence of the United States in the Persian Gulf particularly in Iraq and also Afghanistan has added to the importance of Iran in providing the security of the energy supply in strategically important place of the world. In the present article the author examines the impact of political and security change after the end of bipolar system on the role and impact of Iran in providing security of the energy supply. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Legal Considerations in Russia-Georgia Warv
Ali Omidi Masoud RezaeiInternational crises have always been a testing arena for international law. In this regard the conflict and war between countries، due to its wider repercussions and its deeper impact، is a more sensitive issue. The study of the observance of the principles and rules o MoreInternational crises have always been a testing arena for international law. In this regard the conflict and war between countries، due to its wider repercussions and its deeper impact، is a more sensitive issue. The study of the observance of the principles and rules of international law in Russia-Georgia war which occurred on 8 August 2008 can be suitable criteria for evaluating the orientations and measures of the two countries. The question raised by the present article is، from legal point where does the Russia-Georgia war stands and what legal justification one can have for the military invasion of Georgia in Southern Ossetia and also the military intervention of Russia to protect the Russian citizens residing in Southern Ossetia. The article by a descriptive-analytical method wants to evaluate the conformity or non-conformity of the stands of the two countries with the principle and rules of international law. The findings of the study shows that the military invasion of Russia to territory of Georgia and also resort to undue force by the Georgian forces in autonomous republic of Southern Ossetia had been contrary to customary and conventional principles of international law and both the warring parties have breached certain aspects of international law. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - The Place of Public Diplomacy in new Competitions between the US and Russian Federation (Reproduction of cold war in public diplomacy sphere)
Abbasgholi AsgarianAbstract: Public diplomacy is the main tool of soft power. This fact was an accepted fact since long time back but in recent years it has vividly shown itself in the performance of many countries. The United States and Russia are two strong countries who have the prece MoreAbstract: Public diplomacy is the main tool of soft power. This fact was an accepted fact since long time back but in recent years it has vividly shown itself in the performance of many countries. The United States and Russia are two strong countries who have the precedence of competition. Russia in recent years due to military and economic weakness cannot match her rival i.e. the United States and is investing more on public diplomacy but on this sphere also she is lagging behind despite that she has a good political and cultural potential. The present article wants to answer this question that what is the place of public diplomacy in the foreign policies of both the countries and in what fields they make use of it? The underlying hypothesis is that both the countries acknowledge the importance of public diplomacy in modern world but despite attempt made by Russia in recent years, she has not been successful in achieving its goals in the field of public diplomacy. One of the important obstacles in the way of promoting public diplomacy is the rigid and inflexible mentality of the Russian leaders. On the other hand the United States as one of the important actors in international system makes use of different tools to communicate her message to the peoples of the world and she has been more successful in this regard. The present article has examined the above issue by descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Politico-Economic Relations between Islamic Republic of Iran and Russian Federation after the Imposition of Sanctions by Western Countries on Ukraine Crisis
محمدتقی جهانبخش جعفر حقپناهAbstract The relations between Iran and Russia have existed from long time back in several sphere and most of the time Russia had the upper hand. The occurrence of Islamic revolution in Iran changed the pattern of our foreign relations. Iran and Russia continued their MoreAbstract The relations between Iran and Russia have existed from long time back in several sphere and most of the time Russia had the upper hand. The occurrence of Islamic revolution in Iran changed the pattern of our foreign relations. Iran and Russia continued their relations thereafter despite mutual suspicions about each other with ups and downs. The question of Ukraine in recent years has dramatically affected the relations between Russia and West and has led to tension between Russia and the West headed by the United States and European Union. In this direction last year several economic sanctions were imposed on Russian Federation. This forced Russia to substitute the Western partners with Eastern countries. This question apparently brought Russia closer to Iran. The present article wants to answer this question that what has been the impact of sanctions imposed on Russian Federation on relations with Islamic Republic of Iran. The underlying hypothesis is that the sanctions imposed by Western countries forced Russia to improve her politico-economic relations with Iran and has led to closer relations between the two. The present paper has examined the relations of Iran and Russia by a descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - The Formation of New Cold War in the Competition of the United States and Russia in Caucasus (Text in Persian)
Esmaeil Shafiee Ali Karam SafariThe study and measurement of the presence and effectiveness of the United States and Russia in Caucasus region shows the important new development which is taking place in the region. It seems that the United States is having a grand plan to bring change in technology a MoreThe study and measurement of the presence and effectiveness of the United States and Russia in Caucasus region shows the important new development which is taking place in the region. It seems that the United States is having a grand plan to bring change in technology and economic structure of the countries of Caucasus region. Its aim is substituting free market model economy and capitalism with centrally planned and state economies. In this way facilitate the necessary ground for expansion of its influence and also controlling the political structure of the newly independent republics. It also aims at containing regions and forces that challenge the United States. On the other hand Russia which considers itself the Godfather of this strategic region calls this region “the near abroad” and is determined to contain the United States expansion of influence in the region. In the present article by a descriptive analytical method, an attempt is made to raise this question whether a new cold war has started in the Caucasus region after the end of cold war? The underlying hypothesis that the paper examines, is that, with the presence of the United States in Caucasus region, a new cold war has started. On the whole it seems that by increasing the economic, political and strategic and military attractions of the region the possibility of conflict also increases considerably. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - .A sociological inquiry about alienation, the city and the story (Investigating the phenomenon of alienation in the Moscow metropolitan community in the story of the "Heart of a dog")
Khayyam AbbassiIn this article, the phenomenon of individual alienation in the Moscow metropolitan area is studied in Mikhail Bulgakov's long story "The Dog". The long story "Heart of a Dog" echoes Bulgakov's frustration with the Russian Revolution of 1917 AD. The question in this art MoreIn this article, the phenomenon of individual alienation in the Moscow metropolitan area is studied in Mikhail Bulgakov's long story "The Dog". The long story "Heart of a Dog" echoes Bulgakov's frustration with the Russian Revolution of 1917 AD. The question in this article concerns the way the phenomenon of urban alienation in the Soviet Union emerged as a model in Soviet fiction, and how Bulgakov attempted to shape, describe, and solve this problem. This research lies in the interpretive paradigm and utilized the qualitative method and the story under study is selected by the “famous sample” sampling technique. In analyzing this story from a sociological point of view, alienation theories of Marx, Max Weber and Simmel were also utilized. The results showed that Bolgakov, by analyzing the story in the form of Fabel and Joke succeeded in the application of Marxian ideaology of Leninist-Stalinist for depicting human urban proletarians in the first years of the October Revolution and the analysis of its negative consequences. Apart from this result, the author has also pursued and stated additional goals such as his explicit opposition to the Russian October Revolution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - بررسی دلایل نقشآفرینی روسیه در تحولات سوریه
محمدحسین حاجیلو روح اله حسین وند شکری زهرا قاسم اقدمی قره تپه -
Open Access Article
152 - تأثیر همکاریهای نظامی ایران و روسیه بر تحولات ژئوپلیتیک منطقهای ایران
سیدمحمد صادق خسرو عزت اله عزتی رحیم سرور -
Open Access Article
153 - تأثیر ساختار ژیوپلیتیک حاکم بر روابط روسیه و ایالات متحده آمریکابر رقابت آنها در جنوب غرب آسیا
سجاد مرادی نیا زهرا پیشگاهی فرد کیومرث یزدان پناه بهادر زارعی -
Open Access Article
154 - سهم ایران از دریای خزر همچنان در هالهای از ابهام
کیومرث یزدان پناه بهادر زارعی محمود واثق فتح اله دهقان -
Open Access Article
155 - تأثیر سیاست همسایگی جمهوری فدراسیون روسیه بر رویکرد منطقهگرایی ایران در قفقاز
مصطفی هاشمی ریباز قربانی نژاد کیومرث یزدان پناه درو محمدحسن نامی -
Open Access Article
156 - .
عباسقلی عسکریان -
Open Access Article
157 - ردیابی و شناسایی ویروس پژمردگی لکهای گوجه فرنگی در گیاهان زینتی استان خراسان شمالی
جواد محمودی صفا سعید نصراله نژاد محمد رضایی فروه سادات مصطفوی نیشابوریدر سالهای اخیر علائم بیماریهای ویروسی مانند کوتولگی، موزائیک، رنگ پریدگی، بافت مردگی و لکههای حلقوی روی گیاهان زینتی در پارکها، بوستانها و معابر استان خراسان شمالی شیوع پیدا کرده است. ویروس پژمردگی لکه-ای گوجهفرنگی (TSWV) ، گونهای از جنس Orthotospovirus، خانواده Moreدر سالهای اخیر علائم بیماریهای ویروسی مانند کوتولگی، موزائیک، رنگ پریدگی، بافت مردگی و لکههای حلقوی روی گیاهان زینتی در پارکها، بوستانها و معابر استان خراسان شمالی شیوع پیدا کرده است. ویروس پژمردگی لکه-ای گوجهفرنگی (TSWV) ، گونهای از جنس Orthotospovirus، خانواده Tospoviridae ، راسته Bunyavirales، با ژنوم سه قسمتی (negative/ambisense) و ویروس دارای ژنوم تک رشتهای RNA است. این ویروس عامل اصلی آلودگی گیاهان زینتی در جهان است. در این مطالعه به منظور بررسی درصد آلودگی به TSWV، در اوایل پاییز ۱۳۹۹، ۳۵۰ نمونه گیاه زینتی بر اساس نشانههای مشکوک به علائم ویروسی از پارکها، بوستانها و معابر استان خراسان شمالی (شهرستانهای بجنورد و شیروان) جمع آوری شد و در شرایط خنک به آزمایشگاه منتقل گردید. در آزمایشگاه به منظور ارزیابی وجود ویروس در نمونههای مشکوک، آزمایش سرولوژیکی DAS-ELISA انجام شد و نمونههای آلوده به ویروس که در آزمون الایزا مشخص شدند به گیاهان محک Chenopodium album ، Vigna unguiculata و Datura stramonium مایهزنی گردیدند و پس از ظهور علائم به منظور تایید آلودگی مجددا با آزمون DAS-ELISA آزمایش شدند. در شناسایی مولکولی نمونه های آلوده به ویروس با استفاده از کیت کیاژن استخراج RNA صورت گرفت و با استفاده از جفت آغازگرهای اختصاصی در واکنش RT-PCR قطعه ای در محدوده باندی bp ۲۷۶ تکثیر یافت. نتایج حاصل از آزمون DAS-ELISA و RT-PCR وجود ویروس را در گیاهان زینتی استان خراسان شمالی به اثبات رساند. در مایهزنی مکانیکی ویروس مورد مطالعه هر سه گیاه محک فوق علائم مشخص بیماری را نشان دادند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - ردیابی و شناسایی ویروس لکه حلقوی گوجه فرنگی در گیاهان زینتی استان خراسان شمالی
جواد محمودی صفا سعید نصرالله نژاد فروه سادات مصطفوی نیشابوریدر سال­های اخیر علائم بیماری­های ویروسی مانند کوتولگی، موزائیک، رنگ پریدگی، بافت مردگی و لکه­های حلقوی روی گیاهان زینتی در پارک­ها، بوستان­ها و معابر استان خراسان شمالی شیوع پیدا کرده است. ویروس لکه حلقوی گوجه­فرنگی Tomato ring spot virus(ToRSV) Moreدر سال­های اخیر علائم بیماری­های ویروسی مانند کوتولگی، موزائیک، رنگ پریدگی، بافت مردگی و لکه­های حلقوی روی گیاهان زینتی در پارک­ها، بوستان­ها و معابر استان خراسان شمالی شیوع پیدا کرده است. ویروس لکه حلقوی گوجه­فرنگی Tomato ring spot virus(ToRSV) متعلق به جنس Nepovirusو خانوادهSecoviridaeمی­باشد. این عامل ویروسی یکی از عوامل اصلی آلوده کننده گل­های زینتی در جهان محسوب می­شود. در این تحقیق جهت بررسی درصد آلودگی ویروس ToRSV، در اوایل پاییز سال 1393 مجموعا 400 نمونه گیاه زینتی به صورت کاملا تصادفی و بدون در نظر گرفتن علائم از پارک­ها، بوستان­ها و معابر استان خراسان شمالی (شهرستان­های بجنورد و شیروان) جمع­آوری شد و در شرایط خنک به آزمایشگاه منتقل گردید. در آزمایشگاه به منظور ارزیابی وجود ویروس در نمونه­های مشکوک،­ آزمون سرولوژیکی DAS-ELISA انجام شد و نمونه­های آلوده به ویروس که در آزمون الایزا مشخص شدند به گیاهان محک Cucumis sativus، Vigna unguiculata،Nicotiana glutinousa وNicotiana rusticaمایه­زنی گردیدند. پس از ظهور علائم، گیاهان محک مجددا برای تایید وجود آلودگی توسط آزمون DAS-ELISA تست شدند. شناسایی مولکولی گیاهان آلوده توسط کیت استخراج RNA (کیاژن) انجام شد و با استفاده از آغازگرهای اختصاصی ویروس در واکنش RT-PCR، یک قطعه 449bp تکثیر شد. نتایج آزمون الایزا و واکنش RT-PCR حضور ویروس را در گیاهان زینتی استان خراسان شمالی تایید کرد. در مایه­زنی مکانیکی ویروس هر سه گیاه محک فوق علائم بیماری را نشان دادند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - استراتژیها و راهکارهای توسعه صادرات میوه و تره بار ایران به روسیه
رحمت على صابرى حقایق طهمورث حسنقلیپور هاشم آقازاده محمد طالقانیبا توجه به پتانسیل­های کشاورزی ایران از یک سو و کمبود روسیه در تامین میوه و تره بار ضمن بازار رو به گسترش این کشور از سوی دیگر، روسیه بازار عمده صادرکنندگان ایرانی میوه و تره بار است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسایی و رتبه بندی استراتژی­ها و راهکارهای توسعه صادرات میو Moreبا توجه به پتانسیل­های کشاورزی ایران از یک سو و کمبود روسیه در تامین میوه و تره بار ضمن بازار رو به گسترش این کشور از سوی دیگر، روسیه بازار عمده صادرکنندگان ایرانی میوه و تره بار است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسایی و رتبه بندی استراتژی­ها و راهکارهای توسعه صادرات میوه و تره­بار به بازار روسیه انجام شد. پژوهش از نظر هدف توسعه ای- کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت توصیفی پیمایشی به روش آمیخته اکتشافی انجام شد. جامعه آماری متشکل از کارشناسان و صادرکنندگان میوه و سبزی به روسیه بود که با روش هدفمند گلوله برفی نمونه برداری شدند. در مرحله کیفی 20 نفر و در مرحله کمی 100 نفر بودند. داده های کیفی با استفاده از تحلیل محتوا برای استخراج راهبردها و راهکارها مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت و سپس با استفاده از تکنیک تاپسیس در مرحله کمی رتبه بندی شدند. دو راهبرد ورود و حضور پایدار و 28 رویکرد برای توسعه صادرات میوه و تره بار شناسایی شد. در نهایت رتبه های برتر به تنظیم مقررات، ایجاد مشوق ها و تثبیت نرخ ارز اختصاص یافت. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Effect of wortmanin on the expression of BDNF and NT3 neuroprotective cytokines in cultured Astrocyt
amir yazdanpanah vahid hemayatkhahjahromiBackground and Aim: Neurodegenerative diseases induce apoptosis in neurons by affecting the central nervous system. Glia cells play an important role in preventing the progression of these diseases and increasing neuronal survival. The most important function of glia ce MoreBackground and Aim: Neurodegenerative diseases induce apoptosis in neurons by affecting the central nervous system. Glia cells play an important role in preventing the progression of these diseases and increasing neuronal survival. The most important function of glia cells after neuronal survival is the secretion of neuroprotective factors. Neuroprotective factors secreted by astrocytes include TGFβ1, TGFβ2, GDNF, BDNF, and NT3.In this study, we investigate the possible role of vortmanine in the expression of neuroprotective factors BDNF and NT3 secreted by microglia and oligodendrocytes in vitro. For this purpose, cultured microglia and oligodendrocytes were treated with concentrations of 8,12,16 μmol / L for 72 hours. materials and methods :A 1-2-day-old Wistar rat was used to culture astrocyte cells. Thus, after disinfecting the skin of the body and hands of infants with 70% alcohol-soaked cotton, the infant's head was cut with scissors, the scalp was completely removed and the skull was cut from the neck to the forehead. To reveal the cerebral cortex. The brain was then removed from the skull and placed in Hanks buffer.Concentrations of 8, 12, and 16 mol / L of vortmanine are added by sampler to microglia and oligodendrocyte cells cultured in 6-well plates and The expression of neuroprotective factors was measured by R-T PCRResults :Vertmanine-treated astrocyte cells showed significant morphological changes.However, morphological changes were much less observed in control cells compared to treated cells. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - An investigation on the effects of Methanol extract of saffron on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice
