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Open Access Article
1 - A Comparative Study of Determining the Rate of Receiving Solar Radiation on the Northern Facade of Qajar Period Schools in Shiraz (By the Law of Cosines and Solar Diagram Methods)
Hamed AyaliThis research explores the principles of Iranian architecture, specifically how it adapts to climatic conditions and maximizes solar energy intake beyond traditional sustainability principles. The focus is on studying the central courtyard of Qajar period schools in Shi MoreThis research explores the principles of Iranian architecture, specifically how it adapts to climatic conditions and maximizes solar energy intake beyond traditional sustainability principles. The focus is on studying the central courtyard of Qajar period schools in Shiraz and its relationship to solar radiation and shadow effects. The research aims to answer how solar radiation intake has influenced the orientation of these schools. The methodology involves evaluating case studies, conducting library research, and making field observations. Registered Qajar period schools are studied, critiqued, and analyzed using analytical, deductive, and classification approaches. The findings indicate that the most suitable orientation for Qajar period schools in Shiraz, in terms of solar radiation intake, is a 25-degree rotation relative to the north, specifically in the northern facade of the central courtyard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - A Study on the Lighting Equipment in Qajar Era and the Impact of Modernity on its Development
Khatereh Fahimi Mahtab MobiniThe process of designing and producing the lighting devices continues, almost uniform, from Ancient Persia to the Islamic era and the artists tried to take advantage of the earlier generations experience, in terms of creating more improvement equipment in design and dec MoreThe process of designing and producing the lighting devices continues, almost uniform, from Ancient Persia to the Islamic era and the artists tried to take advantage of the earlier generations experience, in terms of creating more improvement equipment in design and decoration. Qajar era was the last period of using the traditional lighting equipment before the development of modern technologies and also a turning point in the evolution and development of these devices as a result of encountering Iranian traditional society to the industrial aspect of the West. Eventually, with the arrival of gas and electricity in the late thirteenth century AH, most of these items were either supplanted or were transformed into decorative tool. Based on the primary sources, the present paper studies the types of lighting equipment since ancient time and their survival and development during the Qajar period as well as the customs and crafts associated with them, by exploring the Astan-i-Quds and Astan-i-Qum treasuries References Safar Nāma- yi Aḍud al- Mulk bih Atabāt, Revised by Hasan Morsalvand, Tehran, Mawʾassisa- yi Pazhūhish wa Muṭāliʿāt-i Farhangī, 1370/ 1991. Bakhtiar, Amir Hooshang, "Manṣab-i čirāgh- čī- Bāshī Dar Atabāt-i Āliyyāt", Tarīkh-i Islām, No. 15, Fall 1382/ 2003. Brugsch, Heinrich , Safarī bih Darbār-i Sulṭān-i Ṣāḥibiḳarān, trans. HoseinKordbacheh, Tehran, Ettelaat Publication, 1368/ 1989. Fehervari, Geza, Ceramics of Islamic World in the Tareq Rajab Museum, New York, I.B. Tauris & co Ltd, 2000/ 1379. Floor, Willem, Ṣanāyi- i Kuhan dar Dawra- yi Ḳādjār, Traditional Crafts in Qajar Iran (1800-1925), trans. Ali- Reza Baharlou, Tehran, Piykara, 1393/ 2014. Guzārish- hā- yi Naẓmiyya az Maḥallāt-i Ṭihrān (Tehran), Rāpūrt-i WaḳāyiMukhtalifa Maḥallat- i Dār al- Khilāfat (1305- 1303 AH), Revised by Ensiyeh Sheykh Rezaee & Shahla Azari, Vol. 1, Tehran, National Library of Iran, 1377/ 1998. Khurāsān Dar Asnād Amīn al- Ḍarb (Sāl- hā- yi 1351- 1282 AH), Under Guidanse of Iraj Afshar, Revised by Narges Pedram & Mozhdeh Mahdavi, Tehran, Thurayyā, 1390/ 2011. Mūnis al- Dawla, Khāṭirāt- i Mūnis al- Dawla Nadīma- yi Ḥaram Sarā- yi Nāṣir al - Dīn Shāh, Revised by Sirus Sedvendiyan, Tehran, Zarrīn, 1380/ 2001. Mustawfī, ʿAbdallāh, Sharḥ-i Zindigānī- yi Man, Tarīkh- i Idjtimāī wa Idārī- yi Dawra - yi Ḳādjāriyya, Vol.1, Tehran, Zawwār, 1377/ 1998. Nadjmī, Nāṣir, Ṭihrān- i(Tehran) Aṣr- i Nāṣirī, Tehran, ʿAttār, 1364/ 1985. Shahri, Jafar, Tarīkh-i Idjtimāī- yi Tehran dar Ḳarn- i Sīzdah- hum: Zindigī, Kasb wa Kār, Tehran, Rasā, 1368/ 1989. Shishegar, Arman, "Bārfatan", Dānish-nāma-yi Djahān-i Islām, Mostafa Mir-Salim (as supervisor), Tehran, The Center For The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1375/ 1996. Wills ,Charles James, Tarīkh- i Idjtimāī Iran Dar Ahd- i Ḳadjāriyya (Persia as it is : being sketches of modern Persian life and character), Revised by Jamshid Dodange & Mehrdad Niknam, Tehran, Zarrīn, 1363/ 1984. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Mianjoob, The lost Caravanserai
Siavash DoroodianThe purpose of this article is to find the location, characteristics and reasons for the disappearance of Mianjoob Caravanserai. This building was located in the middle of the road that connected the capital to the western regions of the country during the Qajar period. MoreThe purpose of this article is to find the location, characteristics and reasons for the disappearance of Mianjoob Caravanserai. This building was located in the middle of the road that connected the capital to the western regions of the country during the Qajar period. Historical-analytical research method has been used to find out the condition and characteristics of this building. In this method, by examining the historical sources of the Qajar period, the possibility of the existence of this caravanserai in the assumed place between Tehran and Karaj has been investigated, and according to the historical documents, the hypothesis has been proven. This study shows that the building was located in the vicinity of the current Wardvard and was called Mianjoob due to its location next to the stream that goes from the Karaj River to Tehran. The findings of this research also determine the reason for naming, the name and characteristics of the owner of the building, and the reason for the destruction of the building. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Export of Iranian Carpets to the United States During the Qajar Period; Backgrounds and Challenges
Fereshte Jahani The integration of Iranian economy into the world economy in the Qajar period caused foreign trade, especially handicrafts such as carpets, to grow significantly. In such circumstances, the United States was considered as one of the most important target countri More The integration of Iranian economy into the world economy in the Qajar period caused foreign trade, especially handicrafts such as carpets, to grow significantly. In such circumstances, the United States was considered as one of the most important target countries for the export of Iranian carpets, but this export was accompanied by ups and downs. The present article, based on the press and unpublished documents, seeks to answer the question of what factors accelerated the trade of Iranian carpets in the US market and what were the challenges ahead? the findings of this study indicate that following the reflection of trade and commerce exhibitions in the Qajar period press and the efforts of Iranian diplomats in Washington, some backgrounds in the United States and some factors in Iran accelerated the process of exporting Iranian carpets. Although in some cases there were brief interruptions in carpet exports to the United States for some reason, these obstacles were removed through the efforts of diplomats. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - The Concept of Fashion in Iran During the Qajar Second Period and Early Pahlavi Era Based on Memoirs and Daily Reports: A Sociological Study
Seddigheh NayefiNowadays, fashion is a significant cultural concept and one of the most powerful global economic industries. Despite its importance, the extent of related professions and its impact on cultural and economic issues of the modern era, there is no precise research and info MoreNowadays, fashion is a significant cultural concept and one of the most powerful global economic industries. Despite its importance, the extent of related professions and its impact on cultural and economic issues of the modern era, there is no precise research and information on how Iranians deal with this phenomenon. Iran's relationship with the West and its confrontation with concepts such as Western culture and modernity dated back to years before the Qajar period, but relevant documents and research indicate a lack of interest and serious influence of Iranians in the phenomenon of fashion and its manifestations (such as Western clothing style) until before the Qajar second period. Advanced research aims to analyze how Iranians deal with this phenomenon and their attitude towards it in this period by collecting historical data in a documentary approach with a sociological perspective. So, the documents such as reports and daily memoirs, used to compare the views of classical and contemporary sociologists on the concept of fashion. The research findings indicate that the consistency of the examined texts with the views of classical sociologists concepts and theories such as trickle-down theory, class imitation, the efforts to create or eliminate class distinctions, the display of ostentatiousness and leisure time of the affluent class led to the condemnation of fashion, not as the contemporary positive approaches towards fashion Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Social Problems of Nasirid Era as Reflected in Qanun-i- Qazwini
Hosian BayatlooThe political and intellectual relationships between Iran and the European countries in the mid-Nasirid period, gave rise to some kind of reformism among the elites and the intellectuals. Accordingly, there were many critical writings about turbulent socio-political sit MoreThe political and intellectual relationships between Iran and the European countries in the mid-Nasirid period, gave rise to some kind of reformism among the elites and the intellectuals. Accordingly, there were many critical writings about turbulent socio-political situation of Iran. They were written not only by the intellectuals but also by the lay people (including the artisans and businessmen). As the most interesting one is Qanun-i-Qazwini, a critical treatise by Muḥammad shafi’ Qazwini. What makes it most interesting is that the treatise was written not by an intellectual but by an artisan and businessman. This study attempted to reexamine the most important social problems of the Nasirid Time as represented by the Moḥammad Shafi. As Moḥammad Shafi pointed out, the social problems goes mainly back to the security and the economical structures. First chapter considers that how the economy would increase the social problems. The second chapter shows how the insecurity, as Qazwini said, may increase the rubbery. Using descriptive-analytical method, the author tried to explain the situation by comparing Qazwini’s studies with what happened in the Nasirid Time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - An Analyis about Etezad Al-Saltaneh‘s Narrativition Method in Iksir Al-Tavarikh
Mahbobe Taheri abbas sarafrazi mohmmad baghestani kozegar ardeshir asadbeigi mohammad nabi salimThe Examining the style of narration in historical sources is one of the most important points in historiography and causes the recognition of the constituent parts of a work such as perspective, linguistic structure, narrative techniques and art. The book Iksir Al-Tawā MoreThe Examining the style of narration in historical sources is one of the most important points in historiography and causes the recognition of the constituent parts of a work such as perspective, linguistic structure, narrative techniques and art. The book Iksir Al-Tawārīkh by I’tizād Al-Saltana, as a work in which the author, as a narrator, depicts historical events while expressing the function of the institution of power, using special narrative elements, can help to understand Qajar historiography. The present research is based on the hypothesis that due to some narrative features of the book Iksir Al-Tawārīkh how does make it as an outstanding work by showing the interaction of social and political conditions and historical figures. The author's narrative style is originated from the political, social, cultural and literary atmosphere of his time and he turned to historical events with a linear narrative and the historical characters are in accordance with social structure and way of thinking. Also, the structure of the narrative is formed by using reporting and aesthetic language, and as a result, by deciphering the narratives, one can understand the effect of power on the language of the historical narrative of the Qajar period Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Religious Teachings and Food Culture of Iranian Ordinary People
ابراهیم موسی پورThe food culture of Iranian people has been an aspect of Iranians'everyday life which in spite of throughout changes that were the resultof officialization of Shi'ism, has not been so shifted or modified. Infact, Shi'ism couldn't be supposed as an effective factor in ma MoreThe food culture of Iranian people has been an aspect of Iranians'everyday life which in spite of throughout changes that were the resultof officialization of Shi'ism, has not been so shifted or modified. Infact, Shi'ism couldn't be supposed as an effective factor in making anyreligion-based change in nutrition system of the ordinary people at thisperiod. Nevertheless, along with the Islamic general recommendationsabout eating rites (ādāb al-akl) and the pattern of proper and improperacts /rights and wrongs which believers were supposed to consider intheir food behaviors, some Shiite teachings and particularly thereligious occasions have formed some food habits of Safavid-Qajaridpeople or at least have resulted in some certain regulations in thesehabits. Upon this survey, most of these teachings are originated ingeneral Islamic tradition and the resulted changes of Shiite teachings,are mainly manifested in public feedings and vow ("nadhr"s) rites inShiite temporal or local situations, mostly in a popular religionapproach Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Mīrzā Abū Turāb Naţanzī and A Novel Attitude to the Problem of Trisection of An Angle
هادی عال مزاده فاطمه دوست قرینQajarid era was simultaneous with huge social and cultural changesin Iran, including the teaching of exact sciences in modern schoolsrather than traditional seminaries; we encounter a religious scholar,who was expert in both fields of rational and traditional sciences,c MoreQajarid era was simultaneous with huge social and cultural changesin Iran, including the teaching of exact sciences in modern schoolsrather than traditional seminaries; we encounter a religious scholar,who was expert in both fields of rational and traditional sciences,called Mīrzā Abū Turāb Naţanzī. In a treatise entitled Dar Ma، rifatiWatar-i Thulth-i ķaws-i Ma، lūma al-Watar (on the knowledge ofthe chord of one-third of an arc with a known chord), he presented anovel numerical method for trisecting an angle. This article is tosurvey Mīrzā Abū Turāb’s biography and works, and introduce histreatise and method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Conflict of Interest in the Imperial Bank and Its Effects on the Iranian Economy
