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Open Access Article
1 - Investigating environmental sustainability using ecological footprint index (Case study:Abadan city, in Khouzestan province)
Saeed MohtashamniaIntroduction: The growth and high population density in urban areas and the production of all kinds of domestic and industrial pollutants resulted many consequences on the sustainability of the environment and its biological capacity as well as the quality of human life MoreIntroduction: The growth and high population density in urban areas and the production of all kinds of domestic and industrial pollutants resulted many consequences on the sustainability of the environment and its biological capacity as well as the quality of human life in urban communities. Ecological footprint assessment is one of the methods of measuring sustainable development in urban societies, which is used to measure sustainability in the world. The purpose of this research is to measure the sustainability of Abadan city using the ecological footprint method. Materials and Methods: This research was carried out by using the descriptive-analytical method and by applying the ecological footprint calculation model proposed by Rees and Walkernagel in order to determine the amount of land needed by the residents of Abadan city. The data of this research was mainly quantitative and collected by two documentary and field methods. The studied community included 384 households living in Abadan city and using the statistics and data of the relevant organizations with the subject of research and national statistics and yearbooks. The cluster random sampling method was based on the ten Abadan manicipal regions. Then, the ecological footprint index of food consumption, the amount of carbon dioxide production due to transportation and heating from natural gas, the amount of water consumption, the amount of electricity consumed and the amount of produced waste were calculated. Results and Discussion: Calculations showed that the largest footprint was related to electricity consumption (4252 m2) per person and the lowest related to waste (21 m2) for each citizen. Footprint index of water 56, natural gas 450 , gasoil 3770, petrol 1484 and food 1232 square meters per citizen and the total ecological footprint was calculated 1.12 hectares . Conclusion: The results showed the region climate and the activity of oil industries cause high consumption of energy input increased in hot seasons and the traffic of diesel vehicles because of industries in Abadan increase, So the consumption of diesel fuel is more than gasoline. Although the total per capita ecological footprint of Abadan is less than the world average (1.8 hectares), but the total ecological footprint per population is 5.5% more than the urban environment's carrying capacity, and this requires optimal management of resources and matching this potential with population and resource consumption. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Identifying the Driving Factors Affecting the Ecological Security of Tourism Based on the Capacities of the Karun River
Ahmad Rahdar Dr.Manochehr javanmardiKarun river is a key region for environmental protection and high-quality economic development in ahvaz metropolis. However, tourism is a serious threat to the environment due to the continued development of urbanization and industrial transformation. Hence, the present MoreKarun river is a key region for environmental protection and high-quality economic development in ahvaz metropolis. However, tourism is a serious threat to the environment due to the continued development of urbanization and industrial transformation. Hence, the present study aims to identify the driving factors affecting the ecological security of tourism considering the capacities of the karun river. The method of this study is explanatory based on the new methods of future research. The factors were evaluated by 30 experts and specialists in urban planning using environmental scanning, and interaction/structural effects analysis. MICMAC future research specialized software was used in this regard. The results revealed that the dispersion state of the effective variables indicates the sustainability of the system. Based on 31 investigated factors, 10 primary factors were selected as key factors affecting the ecological security of tourism. All factors were repeated in both direct and indirect methods. The results indicated that the variables related to the dimensions of the scale and profit of tourism as drivers of the tourism industry have been preferred over the objectives of protecting the environment and environmental resources. Variables such as the number of employees in the tourism industry, the income from international and domestic tourists, the number of star hotels, the ratio of educational expenses to public finances, the number of international and domestic tourists, the total retail sales of hotels, catering services, and unemployment rate and urbanization are prioritized. This study revealed that the tourism capacities in the ahvaz metropolis, especially the karun river, have been abandoned due to mismanagement. Also, the results suggest that tourism planning has not been considered and the use of foresight and forecasting tools can facilitate the achievement of tourism goals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Effect of Environmental Education on Attitude Change of Male Inhabitants in Mirabad Village within the vicinity of the Ghamishloo national park and wildlife refuge
Firoozeh sadat Saadati Mohammadali NadiToday, most of the existing environmental problems are rooted in the lack of necessary awareness and cultural weakness in the field of human-nature communication, and it is considered a kind of cultural problem. Therefore, it requires national and international determin MoreToday, most of the existing environmental problems are rooted in the lack of necessary awareness and cultural weakness in the field of human-nature communication, and it is considered a kind of cultural problem. Therefore, it requires national and international determination to strengthen the culture of environmental protection at the level of different sections of society. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of environmental education with a biodiversity approach and emphasis on wildlife conservation on the feedback of rural men using a semi-experimental method with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design. The statistical population was 746 rural men living in Mirabad village located within the vicinity of Ghamishloo National Park and Wildlife Refuge. The data were collected through a survey attitude questionnaire which was designed, face, content and construct-validated and assessed for reliability (α=0.80) by the present researcher. In order to analyze the data, a repeated measures variance analysis test was used. The results indicate that environmental education in cultural and environmental awareness, livelihood and economy of the region, ecology and ecosystem functions fields had significant effects on the attitude of male residents of the area towards environmental protection issues, but in the three axes of agriculture, animal husbandry and environmental laws and regulations, education was not effective. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Evaluation of the Relationship between Sustainable Urban Tourism Development with Ecological Power (Case Study: Tehran Metropolitan 22 District)
hamid karimi Azadeh Arbabi Sabzevari fatmeh adibi Maryam Rostam BishehSustainable urban tourism is a key concept that has experienced significant growth in recent years in urban development. This concept emphasizes the optimal use of natural resources and environmental protection along with economic and social development. The development MoreSustainable urban tourism is a key concept that has experienced significant growth in recent years in urban development. This concept emphasizes the optimal use of natural resources and environmental protection along with economic and social development. The development of sustainable urban tourism, on the one hand, aims to improve the quality of life of citizens, attract tourists and increase urban income, and on the other hand, it maintains the environment in the continuation and promotion of tourism exploitation. This research has been carried out in order to investigate the indicators and dimensions of social consequences caused by the growth of informal settlements in eslamshahr and to provide a model to control and solve them. The two library -documentary methods and field methods have been used to collect data and information. The statistical population of the present study consists of 383 residents of the 22nd metropolitan area of Tehran. The sampling method is simply randomly and the volume of the statistical population is selected by the Cochran model with an error level of %5 383 people. All ecological components of tourism (conservation of natural resources, social balance, economics, protection and culture of culture) are meaningful. These indices have a strong correlation with dependent variable (sustainable urban tourism development). The components of the model explain %95.1of the changes (Sustainable Urban Tourism Development). Environmental components and management and planning have had the most impact on promoting the development of sustainable urban tourism development of the 22nd metropolitan area of Tehran, with a change in environmental deflection and management and planning. Power will make a change in the development of sustainable urban tourism respectively and 0.574 units. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Evaluation of middle scale urban form in accordance with transect as a theory and approach
Mehran Alalhesabi Mostafa Behzadfar Elnaz Amirhodaeiدر این مقاله با تأکید بر ضرورت ارزیابی هنجاری فرم، تئوری و رهیافت تغییر تدریجی به عنوان مبنای این سنجش معرفی شده است. به این دلیل تغییر تدریجی به عنوان مبنای ارزیابی انتخاب شده است که هم در حال حاضر به طور گسترده در پروژه های طراحی و برنامه ریزی شهری نظام های شهرسازی ار Moreدر این مقاله با تأکید بر ضرورت ارزیابی هنجاری فرم، تئوری و رهیافت تغییر تدریجی به عنوان مبنای این سنجش معرفی شده است. به این دلیل تغییر تدریجی به عنوان مبنای ارزیابی انتخاب شده است که هم در حال حاضر به طور گسترده در پروژه های طراحی و برنامه ریزی شهری نظام های شهرسازی اروپا و امریکا – و نمونه های متأخر در خاورمیانه – به عنوان رهیافت کلی مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد و هم از سوی نوشهرگرایان به عنوان راهکار منطبق با اصول رشد هوشمند و دستیابی به فرم پایدار شهر معرفی شده است. بنابراین استخراج شاخص های ارزیابی هنجاری فرم براساس تغییر تدریجی، هدف اصلی این مقاله می باشد. در فرآیند استخراج شاخص های ارزیابی، تغییر تدریجی از منظر تئوری و چارچوب عملیاتی مورد مداقه و بررسی قرار گرفت و مفهوم دوگانۀ تغییر تدریجی در قالب دو بعد ماهوی و رویه ای ارائه شد. بررسی مفهومی ابعاد مختلف تغییر تدریجی نشان می دهد که تغییر تدریجی به عنوان فرآیند جامع مداخله در محیط های مصنوع، قابلیت اعمال در کلیۀ مقیاس ها را دارد. در نهایت به دلیل آنکه استخراج مؤلفه ها نیازمند همسطح سازی است، اصول (در واژۀ عام) مورد نظر تغییر تدریجی براساس میزان عملیاتی بودنشان در قالب سلسله مراتبی از چشم انداز تا سیاست تفکیک می شوند و اصولی که در سطح سیاست طبقه بندی شده اند، مبنای استخراج مؤلفه ها قرار می گیرند. دسته بندی اصول تغییر تدریجی در قالب چشم انداز، هدف کلان، هدف خرد، راهبرد و سیاست یک چارچوب مفهومی است که علاوه بر تأکید بر چند سطحی بودن نظام هدایت و کنترل تغییر تدریجی، به منظور انتخاب مؤلفه های هم سطح برای تدوین شاخص ها ارائه شده است. بنابراین محل بحث تفاوت هایی که بین عناصر هدف گذاری از منظر رویکردها و نظریه پردازان مختلف داخلی و خارجی در جریان پروژه های طراحی شهری مطرح می شود، نمی باشد. با انتخاب روش استخراج شاخص ها براساس سه رکن «بعد»، «مؤلفه» و «شاخص» و با تأکید براستفاده از دانش های مختلف در گسترش یکدیگر، اکولوژی به عنوان دیسیپلین پایۀ و مفسر مؤلفه های تغییر تدریجی انتخاب شد. از مفاهیم اکولوژی به عنوان مبنایی جهت تعیین حد و حدود یک تئوری یا اصل دیگر، بسیار محدود استفاده شده است. یافته های این پژوهش نشان می دهد که تغییر تدریجی از بین تمام اصول اکولوژی، بر پایۀ مفاهیم «اکوسیستم»، «مجموعۀ زیستی»، «تنوع»، «توالی» و «هم فرگشت» بنا شده است. با بررسی عمیق این مفاهیم به عنوان مؤلفه های تغییر تدریجی و با استفاده از روش تحلیل تطبیقی، نقاط لنگرگاهی آنها استخراج و با توجه به محیط مصنوع و عناصر آن که در طراحی و برنامه ریزی شهری مبتنی بر تغییر تدریجی مورد مداخله قرار می گیرند، بازتعریف شدند. در نهایت «همجواری»، «تسلسل مکانی»، «سازواری گونه عناصر با محیط بر حسب تعداد گونه»، «سازواری گونه عناصر با محیط برحسب جمعیت عناصر»، «سازواری گونه عناصر با یکدیگر»، «تنوع گونه پهنه»، «تنوع گونه عنصر»، «کلیماکس»، «گذار» و «دگردیسی عناصر» به عنوان شاخص های ارزیابی هنجاری فرم مبتنی بر تغییر تدریجی و براساس معیار «کاراکتر شهری» تبیین شدند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Presenting a New Method in Ecological Design of Urban Green Landscape (Case Study: Kish Island)
Maryam Moinifar Behnaz AminzadehCities are places for diverse hierarchies of natural inhabitants, and thus designing their ecological landscapes is a complex process. Landscape design is more important than form creating. Landscape ecology is a science of dynamic reactions between nature and society. MoreCities are places for diverse hierarchies of natural inhabitants, and thus designing their ecological landscapes is a complex process. Landscape design is more important than form creating. Landscape ecology is a science of dynamic reactions between nature and society. Disturbance in urban landscape may cause simplification of landscape system resulted in degradation of life quality in living areas. Therefore urban development without consideration on ecological process will damage ecosystems in urban and regional scales. A good ecological design in built areas can improve ecological functions of the whole system. In this study, the application of landscape ecology together with land compatibility has been studied. The result is creating an efficient method in ecological design of urban green spaces. Urban green spaces are the most important parts of urban ecosystems, providing many social and environmental services and promoting the quality of living conditions in cities. The application of landscape ecology in urban design and consideration of urban green spaces as green networks or green infrastructures help to improve the quality of natural areas in cities. It seems that determination of an optimal method in urban landscape and green space design based on landscape ecology principles is a necessary task for landscape and urban designers. Also, recognition and introducing the interdisciplinary method in green landscape design results in positive ecological function and provides a basis for sustainability. The Kish island is selected as a case study because of its ecological sensitiveness, rapid growth development of tourism, and demand for green spaces. The main objectives of this research are as follows: a) creating a method for designing ecological urban green spaces, and b) zoning for developing, conserving or rehabilitating of green spaces in Kish island. To do this, reviewing existing ecological theories and methods and comparison of existing methods in landscape ecology are applied. The proposed method which has been nominated Ecological Land Suitability Analysis (ELSA) is based on land suitability analysis and landscape ecology principles, using GIS VER 9.2, and AHP techniques. The process of using the method is as follows: 1-Explaining of effective criteria in selection of green areas and their priorities; 2-Determination of criteria values; 3- Providing spatial layers of the selected criteria; 4- Classification of layers based on their special purpose; 5-Quantifying of quality classes using Phasy values; 6-Applying AHP weight and quantitative values in layers and determination of final weight layers; 7- Changing spatial layers from vector to raster; 8- Overlaying the spatial layers; 9-Preparing of land compatibility and suitability map; 10-Extraction of unvalued layers from total spatial layers; 11-Final layer classification and evaluation of different outputs. 12- Zoning the urban green areas in Kish Island. Results have been shown in land suitability GIS maps. The efficiency of the proposed method has been proved, using quality comparative criteria including: comprehensiveness, clearness, completeness, and flexibility, reliability, efficiency, easiness, generalizing, rapidity, necessary technology, being up to date, and fitness with the principles of theory making. It was concluded that, this method (ELSA) could be generalized in the same environmental conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Index Urban Axis and Ecological River Corridors (promoting Place identity focusing pedestrian trails Tourism)
Mohsen Taban, Azadeh Pashootanizadeh Nowadays; definition of urban places and spaces is highly considered. Identity can be defined as the sense that people make of themselves through their subjective feelings based on their everyday experiences and wider social relations.Such experiences and relatio More Nowadays; definition of urban places and spaces is highly considered. Identity can be defined as the sense that people make of themselves through their subjective feelings based on their everyday experiences and wider social relations.Such experiences and relations need particular places. Places are significant centers of our immediate experiences of the world. In the past, human life was sincerely attached to things and places. Overall, there are two ways in which place has been related to identity. The first is place identifications. This refers to a person’s expressed identification with a place, The second way in which place has been related to identity is through the term place identity, which calls for a more radical re-evaluation of the construct of identity. The forces of new technologies, globalization and ‘time-space-compression’ have worked to undermine roll of place in individual and social identity of communities , However, places play a potentially important part in the symbolic and physical dimension of human identification. Place identity is realized through presence, movement, standing and reflects on physical, social and functional features in which a comprehensive understanding of the place will be allowed. Cities are rediscovering their rivers. For at least the past 30 years, cities and towns have been turning back to their rivers, transforming industrial and derelict land into new parks, residences, and commercial space. The trend appears to be continuing and perhaps even accelerating, with major planning and construction efforts underway in waterfront cities around the world. After abusing urban rivers through years of hard use and neglect, we have come to realize they are valuable economic and community assets. This assets give the waterfront cities great opportunities that if been considered in new developments, would arise benefits for the whole city. Reconsidering waterfront areas as a valuable urban asset is one of the most interesting phenomena of urban renewal. In particular, river cities display an intimate and complex relationship with the water which should never be considered a limit but an extension of the urban fabric. Tourism pedestrian trails within the urban context, connected to ecological river corridors, provides a concept through sequence vision with all of it aspects for urban space experience. In this research a descriptive and analytical methodology is used to determine main principles of pedestrian trails along the index urban axes connected with the riverfront corridors, focusing on parameters that increase presence of people and as a result identity of riverfront places. The paper shows that tourism pedestrian trails along index urban axes connected to the ecological river corridor, causes sustainability of urban places and as a result identifies the adjacent area and the entire city. This visual and physical connectivity, considering environmental issues and an integrated redevelopment, would led to creating more livable ,identified and active urban public spaces. Such connections increase quality and legibility of urban spaces and elaborate the image of the city. Careful criticism of the city’s production of new urban spaces should be pursued to avoid foreclosing opportunities for articulating alternate urban futures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Analysing the Perception Process of Persian Garden's Environment, According to the Echologic Psychological Theory
Azadeh Shahcheraghi During the recent century we've found tensions in man-nature interaction. According to this problem, many of the researchers rethink and reconsider the Persian Garden and the man-nature relationship in it. Most of the researches include two points of view; the fi More During the recent century we've found tensions in man-nature interaction. According to this problem, many of the researchers rethink and reconsider the Persian Garden and the man-nature relationship in it. Most of the researches include two points of view; the first is Subjective-Objective method and the Second includes Phenomenological research method. In this research, the main goal is to analyze the Perception Process of Persian Garden's Environment, on the basis of the Ecological Psychology Theory. In order to analyze the process we use the third point of view which is explained as deductive and inductive category development method, in this research.This study shows that in Persian Garden's architectural order, the main purpose of designing many elements are just to stimulate our five senses (vision, hear, smell, touch and taste) simultaneously. This time’s notion attractions of all senses, according to environmental psychology researches, make a concentration and meditation environment in Persian garden. “Environmental DETACH in Persian gardens can lead us to spiritual ATTACH”, this approach propose a practical solution for architects; how to re-create garden in contemporary language design. The necessity can be understandable when humanbeing face different serious problems in the environment caused by various disorders in the life setting. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Study on the Approaches of Sustainable Concepts and Primary Paradigms In!uencing the Contemporary Community Designing
Maryam Singery Seyed Majid Mofidi ShemiraniThe hasty urbanism of twentieth century has been followed by various types of pollutions and present environmental changes that within this process, cities were both faulty and damaged. During the last years, the urban theoreticians and designers have thought of finding MoreThe hasty urbanism of twentieth century has been followed by various types of pollutions and present environmental changes that within this process, cities were both faulty and damaged. During the last years, the urban theoreticians and designers have thought of finding or identifying the possible sustainability backgrounds and sustainable developments in executable smaller scale, i. e. development of communities among which not only are regarded as refuges or shelters but also consists of a net of supports and social opportunities for a series of widespread leisure time, cultural and economic activities. A sustainable community seeks the increasing of social interaction and people involvement in affairs. Ecological approach toward the designing of residential spaces will originate novel views in the urban literature of twenty first century. Such a process strives for the settlement of an interaction among the human and nature-built residential complexes. It has been decided to seek in this article the answer to this problem that what criterions have been adopted toward the primary paradigms of community designing in modern cities or the redevelopment of the Brown fields and are theses paradigms in congruency with the concepts of sustainability. This is a documentary study of theories of primary paradigms, a comparative study of first and second half of the twentieth century which implies that the adopted process for the creation of the self-reliant residential complexes to form and settle the social institution has endured within the second half. Primary models of community have designed in the first half of the twentieth century which its idea was to create the residential complexes to shape and settle the social institution in an urban environment. Two conceptual models of this period were considered as the most common scales of community design up to the Second World War. They presented two different ways which were followed by one general goal and that were coming back to a self-dependent community. Primary models of community design in the second half of twentieth century Physical dispersion of cities social structure downfall, insecurity of the community unsuitable use of the earth and quality decline of urban environment are part of city problems within this period. Mutual function of these paradigms with protection of ecosystems brings up the paradigms based on sustainable development. It seems that sustainable concepts have been gone from the urban village movement and are completed by new urbanism model and the related models which have been manifested within the models of eco village and smart growth. The sustainable able scales are used in the models of eco village and smart growth and have direct relationship with the sustainable community principle. Energy index is one these scales based on the optimized used of fossil fuels and its replacement by type of renewable energies. Smart growth paradigms are combined with the principles of sustainability and are occasionally mingled with them. Considering the attitude toward globalization represent the adaptations of the community designing paradigms of the twenty-first century in the contemporary movements of eco village and energy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - A Comparative Study of vernacular Architecture Compatible with Mild and Humid Weather in Gilan's Western Plains (Case study: Gasht, Shalma and Gilandeh villages)
Hadiseh Kamran Kasmaie Khosro Daneshjou Seyed Majid Mofidi Shemirani -
Open Access Article
11 - Relation Between Eco Urbanism and Cultural Landscape
Mahsa Marashizadeh -
Open Access Article
12 - An existence results on positive solutions for a reaction-diffusion model with logistics growth and indefinite weight
S. Salehshakeri ghasem alizadeh afrouziIn this paper, using sub-supersolution argument, we prove an existence result on positive solution for an ecological model under certain conditions. It also describes the dynamics of the fish population with natural predation and constant yield harvesting. The assumptio MoreIn this paper, using sub-supersolution argument, we prove an existence result on positive solution for an ecological model under certain conditions. It also describes the dynamics of the fish population with natural predation and constant yield harvesting. The assumptions are that the ecosystem is spatially homogeneous and the herbivore density is a constant which are valid assumptions for managed grazing systems. This term saturates to c at high levels of vegetation density as the grazing population is a constant. This model tries to capture the phenomena of bistability and hysteresis and provide qualitative and quantitative information for ecosystem managements. This model has also been applied to describe the dynamics of fish populations. This model describes grazing of a fixed number of grazers on a logistically growing species. The general logistic function is characterized by a declining growth rate per capita function (Equation) Here P is the population, r > 0 is the growth rate and is positive constant[21]. But there are some ecosystems where the growth rate per capita may achieve its peak at a positive density. This is called the Allee effect This effect can be caused by shortage of mates, lack of effective pollinations predator saturation and cooperative behaviors. In this pape, we restrict ourselves to logistic models. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Connectivity analysis of mountain sheep habitats (Ovis vignei arkal) to locate a highway corridor in Golestan National Pak using an integrated approach of Circuit and Graph theories
Nasim Kheirkhah Ghehi Seyed Ali JoziRoads and highways, as one of the biggest threats to wildlife survival, severely affect the ecological connectivity status of the landscape leading to the fragmentation of existing habitats. This research examines the effect of the Tehran-Mashhad bypass road through the MoreRoads and highways, as one of the biggest threats to wildlife survival, severely affect the ecological connectivity status of the landscape leading to the fragmentation of existing habitats. This research examines the effect of the Tehran-Mashhad bypass road through the Golestan National Park on the movement of Ovis vignei arkal to identify the best point for locating a connectivity corridor. In this study, multiple scales and theories have been selected to analyze species connectivity. The circuit theory was used for the landscape scale by modeling the bottleneck index, and graph theory was used for the patch scale by calculating the betweenness centrality index (BC). The optimal place for locating the corridor was identified by overlaying the range of the bottleneck index and the shortest path to the patch with the highest BC value. By integrating the circuit and graph theories, the results demonstrated the higher movement patterns in the region's west side due to the higher habitat suitability. Installing a corridor in this spot will be increased the species' movement, maintain its population, prevent species isolation, and consequently improve the state of the downstream habitats. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - The Role Drainage Plate Network, Channel and Ecological Reservoir in the Management of Urban Surface Runoff; Case Study: Town of Sajadieh Tehran
Saeid Amanpour Morteza Abiyat Mostefa AbiyatVeneered surfaces, roofs of buildings, streets and the like in urban areas as a barrier against the infiltration of rainwater into the soil and groundwater recharge.They cause more of rainfall to surface runoff and floodsto be converted. Combined method influence, stora MoreVeneered surfaces, roofs of buildings, streets and the like in urban areas as a barrier against the infiltration of rainwater into the soil and groundwater recharge.They cause more of rainfall to surface runoff and floodsto be converted. Combined method influence, storage and transmission of Atlantis, as the most urban runoff management approach, including implementation of a network of underground ducts, using Atlantis materials and execution of drainage layers on it and store water collected from the network. In this way, the possibility of penetration, transfer and storage provided and benefit levels increased urban streets as well as the transfer and accumulation of contamination is prevented. Town sajadieh located in the lower elevations of the highway and besat shahrzad and street in the south and west causes waterlogging town streets in the rain times. The present study has a descriptive, analytical approach and to investigate the role drainage plate networks, channel and ecological reservoir as the new approach in connection with control and management of surface runoff in town sajadieh Tehran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Stable Development and Expansion of Green Areas in the Sector and Suburbs of the City of Karaj (Achieved by using the Gis software)
hasan sajadzadeh amir moghassemi mostafa ghare baghiOne of the necessities to stop the unrestricted and unruly growth of urban blocks in inappropriate directions is designing suitable environments in order to produce urban green network areas to develop the quality level of city life. The city of Karaj has faced an incre MoreOne of the necessities to stop the unrestricted and unruly growth of urban blocks in inappropriate directions is designing suitable environments in order to produce urban green network areas to develop the quality level of city life. The city of Karaj has faced an increasing number of citizens due to the immigrations and geographical alterations. This increasing population will result unbalanced expansion and inappropriate city development. The effort in this article has been to identify different zones of Karaj district and giving out a suitable urban green network area by studying all the plans of the current situation of the district, analysis of the data and considering the effective characteristics of the area to reach an ecological balance and a systematic urban green area. This was done by using Gis software. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Ecological capability assessment to determine areas suitable for development in the range of the Rayen, the city of Kerman, based on ecotourism zoning by GIS and AHP
Farideh Asadian Majid Asadi Marjan Javadian NaminiEco-tourism (ecological tourism) is naturally close relationship with the environment, Theenvironmental assessment be done properly if it leads to the development of rural areas of thecity. Environmental protection strategy, especially in less developed regions where th MoreEco-tourism (ecological tourism) is naturally close relationship with the environment, Theenvironmental assessment be done properly if it leads to the development of rural areas of thecity. Environmental protection strategy, especially in less developed regions where thedevelopment could be based on tourism, is more important. Rhine historical and tourist city inKerman Province in the mountain range that has thousands of good weather and the potentialfor eco-tourism (ecological tourism), which is examined in this study. Applied research anddevelopment research method is descriptive. The main objective of this study was to evaluatethe ecological zoning for the development of ecotourism based on GIS and AHP inidentifying the rural town of Rhine is examined. After weighting variables AHP hierarchywere using GIS to overlay zoning, resulting in the development of eco-tourism for the regionRhine in three separate classification was developed 3/27% Rayen area on the first floorprioritized for development User tourist 7/6% second priority area, which if necessary can beused to develop tourism. Also, 66% of the Rayen area of tourism, ecological tourism in thearea is poor management and political strategies that contribute to the development of theRayen. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Evaluation of environmental instability indicators, with emphasis on urban waste (Case Study of Ahvaz Metropolis)
Mostafa mohammadi Dehcheshme Mohammad Ali firoozi jafar saeediPresent research, the analytical method is applied. The aim of study was to evaluateindicators of environmental instability Metropolis of Ahvaz, emphasizing the waste index.To achieve the above objective, the concept of urban sustainability and urban instabilitybecame t MorePresent research, the analytical method is applied. The aim of study was to evaluateindicators of environmental instability Metropolis of Ahvaz, emphasizing the waste index.To achieve the above objective, the concept of urban sustainability and urban instabilitybecame to the identification of criteria and sub-criteria of the action And then according tothe objectives of the study, the conversion process criteria and indicators and the indicatorsare quantitative indicators within the AHP weights became prioritized for analysis of spatialdata, software, GIS, is used. In this context, the most important explanatory factors for theassessment of environmental instability, urban, urban waste pollution indicators and theindicators chosen Evaluated. The findings of this study indicate that in Ahwaz, based on thestudy, the environmental conditions are instability So that the effect of one factor (387/0),the highest value is weighted in the urban areas And the two Area have by weight (02/0), thelowest in the scale waste pollution in the urban areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - An analysis on the Existing Problems in the Area of Tea Cultivation and industry in Iran
حسن AfrakhtehThe cultivation of tea was made popular in Iran in 1899 by Kashefosaltaneh . Itis currently cultivated in an expansive area covering approximately 34000hectare inthe southern coast of the Caspian Sea and now over 107 plants are processing andproducing this crop in diffe MoreThe cultivation of tea was made popular in Iran in 1899 by Kashefosaltaneh . Itis currently cultivated in an expansive area covering approximately 34000hectare inthe southern coast of the Caspian Sea and now over 107 plants are processing andproducing this crop in different areas of tea cultivation.By recently years about 47.6 percent of national tea consumption was supplieddomestically and the rest was imported. In recent years, the NDP share in proportion towhole national consumption has degraded (decreased) to 12.5%. Now over onehundred years have passed since the earlier date of tea cultivation begun. Thisindustry, however faces its critical conditions.This crisis was intensified and accelerated in 2004 due to the refusal show by plants tobuy the green tea leaf .This research mainly aims to identity the existing problems of tea cultivation andindustry as well as the effective factors affecting it. The research is based on data thatwere obtained through field research in eleven model tea cultivation farm and throughstudying some documents extracted from archives in national tea organization andother processed sources. Additionally, the collected data were analyzed by reviewingcorrelation coefficient between the variables. Also Spearman's non-parametriccorrelation coefficient was used to investigate the linear correlation betweenqualitative variables.The result shows that the ecological condition, land ownes system, green leafpricing system and policy, method of producing tea and commercial system allconstitute interrelated collection that influence the crisis of tea cultivation and industryin Iran. As a result, Iranian tea has no suitable quality and the authorities can notsupply more qualitative tea than the competition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Industrial Spatial Planning In Province Of Ghazvin
Saba Rezasoltani Seyed Masoud Monavvari Maryam RafatiProper industrial sitting for preventing probable environmental constraints and alsosustainable and deserve use of whole land facilities is an important concept that manyIranian organizations are nowadays interested in.As a matter of fact industrial spatial planning can MoreProper industrial sitting for preventing probable environmental constraints and alsosustainable and deserve use of whole land facilities is an important concept that manyIranian organizations are nowadays interested in.As a matter of fact industrial spatial planning can be considered as a giant leap inenvironment and industrial development in the country and correct and logical growthof city and rural areas. With respect to these objectives and removing the concentrationof industries in Tehran, industrial site selection in province of Ghazvin has been doneby systematical analysis method, based on Boolean Algebra in the 1:250000 scale,using map overlaying method.So environmental resources were studied, analyzed, classified in 2 categories:Ecologic and Social-Economic, then measuring the ecological capacity of the land wasdone after overlaying the layers in GIS. As a result after removing areas in whichindustrial plantation was prohibited, 2 areas with the capacity of 1 and 11 areas withthe capacity of 2 were selected.At last, prioritizing of the sites was done in a quantitative way by considering socioeconomicalcharacteristics in GIS. finally sites with priority of 1 up to 4 wererecognized. As a result industrial development with respect to environmental and socioeconomical criteria can be done in these areas. The proposal of locating industries inthe industrial estates and eco industrial parks will give rise to the environmentalconservation concepts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Investigation the Impacts of Urban Neighborhoods Ecological Index on Increasing the Sustainability of the Cities(Case study: three different urban districts of Mashhad- Iran)
Fatima Zardi Behdad Alizadeh Negar HosseynianIntroduction & Objective: Nowadays, becouse of to environmental issuses and ecological cities barries, it is necessary to pay attention to the sustanability factors. According to our role as a urban residents and researchers the main objective of this re MoreIntroduction & Objective: Nowadays, becouse of to environmental issuses and ecological cities barries, it is necessary to pay attention to the sustanability factors. According to our role as a urban residents and researchers the main objective of this research is introducing the ecological indexes for urban cities Method: At the first, the ecological indexes of the three different district and neighbourhoods area in the city of Mashhad- Iran were identified. By studied the archives, using the library studies and designed a questionnaire for residents and experts person as well, the reliable data were provided. By analysing the data and Follow that designed a SWOT table to investigate the current status and provided a series of strategies to improving the ecological indexes of the neighbourhoods. By using the QSPM model the ecological indexes of three different neighbourhood were compared. Results: The results indicated that attractive strategies for the residents in all three neighbourhoods are moving towards creating green infrastructure such as local green spaces, green transportation, strengthening the role of local markets and centres and reducing environmental pollution at neighbourhood level. Conclusion: It is possible to live in sustainable cities with pay attention to the ecological indexes of district and neighbourhoods of the cities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Ecological Assessment of Public Spaces with Emphasis on the Connection between the City and Nature (Case Study: Yousefabad Neighborhood of Tehran)
zahra khodaee FARIBA DEHNOIntroduction and Purpose: Today, lack of attention to ecological and environmental issues in the design of urban public spaces and the existence of a purely architectural attitude in the designs cause destroys the natural environment of cities and disturbs its order in MoreIntroduction and Purpose: Today, lack of attention to ecological and environmental issues in the design of urban public spaces and the existence of a purely architectural attitude in the designs cause destroys the natural environment of cities and disturbs its order in the urban space. This in turn over time, the loss of identity of cities will reduce the readability and discomfort for city residents and it will dilute the relationship between public spaces and nature. Yousefabad neighborhood is located in District 6 as the identity card of Tehran. This neighborhood has had urban spaces with a high level of social interactions and the location of aqueducts and gardens in the past Which are now completely destroyed by urban development. The main purpose of the forthcoming research is Knowledge, analysis and environmental design of ecological infrastructure using the principle of connection between urban spaces and nature in the neighborhood of Yousefabad. Method: The type of research is quantitative-survey method. Component were analyzed by using 256 questionnaires among residents to examine the effect of public space criteria and connection with nature in ecological design and determining the degree of importance of each the component. Findings: Based on the findings, the most important and the least important components are as green infrastructure as the most important indicator with a score of 7.87 and participation as the least important indicator with a score of 5.43 Conclusion: The results showed that green infrastructure is the most important indicator and participation is the least important indicator. Yousefabad neighborhood has not reached the balance between important and specific research components. It can only be done by the potential of public spaces in the neighborhood to achieved a remarkable ecological network design. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Evaluation of village’s ecological capacity and its role in regional development from the ecotourism viewpoint (case study: Villages of Lavasan city)
Esmaeil Shieh Mahkameh FattahiIntroduction and Objective: Evaluation of ecological capacity, is assessment of land inventory and potentials of land with clear and pre-planned criteria. These studies are used as a basis for decision-making and planning of land all over the world. Evaluation of the en MoreIntroduction and Objective: Evaluation of ecological capacity, is assessment of land inventory and potentials of land with clear and pre-planned criteria. These studies are used as a basis for decision-making and planning of land all over the world. Evaluation of the environment ecological capacity, is an intermediate step in land surveying process, in fact, land evaluation, provides fundamental information for the second phase, which includes selecting the most appropriate land use and land use management system. Since the purpose of land surveying is to determine the results of the physical, biological and socioeconomic for most appropriate and most likely land use choice in the planning area. The purpose of this study is evaluation of ecological capacity in villages of Lavasan City for different uses to determine which village is more suitable for which plan, and to save costs and resources in this area. Method:This paper has tried to review the role of each village and set priorities to be addressed in these roles through the selection of indicators that are common among all ecological constructions. In the next step with considering the villages with ecotourism priority, review of various types of outdoor recreation and sightseeing was performed, and its role in economical development of village is studied. Finally solutions that will enhance economic development in these villages are investigated and provided. Findings: According to the Studies and reviews on ecological capabilities of villages in Lavasan city and determination of their roles, the results confirm that the three villages of Afjeh, Barg-e-Jahan and Kond-e-Olia are categorized in Tourism Ecological Model. In this stage, each and every residential areas are evaluated according to the application models. An assessed residential area might be capable of being used for multiple land uses while in most cases it is not possible to implement more than one land use on that area. With this situation we have to prioritize various land uses and during this step, chose the best possible option for each residential area and organize its relevant applications. Conclusion: According to the result of this study, there is potential for development of echo-tourism activities in Lavasan and few nearby rural areas. The researches show that among the 10 studied villages – whose ecological capacities were assessed – the three villages of Afjeh, Barg-e-Jahan and Kond-e-Olia are categorized in Tourism Ecological Model. In this regard, with considering the natural and climatic features of Lavasan area – in comparison with other locations in region – it has more potential for special investments for creating new economical hubs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Investigating the Effect of Carbon Sequestration Plan on Principle of Broaden Participation in Building Resilience of Social-Ecological Systems (Case study: Khatam, Jajarm and Galikesh counties)
Hossein Moradi Majid Rahimi Sirous ShamshiriThe resilience of social-ecological systems to environmental changes such as climate change requires the guarantee of environmental systems such as water supply systems and human resources such as resource governance systems and stakeholder participation. In Iran, the I MoreThe resilience of social-ecological systems to environmental changes such as climate change requires the guarantee of environmental systems such as water supply systems and human resources such as resource governance systems and stakeholder participation. In Iran, the International Carbon Sequestration Project, in cooperation, was initially launched in 2005 with the aim of preventing the phenomenon of desertification. Therefore, in this study, the local communities of the three target areas of this project, including Khatam, Jajarm and Oghan watershed of Galikesh and the impact of the project on the broaden of stakeholder participation were examined. For this purpose, two villages from each region were selected by simple random sampling and a questionnaire measuring the broaden participation among farmers and ranchers in the target villages was completed. The results showed that the implementation of carbon sequestration plan in the three study areas in the five dimensions studied did not increase the broaden participation to an acceptable level. Also, the comparison of the performance of the three regions showed that in Jajarm, the weakest performance and in Galikesh, the best performance has been done in order to expand the participation of stakeholders. Indicators of broaden participation were acceptable only in Ogan watershed and Khatam in 14 out of 90 possible cases. As a result, transparency of goals and expectations, presence and involvement of stakeholders, facilitation, and leadership, capacity building, power, and sourcing in all aspects of social, economic, organizational, infrastructure, and social capital have not performed well. Therefore, the resilience of ecosystem services in the three study areas will be jeopardized due to the lack of expansion of stakeholder participation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Analysis of the relationship between the features of the agricultural social system and the reorganization of social-ecological systems in Iran
Somayeh Esmaeili Seyed Mehdi Mirdamadi Seyed Mahmoud Hoseini Seyed Jamal Farajolah-HosseiniResilience is a multidimensional concept that takes on various analytical applications based on the presence in different specialized fields,. The aim of the current research is to investigate the relationship between the features of the social system and the reorganiz MoreResilience is a multidimensional concept that takes on various analytical applications based on the presence in different specialized fields,. The aim of the current research is to investigate the relationship between the features of the social system and the reorganization of the socio-ecological systems of the agricultural sector in the context of the concept of resilience. For this purpose, 118 experts from the country's management and planning organization, the vice president for strategic planning and supervision, as the only reliable institution with a comprehensive view and using the census technique, were selected and answered questions related to the characteristics of socio-ecological agricultural systems of Iran through a questionnaire. The findings obtained using the canonical correlation analysis method showed that the characteristics of the social system have a significant relationship with the reorganization of the social-ecological systems of Iran's agriculture. The canonical correlation analysis showed two significant sets between the features of the social system and the reorganization of social-ecological agricultural systems, and the significance level of 0.000 with a probability of 99 percent confirmed the existence of a canonical correlation between the two sets of variables. The results of canonical correlation showed that the total canonical coefficient between the social system and reorganization is 0.811 x 0.811, which shows the correlation between the two hidden variables at the rate of 0.65, so such a social system plays a role, it is effective and dynamic in the context of the sustainability of the socio-ecological systems of Iran's agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Qualitative Modeling for Managing Water Allocation in Rivers