Shamila Eslambolchi Mohammad-Hossein Sanati Kamahldin HaghbinExperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of central nervous system and commonly used as an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Multiple sclerosis is a disabling neurodegenerative disease in human being. Inflammatio MoreExperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of central nervous system and commonly used as an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Multiple sclerosis is a disabling neurodegenerative disease in human being. Inflammation is a key event in both EAE and MS, which leads to demyelination and subsequent disability. It is shown that Crocus sativus L. stigma (saffron) extracts have anti-inflammatory activity in rats and mice. There are modern pharmacological evidences for anti-tumour, chemopreventive and genoprotective effects as well as radical scavenger properties of saffron extracts or its constituents. We observed that both therapeutic doses of dexamethasone and methanol extracts of saffron stigma at 100 mg/kg and more prevented EAE from progression significantly in pMOG-immunized female C57BL/6 mice. Aqueous maceration extract of Crocus sativus L. did not prevent EAE progression. These results suggest that saffron may attenuate symptoms of EAE by its anti-inflammatory activity. Experimental data analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Continuous and controlled production of dexamethasone nanoparticles in a microfluidic system
payam zahedi maryam tabatabai morteza fathi pour amin sohrabiThe aim of this work is to produce continuously dexamethasone nanoparticles (DEX NPs) in a microfluidic (MF) system via nanoprecipitation method to control particle size, possessing their physical structure, and enhancing the efficiency of this hydrophobic drug in physi MoreThe aim of this work is to produce continuously dexamethasone nanoparticles (DEX NPs) in a microfluidic (MF) system via nanoprecipitation method to control particle size, possessing their physical structure, and enhancing the efficiency of this hydrophobic drug in physiological environments. In order to fabricate a MF chip, a series of microchannels with dimensions 1 cm in length, 200 μm in width, and 50 μm in depth are embedded using ultraviolet soft lithography on a sheet based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and then the laminar fluid flow ability is investigated through it. The effective factors on the optimized production of the drug NPs are determined by the design of experiment. In this line, the optimum values for drug solution concentration, surfactant concentration, drug solution flow rate, and non-solvent flow rate are 15 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 4.5 ml/h, and 8 ml/h, respectively. By adjusting these values the average sizes of DEX NPs are obtained 590 ± 20 nm based on the model and 500 ± 20 nm according to the experiments. In the following, the results of dynamic light scattering (DLS) test show the narrow size distribution of DEX NPs fabricated using the MF chip. Also, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) assays reveal that application of the MF system does not affect the crystallinity of the drug NPs and does not alter their structure after the process. Finally, MF-assisted DEX NPs sample shows the drug solubility rate of about 8-fold compared to the commercial powder ones Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - روش انتخابی جدید جهت استخراج و تعیین طیفنورسنجی سریم موجود در فروسیلیکو منیزیم
هادی حیدری سحر بلیانی مجید عبدوست محمد حسین کشاورز بهروز قاسمی شیدا مرادی نسب -
Open Access Article
164 - Personal Motivations to pass along Electronic Messages for Others (Viral Marketing)
Mohsen Moradi Zahra Alipour DarvishDespite the increasing popularity of viral marketing, the key factors influencing the new marketing strategy remains unknown. This paper examines one of the critical factors, Companies contacts motivations to pass along electronic message. The study of the theoretical b MoreDespite the increasing popularity of viral marketing, the key factors influencing the new marketing strategy remains unknown. This paper examines one of the critical factors, Companies contacts motivations to pass along electronic message. The study of the theoretical background and field marketing, Research on the potential factors: 1.need to be part of a group. 2. need to be different. 3. altruism. 4. the need for personal growth on a number of electronic messages for others to investigate. We also investigate if high trait curiosity can indirectly lead to more forwarding by increasing the amount of electronic message consumed. Results of the study on a sample of over 300 Islamic Azad University students was conducted, show that Companies contacts, who are more individualistic and/or more altruistic, tend to forward electronic message than others Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - Identification of some heterocystous cyanobacteria isolated from rice fields of Mazandaran province with emphasis on multi-genic approach
Sara Kabirnataj Ghorban Ali Nematzadeh Ahmad Farhad Talebi Meisam Tabatabai Prashant SinghBackground & Objectives: In the past, the classification of cyanobacteria was only based on the morphological characteristics; however other markers such as accurate molecular methods have been recently used. This study aimed to identify several heterocystous cyanob MoreBackground & Objectives: In the past, the classification of cyanobacteria was only based on the morphological characteristics; however other markers such as accurate molecular methods have been recently used. This study aimed to identify several heterocystous cyanobacteria by polyphasic taxonomy and to investigate the multigenic approach in enhancing the accuracy of cyanobacterial identification. Materials & Methods: After analyzing the morphological features and initial identification, the 16SrRNA gene along with tufA, rbcL, psbA, and rpoC1 functional genes were used to evaluate the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships. For this purpose, after DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing of gene fragments, the exact position of the strains was determined by making phylogenetic trees, based on the corresponding genes using MEGA software. Results: Among the functional genes studied, the rpoC1 gene was able to discriminate genera very well, a result that completely confirmed 16SrRNA phylogenetic results. Finally based on the results, 4 samples from the Desmonostoc genus and 2 samples from the Calothrix genus were introduced. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate the ability of the rpoC1 gene to discriminate genera correctly and confirm the morphological and phylogenetic results of 16SrRNA gene analysis. A phylogenetic study using the rpoC1 gene marker helps to clarify phylogenetic relationships among cyanobacteria. Moreover, it provides further evidence of their chloroplast origin and the presence of different evolutionary pathways among them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - International and Iranian leading corona vaccine: classification, structure, efficacy, and side effects
Seyedeh-Masoumeh Taghizadeh Alireza EbrahiminezhadFollowing the global spread of the new coronavirus, extensive international and national efforts were made to develop a vaccine against the virus. Pharmaceutical giants such as Pfizer, Johnssen Biotech, Astrazeneca, Sinovac, Modrena, Biontec, Bharat, Finlay and China Na MoreFollowing the global spread of the new coronavirus, extensive international and national efforts were made to develop a vaccine against the virus. Pharmaceutical giants such as Pfizer, Johnssen Biotech, Astrazeneca, Sinovac, Modrena, Biontec, Bharat, Finlay and China National Biotech Group, along with research institutes such as the University of Oxford and the Gamalia Research Center, are examples of companies and centers that were able to be more successful than other competitors in the speed race to make and produce Corona vaccine. In Iran, the attempts to make this vaccine were quickly made and Iranian companies and organizations such as Shafa Pharmed, Imam Khomeini Executive Headquarters, Ministry of Defense, Pasteur Institute and Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute are obliged to make efforts in this regard. At present, the corona vaccine produced by these companies and institutions has either received a license or is in the final stages of clinical studies. Many review articles on these vaccines have been published in international journals, but just a few articles refer to the efforts made in Iran. Therefore, in the present article, an attempt has been made to classify and evaluate the structure, efficacy and side effects of these leading international and Iranian coronavirus vaccines. Hence, the information published by the World Health Organization, the US Centers for Disease Control, pharmaceutical companies, reputable research centers and domestic and foreign organizations were employed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - The effect of various parameters on the Jarosite formation in bioleaching of Sarcheshmeh copper mine sulfide ores
Bahman Nazari Hadi Hani Esmaeil Jorjani Zahra ManafiAbstract: Background and Objective: Jarosite is one of the limiting factors for recovery of copper from copper sulfide minerals. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of concentration of ferrous sulfate, pH and temperature on the jarosite formation during the sulf MoreAbstract: Background and Objective: Jarosite is one of the limiting factors for recovery of copper from copper sulfide minerals. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of concentration of ferrous sulfate, pH and temperature on the jarosite formation during the sulfide ore bioleaching of Sarcheshmeh copper mine. Material and Methods: In this study, samples were collected from the depot crushing heap bioleaching site of Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine. The bioleaching experiments were performed in 500 ml flasks, containing 10% solids of sulfide ore (w/v), pulp (200 ml), the 9K culture medium, bacteriainoculation (10% v/v of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans). The flask were shaked at 130 rpm throughout incubation. Results: Our results showed that increase in pH and concentration of ferrous sulfate facilitate rate of ferric iron precipitation. Maximum precipitation rate of ferric was achieved in 50 g/l of sulfate concentration, temperature 32 ° C and pH 2/2. According to XRD and FTIR analysis of Bioleaching residue, the produced ferric precipitations are often potassium and ammonium jarosite. Conclusion: With regard to the optimal conditions in this study in terms of pH, temperature and concentration of ferrous sulfate it is possible to regulate Jarosite formation through bioleaching process and to increase the production of copper efficiency from copper sulfide ores. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - The catalytic activity of biological seeds and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans on the process of ammonium jarosite
Nasim Eftekhari Mohammad Kargar Farokh Rokhbakhsh Zamin Nahid Rastakhiz Zahra ManafiBackground & Objectives: Ferric iron that commonly exists in the leaching solution needs to be removed before the recovery of copper bioleaching using methods such as jarosite seed. The objective of this study was to investigate the catalytic performance of biologic MoreBackground & Objectives: Ferric iron that commonly exists in the leaching solution needs to be removed before the recovery of copper bioleaching using methods such as jarosite seed. The objective of this study was to investigate the catalytic performance of biological seeds and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in the process of jarosite formation via the biosynthesis process. Materials & Methods: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was first grown in 9K medium. Jarosite seeds were synthesized using this bacterium. Then the effect of the biological activity of different seeds (5, 10 g/L) on jarosite formation was investigated. The type of jarosites synthesized was identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Meantime, the morphologies of jarosite crystals were studied. Results: The FTIR and XRD results showed that biosynthetic jarosite seeds are ammonium jarosite type. The amount of jarosite increased with increasing seed concentration and the induction time of precipitation decreased. The pH and Eh of culture medium with increasing seed decreased. Bacterial growth also decreased in the presence of jarosite seeds compared to medium without biological seeds. According to the results of SEM, The morphologies of ammonium jarosite crystals were significantly affected by the jarosite seeds. The jarosite crystals were precipitated with the presence of seeds that had a smooth, uniform, and larger surface than non- seeding jarosite. Conclusion: The results showed that the precipitation process of jarosite is more complete with biological seeds. The results of this study can improve the efficiency of the iron removal process in copper bioleaching and reduce production costs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - Investigating religious extremism in Afghanistan and Syria in the framework of international law and Russia's foreign policy strategy
Syed Nuruddin Vahadpur Mohsen Diyanat soheil soheilyOne of the challenges of the international system (international organizations and norms as well as countries) in the Middle East region and specifically in Afghanistan and Syria is the spread of extremism (religious and ethnic, etc.). Although this issue can be investi MoreOne of the challenges of the international system (international organizations and norms as well as countries) in the Middle East region and specifically in Afghanistan and Syria is the spread of extremism (religious and ethnic, etc.). Although this issue can be investigated from different dimensions, the purpose of this research is to investigate this issue in Afghanistan and Syria within the framework of international law and Russia's foreign policy strategy. The main question of the article is how the issue of religious extremist groups and their actions as well as the way they are dealt with (states and transnational institutions) are viewed in international law and on the other hand in the foreign policy of Russia in the Middle East. Is? The method of conducting this research is qualitative. The method of data collection is also a library, and the descriptive descriptive method was used to analyze the information. The results of the article show that the main danger of religious extremism in terms of international law is violation of human rights, international peace and security, terrorism and religious freedom within the framework of liberalism discourse. On the other hand, although the Russians have the same interests as Western countries in issues such as the fight against terrorism, the peace process, the prohibition of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the fight against drug trafficking and organized crime, however, in issues such as changing the regimes Political, Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - فاکتورهای ژئوپلتیکی بحران گرجستان
عبدالرضا فرجی راد حدیث مراد ی -
Open Access Article
171 - New Silk Road Plan and China's Energy-Oriented Approach to Central Asia and Russia
Saeed Mirtorabi hadi torkiChina, as the world's largest emerging economic power, has experienced decades of rapid economic growth and today relies heavily on securing imported energy supplies to continue its rise as a global power. In 2013, China launched an international initiative, as "One Bel MoreChina, as the world's largest emerging economic power, has experienced decades of rapid economic growth and today relies heavily on securing imported energy supplies to continue its rise as a global power. In 2013, China launched an international initiative, as "One Belt, One Roud", wich one of its main branches crossing Central Asia through the "Silk Road Economic Belt", reminiscent of an ancient road that had connected Chinese trade and cultural ties with the outside world. The purpose of this study is to highlight Beijing's efforts to tackle energy-related restrictions by advancing the Silk Road Revival Initiative in Central Asian and Russia region. This paper, based on the neo-mercantilist approach and using a descriptive-explanatory approach, shows that the Chinese government is working to improve its energy security, namely the availability and payment capability of imported energy, by advancing the Silk Road economic initiative. The paper's finding is that Beijing's success in advancing this initiative, could legitimize China's strong and re-emerging presence in Eurasia and opening up exciting economic and trade opportunities for partner countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Patterns of Russian Foreign Policy Behavior in the Middle East after the Arab Uprisings