Khashayar Seyed ShokriThe Imperial Bank of Persia was the most important foreign financial institution in Qajar era of Iran, which was established in 1306 AH (1889) by granting concession by Naser al-Din Shah and was active in Iran for a total of 60 years (total time of concession), so MoreThe Imperial Bank of Persia was the most important foreign financial institution in Qajar era of Iran, which was established in 1306 AH (1889) by granting concession by Naser al-Din Shah and was active in Iran for a total of 60 years (total time of concession), so that it can be named as one of the best examples of foreign direct investment during the colonial era in Iran. However the bank was facing serious conflict of interest issues, as it was the most important commercial bank in Iran, it had the exclusive right to print banknotes, the Iranian government was one of its most important customers, it had to answer to its non-Iranian shareholders, and the British authorities had certain political expectations from it. The main subject of this paper is to study the bank's policies facing these conflict of interests in order to better understand an important part of the financial history of the Qajar era, and the attempts has been made to do the research in historical way and by using descriptive-analytical method and with reference to the available sources and references. This study seeks to answer the question of whether the bank was able to perform its various tasks efficiently. The paper concludes that the bank was neither significantly profitable for its shareholders, nor did perform its' functions as a state-owned bank properly, and nor did its' duties in realizing the British government's colonial goals Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Taxes and Expenditures of Provinces under the Qajars: Revenue and Expenditure Instruction of Bastām - Shāhrūd Region, 1877-1878
محمد علی کاظم بیگی سید مصطفی حسینیUnder the Qajars, the traditional society and economy of Bastam-Shahrud region remarkablly changed by internal and external forces.To enlight the developments, the present study readouts and analysesthe official instruction issued by the central government for revenuean MoreUnder the Qajars, the traditional society and economy of Bastam-Shahrud region remarkablly changed by internal and external forces.To enlight the developments, the present study readouts and analysesthe official instruction issued by the central government for revenueand expenditures of the region in 1877-1878. This work shows thatalong with developments in the local economy (trade and agriculture),while income of the central government was growing, the peasantrywere subject to more tax burden on the one hand, on the other handnothing of the increased revenue reached the treasuray, as localexpenditure exceeded the income. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Religious Elements in Everyday Language and Semiotics of Iranian Ordinary People in Safavid- Qajar Period
ابراهیم موسیپورTraditional system of education in Safavid- Qajar Iran based onteaching of the Qur'an and other Scriptures had led to create a largenumber of expressive units in everyday language of people, whetherthey were literate or illiterate, and in written literature. In addition MoreTraditional system of education in Safavid- Qajar Iran based onteaching of the Qur'an and other Scriptures had led to create a largenumber of expressive units in everyday language of people, whetherthey were literate or illiterate, and in written literature. In addition,those educations had basic influence and reflections in the society in away that the Qur'anic phrases and religious formulas had formed agreat part of the practiced language of the people. Furthermore, aconsiderable part of non- lingual expression styles of Iranians hadbeen influenced or essentially created by the permanent presence ofreligious teachings in the context of everyday life through whichsimultaneously the general semiotic units of social relations of peoplehas been defined in a religious cultural framework. In their dailyinterrelations- greetings, blessings, curses, execrations, oaths, etc. -people have been accustomed to use a vast variety of sacred namesand religious phrases, expressions and formulas and moreover forcreation of expressive mechanisms they came to understand andinterpret many actions and non-lingual signs by means of a religioninstitutionor religion- developed cognitive context. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - The Punishment in Qajar Era (1210-1264 AH): The Case of Making Blind
babak rohulamini s.hashem aghajariThe history of making blind as a punishment backed to pre-Islamic Iran. The punishment was prevalent in Iran's criminal justice system until the mid-Qajar period. But it was gradually abandoned. This study aims to investigate the punishment of making blind during the Qa MoreThe history of making blind as a punishment backed to pre-Islamic Iran. The punishment was prevalent in Iran's criminal justice system until the mid-Qajar period. But it was gradually abandoned. This study aims to investigate the punishment of making blind during the Qajar era and how it was removed from Iran's criminal justice system. The results of this study indicate that the punishment was used in Iran until the early days of Mohammad Shah's reign and it was mainly against the perpetrators of security such as the rebel princes and Khans. It seems that the removal of this punishment was due to the consolidation of Qajar government as well as the impact of Western law. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Wars between Iran and Russia as a Foundation of Change in Iran's Educational System
داود یحیایی فاخته ماهینیThe Russian attack on Iran in Qajar Period at the beginning of the 19thcentury occurred, at a time when Iran faced numerous problems in itsinternal affairs ignorant of global changes, this unfortunate event hada positive consequence, in that Fath Ali Shah and his court& MoreThe Russian attack on Iran in Qajar Period at the beginning of the 19thcentury occurred, at a time when Iran faced numerous problems in itsinternal affairs ignorant of global changes, this unfortunate event hada positive consequence, in that Fath Ali Shah and his court’s menbecame aware of Iran's weakness in military equipments and science.This in turn was an intensive development for reform in theeducational system of Iran. This article investigates the mostimportant actions taken in this regard which provides the backgroundfor this reform. (R.H.) Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Contemplation on Semiotics of Qazvin Houses Entrance of During the Qajar Era from Aspects Ferdinand de Saussure, Charles Sanders Peirce and Umberto Eco
Noushin Sekhavat doust Fariba AlborziSemiotics (Semiology) is a scientific approach which deals with studying and analyzing signs. By broad and multilateral studying upon objects in different cultural and social fields, it can be considered as an efficient factor (effect) in architecture and impressive age MoreSemiotics (Semiology) is a scientific approach which deals with studying and analyzing signs. By broad and multilateral studying upon objects in different cultural and social fields, it can be considered as an efficient factor (effect) in architecture and impressive agents in creating spaces. This research, investigates the reasons and meaning of the factors (effects) which were used in the entrance of Qajar's houses of Qazvin City from view of semiotics, and by considering “Ferdinand de Saussure”, “Charles Sanders Peirce” and “Umberto Eco” points of view. The theory is that in researching every detail of these entrances with Semiological view, whatever that interpreted as a sign is a result of human's thoughts (mind) and also has been impressed by cultural and social structures. However, the main part of this research is mostly about objective (visual) factors (effects) but as the aforementioned theory suggests, these visual factors (effects) are also made by following the thoughts (mind). In this research it is decided to study the entrance of Qajar's houses of Qazvin City by using semiotics (semiology) to analyze these areas more deeply than what was thinking about them- that these areas are just a linking part of the houses. The research also wants to find and analyze the factors (effects) among cultural and social fields, which can be interpreted as signs. As it can be understood from research's title and its theory, necessity of meaning interpretation and social analysis as the main base have an important role, so by considering them, the research method is qualitative and in analyzing, it is supreme, comparative and descriptive. Semiological analysis were carried out in accordance with the views of “Saussure”, “Peirce”, and “Eco”. Therefore, the cause-and-effect relationships of signifier and signified were discussed in Saussure’s perspective. Then, the designatum, Sign, interpretant, and three types of semiotics (index, symbol, and icon) were discussed in “Peirce’s” point of view. Finally, the centrality of culture was analyzed in the formation of symbols in accordance with Eco’s view. In addition to analyzing the functional and conceptual causes of spatial elements of the entrance symbolically, the research results indicated the most effective factors in the analysis of signs in reference to subjective and conceptual components. Such components resulted in cultural, social, religious, and behavioral structures by considering the physical features leading to a meaningful form. Accordingly, the researchers managed to determine the philosophical method of semiotics in the legibility of architectural elements by preserving the nature of the method. The aforesaid approach described the conventional relationship between physical forms and the elements of entrance space comprehensively in addition to their applications. It also justified those entrance symbols which were merely decorative and useless, due to the lack of a specific functionality, in the legibility of deep semantic strata in reference to sociocultural structures. In interaction with the views of theorists, the legibility of entrance space symbols was provided in a more detailed context in relation to the residents and users of space in addition to behavioral and religious patterns affecting the creation of a meaningful physical for such elements. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Evaluation of Privacy in Different Types of Spatial Structure of Traditional Iranian Houses Base on the Space Syntax Mathematical Analysis (Case Study: Shiraz Qajar Houses)
Najmeh Zangeneh Hamed Moztarzadeh Malihe Taghipour Tahereh NasrAccording to rapports, since home construction is cultural, its form and organization are also influenced by the culture that the home is a product of. In this way, traditional Iranian architecture can be described as full of concepts that are based on Iranian religious MoreAccording to rapports, since home construction is cultural, its form and organization are also influenced by the culture that the home is a product of. In this way, traditional Iranian architecture can be described as full of concepts that are based on Iranian religious culture and beliefs. One of the most important concepts that influence the formation of traditional Iranian houses is the concept of privacy. Unfortunately, in today's construction, the conception of privacy is ignored. In fact, in the current century, the concept of privacy has been a victim of economic and social factors, and priority for building spaces that create privacy gradually decreased. The result has been the construction of alien homes with indigenous culture. Therefore, although people live in modern houses and try to adapt to modern architecture, they still consider a traditional home a desirable home. Accordingly, since the home is the most private place for each person, it is one of the main places, where makes essential privacy. Thus, traditional home reviews, where the concept of privacy is well respected, can help architects to apply this principle in today's housing architecture. In this regard, given that traditional houses of the warm and dry climate of Iran are built as a courtyard, and the organization of the spaces around the courtyard is based on different patterns, the most common of which is the organization of the four types of patterns. These patterns include two sides of construction (two opposing masses), two sides of construction (two perpendicular masses), three sides of construction, and four sides of the construction. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the privacy of these four patterns in Qajar houses in Shiraz. The research method used in this study is quantitative-qualitative, and the tools used in analyzing houses are mathematical space syntax. Such that, initially eight Qajar houses were selected, and after identifying the three characteristics of introversion, hierarchy, and locating for privacy, at first the houses graphs were extracted by A-Graph software, then these three privacy factors are based on space syntax tools, including, integration, connectivity, relative mean depth, relative asymmetry, real relative asymmetry, and accessibility were analyzed. The research results show that, on the one hand, the concept of privacy as an integral concept in traditional Iranian architecture, in all the patterns of the Qajar houses of Shiraz, the architects have been of interest. On the other hand, based on the analysis, by increasing the mass-to-space ratio from two sides to four sides, the amount of introversion, hierarchy, and locating has increased. This indicates that in the Qajar houses of Shiraz, the pattern of the four sides of the building has the highest amount of privacy than other patterns. This is due to the possibility of separating public and private territories, increasing the depth, and building nested spaces on each side. Moreover, the findings of the study suggest that, in all construction patterns, the least privacy concerns first the courtyard space and then the guest space, and on the contrary, most privacy concerns the bedroom. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Typology Research of the Northwest Iran’s Railway Stations’ Architecture (The Qajar Period to Present)