Sepideh Sahami Alireza Shokoohi Behnaz Khatar Farbod ChehrzadBackground and Aim: Evaluating the response of rivers to natural changes and man-made manipulations are of great importance in managing river water quality. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the negative effects of quantitative management without qualitative MoreBackground and Aim: Evaluating the response of rivers to natural changes and man-made manipulations are of great importance in managing river water quality. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the negative effects of quantitative management without qualitative management of river flow. In this regard, by simulating water quality in river exploitation scenarios based on environmental policies, including minimum flow allocation, reduction of flow quality from aquaculture standards, taking into account the quality factors and pollution caused by the development of marginal urban communities, will be discussed.Method: The present study, which should be omitted was conducted on the Azadrud River in the Sarvabad region of Kurdistan Province. In this regard, by measuring quantitative and qualitative parameters in two monthly periods, the QUAL2KW quality model was calibrated and validated. In the first part of the study, the quality of the river along 22 km was simulated by changing the flow rate based on flow allocation scenarios in the Tenant method, and in the second part, the values of qualitative parameters in different flow management scenarios were compared with the accepted standard values for aquaculture (fish).Results: Based on the results, while the minimum environmental discharge according to the Tenant method for the studied river is 1.1 m3/sec, the critical quality discharge for March and April were estimated at 7.7 and 10 m3/sec, respectively. The study showed that the poor tenant scenario is not suitable for allocating the minimum environmental flow to meet the quality requirements of the river at all. Conclusion: The results showed that the conventional flow allocation method, i.e., without considering the quality conditions of the river, is not suitable and can cause serious damage to the environmental conditions of the river. This study showed that ignoring the quality conditions at the time of flow allocation causes the ecological health of the stream to be lost and the river to not meet the required standard for aquaculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Contamination Evaluation, Health and Ecological risk index assessment of Potential Toxic Elements in the surface soils Case Study: Central Part of Bandar Abbas County
Tahereh Moghtaderi SHAHLA MAHMOUDI ata shakeri mohamadhassan masihabadiSoils from the industrial areas in the south of Bandar Abbas County are susceptible to contamination by the export terminal, metal and non-metallic industries. In this research, the concentrations of selected potentially toxic elements in order to determine the contamin MoreSoils from the industrial areas in the south of Bandar Abbas County are susceptible to contamination by the export terminal, metal and non-metallic industries. In this research, the concentrations of selected potentially toxic elements in order to determine the contamination level, source and assessment of ecological risk index, also health risk assessment to determine the quantity of potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of the elements in the soil of this area was investigated So that a total of 66 soil samples were collected. The Enrichment Factor (EF) and Ecological Risk Index were calculated to measure the contamination level. Principle component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the sources of heavy metals pollution, and also the health risk assessment was used in three ways: ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. Results indicated that the average of EF for studied elements decreased in the order of Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, As, Ni and Cr. The mean value of the ecological risk of Cu and Cd indicates medium and high ecological risk, respectively. The Hazard index for all selected elements through ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact in children is higher than that of adults. The results of EF and PCA indicate that the As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn have been affected by anthropogenic sources. As, Cr and Cd were regarded as the priority pollutants and Cancer risks in soils were within tolerable risk to human health. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Assessment and Analysis of the KoozehTopraghi Watershed Health Status, Ardabil Province, Iran
Zeinab Hazbavi Nahideh Parchami Nazila Alaei Leyla BabaeiThe present research was conducted to evaluate the health of the KoozehTopraghi Watershed in Ardabil Province using 27 criteria analysis related to different hydrological, anthropogenic and climatic aspects. For this purpose, base regional data including hydrology, eros MoreThe present research was conducted to evaluate the health of the KoozehTopraghi Watershed in Ardabil Province using 27 criteria analysis related to different hydrological, anthropogenic and climatic aspects. For this purpose, base regional data including hydrology, erosion and sediment, economic, social and climatic data were collected and analyzed from previous reports. Then, according to the nature of the data used, several appropriate databases were prepared in Fragstats 4.2.1, Excel 2016, IBM SPSS Statistics 25 and ArcGIS 10.6 softwares. Then, using the principles governing the conceptual model of pressure-state-response (PSR), the status and spatial variations of the watershed health were evaluated at 36 sub-watersheds level. Different degrees of watershed health were classified into five categories: healthy, relatively healthy, moderately healthy, relatively unhealthy and unhealthy. Based on the results analysis, it was found that this watershed is in average health condition. Also, the values of pressure, state and response indicators were 0.46, 0.55 and 0.31, respectively. The mean score of comprehensive watershed health assessment index is 0.41. The maximum value of comprehensive watershed health index was 0.66 for sub-watersheds 8 and 12 and the minimum value for this index was 0.14 for sub-watershed 26. The eastern and southeastern part of the watershed is relatively healthy and moderately healthy and the watershed health status was better in the western and northern parts. The results of the present study are applicable to identifying and restoration priority areas and guiding management strategies in terms of water and soil resources at national and regional levels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Comparison of FAO, USDA, and FRWMO Methods in Preparation of Land Capability Map of Oshnavieh Galazchai Watershed, Iran
Mostafa Zabihi Seilabi Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi Raoof MostafazadehAssessment of land use capabilities based on regional conditions is essential to reduce human impacts on natural resources and to identify suitable land uses. However, the selection of appropriate method for evaluating the potential of the land at the watershed scale ha MoreAssessment of land use capabilities based on regional conditions is essential to reduce human impacts on natural resources and to identify suitable land uses. However, the selection of appropriate method for evaluating the potential of the land at the watershed scale has received less attention. Therefore, the present study aimed to apply and validate three methods of FAO, USDA and the Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization (FRWMO) in assessing the land capability of the Oshnavieh Galazchai Watershed in West Azerbaijan, Iran. Towards this, different criteria were assessed for designation of land capability for the Galazchai Watershed based on the available standards. Corresponding available data were consequently obtained using 122 soil samples taken throughout the watershed as well as topographic and meteorological information. According to the results of the study, the highest and the lowest absolute changes were regarded to the FRWMO and FAO methods with an area of 6682 and 5656 ha, respectively. On the other hand, the maximum disagreement was found between the current land use with the FRWMO method with Kappa of 0.64, which is due to allocation of land with steep slope to agriculture and orchard. Hence, it is recommended to allocate land to different uses according to the land potential of the region and also considering the economic and social conditions of watershed stakeholders after applying land use changes to maximize the satisfaction of all stakeholders and lead to sustainability of the study watershed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Evaluating and Modifying the Texas Method as a Hydrologic Method for Prescribing Ecological Regime in Perennial Rivers
Behnaz Khatar Alireza ShokoohiThis study aims at evaluating and modifying the Texas method for allocating environmental flow. This hydrologic method, while using the minimum amount of data, is a rival for the Tenant method and has the capability of introducing an amount of discharge to maintain the MoreThis study aims at evaluating and modifying the Texas method for allocating environmental flow. This hydrologic method, while using the minimum amount of data, is a rival for the Tenant method and has the capability of introducing an amount of discharge to maintain the ecological regime of rivers. In this paper, after distinguishing the worthiness of the Texas method and observing some differences between the results of the method and the historical regime in the case study, the method was modified in such a way that while preserving the basic principal of the original method, could propose a flow regime which was laid between the observed long-term minimum and mean monthly discharges. The new method is called the Modified Texas method. For evaluating the Texas and Modified Texas methods concerning the allocated annual volume, the equivalent scenario from the Tennant method was employed. The allocated volumes by the Modified Texas, Texas, and Tenant methods were 50%, 47%, and 40-60%, respectively. This paper, concerning the achieved results for the case study, shows that employing the Texas and Modified Texas methods instead of the Tenant method and enhancing the method to the level of a native method provides reasonable results comparable with those of the habitat simulation or holistic methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Ecological Urbanism By Providing Ecological Urban Design Criteria in District 4 of Tehran
Anahid Malekmarzban Seyed-Majid Mofidi-ShemiraniBackground and Objective: Urban changes related to sustainability in primary cause more destruction in the cities every day and the need of more attention to modern methods of urban development. The overall objective of this study is Ecological Urban Development to rede MoreBackground and Objective: Urban changes related to sustainability in primary cause more destruction in the cities every day and the need of more attention to modern methods of urban development. The overall objective of this study is Ecological Urban Development to redefine cities in order to change to a network and system with positive impacts alongside human culture and ecology. Realization of this approach requires to develop programs and revise as an inevitable necessity. Metropolis like Tehran are facing with a set of ecological challenges. Material and Methodology: The method used in the present study is based on descriptive and analytical practices. Due to the different complexities exist in Tehran, choose District 4 of Tehran for instance for more practical investigation and providing detailed solutions, emphasizing on the validity of macro-ecological strategies. The identification of issues, development of ecological visions and goals of the region by using a combination of methods and SWOT matrix. Then, the urban ecological criteria and strategies are developed, prioritized and the contribution of each sub-area has been identified in these strategies. Findings: The research findings of district4 show that the most important strategy is related to air and sound quality, land use compatibility and green space growth. The main minor field in this district are transportation, green spaces, restoring identity, urban safety, land use, demand for land, water and energy. Results can be used by experts, managers, organizations. Discussion and Conclusion: Implementing ecological criteria is a tool for conservation of resources and sustainable urban development. Physical, environmental dimensions are in the top priority, also urban and regional texture strategies are most important in Region 4. The applied method can be generalized in other district of Tehran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Environmental Design of Civic Wastes Location, with Emphasis on Ecological Landscape Design (Case study: Kahrizak landfill of Tehran)
seyed fazel ghazavi fereshteh habib Sara NahibiBackground and Objective: Landfills cause environmental degradation and pollution by producing greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide and producing leachate as well as contaminating surface and ground water. Recently, the ecological design approach as a fra MoreBackground and Objective: Landfills cause environmental degradation and pollution by producing greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide and producing leachate as well as contaminating surface and ground water. Recently, the ecological design approach as a framework for reducing environmental degradation by adapting municipal solid waste management to environmental processes is expanding widely. Ecological design strives to maximize comfort by minimizing damage to the environment and natural processes while enhancing people's quality of life. Ecological design strives to adapt to nature through the use of natural materials as well as environmental considerations.Method: In the present study, according to the definition of sustainable design and understanding its applications, in order to achieve the best, most complete and practical design for the site in question, existing maps of the area, including aerial maps, topography , GIS, vegetation, upstream maps, site development plans, survey of active sites in Landfill, survey of contaminant types, study of COD and BOD indices of the site have been studied, as well as review and identification of existing status (Environmental, Physical, Climatic, Landscape, Land Use, Transportation, Biological) through observation, photography and interviewing strategic design of this area is provided with ecological-based approach by site staff and residents of neighboring neighborhoods in accordance with the principles and principles governing the design of industrial environments.Findings: The existing plan prevents contamination of groundwater levels and prevents contaminated surrounding urban areas and agricultural lands. Restoration of damaged parts of the landfill, reduction of the risk of contamination by animals and noise pollution and unpleasant odors and its release into the atmosphere. The landfill is one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the country through biogas production from landfill gas collection and reduction of fossil fuel use. By collecting and using Landfill gases as fuel and power generation, the rate of emissions to the atmosphere is reduced. Maximum use of biogas is due to the greater use of digesters.Discussion & Conclusion: Design criteria are mainly based on existing constraints and needs and make the designer's policy clearer and significantly help in locating applications. Applying these criteria will help to enhance opportunities and take advantage of existing opportunities and make the project less threatening. After developing the strategies, designing from different perspectives is done to finally select the best plan for implementation by reviewing the concepts and comparing them with each other and in accordance with international standards. At the end of the study, the three concepts are finally selected and after examining these three concepts together, the winning concept is selected for the execution phase. Landfill is an inevitable step in waste management. In today's growing population, landfill has become an integral part of communities, but landfills should not be used as a last resort, but rather as a mean to create new uses for it. Converting landfills to recreational uses while also providing a pleasant place to meet the recreational and sporting needs of the area's inhabitants. Human landfill contaminates the area and destroys many animals and causes major disturbance in nature. Brings to enhance the quality of the landfills and with as the landfill site becomes more prone to disruption, it is necessary to look at the area as a demolished mosaic and take steps to repair it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Analysis of Attitudes and Use of Urban Ecology Science In Urban Planning; with Concentration on National to Local Plans
Sepideh Movahed Manouchehr TabibianNowadays, development of cities resulting from increasing urbanization has reduced the quality of the environment and disruption of ecological foundations. Preserving the natural environment and biodiversity in city in order to have relation with nature and improve the MoreNowadays, development of cities resulting from increasing urbanization has reduced the quality of the environment and disruption of ecological foundations. Preserving the natural environment and biodiversity in city in order to have relation with nature and improve the quality of life requires integration of ecology knowledge with urban development and planning process. The purpose of this research is theoretical explanation of new approach to urban ecology, its evolution and roots of shaping urban ecology science. In addition, this article tries to respond to the question that how we can create link between ecological system with urban environments and human activities by using urban ecology as a new approach in the process of urban planning.This study was conducted by descriptive and analytical methods. It attempted to study the theoretical roots of urban ecology and the way to use it in urban sciences such as urbanization through investigation of its applied applications by doing library studies, analysis of attitudes related to urban ecology and topics related to urban development and planning.According to the findings, urban ecology has proper place as a new approach in today urbanization, so that the recovery of urban ecological networks as well as Ecological planning and design are considered as practical examples of urban ecology knowledge at different levels. Using this method, experts have been able to take steps toward enhance the natural environment and create urban models based on maintaining the ecological values of the cities.The results suggest that the use of urban ecology science as a theoretical and practical strategy in planning and design of cities, must be a national priority in order to achieve sustainable and resilient cities. Achieving this goal requires teamwork between various experts, support of educational programs and changing in the way of communications between policy makers and experts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Evaluation of Ecological Capability of Ahar, Kalibar and Varzeghan Cities for Urban Development
Nafiseh Rezapoor Andabili mehrdad mirsanjariBackground and Objective: Evaluation of ecological capability is a process which attempts to establish an appropriate and balanced development between human and nature through adjusting their relationship. The aim of this study is to evaluate ecological capability of ur MoreBackground and Objective: Evaluation of ecological capability is a process which attempts to establish an appropriate and balanced development between human and nature through adjusting their relationship. The aim of this study is to evaluate ecological capability of urban development landuse in Ahar, Kalibar and Varzeghan cities. Method: Evaluation process of ecological capability of current study involves three main parts: the ecological capability of the underlying studied area was determined after identification of ecological resources, data analysis and conclusion. Information layers used in this study involved: soil, climate, plant cover and land shape. Findings: Ahar, Kalibar and Varzaghan cities are located in the northwest of East Azarbaijan province with a total of 930214 hectares. The surveys show that about 300,000 are in the first floor, about 293,000 are in the second floor and about 141,000 are in the third category of urban development. Discussion and Conclusion: The findings indicate that the integration of information layer using GIS has the high ability to evaluate the urban development landuse. According to the result and findings and the three mentioned cities have good potential for urban development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals lead, zinc and cadmium in the Lakan lead and zinc company
Seyed Alireza Sharifi mojgan zaeimdar Seyed Ali Jozi Rokhshad HejaziBackground and Objective: Today, the implementation of industrial development programs without considering environmental considerations, has led to the continued entry of pollutants into the environment. Currently, industrial pollution is considered the main cause of en MoreBackground and Objective: Today, the implementation of industrial development programs without considering environmental considerations, has led to the continued entry of pollutants into the environment. Currently, industrial pollution is considered the main cause of environmental degradation. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the ecological risk of toxic metals lead, zinc, and cadmium in the Lakan lead and zinc processing company.Method: After organizing and standardizing the data using GIS, ecological risk assessment and also the environmental risk index of toxic metals in the study area were estimated.Findings: The results of the ecological risk assessment showed that among the studied toxic metals, cadmium metal has the lowest risk (0.01% of the area in the high-risk class) and zinc has the highest risk (0.02% of the area in the high-risk class). Also, the results of the environmental risk index assessed 99% of the region in terms of cadmium metal risk in the low-risk category and 92% of the region in terms of zinc risk in the critical class, and lead metal was in the intermediate status.Discussion and Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be stated that following industrialization, the spread of industrial pollution is inevitable, but methods and measures have been used to mitigate and reduce their consequences. One of the important methods in reducing the effects of environmental pollution is ecological risk assessment. Therefore, considering the capabilities of GIS systems in the preparation of environmental assessment maps, it seems that this system can be useful in facilitating the assessment of the ecological vulnerability of metal mining industries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Determination of Physical-Ecological Carrying Capacity of Coastal Tourism and its Effectiveness of Satisfaction of Tourists (Case Study: Bandar Gaz)
Keramatollah Ziari Mohammad Reza Rezvani sajad ferdowsiBackground and Objective: Carrying capacity is one of the issues which are considered the goals of sustainable tourism. Accordingly, present study was conducted to determine the physical-ecological carrying capacity of beach of Bandar Gaz and effectiveness of the touris MoreBackground and Objective: Carrying capacity is one of the issues which are considered the goals of sustainable tourism. Accordingly, present study was conducted to determine the physical-ecological carrying capacity of beach of Bandar Gaz and effectiveness of the tourists' satisfaction. Method: The method of data analysis in this research is descriptive and analytical. Data collected by the library and field observations and questionnaires. To determination of physical-ecological carrying capacity have been used from the instructions of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and also to understand the satisfaction level of tourists due to expectations from service performance to have been used from analysis Importance-Performance. Results: Based on the results, it is estimated to physical carrying capacity 7089 people, real carrying capacity 3863 people and the effective carrying capacity 1880 people per day. The results of analysis Importance-Performance show that among 24 indicators studied, there are 8 indicators in the second quarter, 14 in the first quarter and 2 indicators in the third quarter. Conclusion: According to the analysis Importance-Performance indicators more than 50 percent in the first quarter, indicating that most indicators of the respondents' views are very important but the performance of destination management has been weak in this regard that whereby effective carrying capacity than real carrying capacity has fallen 48.66 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Ecological Capability for Forest Development Using AHP (Arangeh Watershed, Alborz Town (
Shadi Sharifian mohammad rezvani faeahnaz rashidiBackground and Objective: Due to the natural forests degradation rate, increasing human population and increasing need to ecosystem services, forest development and afforestation process will be unavoidable. In this respect, before any implementation of afforestation pr MoreBackground and Objective: Due to the natural forests degradation rate, increasing human population and increasing need to ecosystem services, forest development and afforestation process will be unavoidable. In this respect, before any implementation of afforestation project, site selection of suitable areas and evaluation of ecological potential should be considered. This research has been done with the aim of evaluating the ecological potential of Arangeh watershed located in Alborz province and locating suitable areas for afforestation. Methods: According to the purpose of the study, in order to evaluate the ecological potential, effective environmental criteria including physical factors (physiography, climate and soil) and biological factors (vegetation) were identified. Then, area information was collected, including reports and data, as well as maps were produced. In the next step, by stacking and combining the information layers, homogeneous units were produced. Using Boolean logic, lands with absolute and permanent constraints were removed from the evaluation process and finally 108 unrestricted units were identified for evaluation. Then, the weights of the main indicators were determined using the AHP method (pairwise comparisons) and expert opinions. Qualitative values The main indices were converted to quantitative scale using the bipolar distance method and then the final value of each homogeneous unit was calculated by the SAW method. Results: In this study, land potentials for afforestation in three categories including: excellent (9/5 ha), good (1015/9 ha), and average (578/5 ha) were determined and finally an ecological potential map for the development of forest was produced. Discussion & conclusion: It can be concluded that, in 15% of the area, there is potential for afforestation, that ecological potential has relatively suitable conditions in these areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Determining the standards for green spaces planning and site selection in urban areas to achieve ecological efficiency (Case study: Tabriz city)
reza jahanbin pakhshan khezr nezhadBackground and Objective: Prior to any planning for the development of urban green spaces, standards for green space development should be identified. From the very important principles of urban planning knowledge, it is necessary to address users in terms of standards MoreBackground and Objective: Prior to any planning for the development of urban green spaces, standards for green space development should be identified. From the very important principles of urban planning knowledge, it is necessary to address users in terms of standards and per capita and locate them. Air, sound and visual pollution is caused by urbanization that nowaday human societies are facing. Therefore, considering the green space use as an air styler and space organizer, is necessary to achieve the ecological efficiency of cities. The purpose of this study is to identify the criteria location and green spaces planning, that it is the achievement of providing solutions for operating the general principles of green space development, so that it can be generalized to similar cases. Method: The present study is a fundamental-applied research method and a descriptive-analytical study. To collect the data, Libraries and documents Sources was utilized. Data analysis was mainly based on qualitative analysis method and also using ARC / GIS software. Findings: Findings of this study show that none of the per capita in Tabriz city are in accordance with the standards of urban planning and environmental point of view. From the urban planning point of view, in the plan comprehensive, per capita of about 15 m2 is proposed for each person, this per capita in the current situation for Tabriz is equal to 1/69 m2. From the environmental point of view, in the plan comprehensive, is between 15-50 m2 per person while per capita city in the current situation is equal to 11.69 m2. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of the study show that in the city of Tabriz, the criteria and development principles green spaces planning and their location criteria, including per capita in neighborhoods, environmental and ecological criteria, and spatial metrics such as centrality, hierarchy, and access has not been regarded. Therefore, the status of the green spaces use in the present situation of Tabriz city do not match with the proposals of the comprehensive and details plan, and with national and international standards. Moreover, the lack of optimal distribution in the city is quite evident. Therefore, the calculation of the appropriate level of green space and its balanced distribution in the city is the key issue, so that the process of achieving the ecological efficiency of the city is possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Development of Integrated Framework for Strategic Environmental Assessment Based on the Principles and Theories of Resilience Thinking
Parastoo Parivar Aida Ahmadi Farane Vakili Ahad SotoudehBackground and purpose: Nowadays environmental strategic assessment as a tool for incorporating environmental considerations into the early stages of decision making has attracted the attention of planners. Scholars have attributed characteristics such as attention to t MoreBackground and purpose: Nowadays environmental strategic assessment as a tool for incorporating environmental considerations into the early stages of decision making has attracted the attention of planners. Scholars have attributed characteristics such as attention to the relationship between different layers of decision-making from policy making to implementation, consideration of cultural- political context and organizational structure of development as well as reflection of socio-economic considerations to environmental strategic assessment. Method: Despite these characteristics, the usual process of strategic environmental assessment does not have the ability to comprehensively assess the effects of cultural, social and ecological contexts. Criteria that do not provide clear results to decision makers are also used to measure the sustainability of development types. For this reason, in this study, the process and structure of the strategic environmental assessment based on the theoretical foundations of the resilience approach has been improved. Based on the resiliency approach, uncertainties and disturbances in socio-ecological systems can be analyzed. It is also incorporated into the evaluation process by reference to the multi-scale concept resiliency approach. Findings: In this study a three-step process for strategic environmental assessment is proposed. Each step is based on the basic concepts of the resiliency approach. Discussion and Conclusions: The sum of these characteristics makes environmental assessments possible on the basis of the unpredictable future, the inevitability of change, and the vulnerability of ecological systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Assessment of the Sustainability Situation in Ahvaz Metropolis City using the Ecological Footprint Method
Mohammad Rahim Rahnama Seyed mostafa hosseiniBackground and Objectives: One of the most important conditions for improvement of the quality of life in present and future is attainment of a sustainable development in society. Sustainable development is a complicated and nebulous concept, which has been assessed thr MoreBackground and Objectives: One of the most important conditions for improvement of the quality of life in present and future is attainment of a sustainable development in society. Sustainable development is a complicated and nebulous concept, which has been assessed through many different methods. Today, the best method for determining the level of the sustainability of societies consists in analyzing the effects of human activities on nature. Accordingly, in this study the situation of sustainability in Ahvaz city is assessed through analysis of the situation of ecologic footprint as well as the biological capacity of Ahvaz City. Material and Methodology: The present research enjoys an applied objective and it is done in a descriptive-analytic manner. In this research, the ecologic footprint and the biological capacity of Ahvaz city were determined in the first place and in the second place, the situation of this mega city was compared to the circumstances of the world, Asia and Iran. Findings: The results of the study display that the footprint share of consumption in Ahvaz city is equal to 1.4 hectare and for the whole city it is 1542298.356 hectares and the share of biological capacity in the city is equal to 0.406 hectare and for the whole city it is 444751.1 hectare. The share of transportation footprint and the share of water footprint are the most and the least shares, respectively, in Ahvaz City. Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that the ecological footprint of Ahvaz City in comparison to the world level, Asia, and the country is less by 47.85, 20.9 and 47.46 percents, respectively. In addition, the biological capacity of the city is less in comparison to the world, Asia and Iran by 77.18, 50.48 and 49.87 percents, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Ecological footprint assessment of the use of fossil fuels in the City of Ahvaz
seysd tajedin mansoori esmaiel zarghamiBackground and Objectives: One of the problems of population growth in cities is the continuous and calm changes in the climate of different regions of the world. The reason for this can be seen in the change in the structure of the environment by humans in favor of the MoreBackground and Objectives: One of the problems of population growth in cities is the continuous and calm changes in the climate of different regions of the world. The reason for this can be seen in the change in the structure of the environment by humans in favor of their resources. Following these changes, the concentration of carbon monoxide, as the main greenhouse gas in the Earth's atmosphere, has been fluctuating and increasing, which is the main cause of climate change. This study uses the concept of ecological footprint to investigate the ecological effects of the use of fossil fuels in the city of Ahvaz.Material and Methodology:In this research, the general method developed by Riz and Vekernagel has been used, based on which the calculations related to the ecological footprint have been obtained. This method of calculation includes the steps that have been used in this study to achieve the goal. Also, by using library studies and reviewing the necessary documents, sufficient and appropriate information has been collected to use the general method of micronutrients and carcinogens.Findings: Based on the results (2011-2014), the effects and extent of ecological footprint of fossil fuels in 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 for the city of Ahvaz are equal to 6.71, 11.36, 7.17 and 83, respectively. / 8 hectares / person which in comparison with the per capita ecological footprint of the city in the mentioned years is equal to 0.0173, 0.064, 0.015 and 0.031 per year, which due to the difference between this Two levels can be concluded that the city of Ahvaz does not have a logical ecological footprint in the consumption of fossil fuels.Discussion and Conclusion: Preliminary results show that one of the important reasons that has made the ecological footprint of Ahvaz more than the current world standards, is a significant high part of the population to use cars and not to use other energy uses. It is like the sunshine that has the potential in the region. In this study, a summary of the ecological footprint in the consumption of fossil fuels in Ahvaz shows how much land officials in Ahvaz need each year in addition to available resources to carbon from the burning of gasoline and diesel, which is part of the energy used. Compensate citizens. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Assessing Ecological Capacity for Afforestation and Increasing Forest area Use Gamma and AHP Operator Efficiency
sahar tabibian Armin Hashemi Amirhosein Firouzan Mahsa HakimiAbed sirus bidarigh hamideh kavusiBackground and aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the ecological potential of the land in order to increase the level of afforestation.Method: Initially, gradient maps, altitudes above sea level, geographical directions, temperature, rainfall, humidity, soil, MoreBackground and aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the ecological potential of the land in order to increase the level of afforestation.Method: Initially, gradient maps, altitudes above sea level, geographical directions, temperature, rainfall, humidity, soil, canopy percentage with digitizing data received from relevant organizations and agencies. To evaluate ecological capability, fuzzy membership functions were standardized. In the following, the criteria used in the evaluation were prioritized based on multi-criteria evaluation and analytical hierarchy process and using the Expert selection software, the final weight was determined for each criterion.Findings: The criterion of altitude from the sea level has the highest value in the criteria and the criterion of gradient has the lowest value in the criteria. The results of this study showed that ecological power is directly related to ecological factors, especially climatic and physiographic factors. The results of the ecological capability assessment for afforestation operations with AND activated show that 5566 hectares of land are located in a very high class. The results of ecological capability assessment for afforestation with gamma activated show that 3098 hectares from the area are very large in class.Discussion and Conclusion: Finally, considering that about 60% of the area of the study area is covered with forest, according to the results of ecological power assessment for forestry, this study can be effective in recognizing the forestry potential and as a result of forestry development in this region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Environmental Impact Assessment on Torghabeh-Shandiz Township using Degradation Model
Sahar Heidari Masteali Bahman Jabbarian Amiri Afshin Alizadeh ShabaniBackground and purpose: Land degradation modeling is one of the environmental impact assessment methods that quantitatively represent the effects of human activities. The purpose of applying this model is identifying vulnerability factors and destruction of ecosystems, MoreBackground and purpose: Land degradation modeling is one of the environmental impact assessment methods that quantitatively represent the effects of human activities. The purpose of applying this model is identifying vulnerability factors and destruction of ecosystems, to prevent further destruction by other project and also to show feasibility of future development to decision markers. Method: first The study area was partitioned into 94 cells, 1600 ha each and then Fourteen degradation factors were identified along with their intensity using land use map, field observations and expert views. So the determination of ecological susceptibility and physiological density was determined and all cells were classified to 4 categories: recommended for development, zones that require reconstruction, protection and cells hadn't development potential based on fuzzy theory. Results: The results show that from 94 cells, 22 cells (23.40% of the total area) require reconstruction, 37 cells (39.36% of total area) have no development potential, and 35 cells (37.22% of total area) are recommended for development. Discussion and Conclusion: The effects of destructive activities (which are mainly destructive effects of tourism activities) in the region are obvious, so that destructive activities such as land use change and river pollution to the region on the one hand. They are the main causes of destruction of the 94 cell, 21 cell due to faults and 16 cell due to being in the Binalood protected area, have no development potential. 35 cell are recommended for development in first to third priorities, these cells are in low physiological density area and 22 cell due to high physiological density and severity destructive agents has a high degradation coefficient and need to be reconstructed, and therefore any future development in this area, should be excluded. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - The Design of Resilient Green Spaces towards Adapting with Climate Change, Case Study Behesht Boulevard, Borujerd
hassan darabi Iman SaeediBackground and Objective: Human interventions have led to changes in natural systems. Climate change is the most conspicuous change that affects natural ecosystems, particularly in urban environments, which endanger urban sustainability. Resilient urban landscape design MoreBackground and Objective: Human interventions have led to changes in natural systems. Climate change is the most conspicuous change that affects natural ecosystems, particularly in urban environments, which endanger urban sustainability. Resilient urban landscape design could be considered as a solution for this challenge. This paper presents a framework for the design of resilient green spaces towards adapting to climate change Method: The study area of the research is Behesht Boulevard in Borujerd, Lorestan province, (Iran). The resilience of current plantings was evaluated based on resilient criteria extracted from related literature including plasticity, biodiversity and structural diversity. Furthermore, four vital aspects of urban green space were added and taken into consideration including; economic, aesthetics, social and ecological aspects. The final evaluation conducted through Delphi method, which relies on expert opinion and AHP. Findings: The result showed that area had a fragile landscape suffering from a low biodiversity. Therefore, the new plant species were selected and evaluated based on resilience and additional anticipated criteria. Finally, the new planting design proposed considering resilience and socio-economic dimensions. Discussion and Conclusion: Existing green spaces are vulnerable to climate change. Combined cycles such as water scarcity and urban stresses increase the severity of this vulnerability. Applying fundamental principles such as reversible design can improve the quality of these spaces, making them reversible. Finally, based on the results obtained, a general strategy for redesigning urban green spaces to improve and enhance the reversible urban landscape is presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Evaluation of Ecological Potential of Tajyar Dam Catchment Basin for Forestry Use by AHP Method
Nafiseh Rezapoor Andabili Farahnaz RashidiBackground and Objective: Ecological planning is the logical solution to breaking the cycle of community poverty and environmental crisis and creating the necessary framework for sustainable development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ecological potential MoreBackground and Objective: Ecological planning is the logical solution to breaking the cycle of community poverty and environmental crisis and creating the necessary framework for sustainable development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ecological potential of forestry use in Tajyar dam watershed in East Azarbaijan province and to evaluate the current adaptation of forestry use to the ecological potential of the area for this use. Method: In this investigation, firstly, criteria and sub criteria were selected through investigation of different resources and obtaining needed standards. Then, using Delphi’s questioner the criteria and sub criteria were weighted and AHP was used to weight the criteria. Finally all layers were combined using weighted combination method and the area’s final map of ecological potential was prepared. Findings: Considering the investigations carried out in this field, three potentials of low, moderate and high dedicated 3752 hectares (35%), 3282 hectares (31%) and 3627 hectares (34%), respectively, of total 10898 area of the study land. In general, only 3.87% of the area is used appropriately with its ecological potential for forestry use. Discussion and Conclusion: Findings of the study indicated that combination of AHP and GIS has higher capability of evaluating ecological potential of the land for forestry use. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Assessment Bio Capacity and Ecological Footprint of Urban Ecosystems (Case study: Hamedan)
Parisa Farhadi Alireza Eldermi Mirmihardad MigranirBackground and Purpose: Knowledge of the ecological conditions prevailing in the region is essential to achieve sustainable development and reduce the increasing degradation of natural resources and the environment. The ecological footprint index is of great interest as MoreBackground and Purpose: Knowledge of the ecological conditions prevailing in the region is essential to achieve sustainable development and reduce the increasing degradation of natural resources and the environment. The ecological footprint index is of great interest as a way to measure levels of sustainability. In this study, using the ecological footprint index of Hamedan urban ecosystem in 2014, it was studied. Material and Methods: In this study, ecological traces of consumption in two parts of consumption and production of the city were evaluated. The ecological footprint of the consumption sector was estimated in each of the four urban areas and using SPSS software, a significant difference between the areas, was determined. Results: The results showed that per capita ecological footprints in the consumption sector, including housing, transportation services, goods and food, were 0.13 globalhectares. The most significant ecological footprints in this section was of transportation with 3980.499 (gh) and the least important Foot print in this regard was food with 3864.6 global hectare; therefore, the urban living capacity was determined 0.59 globl hectare. Conclusion: The results indicate that the ecological footprint of the consumption sector does not create the unsustainability of the urban ecosystem and, by creating an ecological surplus in this part, the city of Hamedan is introduced as a creditor of ecology. Which indicates in this sector that the demand is lower than the supply. Besides, there is no significant difference between the ecological effects of consumption in four urban areas. It was also concluded that there was an ecological deficiency in production sector which indicates of ecosystem bioaccumulation consumption and it could disturb the ecological stability of the ecosystem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Zoning, zones management and landscape design periphery of Iranian ancient trees (Case study: Mongabad Mehriz old cedar)
Mohammad hadi Rad Mohammad hosan Irannejad parizii Saed Reza Mahdavi Amin YeganehBackground and Objective: Old trees are considered as rich genetic resources and valuable natural monuments. Among the old trees, the natural heritage of Mongabad Mehriz old cedar has always been the attention of people in Yazd province, especially the people of Mehriz MoreBackground and Objective: Old trees are considered as rich genetic resources and valuable natural monuments. Among the old trees, the natural heritage of Mongabad Mehriz old cedar has always been the attention of people in Yazd province, especially the people of Mehriz city, Iran. For the management and conservation of this tree, zoning, zones management planning and landscape design were needed and necessary. Material and Methodology: The base of this classified was IUCN classification and its match to the realities and comprehensive plan of the Mehriz city. Due to the review of the resources and conditions available, the perimeter of the cedar was classified in a range of 300m in different zones, contains management and recreational zones. Board capacity was also calculated for recreational activities in the tree area. Findings: The results of zoning studies showed that 4 zones as management zones and 2 zones as recreational zones are of special importance and should be considered. Management zones include restricted nature zone, protected zone, shield Zone, and other uses zone were with an area of 2826, 5024, 23550 and 251200 m2 respectively. Type I and II type promenade zone were 11664 and 15000m2. By mapping and identifying the physical status all of the zones, the necessary proposals for each one of the zones were presented. In this regard ecological sustainability of the environment and tree health were considered. Based on this view, in order to organize the tree for the promenade, the landscape design (with the maximum maintenance of the existing green space and surrounding monuments) was taken. The capacity of the range for recreational activities were estimated at 276 people per day. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that although activities performed in the recent years around the cedar have been the main and influential factor on tree health, but by designing and implementing management and recreation programs in the form of proposed zones, it is possible to rebuild with a focus on tree health and tourism boom. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Ecotourism Carrying Capacity Evaluation with Emphasis on Sustainable Development in Bisheh Waterfall as a Geotourism Area