Seyed Hassan MirfakhraeiAs the wave of uprising of the masses raised in Middle East since 2011, we have seen an evaluation in Russian foreign policy behavior. The behavior that could be analyzed thorough Offensive realism. In this regard, Russia showed a passive behavior in Libya and Tunisia, MoreAs the wave of uprising of the masses raised in Middle East since 2011, we have seen an evaluation in Russian foreign policy behavior. The behavior that could be analyzed thorough Offensive realism. In this regard, Russia showed a passive behavior in Libya and Tunisia, and the experience then lead to forming a triple soft, hard and smart approach toward Syria. The approach that included political negotiations as well as military intervention all together. At the same time, special skill was shown by Moscow on interactions with conflicting-interest regional actors such as Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia. The skill was interpreted on a balancing approach. All these approaches led to the patterns of Russian foreign policy behavior in Middle East, that was shown in Qatar political crisis. The vacuum left by the United States presence in the region was also a key element. This paper aims to study the Russian foreign policy behavior in Middle East thorough descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - The effects of the Syrian crisis on Turkey's strategic considerations towards Russia
taher Heidarzadeh Rahmat Hajiminieh nozar shafieeGiven the sensitivity of developments in Syria and the implementation of the intentions of other countries in this environment, including Russia and Turkey, in addition to the areas of threat and opportunity in relations with each other can also affect the strategic con MoreGiven the sensitivity of developments in Syria and the implementation of the intentions of other countries in this environment, including Russia and Turkey, in addition to the areas of threat and opportunity in relations with each other can also affect the strategic considerations of the two countries. Russia and Turkey have always had common interests in the field of geoeconomics and conflicting interests in the field of geopolitics, which has led to the formation of common and conflicting interests in relations between the two countries. Russia and Turkey went so far in the Syrian crisis that there was a possibility of a direct confrontation between the two countries, but the two countries avoided a possible conflict due to strategic considerations. The purpose of this study is the impact of the Syrian crisis on Turkey's strategic considerations towards Russia. This study raises the question of what effect has the Syrian crisis had on Turkey's strategic considerations towards Russia? Descriptively-analytically, it assesses the hypothesis that: The Syrian crisis, by exposing Turkey's vulnerability to Russia's response, shifted Ankara's strategic considerations from aggressive realism to contingent realism in its relations with Moscow, replacing cooperation with confrontation. The research findings prove this point. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - Russia's approach to the Islamic world after the Arab revolutions: Continuation or change of policies
sayed razzagh moghimi Davoud Kiani Mahdi Javdani moghaddamFollowing the Arab revolutions of 2011 and the formation of new arrangements in the political and security equations of the Middle East, Russia tried to pursue a balanced policy towards Islamic countries while avoiding tensions with them. The main purpose of this study MoreFollowing the Arab revolutions of 2011 and the formation of new arrangements in the political and security equations of the Middle East, Russia tried to pursue a balanced policy towards Islamic countries while avoiding tensions with them. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting Russia's foreign policy towards the Islamic world after the Arab revolutions of 2011 and to answer the question: What are the main components of Russia's foreign policy towards the Islamic world, especially in relation to Countries of the Middle East region? The main hypothesis that has been tested is Russia's foreign policy towards the Islamic world, especially after the Arab revolutions in the Middle East, to fight religious fundamentalism, to avoid entering the Shiite-Sunni religious divide, and to try to improve Russia's image. Among Sunni Islamic societies, religion has taken root. In the present paper, a descriptive-analytical method and in the form of a theoretical framework of constructivism, a relatively different analysis of the nature of Russia's relations with the Islamic world in the period after the Arab revolutions in 2011-2020 was presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - Energy security relations between the EU and Russia from the perspective of the theory of interdependence
Fatemeh Hamoei Kayhan Barzegar Hamid Ahmadi hossain daheshiarDue to the lack of a common energy policy in the European Union because of the differing dependence of its members on Russian resources, different geographical conditions and diverse incentives, the Union has committed itself to adhering to a specific security policy fo MoreDue to the lack of a common energy policy in the European Union because of the differing dependence of its members on Russian resources, different geographical conditions and diverse incentives, the Union has committed itself to adhering to a specific security policy for energy. A long-term strategy based on interdependence with the energy market, European unity, and improved governance in energy-producing countries. The present paper analyzes the complex energy relations between Russia and the European Union, which are at the same time involved in conflict and cooperation, in the Charter of "Asymmetric Interdependence". The purpose of this research is to discover and present the reasons for adopting a European Union collective strategy to provide sustainable and secure energy security. In order to achieve this purpose using a theoretical analysis, we identify the EU and Russia's sensitivity and vulnerability axes in terms of energy and the prospects for future interdependence in the forthcoming decades and ultimately conclude from the increasing trend that the symmetric interdependence on the issue of energy security between the two sides, neither party will be able to carry out their own security considerations without regard to the other party's security. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - A Comparative Study of Russia's Foreign Policy Towards Nagorno-Karabakh and Ukraine...
, habibollah abolhasanshirazi ehsan jafari farArmenia, Azerbaijan and Ukraine are located near Russia. Recent external developments are very important for Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Thus, the Nagorno-Karabakh crisis in September 2020, which led to a 44-day conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan MoreArmenia, Azerbaijan and Ukraine are located near Russia. Recent external developments are very important for Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Thus, the Nagorno-Karabakh crisis in September 2020, which led to a 44-day conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, as well as Ukraine's efforts to move closer to the West, provoked a Russian reaction. The present article descriptively-analytically seeks to answer the question of what has been Russia's foreign policy towards Nagorno-Karabakh and Ukraine? The findings in the context of the Copenhagen School's regionalism indicate that Russia has sought to refrain from interfering in the Nagorno-Karabakh war and supporting the country towards Azerbaijan in the wake of the proximity of the pro-Western Armenian government. The Ukrainian government has launched an offensive against the West and is trying to join NATO. However, Russia's policy toward Armenia over Ukraine over non-sanctions against Russia, public support for Russian mediation, and the deployment of peacekeeping forces appears to have been more successful than condemning the invasion of Ukraine, imposing sanctions on Russia, and lack of UN support. . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - Russia's balancing acts in the 2014 Ukraine crisis
Ali Mousaei Enayatollah Yazdani Mohammadali basiriSince the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine has always been the scene of Russia-West competition due to its identity, geopolitical, geo-economic and economic importance, and has witnessed serious conflicts and various political-security crises. The 2014 Ukraine cris MoreSince the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine has always been the scene of Russia-West competition due to its identity, geopolitical, geo-economic and economic importance, and has witnessed serious conflicts and various political-security crises. The 2014 Ukraine crisis, which began with Russia’s pressure on Ukraine to refuse to join a free trade agreement with the European Union, eventually led to the annexation of the Crimean peninsula to the Russian Federation could also be considered in the context of the same competitions between Russia and the West. A competition that not only started the crisis and annexed Crimea to Russia; Rather, it sharply increased tensions between Russia and the West. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to answer the questions that why did Russia decide to annex the Crimean peninsula to the Russian Federation, and what effect did this annexation have on the balance of power in the Black Sea region? In this article, with a qualitative method and analytical approach, the research questions in the conceptual context of the balance of threat theory have been examined using library resources. The findings of the article show that the elimination of threats from Ukraine's possible membership in the European Union against Russia's security and national interests has been the reason for Russia's decision to annex Crimea to the Russian Federation. This annexation has also changed the balance of power in favor of Russia vis a vis the West in the Black Sea region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - China-Russia Strategic Alliance against US Unilateralism and its Impact on Iran's National Security 2009-2021
Tahereh Nezafati Garineh Keshishyan SirakiAfter the collapse of the Soviet Union, the structure of the international system took on a unipolar form, one of its main characteristics being the unilateral approach of the United States as the ruling superpower. But Russia and China have managed to compete and chall MoreAfter the collapse of the Soviet Union, the structure of the international system took on a unipolar form, one of its main characteristics being the unilateral approach of the United States as the ruling superpower. But Russia and China have managed to compete and challenge America in the position of great power. This competitive process has also affected the national security of other countries. The main goal of this research is to investigate the impact of the alliance between Russia and China against the unilateralism of the United States on Iran's national security. The main question is, what effect did the alliance between Russia and China have on Iran's national security in 2009-2021 against the unilateralism of the United States? It seems that the strategic alliance of China and Russia based on competition and curbing the hegemony of US has had effects in the direction of strengthening and weakening the national security of Iran. The results show that the alliance between China and Russia against the United States affects Iran's national security in the political dimension Iran's emphasis on the role of the United Nations, Iran's membership in the Shanghai Organization, seeking new horizons in BRICS in the military dimension countering Western sanctions and promoting military cooperation with China and Russia in the economic dimension enhancement of economic cooperation, purchase of Iranian oil and gas and Iran's pivotal capability in China's Silk Road project and in the environmental dimension of the cooperation of the two sides with Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - Russia and the New World Order(with emphasis on the war between Russia and Ukraine in 2022)
ahmed challobSince the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia has grappled with the specter of decline and the prospect of losing its status as one of the world's great powers. The increased military engagement between Ukraine and the West indicated that Ukraine (or Ukraine along MoreSince the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia has grappled with the specter of decline and the prospect of losing its status as one of the world's great powers. The increased military engagement between Ukraine and the West indicated that Ukraine (or Ukraine along with NATO) might one day challenge Russia in the foreseeable future. A country that was a buffer country of great strategic importance for Russia, so it took practical action against it. Russia's invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, marks the resurgence of war on the European continent and a final attempt to reform the Western-led system that has prevailed since the end of the Cold War. Before this war, Russia used to complain about the world order in its declarations, but with this war, it has practically challenged the world order. Now this question is raised, what are the causes of the war between Russia and Ukraine? Russia's war with Ukraine has caused the emergence and expansion of what concepts in the international order? By expressing the conceptual framework of order in an explanatory way, the expansion of NATO is considered to be the cause of Russia's war with Ukraine, and in line with the definition of the new Russian order, the expansion of the concept of Russkimir, the expansion of the concept of Greater Eurasia in the form of a multi-order world, challenging the concept of liberal order and international laws in It examines the polycentric order Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - Analyzing Iran and Russia's balancing policy towards America from the point of view of Kent Waltz
mohammad Bidgoli asghar rajabi dehborzoeiDuring the last four decades of the existence of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the relationship with the Russian Federation has always been one of the priorities of Iran's foreign policy. Deciphering the reason for the continuation of deep political and economic relatio MoreDuring the last four decades of the existence of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the relationship with the Russian Federation has always been one of the priorities of Iran's foreign policy. Deciphering the reason for the continuation of deep political and economic relations between the two countries has always been one of the concerns of international relations researchers. Despite the ideological confrontation between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Russian Federation and the deep ties between Russia and Israel and the level of diplomatic relations between these two countries, How Russia has been able to bring these relations to a strategic level with Iran. The purpose of the current research is to answer this basic question: what is the balancing policy of Iran and Russia towards the United States of America from the point of view of Kent Waltz? This research has been used with a descriptive and analytical method and inspired by the theory of the balance of forces of Kent Waltz in the analysis of the relations between Iran and Russia. The results of the current research show that Russia, by emphasizing its common interests with Iran, has developed cooperative models in the regulation of bilateral relations. He has engaged in various military, political and economic cooperations and has chosen the best approach towards this tactical ally. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - Russian security threats Analysis after the U.S. Pullout from Afghanistan in Central Asia with emphasis on Islamic fundamentalism
hassan ainehvand Ali keyvani Mohammadali basiriThe exit of U.S. troops from Afghanistan in August 2021 was made by the government of Joe Biden, which was preceded by the Doha Agreement on February 29, 2020 between Donald Trump and the Taliban with the official title of "Peace Agreement to Afghanistan." The end of th MoreThe exit of U.S. troops from Afghanistan in August 2021 was made by the government of Joe Biden, which was preceded by the Doha Agreement on February 29, 2020 between Donald Trump and the Taliban with the official title of "Peace Agreement to Afghanistan." The end of the 20-years US military presence in Afghanistan has challenged international relations researchers with the crucial question of what consequences the military pullout of the United States and its allies will have for other actors active in the Middle East, Central and West Asia? And what aspects of their national interests will be affected? Amongst these players is the Russian Federation, that Afghanistan's proximity to Central Asia, as Moscow's traditional sphere of influence, could lead to new crises, including the expansion of Islamic fundamentalism to the national interests of this country. Therefore, the main question of this present paper is that what are the negative consequences of the US withdrawal from Afghanistan on Russia's national interests in Central Asia? The main assumption of this paper is that the central Asian region should be considered the center of the world crisis in the future as the most prone region for the growth of Islamic fundamentalism, which will destroy the region's security dynamics and confront Russia to new security threats. The authors try to prove their hypothesis in this paper by applying Regional security complex theory. Manuscript profile -
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182 - China's New Silk Road Initiative (Aims, obstacles and challenges)