Habib Shahhoseini Fatemeh AsadzadehThe railways, as a gateway to urban life and an achievement of technology, reflect the characteristics of the culture and identity of each community, which are also presented in the architectural styles of its stations. Railway stations have been of great historical imp MoreThe railways, as a gateway to urban life and an achievement of technology, reflect the characteristics of the culture and identity of each community, which are also presented in the architectural styles of its stations. Railway stations have been of great historical importance by changing the intellectual horizon of the people. Today, railway stations do not only serve as a mean for people to travel and transport, but also, they are being constructed for their aesthetic and symbolic values. In this regard, old railway stations are the most significant ones as they increase the value of their surroundings and are capable to help practice sustainable architecture. The initial stations were mainly derived from endemic architecture styles and materials, resulting in enduring buildings. However, the typology of the architecture of the old railway stations in Iran has not been studied adequately especially in different periods of time and consequently, the need for a comprehensive study in this matter is striking. Therefore, by using the qualitative-analytical method and collecting data from various documents, old books, and field observations, this research aims to study and analyze the physical characteristics of 116 Iran’s northwestern railway stations (Tehran - Tabriz) in four periods of Qajar, first and second Pahlavi and The Islamic Republic to identify the physical patterns of the railway stations of each period. The main question that this paper tries to answer is: “what are the differences between railway stations’ architectural body during various periods of time in the northwestern line of Tehran-Tabriz?” First of all, railway stations of each period in the research area were identified one by one, and afterward, by a detailed analysis, the typology of the identified stations’ architectural body was classified for each period. The identified factors for evaluation were the plan’s type, number of floors, type of roof, the used materials in the station’s facade, and the number of ornaments. These factors were considered separately in the railway stations of each of the four periods. The results of the research indicate a significant reduction in the variety of patterns used over time, except for the number of floors in the period of the Islamic Republic with two and three-floors stations with more variety of uses, the type of materials used, roof type, type and proportions of the plan and the number of decoration patterns studied in this period, have lost their variety during the time. To construct railway stations in the period of the Islamic Republic, there has been a tendency towards flat roofs and a plan type that has a relatively monotone structure without decorations. The current research identifies the architectural body of historical railway stations, in order to plan for future development and reuse them while preserving their originality and historical identity, as part of the cultural heritage of Iranian society. Additionally, future studies can focus on a more detailed analysis such as determining differences between the various materials in each part of the building like façade, floor, walls, and ornaments during time periods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - A Comparative Study on Residential Architecture in the Qajar era (Case Study: Mansions in Tehran)
Mercedeh Tahmasbifard -
Open Access Article
19 - Comparative Comparison of Common Animal Motifs in the Sheikh Safi Al-Din Complex (Safavid Period) and the Shrine of Imam Reza (AS) (Qajar Period): An intertextual Approach
Roya Esmi Habib Shahbazi Shiran -
Open Access Article
20 - Khoy’s Expansion from Early Islam to Late Qajar According to Historical Documents
Lida Balilan Asl Elham Jafari -
Open Access Article
21 - The Role of Garden and Courtyard in Organizing the Space of Aristocratic Houses in Tehran during Qajar’s Era
Maryam Armaghan Hossein Soltanzadeh Homa Irani Behbahani -
Open Access Article
22 - Reading a Home: An Application of Rapoport's Viewpoint in Iranian Architecture Studies
Ali Akbar Heidari Parisa Mohammad Hoseini Nazgol Behdadfar -
Open Access Article
23 - Elixir of Recent Vestiges; A Comparative Study of the Indentity Problem in the Qajar Chronology
محسن KhaliliCataloging of historical events could be done in three manners:historigraphy, chronology and beholding history. The author callsthem narration which has a distinguished speciality. He belives that asa matter of fact writing the events which have been taken place in theQ MoreCataloging of historical events could be done in three manners:historigraphy, chronology and beholding history. The author callsthem narration which has a distinguished speciality. He belives that asa matter of fact writing the events which have been taken place in theQajar dynasty into history was not never historigraphy and nor wasa chronology by itself. So there are several themes that run throughthe time which attemp to rethink beholding history in this way. Theauthor uses a modernized one: identity. He describes it as a processwhich leads to the realization of what is and who is. The content ofthis context can be analyzed on the basis of “Self-Else” , “traditionalreligiouslegitimate” and “authority”. In this article three texts of theQajar dynasty have been collate by these Substances: (elixir of history,royal vestiges, modern history). He concludes that identity have anyobjectivity itself. It is important to appreciate the full significance ofthe point that the history texts imply a process with men’s identity orindividaulity. This binary matching of identity with history has beenunderstood too inflexibly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Undeveloped Imports and Exports of Iran and Russia in the Qajar era (1174-1304 AD)
mahmood seyyed majid golmohamadiDuring the Qajar period, Iran was not impressive enough to modernize its old structures, familiarize itself with the economy and industry, and the progress made in importing and exporting. The weakness of the economic structure has made it unrivaled in the international MoreDuring the Qajar period, Iran was not impressive enough to modernize its old structures, familiarize itself with the economy and industry, and the progress made in importing and exporting. The weakness of the economic structure has made it unrivaled in the international economy, but its proper trading position has expanded its relationship with Russia. In this research, we tried to examine the structure of the development of import and export with the Russian Federation during this period by using the documents of the Qajar period. In this article, we have tried to analyze the reasons for the replacement of Iranian imports and exports and the factors that put Iran at the forefront of dependence and backwardness. Is the development of the import and export of Iran and Russia due to the incorrect policies of the Qajar governments or the subsequent governments? According to the research findings of colonial governments, including Russia in the nineteenth century, by limiting the activity of Iranian capitalists in important industrial fields, establishing industrial dependence and limiting imports and exports, bankrupt the domestic industry, pushing the country's economy toward raw materials production, and Depriving Iran of a significant portion of oil revenues over a long period of time plays an important role in Iran's lack of industrial development. Although the Qajars were the cause of Iran's industrial depletion, post-Qajar governments also played a major role in Iran's lack of industrial development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - The role of social values in the architectural structure of houses of the Qajar period of Yazd from the perspective of the Quran
Pantea Baghdadi Abolghasem Dadvar maryam sabetiIntroduction: Architectural design of traditional Iranian houses is influenced by various factors such as religion, culture, geographical and social characteristics. In the meantime, paying attention to moral and social values and principles derived from the rules of Is MoreIntroduction: Architectural design of traditional Iranian houses is influenced by various factors such as religion, culture, geographical and social characteristics. In the meantime, paying attention to moral and social values and principles derived from the rules of Islam has led to the spiritual and relaxing functions of traditional places. This research investigates the role of social values in the architectural structure of traditional Qajar houses in Yazd from the perspective of the Quran, and its purpose is to analyze the objective manifestation of these characteristics in the architectural structure of these houses.Research method: The type of research was descriptive-analytical, which was first extracted through library research methods, concepts related to the subject from the books of some experts, thinkers, Islamic verses and traditions, then the role of social values in the architectural structure of traditional houses was discussed and interpreted.Results: The results of the research show that social values from the perspective of the Quran are considered in the architecture of traditional houses, and people take examples from the Quranic verses and Islamic traditions in this case, and its effects are in the form of respect for privacy, the importance of hospitality, the rights of neighbors, avoiding extravagance and Observance of contentment, lack of nobles, discipline and observance of hygiene have been manifested.Conclusion: The results show that the characteristics and values of Islam are well shown in the Islamic Iranian houses, and besides the practical features, it also provides the beauty and naturalness of the building materials. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - An analysis of key factors in the visual quality of the walls of residential buildings in the Qajar period of Tabriz
Arezou Mirzaei Asadollah shafizadeh Aynour naseri Naserianalyzing the visual quality of the walls of residential buildings in Qajar houses in Tabriz. The method used in the present study is descriptive, analytical and exploratory and its approach is documentary and survey. In the present study, in order to analyze the data, Moreanalyzing the visual quality of the walls of residential buildings in Qajar houses in Tabriz. The method used in the present study is descriptive, analytical and exploratory and its approach is documentary and survey. In the present study, in order to analyze the data, the method of structural studies in the form of Mick Mac software has been used to identify the key factors of the system. In this regard, 50 experts in the field of architecture of historical monuments and cultural heritage were used to weigh the indicators. Based on the results, 10 factors of architectural creativity, the presence of visual richness in the building facade, unity of elements, visual proportions of the facade, balance-rhythm-similarity-symmetry-homogeneity, the proportion of visual elements, the degree of balance, hierarchy , The degree of attention to visual beauty and the existence of hierarchy between different scales were identified as key factors influencing the system. Also 10 very influential components of the system including psychological perception of beauty, the presence of visual richness in the building facade, the amount of visual attraction, beauty and fit of doors and windows, unity and harmony, fit and continuity of the building, the fit of architecture in the facade Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Falahat Mozaffari, First scientific magazine in Iran
Omid MasoudifarThe Naseri period is the beginning of the arrival and development of new phenomena and techniques in Iran. The change of agricultural education and promotion in Iran started at the end of the Nasrid period. Falahat Mozafari magazine is the beginning of the promotion of MoreThe Naseri period is the beginning of the arrival and development of new phenomena and techniques in Iran. The change of agricultural education and promotion in Iran started at the end of the Nasrid period. Falahat Mozafari magazine is the beginning of the promotion of new agriculture and scientific journaling in Iran. The publication of this magazine started in August 1900 and its publisher is the Central Department of Agriculture under the head and director general of Agriculture(Fakhim Al-Sultaneh). This publication has chosen the promotional approach of using new agricultural methods instead of traditional agricultural methods in its 18 issues, which is reflected in its articles. For the first time, advertisements for the sale of new agricultural machinery can be seen in this magazineThe Naseri period is the beginning of the arrival and development of new phenomena and techniques in Iran. The change of agricultural education and promotion in Iran started at the end of the Nasrid period. Falahat Mozafari magazine is the beginning of the promotion of new agriculture and scientific journaling in Iran. The publication of this magazine started in August 1900 and its publisher is the Central Department of Agriculture under the head and director general of Agriculture(Fakhim Al-Sultaneh). This publication has chosen the promotional approach of using new agricultural methods instead of traditional agricultural methods in its 18 issues, which is reflected in its articles. For the first time, advertisements for the sale of new agricultural machinery can be seen in this magazine Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Analysis of the Impact of In-Between Meaning on Promoting the Sense of Place in the Qajar Mosque-Schools (Case Study: Salehiye Mosque- School in Qazvin City) *
Samin Torkaman Jamaleddin SoheiliBackground and Objective: In the architecture of Islamic period of Iran, public buildings such as mosques-schools were places for people to interact with different tastes and thoughts, with their diverse functions and spaces and with in-between spaces that played a deci MoreBackground and Objective: In the architecture of Islamic period of Iran, public buildings such as mosques-schools were places for people to interact with different tastes and thoughts, with their diverse functions and spaces and with in-between spaces that played a decisive role in organizing the diverse functions of these places and linking them more closely. They formed a whole, and made it possible for one to stay in that place. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the in-between spaces on promoting a sense of place in the Qajar mosque-schools and to explore how in-between spaces can be effective in promoting a sense of place?Method: Correlation analysis in Spss software was used to analyze the variables, and with library, field and survey studies to investigate the effective factors in promoting sense of place and in-between spaces.Findings: Results of this study indicate that the coefficient of significance between the variables of sense of place and in-between spaces is less than 0.05 and there is a significant relationship between these two variables.Discussion and Conclusion: The use of in-between spaces can be effective in creating sense of place in architectural space. Because today the concept of in-between spaces is very important in the design of architectural spaces, so that it can be used to reinforce the link between human and place in new public spaces, ultimately leading to better exploitation of the environment and the continued presence of people. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IMAGE OF WOMEN IN THE POETRY OF JAMIL SEDQI ZAHAWI AND MALEK AL-SHORA BAHAR