Farzaneh Behrad Mehrdad Hadipour Morteza Naderi Azadeh KazemiIntroduction: Capacity assessment of natural areas in different directions is one of the tools to achieve sustainable development, to reduce pressure on ecosystems and to prevent their destruction. One of the most effective uses of natural ecosystems is circulation, whi MoreIntroduction: Capacity assessment of natural areas in different directions is one of the tools to achieve sustainable development, to reduce pressure on ecosystems and to prevent their destruction. One of the most effective uses of natural ecosystems is circulation, which can have negative effects on natural ecosystems if not planned and planned. In this regard, determining the capacity of the recreation can mitigate to some extent these effects. Because of the nature of the study area where is mountainous, Lorestan waterfall is one of the most fragile natural areas which needs planning to manage the influx of tourists into the area can be effective in protecting the sensitive resources of this ecosystem. Material & Methods: In this study, environmental units of the region were initially formed based on important factors such as the extent and area needed for circulation activities, climate variables such as hot days, stormy and rainy days, as well as topographical variables such as slope, elevation. And geographical directions, first the physical carrier capacity was calculated and then the actual board capacity was calculated. Results: The results showed that the physical board capacity for eligible zones is 1246792 persons and the actual board capacity for suitable zones is 1664 persons per day. Discussion and conclusion: The results obtained for the range of regionally susceptible regions of the grove yielded two types of range, namely physical and real for the development of tourism. Comparison of the calculated quantities shows that considering the ecological constraints in the bush area including altitude, soil depth, vegetation cover and determined parent rock strength, the physical board capacity in areas prone to tourism development is up to 80%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Estimated Index of Ecological Footprints of Energy (Electricity and Natural Gas) and Water Consumption of Household Sector in 22 Districts of Tehran
Zahra Abedi parisa soltani khamsehBackgrounds and objectives: Population growth and excessive consumption of natural resources for the continuation of economic welfare, in addition to destroying the ecosystem has caused a shortage of life on the planet is vital to prevent any shortage of access to natur MoreBackgrounds and objectives: Population growth and excessive consumption of natural resources for the continuation of economic welfare, in addition to destroying the ecosystem has caused a shortage of life on the planet is vital to prevent any shortage of access to natural resources continue. This article estimates the ecological footprint of water and energy consumption (electricity and natural gas) of the household sector in the 22 districts of Tehran and estimates the environmental capacity of the mentioned resources. Analysis method: Estimating the ecological footprint of water and energy (electricity and natural gas) used in the household sector of Tehran refers to the negative relationship between the continuity of household activities and the ecological gap of the mentioned sources, which according to the results and their analysis, ecological gap more than 4 million hectares of water, electricity and natural gas consumption are available in the household sector of Tehran.To find the impact of practical solutions to reduce the ecological gap using SPSS software and Cochran test and also developing a questionnaire related to the use of resources in household,the most important factor in reducing the ecological gap is identified. Findings: Based on the results obtained and their analysis, the ecological gap of over 4 million hectares is due to the excessive use of water, electricity and natural gas in the household sector of Tehran. After estimating the ecological gap, questionnaires were distributed to clarify the causes of household waste loss. According to the statistical society, in the assessment of the questionnaire, the population of the 22nd household in Tehran was considered to be 2 million and 830thousand households.To create uniformity of analysis, the households were based on a population of 3, Then through the Cochran formula, 1100 households were sampled and they were randomly selected. Discussion and conclusion: The results of the questionnaire showed that the most important factor in reducing the ecological gap and having the optimal use of water in the household sector is reducing water consumption for washing cars,the most important factor for creating optimal power consumption in the household sector is using energy-saving bulbs.The most important factor for creating optimal consumption of natural gas in the household sector is the use of double-glazed windows and the least effective factor is the use of gas heaters proportional to the area of the houses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Factors Affecting the Consumption of Ecological Resources in Iran Using Economic Approach
Morteza Molaei Ehsan Besharat Mehrdad MohammadiBackground and Objective: The objective of this study is the investigation of factors affecting Ecological Footprint and testing Pollution Haven and Environmental Kuznets’ Curve hypotheses. Method: In this study, after introducing ecological footprint as an indic MoreBackground and Objective: The objective of this study is the investigation of factors affecting Ecological Footprint and testing Pollution Haven and Environmental Kuznets’ Curve hypotheses. Method: In this study, after introducing ecological footprint as an indicator of natural resources degradation, factors affecting it is investigated in the form of natural resources degradation model for the period 1965-2011 using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model; and Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and Pollution Haven hypotheses were tested. In this study, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), free trade index, urbanization, human development index, development of financial markets index were used as factors affecting the ecological footprint. Findings: Results show that per capita GDP, free trade, development of financial markets and urbanization have positive and significant impacts in long and short term periods, but human development has negative and significant impact on ecological footprint. These results confirmed Pollution Haven hypothesis; but the EKC hypothesis is not confirmed and the relationship between income and ecological footprint is in the form of N. The coefficient of Error Correction is negative and significant which represent the long run equilibrium. The coefficient is -0.99 meaning that ecological footprint corrects its previous period disequilibrium at a speed of 99% annually to reach at the steady state. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of this study, economic growth in Iran leads to more natural resources degradation. Therefore, governments should pay special attention to development programs in order to be sustainable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Assessing the Environmental Risks of De-icing Materials Used in Winter Operations (A case of Study of the Hydrochemical Quality of Hamedan-Bahar Basin)
Amir Jamshidi Amir Reza Goodarzi Parisa RazmaraBackground and Objective: Despite the wide application of de-icing substances to the roadways, the sewage produced can have negative impacts on local ecosystems. Hence, the present study was conducted for assessing the effects of road salt use throughout the winter in H MoreBackground and Objective: Despite the wide application of de-icing substances to the roadways, the sewage produced can have negative impacts on local ecosystems. Hence, the present study was conducted for assessing the effects of road salt use throughout the winter in Hamedan on the hydro-chemical quality of Hamedan-Bahar basin. Hamedan is one of the major tourist destinations and one of the main agricultural poles in Iran, and thus, its water resources contamination may pose serious risk to the health of the whole country. Method: The modeling of under-ground water flow paths in the study area revealed that the flow of rain and snow water in the city is mainly towards Hamedan-Bahar basin (as one of the main drinking water and agricultural water supplies in the region). Therefore, the 24 wells in the study area were sampled and the hydro-chemical characteristics of the obtained water samples as well as their changing trends over the past 10 years were determined and analyzed. Findings: The results indicated a gradual increase in the minerals and solid materials in the water of the basin. This, considering the meaningful correlation values obtained (R2≥0.89) between the salt contents and Cl- and Na+ concentrations, could be attributed to the use of de-icing materials. The rate of pollutants in some of the samples was found to be 10 times as much as the permissible national standard and international values. Moreover, based on the Wilcox diagram, the water in most stations could be classified as C3S1 (decreasing the soil fertility and resulting in ecophysiological abnormalities in crops) and even as C4S1 (completely harmful for irrigation). A similar distribution of de-icing compounds and arsenic were observed in the under-ground water of the basin. Discussion and Conclusion: The increase in the pollution and the decline in hydro-chemical properties of the basin due to the accumulation of de-icing materials, not only pose direct hazardous effects to human health and agricultural lands but can also intensify the mobility of the heavy metals in soil-water profiles of the region. Therefore, it is suggested that winter operations in the city be planned and carried out using modern methods and facilities (such as anti-icing program, eco-friendly deicers, asphalt mixture with anti-icing additives, hydronic heating pavement), so that the negative environmental impacts can be controlled as much as possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Quantitative Determination of the Selected Nests Pressure of Wood Species in the Middle Forest of Northern Iran (Case study: Gorazbon section of Kheyroud forest)
Sajjad Babaie Mahmood Bayat Manoochehr Namiranian Sahar Heidari Masteali fatemeh AhmadlooBackground and Objective: Understanding the ecological niche of the different species is essential in many ecological issues. Ecological niches of species are one of the important factors in the tree species distribution pattern and for all species, it can be dete MoreBackground and Objective: Understanding the ecological niche of the different species is essential in many ecological issues. Ecological niches of species are one of the important factors in the tree species distribution pattern and for all species, it can be detected by examining distribution of species distribution. Ecological nest models often help to understand more ecosystems. These models are applicable in predicting ecosystem stability and sustainability ratios and ecosystems. Method: In order to determine the selective pressure of different species, the indicators of the equilibrium level of selected nests, the dominant level of selected nests and the crisis level of selected nests were used and 41.5 hectares of Khirud research and educational forest were fully surveyed (100%). Then, characteristics such as diameter equal to the chest of the trees were measured and using selective nesting indices, the selected pressure and nesting levels of beech, oak, hornbeam and alder species were measured. Findings: The values of the selective pressure were measured for the species on the Fagus orientalis 66.419, Quercus persica 3. 313, Carpinus orientalis 261. 28, Alnus 36. 962 and tilia begonifolia 9. 39 respectively. The final results showed that Carpinus orientalis wasat a Dominates niche level, the Fagus orientalis and Alnus was in the balance niche level and the Quercus persica was in intermediate between balance and critical level and also tilia begonifolia was in the critical niche levels. Discussion and Conclusion: The Carpinus species were at the dominant level of selective pressure, the Tilla species were at the equilibrium level and the Quercus species were at the equilibrium level of the crisis nest. The results of this study showed that selective strain quantification is an important factor in determining the current status of endangered species. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Evaluation of Effective Ecological Design Criteria on Designing Chehelsetoon Garden
vahid heidarnattaj Ferial AhmadiBackground and Objective: The current study is applied to assess structural elements of landscape mosaic of Chehelsetoon garden to identify whether ecological design criteria have influenced on Chehelsetoon garden design or not.Material and Methodology: Descriptive- ana MoreBackground and Objective: The current study is applied to assess structural elements of landscape mosaic of Chehelsetoon garden to identify whether ecological design criteria have influenced on Chehelsetoon garden design or not.Material and Methodology: Descriptive- analytical has been used in three steps. Firstly, design criteria of Persian gardens have been studied. Secondly, design features of Chehelsetoon garden have been analyzed and compared with Persian garden criteria. Then adaption degree of design features of Chehelsetoon with Persian garden criteria has been determined.Findings: The results of the current research indicate that rectangular shapes are the main pattern of the landscape of studied area. In addition, continuous mass and rectangular shapes are recognized as the pattern of surrounding green spaces of the Chehelsetoon garden. It should be noted that green space of the main axis of garden is continuous strip patterns.Discussion and Conclusion: Using water in contrast with high humidity of the environment, land morphology intervention, incompatibility with vernacular landscape and using Persian garden pattern and planting non-native trees and flowers (evergreen trees) in the main axis of garden show that designer concentrate on developing Persian garden patters instead of ecological design criteria. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Presenting Ecological Design Strategies to Restore Vernacular Landscapes Based on Analyzing Natural Pattern
Ferial Ahmadi Maria KordjamshidiBackground and Objective: Intervention of vernacular communities in natural patterns forms vernacular landscapes. Consequences of climate solutions and use of vernacular materials can be observed in development of settlements in these landscapes. However, agreement betw MoreBackground and Objective: Intervention of vernacular communities in natural patterns forms vernacular landscapes. Consequences of climate solutions and use of vernacular materials can be observed in development of settlements in these landscapes. However, agreement between natural and man-made pattern has not been investigated so far. Therefore, the current study assesses level of matching the mentioned issues. Method: In this study, qualitative method along with interference approach is used based on analysis of Iranian vernacular landscapes (Abyaneh, Masouleh, Kandovan and Oraman vernacular landscapes). Finding: The results indicate that the development patterns of urban services such as public streets, settlements, and similar cases matches with natural growth patterns. Discussion and Conclusion: Results of this study emphasize that landscape designers should recognize natural patterns associated with natural disturbances, and thence set their design strategies. For the sake of simplicity, the mentioned process is called as ecological design, which results in agreement between natural and man-made patterns. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Prioritization of the factors effective on urban development and zonation using Ecological and Information Value and Correlation Models (A case study in Mazandaran Province)
eisa jokar sarhangi Mohmmadali Zangeneh AsadiBackground and Objective: It is important to determine the ecological capacity of zones for appropriate location of urban places. In zonation these are different factor. The study attempts prioritize these factors and to develop the zonation map of the province of Mazan MoreBackground and Objective: It is important to determine the ecological capacity of zones for appropriate location of urban places. In zonation these are different factor. The study attempts prioritize these factors and to develop the zonation map of the province of Mazandaran using models of ecological urban development, information value and correlation. Method: At first, effective ecological factors in determining appropriate zonation for urban development in the form of information layers were developed in Arc GIS environment the urban development ecological model was used for determining range of each class. However for calculating the weight of classes in each factor model of information value was used through comparing areas of cities in each class with the whole area. The weight of factors effective on zonation was calculated using the appropriate weight for each layer and implementing the above mentioned models. Findings: Results show that elevation of 0-400 and 1200-1800 meters, slope of 0-6 percents, the northern direction, quaternary fluvial, precipitation of less than 500 and higher 800 millimeters, wet of less than 60 percents and vegetation density of 30 -60 percents are appropriate for urban development. Discussion and Conclusion: factors of soil, lithology, elevation, slope, vegetation, wet, rain and aspect received the highest to the lowest priority in location of urban areas and obtaining zonation map respectively. Evaluation of the models indicated the information value is of a higher accuracy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Preservation Valuation in Khaeiz Protected Area Using Contingent Valuation Method
saeed mohaghegh esfandiar jahantab Hasan Yeganeh ahmad bahrevar Hoda KhoshzaherBackground and Objectives: The value of non-market for environmental goods such as habitat protection and perspectives are important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective Khaeiz protected area is by use of contingent valuation method.Method: In this stud MoreBackground and Objectives: The value of non-market for environmental goods such as habitat protection and perspectives are important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective Khaeiz protected area is by use of contingent valuation method.Method: In this study the effect of different explanatory variables on respondents' willingness to pay for the Protection of logit regression model was used. The required data from 196 completed questionnaires were collected. Findings: 71% of respondents expressed a willingness to contribute to the protection of the region. Results of logit model estimation showed that the index trend of environmental variables, accountability, financial, environmental and offered membership in the organization are significant. The results showed that the expected value of the willingness to pay was 23948/5 million Rials. The monthly value of protecting the region against 18861/28 million rials respectively. The protective value against was determined 287382/7million rials annually in the study area. Dividing this figure by the total area of ecosystems studied, the average per hectare of ecosystem protection against 8888 thousand (according to the area of 32332 hectares’ area) is obtained. It is recommended at least annually, equivalent to 8888 million (annual preservation value per hectare) Rials for investment protection Khaeiz area. It represents the estimated total value of ecosystem protection in the region. In other words, the ecosystem of the region also has many other values for example, biological control of pests, pollination, water and soil conservation, medicinal plants and byproducts, capture and storage of carbon dioxide and produce oxygen, biological diversity , prevent soil erosion, combat air pollution, noise reduction, mitigation and climate stylized, green spaces and landscape and natural scenery, temperature adjustment, increase groundwater resources and consequently the springs and rivers, others noted that their value should be estimated. Discussion and Conclusion: In this study, the current situation is an important step to safeguard protected areas and natural resources and move towards sustainable development. Also for planners, managers and decision-makers provide justification to the quantity and quality of natural resources to support them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Determining Criteria to Evaluate How Ecological is Urban Green Developments (Case Study: Sevome Shaban Quarter in the City of Dezful)
behjat mosavi mohsen tabanBackground and Objective: Making eco cities help minimizing energy consumption, reuse, recycle and reproduce, and increase per capita green space to improve the living and health of the citizens through integrated urban management and planning. Furthermore, it can be a MoreBackground and Objective: Making eco cities help minimizing energy consumption, reuse, recycle and reproduce, and increase per capita green space to improve the living and health of the citizens through integrated urban management and planning. Furthermore, it can be a good solution to environmental problems. The objective of this study is to determine the criteria for assessing the ecological characteristics of urban green areas based on ecological cities approach.Material and Methodology: The research methodology is based on analytical-descriptive practices. The case studies have been analyzed using descriptive approach and design criteria have been extracted as basic principles. In order to measure the proximity of the studied area to ecological city concept, several successful examples of the neighborhood and ecological cities have been investigated and after extracting the criteria AHP model have been used for converting the weight of the criteria into quantitative indicators. One of the areas that complies with the green development is Sevom-e- Shaaban Quarter in the City of Dezful. This place with detached houses, large green yards and open spaces, has been studied and analyzed from the perspective of Ecocity.Findings: The findings of the research show that among the criteria of the ecological city, Sevom-e- Shaaban Quarter in Dezful; with 66.6% for land use and transportation and 6.25% for waste management, has the highest proximity to the standards of the area that has ecological features.Discussion and Conclusion: According to the studies, this area; due to the appropriate shape and size, per capita and high availability of green space, considering main characteristics of ecological cities - such as use of public transportation and renewable energy and water resources management can become a successful ecological area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Identifying the most Significant Environmental Components in Designing Ecological Housing from the Experts’ Viewpoint (Case study: Mino Island)
morteza zameni sina razaghi asl elham pour mahabadianBackground and Objective: Presently, the upsurge in population and construction under the pretext of development, particularly in ecological areas, has caused the natural environment to be devastated to achieve residential lands by cutting down trees. Housing usually bu MoreBackground and Objective: Presently, the upsurge in population and construction under the pretext of development, particularly in ecological areas, has caused the natural environment to be devastated to achieve residential lands by cutting down trees. Housing usually built in these areas is not harmonious with the climate of these areas, and by wasting energy resources and environmental pollution, the health of the surrounding environment is threatened. This study tries to identify the most important environmental components in the design of ecological housing from the perspective of experts in Mino Island.Material and Methodology: In this study, data were collected by library and field study and based on the judgment of experts based on the snowball method, and using the AHP questionnaire and hierarchical analysis, the research data were reviewed.Findings: Based on the results of this study, the chief criteria of ecological housing design in Mino Island from the experts’ viewpoint can be classified into three main groups: environmental adaptation, climate adaptation, and green architecture. The components of “naturalistic design and optimal supply of green space per capita,” “benefit of sufficient light,” and “benefit of optimal ventilation” are the most important among all componentsDiscussion and Conclusion: By prioritizing the environmental components in the design of ecological housing in Mino Island, the attention of government decision makers and the local community is drawn to the construction of housing that is environmentally friendly while paying attention to climate and reducing fossil energy consumption. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Investigating the effect of economic factors on environmental degradation using the 3SLS panel approach (Selection of Developing and Developed Countries)
shima parsa mohammadreza zare mehrjerdi maryam ziaabadi hossein mehrabi boshrabadiBackground and Objective: Following the increase in environmental pollution caused by economic growth, environmental challenges have become one of the most important concerns of policy makers. Because environmental pollution leads to adverse environmental effects such a MoreBackground and Objective: Following the increase in environmental pollution caused by economic growth, environmental challenges have become one of the most important concerns of policy makers. Because environmental pollution leads to adverse environmental effects such as climate change and global warming, and ultimately threatens human life and ecosystem destruction. Therefore, studying the impact of factors affecting environmental degradation is of particular importance. Material and Methodology: This study intends to analyze the impact of economic factors affecting environmental degradation during the period 1995-1995, using time series data from 26 selected developing countries and 17 selected developed countries. Therefore, in order to investigate the existence of the Kuznets environmental curve in the studied countries, the coefficients of the variables in the three equations of ecological footprint, energy consumption and economic growth have been estimated by the system of equations simultaneously with panel data (panel 3sls). Because in this method, due to the simultaneous estimation of the equations, the estimated coefficients have a higher accuracy. Finding: The results of estimating the coefficients of the model using the three-stage least squares technique with panel data indicate that the existence of the Kuznets environmental hypothesis in developed countries cannot be confirmed because the coefficients of GDP and squares are negative and positive, respectively. But, in developing countries, the coefficients of GDP and squared variables have been positive and negative, respectively, which confirms the existence of the Kuznets environmental hypothesis in these countries. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results, the variable of energy consumption in both developed and developing countries has a positive and significant effect on environmental degradation, while the variable of trade openness in developing and developed countries has a negative and significant effect on pollution and ecological footprint. Therefore, it is suggested that due to the high importance of the environment, along with planning and policy-making for higher economic growth, the enactment of environmental laws and the use of environmentally friendly technologies should be considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Examining changes in the ecological structure of four hills in Sanandaj using object-oriented method and metrics of continuity and complexity
Milad Zandsalimi Bakhtiar BahramiBackground and Objective: Hills, as one of the main components of the ecological structure in a hilly town, are influenced by human actions and affect them. The landscape Ecology Approach examines diverse ecosystems at different scales and balances human actions and nat MoreBackground and Objective: Hills, as one of the main components of the ecological structure in a hilly town, are influenced by human actions and affect them. The landscape Ecology Approach examines diverse ecosystems at different scales and balances human actions and natural processes. In this study, changes in the ecological structure of four significant hills in Sanandaj (Tosonozar, Nishtman, Mellat, and Didgah) were investigated using Google Earth images and two ecological metrics over 16 years (2020-2004). Material and Methodology: The ecological structure of these hills was investigated by object-oriented method in six classification categories and their changes. Also, by using FRAGSTATS 4.2 software, the status of two ecological indicators, FRAC and CONTIGH, were calculated and checked in the hills until 6/20/2019. Findings: Man-made elements have increased (19%) in all hills, especially in Nishtman. Also, rangeland cover has decreased (32%), especially in Tusunozar and Nazgah hills. The complexity of landscape spots in all hills except Toos-Nozar has increased. Also, the continuity Toos-Nozar has decreased except Toos-Nozar hill. Discussion and Conclusion: The elimination of pastures and plant species, the increase in recent fires and droughts, and the increase in human interventions such as construction and motorways, the cohesion and ecological flows of these hills have posed a severe threat. Simplification while homogeneity of landscape components in Toos-Nozar hill indicates the distance of landscape components from their natural state. The decrease in continuity in the three hills, including Mellat, Didgah, and Nishtman, indicates an increase in fragmentation and discontinuity in these hills' natural landscapes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Analysis of Ecological Carbon Footprint Resulting from Gasoline and Diesel Consumption in the Transportation Sector of Bandar Abbas
masoomeh shahnoori Rokhshad Hejazi Seyed Ali Jozi Seyed Mohammad Shobeiri Yousefali ZiariBackground and Objective: There is a disproportionate increase in the use of non-renewable fuel sources such as fossil fuels. Under such circumstances, a large amount of these fuels are consumed undesirable and wasted. The aim of this study is to determine the carbon fo MoreBackground and Objective: There is a disproportionate increase in the use of non-renewable fuel sources such as fossil fuels. Under such circumstances, a large amount of these fuels are consumed undesirable and wasted. The aim of this study is to determine the carbon footprint of gasoline and diesel consumption during 2016 in transportation sector in Bandar Abbas. Material and Methodology: Initially, the per capita fuel consumption of gasoline and diesel in the transportation sector in Bandar Abbas was estimated for one year. Fuel consumption in all vehicles was obtained through the energy balance sheet for 2016. Gasoline and diesel consumption in the transportation sector was measured in hectares of land needed to compensate for the pollution caused by it. After obtaining the ecological footprint, the required amount of forest land was multiplied by the equilibrium coefficient (1.26). Findings: One-year consumption of gasoline was 448.36 million liters and diesel consumption was 351.8 million liters. Carbon released from gasoline consumption is 286,496 and Carbon released from diesel consumption is equal to 257,193 tons. One hectare of forest land is needed to absorb every 1.8 tons of carbon Ecological footprint of gasoline consumption is 200,549 and per capita is 0.295 global hectares and ecological footprint of diesel consumption of Bandar Abbas population at the rate of 180,035 and per capita 0.265 global hectares. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the population of the city and its size, 1.488 hectares of land is allocated to each resident of the city. Land consumption of Bandar Abbas residents is 0.2 times more than the area of the city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Modeling of Possible Dredging Effects of Khozeini Channel on the Water Renewal Time in Gorgan Bay, Southeast of tmj nhe Caspian Sea
saeed sharbaty Sorena NasimiBackground and Objective: Water renewal time, one of the important indicators, is considered for estimation of health status of marine ecosystem. The Khozeini channel has been the second communicative ways of the Gorgan Bay with the Caspian Sea which is blocked by decre MoreBackground and Objective: Water renewal time, one of the important indicators, is considered for estimation of health status of marine ecosystem. The Khozeini channel has been the second communicative ways of the Gorgan Bay with the Caspian Sea which is blocked by decreasing of sea water level and sedimentation in recent years. In this investigation, in order to considering of Khozeini channel possible dredging effects on the Water Renewal Time in the Gorgan Bay, the Hydrodynamic and Advection-Dispersion modules of two-dimensional Mike21 FM model were coupled simultaneously. Method: The modeling on two triangular unstructured meshes and under two different open boundary conditions by including wind stress, water fluctuations in the mouth of Bandartorkaman-Ashoradeh and Khozeini channel, rivers input, evaporation and precipitation during index year were done. To determine the amount of dispersion coefficient in the Gorgan Bay, salinity modeling using Advection-Dispersion module of MIKE 21 FM were developed. Findings: The results two-dimensional salinity modeling showed that the best of dispersion coefficients are 350 m2/s in Gorgan Bay. The results of calculating of the Integral Water Renewal amount under blocking Khozeini channel condition was 54 days and dredging channel condition a width of 170 m was 41 days. Discussion and Conclusion: The best time for Water Renewal Time modeling in Gorgan Bay is the beginning trend of intering annual water level rising in the Caspian Sea. Renewal Time values are depending on hydrodynamic regime and salinity dispersion coefficient in Gorgan Bay. According to the common counterclockwise water circulation pattern in Gorgan Bay, Khozeini channel dredging reduces Integral Renewal Time of up to 13 days. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Ecological risk assessment and source identification of heavy metals including lead, arsenic, cadmium and zinc in surface water and sediments from Gheshlagh river, Sanandaj
Faranak Faghiri Delnia Hajiahmadi Jamil Amanollahi Farshid GhorbaniAbstract Background and Objective: Heavy metals are considered as serious pollutants due to their toxicity, persistence in natural conditions and ability to enter and accumulate in the food chain. Therefore, this study was carried to assess the potential ecological risk MoreAbstract Background and Objective: Heavy metals are considered as serious pollutants due to their toxicity, persistence in natural conditions and ability to enter and accumulate in the food chain. Therefore, this study was carried to assess the potential ecological risk and identify the source of heavy metals including lead, arsenic, cadmium and zinc in the surface water and sediments from Gheshlagh river, Sanandaj. Method: For this purpose, 16 samples of surface water and sediment were collected. Then, concentrations of arsenic, lead, cadmium and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Moreover, potential ecological risk index (PERI) and enrichment factor (EF) were utilized to assess the ecological risk, and heavy metals pollution index (HPI) was used to survey the effects of heavy metals on human health. Multivariate analyses such as correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and EF were used to identify human resource potential of arsenic, lead, cadmium and zinc. Findings: The results showed that the average concentration of a group of elements, including Pb, Cd and Zn, was higher than background levels, whereas average concentration of As was significantly lower than the background levels. Enrichment of the studied heavy metals was obtained as Pb> Zn> Cd> As in Gheshlagh river. The results of PERI showed a low risk for Pb, As and Zn and a moderate risk for Cd in the samples under the influence of road traffic. Discussion and Conclusion: Considering the results of EF and PCA, it can be concluded that the concentration of As has been mostly affected by the geological structure. Pb and Cd concentrations in four sampling areas were equally affected by agriculture and road traffic. It was also found that the concentration of Zn is influenced by residential wastewater. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Localizing and Design for tourism village in "dare eshgh"
Gohar Frouzande Shahraky Esmaeel Kahrom Hassanali LaghaeeHuman being has made its own environment undesirable in cities by adverse changes on it, so in order to recreate, refresh and rest, mankind needs to get faraway to difficult accessible places. Nowadays tourism industry which is a human intrinsic need turns to one of the MoreHuman being has made its own environment undesirable in cities by adverse changes on it, so in order to recreate, refresh and rest, mankind needs to get faraway to difficult accessible places. Nowadays tourism industry which is a human intrinsic need turns to one of the important activities and economic indicator for countries and has played a highly important role in countrys national benefits in economical and cultural section. The "Dare eshgh" zone which is located in Chahrmahal- Bakhtiary province is one of the regions that has full potential for developing ecotourism. This region has capability for developing various tourism activities such as wild life, Canoe polo, mountain and rock climbing. Village and tribe tourism is another tourism potential of this area. In addition, this area is the origin and habitat of various herbal and animal species which increases the environmental sensitivity and importance of this area. Developing sustainable ecotourism needs establishment and planning comforting facilities. Also sensitive bio-factors such as soil, water, herbal resources, wild life, must be considered so the ecological potential of the land must be recognized by assessment and determine land suitability for preservation, recreation or other activities. In this research localizing tourism village is assessed based on Dr Makhdoms model and is performed by GIS instruments. Between areas that have tourist potential "Dare more" was recognized suitable for recreation activities. This area is over hanged to "Dre eshgh waterfall" which has the most important view of region- and accessible road. In addition most lands of this region has low slope. In order to increase ecotourism activities, some other facilities such as camping sites need to be placed. This area is introduced as recreation centre and as long as other potential ecotourism activities do not endanger the protection of the environment, can be considered as wide refreshing activities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - A new model for evaluation of Iran’s ecological capabilities to establish service and civil development application (case study: district 22 of Tehran
Seyed Ali Jozi Sahar RezaianAbstract Ecological capability evaluation is to realize the potentialities of a land in the form of expected and achievable applications. This study is aimed to design a new model for service and civil development application to be employed in the evaluation of the coun MoreAbstract Ecological capability evaluation is to realize the potentialities of a land in the form of expected and achievable applications. This study is aimed to design a new model for service and civil development application to be employed in the evaluation of the country’s ecological capability studies. To this end, first the frequency of sustainable and unsustainable ecological factors inIranwas identified. Then, theDelphimethod which is a branch of phase theory methods was used. Prioritization of effective ecological factors and assessment of the frequency value of each factor were made by completing 750 questionnaires for desired branches (Delphigroup). The gathered data were analyzed using SPSS software version 11.0. After being designed, the model was introduced to the geographical information system using Arc info program. The model’s sensitivity analysis test was done with the purpose of determining the extent to which favorable responses are affected by certain changes in the target function through Simplex method using lingo software. This model is used in the evaluation of ecological capability at the time of analyzing the ecological resources of the field under examination and after preparing the map of environmental units. In fact, environmental units map is considered as the fundamental map in ecological capability evaluation studies. To asses the capabilities of the new method, ecological capability of District 22 in the city ofTehranwas evaluated as a case study and the service and civil development application map was prepared using Arc view GIS 3.2a program. The results of the study show that the points given to environmental units vary from zero to sixty-five. Such restricting factors as the existence of some environmental units along the river bank, fold passages, and hilly areas prevent these units from being allocated to service and civil development applicati Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Analyzing and Modeling Spatial Distribution of Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Kolahghazi National Park, Isfahan Province of Iran
Maryam Omidi Mohammad Kaboli Mahmood KaramiNumbers of Persian Leopards have considerably decreased in recent years and for this reason it has been categorized as endangered in the IUCN classification. Habitat destruction is believed to be the main cause of the species population decline. Hence, attempts to prese MoreNumbers of Persian Leopards have considerably decreased in recent years and for this reason it has been categorized as endangered in the IUCN classification. Habitat destruction is believed to be the main cause of the species population decline. Hence, attempts to preserve the remaining habitats of this kind of animal effectively are deemed essential in reversing its downgrading trend. To hit this target, habitat of the species was modeled in Kolahghazi National Park in Isfahan Province of Iran using Ecological Niche Factor Analysis. Biogeographical maps as independent variables included prey locations, prey diversity, slope, roads and mines activities in the region. The location of the species direct spotting or indirect presence detected through various indices served as the dependent variable in the analysis. The study in the Kolahghazi National Park suggested that, the best environment for the Persian Leopard is in altitudes between 1800-2400 m above the sea level with slopes ranging 20-70% in mountainous regions. The abundance of the preferable prey was also found important in habitat suitability of the species Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Optimal Management of the Park, with An” Emphasis on Sustainable Development Case Study: Rabbit Valley ParkRegion 22 of Tehran
Akramolmolok lahijanian Reza moallemBackground: The aim of the study is land scape green urban park survey as a citizen park. Sorecreation, rehabilitation and reconstruction, optimize the applicable surrounding areas, so thedeveloping, equipment and improvement of spaces and centers was considered in the MoreBackground: The aim of the study is land scape green urban park survey as a citizen park. Sorecreation, rehabilitation and reconstruction, optimize the applicable surrounding areas, so thedeveloping, equipment and improvement of spaces and centers was considered in the region 22 inTehran. So according to this study, developing and improvement of spaces and appropriate andefficient centers meet different needs of citizens. Ecological conditions of this park prepare needs ofcitizens in green space.Method: The region 22 in Tehran is one of new established area and the first place have had plans anddesigns for residency of people, so: Rabbit Valley Park selected for this survey. This research isdescriptive study based on collecting and data analyses. In order to understand needs of citizens inpark, one questionnaire distributed amongst visitors. The questions were including numbers of visitsof park, needs of services, needs of pleasures and so on. Then according to the gathered data, analysisof the data, charts and bars histograms is done by Excel and SPSS programs.The results: According to the found suggestions were as bellows: management of park should haveplan and planning, recreation and reengineering in park is necessary, condition of the park due to thepossibilities and limitations of the park should be repaired, creating a center for recreation andentertainment should establish, the space of park should increase, the park should develop, sports andgames sights should be implemented inside the park. Access to sanitation should be equiped forpeople. Lights should be prepared in the direction the park. , park should be prepared by relaxationand pollution should be reduces and sounds, audio-visual should be prepared in the park. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Evaluating the Ecological Capacity for Urban Development Using a Combination of AHP and GIS (Case Study: Baghmalek District)
Panta Azari Ali Shirzadi BabakanBackground and Objective: Today, urban planners have become interested to consider sustainable development in their planning. Evaluation of ecological capacity for urban development in order to select appropriate locations is the main factor in sustainable development. MoreBackground and Objective: Today, urban planners have become interested to consider sustainable development in their planning. Evaluation of ecological capacity for urban development in order to select appropriate locations is the main factor in sustainable development. In this study, it has been attempted to evaluate the ecological capacity in order to determine the best possible regions for urban development in Baghmalek district by applying a combination of Analytical Hierarchy Processes and geographic information system. Method: In order to achieve this objective, first we recognized the effective criteria in urban development using the previous studies and by collecting opinions of the experts by Delphi methodology. Finally 5 criteria and 12 sub-criteria were selected. Then, we determined the priority of the criteria against each other by pairwise comparison method and by applying Analytical Hierarchy Processes. Finally, the required information layers were valuated based on fuzzy logic in environment of Geographical Information System (Arc GIS 10.2), the calculated weights were applied on them and ecological capacity map was prepared by weighted overlaying the layers. Results: The results indicated that %46.65 of the studied area has a completely unsuitable potential, %39.62 has an unsuitable potential, %12.27 has an average potential, %1.17 has a suitable potential and %0.29 has completely a suitable potential for urban development. Conclusion: According to the classification of the final map, it was concluded that the prone areas for future physical development in Baghmalek district can be further expanded in the northern part. On the other hand, Southeast and East directions because of having mountainous regions, face with more restrictions for future development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Environmental Impact Assessment of Development in Torghabeh-Shandiz Township Using Degradation Model
Sahar Heidari Masteali bahman jabbarian amiri Afshin Alizadeh ShabaniAbstract Background and Objective: Land degradation modeling is one of the environmental impact assessment methods that quantitatively represents the effects of human activities. The purpose of applying this model is to identify the destruction factors and susceptibilit MoreAbstract Background and Objective: Land degradation modeling is one of the environmental impact assessment methods that quantitatively represents the effects of human activities. The purpose of applying this model is to identify the destruction factors and susceptibility degree in ecosystems in order to prevent further destruction by other projects and to show the feasibility of future development to decision markers. Method: The study area was firstly partitioned into 94 cells (1600 ha) and then 14 degradation factors along with their intensity were identified using land use map, field observations and expert views. Ecological susceptibility and physiological density were then determined and all cells were classified into four categories as recommended for development, required for reconstruction, required for protection and cells with no development potential based on fuzzy theory. Findings: The results show that 22 cells (23.40% of the total area) out of 94 cells require reconstruction, 37 cells (39.36% of total area) have no development potential, and 35 cells (37.22% of total area) are recommended for development. Discussion and Conclusion: The effects of destructive activities in this region (that is mainly due to the detrimental effects of tourism activities) were evident, so that the destructive activities such as change in land use and land cover, on the one hand, and waste and rivers pollution, on the other hand, were found as the main causes of destruction in the region. Out of 94 cells, 21 cells and 16 cells had no development potential due to faults and due to being in Binalood protected area respectively. 35 cells are recommended for development in first to third priorities; these cells are in low physiological density area. 22 cells, due to high physiological density and severity of the destructive agents, have a high degradation coefficient and need to be reconstructed, and therefore should be excluded from any future development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Modeling potential corridors for the Persian Leopard (Pantera pardus saxicolor) between the two habitats of Khoshyeilagh wildlife refuge and Golestan National Park based on the least-cost path analysis