Bahram Amirahmadiyan Roohollah Salehi DolatabadAbstract Today, Asia as a continent is faced with new developments and plans in order to meet the goals of different actors in different regions of the continent. China is one of the emerging players who plan to become a global power, has proposed the revival of the Sil MoreAbstract Today, Asia as a continent is faced with new developments and plans in order to meet the goals of different actors in different regions of the continent. China is one of the emerging players who plan to become a global power, has proposed the revival of the Silk Road initiative. Silk Road is one of China's foreign policy initiatives for expanding their influence to other areas. The plan, which almost covers an area of 4.4 billion people 65% of the world's population and 21 trillion of global GDP in total. The initiative was announced by President of China in September 2013 and the two economic belt “New Silk Road" (One road and one belt) and "Marine silk road" has been formed. Effort and dedication of China to promote such huge projects apart from the economic and political consequences could be serious for the country in the lead, also could be the formation of China's ambitious new foreign policy to expand more and trying to play a regional role. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
183 - Foreign Policy Encounters between Russia and the U.S. in Georgia
Habibollah Abolhassan Shirazi Zabihollah NaderAbstract Georgia’s declaration on independence in April 1991 and after the collapse of the USSR followed a policy which makes it independent of Russia and close relations with the US and its western allies. After the Rose revolution in 2003 and the election of t MoreAbstract Georgia’s declaration on independence in April 1991 and after the collapse of the USSR followed a policy which makes it independent of Russia and close relations with the US and its western allies. After the Rose revolution in 2003 and the election of the new president Mikhail Saakashvili, one of his first tasks was to consolidate its power and to deal with the situation in Georgia’s three autonomous regions- Ajar, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. After five years of efforts for managing peacefully the two other conflict regions, confrontation with Russia came to a new phase. Russia was supporting separatists of Abkhazia and South Ossetia to justify its presence in and outside of the border of Georgia. As a matter of fact, relations between Russia and Georgia have reached a new low. At the center of their quarrel are Georgia’s secessionist regions, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The relations of the country with western actors acquired new dynamics, especially considering the solid US support before and during the events. Saakashvili openly stated that membership in the EU and NATO is his main priority. Increasing of the presence of Americans in Georgia and withdrawing of Russians troops from the territory of Georgia, encouraged the Georgians to start new efforts for the settlements of Ossetia’s conflict. Georgia attacked Tskhinvali, the capital, in august 2008 and captured this city. But it was not to be expected, fast response, intense lightning and Russia to these proceedings. down and recognized the independence of these regions.This paper explores the challenges facing the Russian and American policymakers in Georgian territory and attempted to causes and roots of developments in the South Caucasus region in terms of foreign policy of Russia and America should be analyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - Comparative Study of Russian Foreign Policy under Putin and Medvedev Periods
Habibollah Abolhassan ShiraziAbstract Russia's foreign policy after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of this country has been a lot of ups and downs. The formation of the grand principles of Russian foreign policy based on multi-polar world, conservatism, realism and balance of po MoreAbstract Russia's foreign policy after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of this country has been a lot of ups and downs. The formation of the grand principles of Russian foreign policy based on multi-polar world, conservatism, realism and balance of power has taken shape. The first period of Russian foreign policy in the form of the "common European house" was introduced. During this period (1991-1995) and continues the policy of "new thinking" Gorbachev, the Russian Federation and the use of advanced technology integration of Western capitalist economic system be considered. In the second period, from 1996 to the State Department by Primakov's tenure began, the shift in Russian foreign policy began to look to the East and the West can be considered. In the second stage, a balance between looking to the East and West was maintained, but Putin who is the embodiment of the third period of Russian foreign policy, introduced two special features for Russian foreign policy. First, Russia's foreign policy was to be a great pragmatist and secondly, from 2000 onwards Putin was looking for a strategic partnership with Europe and particularly with the United States. On the other hand, Putin set out to re-establish the glory of Russia by returning to the principles of Soviet Russia foreign policy but not in terms of ideology but rather by relying on Russian nationalism and authoritarianism and his doctrine on the foundations of Russia's foreign policy and national security can be established. The authoritarianism and aspires to return to the power and authority of Soviet Russia is shown in Russian foreign policy during Putin and "Medvedev" periods. In this paper we investigate the claim that despite the creation of the "Putin-Medvedev" and the president and prime minister, continued the cycle of their sovereignty, is there any fundamental difference in principle between performance and overall concept for Putin and Medvedev's foreign policy or Medvedev as Putin continues the way he is, but with some minor changes in the policy? Manuscript profile -
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185 - Conflict between West and Russia in the Shape of Orange and Blue Revolutions in Ukraine
Habibollah AbolhassanShiraziWith appearance of the Orange Revolution in Ukrainein2004, although the political system did not change however a shift of power with in the government occurred by the "Regions of Ukraine" party on the blue revolution in 2010 under the pro-Russian leadership of "Yanakvv MoreWith appearance of the Orange Revolution in Ukrainein2004, although the political system did not change however a shift of power with in the government occurred by the "Regions of Ukraine" party on the blue revolution in 2010 under the pro-Russian leadership of "Yanakvvych" and was replaced by the common West led way of "Purshnkev" and "Tymoshenko". This shift of power thatwasviolentonce again showed the gapbetweentheEastUkrainewho is pro-Russian andWestUkraine who are thepro-union membershipinEurope andhavingclose relationswithAmerica in further shape. Western countries andRussia havesoughtto attractUkraine.But whileMoscow considered NATO's presence andEuropean Union in its bordersas a threatandis willing topayenormouseconomic and political expenses in order toprevent this from happening, butEuropeanUnion is notprepared topay fortheabsorptionof this country. It seemsKievinsupportoftheEuropeanUniontowardsRussiahaslost hope andwantedWashington presence which hasatougherstancetowardUkraine's crisis.This paperis also attempting todescribetwoblue andorangerevolutionsin Ukraine,the roots of theconflictsexistingin the countryatthree national, regionalandinternational levels andthecompetitivenessof the West andRussiain Ukrainewillbe reviewed andanalyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - Russia's Middle East Policy and Conflict Management Tehran-Riyadh Relations
Reza Ekhtiari Hossein Rafie Atieh Bulbul AmiriWith the rise of Russian nationalists and Eurasianists, the Middle East has become strategically important in Russia's regional and global calculations. In this context, the development of relations with key actors in the Middle East subsystem, such as the Islamic Repub MoreWith the rise of Russian nationalists and Eurasianists, the Middle East has become strategically important in Russia's regional and global calculations. In this context, the development of relations with key actors in the Middle East subsystem, such as the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia, has been one of Russia's foreign policy priorities. But Tehran and Riyadh are pursuing conflicting interests in the region, which poses a challenge to Russia's diplomatic apparatus. Given this issue, the research question is based on how Russia, while maintaining relations with Tehran and Riyadh, has managed the conflict in their relations in line with its regional interests? The hypothesis of the article is based on the fact that Russia has tried to establish independent relations with both countries simultaneously based on a completely realistic and pragmatic approach, in order to serve its regional as well as global interests. The research method is analytical-explanatory and the theoretical approach of realism has been used to explain the subject. Findings show that in relation to the issue of Iran's nuclear activities, regional influence and its presence in Syria, the confrontation of the Resistance Front with the Arab-Hebrew coalition and Iran's support for the Yemeni Houthis in the war With Saudi Arabia, Kremlin leaders ignored the Saudis' demands and instead pursued a policy of coordination with Tehran in the national interest. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - Russian Foreign Policy Approach from 1991 to 2011
Ahmad Bakhshayesh ArdestaniPrime Minister of Great Britain Winston Churchill said in 1939 that "I cannot forecast to you the action of Russia. It is a riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma". Some of the Iranian political elites consider Russia as an un-reliable ally for Iran whichlargely MorePrime Minister of Great Britain Winston Churchill said in 1939 that "I cannot forecast to you the action of Russia. It is a riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma". Some of the Iranian political elites consider Russia as an un-reliable ally for Iran whichlargelyoverlapsthatofChurchillspokeinPersian culture. Since the dissolu7on of Soviet Union in 1990s and the rise of Russia, Moscow has been experiencing three foreign policy orientations: “cooperative approach to the West”, “integrated approach to the West” and “look east policy”. Indeed, NATO’s military intervention in the formerYugoslav and ignoring the interests of Russia lead this country with a new compe77on in its foreign policy against the Western countries in 1999. This article deals with the Russian foreign policy outlooks to win the West’s legitimization as the second great power in the world. Western Countries particularly united States are not interested in recognizing Russia as the world’s second great power. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - The Methods of Russia’s Encounter with Nato’s Development to the East
Mohammadjavad Haghshenas Amin BavirAbstract After collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the East Europe countries were one of the problems that become as a trouble for Western European countries and America and at that time these countries (East Europe) were a membership of verso treaty. For these coun MoreAbstract After collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the East Europe countries were one of the problems that become as a trouble for Western European countries and America and at that time these countries (East Europe) were a membership of verso treaty. For these countries, it was necessary to delivered them to join the Western European during a long- term program, so that they cannot be leagued once more with Russia on any conditions in the future .So the development of Nato to the East is pursued at that time. Nato’s development to the East is unnecessary by Russia and knows it as a treaty for his national security. These two developments are into opposition to each other for more than two centuries, but the scale of policy is in far out of Westerners, because up to now , nine countries of Eastern Europe and three countries that become as an organ of Nato and were a part of Soviet territory (Litvani , Letoni , Estonia) for a time . This paper attempts to explore that the styles of Russia’s cooperation with Nato’s development to the East , and also studding the possible method’s between Russia and Nato. Manuscript profile -
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189 - Russia's Smart Power Policy in Syria, with an emphasis on dealing with America 2011-2023
Habib Allah Abul Hasan Shirazi Ehsan Jafari Far Arsalan Ghorbani SheikhneshinTheSyrian crisis is one of the most complex international crises in terms of the multiplicity of regional and extra-regional actors and the presence of conflicting interests in it. Russia and the United States are trans-regional players in this crisis who, with conflict MoreTheSyrian crisis is one of the most complex international crises in terms of the multiplicity of regional and extra-regional actors and the presence of conflicting interests in it. Russia and the United States are trans-regional players in this crisis who, with conflicting approaches and conflicting interests,seek greater influence in the West Asian region through intervention in the Syrian crisis. In this regard, thetwo countries are seeking to take advantageof this crisis with hard and soft policies and strategies.he conflicting interestsof the two actors have made them try to make the most profit by considering the resources and costs and benefits. In this paper, an attempt will be made to deal with the strategic and intelligent combinationof Russia's soft and hard power against the United States, focusing on the Syrian crisis. The main questionishowRussia asused smart power against American intervention in the Syrian crisis (2011-2023)? In order to examine the issue in the framework of the intelligent power point of view, from Joseph Nye's point of view, the soft power of Russia in the dimensionsofculture,valueandforeignpolicyand thehard powerinthemilitaryand economic dimensions have been discussedThe outcomesof thisresearchshows that in the Syrian field,Russiassoft power has been discussedindimensionsofculture,valueand foreignpolicyand hard powerinthemilitary and economic dimensions.Russia's smart power ha beenusedwithmoreemphasis on soft power to restrain America, and the most important achievement of Russia fromtheuse of smart power, without serious military involvement withAmerica, isto preserve Basharal-Assad'sregime and prevent extensive military action. America against Syriahasbeen taking the initiativeofpeacenegotiations and gaining strategic advantage by signing militaryand conomic contracts Manuscript profile -
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190 - A comparative Analysis of Diplomatic Relations between Iran and Russia during the Administrations of Presidents Mohammad Khatami and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Zohreh Balazadeh Fahimeh GhaibiAbstract The relations between two administrations of Iran and Russia have been always accompanied by ups and downs in the last few years. Sometimes they have been so close that strategic co-operations have been issued, and some other they have been breaking in relatio MoreAbstract The relations between two administrations of Iran and Russia have been always accompanied by ups and downs in the last few years. Sometimes they have been so close that strategic co-operations have been issued, and some other they have been breaking in relations so as they have had frosty and strained relations. At the moment, there are some different and influential issues on the relations of the two countries among which are nuclear co-operation, military collaboration and economic terms. This paper aims at not only discussing the relations of the two countries after the Revolution of Islamic Republic of Iran, but also studying and analyzing their relation comparatively during the administrations of Mohammad Khatami and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad from 1998 to 2010 (1376-1389) Manuscript profile -
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191 - Russia and the United States, Competition and Conflict
Davood Aghaee Alireza Samoodi Mehdi MosaviAbstract After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, many scholars thought that the Russian-American confrontation had ended and it would be replaced with cooperation. However, after a short period this optimism gradually faded out and a new period of conflict emerge MoreAbstract After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, many scholars thought that the Russian-American confrontation had ended and it would be replaced with cooperation. However, after a short period this optimism gradually faded out and a new period of conflict emerged. Although the new confrontation was not as sever as the previous one, but it implied a new competition in Russian-American bilateral ties. The new conflict and competition could be seen in several areas such as Russian Neighbors (Central Asian Countries & Caucausus), Missile Defense System and Arms Control and Iran as well. In this article, we are going to explain the new competition based on the above mentioned issues. Manuscript profile -