Hedieh Ghassemifar Fatemeh ghaderiWomen and their status is among the most important issues the poets of past and present have paid attention to. This elegant creature has been able to develop and improve in the history in the way that she deserves in spite of all the hardships and adversities MoreWomen and their status is among the most important issues the poets of past and present have paid attention to. This elegant creature has been able to develop and improve in the history in the way that she deserves in spite of all the hardships and adversities. Jamil Sedqi Zahawi the Iraqi poet and Malek Al-Shora Bahar the Iranian poet have paid attention to this fact in their works and have helped women through their free and conscious way of thinking. The present article studies the role and status of women in the 19th and 29th century Iraq and during the Qajar and Pahlavi Period in Iran and brings examples of their poetry. The article finally concludes that both poets have similar points of view although there are some minor differences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Linguistic, Written and Grammatical Features of Qajar Era Letters; by Focusing on Ghaem Magham and Amir Kabir
Hamideh Mazhari Azad Maryam ShayeganIn Qajar era, due to the lack of mass media on one hand and the expansion of the general level of literacy on the other hand caused the situation of people from different classes (kings and princes, scholars and clerics, open-minded educated people, poets and writers an MoreIn Qajar era, due to the lack of mass media on one hand and the expansion of the general level of literacy on the other hand caused the situation of people from different classes (kings and princes, scholars and clerics, open-minded educated people, poets and writers and even the common people) to be proposed, rather, many of the current issues to be mentioned in the letters, which have been less considered in official and administrative correspondence due to security and secret issues. This period, while from a historical point of view, Persian prose has been transitioning from artificial prose to technical prose; from a cultural and social point of view, correspondence was freed from the monopoly of kings, ministers, writers and people of grace, and the general public also tended to correspondence. This research tries to investigate the role and status of letters and correspondence in Persian prose by identifying the type of writing, terms and literary interpretations used and the ideas and themes of the types of letters left from the Qajar era. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Tendency to Superstition and Anti-superstition in Iran’s Political Ideology (with Emphasis on the Qajar Dynasty)
Fariba Masoudi Mahmoud Ketabi Ali Akbar AminiThe purpose of the present study is to review the effects of “superstition” on the political underdevelopment in the Qajar dynasty. In this regard, the relationship between the superstitious culture and underdevelopment in the Qajar dynasty and the effects o MoreThe purpose of the present study is to review the effects of “superstition” on the political underdevelopment in the Qajar dynasty. In this regard, the relationship between the superstitious culture and underdevelopment in the Qajar dynasty and the effects of superstition on the non-participative political culture back then were studied. The method of study was causal-qualitative based on the historical and sociological approach; and the results showed that the superstitious culture of the Qajar dynasty with its non-scientific, irrational, and non-religious approach led the Iranian society to decadence or at least political underdevelopment. Indeed, the tendency to superstition and people’s belief to such false ideas during that age led to irrationality, dominance of mythological mentality, political dictatorship, and finally political underdevelopment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - The Effect of Ethnic Gap on the Transformations Leading to the Persian Constitution in Iran
Mohammad Ali Alizadeh Muhammad Qasem Pour Yousef Motavali HaghighiThe purpose of the present study is to answer this question: what has been the impact of ethnic gap in the Qajar dynasty on the transformation process leading to the Persian Constitution? The research relies on the hypothesis that ethnic gaps made different ethnic group MoreThe purpose of the present study is to answer this question: what has been the impact of ethnic gap in the Qajar dynasty on the transformation process leading to the Persian Constitution? The research relies on the hypothesis that ethnic gaps made different ethnic groups, using their military force, bring about the most important changes that led to the Persian Constitution and finally the constitutional revolution occurred in Iran due to the dominance of some ethnic groups who were opponents of the establishment. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that some ethnic groups had no perception of the constitution and just due to the weakness of the central state used the opportunity for ethnic retaliations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Theory of Political Sovereignty of Wali-e Faqih (Jurist Ruler) in the Jurisprudential Idea of Mullā Ahmad Narāqi
Azim Izadi Odlo Behnam Bahari OdloThe purpose of the present study is to review the theory of political sovereignty of Wali-e Faqih (jurist ruler) in the jurisprudential idea of Mullā Ahmad Narāqi based on his book 'Avā'ed al-Ayyām. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that MoreThe purpose of the present study is to review the theory of political sovereignty of Wali-e Faqih (jurist ruler) in the jurisprudential idea of Mullā Ahmad Narāqi based on his book 'Avā'ed al-Ayyām. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that Mullā Ahmad Narāqi is the first jurist who has seriously and fundamentally dealt with the theory of Welāyat-e Faqih and discussed the total authority and power of the jurist during the Age of Absence. Therefore, what distinguishes Narāqi as a unique jurist is his claim and proposal of the theory of Welāyat-e Faqih denoting government and political leadership. Through introducing different aspects of the theory of Welāyat-e Faqih and bringing evidence for them, he has left former jurists and authoritative interpreters of the religious law behind and has revived Shi'ite political theory by giving a special and new manifestation to that. Thus, his perception of the political sovereignty of Wali-e Faqih per se created a new move in the realm of jurisprudence so that Welāyat-e Faqih found a new structure and gradually turned into a dominant and common theory in jurists' discussion about political ideology. Therefore, although the theory of political sovereignty of Wali-e Faqih proposed by Mullā Ahmad Narāqi during the Qajar dynasty was mostly theoretical and idealistic, it turned to be one of the most influential political beliefs in later periods so that the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1978 has been the manifestation of that perspective in Shi'ite political jurisprudence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Political Psychology of Qajar Rulers (Case Study: Nassereddin Shah's Political Psychology Based on His Travelogue)
rahele rohani Ali Akbar AminiThe purpose of this research is to describe and declare the social personality of Nasser-Al-Din-Shah-Qajar and It's impact on his policies by analyzing the content of diaries from his trips and with considering the Maslow's theory. In this regard, the items such a MoreThe purpose of this research is to describe and declare the social personality of Nasser-Al-Din-Shah-Qajar and It's impact on his policies by analyzing the content of diaries from his trips and with considering the Maslow's theory. In this regard, the items such as variety-seeking, fascination, fright of western countries, isolation, justice, features of women and sensuality of the king, attention to the disciplines and principles, king's despotism and collective wisdom, king's regret from Amirkabir's murder and his belief in transcendental issues have been discussed through this research. The results showed that, Nasser-Al-Din-Shah, due to the deficiencies and problems which had affected his personality, has paid more attention to the deceptive appearances of western countries and grandeur of the west in the sight of this king, cast a shadow over the king's travelogues. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - The Study of Sufism with Dynasty in Safavid and Qajar Period
masoud motallebi azeem Izadi OudloThe present research aims to investigate the position and quality of the Sufism relations with the dynasty in Safavid and Qajar period. Using the descriptive-analytical research method, the result show that mysticism in the first half of the Safavid realm and also in Mo MoreThe present research aims to investigate the position and quality of the Sufism relations with the dynasty in Safavid and Qajar period. Using the descriptive-analytical research method, the result show that mysticism in the first half of the Safavid realm and also in Mohammad Qajar’s realms have the most political power and they are considered one of the basis of power. Taking the key positions in authority, the Safavid established and promoted their political power and realm and became one of the most powerful forces while their power increasingly developed. However, when greediness and conspiracy of Kizilashes increased, the next kings of Safavid dynasty tried to suppress them and this dynasty lost its power by and by from the second half of Safavid governance. Having suppression the Safavid, most of them emigrated from Iran. Through establishing Zand dynasty in Iran and taking the power of the dynasty, Sufism (Tasawwuf) returned to Iran and resided in different cities and areas. The most critical tribe among them is Darvish Ne’matollāhī who gained very considerable influence in various parts of the country during Mohammad Shah’s period that their power increased again in political scenes and took high political status in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Reflection of Social Issues in Logbooks of the Qajar Period
Sedigheh Pourkhosh Saadat Ali Mohammad Moazeni Thoraleh Norouzi DaoodkhaniLogbook is a useful tool which provides relevant information to know various aspects of the history and culture of the people of an area. In the present research, four logbooks of “Mirza Fattah Khan, Haj Sayyah, Haji Pirzadeh and Etemad-ol-Saltaneh” have bee MoreLogbook is a useful tool which provides relevant information to know various aspects of the history and culture of the people of an area. In the present research, four logbooks of “Mirza Fattah Khan, Haj Sayyah, Haji Pirzadeh and Etemad-ol-Saltaneh” have been selected from the Qajar period. This study aims to examine the social issues and basic infrastructures in the structure of a society reflected in logbooks; Thus, this research uses a descriptive-analytical method to answer the question of what social issues are reflected in the selected logbooks of the Qajar period. The results indicated that logbook writers had two approaches to social issues: first, to raise issues and infrastructures, and second, to enumerate social problems. In both sections, Haj Sayyah and Haji Pirzadeh paid the most attention to social issues. Pirzadeh emphasized more on what was going on in other countries, especially in Europe, but Haj Sayyah focused more on social issues and problems in Iran. With a critical language, he complained about the poor state of social infrastructures in Iran. Comparison of tourists’ observations on social issues shows that during the Qajar period, social infrastructures were very unfavorable, which is not comparable to the progress of European countries in the same period. This led to dissatisfaction with the government, lack of social welfare, class discrimination, increased immigration and other social problems in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - A study of stylistic characteristic of "Focus" in Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar’s diaries and to come to know about an aspect of his personality accordingly along with a criticism of the non-specialized corrections of his works
Nasim Mohammadi Ali Mohammad Moazzeni In this article, for the first time we have studied "Focus" and its various types as one of the most important and most frequently used stylistic features in Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar's diaries with a linguistic, literary a More In this article, for the first time we have studied "Focus" and its various types as one of the most important and most frequently used stylistic features in Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar's diaries with a linguistic, literary and stylistic approach, along with a descriptive - analytical - statistical method. For this purpose, first we have shown the most important methods of "Focus" in speech in the form of a diagram, divided in two parts: Morphology and Syntax, by using the most important opinions of researchers and our personal efforts as well; Then we have examined the most important methods of "Focus" in these notes. By analyzing the obtained data, we have shown a new aspect of Nasir al-Din Shah's personality; Finnaly by selecting random examples from the original copy and confronting the corrections made from these works, we have shown that the misreadings, misunderstandings and unexplained eliminations made by the editors in these corrections, have made them unreliable and invalid for literary and linguistic research.. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Investigating the issue of "self" and "other" in the works of Mirza Malkum