Haydar Rouhi Abdolrasol Salman Mahini Hamid Reza RezaeiBackground and Objective: The restoration and maintenance of landscape connectivity and integration of its elements require reliable and efficient communication models and indicators. Habitat fragmentation is a dynamic process that leads to major changes in the pattern MoreBackground and Objective: The restoration and maintenance of landscape connectivity and integration of its elements require reliable and efficient communication models and indicators. Habitat fragmentation is a dynamic process that leads to major changes in the pattern of habitat in a landscape. It describes, generally, the fragmentation and division of vegetation cover and habitat into smaller remnants. Modeling based on the least-cost path analysis is a method used to identify the potential corridors among the isolated habitat patches. Method: This study aims to locate suitable habitats for the Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Golestan National Park and Khoshyeilagh Wildlife refuge and the area between these habitats. Given the close proximity of these habitats, their connectivity for the safe movement and energy consumption minimization of the Persian Leopard has vital role in gene flow and prevention of genetic isolation of the species. Findings: The habitat suitability for the Persian Leopard in the study area was analyzed using the ecological niche factor and biomapper software. The data layers used as effective variables in the presence of the species are: elevation, slope, vegetation index (NDVI), distance from roads, distance from villages, streams, and rivers. Discussion and Conclusion: The possibility of corridor existence between the two habitats was studied by the least-cost path analysis. The results of probable map corridors proved that the northern parts of Khoshyeilagh wildlife refuge and the southern parts of Golestan National Park are the shortest and the safest pathways for the species movement. Conservation of these regions is of high importance, because the best route through which the leopard can move between the two habitats are located in these sections. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Designing Ecological Park: A Step towards Environmental Sustainability of Cities (Case Study: The Southwest Mountains of Mashhad)
Sepideh Movahed Hassanali Laghaee Farah HabibBackground and Objective: Present status of cities emphasizes on the creation of an extensive and planned green space, with highlighting green spaces in order to establish ecological balance against the built environment. In this context, ecological parks that have been MoreBackground and Objective: Present status of cities emphasizes on the creation of an extensive and planned green space, with highlighting green spaces in order to establish ecological balance against the built environment. In this context, ecological parks that have been raised at the end of the last century, can be as an important factor to solve this problem. The overall objective of this study is to enhance the urban environmental conditions in order to promote the environmental sustainability through ecological designing and connecting the built environment with the existing natural virgin lands such as mountains in the cities. In this way, a suitable condition can be introduced as the scientific-economic support for education and developing a proper environmental culture. Method: The method used in the present study is based on descriptive and analytical practices. In this study, the southwest mountains of Mashhadhave been studied. After fundamental studies, the case study examples, feasibility and evaluation of the ecological capability of the study area were conducted. Finally, based on Makhdom’s model, the results were presented as solutions. Results: The findings show that only 35% of the study area have a potential for future use and activities and the rest should be considered as a virgin natural area. In potential activity zones, zoning is done in a way that in the edges with a lower slope connected to the city, there is greater utilization of land and with penetrating into the site and higher slopes, utilization of land is reduced. Conclusion: The results show that in the process of eco-park designing as an ecological design sample, those criteria and activities which distinguish eco-parks from other types of parks are taken into account. Also in the designing process with ecological assessment, with respect to the environmental layers and localization of ecological models for determining the value of land use, the highest efficiency and minimum environmental impact can be achieved. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Determination of ED50 in a Calcareous Soil Contaminated with Different Concentrations of Ni
Mansoureh Malhan Saeid Hojati Naimeh EnayatizamirBackground and Objectives: Soil microbial properties such as biomass, microbial respiration and nitrogen mineralization can be used as indicators to show the stress caused by heavy metal pollution on soil quality. The aim of this study was the measurement soil microbial MoreBackground and Objectives: Soil microbial properties such as biomass, microbial respiration and nitrogen mineralization can be used as indicators to show the stress caused by heavy metal pollution on soil quality. The aim of this study was the measurement soil microbial activity to evaluate the effect of soil Ni contamination on soil quality and determination of ecological dose 50 (ED50). Method: This study was conducted as a factorial experiment in year 2016 based on a randomized completely design with three replications. The experiment factors including Ni concentration in six levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 300 and 600 mg Ni kg-1) and two incubation times (15 and 60 days). Soils sample was spiked uniformly with different concentrations of NiCl2. Microbial respiration, microbial biomass carbon, heterotrophic population and metabolic quotient were measured after incubation times of 15 and 60 days, then according to the results, ED50 was determined by using the dose-response curve. Findings: Soil Nickel contamination on the indicator was significantly effective at P<0.01 level. Heterotrophic population, respiration and microbial carbon biomass decreased significantly (P<0.01) compared to control by increasing the Ni concentration and incubation times, whereas the increase of Ni concentration and incubation times were not significantly affected on metabolic quotient. The minimum amount of microbial respiration, microbial biomass carbon, and the heterotrophic population was observed at the end of incubation times and 600 mg Ni kg-1 with 77.07, 75.72 and 99.99% decrement compared to the control, respectively. ED50 value (mg/kg soil) of microbial respiration, microbial biomass carbon, and heterotroph population increased from 77.55, 78.63, 81.34 to 97.84, 111.04 and 84.67 respectively, with increased incubation time. Discussion and Conclusion: The soil contaminated with Nickel acutely decreased the biological activity of soil and the ecological dose increased with increasing the incubation time, suggesting that toxicity of Ni to soil microbial activity was decreased with increased incubation time. Ni concentration of 100 mgNikg-1 soil can be considered as the critical range of Ni for soil quality at which negative effect was observed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Evaluation of Marvar No-Hunting Area to Designate It as a Protected Area
Mahdieh Yazdi Mahmoud Karami Mahmoud ShariatBackground and Objective: For protection of biodiversity and because of fast destruction of revocable national source which is becoming more challengeable every day, strengthening and expansion of protected area is the only proper way. In Iran, in addition to existence MoreBackground and Objective: For protection of biodiversity and because of fast destruction of revocable national source which is becoming more challengeable every day, strengthening and expansion of protected area is the only proper way. In Iran, in addition to existence of fourfold conservative area, there are no hunting areas as an example of natural areas. These areas are valuable and prepared for conservation of nature ecological balance and preventing the extinction of plant generation and animal species. This area "with an area of about of 81373 hectare" is located in the West of Meybod and North-East of Sadouq in Yazd Province. In this study, for the first time, the ecological land capability of Marvar, with perception of conservation according to IUCN criteria, was evaluated to be designated as a protected. Method: Systematic Analysis method, Makhdoum (2001) ecological models and GIS were used for evaluation of Marvar no-hunting area. In this study, at first regional resources (socio-economic & ecological) were found. Digital data along with attribute data were insetted to the ArcGIS system to make the data base. Therefore, by overlaying information layers in the mentioned system, the ecological details were mapped for the area and the table of characteristic unit was presented. The evaluation of capability and zoning were done and fertilized area for suitable uses was selected. Finally, baised on the obtained result for the protected area classification system, the area was introduced as a conservative area according to national and international criteria. Results: According to the obtained results for ecological and economical-social resource, six zones were identified in this area as wilderness/ecological zone:(4.25%), protected zone:(41.62%), extensive use zone:(26.3%), intensive use zone:(9.4%), spatial use zone:(1.25%) and land use zone:(17.18%), and nearly half of the area was allocate to protection use. The, small extent of this area with high vulnerability shows its capability to be placed in higher conservative class. Hence, evaluation of obtained results under the condition of protected area according to available criteria explain shows that Marvar no-hunting area with approximately broad extent, has a high ecosystem diversity (mountain, plain and hill), considerable species diversity (52 plant and 82 animal species) and also high wildlife values such as economical, biological, and science-training values. Moreower, tourism attractions have high conservative value and can introduce a protected area in classification of fourfold areas of Iran, as well as in fifth class of IUCN, including areas under management of protected landscape or Seascape. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Study of Ecological Capability of Industrial Development using GIS (Case Study: Development of Semnan Industrial Town)
Hamid Rahimipour Ali Asghar Ale sheikh Fatemeh Khosravi Zahra Samadi TariBackground and Objective: Attention to land capability for establishment of industries and also wise and sustainable use of land to prevent environmental crises have been considerd by planners in recent years. Regarding the necessity of ecological capability evaluation MoreBackground and Objective: Attention to land capability for establishment of industries and also wise and sustainable use of land to prevent environmental crises have been considerd by planners in recent years. Regarding the necessity of ecological capability evaluation for different uses before any development plan, land capability for development of Semnan industrial town has been studied in this paper. Method: In this regard, Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) was used accoding to Makhdoom industrial development model. In the first stage, environmental resources were identified. Next, land capability was determined by overlaying the different layers in GIS. Conclusion: Considering all ecological parameters, the results show that about 75% of the total area is relatively suitable (level 2) for industrial development and the rest is unsuitable. All the area can be considered as relatively suitable, if elevation parameter (the last priority in the model) is deleted. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Zoning of Maloosan protected area using GIS
monireh Moradpanah Hajar MoradpanahBackground and Objective: In management of parks and protected areas, zoning is a mechanism through which the conflicts in the protected areas are reduced and the opportunity for making decisions is provided. Method: Maloosan protected area with a mountainous lan MoreBackground and Objective: In management of parks and protected areas, zoning is a mechanism through which the conflicts in the protected areas are reduced and the opportunity for making decisions is provided. Method: Maloosan protected area with a mountainous landscape, valleys and shelters and with an area of about 9513 hectares is located in Hamedan at a distance of 24 kilometers northwest of Nahavand city. In the zoning process of identifying ecological and socio economic resources through analysis and summary of collected data (based on systematic process), 5907 units were partitioned (in scale 1:25000). Then the special ecological models were developed and by comparing them with the chart of environmental units, the units for different zones were evaluated. Finally, the prcess of prioritizing and organizing the zones was carried out according to the common method applied in Iran, and zoning maps as planning units in the region were prepared. Findings: The result from zoning of Maloosan protected area shows that protective zones, other uses, extensive recreation, reconstruction, intensive recreation, buffer zone cover 50.21%, 36.48 %, 13.21%, 0.09%, 0.01%, and 28.7% of the total area in the region respectively. Conclusion: Results showed the necessity to prepare proper conditions for both protecting the ecological values and development and optimal utilization using administrative policy in the area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Investigating the effects of livestock entry on ecological niche changes of the Persian Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa) (Case study: Qaraviz no hunting area, Kermanshah)
peyman karami Yahya Esmaeilpour Mozafar sharifiBackground and Objective: Persian Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa) has been distributed in 14 countries. Among these countries, at least in 12 ones the presence of livestock has been mentioned as a factor of Gazelles habitat destruction. Qaraviz no hunting ar MoreBackground and Objective: Persian Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa) has been distributed in 14 countries. Among these countries, at least in 12 ones the presence of livestock has been mentioned as a factor of Gazelles habitat destruction. Qaraviz no hunting area in Kermanshah province, with the structure of hill and rising ground, is one of the best Persian Gazelle habitats in the west of Iran. The most important obstacle in this regard is entry of livestock of villagers and nomads into its habitat. The aim of this study is to compare the ecological niche of livestock (sheep and goat) and Persian Gazelle in autumn and winter. Method: In order to model the Gazelle habitat, the presence of point the species and 12 environmental factors of slope, aspect, altitude, vegetation density index (NDVI), type of vegetation, distance from the river, distance from the road, distance from the areas of human activity, distance from the village, distance from the border stations, distance from the presence of livestock, and distance from spring and trough were used. Moreover, to model the habitat of the livestocks in the region, the presence point of livestock and 9 environmental factors of slope, direction, height, vegetation density index (NDVI), type of vegetation, distance from the river, distance from spring and trough and distance from the presence point of Gazelles were used. Modeling was carried out by ecological niche factor analyzing method performed in Biomapper software. Findings: Gazelles and livestock in both seasons tended to the low-vegetation density and south direction. Gazelles in both seasons tended to the vegetation types of Poa bulbosa-Annual grass, while the livestock in the region in autumn and winter, tended to the vegetation types of Astragalus spp.-Amygdalus scoparia - Salsola rigida and Poa bulbosa-Annual grass, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is a correlation (P-Value<0.05) between habitat suitability for livestock and Gazelle in tow seasons of autumn (R=0.8) and winter (R=0.65). The suitable habitat of Gazelles in autumn season is shared in greater amount with the livestock. Conclusion: Based on the results, marginality of ecological niche of Gazelles narrows from autumn (1.05) to winter (1.48), whereas the ecological niche of the livestocks widens from autumn (0.927) to winter (0.836). The results show that pressure from the entry of livestock of villagers and nomads has been effective on narrowing the Gazelles’ ecological niche. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Ecological Restoration of Margoon Waterfall Natural Landscape Based on Ecological Assessment of Landscape Mosaic
Ferial Ahmadi Mohammadreza Bemanian Asghar Mohammad MoradiBackground and Objective: The current study has been performed to present the ecological restoration strategies of natural Margoon Waterfall landscape as a natural monument and dynamic ecosystem of Fars province based on landscape restoration principles. To achieve this MoreBackground and Objective: The current study has been performed to present the ecological restoration strategies of natural Margoon Waterfall landscape as a natural monument and dynamic ecosystem of Fars province based on landscape restoration principles. To achieve this important goal, landscape mosaic of the region has been studied and analyzed. Method: In this study a descriptive – analytic method is used for ecological restoration of Margoon waterfall protected area. For this purpose, first, landscape mosaic structure and flows are analyzed trough aerial photo to recognize landscape disturbances. Afterwards, design strategies (both restoration and conservation strategies) are presented based on ecological assessment. Findings: The results show that Margoon natural landscape faces large disturbances such as biodiversity destruction (plant and animal), soil erosion caused by destroying riverside trees and forests to develop farm land, air and sound pollutions, and decrease of water level through climate changes. These factors cause reduction of ecological quality. Conclusion: Results of this study emphasize on conserving riverside trees by deleting the incompatible activities in the vicinity of natural attraction, improving domestic plant community by cultivating Zagros plant, protecting wildlife habitat and removing tourism parking from the surrounding area of natural limits of riverside trees. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - تاثیر تناسبات هندسی بر عملکرد نور و نسبتهای برگرفته از طبیعت در خانههای تاریخی (نمونه موردی: خانههای اردبیل)
مهسا جوادی نوده آزاده شاهچراغی علیرضا عندلیببهر­ه­گیری از تناسبات برگرفته از طبیعت در معماری سنتی به عتوان اصلی جاری در تعامل محیط انسان ساخت با محیط طبیعی است. لذا که ارتباط ذاتی با طبیعت می­تواند به شباهتهای صوری ختم شود. این پژوهش به شناسایی میزان سازگاری تناسبات هندسی رایج در خانه­های تاریخی ب Moreبهر­ه­گیری از تناسبات برگرفته از طبیعت در معماری سنتی به عتوان اصلی جاری در تعامل محیط انسان ساخت با محیط طبیعی است. لذا که ارتباط ذاتی با طبیعت می­تواند به شباهتهای صوری ختم شود. این پژوهش به شناسایی میزان سازگاری تناسبات هندسی رایج در خانه­های تاریخی با عملکرد نور طبیعی بستر و نسبتهای طبیعی می­پردازد تا، رایج­ترین حالت جانمایی منطبق بر طبیعت را شناسایی نماید. براین اساس تعداد 28 اتاق شاه­نشین از 21 خانه تاریخی در اردبیل انتخاب می­گردد. با برداشت میدانی و استدلال منطقی داده­ها و روش هاى محاسباتى، تحلیل عددی داده­ها صورت می­گیرد. بدین ترتیب که با استفاده از نمودار فراوانی و ضریب تغییرات میانگین، توزیع نرمال تناسبات واقع بر شاه­نشین مشخص می­شود. سپس براساس محاسبات عددی میزان سازش این تناسبات هندسی و مشخصات نورگیرها با محدوده نفوذ نور طبیعی محاسبه می­شود. نتایج براساس رایج­ترین جانمایی­ها نشان می­دهد که محیط طبیعی و محیط انسان ساخت در معماری سنتی همساز و در تعامل با یکدیگراند. به نحوی که 95 درصد از تناسبات رایج در خانه­های تاریخی اردبیل از نسبتهای حسابی و تعداد زیادی از تناسبات طلایی پیروی می­کنند. که بالاترین هم­پوشانی را با فراوانی میزان توزیع و محدوده نفوذ نور طبیعی دارند. علاوه بر این محدوده بی­خطی آسمان از فضای داخلی نشان می­دهد که در تمامی نمونه­ها، طبیعت در حوزه بصری قرار دارند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Ecological Model of Ecotourism Development in Hormuz Island with Emphasis on the Sustainable Development
Panteha Namdari Akramolmolok Lahijanian Mohsen Dehghani Ghanatghestani Mohammad Seddiq MortazaviBackground and Objective: One of the most important steps in managing and planning for ecotourism development is having sufficient knowledge of the environment of that area. The present study was conducted on the island of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf, which has unique na MoreBackground and Objective: One of the most important steps in managing and planning for ecotourism development is having sufficient knowledge of the environment of that area. The present study was conducted on the island of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf, which has unique natural attractions. The aim is to determine the appropriate ecological model and zones for the development of ecotourism in Hormuz Island according to the principles of sustainable development.Material and Methodology: In this research, technique (SWOT), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) have been used. First, the SWOT technique showed the current state of the island's tourism in a competitive environment, then, 5 criteria and 16 sub-criteria were selected by regional tourism experts to evaluate the ecological potential of the island, and after evaluating these criteria by AHP method, the ecological model Was determined And the digital layers related to the criteria and sub-criteria were prepared and integrated in GIS environment, which finally led to the zoning map of Hormuz Island ecotourism criteria in four categories.Findings: Findings indicate that 8 square kilometers of land in Hormoz are in a very suitable floor, 13 square kilometers in a suitable floor, 15 square kilometers in the middle floor and 6 square kilometers of these areas are in a poor floor. These areas include the central, eastern, southern, northern and western areas in order of priority, so the island has a high ecological potential.Discussion and Conclusion: The development of ecotourism on the island of Hormuz, promotes the level of the region's economy and sustainable use of natural resources. These results can serve as a roadmap for managers and other related organizations in the field of tourism and help to create a comprehensive tourism management plan in the region according to the principles of sustainable development.Keywords: Ecological Model of Ecotourism, Sustainable Development, Persian Gulf, Hormoz Island Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Prioritization of Sustainable Development Components in the Planning of Ecology Parks Case study: (Mashhad Park Mountain)
Toktam Hanaee Moslem Seyedolhosseini Elnaz KhaliliBackground and Objective: By reviewing the previous articles on the two areas of ecology park and sustainable development, it can be concluded that most studies have focused on the concepts and components of these two areas separately and a study on the integration of t MoreBackground and Objective: By reviewing the previous articles on the two areas of ecology park and sustainable development, it can be concluded that most studies have focused on the concepts and components of these two areas separately and a study on the integration of these two areas and interactions. They have not been done on top of each other, so the main purpose of this study is to identify the compone Methods: This research is quantitative in terms of a practical purpose, in terms of the nature and method of carrying out descriptive-analytical work and its research method. For the questions of the questionnaire, 28 active experts in the field of sustainable development and green space of Mashhad were selected by the full number method. Analyzing the results, according to the type of spectrum used in the questions, structural equations and factor analysis were used by Smart Pls and SPSS software. nts of ecological parks and prioritize them with the approach of sustainable urban development. Results: The findings of this study indicate that the importance of the main components in the ecological park, which includes 89% environmental sustainability, 55% socio-economic sustainability, and 57% physical-functional sustainability, respectively, so the highest priority with The variable is environmental sustainability, and the lowest priority is socio-economic sustainability. Discussion and Conclusions: The results indicate that the priority of ecological park indicators to promote sustainable development, respectively, priority includes energy sustainability - office building, energy sustainability — ecology, ecological diversity, conservation — ecology, welfare and health, social justice, economic security participation and attendance, functional flexibility, physical diversity, green landscape, diversity of routes, sustainable transportation, pedestrianization and functional creativity. In Mashhad Park Mountain, among the three main components, the highest score is related to environmental sustainability due to the natural mountain bed and the lowest score is socio-economic sustainability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Effects of globalization, economic growth, financial development on ecological footprint in Iran (quantile regression analysis)
Maryam Mohammadi Nia Gholamreza Abbasi Bijan Basri Reza RahimiBackground and Objective: Economic growth and financial development have brought unfortunate consequences, especially in the field of environment and natural resources, because most of the economic activities are closely related to the environment, and in fact, it can b MoreBackground and Objective: Economic growth and financial development have brought unfortunate consequences, especially in the field of environment and natural resources, because most of the economic activities are closely related to the environment, and in fact, it can be said that the fate of the environment and the economic growth of societies are dependent on each other. In this study, the effects of globalization, economic growth, and financial development on the ecological footprint in Iran have been investigated. Material and Methodology: Quantile regression model was used for this research and for the time period of 1360-1400. This method has gradually become a comprehensive method for statistical analysis of linear and non-linear models of response variables in different fields. Findings: Based on the results; in the first and second (lower) quadrants; Economic globalization, economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, and population density have a positive effect on Iran's ecological footprint, and from the third and fourth quarters onwards, the intensity of its influence on Iran's ecological footprint increases. In other words, the indicators of globalization, economic growth and financial development in the first quarter (Q25) and second quarter (Q50) have a positive temporal correlation with Iran's ecological footprint. Then, as the lag components move away and move towards the third (Q75) and fourth (Q95) quartiles, the correlation between the study indicators and Iran's ecological footprint increases. Discussion and conclusion: In Iran, due to the abundance of energy and natural resources, the price of energy is low, which has caused excessive and incorrect use of energy. Granting banking facilities with easy conditions, tax exemptions and such for producers of gas and electric appliances with high energy efficiency and imposing heavy taxes on the other hand, lack of financial support and lack of licensing for producers of energy-intensive appliances with low energy labels, granting customs discounts for Importing gas appliances with high efficiency and not allowing entry or high customs duties for importing gas appliances with low efficiency can be useful in reducing energy consumption and ecological footprint. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Design of Bisotun Forest Park in Order to Develop Centralized Outdoor Recreation Utilizing Ecological Tourism Model
Loghman Bagherian Nasim Sahraei Nejad Hossein Moosavi FatemiBackground and Aim: With the increase in population and urban life, the human need for recreation and spending leisure time in natural environments has increased. In such circumstances, there is a need to develop and construct forest parks, as one of the most important MoreBackground and Aim: With the increase in population and urban life, the human need for recreation and spending leisure time in natural environments has increased. In such circumstances, there is a need to develop and construct forest parks, as one of the most important recreational resources in cities, for protection of resources and reserves, attracting tourists, generating income, relaxation and so on. The purpose of this study is to design Biston Forest Park in order to develop centralized recreation and use Gabri as a model for improving the quality of forest parks in Kermanshah province. Methods: The research method is analytical description in order to use the facts and data processing and the purpose of the application and development is considered. Further data collection in library studies has also been done through field surveys. Point picking and control of data obtained by GPS device to estimate the potential for leisure planning. Results: Data analysis was provided through maps prepared in GIS software and by combining existing maps with ecological capabilitiy map of the region. Accordingly, appropriate land uses were determined in the study area and then zoning was performed. Then, using the land use model and the ecological model of tourism, a model for the development of centralized recreation of the site was presented and strategies for designing the Biston Forest Park were explained. Using this model and strategies, as well as the analysis of zones based on ecological and aesthetic characteristics on a micro scale, zones that were suitable for the development of focused recreation were identified. Discussion and Conclusion: After identifying suitable zones for the development of centralized recreation, zone number two was selected for planning and presenting a strategic plan using the ecological model of tourism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Scenario planning of Integrated Urban Landscape Ecology Network based on the improved Gravity model (Case study: Northeast area of Tehran)
Hossein Moosavi Fatemi Farah Habib Pooyan ShahabianBackground and Objective: The rapid development of cities has caused the unsustainability of the human urban environment and consequently fragmented the ecology of the urban landscape. Today, there is a need for a new conceptualization with which to approach ecological MoreBackground and Objective: The rapid development of cities has caused the unsustainability of the human urban environment and consequently fragmented the ecology of the urban landscape. Today, there is a need for a new conceptualization with which to approach ecological diversity, such as environmental planning and design for integrating the urban landscape ecology. The development of urban green networks is one of the essential factors to protect biodiversity and effectively prevent the isolation of populations and species. The purpose of this article is to connect ecological networks in the urban landscape and finally increase connectivity and provide ecosystem services in cities and presenting proposed potential corridors and their scenarios.Material and Methodology: We produced the proposed scenarios by using the improved Gravity model and network analysis in GIS software.Findings: We achieved the prioritize corridors in the northeast area of Tehran by using the cost layer, the impedance layer, and the core patches. In the final stage, three scenarios were developed in the studied area using corridor network analysis.Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the impedance layer, core patches, and cost layer, the functional prioritization of the proposed corridors was discussed to develop and analyze the proposed corridors. This map leads to decision-making strategies and achieving the integration of the ecological networks in the urban landscape. The output of this paper can be used as a basic map for the development and revitalization of urban ecological landscape structures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Evaluation the sustainability of agricultural activity in Iran: with emphasize on ecological footprint and actual land demand approach
Adeleh Esmaeeli Dastjerdi poor Hossein mehrabiboshabadiPopulation growth, changing pattern life, increasing migration to cities, low level of technology and limitation of convenience agricultural land and incorrect use of basic resources would intensify resources damage. While mention to natural resources and environment fo MorePopulation growth, changing pattern life, increasing migration to cities, low level of technology and limitation of convenience agricultural land and incorrect use of basic resources would intensify resources damage. While mention to natural resources and environment for keeping their production ability is so important. Desirable keeping of these resources is related to understanding the situation, path and scale of resources changing by measurements like ecological footprint indicator. Because of importance of sustainable issues in different economical sectors special in agricultural sector because of using more environmental resources in this article ecological footprint indicator in agricultural sector is estimated by using actual land demand approach in Iran during 1376-86 then the results is used to evaluate the sustainable of agricultural activity in and out of country. The results indicated that agricultural activity in Iran is compatible with internal economy and is adverse with global economy. Also never less internal production is secured sustainability, actual land demand was increased specially in these years that mean sustainable situation was depressed in internal economy. So it suggested that must be used actions for adoption of sustainable method in agricultural sector in internal and review the trade pattern in global level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Applying Network Analysis to the Planning of Urban Green Spaces (Case Study of Ahvas Metropolis)
Sorour Shafinejad Fatemeh Poodat Forouzan FarrokhianBackground and Objective: Uncontrolled urban expansion leads to fragmentation and isolation of native vegetation that are surrounded by built environment. Nevertheless, urban green patches with suitable condition are still able to serve as a connected network to support MoreBackground and Objective: Uncontrolled urban expansion leads to fragmentation and isolation of native vegetation that are surrounded by built environment. Nevertheless, urban green patches with suitable condition are still able to serve as a connected network to support biological diversity and enhance the ecological functioning of landscape. This research aims to study the value of green spaces, in maintenance of connectivity of the urban green network of Ahvaz and applying the results in urben green patches planning. Material and Methodology: The method is through modelling and studying the case study of ahvaz metropolis. Also the landscape ecological approach and a network analysis is used. To determine a network, all green patches in Ahvaz landscape, both in the public and private were incorporated due to their habitat values in nesting native animal species. Landscape network is modelled based on Graph Theory and using IIC metric and the network connectivity and the importance of nodes were assessed. Also, patches are prioritized based on their importance. Findings: Resaults revealed the largest patches are of higher priority that are the farms in 4th and 5th district and a large urban park in 3rd district. Indeed, the most valuable patches are located in a linear pattern along the river path. Discussion and Conclusion: Accurate identification of ecological valuable patches assist the targeted increases in per capita green space and suitable distribution of green spaces within the city of Ahvaz, in particular, those districts that suffer from the low per capita of green patches, which leads to effective enhancement and conservation of most important green spaces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Comparative comparison of the effect of eco park indicators on sustainable urban landscape (Case study: Mountain Park and Mashhad Sun Park)
toktam hanaee elnaz khaliliBackgeround and Objective: Sustainable urban landscapes affect the psychological well-being of citizens, and the characteristics of the sustainable landscape in the context of ecological parks are very important due to the citizens' welcome to the parks while protecting MoreBackgeround and Objective: Sustainable urban landscapes affect the psychological well-being of citizens, and the characteristics of the sustainable landscape in the context of ecological parks are very important due to the citizens' welcome to the parks while protecting native plant and wildlife species and promoting human values and vitality in a recreational environment. The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of eco-park indicators on sustainable urban landscapes.. Material and Methodology: This research is analytical-descriptive with a practical purpose and a statistical population. According to the target group of experts in the field of landscape and green space in Mashhad, 28 people have been selected by the counting method. Prioritization of research variables and significant relationships between them were performed by a T-test with SPSS software and Smart PLS.The indicators of eco-parks in these parks are poorly evaluated, and these two parks still face construction challenges in the natural texture of the mountains, but the indicators have a higher score than the mountain park due to the use of a less intact mountainous area and more citizens' knowledge of Sun Park. Discussion and Conclusions: Eco-park indicators are effective in sustainable urban landscapes. Among the various factors, environmental and functional factors have a higher score, and a component of ecological integration means maintaining a stable and diverse structure of different species with a higher score among environmental factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Framework model for the development of ecological and environmental civilization in sport with a hybrid approach
Poneh Ghanbari Mina Hakakzadeh Mohsen Manochehri NegadBackground: The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for modeling ecological and environmental civilization in sport using a hybrid approach. Studying Method: The research method was a two-stage instrumental exploratory combination. The qualitative research MoreBackground: The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for modeling ecological and environmental civilization in sport using a hybrid approach. Studying Method: The research method was a two-stage instrumental exploratory combination. The qualitative research method, the qualitative case study, and the potential participants included 14 faculty members. The sampling approach was purposeful and the method of sampling was key. The data collection continued until theoretical saturation. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. In the quantitative part of the descriptive-survey research method, the head, vice chairman and secretary of sport federations were 153 persons with 51 active federations in the country. According to Morgan sample size table, 113 individuals were selected as the research sample according to available sampling method. Finally, after distribution and collection of research questionnaires, 89 questionnaires were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. Findings: The results showed that the respective T values of each factor had a significant impact and the whole framework of ecological and environmental civilization development model in sport was approved. The results also show that the development of ecological and environmental civilization in sport includes causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervention conditions, consequences, strategies. The results of this study also showed that the research model has a good fit. Conclusion & Results: As the results of this research showed, the activities of sports organizations have a great impact on the development of ecological and environmental civilization in sports. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Ecological capability of Tajyar Dam Basin for agricultural and range management and recreation applications
Mirmehrdad Mirsanjari Nafiseh Rezapoor AndabiliBackground and Purpose: Environmental assessment of land as a basic study of land use planning is essential for achieving sustainable development goals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ecological potential of Tajyar Dam Basin for agricultural and range man MoreBackground and Purpose: Environmental assessment of land as a basic study of land use planning is essential for achieving sustainable development goals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ecological potential of Tajyar Dam Basin for agricultural and range management and centralized outing and extensive outing applications using the Boolean method. Material and Methodology: The main criteria used in this study are: soil maps, lithology, topography, climate, vegetation, water and land use. Information layers are aligned and analysis of Tajyar Dam Basin in East Azarbaijan province was carried out by using the Boolean method and AND logic and digitizing information in the GIS. The Boolean model shows a place-of-interest relation based on conditional operators as zero or one. Results: The findings indicate that the areas with agricultural capacity are 6958 hectares and non-usable areas are 3701 hectares of the total area of the study area. In the case of a central recreational resort, the areas with central recreation capacity are 4851 hectares and 5793 hectares of the area are not capable and finally in extensive outing application, the areas with extensive outing capacity are 4612 hectares and non-usable areas are 6042 hectares of the total area. Discussion and Conclusion: Considering that nearly 40% of the region has potential for recreational use and more than 50% of the area has potential for agricultural use, therefore, in this basin, high ecological power is observed for these applications. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Identification of Key Sustainable Development Strategies for Wetland Ecosystems by Stressors Risk Analysis
Nahid Mohebbi Jafar Nouri Nematollah Khorasani Borhan RiaziBackground and Objective: Nowadays, unplanned exploitation has acclaimed to be behind the wetland destruction despite their remarkable hydrological values and precious functions. As per Ramsar Convention's guidelines, “wise use” and ecological approach are s MoreBackground and Objective: Nowadays, unplanned exploitation has acclaimed to be behind the wetland destruction despite their remarkable hydrological values and precious functions. As per Ramsar Convention's guidelines, “wise use” and ecological approach are solutions. In this study, the foremost purpose is presenting sustainability strategies as in order to recover Boujagh Wetland as case study. Material and Methodology: The process of assessing ecological risk was performed through Risk Quotient (RQ). Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to illustrate the spatial distribution of threat factors. Determining wetland strategies related to sustainable development indicators, the Working Wetland Potential (WWP) model has been utilized. Findings: Solid waste and effluent discharge, agriculture drainage influence, fish farming, illegal fishery and haunting, boating, and unplanned recreation were distinguished as significant threats on Boujagh area mostly concentrated around on the shoreline and along the Sefidroud River. Ecological risk assessment was conducted for frogs and toads, which are at the beginning of the food chain and relatively high resistant against environmental stresses. Cadmium and cooper risk scores were estimated upper than 1 that means very high level in both dissolved and sedimentation statuses, amongst all substances. Considering wetland functional potentials, three key strategies of "conservation", "wisdom utilization", and "public participation" were eventually recognized to improve and rehabilitate the wetland. Discussion and Conclusion: Wetland enhancing interactions are in line with essential human needs, sustainable tourism, mitigation, and environmental conservation. Current activities could be possibly adapted via flexible management and creativity; moreover, incompatible factors might be gradually eliminated by public participation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Ecological Network, New Approach to Biodiversity Conservation and Habitats on Landscape
Jalil Imani Harsini Aida AshjaeeBackground and Objective: Isolation of populations and reduction of genetic diversity due to habitat isolation is a significant issue in the protection of biodiversity and habitats. Ecological networks include natural and semi-natural elements that are created to mainta MoreBackground and Objective: Isolation of populations and reduction of genetic diversity due to habitat isolation is a significant issue in the protection of biodiversity and habitats. Ecological networks include natural and semi-natural elements that are created to maintain and restore ecological functions, conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of natural resources. The purpose of this descriptive - review article introduce ecological networks as a new approach in order to protection biodiversity and habitats in the Landscape scale.Analysis methodology: The present study is a review-descriptive and applied method, and has been done by using library documents and electronic databases and a comprehensive review of numerous English articles.Findings: The role of the new approach of ecological networks in different sources is, maintaining the integrity and ecological stability of habitats, preserving ecological processes, identifying areas with conservation priorities, strengthening the system of protected areas, preserving biodiversity and sustainable use of natural resources and habitat management And they are considered a useful tool in the management of protected areas and its complement.Discussion and Conclusions: Due to the efficiency and application of ecological networks, the use of this approach by public and private organizations in order to improve the process of conservation and management of habitats and biodiversity is recommended. Reviewing numerous foreign articles and sources in the field of ecological networks and their relationship with conservation shows their role as a complementary tool in conservation. The use of this approach will help to improve the integrated management of habitats. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Survey of Soil Pollution of Zahedan City Landfill by Heavy Metals (Chromium, Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic) Using Pollution Load Index and Ecological Risk
Fatemeh Bazzi Mohammad Reza Rezaei Mohammad Hossein Sayadi AnariAbstract Soil pollution and accumulation of heavy metals in soil are one of the most important environmental issues that threaded the life of plants, animals and humans. Heavy metals due to their toxicity, stability and bioaccumulation are the serious environmental poll MoreAbstract Soil pollution and accumulation of heavy metals in soil are one of the most important environmental issues that threaded the life of plants, animals and humans. Heavy metals due to their toxicity, stability and bioaccumulation are the serious environmental pollutions. This study aimed to evaluate heavy metals pollution of landfill soil of Zahedan city in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Measurement of heavy metals performed in April 2016 at 10 sites based on common standards, by using of random sampling method. 20 composite samples were collected from surface and depth of the soil. After sample preparation, total amount of Chromium, Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic in the soil samples were extracted by nitric acid and for statistical analysis used the SPSS software version 23. The results of ANOVA on samples of the surface and depth of the soil for these elements have been suggested that there is a significant difference at different stations. The results of PLI study showed that the soil of landfill of Zahedan with PLI value less than 2, has low pollution and the highest pollution in surface and depth of the soil is respectively related to station 2 and 1. The results also showed that heavy metals, Chromium, Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic in surface and depth of the soil with Ecological Risk 203.855 and 236.93 respectively which is located in the category of moderate contamination of Ecological Risk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - The use of Biological Indicators as Biosensors
Maryam Mohammadi Roozbahani Nasrin choobkarEcological indicators can be used to assess the condition of the environment, to provide an early warning signal of changes in the environment, or to diagnose the cause of an environmental problem. Ideally the suite of indicators should represent key information about s MoreEcological indicators can be used to assess the condition of the environment, to provide an early warning signal of changes in the environment, or to diagnose the cause of an environmental problem. Ideally the suite of indicators should represent key information about structure, function, and composition of the ecological system. There are some concerns that hamper the use of ecological indicators as a resource management tool. Monitoring programs often depend on a small number of indicators and fail to consider the full complexity of the ecological system. Choice of ecological indicators is confounded in management programs that have vague long-term goals and objectives. Management and monitoring programs often lack scientificrigor because of their failure to use a defined protocol for identifying ecological indicators. Thus, ecological indicators need to capture the complexities of the ecosystem yet remain simple enough to be easily and routinely monitored. Ecological indicators should meet the following criteria: be easily measured, be sensitive to stresses on the system, respond to stress in a predictable manner, be anticipatory, predict changes that can be averted by management actions, be integrative, have a known response to disturbances, anthropogenic stresses, and changes over time, and have low variability in response. It is better than using the GIS system for the best analysis to select the indicators. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Ecological Capability Evaluation on Zakherd Watershed for Ecotourism Development by application of GIS.