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192 - The Impact of Belt – Road Initiative on the Future of China-Russia Partnership in Central Asia
Shayan Jozani Kohan Shahin Jozani Kohan Mohammad Reza DehshiriAbstract The one Belt one road Initiative constitutes a milestone for shaping the new and independent economic order vis-a-vis the United States in the Central Asian region, as one of the key areas for China and Russia to shape a strategic partnership between the two co MoreAbstract The one Belt one road Initiative constitutes a milestone for shaping the new and independent economic order vis-a-vis the United States in the Central Asian region, as one of the key areas for China and Russia to shape a strategic partnership between the two countries with a view to preventing the expansionism of the United States. The present study as a qualitative method with an analytical-descriptive approach and utilising library method for data collection, tries to explain the one belt-one road initiative, to study China-Russia relations in Central Asia, and to examine the impact of the one belt-one road initiative on China-Russia relations in the Central Asian region. In order to answer the question of what would be the impact of the one belt- one road initiative on China-Russia relations in Central Asia? The authors, by emphasizing on the neo-regionalist approach, believe that despite Russia's skepticism towards China's activities in Central Asia, the one belt-one road initiative would pave the way for the convergence of Russian-Chinese relations in Central Asia, taking into account the Western economic sanctions against Russia and the pressure of the United States towards China in the East Asian region. Manuscript profile -
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193 - Russia and America's Foreign Policy toward the Syrian Crisis
Akbar Ashrafi Amirsaeid Babazadeh JudiWith the passage of time, the Syrian crisis has become one of the most complex political and security challenges in the Middle East. The political development in the region and trans-regional powers provide an arena for Syria to follow in your equations and competition. MoreWith the passage of time, the Syrian crisis has become one of the most complex political and security challenges in the Middle East. The political development in the region and trans-regional powers provide an arena for Syria to follow in your equations and competition. Each of these powers has taken different approaches toward Syria that America and Russia approach as the global superpower is very important. In the views of most analysts, America's foreign policy against the Syrian civil war has been very passive and obscure. The root of the confusion has created an ambiguous foreign policy for the American Strategy dealing with the Islamic awakening in relation to the overall result of confusion on foreign policy, regional and international levels. Russia has supported the Assad government in Syria and almost with a little swing trajectory has followed its position. Russia's position regarding the political developments in the Arabic region has been kind of doubt and the replacement of governments in the region in the current situation is not in favor of his Middle Eastern policy and considers it destabilizing the region. Manuscript profile -
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194 - Western-Russian Relations in the Shadow of Ukraine's Developments 2014
Abbasali Zendehbudi Shahrooz Ebrahimi Mahnaz GoodarziAbout three years ago, Viktor Yanukovych the President of Ukraine fled the country following massive anti-government protests. Following these developments, during which the Kremlin-backed president was ousted, Russia intervened in eastern Ukraine and after the referend MoreAbout three years ago, Viktor Yanukovych the President of Ukraine fled the country following massive anti-government protests. Following these developments, during which the Kremlin-backed president was ousted, Russia intervened in eastern Ukraine and after the referendum, the Crimean peninsula was annexed to this country. Developments in Ukraine (2014), which led to the crisis in the Crimean peninsula, change the geopolitical outlook of Post-Soviet Eurasia, undermine regional security and created a major challenge in United States-Russia relations. Therefore, it is important to answer the question: what impact of Ukraine's developments (2014) has had on Russia-West relations? The United States and the European Union responded by imposing sanctions on Russia, so that, according to some analysts, the Crimean crisis has become the greatest crisis between Russia and the West after the Cold War. The present article, by using a descriptive-analytical method, attempts to examine the effects of Ukraine's developments on West-Russia relations. Manuscript profile -
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195 - Tajikistan's EconomicInteractionswith Iran andFutureProspects ofBilateral RelationsinRecentDecades
Morteza MahmoudiTajikistan being among the emerging countries of Central Asia, is one of the most important countries that due to historical, cultural and linguistic similarities after independence has been taken into consideration by Iran. With The beginning of the bilateral relations MoreTajikistan being among the emerging countries of Central Asia, is one of the most important countries that due to historical, cultural and linguistic similarities after independence has been taken into consideration by Iran. With The beginning of the bilateral relations, on one hand, Tajikistan has faced With civil war crises and economic and political problems and on the other hand,western media tried to make negative propaganda against Iran and Central Asian countries in general and particularly Tajikistan and also Russiaconcerned aboutIran's presencefearcan developed.However, by introducing a behavioral evolution and its cultural and political positioning –in addition to suggestion for creating peace and solution of Tajikistan’s civil war –Iran considered economic relations according to the capacities of that country as a priority; the action has led to the resultants such as removal of ambiguity in Iranian political behavior and neutralization of competitors ‘campaigns and modeling of religious state relationships with secular governments. The authorhas triedtoanalyzeeconomic interactions between two countries in this article. Manuscript profile -
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196 - The Origins of Ukraine Crisis and Its Impact on Islamic Republic of Iran’s National Interest
Ehsan Fallahi Asdollah AmeriAbstract In the age of globalization, political, economic and military issues have intertwined. So crisis in one region affects the interests of actors in the other regions. Ukraine as one of the Soviet Republics survivors had been faced with multiple crises, which Zen MoreAbstract In the age of globalization, political, economic and military issues have intertwined. So crisis in one region affects the interests of actors in the other regions. Ukraine as one of the Soviet Republics survivors had been faced with multiple crises, which Zenith of it was United States and Russia Confrontation about Crimea Peninsula. This article tries to answer the following question: what are the origins of Ukraine Crisis in 2014? And what is the impact of Russia and United states confrontations in Ukraine crisis on Iran national interest? “Ukraine crisis has origin in Competition of U.S.A and Russia that has emerged in Orange and Blue Revaluation. This crisis has strengthened the relations between Tehran- Moscow, in order to fulfill Iran's national interests. To test this claim, Iran’s National interests have been investigated in local, regional and international level. Manuscript profile -
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197 - Russia's Policy in the Syrian Crisis and Its Consequences on Iran's National Interests
Rouhollah Darayandeh hamid ahmadiAbstract In the past few years, the Syrian crisis has become one of the most important issues in the international system and has attracted worldwide attention. Syria has become competition field for the regional and international powers which each plays a role accordin MoreAbstract In the past few years, the Syrian crisis has become one of the most important issues in the international system and has attracted worldwide attention. Syria has become competition field for the regional and international powers which each plays a role according to their goals and interests. Meanwhile, the Russian Federation has always been one of the most influential international players which has played a decisive role in this field. Hence, In this article the cause and manners of Russia's policies and actions toward the Syrian crisis have been studied. Besides, knowing the fact that developments in Syria and the Russian's approach to it, has direct and indirect implications for the national interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran, a comprehensive review of this topic has also been made. Anyway, the main issue is that what’s Russia's policy on the Syrian crisis and its consequences for Iran's national interests? The hypothesis suggests that Russia's policy in the Syrian crisis is an attempt to create a balance in the international system and confronting existing threats posed by the United States over the security and national interests of the country which is in line with Iranian policies that provide its national interests. Nevertheless, differences in the attitudes of the two countries and their types of activism can create challenges. Manuscript profile -
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198 - Geopolitical factors affecting Iran's foreign policy from west to east with an emphasis on Russia between 1991 and 2016
Hadi Sayadi Ardeshir SanaeiAbstract: The collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War have increased the geopolitical and regional significance of the international system, so that many countries in their foreign policy have chosen regionalism as the main constituent of their own int MoreAbstract: The collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War have increased the geopolitical and regional significance of the international system, so that many countries in their foreign policy have chosen regionalism as the main constituent of their own interests and national security. The practical and theoretical look in Iran's foreign policy over the past years, the lack of attention to the strategy of looking at the East and the unilateral view of the West has led to neglect of other centers and sources of global power and wealth, especially near the borders, but in years The recent strategy of looking at the East has become a regionalist strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the geopolitical and geographic view system, Because Iran is one of the countries that has geostrategic, geo-economical and geopolitical advantages in terms of geographic and political location. Accordingly, the strategy of looking into the East which has scientific and historical logic, as well as the geopolitical and political roots in the foreign policy of the country, has created a new identity in the foreign policy discourse. This paper is followed by a review. The geopolitical factors affecting the change in Iran's foreign policy from west to east with an emphasis on Russia. Manuscript profile -
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199 - Russian Foreign Policy towards Iran during the Post-2012 Period of Putin
Mohsen SadeghiAbstract: After The Collapse of The Soviet Union, Iran has a Distinct Position in the Foreign Policy Discourse of The Russian Elites, Including Atlanticists, Nationalists and Eurasianists. Some Russian Nationalists Consider The Status of Iran as Economically Important, MoreAbstract: After The Collapse of The Soviet Union, Iran has a Distinct Position in the Foreign Policy Discourse of The Russian Elites, Including Atlanticists, Nationalists and Eurasianists. Some Russian Nationalists Consider The Status of Iran as Economically Important, While The Eurasianists, Consider Political and Security Significance For Iran. Russia's Atlanticists Also Believe That They Should Not Sacrifice Cooperation With The West For Their Relationship With Iran. During The Presidency of Putin, Iran has Enjoyed Significant Importance in Russia's Foreign Policy. Putin Sometimes Described Iran as a Strategic Ally and, at Other Times, Easily Used Iran's Card, and Sacrificed The Iran's Interests In Return For Further Concessions. The Question of The Paper Is How Should Russia's Foreign Policy Behavior Towards Iran Be In The Course of The Putin Period , And Can The Two Countries Be Considered a Strategic Alliance? Russia's Decisions Against Iran Can Be Explained, According to Wolfram Hanrieder, And The Principle of The Feasibility And Success of Foreign Policy And The Integration Of Consensus And Compatibility. The Combination Of Two Concepts Of Compatibility And Consensus Is Considered As The Main Approach In Russian Foreign Policy Decisions. In Russia, Where there is a Consensus about the Interests of Strategic Relations with Iran among the Russian Elites, The Relations between Iran and Russia are upgraded to a Strategic level. In Cases Where There Is No Consensus or a Consensus of a Directorial Nature, The Way of Engaging With Iran Is Proportional To The International Status Structure Is Adopted. Manuscript profile -
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200 - The Impact of Energy Role on Bilateral Relations of Germany and Russia
Habbib Allah Abolhassan Shirazi Ebrahim MerajiAbstract After the collapse of the Soviet Union and German unity, it was perhaps hard to predict that two countries relations in various aspects go to the close relationship. German and Russian relations are having a very long history, from ups and downs and convergenc MoreAbstract After the collapse of the Soviet Union and German unity, it was perhaps hard to predict that two countries relations in various aspects go to the close relationship. German and Russian relations are having a very long history, from ups and downs and convergence to divergence and war to peace. Elements and different items have been influenced on the bilateral relations between two countries. The energy factor was the major element affecting bilateral relations particularly after the Cold War. developing and strategic relations of the two countries and the role of energy for count nation of this relationship and its impact on bilateral relations between them is important issue in the present paper which we are attempting to evaluate it. Manuscript profile -
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201 - A Survey on Nuclear Cooperation between Iran and Russia during Khatami and Ahmadinejad Periods
Davood Bavand Tahereh MirzaeeRussian and Iranian foreign policy in history has been based on alerts and news. If you look to the new era of relations between Iran and Russia, these relationships are formed around a core fundamental as “nuclear cooperation”. Nuclear cooperation between I MoreRussian and Iranian foreign policy in history has been based on alerts and news. If you look to the new era of relations between Iran and Russia, these relationships are formed around a core fundamental as “nuclear cooperation”. Nuclear cooperation between Iran and Russia began when Tehran’s top priority was reconstruction and strengthening economic and security with the purpose of compensation for damages caused by the 8 years war with Iraq. In January 1995 Moscow and Tehran have signed a contract to complete the Bushehr nuclear power planet worth $800 million. Since the Bushehr contract, Washington constantly wanted to stop this 100- megawatt light – water reactor and is concerned that this facility will help Iran’s nuclear weapons. The main question, in this research, is that what was the result of cooperation between Iran and Russia on the Bushehr nuclear project during President . Khatami and President .Ahmadinejad? And to prove it, in this study, we hypothesized that cooperation between Iran and Russia during Per. Khatami was based on political – economic purposes and during Per. Ahmadinejad the military and security aspects became the top priority than political – economic aspects. Manuscript profile -
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202 - Explaining Russia's Foreign Policy Approaches toward Iran Nuclear Dossier from Critical Geopolitics Perspective
HAMED SHAHBAZI Ardeshir SanaeiThe present study seeks to answer the question from the perspective of Critical Geopolitics how Russia's approaches towards Iran's nuclear dossier can be explained as a permanent member of the Security Council, a signatory of the JCPOA, and of course a mediator. Practic MoreThe present study seeks to answer the question from the perspective of Critical Geopolitics how Russia's approaches towards Iran's nuclear dossier can be explained as a permanent member of the Security Council, a signatory of the JCPOA, and of course a mediator. Practical geopolitics, as one of the four research areas of critical geopolitics, will provide an answer to why Russia's foreign policy is pragmatic and "multivector". The findings of the study explain the oscillations of Russia's foreign policy towards Tehran with a focus on multivectorism, opportunism, and pragmatism, and while recognizing geopolitical and economic considerations in the foundations of Russia's foreign policy, it argues that these approaches still have limitations in explaining some aspects of Russia's foreign policy decisions and actions due to their materialistic foundations. In fact, Russia, with the role of a mediator, while trying to keep Iran in its orbit, also takes advantage of the nuclear dossier of Iran in regulating its relations with the West. The method of descriptive-analytical research and the method of data collection is library. In this regard, books, articles, documents, internet resources, and comments of experts and relevant authorities have been used to collect data. Manuscript profile -