Fatemeh Kavashi Ahmad Khatami Farhad TahmasbiIranian society in the Qajar era, on the verge of the constitution was under the tyrannical state and was an oppressed society, and the confrontation with the West – the civilized and powerful “other”, he revealed the depth of backwardness and disorder MoreIranian society in the Qajar era, on the verge of the constitution was under the tyrannical state and was an oppressed society, and the confrontation with the West – the civilized and powerful “other”, he revealed the depth of backwardness and disorder of this country and he reflected the ignorant and unconscious “self” of Iranians in front of their eyes. With his works and articles, Mirza MalkumKhan the intellectual of pre-constitutional period, had a great contribution in stimulating and turning people's thoughts to the “other” and passing through himself. He tried to revive the dying society of Iran by laying the groundwork for changing Qajar discourse and establishing the discourse of democracy. The main question of this article is how “self” and “other” has been reflected in Malkum's writings and the effect of his approach on the formation of Iranian cultural identity. The present study shows that by adopting political mechanisms while exposing the internal situation of the country and explicitly criticizing the current situation, Malkum also tries to marginalize and eliminate the long-standing monarchy discourse in Iran to highlight the European discourse and promoting and developing position “the other” to deals with the West and the culture and manifestations of Western civilization, and the efforts of his works are engaged in establishing a liberal, law-abiding discourse through self-elimination and acceptance of “other”. In this research, “self” and “other” from Malkum's point of view are read by studying his collection of works and using the descriptive and analytical-historical methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - A Critical Analysis of Male and Female Discipline with a Focus on the Book Taadib al Nesvan (Disciplining Women)
Zahra Borji Ahmad ZakeriWomen’s issues (implying a living creature, fertile, originally related to life), their personality, position and status in the family and society are among other issues that, similar to other cultural and social issues, are reflected in the mirror of litera MoreWomen’s issues (implying a living creature, fertile, originally related to life), their personality, position and status in the family and society are among other issues that, similar to other cultural and social issues, are reflected in the mirror of literature and culture of nations, embodying the personal and social attitudes of the authors and the general public to indicate the way women were treated . Do they think women have the same rights as men? Or that woman is a parasitic and second-hand creature dependent on man, who has no independence in her opinions and personality? Or what is the role of woman from the perspective of Quran and Islam and other holy books and religious leaders and experts? The present research seeks to address the aforementioned questions in various eras particularly in Qajar dynasty period to examine the status of women. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Investigating the Concept of Power in the Letters of Forough-al-Dawlah the daughter of Naser-al-Din Shah Qajar, relying on the power theory of Michel Foucault
Masumeh Shahsavari Fatemeh Heydari Studies show that the lives of women throughout history have been constantly ups and downs and in the face of injustice and contempt.With regard to men's writing in Persian history and literature, less information can be obtained about the perso More Studies show that the lives of women throughout history have been constantly ups and downs and in the face of injustice and contempt.With regard to men's writing in Persian history and literature, less information can be obtained about the personality traits and cognitive identity of women.Their presence in the political, social, and political spheres of the Qajar period, and those that have gone away from time to time, is important for achieving this recognition.Among these works, letters are worth more because of the facts of life.This research has been aimed at analyzing these letters, the extent and manner of exercising the power of women in the courtroom.The research method in this paper is based on analysing of Forough Dawlah's letters, Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar's daughter, and their compliance with the statements of power of nineteenth-century theorist Michel Foucault.The result obtained indicates that Despite the increasing awareness and increasing the presence of women in the community, they have not been able to respond to the demands of self-restraint without the support and support of men, and in the context of the distribution of power, they have been subordinate to the lower. Manuscript profile -
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41 - A Study About Some of Important Sources of Reformist Thoughts at Qajar Era
Shahin pahnadayan -
Open Access Article
42 - Comparative Principles of Spatial Structure of Commercial Buildings in Arid Climate of Iran: an Iconic Architecture Case study in Yazd and Tabriz
leila zarrin Majid mofidi SHemirani Mansoureh Tahbaz -
Open Access Article
43 - Investigating the Syntactic Codes of the Qajar Period Houses of Yazd from the Semiotic Point of View (Using the Space Syntax Method)
Zainab Damyar Leila Zare Avideh Talaei Mostafa Mokhtabad AmreiThe houses of the Qajar period of Yazd have many historical, cultural and architectural values as architectural texts comprising signs and codes, as the main propositions of traditional architecture. Perception and discovery of the hidden secrets in architectural texts MoreThe houses of the Qajar period of Yazd have many historical, cultural and architectural values as architectural texts comprising signs and codes, as the main propositions of traditional architecture. Perception and discovery of the hidden secrets in architectural texts is achieved through reading and through semiotics. This research has explained the syntactic codes as one of the semiotic codes using the space syntax method. First, in-depth studies were carried out in the field of theoretical foundations and the influential components and indicators in space syntax were identified, and then a number of ten bab houses of the Qajar period of Yazd were tested as selected samples for reading and analyzing the spatial structure, based on the space syntax method. The upcoming research analyzes the syntactic components of the spatial structure through a case study in two parts of field studies and Depsmap software to discover the syntactic codes of the selected houses. In this analysis, the samples are measured based on the components of interlinking, relative depth, visibility, entropy, and visual connection, and after analyzing data and field studies of space syntax, results lead to the discovery of syntactic codes of houses. The results show that the syntactic codes of these houses are explained in the form of concepts and meanings derived from the relational systems of the texts, based on spatial hierarchy, cohabitation, order and disorder, mystery and secrecy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Manifestation of Mysticism in Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat’s Lyrics
Neda Pazaj Ata Mohammad Radmanesh Mohammad Ebrahim IrajpourSafavid era and the one after cannot be considered as the instant elimination period and regression era for Sufism. This was the era of turbulent social conditions so that after a period of interregnum, people had their full attention to the mystics of the time and the MoreSafavid era and the one after cannot be considered as the instant elimination period and regression era for Sufism. This was the era of turbulent social conditions so that after a period of interregnum, people had their full attention to the mystics of the time and the followers at this era left outstanding works of their own. Included was the Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat as a symbol of sophistication during Qajar period. Along with managing court and administrative affairs, he went through the course of mysticism and left behind significant works accordingly. This paper takes a glimpse of mysticism during Qajar era, the course of tariqa by Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat, poetic style, the emotional and intellectual level of the poet, and the reflection of the mystical topics in his lyrics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - A study in the typological analysis of Iranian houses in the Qajar period: Traditional houses in Kermanshah
Behnoosh Malekizadeh Mohammad Mehdi Soroush Salahedin Molanaei Manouchehr Foroutan -
Open Access Article
46 - Evaluation of the correlation between the orientation and sides in Qajar houses of kashan
Farzad Farnad Hadiseh Kamran Kasmaei Mehdi Khakzand Gholamhossein Memarian -
Open Access Article
47 - Development of Female in Private and in Public Headgear of the Qajar Era Based on Cultural Psychology
Ameneh Mafitabar Seyyed Abdul Majid SharifzadehThe present study aimed investigating the development of female headgear of the Qajar era in the in-private and in-public based on cultural psychology. The research universe consisted of all cultural psychology and historical texts on female headgear i MoreThe present study aimed investigating the development of female headgear of the Qajar era in the in-private and in-public based on cultural psychology. The research universe consisted of all cultural psychology and historical texts on female headgear in the Qajar era. Study sample purposively embraced all types of female headgear of the Qajar era such as Taj, Taj Kolah, Sarband, Araqchin, Lachak, Charqad, Chador, Chador-e Godar, Rubandeh, and Picheh. The study was conducted using a qualitative descriptive-analytical method. The data was collected via library method through taking notes and assessing images from the existing cultural psychology and historical sources. The results showed that through the course of the Qajar Dynasty, the in-private female headgear of the upper class changed from Taj and Taj Kolah to Charqad and Lachak, while the in-public headgears remained relatively the same. That means, while in-private headgears had gradually become more complete but less complicated, the in-public headgears, namely Chador, Rubndeh, and Picheh, stood nearly loyal to their traditional form with very little changes, such as replacement of fabric-made Pichesh with horse-hair-woven ones. Generally, it could be concluded that despite diversity and changes in the form and material of in-private female headgears during the Qajar era, the in-public headgears remained limited and unchanged. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - A Comparative Study of the Women Social Situation in The Sassanid and Qajar Era
Sabriyeh MohammadiThe current research intended to compare the social situations of women in the Sassanid and Qajar eras. The research universe included women's motifs in the art works such as coins and paintings. The sample subsumed Sassanid and Qajar women clothing in the cultural data MoreThe current research intended to compare the social situations of women in the Sassanid and Qajar eras. The research universe included women's motifs in the art works such as coins and paintings. The sample subsumed Sassanid and Qajar women clothing in the cultural data of these periods. The research was designed as historical descriptive and comparative study. Data was collected based on the library records, available documents and index cards note taking. The data was analyzed by qualitative procedure. The results revealed that women in both periods countered specific jurisprudential readings of the official religion of their era and in both periods were ready to accept major external changes. In the first case, Islam and in the second case, the wave of globalization and modernism entered the country and changed the position of women. Although women faced restrictions in the Sassanid and Qajar periods, they engaged in activism, social activity, and even influence over important governmental affairs under the guise of society. In the Sassanid period, this role was largely obvious and transparent; but in the Qajar period, in order to fulfill their desires, they had to fulfill their desires through men and the influence of their gender role. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Madhoosh Golpaigani and poets with Khorasani style
Maryam Khazaeili Mehrdad Chatraei Ata Mohammad RadmaneshMohammad Sadegh Golpayegani is belletrist, poet and calligrapher the Qajar era, and teacher of Heidargholi Mirza who is the son of Fath Ali Shah Qajar. He whose poem name is Madhoosh is one of the best and most prominent men who have bounty and perfection in Golpayegan MoreMohammad Sadegh Golpayegani is belletrist, poet and calligrapher the Qajar era, and teacher of Heidargholi Mirza who is the son of Fath Ali Shah Qajar. He whose poem name is Madhoosh is one of the best and most prominent men who have bounty and perfection in Golpayegan land. Madhoosh is a poet of the literary return period. He is also famous in Arabic sciences apart from the poem and prose techniques. Madhoosh’s Koliat (collection of his poems) is a collection of essays, lyrics, odes, quatrains; in addition, it has educational writings and narratives in the form of prose that have not yet been identified as they are needed. The odes of this collection are kind of eulogy ode in the simple and fluent language and pleasant arrays. Madhoosh’s poem style is close to the Ghaznavid and Seljuk periods. Most of his odes are in the way of Anvari and Onsori and they have had the most impact on Madhoosh, but Anvari’s contribution to this effect is more prominent. He also paid more attention to Farrokhi’s poetry in using the old words and he turned his view to the first periods of Khorasani’s style in the selection of Radif. Understanding and introducing the features of the poetry needs to be studied and investigated in various aspects. The research and study of these features in the field of literary research is a necessity. Manuscript profile -
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50 - Introducing the manuscript of Safa 'al-Qulub and examining its stylistic features
ayat shokatiSafa al-Qulub is a valuable work of which there is only one manuscript in the National Library of Tabriz and it has not been corrected yet. This book was written by Abdul Rahim Hazin Shirvani in the Qajar period in 19 speeches and 11 anecdotes and a short conclusion in MoreSafa al-Qulub is a valuable work of which there is only one manuscript in the National Library of Tabriz and it has not been corrected yet. This book was written by Abdul Rahim Hazin Shirvani in the Qajar period in 19 speeches and 11 anecdotes and a short conclusion in the prayer for the good of the scribe, following the bread and halva of Sheikh Baha'i and in its weight and format. The present article is documented-descriptive and based on library studies, and seeks to answer the question, what are the most obvious features of the purity of the heart? For this purpose, the most important features of Safa al-Qulub at three levels of thought, language and literature, along with the introduction of the version and its calligraphy feature, have been examined and the hints and guarantees used have been extracted and confiscated. The research findings indicate that this work has the characteristics of the old style in a sense and the traces of modern words and expressions and new uses are evident in the lab of this version. The stylistic and calligraphic features of the version can also be seen in the other two versions. Only 7% of the verses are different. Following bread and halva is also evident in various places in the version. Apart from Sheikh Baha'i, the author of this work has also commented on the poems of Rumi, Attar and Saeb. Manuscript profile -