Solmaz Dashti Masoud Monavari Mahmoud Shariat Gholam Reza SabzghabaeiEcological capability evaluation is used as a base for decision-making and planning of landuse in the world. This action applies because of the necessity for selection of functions and optimalplaces in environmental management and planning to achieve sustainable develop MoreEcological capability evaluation is used as a base for decision-making and planning of landuse in the world. This action applies because of the necessity for selection of functions and optimalplaces in environmental management and planning to achieve sustainable development.In this study, Ecological capability evaluation of Zakherd watershed with extent about of82.23 km2 which is situated in North-West of Shiraz and East of Kazeroon in Fars Province, wasimplemented.In the Ecological Capability Evaluation on Zakherd watershed the Mc. Harg method wasused. In order to evaluate the capability of the land a model was required. In this research anecological model from Makhdoum was used. For developing the present management of land of Ecotourismuse in that area specific and precise system GIS was used. Through this research, at firstecological resources (physical & biological) were identified. Digital data with accompany of attributedata was given to the Arcview system to establish the data base. Therefore by overlaying informationlayers in the mentioned system the ecological unit map of area with the table of characteristic unit, andthen the evaluation of capability was performed. Subsequently fertilized regions appropriate forecotourism development were found.Results of the study show that with regard to the whole ecological parameters, 0.94% of thestudied land with an area of less than 1 km2 is suitable for centered recreation and 24 % of the landwith area of 19.72 km2 is suitable for extended recreation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Miami Ecological Capability Evaluation for Urban Sustainable Development by Using AHP Method
Hoossin Arab Asadi Masoomeh RostamiPhysical development of cities, the destruction of agricultural lands and expand into areas vulnerable areas such as flood, the river, the faults and improper slope to follow that leads to ecological balance and sustainability in cities as well as to costs and financial MorePhysical development of cities, the destruction of agricultural lands and expand into areas vulnerable areas such as flood, the river, the faults and improper slope to follow that leads to ecological balance and sustainability in cities as well as to costs and financial losses in the event of natural hazards causing loss of life is therefore essential ecological capability evaluation. Knowing the importance of this study and to determine suitable areas for urban development by using multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) has been developed in Miami. In this study, the proportion of urban land for development within the study area based on ten criteria Miami (public interest and the interests of the people, the height and slope of the land, the situation with respect to natural hazards, distance to agricultural land, the distance from the surface the area, the dedicated, cost, and the costs of preparing applications to heterogeneous) criteria. In analyzing the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The weighting of the criteria and parameters of AHP hierarchical model of knowledge experts and Software Export choice was used. The most important determining factors in the development of the city of Miami, respectively, including preparation costs, the cost of buying, tilt and height, natural hazards, proper land area, public interest, disparate applications, surface water, and land devoted to agriculture it was found that the weight of each criterion. The main obstacles to development in the south of the natural factors and the agricultural land in the northern city of endowment was diagnosed. Land suitability map was produced in Miami. The map of the four areas for future development of the Miami-based urban development horizon highway to the town of North Road East, Imam and the old town of the city, compared to other areas of the city can be more ecological And to better assess the sustainable development of the next priority Shhrkshrq, then Imam and the old town is located. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Ecological capability assessment of Urban, Rural and Industrial, development in Shiraz Township and evaluation of current establishment of these areas using Geographic Information System (GIS)
Parviz Jokar Masoud MasoudiIt is obvious for all to take into consideration intellectual and systematic methods in management and optimum using of resources especially natural resources. Inappropriate residential and industrial development, causing damage to agricultural and natural resources are MoreIt is obvious for all to take into consideration intellectual and systematic methods in management and optimum using of resources especially natural resources. Inappropriate residential and industrial development, causing damage to agricultural and natural resources areas, and expand to the vulnerable zones, such as flood areas and unsuitable slopes causing destroying the ecological balance and sustainability in land. The essential of ecological capability evaluation of urban, rural and industrial development is meant objectivity to capability of land potential. The purpose of this study is evaluation of ecological potential of urban, rural and industrial development in Shiraz Township. In this regard, Township of Shiraz was assessed with overlaying information layers and concluded them by using GIS technology. In this research the eleven indicators in five general criteria of physiography, climate, geology, soil and vegetation cover were used. Also evaluation was done based on Boolean logic (And logic) and modifying of classification for indicators used in Makhdoum Model. Assessment results were presented in two classes of nearly suitable (2) and unsuitable (3). Also in this research percent of potential classes for assessing current establishment of industrial, rural and urban land uses were evaluated by overlaying industrial, rural and urban layers on ecological potential map. Results show that most of urban areas are located in suitable class of 2 and most of industrial and rural areas are located in unsuitable class of 3. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Earth-Sheltered Building, an Idea Compatible with Environment
Fatemeh Akrami AbarghuieChemical pollution caused by the production of building materials, carbon dioxide emissions and particulate matter released into the air, including the major environmental pollution affecting the construction industry. Also a lot of fuel and natural resources consumes t MoreChemical pollution caused by the production of building materials, carbon dioxide emissions and particulate matter released into the air, including the major environmental pollution affecting the construction industry. Also a lot of fuel and natural resources consumes to provide heating and cooling of buildings, financing future of generations and the environment at risk. Moreover, the removal part of virgin land in certain areas and replace it with a special mass, disrupts the ecosystem of the region. Therefore, it is essential to design strategies in new buildings, with the aim of environmental harmony. So to achieve this aim, the design of the building with the idea of compatibility with the environment has long been considered among different communities. Earth-Sheltered Building such examples that follows energy idea for reducing building energy consumption. This study discusses how to organize the building and its environmental impacts associated with the environment is concerned. Depending on the capabilities this type of architecture to reduce the consumption of fuel and energy, as well as environmental compatibility, it can propose for contemporary architectural and urban purposes Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Investigation and identifying of the important and effective elements for visual quality assessment of different landscape types
Fazlolah Ahmadi Mirghaed Marjan MohammadzadehDue to limitations and potential of land ecosystems, ecological integrity and interactions between the various components of land show vulnerable because of the escalation of irrational human activities. So, it is essential that different environmental aspects such as l MoreDue to limitations and potential of land ecosystems, ecological integrity and interactions between the various components of land show vulnerable because of the escalation of irrational human activities. So, it is essential that different environmental aspects such as landscape aesthetic quality be considered in landscape management and planning in order to preserve integrity and balance of ecosystems as well as to achieve sustainable development. Also, it seems necessary to identify and study the important elements affecting quality and aesthetic aspects of landscape in visual quality assessment process. In this study, considering the review and identification of important elements in visual quality assessment of landscape, aesthetic criteria and characteristics were examined based on scientific studies and existing documents. After that, the important and effective elements identified about the various ecological, socio-economic and aesthetic aspects in the visual quality assessment of urban, forest, agriculture, coastal, desert and mountain landscapes. The qualitative analysis was performed in relation to each of the landscapes according to the identified elements and components. This study showed that understanding and awareness of the effective environmental and visual elements and their properties can be helpful in visual quality assessment of different landscape types and it will facilitate its process Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Design and organize a conservation- tourism in fringe gardens, (Case study: Sarab Qanbar Kermanshah)
Sajjad Shamshiri Hassan DarabiMost of Iranian cities are located beside productive lands which are proper for gardening andagricultural activities. Therefore, there exist many gardens and farmlands in marginal areas.Development of cities has decreased the rural quality of these lands. Obviously, und MoreMost of Iranian cities are located beside productive lands which are proper for gardening andagricultural activities. Therefore, there exist many gardens and farmlands in marginal areas.Development of cities has decreased the rural quality of these lands. Obviously, under thesecircumstances we must take a more sensitive responsibility for the value of marginal areas. On theother hand, with the increase in population of cities like Kermanshah and in the resident’s demand forgreen and open spaces for spending leisure times and making social interactions, the need fordeveloping new spaces proper for spending leisure times in marginal areas is strongly felt in the city.The role that gardens and farmlands have in respect of recreation and aesthetic might prevent the actsof construction in these areas. In this study, by applying landscape ecology for establishing newactivities and practices, we firstly evaluate the existing condition of gardens in Sarab-e-Ghanbar. Thenthe region is zonation visually. Identification of these zone is made to implement practical solutionsfor improving total condition of the region as well as to determine features, potentials and issuesrelated to each zone. Finally, with developing aims for design and organize, these studies are made inthe form of a strategic plan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - APPLICATION OF ECOLOGICAL INDEX FOR EVALUATING OF ENVIRONMENT NUISANCE AND RARITY OF ENERGY AND RAW MATERIALS
Mojtaba S.Rahbar Shaham AnooshehThe interactions of any industrial process with its environment, are located either upstream due to the rarity of natural resources, or downstream due to the rejection of noxious byproducts. In this paper, the indexes were presented for illustration of environment nuisa MoreThe interactions of any industrial process with its environment, are located either upstream due to the rarity of natural resources, or downstream due to the rejection of noxious byproducts. In this paper, the indexes were presented for illustration of environment nuisance as rate of ecological saturation, ecological points and factors. The anaysis results for different discharges of many industrial plants into environment show that rate or ecological saturation is more than one which demonstrates environment pollution by them. As an example, the inventory of the air, water and rejected solids pollutions during the production of one kilogramme of steel was presented Also, the rarity of raw materials and fossil energy reserves were shown by the relative indexes (criterion). Analysis of data shows that if the price of oil (or natural gas) increases, its exploitation can inerese and consequently, prevents the rarity of energy which depends on world economic condition and technology progress Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Evaluation Ecological Niche Factor Analysis in Modeling Suitability Habitat of Boar (Sus scrofa, Linnaeus, 1758) in Arak Jassib Wildlife
sahar rezaei Saeid Nadert peyman karami Farzad HoshyarThe information about the geographical distribution and habitat selection is the core of the conservation and management of threatened species. Habitat destruction is one of the major threats to biodiversity. Therefore, knowledge of the need for biological and identify MoreThe information about the geographical distribution and habitat selection is the core of the conservation and management of threatened species. Habitat destruction is one of the major threats to biodiversity. Therefore, knowledge of the need for biological and identify favorable habitats for wild boar have very important role in the way of habitat species management. This study is going to model the habitat of wild boar in Jassib wildlife sanctuary and determine the most important environmental factors affecting the choice of species-habitat. The provided survey has conducted in one-year period in four different seasons of the year. So Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) and software Bayvmpr was used. Information layers used as effective variables on the species consisted of, slope, aspect, elevation, distance from the source, the distance from the village, away from canals, roads, vegetation index, vegetation type, land use and distance to human development, respectively. The results of the analysis showed that ecological niche factor, Boyce index values for average algorithm median, mean geometric distance, the harmonic mean and minimum distance during four seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) and a one-year period is not really enough. Boyce can be concluded based on index values; the accuracy is not very good production. The reason for this variance is high, indicating low precision and low predictive power of the model. Based on index values of Boyce it can be concluded that the accuracy production is not very good. The reason is for the higher variance which indicating lower precision predictive power of the model. Thus, ecological niche factor analysis model is less functional due to low quality and small-scale habitats. The ecological niche factor analysis is not a good way to study the habitat of Jassib hogs Wildlife. Therefore, identification of species distribution and dispersion of wild boar in Jassib wildlife sanctuary have paly important role as a facilitator for executives and environmental experts and farmers in order to achieve an efficient management to reduce conflict as well as identify areas that are at high risk damage and their protection must be in a priority as well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Ecological Value of Endangered Mangrove Ecosystems
maryam moslehiEvery ecosystem supports Fauna life by giving direct or indirect benefits and services. Mangrove forests are the most productive ecosystems among them on this planet. This significant ecosystem, is one of the most valuable coastal ecosystems that not only is a source of MoreEvery ecosystem supports Fauna life by giving direct or indirect benefits and services. Mangrove forests are the most productive ecosystems among them on this planet. This significant ecosystem, is one of the most valuable coastal ecosystems that not only is a source of food for humans and animals, but also has a key role in the protection and stabilization of costlines (by increasing soil cohesion), erosion prevention and weather control. Also this ecosystem is a habitat for breeding of different kinds of fish, crabs and amphibians and provides a safe home for some mammals, birds and arthropods. Mangrove acts such as a barrier against natural disasters (cyclones, hurricanes and tsunamis) and thus provides a safe place for coastal communities. Despite safety, environmental and habitat function, these forests are still under threat from human activity, with the result that, biodiversity and forest areas of mangroves, in many areas, are decreasing rapidly. So, the purpose of this research is to inform researchers and inhabitants of the coastline about ecological benefits (safety, environmental and habitat) of mangrove ecosystems and use of proper strategy and management to protect this rare and precious habitat against more destruction. This study was a review of published studies. In order to protect mangrove ecosystems against further destruction, attraction of private and public investment in order to use green technologies and to inform coastal residents to create a proper management strategy, is necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Critique and analysis of the national curriculum document based on adapting to the educational needs of preschool and nomadic primary school students with emphasis on the native knowledge approach
yaghoub rahimi pordanjani The purpose of this article is to critique and analyze the national curriculum in terms of adapting to the educational needs of preschool and students of nomadic elementary school with emphasis on the native knowledge approach. The research method used was content More The purpose of this article is to critique and analyze the national curriculum in terms of adapting to the educational needs of preschool and students of nomadic elementary school with emphasis on the native knowledge approach. The research method used was content analysis analysis The population of this study is 15 main titles of the national curriculum document that were coded using the content checklist tool. The unit of analysis was the text (paragraph). For this purpose, first the educational needs were identified through the study of theoretical foundations and categorized into three areas using the Delphi technique, then the content of the national curriculum document was analyzed and critiqued based on these needs The results of theا study indicate the relative attention of the document to educational needs. So that the field of "learning experiences", "principles of curriculum supervision", "philosophical and practical foundations" and "perspectives" focus directly and appropriately on the ecological components; And the principles of the "teaching and learning" process pay less attention to this issue. The rest of the paragraphs also implicitly and generally refer to the use of this approach. In the second part, a total of 6 criticisms were deduced, the result of which can be generalized to the text of the document on sociological foundations, not introducing a special executive program for nomadic education according to the existing natural capacities and less attention to some components of the document Indigenous knowledge approaches pointed out. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Habitat potential modeling of Astragalus gossypinus using ecological niche factor analysis and logistic regression (Case study: summer rangelands of Baladeh, Nour)
Farhad Borna Reza Tamartash Mohammadreza Tatian Vahid GholamiThis study has been done with the purpose of modeling and prediction of the habitat Astragalus gossypinus map using Logistic regression (LR) and Ecological niche factor analysis (ENFA) in summer rangelands of Baladeh, Nour in Mazandaran province. To achieve this o MoreThis study has been done with the purpose of modeling and prediction of the habitat Astragalus gossypinus map using Logistic regression (LR) and Ecological niche factor analysis (ENFA) in summer rangelands of Baladeh, Nour in Mazandaran province. To achieve this objective, environmental map variables were prepared with the help of ArcGIS®9.3 techniques in cell size of 10 × 10. Also, 80 site as well as the presence or absence of species was recorded by sampling classified-random. For each sampling site was recorded information about the presence or absence of species and environmental variables, and the relationship between species distribution and environmental factors was determined by using logistic regression and ecological niche factor analysis, and forecast maps the distribution of the Astragalus gossypinus was produced in the study area. According to LR results, Elevation, pH, organic carbon, average temperature of the wet season and average temperature during the dry season were the most important environmental factors influencing the distribution of the species. According to this model, variable aspect, sand Percent, TNV of soil, precipitation in the wet season and average temperature during the coldest season were used as influential environmental variables. Evaluate the correctness statistical models were performed by using the kappa coefficient and ROC area under the curve plots. Value indices, respectively 0.42 and 0.78 for the logistic regression model and 0.84 and 0.92 for the ecological niche factor analysis, which represents that profile model shows higher accuracy than the discrimination group models in the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Degradation assessment of Jajrood protected area using landscape degradation model
Afshin Danehkar Shirkou JafariDegradation model is a method for environmental impact assessment and it has been widely applied for accumulative impact assessment of human activities. In addition, landscape indicators have been widely used in landscape planning as quantitative tools. One important ap MoreDegradation model is a method for environmental impact assessment and it has been widely applied for accumulative impact assessment of human activities. In addition, landscape indicators have been widely used in landscape planning as quantitative tools. One important application of landscape metrics is their contribution to landscape degradation model. The goal of this research was to assess landscape degradation in Jajrood protected area. In doing so, landscape indicators were calculated using a land use/cover map of Jajrood protected area for 16 sub basins. For land use/cover mapping, Landsat satellite image was firstly pre-processed, and then, hybrid classification approach was undertaken to categorize the image into different land use/cover categories. According to landscape degradation model, ecological vulnerability and the severity of activities as well as the degradation degree were calculated for the targeted landscape. The results of this research indicated that sub basin 5 with a value of 31 had the highest level of landscape degradation and sub basins 1, 13 and 15 with values 25, 25 and 22, respectively, were on the next orders in Jajrood protected area. In addition, sub basins 16, 7 and 4 with values 3.5, 3.25 and 3.25, respectively, were least degraded and these sub basins had the least level of fragmentation. The results show that 68% of the area was outlined to be potential for development or further development, only 17% of the area is suitable for protection. Approximately 13% of the area should be considered for rehabilitation that demonstrated natural land cover change and degradation in the protected area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - Evaluation of the ecological capability of Aqujan watershed for rangeland and agriculture using GIS
Jamal Mosaffaie Amin Saleh pourjam Mehdi KamaliEvaluation of the ecological capability of the land is an intermediate stage of the land planning process, which the most appropriate land uses are determined for an area. So these studies which require investigation in locations from different perspectives are necessar MoreEvaluation of the ecological capability of the land is an intermediate stage of the land planning process, which the most appropriate land uses are determined for an area. So these studies which require investigation in locations from different perspectives are necessary for sustainable development. The purpose of this study was to determine the capability and suitability of lands for agricultural and rangeland uses and also to determine the area of unauthorized land uses of the Aqujan watershed of Qazvin province. The maps of the ecological resources of the watershed (including precipitation, elevation, slope, land units (soil depth and texture), vegetation, and erosion) were prepared and crossing in a GIS environment, the homogeneous environmental map units (work units’ map) were obtained. The ecological potential of watershed lands was determined by comparing the characteristics of ecological homogeneous units with the ecological model of agricultural and rangelands. Finally, the area of unauthorized land uses was determined using overlaying the current land use map and the land use map derived from ecological capability. The results showed that 3188 ha (44%) of the area is occupied by unauthorized land uses. The contributions of unauthorized livestock and range management, irrigated orchards and cultivations, and dry farming land uses were 2569 ha (34.9%), 211 ha (2.8%) and 408 ha (5.5%), respectively. The results of this study showed that there is a big difference between the proper and current land uses in the Aqujan watershed, which indicates the degree of deviation from the principles of sustainable development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Application of multi-criteria decision-making methods in land use evaluation to determine municipal waste landfills location
Khadijhe Safari Seyed Ali Jozi Sahar RezaianBackground and Objective Recently, the use of GIS in urban planning has been developed with the rapid expansion of cities and the dramatic increase in the amount of information that must be processed for urban management. This study investigates the best landfill site f MoreBackground and Objective Recently, the use of GIS in urban planning has been developed with the rapid expansion of cities and the dramatic increase in the amount of information that must be processed for urban management. This study investigates the best landfill site for Zahedan city using the performance of decision support tools, Network analysis process (ANP) and Weighted linear combination (WLC) for weighting criteria, and map standardization methods based on Boolean and Fuzzy logic in the form of multi-criteria decision-making. Indeed, based on the variables' impacts in locating the waste landfill in Zahedan city, using multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) to weigh and prioritize and evaluate the effective factors are considered to identify the optimal location regarding the ecological potential of the region. The proposed model indicates the priorities of creating different types of decision-making during the evaluation analysis of the development capabilities of the study area.Materials and Methods Developing a multi-criteria evaluation method in a GIS environment to determine and estimate the capability of desirable landfills in Zahedan city is considered. Thus, by preparing a questionnaire by the Delphi method, 18 sub-criteria in two groups of criteria: 1. ecological criteria (Slope, altitude, soil, erosion, fault, precipitation, wind, direction, surface water, groundwater, vegetation, land use, and geology); 2. Socio-economic criteria (Distance from city, village, mine, airport, and road) is determined, and regarding expert's perceptions and using Network Analysis Process (ANP) in super decision software, weights of each criterion were calculated; and in the next step, the layers of criteria were evaluated in a database based on ArcGIS and stored as benchmark maps; and finally using the WLC method were considered to combine all layers to extract the map of a suitable landfill site in Zahedan city.Results and Discussion By fuzzifying 18 layers (criteria) with fuzzy logic and also applying constraints with Boolean logic, 18-layer maps are prepared and by merging layers with one of the common methods of weight linear composition in Multi-criteria decision, the final landfill location map has been explored. In terms of the spatial distribution of suitable landfills in Zahedan city, according to 5 categories of classification, it was found that the highest level of the region is categorized as the low capable class (99.76%) and suitable areas for landfilling in total is around 0.231, also no part of the Zahedan city has a very high or high capability for using as the landfill location, while around the city of Nusratabad, areas with very high and high capability are observed. It was also found that mainly lands with both low and medium capability, are located in the suburban areas of Zahedan and Nusratabad, with 22 units for the city of Zahedan and 35 units for the city of Nusratabad.Conclusion Reviewing the research literature shows the strengths of using a multi-criteria decision-making method to locate landfills, enabling the use of a robust set of interactive tools to regulate compensability between criteria, which allows a quick assessment of the relationship between the criteria. Other strengths of this method include the ability to integrate homogeneous data sets such as qualitative and quantitative criteria using specialized knowledge, the flexibility to select specific criteria for different study areas or various issues, to implement one or more decision-making groups, the flexibility to change the level of criterion importance and different choices for acceptable levels of decision-making risks. By comparing the final outputs related to other areas, it can be concluded that the final results are close and the method is suitable for landfill locations everywhere. Therefore, it is suggested that for other areas, the evaluation of land capability should be examined with the proposed method in this research. However, since the location of landfills by different criteria and the influence of public opinion depends on scientific analysis, we assume that this method has significant potential to support the decision-making complexities of real-world applications. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Determining the potential habitat of Astragalus gossypinus Fischer in west region of Isfahan, using ecological niche factor analysis
Hamed Sangoony Hamid Reza Karimzadeh Mohammad Reza Vahabi Mostafa Tarkesh esfahaniAstragalus gossypinus Fischer is one of the most important range plants in west region of Isfahan, which is very critical for soil conservation and people's economic life. Nevertheless, the grazing pressure and overuses cause habitat destruction. This study has been don MoreAstragalus gossypinus Fischer is one of the most important range plants in west region of Isfahan, which is very critical for soil conservation and people's economic life. Nevertheless, the grazing pressure and overuses cause habitat destruction. This study has been done for determination of its potential habitat in Lenjan and Flavarjan parishes of Isfahan province. To achieve this purpose, spatial data of this specie's presence used as suitable places for its growth and the environmental condition (Climate, Soil & Physiographic) used for recognition of its habitat's necessities. Soil data turned to soil maps using antecedent studies and interpolating soil profile points. Climatic and physiographical data have been prepared as well and got ready to be imported to the ultimate model. By importing the information layers in ENFA model and using harmonic mean analysis in Biomapper software; the map of Astragalus gossypinus potential habitat has been created. The results show that gravel percentage, soil potassium, saturated moisture, electrical conductivity and annual precipitation are the most important factors in habitat choosing by Astragalus gossypinus in study area. 25300 hectares of the study site are potential habitat of Astragalus gossypinus which is 16 percent of the study site. To evaluate the verity of this model, Boyce's index has been used and model rectitude in this test was determined 85.2 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Ecological capability assessment by using GIS and analytic hierarchy process (Case study: Tabriz Suburb)
Farideh Naghdi Seyed Mohsen Hosseini Shaghayegh SadrIn order to achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to obtain and adopt planning procedures based on Multi Criteria Evaluation of natural environment. Since biophysical (natural) environment has limited ecological capabilities for human use, ecological capabili MoreIn order to achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to obtain and adopt planning procedures based on Multi Criteria Evaluation of natural environment. Since biophysical (natural) environment has limited ecological capabilities for human use, ecological capability assessment, as an essence for environmental studies and with the aim of preventing existing crises, yields proper grounds for environmental planning. The analysis of land capability and sufficiency for urban development is one of the main categories with which urban planners deal. In this paper, by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) through the perspective of Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) Approach and within the Geographic Information Systems (GIS), ecological capability of the suburbs surrounding Tabriz city was assessed (natural and human in terms of 12 criteria) to examine the physical development of Tabriz city and final mapping of the region was provided. This mapping shows regions suitable for physical urban development of the city. The results and finding of this research were applied by urban planners. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Future study of the ecological dimension of resilience in the spatial structure of the city of Tehran
Ebrahim Farhadi ahmad Pouarahmad Keramatollah Ziari Hasanali Faraji SabokbarDuring the last one or two decades, with the increase in crises, the resilience of cities and regions against natural and human hazards has received particular attention. The aim of this research is the spatial analysis of the components affecting the urban resilience o MoreDuring the last one or two decades, with the increase in crises, the resilience of cities and regions against natural and human hazards has received particular attention. The aim of this research is the spatial analysis of the components affecting the urban resilience of the metropolis of Tehran (the political and economic capital of Iran) in the form of ecological indicators and identifying the most important factors affecting them. In this research, firstly, indicators in 7 categories include water transfer reservoirs, waste collection centers, water and wastewater treatment centers, green use and parks, brown and barren lands, fault lines, and air pollution in the GIS software environment using resilience state overlay tools. It showed the areas. The future research discussion of this article consists of two parts. In the first part, in order to create a base of existing primary factors about the components of spatial resilience, from the environmental scanning technique (examination of articles and printed sources, interviews with experts, and monitoring of conventions and conferences) and review of the literature background. In the second part, experts and elites were asked to identify the most important factors affecting the ecological resilience of the environment within the next 10 years. Finally, 18 variables were determined by Delphi, and Mic Mac software was used for data analysis. The findings showed that the spatial analysis of the resilience of Tehran city in the ecological dimension of the environment is in an unstable state by considering the effect-dependency analysis diagram. Based on the findings, the variables of fault zones and earthquake intensity, drought, establishment of production and industrial resources (power plants and industries), proximity of risk centers, soil quality, quality and quantity of water reserves, environmental pollution, threats of geomorphological origin (landslide, subsidence) and..) has the highest influencing factor on the ecological dimension of the resilience of Tehran city. Extended Abstract Introduction: Today, societies are trying to achieve conditions that will provide them with a quick return to the pre-crisis situation in case of various accidents and damages. Therefore, in recent studies particular emphasis has been placed on resilience and the promotion of resilience against various accidents and crises has become an important and broad field, so the simultaneous and mutual movement of sustainable development and increasing resilience is currently being discussed. Urban resilience is one of the most important and key approaches that guarantee the survival of human settlements. Unfortunately, in recent years, the vulnerability of Iranian cities to unexpected incidents and accidents has increased, which has made the need for foresight in this field even more important. The ever-increasing speed of changes in the first decade of the 21st century has led to the emergence of an era called uncertainty and has placed an environment full of opportunities and threats in front of the current complex systems. In this unstable and rapidly changing environment, the traditional tools of planning will not be responsible for the medium and long term. During the last two centuries, and especially from the 20th century until now, a completely different approach has emerged in urban and regional planning, but the nature of planning, i.e. purposefulness, systematicity, and having future guidelines, remains intact. The important point is that the type of attitude and intellectual foundations that prevailed in different times have changed in the category of planning, which has caused the creation of different styles in planning. One of these approaches is planning based on the future research scenario. The importance of the issue comes from the fact that the city of Tehran has a population of 8,693,706 people, and this city, as the capital and the first metropolis of Iran, faces many challenges, including the ever-increasing population and the subsequent abnormal development of the urban body (in the event of an earthquake, witnessing a human disaster and fewer casualties in the world) we will be). The purpose of this article is to evaluate the spatial resilience of Tehran city from an ecological perspective and to provide suggestions and solutions by examining the current situation. Methodology: In terms of the purpose, the research is of an applied type, which was carried out by a descriptive-analytical method based on documentary library studies and field investigations. Considering the nature of the data and the impossibility of controlling the behavior of the effective variables in the problem, this research was of a non-experimental type and was carried out within the framework of the case-analytic model. The investigated community was the statistical block and all urban and residential uses of Tehran city, and the main data was obtained mainly by using the data of the urban blocks of the Iranian Statistics Center and the available documents, including the comprehensive and detailed plan. Available information layers, field observations, targeted questioning of municipal experts, and specific data produced in the software environment of the GIS geographic information system, as well as document and library study, have provided another part of the required information for the article. To achieve the objectives of the research, indicators in 7 categories including water transfer reservoirs, waste collection centers, water and wastewater treatment centers, green use and parks, brown and barren lands, fault lines, and air pollution based on existing land use studies and revision The detailed plan of Tehran city areas was extracted. In the following, for the spatialization of the studied indicators at the level of the texture of the regions, the method (Tracking Analyst Tools) has been used in the network analysis process (Spline Tools) in the ArcGIS software environment. In the second part, experts and elites (25 people) were asked to identify the most important components affecting Determining environmental-ecological resilience within the next 10 years. Finally, 18 variables were determined by Delphi, and MIC MAC software is used for data analysis. Results and discussion: In the analysis of the effect-dependency matrix, it is necessary to pay attention to the arrangement and ecological spatial distribution of the metropolis of Tehran with the model of future research in the framework of Figure 5(t). The pattern of this distribution will have a very direct relationship with the stability or instability of the environmental-ecological resilience system in the Tehran metropolis with a forward-looking approach; In such a way that stable systems, while having indicators with a high degree of influence and effectiveness, the variables also have a normal distribution in other levels of the diagram. And in unstable systems, the distribution of variables does not have the same normal pattern, and most of the indicators tend to be high or low. Therefore, according to the analysis, it can be found that the environmental-ecological resilience system of the Tehran metropolis is in an unstable state by considering the effect-dependency analysis diagram, and it indicates the instability of the influencing variables and the continuity of their influence on other variables. Each of the variables is placed in a certain place in the diagram according to the degree of influence. According to Figure 5(t), the position of the variables in the diagram indicates their status in the system and their role in the dynamics and evolution of the system in the future. Conclusion: The results of the evaluation, while at a high level, comply with the realities surrounding urban resilience in Tehran, in such a way that in the framework of prospective studies and by using the scenario approach, it is possible to measure the general state of resilience, and model Its stability or instability was also found from how the variables are spatially distributed on the level of graphs and figures output from Mic Mac software. Also, the almost high percentage of the filling factor (98%) in the research variables confirms the validity and reliability of the research tools at an almost high level. The information obtained from Figure 5(p) confirms the fact that ecological environmental resilience in Tehran metropolis is unstable and in such a way that the continuation of the current situation will lead to the formation of a disaster scenario and in the best case, if the current situation continues, the environmental resilience in Tehran metropolis and the continuation of the current drought situation, limited attention to the water resources management situation, the continuation of the current unfavorable situation and the destruction of the region's ecosystem, the ecological pressure on the resources, the continuation of the current situation of planning to improve the state of land use management and the growth of incompatible industrial uses within the regions which will ultimately lead to the continuation of the unfavorable situation of instability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Ecological and Economic Effects of Land Equipping and Renovation in Irrigated Wheat Production in Hamadan Province
Mohammad Abdolmaleky Fereshteh YazdaniThe main purpose of this study was to investigate the ecological and economic effects of the land equipping and renovation plan in the irrigated wheat production. Therefore, the environmental sustainability of wheat production by the ecological footprint and its product MoreThe main purpose of this study was to investigate the ecological and economic effects of the land equipping and renovation plan in the irrigated wheat production. Therefore, the environmental sustainability of wheat production by the ecological footprint and its production efficiency by data envelopment analysis were measured. The statistical population consisted of wheat farmers from Kheradmand village in the Hamadan province, who have participated in the land equipping and renovation plan and who hadn't participated. The sample size for the participating farmers is 73 and for the non-participating farmers is 74. Data were collected through a questionnaire in a cross-sectional study, using of census method, and were analyzed with SPSS26 and DEAP2.1 software. The average GHG for participant and non-participant farmers in the land reform plan was measured at 778/15 and 1003 kg co2 eq ha-1, respectively. The EF index for these two groups was estimated at 2.39 and 2.44 gha, respectively which there was a significant difference at the 0/01 level. Based on the results of data envelopment analysis, average technical, allocation and economic efficiency were estimated at 0.866, 0.893, and 0.797 respectively, for the equipped and renovated lands, and at 0.863, 0.889, and 0.791 for the not equipped and renovated lands which there was no significant difference between these two types of lands at 0.01 level. According to the results of calculating the carbon emissions indices, the environmental sustainability of the equipped and renovated lands is in better condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - بررسی تغییر ارتفاع امواج تحت تاثیر اقلیم با استفاده از شبکه عصبی مصنوعی و تئوری موجک
گلرخ منصوری واجاری ابوالفضل شمسایی بهرام تقیان -
Open Access Article
111 - بررسی رژیم آبی جریان ورودی به تالاب بامدژ به منظور تدوین الگوی مدیریت محیط زیست پایدار
معصومه کمالی کاظم حمادی فروزان فرخیاندر سال­های اخیر توسعه طرح­های منابع آب و کشاورزی، توسعه جوامع انسانی، پدیده تغییر اقلیم و خشکسالی بیشترین اثرات محیط زیستی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی را در کشورهای در حال توسعه و حتی صنعتی بجا گذاشته است. تالاب بامدژ با وسعتی حدود 4000 هکتار در جنوب غرب خوزستان واقع شده Moreدر سال­های اخیر توسعه طرح­های منابع آب و کشاورزی، توسعه جوامع انسانی، پدیده تغییر اقلیم و خشکسالی بیشترین اثرات محیط زیستی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی را در کشورهای در حال توسعه و حتی صنعتی بجا گذاشته است. تالاب بامدژ با وسعتی حدود 4000 هکتار در جنوب غرب خوزستان واقع شده که از رودخانه شاوور تغذیه می­شود. به نظر می­رسد مدیریت محیط زیست پایدار تالاب بستگی به شناخت عوامل محیطی شامل پارامترهای دخیل در تکوین جریان حوضه ی آبریز مشرف به آن دارد. این تالاب به همراه رودخانه شاوور میدان تحقیق حاضر را تشکیل میدهند. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی رژیم کمی و کیفی جریان آب ورودی به تالاب بامدژ و ارائه یک الگوی مناسب مصرف آب به منظور بهبود مدیریت محیط زیست تالاب صورت گرفته است. در تحلیل مقدماتی به نظر رسید که سری سالانه جریان ورودی به تالاب از دو سری نمونه مجزا شکل گرفته است. در ادامه کار سری اولیه داده­ها و دو سری نمونه به طور جداگانه تحلیل شده­اند. جهت تحلیل آماری و نشان دادن تمایز دو سری نمونه از یکدیگر از نرم­افزار آماری SPSS بهره­گرفته شد. به تبع سری سالانه جریان، مقادیرکیفیت آن نیز مورد توجه قرار گرفته و به عبارتی برای پارامترهای کیفی همچون EC،TDS، مجموع کاتیون­ها، مجموع آنیون­ها وpH دو سری مجزا مطابق رژیم جریان و یک سری کلی استخراج و مورد تحلیل آماری قرار گرفتند. که اکثر نتایج نشانگر اختلاف معنی دار دو سری آماری بودند. بر این اساس یک الگوی مدیریتی محیط زیست تالاب با تاکید بر کمیت و کیفیت جریان ورودی به تالاب ارائه شد. این پارامترها شامل آبدهی قابل برنامه ریزی معادل 600 میلیون مترمکعب، نیاز شرب 3 میلیون مترمکعب، نیاز صنعت 7 میلیون مترمکعب، نیاز آبزی پروری 25 میلیون مترمکعب، نیاز کشاورزی 500 میلیون مترمکعب، نیاز زیست محیطی هیدرولوژیکی 142 میلیون مترمکعب می­باشد. رعایت الگوی فوق ضمن تامین نیازهای بالا دست مانند کشاورزی و آبزی پروری، نیازهای زیست محیطی تالاب را تامین کرده و موجب پایداری سیستم تالاب می گردد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Explanation of the Terminology of Kinship Sanandaj Kurdish Based on Ecological-Typological Approach
Hamid Eftekhari Foroogh Kazemi Heidar NosratzadehThis study was conducted with the aim of investigating the Terminology of Kinship in Sanandaj Kurdish based on Ecological and Typological approaches. The data are all the Terminology of Kinship in this language variety. The method of data collection is library and field MoreThis study was conducted with the aim of investigating the Terminology of Kinship in Sanandaj Kurdish based on Ecological and Typological approaches. The data are all the Terminology of Kinship in this language variety. The method of data collection is library and field through interviews with speakers and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The structural investigations that were carried out from the point of view of typological approache indicate that 52.31% of these terms are in the agglutinative and 52.31% are in the isolating types. Also, terms with possessive structure have occupied 26.15% of the total, all of which indicate the strategy of juxtaposition, and among them, some have possessor-possessum and some have possessum-possessor arrangement. However, other simple or non-simple possessive strategies, including case maker or adposition, etc., are not observed in the terms. The results of ecological surveys show that geographical factors (different areas of the city), cultural factors and sociological factors of the environment, especially gender, ethnic criteria and relative and casual terms have an effect on the Terminology of Kinship of this ecology. According to this approach, aera can be the most important reason for the diversity and differences in Terminology of Kinship in this linguistic corpus. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Adaptive policy making with emphasis on ecological city; A case study of Zayandeh Rood river
anis yazdanpanah abdolmalaki Gholamreza Latifi Hanieh Al- saeidiThe purpose of this research is to investigate urban planning policies in order to strengthen ecological networks and to use an integrated approach for planning, designing and managing the environment of Zayandeh Rood River. The research method is descriptive-analytical MoreThe purpose of this research is to investigate urban planning policies in order to strengthen ecological networks and to use an integrated approach for planning, designing and managing the environment of Zayandeh Rood River. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Data collection was done in the form of documentary and library studies. And while explaining the role and position of rivers as a paradigm of natural features, direct observation methods and visual inspection methods were used in field studies as well as GIS maps of Isfahan city. And all the main policies and variables of river protection were identified. And at the end, all the policies adapted from global and national experiences, extraterrestrial plans, etc., according to the opinions of experts and city managers, were valued and prioritized using the Delphi technique. And the realizable and specific strategies of Zayandeh Rood River were presented at different national, regional and urban scales. The findings showed; The complication of partiality in the performance of executive bodies has added to the problems of Zayandeh Rood. The existence of some management inconsistencies, especially in the Zayandeh Rood catchment area, has made it impossible to create a long-term solution to create stability in it. Explaining and establishing a single management and functional system in this watershed can be one of the important goals of water resources control policies in the coming years for this watershed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - The role of ecological footprint in spatial development planning of sari district