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203 - Russian Foreign Policy in the Middle East
Mohammad SohrabiAppearance of Revolutions in North Africa and its exposure to the Middle East has led to regional and trans-regional actors to adopt different approaches to the Middle East region. Russia, as a trans-regional actor in the history of the region dates back to the Tsars wh MoreAppearance of Revolutions in North Africa and its exposure to the Middle East has led to regional and trans-regional actors to adopt different approaches to the Middle East region. Russia, as a trans-regional actor in the history of the region dates back to the Tsars which during the uprising has changed its approach to the region and in each of the countries has risen due to the benefits of its instruments, has adopted a different policy. Middle East and focus on the various issues, one of the important issues to Moscow, especially in the second term of Putin presidency, have paid much attention to it. Top diplomatic traffic between the Middle East to Moscow and back, it reflects the kind of mobility in Russia's Middle East policy is different from past decades. It seems that in the wake of developments since September 11, 2001, and particularly in America's military efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq that led to the proliferation of religious fundamentalism and anti-American sentiment in the Middle East, Russia has a greater interest among state and local communities, governments and the public have been mentioned, a situation of this country, it thinks itself to welcome advantage. The paper suggests that the popular uprisings in the Middle East as "Arabic revolutions" led the first Russian politics with the revolution in the form of cooperation with the West in advance but later due to concerns about increasing America's presence in the region and extend this process to Eurasia, policy trends and revolutionary opposition to support governments in the form of confrontation with the West followed. This paper considers Russia's approach to the popular uprisings and revolutions in the Middle East. Manuscript profile -
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204 - Russia and Georgia: From Co operations to tensions
Roya Montazemi Najmeh Soleymani KarizmehAbstract Being situated in the Caucasus, Georgia has always been a very important region. Accordingly, since the very beginning of the independence of Georgia, Russia has always tried to follow its goals in this country. The following paper is a study about the relatio MoreAbstract Being situated in the Caucasus, Georgia has always been a very important region. Accordingly, since the very beginning of the independence of Georgia, Russia has always tried to follow its goals in this country. The following paper is a study about the relationship between the two countries and the disagreements that they have had so far. The researcher has tried to discuss the most significant reasons for the importance of Georgia. This is followed by a discussion on the history of the relationship between the two countries. The researcher then tries to expand on the background of the disagreement between the two countries. The paper ends with a prediction on the future of the relationship between the two countries. Manuscript profile -
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205 - Comparative Study on America and Policies Relating to Energy Security in Southern Caucasia
Seyednurollah Mirashrafi Davoud Kiyani Ali ShirkhaniAbstractNew geopolitics competition between the United States and Russia in order to control and reach energy resources and transfer lines are controversial in southern Caucasia. In recent years, in the field of the competition, the United States and Russia have been ma MoreAbstractNew geopolitics competition between the United States and Russia in order to control and reach energy resources and transfer lines are controversial in southern Caucasia. In recent years, in the field of the competition, the United States and Russia have been main actors of geopolitics play, oil play, and pipe line play or great play. Russia, as the earliest power to access the region oil transfer to the world market, has emphasized on its role and importance, placing traditional and monopolistic energy transfer to Europe in the center of its plans. The US, on the other hand, with the idea of predominating energy reserves and maintaining the security of pipe lines, follows the strategy of multiple pipe lines, while pivoting on the elimination of Russia from Southern Caucasia. With all this in mind, in this article, we are trying to research the two countries’ different policies in Southern Caucasia.Key words: Southern Caucasia, interaction of America and Russia policies, security of energy, transfer of energy, competition of the America and Russia Manuscript profile -
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206 - Post JCPA prospect of Iran-Russia gas relations on strategic partnership model
Seyedhassan Mirfakhraei Omid Rahimi Arash SefidiExpeditiously regaining its position on the Energy market, Natural Gas has become a strategic commodity during recent decades. Hence Islamic Republic of Iran and the Russian Federation due to having this divine blessing, have got a special importance in this domain. Tho MoreExpeditiously regaining its position on the Energy market, Natural Gas has become a strategic commodity during recent decades. Hence Islamic Republic of Iran and the Russian Federation due to having this divine blessing, have got a special importance in this domain. Though Iran has not benefited from this strategic commodity in the International fields as expected; The utilization has been just limited to domestic usage. However, signing the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action(JCPA), made new ways for industrial developments and exports ahead of Iran. Alongside the west, one of the key players in this field, is the Russian Federation. Therefore, the question arises that what’s the perspective ahead on the post JCPA Iran-Russia gas relations and in this regard, what are the policy making requirements for strategic partnership? Responsively, considering the increase in gas export capacity from post-JCPA opportunities, the two countries will have a simultaneously competitive and cooperative atmosphere; Meanwhile, the dominance of competition or cooperation depends on the political and security considerations of the two countries on different levels. At the moment the changes in Syria and Ukraine crises have provided a fertile ground for cooperation. Accordingly, the relations have led to the strategic partnership, for preserving and promoting, the respective policy makers should consider some requirements in the document of future perspective for gas policies. Manuscript profile -
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207 - Developments of Iran-Russia Relations, 1992-2016
ELAHEH KOOLAEE Afifeh AbediIran-Russia's seems very integrated and warm now, but during last 25 years there were many up and dawn in the course of their relations. Historical realities indicate these relations permanently have experienced very different stages. Many diverse factors have affected MoreIran-Russia's seems very integrated and warm now, but during last 25 years there were many up and dawn in the course of their relations. Historical realities indicate these relations permanently have experienced very different stages. Many diverse factors have affected their relation in domestic, regional and international levels. The two countries relations in 19 century have shaped their perceptions about others goals and aims. The events of the final stage of the world war II have a very deep impact on Iranian people and government. The Soviet supportive policy in the case of Azerbaijan and Kurdistan separative movement are very important factors in this regards. Policies and activities of Communist Tudeh party has a constant influence on this relation, both before and after the Islamic Revolution in Iran. These historical legacies in Iran- Russia's relations after the collapse of the Soviet Union continue its influence on the two countries relation, that shapes the main question of this paper. the authors use descriptive- analytical methodology for their research. Manuscript profile -
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208 - Russia’s Balancing Behavior in Middle East: Case Study of Iran and Saudi Arabia (2012-2018)
Seyed Hasan MirfakhraeiAbstract Considering the first signs of shaping of a new regional order in the Middle East since 2011, Russia has taken new approaches toward this critical region. The approaches which show regaining Moscow’s role in this area. However, due to the new complexitie MoreAbstract Considering the first signs of shaping of a new regional order in the Middle East since 2011, Russia has taken new approaches toward this critical region. The approaches which show regaining Moscow’s role in this area. However, due to the new complexities, the current Middle East is basically different to the past. The states are more independent and inter-connections in various areas has led to shaping complicated fronts; that each of them requires particular patterns of relations between the players. These complexities caused emergence of an empirical balancing behavior by Moscow toward regional states. The behavior based on specific approaches such as direct military intervention, counter terrorism, shaping anti-West coalitions and following up international energy strategies. The main components of Russia's balancing behavior can be summarized in emphasis on functional dimensions, playing with all state actors, task division without confrontation and interaction with non-state actors. This approach has been adopted Russia’s relations with Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia, as two key regional actors with opposite and sometimes contradictory interests, and has resulted in well and balanced relations with the two countries. Manuscript profile -
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209 - The opposition between Russia and the United States in Ukraine and its impact on the national interests of Iran
Mohammad Nonejad Morteza KarimiRelations between Russia and the United States have been accompanied by ups and downs in recent years, and issues such as maintaining and expanding influence in the periphery of Russia, geopolitical energy transmission lines, the deployment of the US missile defense sys MoreRelations between Russia and the United States have been accompanied by ups and downs in recent years, and issues such as maintaining and expanding influence in the periphery of Russia, geopolitical energy transmission lines, the deployment of the US missile defense system and NATO in Eastern Europe, the nuclear issue of Iran, and North Korea has had a great deal of influence on these relationships. In the meantime, the crisis in Ukraine can be regarded as a turning point in the development of relations between Russia and the United States, indicating a peak of disagreements and geopolitical rivalries on both sides. Given that the international nature of the crisis in Ukraine will have profound consequences on international relations. In the era of globalization, regional and global conditions have been interwoven. Therefore, the crisis in one region affects the interests of actors in other areas. Ukraine has faced several crises since its independence, with its peak in 2014 and the US-Russian opposition to it. Accordingly, the previous article seeks to answer these questions, which is the origins of the 2014 crisis in Ukraine. What has the Russian-American opposition to the crisis in Ukraine affected the national interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The hypothesis of this study is that the crisis in Ukraine was rooted in the Russian-American rivalry that appeared in the Orange, Blue and the Crisis of 2014, so that the crisis would strengthen the Moscow-Tehran relationship in line with Realization of national interests of Iran. Manuscript profile -
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210 - Russia Influence in the Black Sea Region
Ruhollah Monem Arsalan ghorbani Reza SimbarFollowing the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Black Sea region was less geostrategically significant from a Western perspective, but it remained instrumental in shaping Russia’s concept of its “near abroad.” For Russia to achieve these long-t MoreFollowing the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Black Sea region was less geostrategically significant from a Western perspective, but it remained instrumental in shaping Russia’s concept of its “near abroad.” For Russia to achieve these long-term objectives, its supremacy in the Black Sea is a critically enabling factor. The unique geography of the region confers several geopolitical advantages to Russia in its confrontation with the West. As such, the Kremlin has sought measures to strengthen its hold over the region. Firstly, it has sought to weaken NATO’s ties to the regional states, working to drive wedges into these relationships, and using military force when necessary to stop the Alliance’s expansion. Secondly, it has been expanding its military capabilities in order to challenge NATO’s presence in the region and ultimately dominate the Black Sea.Russia has pursued highly aggressive policies in order to secure its dominance over the Black Sea region. What Moscow must bear in mind however, is that control over the region is not an end in itself, but the means to achieve a greater objective – to keep out NATO interference. In this regard, Russia’s measures have somewhat backfired. Concerned over Russia’s rising belligerence, NATO at the recent Warsaw Summit pledged to increase Allied military presence in the region. Besides strengthening Allied capabilities in the air, land, and sea, there will be increased allied visits to Romanian and Bulgarian ports, and enhanced inter-Alliance training and exercises. Manuscript profile -
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211 - European Union and Energy Security Challenges
Alireza Soltani Reza BehmaneshAbstract: Energy, and the issues related to it, are among the most important topics in the European Union. Among the most central concerns in the European Union are the prospects for the provision and transfer of energy to Europe’s industries and economy. The exi MoreAbstract: Energy, and the issues related to it, are among the most important topics in the European Union. Among the most central concerns in the European Union are the prospects for the provision and transfer of energy to Europe’s industries and economy. The existence of realities such as the increasing rate of energy consumption and the consequent rise in the Union’s dependence on fossil fuel imports, have all led to the European Union’s concerns regarding energy supply and security. Such a noteworthy dependence has drawn the attention of the European Union towards the adoption of common and long-term policies for reducing the risks and challenges surrounding energy security. The European Union’s concerns regarding Russia’s economic and political hegemony over energy resources in Central Asia and the Caucasus, have resulted in the Union’s quest for diversifying the routs used for the transfer of its energy and gas. Therefore, the Nabucco project which is one of the European Union’s projects concerning the diversification of suppliers of gas to the Union’s members, should be examined in the framework of the mentioned discourse. The main question raised by this article is that why European Union have followed diversifying its energy resources in recent years? The article is based on this hypothesis that the EU concerns regarding Russian monopoly on energy resources of Central Asia and Caucasus has led this block to diversify its energy resources and Nabucco Pipeline is one of its recent projects and routes for fulfilling this goal and reducing the risks and challenges for energy security. Manuscript profile -
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212 - Investigation of selenium usage effect on yields and its components of seed and oilseed of rape (Brassica napus L.) on normal and delayed cropping Conditions