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51 - The effect of educational institutions on improving the status of women in the Qajar period
Fatemeh Mahbob AliAsghar Davoudi hamid saidi javadiThe status of women in the Qajar period was such that they were deprived of the smallest social, economic, cultural and political rights and were under severe restrictions caused by the patriarchal society. One of the most important reasons that put women in that situat MoreThe status of women in the Qajar period was such that they were deprived of the smallest social, economic, cultural and political rights and were under severe restrictions caused by the patriarchal society. One of the most important reasons that put women in that situation was illiteracy, lack of awareness and lack of communication with society. For this reason, one of the first measures taken by modern women was the construction of girls' schools and efforts to educate girls and women. Although the establishment of girls' schools in that environment was met with protest and reaction from the traditional society, but gradually, especially after the constitutional revolution, it spread and had beneficial effects on the status of women. The aim of the current research is to investigate the results and consequences of the establishment and gradual expansion of educational institutions on the status of women at this stage. Therefore, the question is, what effect did educational institutions have on the status of women in the Qajar period? The hypothesis is that educational institutions, including girls' schools, have caused literacy and, as a result, the growth of awareness, change of attitude and efforts to play a greater role for women in society. The findings of the research show that the submissive and undemanding women of the Qajar period, upon entering the Pahlavi period, turned into demanding women who raised demands such as the right to enter society and employment. The present research method is descriptive-analytical and the data were collected in a library manner. Manuscript profile -
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52 - The roots of the refusal of modernity and the symbolic sterility of Iranians in the Qajar era
Arash Monshizadegan seyyeh hosseyn athariIran''s encounter with Western civilization is the most important cultural phenomenon in Iran''s history after Iran''s encounter with Islam. On the one hand, it was the West that was attacking and on the other hand, an old Illyrian empire with kings who believed it was MoreIran''s encounter with Western civilization is the most important cultural phenomenon in Iran''s history after Iran''s encounter with Islam. On the one hand, it was the West that was attacking and on the other hand, an old Illyrian empire with kings who believed it was good to maintain the old balance, and for this reason, there is a need to analyze the face of Iranians in the Qajar era with modernity and Its complications should be paid. This research has been organized using the library and documentary tools and phenomenological method, and it seeks to investigate the question of what effect has the gradual invasion of modernity had on Iranians'' perception of facing this new phenomenon? And it is based on the assumption that the complications of the entry of modernity have led to the functional-identity refusal of Iranians and the symbolic sterility of Iranians in adopting a suitable reaction. According to the findings of the research, the Iranian subject, affected by the entry of the western "other" and modernity, suffered infertility and started non-symbolic identification with it. Manuscript profile -
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53 - Analysis of obstacles to the realization of citizenship rights in the constitutional period
reyhaneh nourmohammadi Hossain farzanepour somaye hamidiCitizenship rights is the most important contemporary legal issue and an emerging concept that has found a special place in social and political theories. Above all, citizenship rights discuss the rights, such as residence, education, and health, that everyone gets as a MoreCitizenship rights is the most important contemporary legal issue and an emerging concept that has found a special place in social and political theories. Above all, citizenship rights discuss the rights, such as residence, education, and health, that everyone gets as a citizen of a state. Citizenship rights are realized when all members of the society achieve all civil and political rights and the citizen has responsibility as a member of the society along with the better management of the society and establishing social order and recognizing these interactive rights have an effective role in promoting citizenship rights and creating a society based on social order and justice. The present article, relying on the historical sociology approach based on Bryan.S.turner's theory, has tried to understand citizenship and citizenship rights in the constitutional era, by using library documents and resources and descriptive-analytical method by examining the obstacles to the realization . In this article, it is trying to answer the question that what were the factors and obstacles to the realization of citizenship rights in the constitutional era? The hypothesis of this research is that in the context of the weak central government, the weakness of the political culture of the mass of the people, the political elites did not ultimately lead to the formation of citizenship rights. Manuscript profile -
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54 - Analysis of the components of physical governmentality in Mirza Malekom Khan's political thought
bigom naseri Somayeh Hamidi Hossain farzanepourThe structure of pre-constitutional political power reflects metaphysical governmentality. With the arrival of modernity in Iran, some components of physical governmentality under the name of constitutional government were considered in the minds of intellectuals. The i MoreThe structure of pre-constitutional political power reflects metaphysical governmentality. With the arrival of modernity in Iran, some components of physical governmentality under the name of constitutional government were considered in the minds of intellectuals. The intellectuals of this period knew the reasons for the backwardness of the country and the progress of the West in the differences between the foundations of the governmentality. Among these intellectuals is Mirza Malekom Khan. He sought to lay the groundwork for government reform in Iran. Thus, he tried to correct the shortcomings and make the political system more efficient by criticizing power, and this led to the comparison of the pre-modern, pre-modern society and authoritarian government with the democratic and legitimate West. This descriptive-analytical method and using the main text of Malkom Khan's works seeks to analyze the principles of modern governmentality in his mind and explain the transition to mechanical rule based on law and order in the mind of this intellectual. The result of the present article is that Malkom Khan was a pioneer and propagandist of modernism and considered the solution to get out of Iran's backwardness in adhering to the monarchy, following the idea of freedom and the rule of law and accepting the modern system of government. Manuscript profile -
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55 - Local Geographical Writings in Qājār Kerman: Joghrāfiāy-e Eyālat-e Kermān Dar Ahd-e Nāseri by Monshi Kermani
mohammad khodaverdiIn Qajar Iran, the Nseri era, special attention was paid to the geography of the Provinces of Iran, which led to the writing of the "Naseri collection". One of the books of this geographic collection Joghrāfiāy-e Eyālat-e Kermān Dar Ahd-e Nāseri by Monshi Kermani, a cla MoreIn Qajar Iran, the Nseri era, special attention was paid to the geography of the Provinces of Iran, which led to the writing of the "Naseri collection". One of the books of this geographic collection Joghrāfiāy-e Eyālat-e Kermān Dar Ahd-e Nāseri by Monshi Kermani, a clan with a record in the Kerman bureaucracy, wrote about 1267 AD. The author, based on the documents and Administrative Letters, travels and views and heard, describes the great state of Kerman on the basis of geographic quadrants in eighteen blocks. The book, which is a climatic and local geography, contains numerous descriptions and reports of the physical positioning of cities and urban, rural and nomadic life in Kerman at that time. From the reports, the information and statistics of this book can be used in the study of the socio-economic history of the Kerman Province during the Qajar period and on some of its blind spots. Manuscript profile -
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56 - Adaptation of Shirikipich Carpet Motifs from Sirjan Qajar Period and Contemporary
Fatemeh Balvardi Hamidreza MohebiThis library and field method study compared the motifs of contemporary Sirjan's Shirikipich carpet with that of the Qajar period and provided information on the motifs of the two periods. The purpose of studying these motifs was to know the extent of adherence of the c MoreThis library and field method study compared the motifs of contemporary Sirjan's Shirikipich carpet with that of the Qajar period and provided information on the motifs of the two periods. The purpose of studying these motifs was to know the extent of adherence of the current weavers to the motifs left from the past. The result of study revealed that the commercial process, the consumer's taste and the actuality of the sales market and of the old handlooms resulted in some changes in the patterns of carpets.The Shirikipich carpet design of Sirjan has undergone changes and new patterns have been added to it. Manuscript profile -
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57 - Review: a Look at the Evolution of Women's Clothing During the Qajar Era as a Visual Language
Lily Givar Aidin Koohpayeh -
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58 - The Compositional Study of Qajar Silver Coins Using PIXE Technique; Case Study of Coins of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar of Tabriz Mint
Zohreh Jozi Hossein Kuhestani Andarzi Mohammad Amin Saadatmehr -
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59 - The Impact of Women on the Middle class Houses of the Qajar Era (Case Study: Northern Cities of Iran)
Hosna Varmaghani -
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60 - The Impact of Lifestyle on Spatial Relations of Aristocratic Qajar Houses in Mazandaran and Golestan
Soodabeh Mehri Jamaleddin Soheili Hossein Zabihi Asghar Saed Samiei -
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61 - “Darolfonoon” a new view to the world of knowledge
yousef motevaliDarolfonoon is irans first public school that was manged in accordance with European style. And was established by mirza taghee khan amir kabir. This school started its educational activitie sin rabialaval fifth in 1286 h/ 1851 a.d. The students were registrated there f MoreDarolfonoon is irans first public school that was manged in accordance with European style. And was established by mirza taghee khan amir kabir. This school started its educational activitie sin rabialaval fifth in 1286 h/ 1851 a.d. The students were registrated there for seven courses as follow: cavalry, infantry, artillery, engineering, medicine, and pharmacy. The teachers who were teaching there werefrom European countries. At the beginning every course had been lasted for sevenyears, but later, itreduced to four years . at this school practical teaching was as importantas theorical teaching, and equipments sueh as laboratory , pressing bouse, and library were all in serve of teaching at the beginning naseraldin was wery gondof about school activities, but gradually when liberal ideas were growing there, he became regardless to it. In spite of its earlier progresses. Darolfonoon couldnot get to its general schedules because of numerous reasons, but at least could to open anew window toward knowledye world. For Iranians. And also caused a number of them became familiar with Europe xientific gains, and reformist ideas Manuscript profile -
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62 - An Analysis of Islamiyah, Experience of Resistance Economics in Iran during the Qajar Period (1278-1289
مریم حایکResistance economy as the main strategy was to withdraw from economic pressures. One of the aspects of production and consumption of goods is internal resistance economy. This Mqalh to answer the question of what factors in our historical experience in the Qajar period MoreResistance economy as the main strategy was to withdraw from economic pressures. One of the aspects of production and consumption of goods is internal resistance economy. This Mqalh to answer the question of what factors in our historical experience in the Qajar period to culminate in "domestic production and consumption of goods" was effective? To answer this question important factors in strengthening the national production at the company's activity Islamiyah, based on "qualitative content analysis" is checked. According to local patterns of successful role in promoting social issues, the result of unity and cooperation of various factors affecting the company's success Islamiyah including merchant capital, the spiritual and intellectual pen, noting that in the current situation, creating a strong economy and based on be local, not out of reach. The results indicated the necessity of enjoying the backing of nationalist sentiment and religious beliefs to realize the current situation is the strength of the economy. Manuscript profile -
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63 - investigation of shipping in qajar periods and impact on trade،based on content of the newspaper"kolkata hablal-matin
shirin sharifi gholamhossein zargarinejad sina foroozeshInvestigation of Shipping in Qajar Periods and its Impact on Trade, Based on Content of the newspaper “Kolkata Habl al-Matin” Abstract Transportation is always considered, in all times and in all places, an important factor affecting the trade. This factor MoreInvestigation of Shipping in Qajar Periods and its Impact on Trade, Based on Content of the newspaper “Kolkata Habl al-Matin” Abstract Transportation is always considered, in all times and in all places, an important factor affecting the trade. This factor and its related elements have had a specific importance when evaluating issues of business and the merchants in Qajar period. Undoubtedly, one of the most important and effective component in the backwardness of Iran's trade was the unsuitable situation of the transportation during Qajar period. The findings of this study have showed, according to the witnesses, there were few main roads in Iran not comparable with countries dealing them. The attack to the caravans by the tribes, lawbreakers and thefts was the very important concerns for businessmen. Sometimes the relative security had been made by the compassionate and worthy rulers but it was not sustainable. Communications equipment, such as post and telegraph was incompatible and the businessmen were in trouble in many cases. The competitive activities of some states such as Great Britain and Russia, in this regard especially the railway, should not be ignored. The aim of the present study is to explain the inhibiting factors of the transportation in the roads and their impacts on the trade during Qajar period using the descriptive/ analytic method based on the contents of the newspaper “Kolkata Habl al-Matin”. Keywords: transportation, trade, Qajar period, the newspaper “Kolkata Habl al-Matin” Manuscript profile -