MohammadHossein Sharifzadegan salimeh ebadi ghajariOne of the important issues in sustainable development is the discussion of consumption and development in line with existing environmental potentials. Increasing population growth and, consequently, increasing and changing consumption patterns have increased the pressu MoreOne of the important issues in sustainable development is the discussion of consumption and development in line with existing environmental potentials. Increasing population growth and, consequently, increasing and changing consumption patterns have increased the pressure on the natural environment and its limited resources. Consumption and development patterns in the country, especially in the northern cities, are often without regard to the ecological potential of the land, as it leads to severe damage to the environment and the ecological potential of the land. Continuation of the process will cause the inability of the natural environment to meet the needs of the population and activity, and as a result, numerous crises will occur. Therefore, the need to change consumption patterns and move in the context of environmental supply to a sustainable situation is inevitable. From this perspective, the Ecological Footprint Index is a good tool for measuring the progress of societies towards sustainability.The purpose of this article is to plan spatial development in Sari city according to the assessment of the level of sustainability and ecological footprint index. The research is of applied-developmental type and its method is descriptive-analytical. The results show that the ecological footprint in Sari is 2267853 hectares, which indicates a per capita of 4.50 hectares per person. Considering that the per capita biological capacity in Sari city is equal to 1.18 hectares, this city is facing an ecological deficit of 3.32 hectares per person. Finally, goals and strategies have been adopted to reduce the ecological footprint in various dimensions, including the use of land based on their ecological potential, the use of new materials to reduce energy consumption, smart and intensive growth pattern, changing patterns He mentioned the consumption of energy and the use of clean and environmentally friendly energy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - Industrial site selection in Ghazvin province
صبا Reza-Soltani S.M Monavari میترا TavakolIt is necessary to take action in regard to solving problems such as the unbalanced populationthroughout the country, the rate of migrating to big cities and the ecology destruction caused by wrongIndustrial Site Selection with using the right industrial developmental p MoreIt is necessary to take action in regard to solving problems such as the unbalanced populationthroughout the country, the rate of migrating to big cities and the ecology destruction caused by wrongIndustrial Site Selection with using the right industrial developmental policies. Correct Site Selectionand right industrial designing are considered as a giant leap in environmental and industrialdevelopment in the country and the correct and logical growth of city and rural areas. That’s why inthis research the industrial site selection in the province of Ghazvin has been done based on BooleanAlgebra in the 1:250000 scale, using map overlaying.Environmental resources were classified analyzed and studied at first and measuring the ecologicalcapacity of the land depending on the specified goal was designed according to the ThreeClassification Model and done after overlaying the layers in GIS. As a result after removing thepreserved area of Bashgol and other areas in which industrial plantation was prohibited, 2 areas withthe capacity of 1 and 11 areas with the capacity of 2 were selected. Other areas which were consideredas having the capacity of 1 are forests or are being used in dry farming and industrial plantation inthese areas is bound to the ministry of agriculture and other related organization’s consent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Investigating Trend of Water Level Changes in Urmia Lake (1984-2017)
Fatemeh Bashirian Saied Movahedi Dariush RahimiThe decrease in the level of Lake Urmia is evidence of climate change and anthropogenicity. This decrease in level has led to an increase in salt area, salt storms and salinization of groundwater. It is one of the major environmental challenges in northwestern Iran. Flu MoreThe decrease in the level of Lake Urmia is evidence of climate change and anthropogenicity. This decrease in level has led to an increase in salt area, salt storms and salinization of groundwater. It is one of the major environmental challenges in northwestern Iran. Fluctuations in lake level, decrease in water level of plains and decrease in river discharge are evidences of hydrological changes in Urmia Lake basin. The present study tries to provide a clear picture of the water changes of Urmia Lake during the last three decades. Hydrological data and images of Landsat satellite for Urmia Lake basin in the period 1984-2017 were studied using remote sensing and statistical methods. The classification of satellite images was performed using the maximum likelihood method. According to the results, the highest decrease in the area of the lake between 2001 and 2013 happened. Also, the analysis of the results showed that along with the very important role of global warming on the water volume of Lake Urmia, humans have been able to be one of the most important regional factors in creating the challenge of Urmia Lake. In fact, the water problems of Urmia Lake, especially after 2001, are a combination of climatic and anthropogenic factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Evaluation of ecological power of Yazd city for sustainable urban development using AHP method
Mohammad Askari houye Fatemeh A sadat Modaresi Ali Reza GhiratmandIn recent years, the importance of environmental protection has increased. On the other hand, the phenomenon of urbanization, which is increasing every day, is one of the main challenges of climate and environmental changes. To control and manage the conditions, it is v MoreIn recent years, the importance of environmental protection has increased. On the other hand, the phenomenon of urbanization, which is increasing every day, is one of the main challenges of climate and environmental changes. To control and manage the conditions, it is very important to pay attention to the concept of ecological development. This concept has a long history and theorists such as Sarda, Howard, Geddes have studied the form and human life in the field of urban planning. In this descriptive-analytical article, according to the records and opinions of experts, based on 12 criteria, the assessment and prioritization of the ecological indicators of Yazd city were discussed. In reviewing the results, the neighborhood security index with a weight of 0.2345 was the most important and the private vehicle ownership index with a weight of 0.0092 was the least important. According to the purpose of the research, which considered the ecological limitation, solutions were proposed, which are: carrying out urban development plans using multi-criteria decision-making and paying attention to the power of the environment, strengthening the security body of the city, strengthening the engineering and expert body of the municipality. Use of correct and more accurate field studies, wider study with more number of ecological criteria Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - Locating and zoning suitable sites for the development of sports tourism in Shahrood city with a sustainable development approach
Ali Towfigh Khatab Ali Fahiminejad Seyed Mostafa Tayebi Sani Hooman BahmanpourThis research attempts to select the suitable areas for tourism development using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and Ecological capability evaluation. It regulates the relationship between socio-economic impacts and land use changes to monitor the sustainable dev MoreThis research attempts to select the suitable areas for tourism development using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and Ecological capability evaluation. It regulates the relationship between socio-economic impacts and land use changes to monitor the sustainable development and determines the potential or types of use that land can naturally have. In this research, in order to identify the environmental potential of Shahrood County for tourism, GIS as the best suitable technique for land evaluation and site feasibility was used along with Index Overlaying (IO). Thus by identifying the ecological resources of the region, in a scale of 1:250000, map layer information was dispatched to the ArcGIS to overlay. This research was done in 6 stages. After preparing the slope, aspect and elevation layers, they were overlaid in ArcGIS and the landform layer was produced. Then, the overlaying of landform, land use, soil, vegetation and wildlife layers resulted in the final environmental units. After that, the ecological models of extensive and intensive tourism in Iran were used for comparison and analysis. According to the results, the study area has high potential for tourism. The suitable area for intensive outdoor recreation encompassed 68.8% of the area associated with class 1 and 19.1% with class 2; and extensive outdoor recreation included 93.2% class 1 and 5.3% class 2. In addition to this, 13.6% of study area was allocated to conservation because no part of this area is suitable for tourism activities. In the end, appropriate activities for each zone are recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - Linking urban marginality and socio-ecological systems to Highlight Research Areas in informal settlements upgrading: A literature review and future directions
Sina Razzaghi-Asl -
Open Access Article
120 - Application of Wind Energy in Urban Regional Planning Toward Ecological Sustainability(Case Study: Hashtgerd)
Mehrdad Mazloomi Azin Farzam -
Open Access Article
121 - Comparing the New and Old Fabrics of Isfahan City Regarding Ecological Criteria
Esmaeil Shieh Marzie Ghassemi -
Open Access Article
122 - Ecological Design of Urban Landscape
Maryam Kamyab Teimouri -
Open Access Article
123 - Integrating the Goler Matrix Method and the List of Indicators to Specify an Efficient Alternative on Elevating the Quality of Ecological Functions of the River Borders (Case Study: Abshooran River in Kermanshah, Iran)
Shima Homaee Esmaeel Salehi -
Open Access Article
124 - The Model of Achieving a Balanced Balance between Economic Efficiency and Ecological-Social Responsibility of Digitalized Enterprise
Maryna Demianchuk Maksym Bezpartochnyi Liliya Filipishyna Marga Živitere -
Open Access Article
125 - Explaining the component of ecological design in the ecosystem architecture of multi-purpose buildings in Mashhad (Case study: Padide Shandiz)
HAMID Hamed Sardar Saeid Tizghalam Zonouzi Shooka Khoshbakht BahramaniThe science of architecture seeks to discover the category of the environment in various buildings and help to harmonize them with their surroundings. This theme is derived from sustainable development in architecture and their pursuit. One of the new methods, which is MoreThe science of architecture seeks to discover the category of the environment in various buildings and help to harmonize them with their surroundings. This theme is derived from sustainable development in architecture and their pursuit. One of the new methods, which is based on the idea of minimal impact on the environment and the least use of finite energy resources and seeks a new friendship between man and nature, is ecological design, which is familiarity with its design rules for builders based on this approach is essential. Is. Rules of ecological design in the design stage can be associated with architecture and associated in the form of design in different buildings. Multifunctional buildings as a project stimulating functional development affect all dimensions of a neighborhood or area. This research aims to extract and verify the components of ecological design from the language of space users thinkers and researchers, which uses all three tools to collect data. It is a nested application that combines data collection tools in a qualitative approach and is verified and evaluated in a quantitative approach. First, concepts are extracted and categorized through theoretical foundations. Then the research question is extracted and categorized according to the concepts and definitions are taken from the theoretical foundations. Then, the research question by the concepts and definitions derived from theoretical foundations is increased to 7 questions for a semi-open interview. According to the main theme of the article, he visits the multi-functional complex of Mashhad. Data reduction is done in both cases. Has expertise in this field). The results are compared between the two groups using Originpro software. The results show that from the point of view of space users, the most important factor is the components of respect for people, creating volumes with long-term value and design from details to template with the value (1,000) and the least related to paying attention to site values in design with value. (0.211). In the group of participatory observers, the highest factor share is related to harmony with natural ecosystems, functional independence of design, and attention to site values in design with a value of (1,000), and the lowest factor share is related to equality of human rights and nature with value (0.221). Is. According to the results obtained in the findings section, it was found that the results of inferential statistics and descriptive statistics were different from each other, and to apply the results, inferential statistics should be considered. Users pointed to the components of ecological design. In participatory observers, even in the components with the lowest correlation coefficient, its rate is close to 0.5, which indicates a high correlation rate between the components in their responses. This is not true in factor contribution and regression, and in general, the averages obtained for the two groups are close to each other. In the user group, attention to physical aspects and attention to people and the needs of different groups in space as a flexible element over time It has been an ecosystem architecture, but in the group of participatory observers, attention to climate and space has been given priority over other components in the Shandiz multifunctional complex.After reviewing the results of the responses of two groups of observers who have more expertise and users who have less expertise, it is observed that there is little communication between them and due to a lack of understanding of the concept of ecosystem architecture and ecological design, the results obtained from them can not be trusted. It is better to use the results of participatory observers for design and development-stimulating projects. Also, due to the existence of two groups of the population, the results are more accurate and valid. The principles of ecological design and attention to ecosystem architecture with the use of various components have been considered for many years in the process of designing and implementing different types of buildings with uses, educational, residential, commercial, cultural, etc. in developed countries. Their multifunctional buildings have been less studied as a contemporary product in this country. Ecological design can improve the quality of the building in terms of environment, refine and verify the components of ecological design compared to Shandiz's multifunctional building by preserving various ecosystems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Relationship Between Ecological Awareness and Paddy -Field Knowledge of Women in Bandar- E Anzali With Sustainable Agriculture Critea
H. Chaharsougi-Amin S.M. MirdamadiThe purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between ecological awareness and rice-field knowledge of paddy field women in Bandar- E Anzali and sustainable agriculture criteria observation extent. The research method used descriptive-analytic that is perfor MoreThe purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between ecological awareness and rice-field knowledge of paddy field women in Bandar- E Anzali and sustainable agriculture criteria observation extent. The research method used descriptive-analytic that is performed relative – causal method. The population included paddy field women, over 25 years old in two region. In this research, 275 women were selected with systematic sampling method. Instruments reliability was estimated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient by SPSS/win. The descriptive findings showed that the research's paddy field women have good knowledge regarding ecological awareness and rice-field. Also, they are observing sustainability criteria in farming approximately. The analytic finding showed that there exists significant difference (%1) between the mean of observing sustainability criteria in farming, level of education, kind of ownership to field-rice and kind of used seed. Also, there exists positive significant correlation (p=%99) between age, past record paddy field, the measure of social participation, paddy field annual income, ecological awareness and paddy field knowledge and observing sustainability criteria in agriculture. But there exists negative significant correlation (p=%99) between the measure of paddy field participation and number of member household and observing sustainability criteria in farming. The measure of rice production and paddy field annual income as independent variable have maximum role and rate in analyzing of dependent variable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - Life Cycle Assessment of Irrigated Wheat Production under the Effects of Nitrogen Amounts and Splitting its Use in Boushehr Region
Morteza Siavoshi Salman DastanLife cycle assessment is an appropriate method to study the environmental impacts of producing a crop plant throughout its production cycle. This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the life cycle of irrigated wheat production under nitrogen amounts and sp MoreLife cycle assessment is an appropriate method to study the environmental impacts of producing a crop plant throughout its production cycle. This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the life cycle of irrigated wheat production under nitrogen amounts and splitting in Bushehr province during 2017-18The as split plots based on a randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Four nitrogen rates including 70, 140, 210 and 280 kg urea ha-1 was considered as main plots and three nitrogen splitting in basal, beginning of tillering, stem elongation and booting stages was chosen as sub plot.The results demonstrated that with increase of nitrogen application an amount of cumulative energy demand, cumulative energy demand, acidification, eutrophiction and malodorous air were decreased. The average amount of ecological footprint was 1125.87 m2 per year which CO2 emissions had shown the highest effect on the ecological footprint. The average amount of global warming potential (GWP) was 20a and GWP 500a were 400.53 and 384.30 kg CO2 eq, respectively. All pollutants released into the air and the water experienced a decreasing trend with increasing nitrogen rate. By group comparing between different levels of nitrogen at splitting levels, it can be stated that the main cause of variations in the amount of pollutants was the higher output (yield) compared to inputs. Indeed, nitrogen application in four developmental stages has resulted in maximum plant use, resulting in increased yield and emission reduction per unit area. Therefore, reducing the emission of pollutants by increasing nitrogen consumption can be due to yield increasing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - فراگیری دستور زبان انگلیسی با مواد آموزشی گفتاری و شنیداری در رویکردهای شناختی و زیست محیطی: مورد تاکید با بازخورد غیر صریح
افروز آرین فر پرویز مفتون غفور رضایی گلندوززبان آموزان انواع مختلفی از بازخورد را در طول پروسه یادگیری زبان دوم دریافت می کنند. بازخورد غیر صریح یکی از بازخوردهای معمول و رایج است که تحقیقات زیادی نیز به بررسی آن پرداخته اند. اما این تحقیق به بررسی یادگیری دستور زبان انگلیسی زبان آموزان در دو رویکرد آموزشی شناخت Moreزبان آموزان انواع مختلفی از بازخورد را در طول پروسه یادگیری زبان دوم دریافت می کنند. بازخورد غیر صریح یکی از بازخوردهای معمول و رایج است که تحقیقات زیادی نیز به بررسی آن پرداخته اند. اما این تحقیق به بررسی یادگیری دستور زبان انگلیسی زبان آموزان در دو رویکرد آموزشی شناختی و زیست محیطی با مواد آموزشی گفتاری و شنیداری پرداخته است. بدین منظور صد و بیست زبان اموز سال اول دانشگاه علوم تحقیقات و علمی کاربردی تهران در این تحقیق حضور داشتند. زبان آموزان در چهار گروه دستور زبان انگلیسی را با دو رویکرد شناختی و زیست محیطی بصورت شفاهی و کتبی آموزش دیدند و در طول آموزش خود بازخورد غیرصریح دریافت کردند. نتایج بدست آمده ازآزمون دستور زبانی که در ابتدا و در انتهای دوره از آنها گرفته شد پیشرفت دستور زبان آنها را در همه گروهها نشان داد. درحالیکه تفاوت قابل توجهی میان آزمون انتهایی گروه ها وجود داشت.همچنین تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها نشان داد که زبان آموزان در گروه زیست محیطی یادگیری دستورزبان بیشتری داشتند. اما تفاوتی در یادگیری زبان اموزان در گروههای شفاهی و کتبی دیده نشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - Ecological indices of diversity, richness, dominance and evenness of zooplankton community at warm water fishes ponds at East of Golestan Province (Gonbade Kavous city)
مهرداد Kamali Sanzighi1 امیر رحیمی افشین قلیچیThe aim of this study was estimated the ecological indices of diversity, richness, dominance and evenness of zooplankton community of warm water fish ponds in Gonbade Kavous city at east of Golestan Province. The sampling was done during one culture period from June to MoreThe aim of this study was estimated the ecological indices of diversity, richness, dominance and evenness of zooplankton community of warm water fish ponds in Gonbade Kavous city at east of Golestan Province. The sampling was done during one culture period from June to November 2011. The results showed that, there is no significant differences between diversity, dominance and evenness ecological indices at 6 ponds observed (P>0.05) but there is significant differences between richness index at 6 ponds (P<0.05). Diversity, richness, dominance and evenness indices value ranged from 0.43-0.77, 0.25-0.61, 0.54-0.72 and 0.36-0.73 respectively. Although, the diversity, richness, dominance and evenness indices showed higher association in ponds 2, 1, 3 and 2 but the lower association occurred in ponds 3, 4-6 commonly, 2 and 1. The correlation analysis between zooplankton community and ponds water physico-chemical parameters showed that total density of zooplankton community had significant correlation with NO3, PO4 and P-PO4 -0.926, 0.939 and 0.952 respectively. Other ecological indices had no correlation relative with other ponds water physico-chemical parameters. The results showed that diversity, richness, dominance and evenness ecological indices of zooplankton community in fish ponds affected by ecosystem management, climate condition and grower fishes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Planning and Providing a Pattern for Assessing the Effect of Social Capital on Sustainable Development Dimensions
Seyyed Reza Salehi Amiri Mohsen Ghadami Yousef BeygzadehThis research has been conducted in order to provide a pattern for assessing the effect of social capital on the sustainable development dimension. The research orientation of this study is basic and the researchers used induction approach. The objectives of its methodo MoreThis research has been conducted in order to provide a pattern for assessing the effect of social capital on the sustainable development dimension. The research orientation of this study is basic and the researchers used induction approach. The objectives of its methodology are exploration of a discipline (first step) and explanation of it (second step). Its data was gathered by a questionnaire and its plan was causal strategy. The statistical population of this study included the academic staff of Islamic Azad University (Region 13). From among them, the researchers selected 219 persons as research sample by cluster sampling method. The results of casual analysis showed that social capital has maximum effect on the economical dimension of sustainable development, it has medium effect on the social dimension and the ecological dimension, and it has minimum effect on the political dimension of sustainable development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Public Administration and Social Culture
Ali Akbar FarhangiThis article aims to study the interplay between public culture and public administration from various angles. The public administration is evolved in the cultural breeding-ground on the one hand and the social culture is formed and developed with an eye to the mechanis MoreThis article aims to study the interplay between public culture and public administration from various angles. The public administration is evolved in the cultural breeding-ground on the one hand and the social culture is formed and developed with an eye to the mechanisms governing the public administration on the other. The culture of every society resembles a tree, with its own roots, trunks, branches, boughs, leaves and fruits, which is distinct from other cultures. This cultural tree is crystallized with principles and values in its roots, concepts and structures in its trunk, and outside manifestations in its leaves. With the help of this allegory and metaphor, we can easily delve into the complicated concept of culture which has been discussed by the theorists of the social sciences and then make an assessment of the public administration status. Based on this viewpoint, the public administration in every society may also be regarded as the components of a cultural tree in the same society emerging with its own endemic and particular characteristics. This tree will obviously sprout and develop in a special soil conditioned by various elements such as geographical, ecological, political, economic, social, legal and technological features and systems as well as security and military factors. In this way, an administrative system is born, evolves and develops a sense of direction. With the perception of such elements, an administrative system, being more effective and efficient, can be established so as to run and regulate the communal affairs more rationally. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Evaluation of the ecological potential for the development of Shabestar city Using geographic information system and network analysis process
Dariush Sattarzadeh Mohammad Zanghaneh Nasrin AshrafiPlanning to achieve sustainable development by using the evaluation of ecological capacity in order to choose the best places for development, is a new approach that nowadays, has attracted the attention of urban and regional planners and is considered as an important f MorePlanning to achieve sustainable development by using the evaluation of ecological capacity in order to choose the best places for development, is a new approach that nowadays, has attracted the attention of urban and regional planners and is considered as an important factor to achieve it. In this research, using the integration of network analysis process and geographic information system, the ecological potential of urban development in Shabestar city has been evaluated in order to determine the suitable areas for this purpose. In order to achieve the goal, first the effective criteria in urban development were identified according to the research conducted and experts' opinions were collected through the Delphi method, and finally 7 criteria and 11 sub-criteria were selected. Then, using the pairwise comparison method, the importance of the criteria was determined relative to each other, and the criteria were weighted using the network analysis process. Finally, the information layers needed in the GIS environment were applied to them based on the fuzzy logic of valuation and the obtained weights, and the ecological power map was obtained using the weighted superimposition of the layers. The results obtained from the research show that 28% of the area of Shabestar city has completely adequate capacity, 24% has adequate capacity, which indicates the high capacity of the region for development. These areas mainly include the southern part of the city, which extends from east to west. On the other hand, only 14% of the area is completely unsuitable and 17% is designated as unsuitable, which includes the northern heights of the city. Based on these matters and according to the final classification map, it can be concluded that the favorable areas for the future physical development of Shabestar city are mostly in the southern part of this city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Dialectics of body and behavior in the historical market of Kerman
Sareh Esmailbeigi kermni Reza Mirzaei Ahmad HeidariIn the last few decades, we have been faced with the collapse and inefficiency of commercial centers, and one of the causes of the stagnation of these spaces is the lack of attention to the relationship between humans and the environment, which causes the creation of a MoreIn the last few decades, we have been faced with the collapse and inefficiency of commercial centers, and one of the causes of the stagnation of these spaces is the lack of attention to the relationship between humans and the environment, which causes the creation of a stable and lively place. Ecological science", investigating the complex interactions of the behavioral environment has become one of the important topics of postmodern currents in architecture and urban planning. This interdisciplinary field considers the environment as a container for collective actions and behaviors in order to deal with the domination of quantitative and metric view in evaluating the human-made environment. According to Roger Barker's ecological psychology, the human-made environment has separate physical and behavioral structures that form a unit in connection with each other and is called "field" or "behavioral headquarters". Therefore, the study of environmental behaviors can be the basis for analyzing and predicting how the environment works. The stronger the compatibility of the behavior environment, which he called "synomorphy", the space will have higher capabilities and efficiency. Among the various collective behavioral centers, markets and shopping centers are rich and attractive for the study of environmental behaviors due to the fact that they form an important territory of daily life. Dealing with the functional decline of local-historical markets as a collective location that is deeply connected with daily behavioral patterns, requires adopting an ecological approach and investigating the links between environment and behavior. The market is one of the most important parts of the structure of the Iranian city in cultural and historical cities, which, in addition to influencing the overall structure of the city and the formation of neighborhoods, is one of the important manifestations of valuable and public identity architecture, and throughout history, it has always been one of It is considered to be one of the most important areas of common interactions in civil life. Due to the existing values in the social and cultural structure, the markets have been less affected during the modernist movements in architecture and urban planning, and their continued activity as the main pole of the city's trade shows its important position in public belief. The purpose of this research is to investigate the mutual influence of the body on the behavior of users, which causes the creation of a stable behavioral environment, and in order to achieve this goal, the historical market of Kerman, which has maintained its vitality after several centuries and is still It is known as a dynamic behavioral site. The current research is a descriptive and analytical type that the researcher uses a qualitative research method to explain the body component through library studies and systematic observation and episodic interview and finally entering the data into the Atlas t software with the help of the grounded theory method. The research results show that the body supports the current events in the market of Kerman, which means that the co-construction of the body and behavior (cynomorph) is established in the historical market of Kerman, and as a result, it is one of its physical components. Power is used as the design principles of new commercial centers in Kerman. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Ranking the factors affecting sustainable ecotourism in the Anzali Free Trade Zone with emphasis on ecological capability
Shahrzad Karimifar Seyyed Mohammadreza Khatibi Vahid Bigdeli RadTourism is a key economic sector all over the world that creates a great lever for local economic development, but at the same time, it also imposes significant environmental pressures on local natural resources. Meanwhile, ecotourism (nature-oriented tourism) can be a MoreTourism is a key economic sector all over the world that creates a great lever for local economic development, but at the same time, it also imposes significant environmental pressures on local natural resources. Meanwhile, ecotourism (nature-oriented tourism) can be a suitable alternative to traditional tourism to minimize the effects on the ecosystem. On the other hand, the concept of capacity or power is born from ecological knowledge and is based on the principle that there is always a limit to the growth of biological populations. One of the most important sources of attracting tourists is the natural potential in each region, which has the highest demand in the tourism industry. In this regard, recognizing each region's capabilities is introduced as a necessity to create sustainable tourism. It is said that the sustainable tourism approach provides higher-quality tourist services and can improve the quality of life for residents. Therefore, sustainable ecotourism development criteria and indicators in each region are known and recommended as an important tool for tourism management. Therefore, attracting tourists and managing them based on the principles of sustainable development requires the adoption of correct management strategies in each region. Therefore, sustainable ecotourism development criteria and indicators in each region are known and recommended as an important tool for tourism management. Therefore, the development of sustainable ecotourism requires special attention to the ecological capacity of the regions and the identification of criteria, detailed planning and finally monitoring tools. The main question of the present research is, what are the most important sustainability criteria of ecotourism with emphasis on the power of ecology according to their degree of importance? In this regard, the most important factors are extracted using the meta-analysis of the available sources and then prioritized using the fuzzy Delphi method. In the first stage, the existing opinions are based and analyzed using the seven-step technique of Sandlowski and Barroso (2007), which is a structured model for qualitative text analysis and extracting concepts, and the tables of the Critical Assessment Skills Program (CASP). to be In the second stage, the most important ranking of the factors is determined by using the experts' questionnaire and the fuzzy Delphi method. The results show that the environmental criterion with a weight of 0.01499800 is in the first place, the economic and indicative-management (institutional) criterion with a weight of 0.01487002 is in the second place, and the socio-cultural criterion is in the third place with a weight of 0.01398003, and finally, the technology criterion is with a weight of 0.013482002. The criteria are ranked fourth. Also, 10 of the most important sustainability indicators of ecotourism with emphasis on ecological power in the Anzali Free Trade Zone are weather conditions, economic power, natural landscapes, natural potentials, sustainable water supply, economic growth, environmental quality, green tourism, tourism capacity and safety (environmental and human crises). Finally, some suggestions are presented regarding the research topic, including that ecotourism can be established in various areas and not only in protected natural areas. In addition to preserving the ecology of the regions, this issue can also use the maximum ecological capacity of diverse regions and reduce the concentration of tourists in one region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - Evaluation of Ecological Potential and Suitability of Central Zagros Land by the Geographic Information System and the Land Ecological Model
Hooman Bahmanpour Ali Bali Tayebeh ValianEvaluation of ecological potential is known as the pioneer of land use. The central Zagros region needs to develop an environmental management plan with a comprehensive and practical approach due to its much environmental sensitivity and numerous threats to biodiversity MoreEvaluation of ecological potential is known as the pioneer of land use. The central Zagros region needs to develop an environmental management plan with a comprehensive and practical approach due to its much environmental sensitivity and numerous threats to biodiversity. Based on this, Koohrang management watershed area, as one of the pilot areas in central Zagros, has been studied and evaluated. In the first step, by examining common models in Iran and the world, a suitable model was designed to evaluate the ecological potential of the region. In the following, a consolidated model was selected and designed for the area, which has the highest degree of consistency and appropriateness with the existing natural and structural features. Finally, by using the basic data and multiple layers of information, by layering layers in the GIS environment and ArcGIS software, 9.3, synthesis and zoning were carried out. Field studies were used to reference the data and fill information gaps. The results show that most of the region is mountainous and the highest rate of erosion is medium with 38.39%. Currently, the use of pasture has the largest share among other uses with about 68%. On the other hand, the most priority use in the study area is dedicated to various aspects of protection and grazing with 53 and 25%, respectively, and development has the lowest share with 0.05%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - Evaluating ecological capability for urban development using multi-criteria decision making models (Case Study: Ardabil Province)
kolsum yarmohammadi zahra khodabakhshi amin nazarpoorAbstract One of the main stages of land use is the ecological capability of the land. Since it is impossible to limit the development of cities, they should be tailored to meet the needs of today and tomorrow, so that environmental damage can not be avoided. The purpose MoreAbstract One of the main stages of land use is the ecological capability of the land. Since it is impossible to limit the development of cities, they should be tailored to meet the needs of today and tomorrow, so that environmental damage can not be avoided. The purpose of this study is to assess the ecological capability of Ardabil province for urban development. . In this research, the zoning of the ecological capability of Ardabil province has been done by combining the fuzzy model and Shannon entropy, and then, using numerical taxonomy, priority has been given to environmental power in Ardabil province, in five optimal, favorable, moderate , Weak and very weak power of the region for sustainable urban development. The use of multi-criteria models, including fuzzy inference and the production of maps that are close to reality, can effectively assist in the identification of lands for the establishment and development of the city of Ardabil province. The results of this study showed that in both methods (fuzzy and taxonomic), northern parts of the province are suitable regions to the most suitable, the southern parts are inadequate, parts of the eastern parts are moderate to suitable and inappropriate western parts. According to the findings, the areas are very convenient 12.22%, suitable for 18.27%, 20.20%, inappropriate 25.13%, and very inappropriate 23.26% of the province. The results of the research can be of great help in locating the cities appropriately to prevent environmental crises and make sustainable and sustainable use of the Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Monitoring space - time in Karaj from the perspective of landscape ecology ecological green network
FAEZE CHEHRAZAR حمید رضا جعقری faeze chehrazarIncreasing rate of population growth through past three decades has created more built areas and destroyed landscape structural patterns of ecosystems in Karaj city and adjacent areas. Karaj, which was known as a “garden city”, now is a metropolitan area wit MoreIncreasing rate of population growth through past three decades has created more built areas and destroyed landscape structural patterns of ecosystems in Karaj city and adjacent areas. Karaj, which was known as a “garden city”, now is a metropolitan area with limited remnants of green spaces. This research aims to study trend of green space changes by landscape ecological approach.Monitoring of landscape changes is based on the comparison of the Landsat images of 2000 and 2013. The satellite images were classified and then landscape metrics was calculated using synoptic method. Our results indicate that overall landscape of Karaj has been more fragmented. Broad scale changes of green spaces in Karaj landscape show decreasing proportional area and mean patch size, and increasing patch edge density and more irregularity in shape, and shrinkage and fragmentation of green space patches.esults indicate th metrics was calculated using synoptic method. Our results indicate that overall landscape of Karaj has been more fragmented. Broad scale changes of green spaces in Karaj lands Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Evaluation of Sustainable Development Level of Tabriz Based on Ecological Footprint Index
mirsaeed moosaviThe sustainable urban development covers the economic and social development along with continuous conservation of natural resources for both current and future generations at capacity of natural systems and coordination with development programs. This study evaluated s MoreThe sustainable urban development covers the economic and social development along with continuous conservation of natural resources for both current and future generations at capacity of natural systems and coordination with development programs. This study evaluated social-economic and population factors on ecological footprint components. Statistical population of this study selected from all families living in Tabriz. The sample was chosen due to Cochran formula which included 385 persons. The questionnaire was filled by using random sampling method. At last statistical data analysis was conducted by SPSS software and multivariate regression analysis in two stages from questionnaire. The results indicated that the variables of social-economic and population parameters in Tabriz have significant effect on ecological footprint components (food, transportation, housing, and commodity). This effect means that with increasing the variable of social-economic and population (age, sex, marriage, and income), the ecological footprint index increases. The results also indicated that independent variable parameters affect within %84 on ecological footprint components in Tabriz. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Providing a Suitable Model to Promote Ecological Cohesion and Environmental Resilience (Case Study: Behshahr)
ebrahim zahedi kelaki Sadroddin motevali hasan mahmoudzadeh Gholamreza Janbaz GhobadiEnvironmental problems are one of the most fundamental problems of today's city and the result of human conflict with the natural environment. In this regard, in order to achieve the research goal to promote ecological cohesion and environmental resilience, the capabili MoreEnvironmental problems are one of the most fundamental problems of today's city and the result of human conflict with the natural environment. In this regard, in order to achieve the research goal to promote ecological cohesion and environmental resilience, the capabilities of remote sensing science and GIS and the use of continuity measurement metric (MNN) along with the Forman mosaic model has been used. Analysis of maps resulting from land use change shows; Stains made in the period (1986-2020) due to increasing population and demand for land and, as a result, urban growth in recent years by (+ 68%) increase in agricultural use (-52%) and gardens and green space (-31%) and barren lands have also decreased by about (-41%). The results of MNN metric analysis also indicate that; The continuity of the elements of the ecological structure of Behshahr city, especially the agricultural spots during the study period, has not been in good condition and has been severely damaged so that the ecological continuity of the agricultural spots in the last 34 years is about 48 meters, gardens and green space about 10 Meters have decreased and the distances between similar ecological spots have increased. In the end, the present study led to the preparation of a proposed model and protection and remediation solutions, as well as a critical network map of the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Analysing the Quality Karaj City Green Spaces using Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI)
Nazanin Naseri Milad Hosseinzadeh Niri Raoof MostafazadehThe increase of human activities has caused disturbances in human ecosystems and environment in different scales. Remote sensing techniques have been found to be effective for quantifying and detecting ecological changes and can be considered as an alternative for monit MoreThe increase of human activities has caused disturbances in human ecosystems and environment in different scales. Remote sensing techniques have been found to be effective for quantifying and detecting ecological changes and can be considered as an alternative for monitoring spatial changes in the ecological conditions of the environment. Today, the use of remote sensing data for studies related to the quality of the urban environment has also gained a great attention. In this research, the ecological quality of Karaj city's environment was evaluated and analyzed using Landsat series images in 2010 and 2020 by analyzing the main components of greenness, humidity, dryness and heat to determine four remote sensing ecological indicators. Remote sensing ecological indicators used in environmental quality extraction include LST, NDVI, NDBI and WET. The results showed that the quality of the environment of Karaj city has generally decreased from 2010 to 2022 and the average RSEI has decreased from 0.59 to 0.25, which shows the destruction of the environment of this city due to the expansion of its residential parts. Environmental changes in the study area are closely related to human activities in the form of spatial expansion of residential areas and development, which is caused by the immigration of the study area and its proximity to Tehran. The index used in the present research can adequately reflect the spatial changes of environmental quality from different dimensions and is an effective method for comprehensive evaluation of environmental quality and ecological conditions in urban environments Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Habitat suitability modeling Stipa barbata species using Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (case study: Taleghan Rangelands)
محمدعلی زارع چاهوکی محبوبه عباسیThis study was done aimed to determine the habitat suitability of S. barbata species using ecological niche factor analysis in rangeland of Taleghan miany. Stipa barbata species has good quality and the preference value that is important in soil conservation and forage MoreThis study was done aimed to determine the habitat suitability of S. barbata species using ecological niche factor analysis in rangeland of Taleghan miany. Stipa barbata species has good quality and the preference value that is important in soil conservation and forage production for livestock. In order to habitat suitability modeling for this species were used than presence point and the soil variables such as the information layers of gravel, pH, lime, organic matter, N, K, P, sand, clay, silt and topographic variables maps (slope, aspect and Height) were used as variables affecting the species. The results of the study indicate that in the habitat suitability of S. barbata species in the study area environment variables height, direction of North, EC has a negative impact and depth, lime, organic matter and pH variables has a positive impact, And have been important factors. Accuracy model is calculated 87/5% using continue Boyce index that to verify the accuracy of the model results. Kappa coefficient obtained by matching the prediction map with ground truth equal 0.76. According to the results obtained values marginality (1.64), specialization (8.39) and toleranc of (0.119) obtained from the model, it can be concluded that the S. barbata species is specialty relative to the specific conditions of the environment variables, and tolerate the specific domain of environmental variables in the range the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Investigation of distribution of Aeluropus littoralis in Exclusion and grazed areas inthe saline and alkaline rangelands of Golestan province
amin mahmodian Majid Akherian mohamad naser taherThe shape species response along ecological gradients has important implications for both continuum theory and community analysis. The main objective of this study was investigation on the response of the A. littoralis species to some environmental gradients In the two MoreThe shape species response along ecological gradients has important implications for both continuum theory and community analysis. The main objective of this study was investigation on the response of the A. littoralis species to some environmental gradients In the two Exclusion and grazer range . The sampling method was randomized-systematic. In the area sampled, presence of the A. littoralis species, was recorded. Soil samples were taken from 0-20 cm in each quadrates. In each sample , bulk density, soil moisture, pH, N, EC, P, organic carbon, the percentage of sand, silt and clay were measured. . Sampling of soil and vegetation was carried out along 100-meter transects in two Exclusion areas and under grazing area. The data were analyzed by R ver.3.0.2 and Spss computer programs . The results showed that the ecological niche and optimum along moisture gradient for A. littoralis species has been recorded 52-42 percent and 44.7 percent respectively. The ecological optimum for S. turcomanica species in relation Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Investigation of farmers' opinions regarding the multi-purpose use of Chaharbagh summer pastures in Golestan province
Reza Yari seyedeh mahbubeh mirmiranMultipurpose use and investment in potential resources available in rangelands such as the use of medicinal plants as well as attention to the tourism and ecotourism industry can benefit local people from benefits such as employment and income generation. Therefore, thi MoreMultipurpose use and investment in potential resources available in rangelands such as the use of medicinal plants as well as attention to the tourism and ecotourism industry can benefit local people from benefits such as employment and income generation. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the views of users regarding exploitation, potentials, facilities, income and education about Chaharbagh summer rangelands in Golestan province The interview was conducted randomly among 27 exploits. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using the opinions of experts and experienced in this field and also the reliability of the questionnaire was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient method. The reliability of the questionnaire for users was equal to 0.81, which was in the appropriate and desirable range. Excel and Spss software were also used to analyze the data. The results show the highest interest, good experience, potential of rangelands and facilities and equipment from the perspective of users in the field of livestock activities and livestock grazing and the lowest amount of them in the activities of exploitation of medicinal, industrial and edible plants. So that 48.1% are very and very interested in activities and earning, 77.78% are in good experience of Chaharbagh rangelands and 81.48% of them are in high and very high rangelands potential and up to 88% of them are in high facilities and They mentioned a lot of pastures in the field of animal husbandry and grazing.The highest level of agreement with the presence and also the highest level of income was observed in beekeeping activities. 70.37% of the farmers had a lot of agreement with the presence of beekeepers in these pastures and from the point of view of 50% of them, this activity has the highest income. More than 74% of users also expressed the need for more and more training in the use of medicinal plants. In general, the results show the desired potential of the region for multi-purpose use, especially in the field of livestock and beekeeping activities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Effect of different Ecological patches on soil surface quality indices (case study: Sofi Chai catchment, Maragheh county)