Abdoreza Davoudi Bahram Mirshekari Amirhossein Shirani Rad Farhad Farhvash Varham RashidiIn order to Investigation of selenium effect on Seed yields and its components, oil yield of different genotypes under normal and delayed planting Conditions a field experiment a factorial split-plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design wit MoreIn order to Investigation of selenium effect on Seed yields and its components, oil yield of different genotypes under normal and delayed planting Conditions a field experiment a factorial split-plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at field experimental of seed and plant Improvement Institute, Iran, Karaj, during two growing seasons 2013-2015. The first factor is Planting date at three levels Including planting on 6 October (normal planting), 17 october and 26 october (delayed planting) and selenium including non application selenium (Sprayed with net water) and selenium application as Second factor, on main plots and Six genotypes from canola including Opera ,L72 ,KR1 ,GKH3705 ,GKH0224, Neptune as Third factor, on sub plots. The results showed that the effect of selenium, planting date and varieties on all of the traits was significant. the interaction effect between planting date and genotypes was statistically significant on number of silique per plant, Thousand seed weight, seed yield, erucic acid and seeds glucosinolate. Although the selenium application in all planting dates increases the seed yield but the increase in normal planting condition (15 October) at the Opera was 8/7%, and in delayed planting conditions (5 November) in the line KR1 was 13/4%, So that it became clear the selenium application in delayed planting conditions, improving seed yield from 2536 to 2876 kg per hectare was in line KR1. Manuscript profile -
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213 - اثرات گرسنگی و استراتژی های تغذیه ای بر عملکرد رشد و ترکیب لاشه تاس ماهی روسی (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)
محمود علیزاده افشار حسین خارا بهرام فلاحتکار -
Open Access Article
214 - Designing a Model for the Role of Women in the Family Purchasing Decision-Making Process Considering the Impact of Viral Marketing (Case Study of Women in Tabriz)
Aliakbar peyvasteh Alii Gorbani Elnaz HazemThe purpose of this research is to design a model of women's role in family purchasing decision-making process considering the impact of viral marketing in Tabriz metropolitan area. This research is descriptive-survey based on its nature and content, and in terms of pur MoreThe purpose of this research is to design a model of women's role in family purchasing decision-making process considering the impact of viral marketing in Tabriz metropolitan area. This research is descriptive-survey based on its nature and content, and in terms of purpose, it is a type of applied research. In this research, the methodology used to collect the data for the development of the literature is library method, and also to collect data to answer the questions, the field method has been used. The statistical population includes Tabriz metropolitan women whose number is considered unlimited. The sample size was 384 persons according to the unlimited sample size formula of 3845 people. A random sampling method was used to select the women who were used to describe the data from the frequency table and the column diagram for demographic variables and descriptive index table and histogram chart for describing the mean index. In the analytical part of the data, Various methods such as the Kalimogrov-Smirnov test for normalization, exploratory factor analysis, factor analysis, regression test, t-test and Pearson correlation were used for SPSS software. As a result, effective factors on each of the research variables were identified and the final model and applied proposals were presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
215 - Designing a Model for the Role of Women in the Family Purchasing Decision-Making Process Considering the Impact of Viral Marketing (Case Study: Women in Tabriz)
Aliakbar peyvasteh Alii Gorbani Elnaz HazemThe purpose of this research is to design a model of women's role in family purchasing decision-making process considering the impact of viral marketing in Tabriz metropolitan area. This research is descriptive-survey based on its nature and content, and in terms of pur MoreThe purpose of this research is to design a model of women's role in family purchasing decision-making process considering the impact of viral marketing in Tabriz metropolitan area. This research is descriptive-survey based on its nature and content, and in terms of purpose, it is a type of applied research. In this research, the methodology used to collect the data for the development of the literature is library method, and also to collect data to answer the questions, the field method has been used. The statistical population includes Tabriz metropolitan women whose number is considered unlimited. The sample size was 384 persons according to the unlimited sample size formula of 3845 people. A random sampling method was used to select the women who were used to describe the data from the frequency table and the column diagram for demographic variables and descriptive index table and histogram chart for describing the mean index. In the analytical part of the data, Various methods such as the Kalimogrov-Smirnov test for normalization, exploratory factor analysis, factor analysis, regression test, t-test and Pearson correlation were used for SPSS software. As a result, effective factors on each of the research variables were identified and the final model and applied proposals were presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
216 - Developing in situ nano forsterite by adding micro silica and silicon and studying the role of ferrosilicon on physical and mechanical properties of magnesium forsterite carbon
Marjan Monshi Ahmad MonshiWhen using Magnesia-Carbon refractories in slag line (1600 C) oxidation produces porosity and corrosion. In this research, micro silica is added to produce in situ nano forsterite inside the brick and act as a binding between MgO grains. This increases Brazilian (streng MoreWhen using Magnesia-Carbon refractories in slag line (1600 C) oxidation produces porosity and corrosion. In this research, micro silica is added to produce in situ nano forsterite inside the brick and act as a binding between MgO grains. This increases Brazilian (strength resistant to crack growth) and lowers chemical potential of silica between brick-slag and decreases diffusion of slag. 3% silicon (anti-oxidant), 1-10 % micro silica and in 2nd series of samples ferrosilicon was added. XRD showed increase of forsterite formation with ferrosilicon. Physical and mechanical properties after tempering at 250 C and sintering at 1600 C were studied at this time. Strength and crack resistance improved. Modified Scherer Equation which showed crystal size, measured crystals of forsterite as 32 nm. Ratio of Slopes Method used to calculated 10, 14 and 24 % forsterite respectively at 3, 5 and 10 % micro silica addition to yhe bricks. It shows that increase in silica, increase potencial of forsterite formation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - Synthesis of Zinc Ferrite Ferrofluid and Investigation of its Rheology and Magnetic Properties
Farshid Mahdavi Babak HashemiIn this study, we first synthesized zinc ferrite nanoparticles by using co-precipitation method and adding zinc to iron ferrite in different amounts. Redistribution of Fe and Zn cations in tetrahedral and octahedral locations can significantly alter and increase saturat MoreIn this study, we first synthesized zinc ferrite nanoparticles by using co-precipitation method and adding zinc to iron ferrite in different amounts. Redistribution of Fe and Zn cations in tetrahedral and octahedral locations can significantly alter and increase saturation magnetization. The saturation magnetization of the synthesized ferrite nanoparticles was 57% higher than that of iron ferrite, and the nanoparticles had an average size of 35 nm. The synthesized nanoparticles were then functionalized using oleic acid and polyethylene glycol and three types of stable fluids based on water, engine oil and ethylene glycol were prepared. Optimal Ferro-fluid with the highest stability properties and amount of saturated magnetization was used to investigate the rheological properties. The non-Newtonian behavior of the fluid with different percentages of nanoparticles was investigated and the greatest change in behavior from the Newtonian state was related to the fluid with 15% by volume of nanoparticles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
218 - Evaluation of the Effect of Low Dose of Methamphetamine on the Human Astrocyte Cell Cycle Exposed to Amyloid Beta
Bita Soltanian Marzieh Dehghan Shasaltaneh Gholam Hossein Riazi Nahid MasoudianAstrocytes are the most important and abundant cells helping neurons. They are involved in the neural survival, ionic, and osmotic homeostasis, as well as in the formation of synapses and growth of the axons and dendrites. Activating markers of the cell cycle increased MoreAstrocytes are the most important and abundant cells helping neurons. They are involved in the neural survival, ionic, and osmotic homeostasis, as well as in the formation of synapses and growth of the axons and dendrites. Activating markers of the cell cycle increased in Alzheimer’s disease. Cyclin dependent kinase 1(Cdk1) and cyclin E2 (CE2) are among the cell cycle markers. Besides, methamphetamine in non-toxic dose reduces the automatic division capacity and leads to cell differentiation. In this study, the human astrocytes exposed to amyloid beta (Aβ) and treated with low doses of methamphetamine (METH) and the cell cycle arrest and expression of the Cdk1 and CE2 were assessed in all groups. Five groups were used: 1- The cells expose to Aβ, 2- The cells exposed to METH, 3- The cells exposed to Aβ and then METH, 4- the cells exposed to METH and then Aβ, 5- The control group. Each group was repeated three times. Cdk1 gene expression decreased in group 3, treatment group, but increased in group 4, prevention group. The CE2 gene expression decreased in both groups. Furthermore, the cell cycle arrest in G1, G2, and S were assessed. In the Group 3, treatment group, G2 decreased; but in group 4, prevention group, it increased. Changes in the cell cycle are the early symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. The low dose of METH can reduce cell cycle activating markers as well as reducing cell division and leading the cells to death. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
219 - The Effect of Bitter Olive Plant Extract (Melia azedarach) and Crocin on Mice with Hydatid Cyst
Raheleh Rahbarian Shahrbanoo Jafari Hamid EshratiHydatid cyst is one of the most important common diseases between humans and animals. In the present study, the therapeutic effect of Melia azedarach seed extract and Crocin on a mouse model infected with hydatid cysts was investigated in vitro and in vivo conditions. I MoreHydatid cyst is one of the most important common diseases between humans and animals. In the present study, the therapeutic effect of Melia azedarach seed extract and Crocin on a mouse model infected with hydatid cysts was investigated in vitro and in vivo conditions. In vitro study 0.1% eosin staining method was used. In vivo study, 30 female laboratory mice were infected with hydatid cysts by intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 ml of liquid containing 2000 protoscolex. One week after the injection, the mice were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups of 6 in separate cages. These groups include 1- control group (without any type of treatment), 2- Albendazole group (Albendazole dose 75 mg/kg), 3- Melia azedarach group (100 microliter Melia azedarach extract), 4- Crocin group (100 mg/ml crocin), 5- Melia azedarach - Crocin group (a mixture of Melia azedarach extract and Crocin). 140 days after the treatment, the desired tests were performed. In vitro investigation of the lethal effect of the pure Melia azedarach extract on protoscolexes showed that after 15 and 60 minutes of incubation, 60 and 80% of protoscolexes are destroyed, respectively. The results of in vivo tests also showed that in the groups treated with Crocin, Melia azedarach, and Melia azedarach-Crocin, the number, weight, and size of hydatid cysts were significantly reduced compared to the control. In addition, the examination of liver biochemical factors showed the most significant lethal effect of hydatid cyst in the groups treated with Melia azedarach and Melia azedarach-Crocin compared to the group treated with the anti-parasitic drug Albendazole and control. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
220 - A Cognitive Study of the Instrumental View Towards Women in Russian and Greek Linguistic Communities
Hamed Akbarpour Ali Alizadeh Shahla SharifiThe purpose of this study is to study and cognitively compare the cultural distance between the two non-adjacent language communities of Russia and Greece in terms of instrumental view towards women from the perspective of cultural linguistics. For this purpose, 330 com MoreThe purpose of this study is to study and cognitively compare the cultural distance between the two non-adjacent language communities of Russia and Greece in terms of instrumental view towards women from the perspective of cultural linguistics. For this purpose, 330 common tool-words in the comprehensive German list were equated into these two languages and then the frequency of feminine grammatical gender in them was extracted as an indicator in the theoretical framework of the research. The results of the Chi-square test with a significance level of 0.416 show that the difference between the two frequencies is not significant but still exists and the feminine grammatical gender in Greek tool-words is more than Russian. The insignificance of this difference can be found in the cultural convergence based on common religious foundations, the spread of Greek cultural conceptualizations to Russia, the commonalities of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and the proximity of basic human values. On the basis of this study, the instrumental view towards women among Russians is less than the Greek. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
221 - Seroepidemiologic survey onWest Nile Virus, Equine Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine Arteritis Virus and Influenza A Virus in the stables of Tehranand Alborz province
,A Badiei ,A Shaghayagh R. Sadri S.M irsaeedi Farahani, ,M Loghmani ,P Hosamy ,A. Ahmadi رامین Balali, ,A Jamali ,F MoosakhaniA seroepidemiological study to detect the presence of the antibodies against West Nile Virus(WNV), Influenza AVirus, Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIA) and Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) was done in Tehran and Alborzprovince, Iran from April 2011 to July 2012. The object MoreA seroepidemiological study to detect the presence of the antibodies against West Nile Virus(WNV), Influenza AVirus, Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIA) and Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) was done in Tehran and Alborzprovince, Iran from April 2011 to July 2012. The objective of this study was to determine the serological statusof the most important viruses in horse. Serum samples were collected from stable horses throughout TehranandAlborzprovince. Out Of 126 samples, 3 (2.38%), 1 (0.79%), 37 (29.36%), 85(67.46%) were seropositive for WNV,EIA, EAV and Influenza A Virus, respectively. The results revealed that antibodies against WNV, EIA and EAVwere present in Tehran and Alborz province; meanwhile,previous exposure to WNV, EIA and EAV might nothave occurred in Iran due to low percentages ofWNV and EIA seropositive cases and medium percentage ofEAV seropositive results. Seropositivecases of WNV, EIA and EAV were as same as other reports. Since highpercentages of Influenza A seropositive results, the agent is likely circulating in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
222 - Seroepidemiologic survey on West Nile Virus, Equine Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine Arteritis Virus and Influenza A Virus in the stables of Tehran and Alborz province
S.M Mirsaeedi Farahani آریا Badiei علیرضا Shaghayagh رویا Sadri مهدی Loghmani پیمان Hosamy احمد Ahmadi R. Balali علیرضا Jamali فرهاد MoosakhaniA seroepidemiological study to detect the presence of the antibodies against West Nile Virus(WNV), Influenza AVirus, Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIA) and Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) was done in Tehran and Alborzprovince, Iran from April 2011 to July 2012. The object MoreA seroepidemiological study to detect the presence of the antibodies against West Nile Virus(WNV), Influenza AVirus, Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIA) and Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) was done in Tehran and Alborzprovince, Iran from April 2011 to July 2012. The objective of this study was to determine the serological statusof the most important viruses in horse. Serum samples were collected from stable horses throughout Tehran andAlborz province. Out Of 126 samples, 3 (2.38%), 1 (0.79%), 37 (29.36%), 85(67.46%) were seropositive forWNV, EIA, EAV and Influenza A Virus, respectively. The results revealed that antibodies against WNV, EIA andEAV were present in Tehran and Alborz province; meanwhile,previous exposure to WNV, EIA and EAV mightnot have occurred in Iran due to low percentages ofWNV and EIA seropositive cases and medium percentage ofEAV seropositive results. Seropositivecases of WNV, EIA and EAV were as same as other reports. Since highpercentages of Influenza Aseropositive results, the agent is likely circulating in Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