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64 - Social situation of people with disability in Qajar era
kamran ArvanThe purpose of this paper is to explore the documents and sources from Qajarid period to identify the status of disabled people in that time period. In addition this paper intends to detect this status in social structure and cultural and mentality content of Iranian so MoreThe purpose of this paper is to explore the documents and sources from Qajarid period to identify the status of disabled people in that time period. In addition this paper intends to detect this status in social structure and cultural and mentality content of Iranian society then present it without emotions and value judgments . On the other hand, to demonstrate disabled people’s position and social role , sociology theories and reflecting disabled people realities are utilized. The results related to Qajarid period reveal the trivial position of disabled people ,which was imposed by traditional structures of Iran society in social activities .This position and role was spread to all the political, economic, and cultural activities and a disabled person could not imagine a role for himself/herself in these social activities .The behavior originated from kinship and tribal commiseration as well as religious compassion had not been a remedy for this situation. Amir Kabir time and Constitution era , new attempts were made to change this situation, which their continuity created a new condition though partial (in time perspective) and regional (in geographical perspective). Manuscript profile -
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65 - The effectiveness of modern medical practices and institutions and its role in the development of modern medicine in Qajar era
valiulah qahremani asl Mir Asadolah Salehi Panahi Naser Sedqi Shahrzad SasanpurSeveral factors were involved in the development of modern medicine in Qajar era. This research method is documents and library. We use set of medical factors in scientific websites and also collected documents and books and using descriptive and analytical method in tr MoreSeveral factors were involved in the development of modern medicine in Qajar era. This research method is documents and library. We use set of medical factors in scientific websites and also collected documents and books and using descriptive and analytical method in trying to answer this question: What medical factors involved in the development of modern medicine and led to its prevalence in society are the Qajar era? The following hypothesis were made in response: Since the medical issues associated with health and replace modern medicine instead of traditional medicine in most cases, the health and vitality of people seemed guarantee so effective in changing people's view of modern medicine and has been pivotal. In this context, the impact of medical factors such as: Institutions of medical, health and education, not meeting people's expectations of traditional medicine, education of medicine in new ways, the application of modern scientific methods by foreign doctors in treating patients and legalization of medicine in development of modern medicine were studied. The following results were obtained in addition to the above legalization of medical affairs was effective in sustainability and continued use of the latest achievements of modern medicine. Manuscript profile -
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66 - The Evolution of Post in Qajar and First Pahlavi
Abdolreza Foladvand soheyla tarabi alireza abtahiAbstract There was no systematic communication system on the Qajar era, The country suffered serious damage during a relatively long period of conflict and political. struggles for power. Many of the communication infrastructure of the transportation network, especiall MoreAbstract There was no systematic communication system on the Qajar era, The country suffered serious damage during a relatively long period of conflict and political. struggles for power. Many of the communication infrastructure of the transportation network, especially Chaparkhaneh, was destroyed. At the time of Nader Shah, even the soldiere working in these centers were called to battlefields.As a result , no formal organization to send information from one part to another part of the country. Even between the governors and the federal government did not exist. Deep and extensive information was created on communication lines and transportation network in the Pahlavi era. Sashes were made. There fore the cental post office building was built in Tehran and some large urban areas. The purpose of this study was to investigate the process of formation and development of a new pot institution in Iran. The methodology of this historical research is an analytical type based on library studies and reviews and archival docments. The data collection was interpreted and investigated after reviewing them. Manuscript profile -
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67 - Take a look of Mozaffar al-Din Shah trip to Vienna and Budapest
mohamad nabi salim Duman RiyaziUndoubtedly, one of the events that makes the Iranian shows up to date and makes iranian theater enter to the western world, is happend and started with the visit of the kings and courtiers of the Qajar period. What is certain is that Nasser-al-Din Shah, was the first MoreUndoubtedly, one of the events that makes the Iranian shows up to date and makes iranian theater enter to the western world, is happend and started with the visit of the kings and courtiers of the Qajar period. What is certain is that Nasser-al-Din Shah, was the first king who stepped into the Christian lands, and he has a major role in transfering the new theater culture to Iran. The young king was heavily influenced by Iranian art so the relationship he had with both iranian and foreign artists, made him a king with a special political and artistic character. It was clearly undrestood from Shah's interest in watching a play, his behavior with the actors and his way of caring and helping in construct theather builindgs. These happenings did not end there, with his death and transfering the kingdom to his son Mozafar al-Din Shah,he continue his father's way by the journeys that his minister provided. Atabak,his minister, provided the basis for the king's journey to three diffrent parts of Europe by increasing taxes and taking numerous loans from the Russian and British governments. The first trip of Mozaffar al-Din Shah was to Russia, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, France in 1900. The king, like his father, had a special intrests in music and various forms theater. In this section i will study one of Mozaffar al-Din Shah's journeys to Austrian Empire between two cities of Vienna and Budapest. Manuscript profile -
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68 - Fathali Shah Qajar's religious policy towards the Sunnis in Iran
Amir Akbari Mohammad Kaviani YeganehThe historical sources of Qajar era have made a devout image of Fathali Shah, the second Qajarid monarch. His rule over the world's largest Shia country on one hand and Iran's being neighbored by Sunni States on the other hand makes his religious policy towards the Sunn MoreThe historical sources of Qajar era have made a devout image of Fathali Shah, the second Qajarid monarch. His rule over the world's largest Shia country on one hand and Iran's being neighbored by Sunni States on the other hand makes his religious policy towards the Sunnis of great importance which is the goal of this research. Historical sources show that the strategic policy of the Qajar kings including Fathali Shah towards the Sunnis is based on minimal confrontation, religious tolerance and attempting to realize Islamic unity which can be called "an interactive policy". Examples such as religious freedom, social security, the absence of narratives about military conflict with the Sunnis, trying to incline the Sunnis of marginal regions to the central government, the penetration of Sunni Sufi scholars into the royal court and the relations of the Sunnis with Shia statesmen and scholars support this idea. Possible influence of the Infallible Imams’ narrations urging the Shiites to coexist with the non-Shiites, absence of political or religious challenges from the Sunnis, the subsidence of radical anti-Sunnism among the Shiites, the prevail of the school of Mujtahidin and the gradual disappearance of Akhbari school among Shia scholars, the threat of Western colonialism and the necessity of Islamic alliance and preventing the Sunnis of marginal regions from immigrating or joining the rival Sunni neighbors of the Qajar government are the most important reasons of adopting such a policy. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data gathering method is a desk study. Manuscript profile -
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69 - The Process of changing Iranian taste from coffee to tea in Qajar era
ali akbar ghandi sohaila torabi farsani Ahmad kamranifarAbstract Although for hundreds of years and also until the last decades of the 13th century (H.Q.) coffee was Iranians’ popular and favorite drink, over the late 13th and early 14th centuries, tea became an inseparable item of every Iranian eating habits. Studying MoreAbstract Although for hundreds of years and also until the last decades of the 13th century (H.Q.) coffee was Iranians’ popular and favorite drink, over the late 13th and early 14th centuries, tea became an inseparable item of every Iranian eating habits. Studying and analyzing such a change has some special importance in the social history of Iran. Hence, the present piece of research tries to find out what factors made the Iranians change their drink from coffee to tea, and how the change occurred. As we think, although there has not been a clear historical starting point for the beginning of people’s habit changes, the results of the present paper indicate that the peak of such a social popularity occurred during the two last decades of the 13th century (H.Q.). The early years of forming Ghajar dynasty ushered in introducing the change and its outcome appeared over the ending years of Naseri government. In the present paper the researcher has tried to have an in-depth look at the given domestic and foreign social changes. Library research method has been used by the researcher. Key words: tea, coffee, eating habit change, Qajar, coffee shop, Tea shop Manuscript profile -
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70 - Examining Three Historical Documents regarding the Trade of Women During the Qajar
BIZHAN Parvan maghsoodali SadeghiAbstract: In the history of Iran and during the time of the Qajar dynasty, one of the phenomena that threatened the social immunity of the Iranian society was the trade of women from the low classes of society. This was done for a number of reasons, namely inability to MoreAbstract: In the history of Iran and during the time of the Qajar dynasty, one of the phenomena that threatened the social immunity of the Iranian society was the trade of women from the low classes of society. This was done for a number of reasons, namely inability to pay off taxes, extreme poverty, and the lack of immunity for the Iranian society. At times, this took place while the authorities being indifferent and while at others, it was done with their aid and assistance. There were many causes that led to this situation or exacerbated it. In my opinion, the growing role of the government was arguably the most important of all, because governmental authorities and officials more and more took part in this type of trade. My focus in this paper will be examining three historical documents regarding the trading of women in the northern region of Khurasan. The following documents are considered official documents preserved by the Foreign Affairs Ministry of our country regarding the Qajar period, and this is the first time that they are being observed and examined publicly. The lack of social justice and rights of citizens of Iran during this period will become clear as we examine these documents. Manuscript profile -
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71 - Aspects of cultural identity in decorate clothing changes in Qajar period
maryam mounesi sorkhehIranian culture and set of traditions, rituals, religion and language among ethnic groups that could in principle be relatively units. Identity is among cultural attitudes and the place of man in the universe shows. Clothing as a human identity is an expression of cultu MoreIranian culture and set of traditions, rituals, religion and language among ethnic groups that could in principle be relatively units. Identity is among cultural attitudes and the place of man in the universe shows. Clothing as a human identity is an expression of cultural identity. Thus, the relationship between identity and dress up in parts of its fixed and variable relationship is cross the clothing line with fashion. Dressed as a product of material culture, according tasteful fashion persons and to the individual and social identity is formed and expressed. The ways to understand the style of coverage is recognition in the society. The authors aim is analyzing changes in the material culture as text notation, it means, consider this: collective behavior. Because sometimes change clothes in humanizing change in thinking, so changes in Qajar Iranian as clothing change the cultural identity of Iranian society is discussed. The basic questions of this research are: How is Qajar clothing decoration changes? What are the dimensions of cultural identity? In general, changes in the sense of clothing, cause changes in the appearance of the dress. The research method is descriptive and analytical method of data collection is research of library. Manuscript profile -
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72 - Investigating the role and position of Road Atbat in the religious and social developments of Kermanshahs in the Qajar era