morteza Mofidi Chelan gholamali HeshmatiAbstract To manage rangeland ecosystems, identification of their components and interactions including soil and vegetation is of great deal of importance. The present study was aimed to compare the effects of different Ecological patches on soil qualitative attributes MoreAbstract To manage rangeland ecosystems, identification of their components and interactions including soil and vegetation is of great deal of importance. The present study was aimed to compare the effects of different Ecological patches on soil qualitative attributes (stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling) using landscape function analysis model as well as to identify vegetation indices in Sofi Chai basin located at Maragheh. For sampling purpose, number of 5 transects in 50 m length in were established in downslope as per randomized-systematic method along which four Ecological patches, grasses, shrub - grass and forbs and interpatch bare soil were identified. 5 replicates of each patch were determined and eleven soil surface indices were scored as per landscape function analysis. The results show that all three indicators of stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling were differed significantly among Ecological patches. The maximum amount of stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling and the minimum one was relate to shrubs and bare soils respectively. It can be note that shrubs and shrubs-grass patches showed better performance than others. investigation of function attributes in the different Ecological patches can help to identify effective reagents for healthy rangeland vegetation and the assessment of these reagents can be faster and time and cost-effective to study soil qualitative and quantitative sustainability indicators, infiltration and soil nutrient cycling can be realized. It can serve as important step for the evaluation, management and planning future of natural ecosystems. Abstract To manage rangeland ecosystems, identification of their components and interactions including soil and vegetation is of great deal of importance. The present study was aimed to compare the effects of different Ecological patches on soil qualitative attributes (stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling) using landscape function analysis model as well as to identify vegetation indices in Sofi Chai basin located at Maragheh. For sampling purpose, number of 5 transects in 50 m length in were established in downslope as per randomized-systematic method along which four Ecological patches, grasses, shrub - grass and forbs and interpatch bare soil were identified. 5 replicates of each patch were determined and eleven soil surface indices were scored as per landscape function analysis. The results show that all three indicators of stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling were differed significantly among Ecological patches. The maximum amount of stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling and the minimum one was relate to shrubs and bare soils respectively. It can be note that shrubs and shrubs-grass patches showed better performance than others. investigation of function attributes in the different Ecological patches can help to identify effective reagents for healthy rangeland vegetation and the assessment of these reagents can be faster and time and cost-effective to study soil qualitative and quantitative sustainability indicators, infiltration and soil nutrient cycling can be realized. It can serve as important step for the evaluation, management and planning future of natural ecosystems. �ربوط به لکه بوته و کمترین مقدار آن مربوط به خاک لخت می باشد. می توان گفت لکه های بوته ها و بوته- گندمیان از ویژگیهای عملکردی بهتری نسبت به دیگر لکه ها برخوردار بودند. بررسی ویژگیهای عملکردی لکه های اکولوژیک مختلف می تواند کمک زیادی به شناسایی معرفهای گیاهی موثر در سلامت اکوسیستم نموده و با ارزیابی این معرفها می توان سریعتر و با صرف وقت و هزینه کمتری به وضعیت کیفی سطح خاک پی برد که می تواند گامی مهم برای ارزیابی، مدیریت و برنامه ریزیهای آینده در این اکوسیستم های طبیعی باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - Investigation and determining environmental factors affecting on distribution of rangeland habitats in Southeast of Sabalan
behnam bahrami ardavan ghorbaniAbstract Relationships between environmental factors and vegetation is an essential step in order to recognize the effective factors on growth and establishment of species plants and identify habitats. The purpose of this study was MoreAbstract Relationships between environmental factors and vegetation is an essential step in order to recognize the effective factors on growth and establishment of species plants and identify habitats. The purpose of this study was investigation of relation between environmental factors and rangeland habitats and to determine the most important affecting factors in the segregation of rangeland habitats of Southeast Sabalan, which is located in Ardabil province. Sampling was done using random-systematic method. In this rangeland ecosystem, sampling was conducted with the selection of 45 sites in southeast of Sabalan, and inside of each site 3 large 10 m2 plots with the distance of 40m from each other along of a 120m transect was selected. Inside of the plots, the list of the plants and canopy cover were determined. From these plots, soil samples were collected from two depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm and the climatic characteristics such rainfall and temperature, topographic features suchas elevation, slope and aspect, soil features such texture, electrical conductivity, acidity, organic matter (C), phosphorus and potassium were measured. To determine the relationship between environmental factors and plant distribution based on each plots a multivariate analysis (ordination) was used. Ordination of plant communities based on environmental factors using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and Representational Difference Analysis (RDA) methods was performed. Results indicate that on the study area, physiographic attributes (elevation and aspect) have significant effects on the distribution of rangeland habitats. The CCA results of environmental factors indicate that the first and second axes with eigen values 0.703 and 0.519 and variance 11.5 and 20 respectively justify habitat changes and environmental factors in the study area. The results of this study can be used in the management of rangeland ecosystem improvement and remidation of the Southeast Sabalan and the same areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Aut-ecological Investigation of Ribes biebersteinii , as a Valuable Shrub in Arasbaran, Case Study: Arasbaran Forest, Mardanaghom Watershed
Erfan Zolfaghari M.R Marvi Mohajer GH Zahedi AmiriMedicinal plants as a none-woody forest products in each region, are valuable resources of related ecosystems that we can,t extraction its activate substance in other places. Oriental Currant shrub, ( Ribes biebersteinii ), is a valuable and infrequent shrub of Arasbara MoreMedicinal plants as a none-woody forest products in each region, are valuable resources of related ecosystems that we can,t extraction its activate substance in other places. Oriental Currant shrub, ( Ribes biebersteinii ), is a valuable and infrequent shrub of Arasbaran and due to its interesting medicinal cares,has been received attention by rural people and around counties Spicer markets. Therefore the present study was prepared with the objective to investigation of effective ecological factors in distribution and settlement of Oriental Currant as a medicinal shrub in Arasbaran forest, Mardanaghom-chay watershed. For achieve to this aim, vegetation coverage in different strata with environmental characteristics was recorded in plots. For chemical & physical characteristics of soil, soil samples were taken from under organic layer from 10-20 centimeter depth. Floristic and environmental data was analyzed with Ordinations approach CCA (Canoncial Correspondence Analysis). Correlation analysis results showed that under studying specie, has positive and strong correlation with Sand rate in sub-soil and region. Preference to Loamy with suitable drainage soil can be seen, but showed negative correlation with sub-soil acidity and clay percent. Cultivation & Developing of native medicinal plant species in the region, as none-woody forest products, will be notifiable solutions to reduce rural people and foresters unsuitable pressure on forest ecosystem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - Ecological potential of agriculture and range management area for the purpose of land use planning Mahneshan
saeed kamyabi Esmail khoshlaghaTrying to achieve a national land use planning and productivity is a principle and in proportion of environmental features and natural resource data, this process development is important. The sustainable development is a comprehensive concept which is involved in all a MoreTrying to achieve a national land use planning and productivity is a principle and in proportion of environmental features and natural resource data, this process development is important. The sustainable development is a comprehensive concept which is involved in all aspects of human life. And the implementation of sustainable development models requires extensive changes in both national and international policies. In some part our country the utilization of land is not based on ecological zone. Specially in agricultural land so the aim of this paper is to show the comparison of existing land use and watershed ecological zone in Mahneshan in Zanjan province. Therefore, to analyze the possibilities and of natural basin by creating a database of geographic. Date extracted from the report of basic studies and classification in order to show the location of the ecological resources and entered to a Geographic Information System (GIS). The existing land use map derived with the help of satellite images. Then, by overlaying different layers, homogeneous units (e.g. homogeneous Polygon) we produced the reviewing and results data base, with considering the region and planning objectivese and ecological assessment. In order to obtain the models that applied on homogeneous polygon. Finally, maps are prepared voided and extraction based on planning and suggestions. This report has been investigated and classified to determine the best type of land use, land suitability homogeneous entity in the current status and future, concerning the climate conditions and giving priority to agriculture land (dry land and irrigated agriculture), rangeland and forestry as well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Ecological capability evaluation of industrial, rural and urban development in Darab
Masoud Masoudi parviz jokar mehdi sadeghiUsing the rational and systematic approaches in the management of resources and optimization is very important. These methods should be such as to take into account the land potential, otherwise irreparable damage to resources and the land is entered. Ecological capabil MoreUsing the rational and systematic approaches in the management of resources and optimization is very important. These methods should be such as to take into account the land potential, otherwise irreparable damage to resources and the land is entered. Ecological capability evaluation of development of urban, rural and industrial means how much the ecological potential is. The aim of this study is ecological capability evaluation of development of urban, rural and industrial of Darab Township according to the environmental crisis in the Township of Darab, and proposing the strategies for achieving the goals of sustainable development in this area. Therefore, Darab Township was assessed with overlaying information layers using GIS. . eseThe results of evaluation were presented in two fairly suitable classes (2) and poor (3). In addition, current use of deployment in urban (polygon), rural and industrial (point) were overlaid to ecological capability map of development in order to evaluate mentioned current uses. Results show most of urban areas, industrial and rural areas are located in unsuitable class of 3. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant activity of three widely-used medicinal plant in natural habitats of Fars province
Auob mazaraie leila fahmidehGrowth and generation of plants in different ecosystems and natural habitats are influenced by various factors. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the phytochemicals and antioxidants of three widely-used medicinal plant species including Zataria multifolia MoreGrowth and generation of plants in different ecosystems and natural habitats are influenced by various factors. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the phytochemicals and antioxidants of three widely-used medicinal plant species including Zataria multifolia Boiss, Matricaria chamomilla L. and Achilla millefolium L. which grown in five natural habitats (Fasa, Firoozabad, Kazeroun, Farashband and Dehram) located in Fars province, South of Iran . Phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts obtained by maceration (soaking) method were determined via Folin-Ciocaltiu and Aluminum chloride colorimetric, respectively. The antioxidant properties were also investigated through DPPH method. Based on the results, there is a positive correlation between plant secondary compounds and their antioxidant performance, and this relationship was quite significant for all three plant samples. Among the regions under the study, the highest phenolic and flavonoid compounds yields were detected in Farashband and Dehram regions, respectively. Among the results, the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant properties were identified in Achillea eriophora DC and Zataria multifolia Boiss species from Farashband and Dehram regions had the highest values. The differences observed in phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant properties could be attributed to the effects of climatic conditions such as height above sea level on the investigated plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Investigation of effective compounds and antioxidant properties of five cultivar of hops (Humulus Lupulus L.) in different regions of Golestan province
mostafa hamidi saeed navabpour mohsen fathi sadabadiTo investigate the effect of the environment on phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant and phytochemical properties of essential oils in five cultivars of hop, in four regions of Golestan province (Gorgan, Aliabad, Galikesh, and Azadshahr), an experiment was co MoreTo investigate the effect of the environment on phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant and phytochemical properties of essential oils in five cultivars of hop, in four regions of Golestan province (Gorgan, Aliabad, Galikesh, and Azadshahr), an experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications during 2021-2022. Fruit extracts were prepared by soaking method using acetone solvent and the phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant properties were determined via Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminum chloride colorimetric, and DPPH method, respectively. Extraction of essential oils from fruit and identification of the compounds in the essential oil were carried out by water distillation method (Clevenger machine) and a gas chromatograph connected to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS), respectively. Overall, 32 compounds were identified, including Beta-acid, Alpha-acid, Co-humulone, total oil, Caryophyllene, Humulene, and Myrcene compounds, as the main components of the essential oil. Cascade cultivar in Gorgan region had the highest rate of phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant activity, which can be related to the climatic conditions of the region and the higher potential of this cultivar. Also, all cultivars in Gorgan region had the highest content of secondary metabolites than others. Among the cultivated cultivars, Cascade and then Centennial had the highest content of secondary metabolites in all cultivation areas. Therefore, in order to achieve higher secondary metabolites, cultivation of Cascade in Gorgan region is recommend. On the other hand, Nugget in Galicash had the lowest content of secondary metabolites, which can be related to its lower potential in production of secondary metabolites and the climatic conditions of Galicash region which is located at a higher altitude and has a negative effect on the production of secondary metabolites. Therefore, considering the effect of different environmental conditions on the medicinal compounds of the species, it is recommended to evaluate the effect of the other factors, including the soil of the habitats. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - Identification of Urban–Regional Ecotourism Suitability Potentials of Nowshahr City, Based on Natural-Climatic Factors
مهرداد رمضانی پورDue to land constraints on the planet, most facilities are located in urban areas. As such, the importance of the development of ecotourism has gradually been highlighted. According to this, the purpose of this study was to identify the intensive and extensive tourism s MoreDue to land constraints on the planet, most facilities are located in urban areas. As such, the importance of the development of ecotourism has gradually been highlighted. According to this, the purpose of this study was to identify the intensive and extensive tourism sites in the three categories of suitable and semi- suitable and unsuitable areas based on ecological ability for warm seasons in the city of Nowshahr. In this regard, the ecotourism tourism model was used with climatic criteria of temperature, rainfall, hill shade and slope, geology and land use. Then, tourism sites were identified using GIS technique and conditional methods and algebraic composition. After analysis, 519 suitable sites were identified with a total area of 4,838 hectares and often in central altitude (1300-1800 meters) and east-west along the road and rivers of the city of Noshahr. Approximately, 158 tourism sites were identified with an area of about 74.8 hectares in the middle and upstream (about 2550-4000 meters) in the city of Noshahr. In general, extensive suitable sites have a wider distribution and less area than intensive suitable sites. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - Assessing the Ecological Capability of Urban Development Using Systemic Model (A Case Study of Sari)
ali norinejad Jamaluddin Daryabari Abbas ArghanThe human relationship with the earth, over time, is always changing. This, in turn, has had a decisive impact on the use of urban lands. Therefore, in order to control urban growth, it is very important that, by identifying the ecological potential of the environment, MoreThe human relationship with the earth, over time, is always changing. This, in turn, has had a decisive impact on the use of urban lands. Therefore, in order to control urban growth, it is very important that, by identifying the ecological potential of the environment, the process of future development of the city be directed and managed in order to minimize the negative environmental impacts of natural resources of the city. With this view, after the implementation of the evaluation indicators through the system model, it has been tried to provide appropriate solutions for predicting future development of the city with an emphasis on environmental aspects. Therefore, while assessing the ecological capability of urban development in Sari using a system model, the zones in the form of very suitable and relatively suitable land parcels of urban development along with inappropriate land were identified. A very suitable class for urban development system model covered an area of about 433.143 square kilometers, equivalent to 11.22 percent, and a relatively suitable land had a surface of 126.29 square kilometers, equivalent to 34.3 percent of the city of Sari. Finally, it was concluded that 3,103 km2, which is 84.84% of the total 3662.151 sq. km of the area of Sari, cannot be developed for the creation of urban elements and other uses due to the indicators defined in the systemic model (Makhdoom). Undoubtedly, in order to preserve the ecosystems and environment, following this task seems necessary for the authorities to develop urban areas in future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - Identification of effective drivers in the future of ecological city (Case study: Dorcheh city)
Ebrahim Barati Hamin Saberi Ahmad khademAlhosseyni Mehri AzaniIn the current century, when the development of science and technology is accompanied by speed, complexity and uncertainties, traditional methods of planning face serious challenges. One of these challenges and weaknesses is the inability of traditional planning to iden MoreIn the current century, when the development of science and technology is accompanied by speed, complexity and uncertainties, traditional methods of planning face serious challenges. One of these challenges and weaknesses is the inability of traditional planning to identify key factors. It is ecologically effective in the future development of cities. In fact, the futurist approach to urban planning uses a variety of tools and techniques to build a better future. The present study has identified the key factors affecting the development of Dorcheh city with the technique of interaction analysis, which is one of the common methods of foresight, and using MIC MAC software, with emphasis on the ecological approach. For this purpose, using the Delphi method, among the proposed variables, 20 variables were identified in five groups (social dimensions, political dimensions, economic dimensions, environmental dimensions and physical dimensions) and then analyzed by Mick Mac software. And analyzed. The results indicate that the Dorcheh city system does not have ecological stability and in the scattering page of Mick Mac diagram, five categories of variables (effective, two-dimensional, affective, regulatory and independent) can be identified, finally according to the impact and variability of variables. On top of each other, four variables of environmental degradation, clean energy use, tourism development and agricultural land conservation were identified as the driving and key variables for the development of Dorcheh city with emphasis on ecological approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - Evaluation of the dimensions and components of the ecological city in Mahabad
omid mobaraki Ali Valigholizadeh yones bapiriThe aim of this research is to evaluate the dimensions and components of the ecological city in Mahabad. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. Data collection was through library, documentary and field studies. The components of the rese MoreThe aim of this research is to evaluate the dimensions and components of the ecological city in Mahabad. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. Data collection was through library, documentary and field studies. The components of the research, adapted from reliable sources, include environmental, socio-cultural, physical and managerial issues. To analyze the data, SPSS software and sample t-tech statistical tests and step-by-step regression are used, as well as SWAT method is used to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of Mahabad city. The research results show; in the sample T-Tech test, the average of social (3.32) and environmental (3.18) components were higher than the average (3), but they did not reach the optimal level, and the average of management components was (2.05). ) and body with (2.11) were below average. Therefore, in the city of Mahabad, more attention should be paid to the administrative and physical components. Also, the regression analysis shows that socio-cultural, managerial, physical and environmental components are correlated with the intensity of 808/848, 853/848 respectively; and 856/ show their effect on the dependent variable (ecological condition of Mahabad city). The results of the SWOT model show that the best strategies are aggressive and conservative strategies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - Application of Ecological Footprint for evaluation sustainable region Geographical (case study: Kermanshah Township)
Mostafa Shahinifar Mirsalar HabibiEcological foot print, as one of the most important sustainability indicator, which was initially introduced by Wackernagel and Rees in 1992, has received considerable attention and has been promoted as a policy and planning tool for sustainability. The methodology of t MoreEcological foot print, as one of the most important sustainability indicator, which was initially introduced by Wackernagel and Rees in 1992, has received considerable attention and has been promoted as a policy and planning tool for sustainability. The methodology of this article is based on descriptive and explanatory method. The main purpose of this research is to determine ecological footprint of township of kermanshah. The findings show that the ecological footprint in the township of Kermanshah is 2.445 hectares per person. This value have been distributed in five main groups: Food 1.225 (ha), housing; 0.615(ha), transportation;0.275(ha), consumer goods; 0.27(ha) and Services; 0.06(ha).The results confirm the fact that the township of Kermanshah to meet the needs of its viability is dependent on the area beyond the township of Kermanshah .Since the bio capacity of 0.8 hectares for Iranian, Ecological footprint is 2.445 hectares in Kermanshah township means three times larger than their share of environmental capacity allocated to the township 's sustainability. In other words, it can be stated that taking the current trend continues , the township of Kermanshah for food , energy and land requires to absorb the carbon dioxide Space equivalent to 10 times larger than township itself and 3.3 fold of Kermanshah province . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - Investigating the Relationship between Trade and Financial Openness with Ecological Footprint
Hossein-Ali Fakher Zahra Abedi Bita ShayganiThe major aim of this paper is the survey of impact of trade and financial openness on ecological footprint in selected developing countries. In this paper, it has been tried to test the effect of trade and financial openness on ecological footprint in the form of simul MoreThe major aim of this paper is the survey of impact of trade and financial openness on ecological footprint in selected developing countries. In this paper, it has been tried to test the effect of trade and financial openness on ecological footprint in the form of simultaneous-equation system on the base of panel data to the years from 1994 to 2014. The results show, there are several factors, which can affect the trade and financial openness and cannot be considered as exogenous variables. Considering trade and financial openness as endogenous variables and the factors influencing them, the impact of such variables on the ecological footprint index can be examined more precisely. On this basis, trade openness has positive and significant effect on ecological footprint index (negative effect on environment quality). On the other hand, according to shelter of pollution hypothesis financial openness variable has positive and significant effect on the ecological footprint index. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - Ecological footprint of the tourism in the rural area Case study: Veshnaveh village (Qom County)
farzad vaisi arman rahimiTherefore, many empirical studies and actions have been taken to exploit the concept of sustainable development and its evaluation models. However, despite all these measures, the results from the progress towards sustainability have not been favorable. On the other han MoreTherefore, many empirical studies and actions have been taken to exploit the concept of sustainable development and its evaluation models. However, despite all these measures, the results from the progress towards sustainability have not been favorable. On the other hand, the first studies in the country indicate that there are major challenges in achieving sustainable tourism development, especially in the villages of tourism destination. In this research, it has been tried to investigate the environmental impact of the tourism on the village of Voshveh by a descriptive-analytical method, based on documentary library studies as well as field observations (distribution of the questionnaire and interview with the village council and tourists). The model of the ecological footprint model is estimated. The statistical population of this research is the number of tourists who visited Voshveh village in 2012. Considering that in the year 2012, 10,000 tourists entered the village, so using the Cochran formula, the sample size was estimated to be 350. The findings of this study indicate that the ecological footprints of tourism in the village of Wandshwa in food, transport, heating, water, electricity, and waste generation groups were 1.08 (per capita of each tourist) ha. Comparing this amount with its supporting environment indicates that tourism in the village of Wandshwa relies on an area beyond the village to meet its biological and environmental sustainability needs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - Estimating the carrying capacity of suitable zones for tourism development in Baneh city, Case study: Dokanan tourism area
Vahid Amini Parsa Esmail Salehi Fereshteh Azizabadi Samad Haji.Mohammad.AminiThe growth in tourism industry with no regard to potentials and carrying capacity of the land van lead to serious Environmental damages in long-term. Understanding the potential and proportion of land and using the quantitative methods to estimate the amount of utilizat MoreThe growth in tourism industry with no regard to potentials and carrying capacity of the land van lead to serious Environmental damages in long-term. Understanding the potential and proportion of land and using the quantitative methods to estimate the amount of utilization of existing resources have an important role in land use planning and management processes. Baneh city have been hosting considerable number of tourists during last decades and needs to improve the tourism infrastructures. Dokanan tourism area suggested to face with this requirement. In this paper suitable areas for recreational activities in Dokanan area of Baneh were detected using AHP-FUZZY method. Then based on the results of ecological land evaluation, physical and real carrying capacity of the case study were estimated. In this study, carrying capacity estimated in two cases: 1- for the whole area according to its capability and 2- according to zoning of area design. The results of this calculation show that second case gives more accurate and targeted responses in comparison to the first one which could be used in recreational planning and management of area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - Explain the role of the component of "sustainability" in the process of formation "Ecological Tourism Collections"(Case study: Mazandaran province, Behshahr, Abbas Abad lake)
Erfan Khasm Afkan Nezam Azadeh Arbabi SabzevariThe prosperity of tourism in any geographic location, along with the positive and negative economic-social consequences, has environmental impacts, which, if continued, could cause irreparable damage. Sustainable environmental or ecological tourism is the expansion of t MoreThe prosperity of tourism in any geographic location, along with the positive and negative economic-social consequences, has environmental impacts, which, if continued, could cause irreparable damage. Sustainable environmental or ecological tourism is the expansion of the tourism industry and the attraction of tourists to the country by using existing resources in such a way that, while responding to the economic, cultural, social and legal requirements of society and the expectations of tourists, unity and integrity can be achieved. And cultural identity and environmental health, provided the balance and the welfare of the people of the country and their guests in a balanced and continuous manner to the optimum level. The main structure of the paper is based on the analytical approach in a library-based and applied survey method that analyzes the information related to the theoretical foundations of the tourism industry; then, a look at the foundations of sustainable tourism and its relationship with the factors shaping ecological tourism collections With the aim of promoting tourism collections in the studied area based on theories, the process of formation of ecological tourism complexes is being distinguished. The results of the research show that the formation of ecological tourism complexes around natural-historical attractions in our country can be an effective step in sustainable tourism development; also, if "physical tourism planning" in Iran is done in a systematic way, it can be " Creating employment "and" increasing the value of domestic currency ". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Evaluation of Malayer County's Ecotourism Arrangements with Emphasis on Manisan Target Village Using SWOT Model
mitra refahi dahrThe purpose of this research is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of ecology, to study the status of ecology resorts and to determine the ecological ecosystems in Malayer. The research will be applied and will be descriptive-analytical in nature and method. The u MoreThe purpose of this research is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of ecology, to study the status of ecology resorts and to determine the ecological ecosystems in Malayer. The research will be applied and will be descriptive-analytical in nature and method. The use of documents, documents and reports and other parts has been collected through the analysis of Swat and its strengths and weaknesses. The SWOT technique is used for field analysis. Developing laws and standards appropriate to the local tourism industry, providing training to local tourism activists, supporting investors to enter the field and closely monitoring the activities of local tourism companies, with the presence of relevant authorities. He wants. The development of the local economy and the active involvement of the private sector in the tourism industry are among the opportunities that the tourism industry can bring to the country's sustainable development of the tourism industry. Ecotourism policies must also be integrated into a systematic, integrated approach to macroeconomic, political, cultural, and social areas with a view to protecting the environment, which is a common legacy of today's and tomorrow's generations, and fostering public participation in the field. Developing infrastructure, infrastructure, and revenue from this business - reviewing the types and patterns of benefits and benefits from public and private partnerships. B The eccentricity of canvas pointed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - An Evaluation of the Ecotourism Management Performance Focusing On Urban Ecological Textures ( A Case Study of the District 9 of Isfahan Municipality)
Somayeh Hamsian Etefeagh Hosein Kalantari khalil abad Mohammad MireiiThe purpose of this article is to provide a model for evaluating the performance of ecotourism management with emphasis on the management of the ecological context of the city in District 9 of Isfahan Municipality. For this purpose, the grand theory method has been used MoreThe purpose of this article is to provide a model for evaluating the performance of ecotourism management with emphasis on the management of the ecological context of the city in District 9 of Isfahan Municipality. For this purpose, the grand theory method has been used. Using library and field studies and implementation of the grand theoretical method, 3 dimensions, 10 criteria and 35 sub-criteria have been extracted. The main dimensions include urban context management with categories, legislation, planning, resource management and control and supervision; the context of ecology included categories with protection, development and improvement, and also the ecotourism included categories such as economic, social, environmental and cultural ones. The results of this study indicate that the current situation of ecological tissue management in District 9 of Isfahan Municipality is not favorable, but the situation can be improved. Based on the results of this study, it can be said that the weaknesses in laws, lack of proper planning and lack of attention to the basic uses, have all caused the ecological situation of the region no to be in a good condition presently. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Evaluation and analysis of the geotourism capabilities of Garmi city using long-term and ecological models
mousa abedini Behrouz SHeikhmohamad AmirHesam PasbanGeotourism or tourism has stated new ways to explain and explain the geosciences and know the natural resources of each region, which in addition to the educational and scientific role, causes the development of tourism in the region. Garmi city is one of the few region MoreGeotourism or tourism has stated new ways to explain and explain the geosciences and know the natural resources of each region, which in addition to the educational and scientific role, causes the development of tourism in the region. Garmi city is one of the few regions that has three important tourism potentials: the potential of natural resources, the potential of historical monuments, and the potential of cultural factors, which with the investment and attention of the authorities to these potentials, can create employment and tourism industry in this city, and the correct application of this The potentials can cause the growth of Garami city. In this research, the geotourism capabilities of Garmi city have been investigated and evaluated using the Prolong model and the ecological model, which work methods of both models are qualitative. Based on the Pralong model and the results of this model in this research, Gilarlu Lake has the highest average tourism rating (0.51) due to its high scientific and economic-social quality and has the highest geo-tourism potential. . and Belenlu lagoon (0.30) have the lowest tourism rate among the geomorphological places in the study area in terms of the average rate of tourism. From the comparison of external beauty grade, scientific grade, Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - The Role of Sustainability in the Process of Forming "Ecological Tourism Collections" (A Case study of Mazandaran Province, Behshahr, Abbas Abad Lake)
Erfan Khasm Afkan Nezam gfh fghThe prosperity of tourism in any geographic location, along with positive and negative socioeconomic consequences, has environmental impacts which if continued could cause irreparable damages. Sustainable environmental or ecological tourism is the expansion of the touri MoreThe prosperity of tourism in any geographic location, along with positive and negative socioeconomic consequences, has environmental impacts which if continued could cause irreparable damages. Sustainable environmental or ecological tourism is the expansion of the tourism industry and the attraction of tourists to the country using the existing resources in such a way that, while responding to the economic, cultural, social and legal requirements of society and the expectations of tourists, unity and integrity may be achieved. Cultural identity and environmental health can balance and provide the welfare for people and their guests in a balanced and continuous manner to an optimum level. The main design of the study is based on the analytical approach in a library-based and survey which analyzes the information related to the theoretical foundations of tourism industry; then, the foundations of sustainable tourism and its relationship with the factors shaping ecological tourism have been considered with the aim of promoting tourism collections in the understudy area based on the existing theories. Finally, the process of forming the ecological tourism complexes has been distinguished. The results of the research showed that the formation of ecological tourism complexes around natural-historical attractions in our country can be an effective step in sustainable tourism development; also, if "physical tourism planning" in Iran is done in a systematic way, it can create job opportunities and increase the value of currency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - A new conceptual model for social-ecological environment capacity of debris flow waste-shoal land based on sustainable development in mountainous area
Peng Zhao Daojie Wang Yong Li Yingchao Fang Huijuan Lan Wenle Chen Zengli Pei Yuchao Qi -
Open Access Article
165 - بررسی تأثیر برخی از شرایط رویشگاهی بر کمیت و کیفیت اسانس کاکوتی کوهی (Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam)
غلام رضا بخشی خانیکی فاطمه سفیدکن زینب دهقانمقدمه و هدف: گیاهان خانواده نعناعیان از قرن­ها پیش در اکثر کشورها به عنوان چاشنی یا ادویه غذاها و هم­چنین به عنوان دارو برای هضم غذا و مقابله با بیماری­های ویروسی استفاده می­شده­اند. این تیره در ایران 46 جنس و 410 گونه و زیر گونه دارد. یکی از گونه&sh Moreمقدمه و هدف: گیاهان خانواده نعناعیان از قرن­ها پیش در اکثر کشورها به عنوان چاشنی یا ادویه غذاها و هم­چنین به عنوان دارو برای هضم غذا و مقابله با بیماری­های ویروسی استفاده می­شده­اند. این تیره در ایران 46 جنس و 410 گونه و زیر گونه دارد. یکی از گونه­های ارزشمند و دارویی این خانواده کاکوتی کوهی Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. است. این گونه دارای اسانسی حاوی پولگون است که از آن به عنوان آرام بخش، مقوی معده، درمان سرماخوردگی، افسردگی، اسهال، سرفه، میگرن، تب و به عنوان ضد عفونی کننده استفاده می شود. به منظور بررسی تأثیر شرایط رویشگاهی بر کمیت و کیفیت اسانس Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. این تحقیق برای اولین بار در کشور، انجام شد. روش تحقیق: سرشاخه گلدار گیاه، از 4 منطقه رویشی آن در دو استان غربی کشور (همدان و کردستان) در مرحله گلدهی کامل جمعآوری شد. مهمترین شرایط رویشگاهی مناطق (از قبیل ارتفاع، جهت و درصد شیب، طول و عرض جغرافیایی و هم­چنین خصوصیات خاک و گونه های همراه) ثبت گردید. از نمونههای جمعآوری شده از هر منطقه، در سه تکرار اسانسگیری به عمل آمد. اسانس­ها توسط دستگاه­های GC و GC/MSتجزیه شیمیایی شدند. میانگین بازده اسانس ها توسط آزمون مقایسه ای دانکن مقایسه شدند. نتایج و بحث: نتایج نشان داد که شرایط رویشگاهی باعث اختلاف معنی دار در بازده اسانس در سطح یک درصد میشود. همچنین شناسایی ترکیبهای موجود در اسانسها نشان داد که میزان ترکیبهای عمده اسانس (پولگون و 8،1-سینئول) و سایر ترکیبها در نمونه های مختلف متفاوت است که نشان دهنده تأثیر شرایط رویشگاهی بر کیفیت اسانس است.توصیه کاربردی/ صنعتی: با توجه به اهمیت و خاصیت ضدمیکروبی ترکیب پولگون در گونه کاکوتی کوهی بهترین منطقه رویشگاه این گیاه با هدف تولید بیشتر ترکیب اخیر مربوط به منطقه نهاوند در استان همدان می باشد. بنابراین استفاده از جمعیت کاکوتی کوهی این منطقه جهت کشت و کار و نیز ایجاد شرایط اکولوژیکی (خاک ، آب و هوا، جغرافیایی) شبیه منطقه مورد مطالعه برای تولید کمی وکیفی اسانس این گیاه توصیه می شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - ترکیب شیمیایی دو گونه گل ماهور یا خرگوشک (ورباسکوم) جمع آوری شده از رویشگاه های طبیعی جنوب ایران
وحید کریمیان محمدرضا وهابی محمد فضیلتی فاطمه سلیمانی -
Open Access Article
167 - A Study of the Possibility of Demanding Ecological Reparation of Iran-Iraq War from International Court of Justice
Sayed Abbas Poor Hashemi Ali Faghieh HabibiEvery country can refer one’s own dispute with another country to international court of Justice. Neither international nor the legal proceedings of the court have any regulation to restrict the non-members of the court to refer their dispute to the court. Accepta MoreEvery country can refer one’s own dispute with another country to international court of Justice. Neither international nor the legal proceedings of the court have any regulation to restrict the non-members of the court to refer their dispute to the court. Acceptance of the jurisdiction of the court by members of the court is defined in article 36 of constitution and the events and circumstances described in it. The examination of the behavior of the court in cases that resort to force had taken place shows that the court as a legal organ has tried to obtain its jurisdiction within the framework of declarations and efforts and studies the legal aspect of each issue or international dispute including resort to force. Although on this issue, many jurists disagree and are of the view that resort to force can be politically interpreted and the court should not have absolute authority to examine the cases. The International Court of Justice otherwise have obligatory jurisdiction on cases which compulsory international norms (jus cogens) are violated and the court on cases that the sovereignty of a member of the United Nations is violated by another member can declare the aggressor as responsible and the latter must compensate the loss. In the case of Iran-Iraq war enormous damage were inflicted on eco system as well as human beings and these losses have so far not been compensated. Present article by referring to norms of international law wants to find out the possibility of demanding ecological compensation by suing a case in International Court of Justice Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - Assessment of Ecological Competence of urbun Expansion through ANP and Fuzzy logic methods in GIS (Case Study: Baharestan new town (Esfahan))
Anvar Amanolapour Hossein Nazmfar Atta Ghaffari GilandehThe reciprocal effect of sustainable and unsustainable ecological resources is considered in the course of assessment of ecological capacity. These resources have reciprocal effects to each other and environment as specifications of each micro ecosystem. So, it is oblig MoreThe reciprocal effect of sustainable and unsustainable ecological resources is considered in the course of assessment of ecological capacity. These resources have reciprocal effects to each other and environment as specifications of each micro ecosystem. So, it is obligatory to utilize nature as it less harms environment and at the same time it benefits human more. Therefore, the main objective of this research, to assess the ecological capacity for surface expansion of town based on principles of reclamation of land, Baharestan new town in Esfahan Province was studied through geographical information system (GIS). At first, the basic studies were done and the theme maps of the area were prepared and then numerated. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was produced in Arc gis 10.2 using topographic map. Then, the ecological resources Urban development map were produced by overlying the maps of elevation, slope, aspect, soil types, soil texture, soil depth, vegetation cover, geology, landuse, climate and distance to fault with ANP and Fuzzy logic methods in Arcgis 10.2. According to the obtained results, the total development zone with an area of 3264/068 hectares located in the south-east and north baharstan which make these areas and the lack of consideration in connection with the provision of suitable land areas that do not improve performance, 2800/717 hectare area around the planned future development of the city is considered Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - Analysis of rural population structure in regions of Urmia city
Ali Akbar Taghiloo Ali Akbar Anabestani Reza KhosrobeygiThe purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution of demographic indicators based on the development levels of villages in the Urmia region. It also examines the demographic structure of rural areas based on environmental capacities. In this research, a combi MoreThe purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution of demographic indicators based on the development levels of villages in the Urmia region. It also examines the demographic structure of rural areas based on environmental capacities. In this research, a combination of descriptive, analytical and comparative methods has been used. The method of data collection is a documentary method and has been compiled from the statistics center, satellite images and documents, and statistics on natural resources and agriculture. The TOPSIS model for development analysis and model cluster analysis was used, and to analysis Population indicator was used of Gini index and measures inequality. The results show that have measures of population distribution in different ecological areas than in rural developmental areas. The Gini index show the same all parameters of population ecological region except density population areas And the Gini index of regional development show that is unequal population growth and mean of rural population. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - Evaluating Ecological Power of Guilan Province for Ecotourism Activities Development
Mehdi Hesam amirreza shabahramiOne of the most important steps in planning ecotourism activities is the assessment of the power of different areas to create and develop these activities. In this regard, and given that the province of Guilan is one of the main tourist destinations in the country, in t MoreOne of the most important steps in planning ecotourism activities is the assessment of the power of different areas to create and develop these activities. In this regard, and given that the province of Guilan is one of the main tourist destinations in the country, in this research the ecological ability assessment of Guilan province for ecotourism activities is discussed. To do this research, firstly, the basic criteria for ecotourism activities were selected through study literature and the layers were prepared. Also, according to the views of 23 experts and experts in the field, the weight of each criterion was determined by hierarchical analysis method. Finally, the map of the spatial layers in the Arc Gis software after the application of the coefficient of importance, was integrated and integrated and the areas susceptible to ecotourism activity were identified. The results of the research show that the total area of the Guilan province is 4907 square kilometers in the most suitable category, 7593 square kilometers in the appropriate category, 779 square kilometers in the middle class and 785 square kilometers in the category of inappropriate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Investigating the environmental status of urban tourism using ecological footprint method (case study: Rasht city)
Tayebeh Ghaemi rad Hossein Hataminejad keramatollah ziari Ahmad PourahmadCities have always been regarded as a tourism destination for having natural, cultural, and human _made attractions. Tourism, like any other activity, does have many consequences on the ecological environment of cities. The city of Rasht attracts many tourists every yea MoreCities have always been regarded as a tourism destination for having natural, cultural, and human _made attractions. Tourism, like any other activity, does have many consequences on the ecological environment of cities. The city of Rasht attracts many tourists every year due to its central location and for having natural, cultural, and man-made attractions. The aim of current study is to investigate the environmental status of tourism on the ecological environment of Rasht. This research also intends to respond this question if this space capable of meeting the current needs of urban tourism? The research is based on the descriptive-analytical method and using ecological foot print model. The statistical population of the study consisted of the number of tourists in Rahst city. Therefore, 384 questionnaires were distributed among the tourists according to the Cochran model through two regular and random sampling methods. Eventually, the ecological footprint of tourism was calculated to be 908224 hectares. Considering the area of 13600 hectares of Rasht, the incoming pressure on the city’s environment can be observed clearly. Thus, planning to the persevere ecosystem of the city along with the attention to the tourism is a vital issue. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Evaluation of changes in the ecological structure of Behshahr city in order to provide solutions to improve landscape cohesion and promote environmental resilience.