223 - Genotyping of BVDV type 1 and 2 isolated from PI cattle in Tehran province by multiplex PCR
فرهاد Moosakhani آریا Badiei مهدی Loghmani علیرضا Shaghayegh محسن ZafariMucosal disease (MD) and bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) are diseases that have no clinical correlations but they have commonviral etiology. In this respect, genotyping of the virus is not performed in Iran yet, after genotyping, control of the disease byusing proper vaccin MoreMucosal disease (MD) and bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) are diseases that have no clinical correlations but they have commonviral etiology. In this respect, genotyping of the virus is not performed in Iran yet, after genotyping, control of the disease byusing proper vaccines could be more effective.In this study, serum samples of suspected calves were taken randomly from 20 farms around province of Tehran. Then, twoELISA tests were performed for detection of BVDV antigen. Twenty samples were chosen for RNA extraction as each samplebelonged to one farm. Then, a multiplex PCR was preformed on the basis of 5′ UTR of BVDV genome with positive samplesfor genotyping the virus.In conclusion, 3 samples (15%) were positive for BVD-2 and 20 samples (100%) were positive for BVD-1. All positive andnegative ELISA samples had equal results in RT-PCR. As for detection of BVD-2, phylogenetic analysis and molecular examination is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
224 - The dream of the hardware superpower and the realities of the new world; the historical perception of branding and the national image of Russia in Iran
yaser kahrazehThe perception of a nation's image by foreign audiences has a historical, cultural, political and international background. Russia with thousands of years of history and identity is a good case for study. The paper examines the image and brand of Russia in today's world MoreThe perception of a nation's image by foreign audiences has a historical, cultural, political and international background. Russia with thousands of years of history and identity is a good case for study. The paper examines the image and brand of Russia in today's world with an emphasis on Iran and it is using a descriptive-analytical method with describing the concept of nation branding and nation image making. The main question of paper is How Russia's image in Iran perceived? To answer the question, the paper emphasis that image of Russia in the regional and international environment, including Iran, is a negative image, partly based on a massive media advertising campaign in the West and partly is based on historical reasons. In other hands, part of this negative image came from the dreaming of the superpower by Russia and also bullying of the closed ring of Russian oligarchy politicians and elites for other countries, which is the legacy of the Soviet government. Accordingly, the brand and image of Russia between civil society in Iran and the West (apart from the discussion of governments) are common on the basis of historical and political reasons, and this image was and is negative and dark. The main factor behind this negative image of Russia in Iran is history. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
225 - Russia's approach to the Middle East security order (2018-2010)
Mahrokh Shahraki Mehdi HasanRaji Mahdi TusiThe geopolitical and geostrategic importance of the Middle East has made the region a special place in Russia's strategic thinking. Vladimir Putin, the most prominent politician in Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union, declares his desire to restore Russia to a MoreThe geopolitical and geostrategic importance of the Middle East has made the region a special place in Russia's strategic thinking. Vladimir Putin, the most prominent politician in Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union, declares his desire to restore Russia to a position of great and constructive power, and regional dynamics and disasters are a good opportunity to prove his claims.Meanwhile, the beginning of Arab Spring developments since late 2010 and the emergence of signs of transition in the regional and international security arrangements have provided a good basis for the arrival of Moscow into the Middle East's equations of power.In this regard, the main question of the present study is that the Russian Federation has adopted an approach to the Middle East security order in the period after the Arab Spring?The findings of the research show that the Russian approach to the Middle East after the Arab Spring based on signs of Russian realism, including soft balance, balanced relations with all actors, including strategic and tactical alliances with regional actors, and finally, the direct equilibrium And has played a balanced role against the United States. The research methodology is descriptive-analytic based on qualitative method and data collection method is library and internet resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
226 - بررسی سیاست منطقه گرایی روسیه در خاورمیانه
ساناز رستم جبری دکتر سیدجواد امام جمعه زادهبرمبنای رویکرد رئالیسم تهاجمی قدرتهای بین المللی به صورت دائم در پی افزایش قدرت خود هستند و این می تواند با توجه به مشکلات امنیتی و مشکلات نظام بین الملل تغییر کند،به این معنی که دولتی به سمت تغییر وضع موجود حرکت یا خواهان حفظ وضع موجود باشد. روسیه به عنوان یک قدرت برتر Moreبرمبنای رویکرد رئالیسم تهاجمی قدرتهای بین المللی به صورت دائم در پی افزایش قدرت خود هستند و این می تواند با توجه به مشکلات امنیتی و مشکلات نظام بین الملل تغییر کند،به این معنی که دولتی به سمت تغییر وضع موجود حرکت یا خواهان حفظ وضع موجود باشد. روسیه به عنوان یک قدرت برتر (سابق)، خواهان تغییر وضع موجود برای بازگشت به وضعیت سابق و دست یافتن به امنیت منطقه ای و جهانی خود می باشد. به این ترتیب این نظریه می تواند تحلیل مناسبتری از سیاست خارجی روسیه در خاورمیانه ارائه، و این درحالی است که خاورمیانه برای روسیه از اولویت بالایی در سیاست خارجی برخوردار است. به این ترتیب این سوال مطرح می شود که سیاست روسیه در خاورمیانه چه روندی را طی می کند؟ مقاله پیش رو با استفاده از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی در تلاش است نشان دهد روسیه برای بازگشت به عرصه بین المللی به عنوان یک قدرت مطرح،نگاه به خاورمیانه و ارتباط با کشورهای مختلف آن را به خصوص در دوره دوم ولادمیر پوتین در اولویت سیاست خارجی خود قرار داده است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
227 - Russia's ethics for the Syrian civil war and the US response
fatemeh sadat maloomi afshin zargarThe Syrian civil war, which has been the most important crisis in the Middle East over the past seven years, has turned the region into a rivalry and rivalry between regional and trans-national powers. The geographic extent of the conflict, the high volume of damage, th MoreThe Syrian civil war, which has been the most important crisis in the Middle East over the past seven years, has turned the region into a rivalry and rivalry between regional and trans-national powers. The geographic extent of the conflict, the high volume of damage, the occurrence of extreme violence and the direct and indirect presence The numerous international actors on the scene of operational battles have made the crisis one of the most unique examples of the past decade. The nature of international phenomena has shown that great powers in a multilateral structure, along with co-operation and competition, seek to stabilize the power equivalence in the international environment. Russia has been the main actor in Syria in recent years and has been the strongest player among foreign actors in Syria, but on the other side of the United States, with multiple instruments under the pretext of confronting ISIL's threat and preventing Iran from penetrating Syria in this crisis-affected country. Has played a role that has not been in line with the interests of Russia. In this way, there is a clear and secret opposition between Russia and the United States in Syria. In this article, we examine this contradiction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
228 - Regional obstacles to regaining power in the Russian Federation during Putin's second term, from 2014 to 2019
Mohsen Habibi ahmad bakhshayeshi ardestani seye Ali Tabatabaei Nejad Hamid Reza ShirzadThe Russian Federation has been increasingly affected by growing regional and international developments since Putin's second term. Putin sought to regain power by adopting the policy of pragmatism and the strategy of the normative great modern power; However, the path MoreThe Russian Federation has been increasingly affected by growing regional and international developments since Putin's second term. Putin sought to regain power by adopting the policy of pragmatism and the strategy of the normative great modern power; However, the path to regaining power since 2014 has been accompanied by regional obstacles, which have manifested themselves in two general categories: the crisis in Ukraine and the Crimean peninsula, and the leverage of Russian gas exports to Europe. In this study, we sought to understand the regional obstacles to regaining power in the Russian Federation during Putin's second term from 2014 to 2019, from the perspective of defensive realism theory. The research method was descriptive and library studies. The study found that Russia was facing obstacles in regaining its power, such as the Ukraine crisis, NATO's expansion to the east, the deployment of a missile defense shield, leverage to export gas to Europe, and the issue of EU energy security. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
229 - The Impact of Anti-Western Discourse on Iran-Russia Relations
محمدجواد پورحسینیThe covert and overt rivalry between Russia and the United States continued in the years following World War II.The breakaway countries of the Soviet Union are among the centers of strategic rivalry between the two countries.On the one hand, the United States has exerte MoreThe covert and overt rivalry between Russia and the United States continued in the years following World War II.The breakaway countries of the Soviet Union are among the centers of strategic rivalry between the two countries.On the one hand, the United States has exerted its influence and dominance in these republics within the framework of its grand goals.On the other hand, this US strategy has threatened Russia's political and economic interests in the region And that is why Russia is trying to prevent the expansion of the US presence in the region by creating a buffer zone Iran's anti-Westernization in recent years includes Iran's nuclear activity, Iranophobia, Western psychological warfare against Iran And the very nature of Iran-Russia anti-Westernism has led to mutual relations in recent years in the form of a crisis in Syria And support for the government of Bashar al-Assad, which exists in the form of conflict with the West It has well reflected the expansion of relations between the two countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
230 - Paradox of Development Models in Russia; Three Decade of Research and Their Approaches
Jahangir Karami Development complication has been changed to one of vitally problem for Russian intellectual society form 18th century which caused to make some believing that has been roots of lot great changes up to know and have still made to involve the country's political e More Development complication has been changed to one of vitally problem for Russian intellectual society form 18th century which caused to make some believing that has been roots of lot great changes up to know and have still made to involve the country's political executive climate. That’s in which model can help Russia to goal as one of developed country? Which linage can be finding with traditions, validity and Russia conditions? And which output has along for government, people and society. Those questions are most important questions be asked from first efforts of believing to achieve developing method in Russia. Main idea of this article says that developing methods has almost been from Europeans country during three decade but they have changed to the Russians method normally in practical attitude. The development method as Local form has not been applicable to do in political level based on the Russian intellectuals. In direction of achieving intellect issue in this article, it have been strong studies in great changing of development method in Russia, political &philosophy thinking and practical operations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
231 - The Role of Interactions and Contrast Foreign Policies of U.S. and Russia in Development of South Caucasus; A Case Study: Energy
Abol Ghasem Taheri Behrad FarahmandCaucasus in south west of Russia, is an important region of the world that on the base of Mackinder hart land theory, mastering it is one of the factors that dominate the world. In the south of region, South Caucasus is which the source of energy and four routes connect MoreCaucasus in south west of Russia, is an important region of the world that on the base of Mackinder hart land theory, mastering it is one of the factors that dominate the world. In the south of region, South Caucasus is which the source of energy and four routes connecting Asia, Europe and Africa to another. In this intermediate, after the end of the bipolar international system, that the new geopolitics of South Caucasus has been and the countries of Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia gained independence, US used to disturb the balance of power in their favor and Its foreign policy in a way that will influence in the area. The purpose of this article examine the influence that Russia against the US in the region, to maintain a balance in favor for US. Result showed that US foreign policy geopolitics of the South Caucasus against Russia, five rounds of interaction and confrontation has com. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
232 - The Effect of PVA Fibers and Nano-Particles on the Bonding Strength of Fiber Reinforced Concrete
hossein nematian jelodar Ata Hojatkashani Rahmat Madandoust abbas akbarpour nik ghalb rashti Seyed Azim HosseiniRepairing and Strengthening of concrete structures is of special importance and the mechanical properties of repair mortars and their compatibility with the base concrete are significant aspects in the field of repairing of damaged concrete structures. The bond strength MoreRepairing and Strengthening of concrete structures is of special importance and the mechanical properties of repair mortars and their compatibility with the base concrete are significant aspects in the field of repairing of damaged concrete structures. The bond strength parameter of materials is one of the important properties in the selection of repair mortars. In the current Experimental studies, the bond strength of 7 types of cement base mortars consisting Nano-Silica (NS), Micro-Silica (SF) and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) fibers have been tested on base concrete according to ASTM C882 standard. The base concrete is made of fiber concrete with a target compressive strength of 45 MPa and consisting macrosynthetic fibers. The workability of fiber concrete was 120 mm, and the method of curing the samples was done as the wet method. The obtained results indicate that all 7 types of repair materials of this research were compatible with the base concrete and the sample with the combination of PVA fibers and Nano-Silica in cement-based mortars has increased the bond strength of the samples by 85% compared to the samples without fibers. The highest bond strength among the samples was related to cement based mortar containing PVA fibers and Nano-silica (PVA0.75NS6) with bond strength equal to 21.83 MPa. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
233 - The effect of viral, sensory and direct marketing on brand revival (case study of Arj Co.)
somayeh mazlumzade farideh hagh shenase ashaniThe influx of poor-quality Chinese goods on the one hand, and increased of production costs and financial pressure to continue domestic activities, import and export restrictions, and the difficulties of supplying the resources needed in production, on the other hand, a MoreThe influx of poor-quality Chinese goods on the one hand, and increased of production costs and financial pressure to continue domestic activities, import and export restrictions, and the difficulties of supplying the resources needed in production, on the other hand, all have led to recession and withdrawal a large number of domestic brands from Iran’s market. Unemployment of too many workers and factory closures have led marketing managers to consider and examine today's economic conditions and consumer behavior as well as examining the variety of marketing and make the conclusion that revival of some out of date brands is more economical than creating a new brand. In this research, we have tried to identify the best and most effective marketing among these marketing strategies in the revival of the brand by examining three viral, sensory and direct marketing. In fact, this research reviews the views of consumers of home appliances in Tehran based on the components of each marketing indicator: information dynamics, social relationships, trust in advertising, attitude towards advertising, sensory perception of advertising, brand loyalty, advertising flexibility and its interaction with the consumer to identify the most effective factors. Manuscript profile
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