Ebrahim Zahedi kelaki Sadroddin Motevalli Hassan Mahmoudzadeh gholam reza janbaz ghobadiToday, urban society is facing many problems, including environmental issues. Behshahr city has also been created due to population change and increase in construction with many environmental issues such as: change and destruction of natural lands, reduction of green ar MoreToday, urban society is facing many problems, including environmental issues. Behshahr city has also been created due to population change and increase in construction with many environmental issues such as: change and destruction of natural lands, reduction of green areas, fragmentation of land uses, etc. Based on the purpose of this study, the ecological change of Behshahr city in order to provide solutions for ecological configuration of the landscape (landscape) and the promotion of environmental radiation, using the principles of the landscape with the Forman mosaic model (spots, corridors and matrices) and Pathology is one of the structural elements of the landscape. For this purpose, first the elements of the ecological structure of the city were detected using satellite images of 1986 and 2020, then the changes of these elements were analyzed by 5 metric landscape (MNN, LSI, MPS, LPI, NP) in Fragstats program and in The pathology of these elements was continued by analyzing natural and artificial spots and corridors of the city. Finally, by zoning the degree of ecological continuity (vegetation) in Arc GIS software, solutions were provided to improve the ecological continuity of each zone. The results show that the elements of ecological structure, especially agricultural spots, gardens and green space of Behshahr city are not in good condition in terms of composition and spatial distribution and during the study period in terms of ecological continuity, especially agricultural spots have been severely damaged. So that crop and garden green spots have decreased by 52% and 31%, respectively, during the last 34 years. Last year it was reduced by about 48 meters, gardens and green spaces by about 10 meters, and the distances between similar ecological spots increased. Finally, it leads to the presentation of: (1) operational and executive "protective" solutions in relation to natural and green corridors and stains (2) and "corrective" operational and executive solutions based on the creation of green ecological networks and the restoration of stains. Destroyed as well as a critical network map of the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - Ecological Evaluation of Urban Development in Tabriz County by Analytic Network Process
رحیم سرور محمد علی خلیجیIt is essential to achieve sustainable development and a comprehensive evaluation plan relying on the natural environment. Land capability analysis for urban development is one of the main issues that urban planners are dealing with it. The present method is descriptive MoreIt is essential to achieve sustainable development and a comprehensive evaluation plan relying on the natural environment. Land capability analysis for urban development is one of the main issues that urban planners are dealing with it. The present method is descriptive - analytic. Determine the best site for the development of Tabriz, the model that used in this study is analytic network process (ANP), is used to determine the relative weight of each criterion. The results shows that central and Eastern zone of Tabriz best place to developments, Northern and southern zone is considered to be inappropriate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - A Sociological Research of Noise Pollution and Noise Control with Urban Green Space Expansion
Narmineh MoeinianAbstractThe purpose of the present study is noise pollution as an environmental, social and urban problem, with the dimensions, quantity and quality of noise pollution and the definition and its physical, psychological and social conditions which are viewed through medi MoreAbstractThe purpose of the present study is noise pollution as an environmental, social and urban problem, with the dimensions, quantity and quality of noise pollution and the definition and its physical, psychological and social conditions which are viewed through medical sociological perspectives and also proposing possible solutions to challenge these problems. Among the solutions urban green space design based upon the natural environmental approach is more desirable. This study is a deep analytical and quantitative research which its data was collected through corpus and documentary methods. Social environmental approaches pertaining the medical sociology and also ecological renewal theory have been applied as a theoretical framework. The findings show that noise pollution is one of the most important problems which seriously threatens physical, mental health and human social relations, to reduce these problems urban green space expansion design and devoting attentions towards it are seen as a base solution of the problems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - واکاوی پارادایمی مدیریت محیط زیست در ایران
مهسا فاطمی کورش رضائی مقدم ماتیس واکرناگلچالشها و تغییرات محیطزیستی مهمی بهویژه در حوزه توسعه کشاورزی در ایران وجود دارد. عمده این مسائل به دوران پس از اصلاحات ارضی و پیامدهای نوسازی در کشاورزی محسوب میشود. هدف اصلی از مطالعه حاضر، واکاوی پارادایمی مدیریت محیطزیست در ایران با تأکید بر بخش کشاورزی است. این Moreچالشها و تغییرات محیطزیستی مهمی بهویژه در حوزه توسعه کشاورزی در ایران وجود دارد. عمده این مسائل به دوران پس از اصلاحات ارضی و پیامدهای نوسازی در کشاورزی محسوب میشود. هدف اصلی از مطالعه حاضر، واکاوی پارادایمی مدیریت محیطزیست در ایران با تأکید بر بخش کشاورزی است. این پژوهش با استفاده از تحلیل اسنادی، مطالعه و بررسی مستندات و پایگاههای مختلف دادهای در سراسر جهان با بهرهگیری از تکنیک تحلیل محتوا انجام گرفت. از اینرو، دیدگاههای پارادایمی متنوع و همچنین استراتژیهای متفاوتی که در حیطه مدیریت محیطزیست در سطح دنیا مطرح شده است، مورد مطالعه و بررسی قرار گرفت. سپس ضمن مروری جامع و عمیق بر روند تصویب و اجرای قوانین، دستورالعملها، ضوابط و اقدامات مختلف در زمینه مدیریت محیطزیست، ایران از لحاظ بحث مدیریت محیطزیستی در گذر زمان به سه فاز مختلف شامل اشتیاق نسبت به دستاوردهای نوسازی (1962-1974)؛ آغاز نگرانیها نسبت به مسائل محیطزیستی (1974-2005)؛ و بحران مدیریت محیطزیست (2005 تاکنون) تقسیم شد. در این پژوهش تلاش شده است تا مهمترین مشکلات ناپایداری محیطزیست و همچنین علل عدم موفقیت سیاستهای کلان در این حوزه در سه دوره زمانی مدنظر مورد بحث قرار گیرند. یافتهها نشان داد که دیدگاه فکری نامناسبی در مدیریت محیطزیست ایران حاکم است و از سوی دیگر همچنین ناسازگاری و ناهماهنگی بین دیدگاه فکری و استراتژیهای بکار گرفته شده در دورههای زمانی مختلف، مشاهده میشود. طبق یافتهها، دیدگاه غالب فکری در زمینه مدیریت محیط زیست در گذر زمان، دیدگاه افراطی اقتصادی با تأکید زیاد بر فاکتورهای اقتصادی و نادیده شمردن مسائل محیط زیستی بوده است. بنابراین، شاهد افزایش تخریبهای زیستمحیطی بوده و در مقابل به جای سازماندهی فعالیتهای نظاممند مشارکتی، صرفاً یک سری اقدامات پراکنده و مجزا از سوی نهادهای مختلف انجام گرفته است. در نهایت، راهکار بنیادین در راستای مدیریت پایدار محیطزیست در حوزه کشاورزی، تغییر دیدگاه پارادایمی از تکنولوژیگرایی به سوی زیستبومگرایی است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - Evaluation of the ecological potential of tourism and protection of Nayband National Marine Park by zoning the land and offshore sections
nazli moghadam yekta R. Hejazi A. KarimiIn this study, the ecological potential of tourism and protection of the land and offshore section of Nayband National Marine Park, in the southeastern part of the Kangan city in Bushehr province was evaluated. Therefore, after identifying the environmental resources of MoreIn this study, the ecological potential of tourism and protection of the land and offshore section of Nayband National Marine Park, in the southeastern part of the Kangan city in Bushehr province was evaluated. Therefore, after identifying the environmental resources of the area, investigation and preparation of required maps using Landscape Ecology Method using Geographic Information System (GIS) was started. Using national and international criteria, ecological potential of the region for recreational activities was assessed and by overlaying of maps, suitable recreation areas were identified for both land and offshore regions. Two levels (levels 1 and 2) were identified for the land sector and 1 level for the offshore area. Taking into account the growing of the economic development around the region and considering the location of the protected and sensitive areas within the study area, the recreational package was finalized. After zoning and determining the uses of protected areas, based on the information obtained from the identification of biophysical and socioeconomic resources, the zones were presented to supplement the objectives of management and planning of programs at three levels of long term (25 to 50 years), medium term (5-25 years) and short term (5 years), of the national park. Due to the increase of the immigrant population in the region, and limited capacity of the park for recreational activities, the national park will not answer this volume of tourists. Therefore, two categories were set for the program, the first category was the removal of recreational activities from the National Marine Park of Nay Band to the areas outside the park with a higher priority and the second category was organizing the recreational activities of the park. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - Assessment of Ecological Potential of Bolhasan- e- Dezful Area For Tourism by using MCDM
S. A. Jozi N. Moradi Majd H. AbdolahiBolhasan forest region with 5725 hectare area lies in north east of Dezful city. The region belongs to natural forests and tourist areas in Dezful. This area of creates appropriate potential to develop tourism. Tourism is largest and fastest growing industry in the worl MoreBolhasan forest region with 5725 hectare area lies in north east of Dezful city. The region belongs to natural forests and tourist areas in Dezful. This area of creates appropriate potential to develop tourism. Tourism is largest and fastest growing industry in the world. در توسعه سریع صنعت توریسم، سریع ترین رشد در بخش اکوتوریسم بوده که بین 5/2 تا 7 درصد سریع تر از سایر بخش های توریسم توسعه یافته اسThe rapid development of tourism, the fastest growth in the ecotourism sector has been developed between 5.2 to 7 percent faster than other sectors.Tourism as a dynamic industrial development with characteristics expansionist plays important role in the world economy. Growth of this industry in each country requires effective strategy and program management. ارزیابی توان اکولوژیکی مناطق در راستای کاربری توریسم به عنوان ابزاری برای حصول به این هدف شناخته شده است.Evaluation of ecological tourism potentials areas in order to register as a tool is known for achieving this goal. In this regard, and given the ecological specificity of Bolhasan area, evaluation of the conditions in the region was fulfilled by weighing the criteria with Hierarchy Analysis Process (AHP) in the Expert Choice soft ware. In this research, evaluation of the criteria, by AHP, Geographic data systems was followed by display of ecological power status by means of such method and transfer of the inputs on the map. Results of the research indicate that about 18.74% equivalent to 4419 hectares of area have been very desired for tourism, extensive, 21.18% equivalent to 1232 hectares of area with desired and 7.7% equivalent to 84 ha, with possible undesirable and 87.32% equivalent to 1881 hectares of area have be very desired for tourism focus, 6.15% equivalent to 882 ha area with desired and 61.51% equivalent to 2970 hectares with power is undesirable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - Assessment of ecological health in estuaries of Bandar Abbas using Biotic Indices Polychaete/Amphipod (BOPA)
J. Jahandari R. Mousavi Nadoushan S. M. R. Fatemi M. Sediq MortazaviThe present study was performance in the estuaries Soro, Abi and fishery of Bandar Abbas and sampling in the warm season (summer 1390), cold (winter 1390) and the 9 stations was conducted. Based on the results, a total of macro groups, the highest prevalence of polychae MoreThe present study was performance in the estuaries Soro, Abi and fishery of Bandar Abbas and sampling in the warm season (summer 1390), cold (winter 1390) and the 9 stations was conducted. Based on the results, a total of macro groups, the highest prevalence of polychaete worms (with 54.7 percent) was evaluated in Three regions studied, with matching results of biological indicator BOPA (Bentic Opportunistic Polychaete and Amphipoda) on the ratio of two groups of polychaete and amphipoda performed, value analysis BOPA Show that , Soro estuary pollution and environmental stress levels are weak, The highest index BOPA among all the estuaries, was calculated by 1.58 in Shilat estuary. This reflects poor conditions and bad ecological estuary.. And the minimum value of the index measure to 0.736 Abi estuary, which represents ecological situation is bad, but compared between the three estuaries studied the ecological situation showed. over all, and a based on the degree of pollution three estuaries of study In conditions of extreme stress and classification pollution affected by ecological and environmental unsuitable assessed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - Evaluation of carrying capacity of Bamdej Wetland of Khuzestan with emphasis on aspects of conservation
S.A. Jozi N. Moradi MajdBamdej Wetland is located 40 km north of Ahwaz, with area of 4000 hectares. Bamdej Wetland is a natural wetland with great ecological, scientific outing and economical value which in case it can be preserved and revived will raise all values as a self regulating collect MoreBamdej Wetland is located 40 km north of Ahwaz, with area of 4000 hectares. Bamdej Wetland is a natural wetland with great ecological, scientific outing and economical value which in case it can be preserved and revived will raise all values as a self regulating collection.First, the ranges of studies were identified ,and four sampling stations were selected. The were sampled randomly. During experiments BOD5, COD, nitrates, phosphates, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, temperature, DO, salinity, TSS and TDS were measured. Then, the results of water quality system are exmind. Ecological evaluation study area was performed using fusion rapid assessment and TOPSIS. In this way resources were based to 13 groups include: the extent of the wetland, vegetation around the wetland, the width of buffer, soil status, connecting with other water sources, depth of wetland, source of water supply, time of wetness, normal disturbances, habitat development, type of wetland cover, and biodiversity of plants. Comparing the annual quality indicator of each station with a table of water quality index indicate that the station 3 is belong to the third group and station 1, 2 and 4, belong to fourth group classification system of water quality indicator. Finally, Bamdej Wetland earned 59 points of 85 possible points of rapid evaluation method. This expression that wetland desirable conservation value is (grade 2). TOPSIS method was used for analys some important ecological factors of Bamdej Wetland. The results confirm that wetness time of Bamdej Wetlands weighing of 1.483 is the most important criteria of its value. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - Effect of Micro-Catchment on indices of Rangeland Health Using Landscape Function Analysis Method
mohaddeseh arab sarbizhan Mahdieh Ebrahimi Majid Ajorlo -
Open Access Article
181 - Some Autecological Properties of Medicinal Plant of Salvia hydrangea L. in Mazandaran, Iran
Mahdieh Ebrahimi Somayeh Ranjbar -
Open Access Article
182 - Investigating Effects of a Prescribed Spring Fire on Symbiosis between Mycorrhiza Fungi and Range Plant Species
Jalil Ahmadi Mohammad Farzam Amir Lagzian -
Open Access Article
183 - A Conceptual Model on Relationship between Structure and Functions in Rangeland Ecosystems
Amir Ahmadpour Gholam Ali Heshmati Ramtin Joolaie -
Open Access Article
184 - Identification of Some Ecological Factors Affecting Essential Oil of Verbascum songaricum Schrenk Shoots (Case Study: Rangelands of Isfahan and Kohgiluyeh and Buyerahmad Provinces, Iran)
Vahid Karimian Mohammad Reza Vahabi Javad Roustakhiz Negin Nodehi -
Open Access Article
185 - Role of Plant Species and Ecological Patches in Conserving and Fixing Natural Landsʹ Soil Using Landscape Functional Analysis (LFA) (Case Study: Dehbar Rangeland, Torghabeh, Mashhad, Iran)
Reyhaneh Azimi Gholam Ali Heshmati mohamad kia kianian samira hossein jafari Dawood Zakeri -
Open Access Article
186 - Ecological Potential Modeling for Agricultural and Rangeland Development Using GIS-based FAHP Approach: A Case Study of Razin Watershed
Saeed Mahmoudi Mahmud Khoramivafa Moslem Hadidi -
Open Access Article
187 - Effect of Topography and Soil Properties on Distribution of Ferula pseudalliacea (Bitter Asafetida) in Yazd Province, Iran
Samira Hossein Jafari Adel Sepehry Hassan Soltanloo Ali Akbar Karimian -
Open Access Article
188 - Effect of Mining Activities on Structure and Function of Rangeland Ecosystem Using the Landscape Function Analysis (LFA) (Case study: Dareh Zereshk Copper Mine, Yazd, Iran).
Elham Fakhimi Javad Motamedi -
Open Access Article
189 - Effects of Topography and Soil Variables on Abundance of Onobrychis chorassanica Bunge. in Kardeh and Kurtian Rangelands, Mashhad, Iran
Majid Dashti Hamidreza Mirdavoudi Alireza Ghasemi Arian Narjes Azizi -
Open Access Article
190 - Indigenous Knowledge of Shepherds in Determining the Flammability of Vegetation: A case study of Khalkhal Semi-Steppic Rangelands of Iran
Ardeshir Pournemati Adel Sepehry Hossein Barani Kiomars Sefidi -
Open Access Article
191 - Investigating the Relationship between Soil Properties and Morphological Traits and Volatile Oil Components of Ferula assa-foetida L. under Habitat Conditions in Kerman Province, Iran
Vahid Ebrahimian Hossein Azarnivand Seyed Akbar Javadi -
Open Access Article
192 - Impact of Abiotic Environmental Factors on Pistacia vera L. Density in Woody Rangelands: A Case Study in Northeastern Iran
Alemeh Mazangi Hamid Ejtehadi Mohammad Farzam Omid Mirshamsi Soroor Rahmanian -
Open Access Article
193 - ANP Application in Evaluating Ecological Capability of Range Management (Case Study: Badreh Region, Ilam Province)
Ali Mahdavi Marzban Faramarzi Omid Karami -
Open Access Article
194 - Comparison of Ecological Patches' Potentials and Functions in Rangeland Ecosystems (Case Study: Qahavand Rangelands, Hamedan Province, Iran)
Reza Kavandi Habib Gholamali Heshmati Hamid Siroosi -
Open Access Article
195 - Ecological and Phenological Study on Ferulago angulata in the Hezar Mountains and Bondar Henza, Kerman, Iran
Vahid Ebrahimian, Reza Bagheri Mohsen Mohseni Ahmad Poormirzaei -
Open Access Article
196 - Evaluation of Alternative Livelihoods Status in Arid and Semiarid Regions of Iran to Improve Sustainability
Reza Kavandi Habib Gholamali Heshmati Hamid Siroosi -
Open Access Article
197 - Investigation of Fire Effects on Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Soil in Golandaz Dehbekri Rangeland
Saed Shahrokhi Sarduo Reza Bagheri Hamzeh Ahmadi Fatemeh Mahdavi -
Open Access Article
198 - Explain the role of sociological factors in the tendency of villagers to high-risk substance abuse behavior (Case study: villages of Rahima Abad district of Rudsar city)
hormoz mohammadpoor lima alireza mohsenitabriziPeople's tendency to risky behaviors is an important social issue that has affected the quality of life of people, social ties, human capital and social health of communities. The aim of this study was to explain the influence of rural sociological factors on the tenden MorePeople's tendency to risky behaviors is an important social issue that has affected the quality of life of people, social ties, human capital and social health of communities. The aim of this study was to explain the influence of rural sociological factors on the tendency to high-risk behaviors using Durkheim anomie theories, Sutherland differential linkage, Park and Bridges ecology, Hershey social control, Alexander adaptation, Seaman social alienation, Cohen subculture ) Done. The research method is survey type that the data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the study is all people over 18 years of age in the villages of Rudsar city, which are based on the 2016 census (6205 people). The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 400 people. The sampling method is cluster sampling. The research findings showed that the average tendency of villagers to high-risk substance abuse behavior is lower than the hypothetical average. Inferential analysis of the hypotheses confirmed the influence of cultural, social, ecological and individual factors on people's tendency to risky behaviors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
199 - Study of ecological sustainability and analysis factors affecting of cotton cultivation in the North of Golestan province, Iran
Mohsen Shokrgozar Darabi Afshin Soltani Ebrahim ZeinaliIn this Paper ecological sustainability of cotton cultivation and factors affecting them during 2014 and 2015 were studied in the villages of Aq-Qala and Ali Abad Katul cities, Golestan province. The statistical community was cotton farmers of the two Regions. One hundr MoreIn this Paper ecological sustainability of cotton cultivation and factors affecting them during 2014 and 2015 were studied in the villages of Aq-Qala and Ali Abad Katul cities, Golestan province. The statistical community was cotton farmers of the two Regions. One hundred farmers were selected randomly and information about personal and professional characteristics as well as ecological properties of farms were collected through face to face interviews. The results showed that 10 and 41 percent of farms were described as unsustainable and relatively unsustainable, respectively, while only 3 percent of the farms studied were sustainable and 46% were classified as relatively sustainable. Therefore, based on the results, sustainability of the cotton fields investigated in this study was estimated as lower than average. In order to more analyze, factor analysis and stepwise regression were used. The results showed that 14 variables were loaded onto 4 factors and described 58% of total variance. Results of regression analysis showed that the "history of agriculture" affects in the ecological sustainability more than other variables, followed by "organic fertilizer", "weeding frequency" and "yield". The variables "number of irrigation", "amount of pesticide", "literacy level" and "mismanagement of residue" had a negative effect on the stability of the cotton production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
200 - Study ecological characteristics Valeriana sisymbriifolia in Yazd (Case study: Bahabad area)
fatemeh sharajabian ali asghar mosleh arani zeynalabedin hosseini reza bagheri hengameh zandiValeriana sisymbriifolia species is a kind of Valerianaceae which has been used as soothing nerves, eliminating insomnia from past until now. This study was conducted for recognizing some ecological characteristics, trying in order to farming, and preventing its destruc MoreValeriana sisymbriifolia species is a kind of Valerianaceae which has been used as soothing nerves, eliminating insomnia from past until now. This study was conducted for recognizing some ecological characteristics, trying in order to farming, and preventing its destruction in the natural habitat. Habitat characteristics of this species such as climatology, soil characteristics, associated species, phenology and biometric characteristics of population were investigated in order to research. After collecting the species' seeds, the effects of different treatments on germination were investigated. The results indicate this species are distributed in height of 1850 meters above sea level in the northern slope of the Kam Kuiye mountains of Bahabad city of the Yazd province. The site's climate is cold and dry based on Dr. Karimi method. Moreover, soil characteristics' studies show that sandy loam texture ,non-saline, with neutral PH near alkaline, low organic material, 30-35% lime for growing of Valerian is suitable. According to this study regeneration of this species is done well and its vegetative growth time is from April to July. In this site, Juniperus, Amygdalus scoparia, Lonicera, Dionysia, Cotoneatster are seen, that indicate adequate moisture need and mountainous areas climate. The results also show that gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate and cooling treatments used in most concentrations did not have significant effect on increasing of seeds germination of this species compared to control. The results of this study can be used to develop this medicinal species in areas with similar ecological conditions for conserving and using of this species. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
201 - An investigation on ecological characteristics of Ephedra major in Bojnourd Rangelands
Ali mohammad Asaadi Asghar Khoshnod yazdiThe aim of this research is to assess the ecological needs of Ephedra major as a medicinal and forage species and important for soil and water conservation in Rangelands of Bojnourd. In the site, the studies were done climatically characteristic, geology, stand type, co MoreThe aim of this research is to assess the ecological needs of Ephedra major as a medicinal and forage species and important for soil and water conservation in Rangelands of Bojnourd. In the site, the studies were done climatically characteristic, geology, stand type, co-dominant plant and vegetable variation, Estimating biomass, physical and chemical analyses of the soil. The results indicated that Ephedra major could be adapted for regions with semiarid- cold climate to altitude climate, annual rainfall average of 332.9 mm and annual temperature average of 9.82 c. Ephedra major have dispersed in north, south, east and west slope and altitude 1400- 2520 m of sea level in mountainous areas. The Soils physical and chemical analyses showed that the soil is very shallow with sandy-loom texture, Ph= 7.75, Ec= 55.88 µs/cm and lime. The stand type was Artemisia aucheri- Festuca ovina and the co-dominant plants were over 86 species. Average of canopy covers and density were 2.16 and 346 shrubs in hectare respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the variables of precipitation, saturation moisture percentage, pH, potassium, calcium and sand had significant correlations with the first axis and explained the 49.84% variation. For the second component, the percentage of organic matter and nitrogen were more important traits and explained the 27.94% variation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - Sustainability assessment of greenhouses systems with in Sistan and Baluchestan province
Mohammad Reza Rafiei Ahmad Ghanbari Mohammadreza Asgharipour Baratali FakheriThe aim of this study was to compile composite indicators for quantifying the agro-ecological and socio-economical sustainability of greenhouse production in Sistan and Baluchestan. Data were collected from 400 greenhouse systems at four different regions using a face-t MoreThe aim of this study was to compile composite indicators for quantifying the agro-ecological and socio-economical sustainability of greenhouse production in Sistan and Baluchestan. Data were collected from 400 greenhouse systems at four different regions using a face-to-face questionnaire during 2014. The sample size was calculated using the Cochran method. Four surveyed regions included Sistan, Zahedan, and central region of the province covering Khash, Saravan, Mirjaveh and southern region of the province covering Nikshahr, Iranshahr and Sarbaz. Average score of sustainability index in greenhouse system was 59.8. The results of step by step regression progressive showed that the most important factors determining the sustainability index in the systems were; economic efficiency of water, type of greenhouse ownership, costs of fertilizer, source of water supply, neighboring owner living and technicians education of owner with the coefficient regression of 0.022, 1.292, 0.850, 0.004, 0.720 and 1.94, respectively. The study of critical points revealed that correct management of greenhouses, employing certified technical experts and introducing and implementing modern technology to mechanize the greenhouse equipment will be lead to sustainable greenhouse and crop yield increasing in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
203 - Effect of some ecological factors on distribution of chase tree (Vitex pseudo-negundo), a medicinal plant in Kohgiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad province
Zeynab Salehpour Esfandiar Jahantab Rezvan Karami Barzabad Mahna Deylamsalehi Jamshid Mohmmadi Farideh AbaslooThis research was carried out to determine the effect of some ecological factors on distribution of Vitex pseudo-negundo a medicinal plant in Kohgiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad province. Vector base topographic map of the area was obtained and entered into GIS program. Height, s MoreThis research was carried out to determine the effect of some ecological factors on distribution of Vitex pseudo-negundo a medicinal plant in Kohgiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad province. Vector base topographic map of the area was obtained and entered into GIS program. Height, slope and aspect maps were generated by creating DEM image. Evaporation, temperature and precipitation maps of the area were similarly created. 5 sites selected, and then in per site, 3 quadrats with the size of two by two meters were randomly plotted. Canopy cover percentage and the plant number and height of Vitex of were estimated in each quadrat. In each quadrats, soil samples were collected to measure, soil properties including organic carbon, texture, EC, pH, N, P and K contents. Results showed that the lowest plant growth was distuributed at the altitude of 550 meter in Lishter, and the highest at 850 meter in Khan Ahmad region. The chase tree plant was distributed in precipitation range of 480 to 640 mm, and temperature range 20 to 25 Cₒ. Vitex grew in loamy - sandy soils with C= 1/41 (%), pH= 7/44, N= 0/122 (mg/kg), P= 67/25 (mg/kg) and K= 254 (mg/kg). Considering the variations in the proportion of each component, it could be concluded that silt, electrical conductivity (EC), evaporation, potassium, precipitation, height, sand, temperature, Humidity and soil phosphorus content are the most important factors in the distribution of chase tree. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
204 - Spatial Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Sediments of Lake Qarun Wetland, Egypt
Yasser El-Amier Hala Fakhry El-Sayed F. El-Halawany Hatem K. Adday -
Open Access Article
205 - Biochemical, Molecular and Ecological characterization of Petroleum Biodegradable Bacteria in Misan Province/Iraq
Hiba N. Dhaegheem Salih H. Jazza Zahid S. Aziz -
Open Access Article
206 - Effect of pollution on the ECO phytocenological assessment of Thymus caucasicus (Lamiaceae lindl.) populations in the territory of eastern Azerbaijan, Ardabil
seyed shiva asbaghian namin -
Open Access Article
207 - An Evaluation Of Ecological Solutions Based On Energy Efficiency In The Vernacular Architecture Of Ardabil
mahsa javadi nodeh azadeh shahcheraghi alireza andalib -
Open Access Article
208 - Life cycle assessment of Iranian Rice cultivars production affected by NPK using management
حسن Jafari حسین Ajamnoroozie M.R Dadashi افشین Soltani سلمان DastanThe aim of present study was to investigate life cycle assessment of Iranian rice cultivars production affected by NPK chemical fertilizers using management. The experiment was conducted in farms located in Mazandaran province, Sari, during 2017 and 2018. The experiment MoreThe aim of present study was to investigate life cycle assessment of Iranian rice cultivars production affected by NPK chemical fertilizers using management. The experiment was conducted in farms located in Mazandaran province, Sari, during 2017 and 2018. The experiment was performed as split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The different doses of fertilizer treatments at five levels including F1: 250 kg N ha-1 + 150 kg P ha-1 + 150 kg K ha-1 (N250P150K150), F2: 200 kg N ha-1 + 100 kg P ha-1 + 100 kg K ha-1 (N200P100K100), F3: 150 kg N ha-1 + 75 kg P ha-1 + 75 kg K ha-1 (N150P75K75), F4: 100 kg N ha-1 + 50 kg P ha-1 + 50 kg K ha-1 (N100P50K50), and F5: Control or no application of fertilizer treatments (N0P0K0) as main plot and local rice cultivars at two levels of Sang Tarom and Tarom Hashemi were considered as sub-plots. The results showed that an average amount of cumulative energy demand and cumulative exergy demand was 11549.78 and 13443.08 MJ, respectively that with increase of nitrogen consumption, both indices showed a decreasing trend. The average ecological footprint was 1190.80 m2a which CO2 emissions had shown the highest effect on the ecological footprint. The average of the impact categories of abiotic depletion was equals 12.44 kg Sb eq, acidification (3.15 kg SO2 eq), eutrophiction (2.33 kg PO4 eq), malodorous air (7295733 m3 air), freshwater sediment ecotoxicity (75.79 kg 1,4 DB eq), marine sediment ecotoxicity (116.11 kg 1,4 DB eq) that all of which decreased with increasing nitrogen consumption. The average global warming potential (GWP) 20a and GWP 500a were 399.20 and 382.97 kg CO2 eq, respectively. Two indicators of human toxicity and terrestrial ecotoxicity in the three periods of 20, 100 and 500 years shows increasing amounts equal 0.42% and 140.70% during 20a to 500a, respectively. All pollutants released into the air and the water demonstrated a decreasing trend with increasing nitrogen amounts. The emission of nitrate into soil, metals into the soil, and chemical oxygen demand showed a decreasing trend with increasing nitrogen levels. By group comparing between different levels of nitrogen at splitting levels, it can be stated that the main cause of variations in the amount of pollutants was the higher output (yield) compared to inputs. Indeed, nitrogen uptake in four developmental stages has resulted in maximum plant use, resulting in increased yield and emission reduction per unit area. Therefore, reducing the emission of pollutants by increasing nitrogen consumption can be due to increase of yield. According to the findings of this study, the application of N150P75K75 treatment is a better option to improving the yield of rice cultivars along with a decrease in chemical fertilizers and subsequent reduced fertilizers costs and environmental damages. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
209 - Analyzing the anthropological roots of ecological criticism
mehdi khosravi Maryam Mahmoodi Parisa ِDavariFollowing the emergence of modernism and the serious damages of the 20th and 21st century to nature as the habitat of humans and the danger of its destruction, researchers in the field of ecological criticism literature introduced it as a new science. An approach that d MoreFollowing the emergence of modernism and the serious damages of the 20th and 21st century to nature as the habitat of humans and the danger of its destruction, researchers in the field of ecological criticism literature introduced it as a new science. An approach that deals with the relationship between literature, art and nature and their mutual influence, so that maybe by focusing on this issue, considerations regarding the preservation and protection of the habitat by the human society can be considered. Although human action and behavior changes with the transformation of the social structure system and under the influence of the philosophy of looking at life, but what causes a friendly or competitive relationship with nature, becoming unique or superior to it, has roots in the human psyche that are more primitive and more fundamental than superstructures. In this article, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical way, an attempt has been made to investigate the root of damage to nature, which has caused the formation of ecological criticism. Components such as fear of nature, animism of nature, the existence and presence of the maternal descent system, and finally modernity, each of which has determined the limits, limits, why and how of the relationship and behavior at a specific time, and of course the role and relations of power in this influence and impression can also be is attention Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
210 - Compilation of the proposed model of the ecological edge of the 15th district in the southeast of Tehran with an emphasis on ecotourism
منا خلیلیThe new patterns of the city and urban life have long distanced man from the experience of being in nature and connecting with it; However, most cities have natural boundaries with valuable ecological elements and a platform to satisfy the naturalistic needs of humans. MoreThe new patterns of the city and urban life have long distanced man from the experience of being in nature and connecting with it; However, most cities have natural boundaries with valuable ecological elements and a platform to satisfy the naturalistic needs of humans. Limits that in recent years have challenged urban planners to make the best decisions in order to properly exploit these ecological potentials. The ecological edge of Tehran's urban areas plays an important role in the promotion of ecotourism and urban landscape. The main research question is the analysis of internal and external influencing factors on the ecological edge of region 15 with an emphasis on ecotourism. The main goal of the research is to formulate the proposed model of the ecological edge of the 15th district in the southeast of Tehran with an emphasis on ecotourism. The research is applied in terms of purpose, analytical in nature and qualitative-quantitative in terms of method.The data collection method is library. The statistical population of the research is made up of 80 experts from the municipality of Region 15, neighborhood development offices and urban planning professors, and the technique used in this regard is the Delphi technique. The sampling method used in the present study was a stratified and probabilistic one. The data collection tool is a closed-ended questionnaire. A combination of SWOT and AHP has been used for data analysis. The results of the findings show that according to the internal (strength, weakness) and external (opportunity, threat) matrix, defense strategies have been chosen in line with the ecological edge of the 15th district in the southeast of Tehran, with an emphasis on ecotourism. Also, according to the results of prioritizing the options, aggressive strategies were chosen as the highest priority.The choice of this strategy means that the ecological edge of the 15th district in the southeast of Tehran, with an emphasis on ecotourism, has capabilities that can be used for its development and environmental opportunities Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
211 - A comparative study of novice and experienced EFL teachers’ remotivational strategies: Ecological systems and Self-determination theories in perspective
Hadis Sadr Alavian Hasssan Asadollahfam Mohammadhossein YousefiThis study, drawing on a dual theoretical standpoint constituting ecological systems theory (EST) and self-determination theory (SDT), compared Iranian novice and experienced EFL teachers’ remotivational strategies. The participants, selected based on convenience sampli MoreThis study, drawing on a dual theoretical standpoint constituting ecological systems theory (EST) and self-determination theory (SDT), compared Iranian novice and experienced EFL teachers’ remotivational strategies. The participants, selected based on convenience sampling technique, comprised two equal 32-member groups of novice and experienced EFL teachers teaching different proficiency levels at six language institutes. To gather data, semi-structured interviews were conducted. The results of thematic data analysis indicated that novice and experienced teachers were approximately similar in terms of the emerging theme instances situated within the integrative SDT/EST framework. Nonetheless, novice and experienced teachers were markedly different concerning the number of theme instances for each SDT facet positioned in the EST layers. Moreover, the results of Chi-square test demonstrated significant differences between novice and experienced teachers in terms of the number of themes existing in the SDT/EST frame. The results, enhancing teacher educators’ understanding of the similarities and disparities between novice and experienced teachers’ perceptions of remotivational strategies, can provide teachers and teacher educators with awareness concerning how remotivational strategies are nested across multiple systems while simultaneously being informed by a certain motivation-specific theory. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
212 - Effect of brown algae and vermicompost application on some cherry tomato traits in hydroponic system
Sahar Araghian Ali Bagherzadeh Reza SadrabadiTo study the effect of brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum and vermicompost extracts on yield and yield components of cherry tomato, a pot experiment based on a completely randomized design in factorial with three replications was conducted in greenhouse condition in Mashha MoreTo study the effect of brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum and vermicompost extracts on yield and yield components of cherry tomato, a pot experiment based on a completely randomized design in factorial with three replications was conducted in greenhouse condition in Mashhad during 2013-2014 as hydroponic system. Experimental treatments were brown algae and vermicompost extract in 0, 2, 4, 6 per thousand concentrations. Cherry tomato used seeds were soaked in mentioned concentration of each treatments immediately put in cultivation tray. To prepare container seeds field a mixed containing 50% peatmoss and 50% perlite was used. After the tomato seedlings became in the form of 4 to 5 leaves, they were transferred into peat moss and perlite hydroponic system. Growth factors include the number of leaves and plant height, stem diameter, wet and dry weight of stem and quality traits including fruit vitamin C and pH were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Both biofertilizers improved quantitative and qualitative characteristics of plant compared to control. All parameters were increased specially using higher level of biofertilizers. On the whole, using both of fertilizers in 6 per thousand level can be recommended for cherry tomato quality and quantity improvement Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
213 - Environmental evaluation with land ecology and landscape ecological approaches: case study of Kaleibar Chay, basin, Arasbaran, Iran
Mehrdad Akbarzadeh sasan Babaiy Kafaki jaber Davoodi ali Faramarzi This research attempted to find the best sites for development with ecosystemic and landscape ecological approaches. For this purpose, the case study was evaluated by each approach. After data collecting, quantity and quality criteria of the case study zone More This research attempted to find the best sites for development with ecosystemic and landscape ecological approaches. For this purpose, the case study was evaluated by each approach. After data collecting, quantity and quality criteria of the case study zone were quantified and became dimensionless and thereafter limitation layers based on Boolean logic were applied to the map and each approach. Regarding consistency matrices and acceptable errors and using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) principles and aggregative support system, criteria weights in every approach were figured out. Finally, using simple additive weighting (SAW) method, criteria were weighted in each approach. For development, the worked out results were sorted in four groups from high preference to low and then consequences were represented in one complex map and matrix. The complex map outcomes were confirmed by matrix diameter selection which was recommended in every approach. The results showed 4985.12 hectare appropriate areas out of 54872.3 hectares for basin development. In each approach, the most overlap was observed in the lowest preference. Manuscript profile
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