Ghobad Radeh mohamadghorban kiyany Seyed Mohammad Sheikh Ahmadi sajjad DadfarWith the rise of the Qajar dynasty and due to their religious tendencies, the shrines and pilgrimages gained a special place. The rulers of Kermanshah, following the policies of the central government in Tehran, devoted a part of their governance measures to the path of MoreWith the rise of the Qajar dynasty and due to their religious tendencies, the shrines and pilgrimages gained a special place. The rulers of Kermanshah, following the policies of the central government in Tehran, devoted a part of their governance measures to the path of highness and pilgrims and related issues.This research aims to answer this question by using the historical research method which is based on description and analysis, what is the role and place of the Way of Atabat in the social and religious developments of Kermanshah? And how did it lead to important changes in the social and religioussituation of this city?The findings of the present research show that the actions of the Qajar kings and the rulers of Kermanshah to create security on the way to the tombs and also to create mosques and takayas and caravanserais for the well-being of pilgrims led to the expansion of pilgrims in this geography and considering that religious scholars, merchants and princes along with Ordinary people were important people among the pilgrims, the good interactions between them and the rulers and people of Kermanshah led to the permanent residence of some of them, and the formation of the clerical class and merchants took place from that time, and this caused social and religious changes in Kermanshah. It is possible to mention the strengthening of the discourse and religion of Shia in opposition to other religions and religious minorities, as well as the tendencies of constitutionalism in it. Manuscript profile -
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73 - Combining Iranian troops and military centers during the Qajar period(lunar1268-1292)
mehdi khanizadehIn the Qajar era are due to territorial disputes with neighboring countries and internal insecurity, meant to strengthen the military, be considered. Following this purpose, the government was forced to use military official addition, the clans soldiers in times of war, MoreIn the Qajar era are due to territorial disputes with neighboring countries and internal insecurity, meant to strengthen the military, be considered. Following this purpose, the government was forced to use military official addition, the clans soldiers in times of war, to serve. This approach archival research, analytical plans to design new topics in the field of Qajar era of military documents And using the information content of 10,000 documents of Astan Quds Razavi leaf, Military centers, geographical distribution and composition of Iranian troops during the period 1268 to 1292 to examine lunar The results show that the main stream of Iranian troops, despite the inefficient it is based on tribal forces And yet the systematic internal organization, which in the meantime have the highest concentration of troops in the regions of Azerbaijan and Khorasan were the strategic location. The Iraqi state of Ajim also has the largest number of small military units for the sake of its size. the total Qajar Qajar rank is divided into ten toman. Manuscript profile -
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74 - Representation of ethics, social behaviors and cultural traditions of Tehran's people during the Qajar period, Relying on foreign traveler reports
mehrshad kazemi naser Takmil Homayon reza shabaniForeign traveler reports contain a wealth of information about customs, ethics, social behavior, and cultural practices. These personal or political notes, on the one hand, illustrate the urban issues in part and in a rather precise manner. On the other hand, because of MoreForeign traveler reports contain a wealth of information about customs, ethics, social behavior, and cultural practices. These personal or political notes, on the one hand, illustrate the urban issues in part and in a rather precise manner. On the other hand, because of the lack of dependence on power centers, the weaknesses and strengths of the community and the city are reported to Nikki. Tehran is one of the cities that foreign tourists of the Qajar period paid special attention to. In fact, the capital of Tehran during the Qajar period has flooded the tourists, despite the fact that there are few reports of this place in Islamic sources, and in particular the Safavid period. In travelogues, sometimes the people of Tehran are characterized by accepted patterns such as intelligence and hospitality, and sometimes described with malicious patterns such as lying, flattering, and superstition. The present study aims to draw a descriptive-analytical method using library resources, ethics, social behaviors and cultural practices of Tehran's people from the perspective of tourists and travel writers of the Qajar era. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - A study on educational developments and the establishment of new schools in the city of Sari during the Qajar era
behrang esmaeili shadThe purpose of this study is to study the educational developments and the history of the establishment of the first modern schools in the city of Sari during the Qajar era. To achieve this goal, the historical-analytical method has been used and relying on historical s MoreThe purpose of this study is to study the educational developments and the history of the establishment of the first modern schools in the city of Sari during the Qajar era. To achieve this goal, the historical-analytical method has been used and relying on historical sources. The study of the history of today's educational system in Iran confirms that the modern educational system of Iran originates from a historical process that begins with the developments of the Qajar period in the political, social and cultural spheres. Majors such as Mirza Abulqasem, Qa'im Farahani and Mirza Taghi Khan Amir Kabir, tried to compensate for the backwardness of the country, the most important effort in this field being the establishment of the Dar Al-Fonoun School. Although the establishment of new schools in the Qajar era has faced many problems that can be categorized as political, financial, social and cultural barriers, the establishment and formation of these schools in Iran has contributed to the development of the educational system and culture in periods was next. In the years after the Constitutional Revolution, the establishment of new-style schools grew faster, and new schools were established in Tehran and major cities of Iran. In Mazandaran province, the first time in 1324 AH / 1285 AD, it was founded in conjunction with the Constitutional Revolution in the cities of Sari, Babil and Amol. The present study studies the new schools in Sari. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Mosque-building in Teheran during the Qajar period
zamzam sadat razavi mohamad baghestani mohammad nabi salimMosque is the most outstanding religious building in Islam and although its most important function is worshiping God, it becomes bold in the field of art and its building is an honor for political systems. In Qajar era, constructions of mosques had two forms: restorati MoreMosque is the most outstanding religious building in Islam and although its most important function is worshiping God, it becomes bold in the field of art and its building is an honor for political systems. In Qajar era, constructions of mosques had two forms: restoration of Grand mosques & constructions of modern, multi-functional mosques, especially in Tehran. This procedure was influenced by Iran’s entry into the stage of modernity and therefore intrigued in architecture, decorations and mosques’ functions. This research based on theoretical studies not only mentions the procedure of building mosques in Qajar era of Tehran, but also tries to study effective terms and conditions in building mosques and its subsequent development. The consequences of this study indicate that in Qajar era, while Safavid art was following, appropriate styles to transition period were used in the construction of religious buildings, especially mosques.In the section of religious places, mosques are the most important ones, so because of the growth of spirituality, tendency for religious demonstrations and services, urban development, Tehran expansion and also art and honesty that were supported by kings and nobles, some mosques were built for ritual-educational functions and integrated arrays. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Recognition of contemporary Iranian architecture based on the aesthetic dimensions of Qajar historical buildings (Case study: Decorations of late Qajar royal palaces in the capital)
Fariba Amini Ghasem Motalebi Samaneh DabaghchiPersian art during the Qajar period had a significant development due to the connection of this period with the West and many artists traveled to Europe and Western countries during this period. Is raised. In this regard, decoration is the most important element that ha MorePersian art during the Qajar period had a significant development due to the connection of this period with the West and many artists traveled to Europe and Western countries during this period. Is raised. In this regard, decoration is the most important element that has played a significant role in various Iranian arts. Architectural decorations that express themselves in different ways in facades, entrances and interiors, express their identity and value in the path of aesthetic evolution. Decorations cannot be separated from architecture, but far more architectural symbols, social identities, and cultural values can be derived from them than architecture. Therefore, considering the importance of buildings with the function of a palace in the capital, what has been addressed in this research is the study of the aesthetics of decoration in the architecture of late Qajar palaces. This study wants to use the method of content analysis of Qajar historical texts (late Qajar), in other words, thematic and structural analysis of the architecture of this period, to address the question of whether the aesthetics of late Qajar art is based on the principle of decoration or not? What are the factors behind the aesthetics of decoration in Qajar art? This research will have a clear representation of the role of decoration in the architecture of Qajar royal palaces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Reza Qoli Mirza and reflexive traditionalism
Keramatollah RasekhThe aim of the study is to explore the application possibility “reflexive traditionalism” concept with the empirical study of the travel book of Reza Qoli Mirza. The research method is bibliographic and has been carried out with the help of historical docume MoreThe aim of the study is to explore the application possibility “reflexive traditionalism” concept with the empirical study of the travel book of Reza Qoli Mirza. The research method is bibliographic and has been carried out with the help of historical documents. “Reflexive Traditionalism” is an expression of the reaction of tradition to modernity. Fathali Shah, the second Shah of the Qajars (1796-1925), died in October 1834. After his death his sons argued for the succession. One who was entitled to the throne was his son Hosyen Ali Mirza, governor of Fars. He did not submit to the Crown Prince Mohammed Shah, the son of Abbas Mirzas and the grandson of Fathali Shah, and was crowned in Shiraz as “Ali Shah”. Mohammed Shah sent his army to Shiraz, defeated, sent to Tehran, and died in June 1835 in Tehran when he was 47 years old. His sons Reza Quli Mirza, Taymur Mirza and Najaf Qoli Mirza fled and left Iran in April 1835 and traveled to England via Iraq, Syria and Lebanon. They stayed in England for almost a year, on September 3, 1836, and arrived in Baghdad on April 11, 1837, through France, Belgium, Bavaria, Prussia, Austria, and the Ottoman Empire. Reza Qoli Mirza summarized the events of this journey as a travel book. The travel book Reza Qoli Mirza is examined with emphasis on the following aspects: 1) England from his point of view; 2) The English from the perspective of Reza Qoli Mirza; 3) About his person. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Investigating the shape and function of Tehran’s Hesar during the Qajar period
احمد مسجدجامعی reza shabaniFrom a historical point of view, the Hesar is an interconnected set of walls, gates, towers and ditches that play the defensive function and protect the city's main environment. Until the advent of the modern world and the collapse of the Hesar, it was thought that it w MoreFrom a historical point of view, the Hesar is an interconnected set of walls, gates, towers and ditches that play the defensive function and protect the city's main environment. Until the advent of the modern world and the collapse of the Hesar, it was thought that it would deprive cities of security. Accordingly, most of the cities were within a strong Hesar, and they were repaired from time to time. Tehran’s Hesar was built by the Shah Tahmasb Safavid’s order in 961 AH, and 323 years later, 1284 AH, was destroyed by Nasser al-Din Shah. In the same year, the construction of a new Hesar was began. During the reign of Reza Shah, with the leadership of Karim Agha Bouzarjomehri, the mayor of Tehran, the Hesar was destroyed in order to develop the city. The issue of this article is to study the shape of Tehran's Hesar such as wall area and strength condition, tower and fortification, use of gates and its aesthetic theme in Qajar architecture, ditch dimensions and its function in the Qajar period. The importance of this article is that in the studies of Tehranology, little attention has been paid to the formal issue of the Hesar, while one of the main features of the city of Tehran, for which it created the capability of the capital, was the fence. This research was formed in response to this question: What was the shape and function of Tehran’ Hesar during the Qajar period? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Study of Cultural and Traditional Situation of Qom City in Safavid and Qajar Periods
Zahra SaeiditabarThe purpose of this study is to investigate the cultural and civilian status of Qom city in two periods of Safavid and Qajar and related works and related examples. With the advent of the Safavid regime, due to the socio-political conditions that arose, Shi'ism increase MoreThe purpose of this study is to investigate the cultural and civilian status of Qom city in two periods of Safavid and Qajar and related works and related examples. With the advent of the Safavid regime, due to the socio-political conditions that arose, Shi'ism increased sharply, as during the Safavid period, the Iranian population changed in favor of the Shi'ites, and the Shi'i religion first became formal. During this period, the city of Qom reached the peak of flourishing in the political and economic fields, as most of the historical monuments and schools of Qom are related to the same period. In fact, after the capture of this city by Shah Isma'il Safavi, most of the kings of this dynasty came to Qom and remained for a while, which has led to growth in various cultural and civilian dimensions. In the Qajar period, progress in some of the cultural and civilization characteristics of schools, such as schools, is slowing down, and more is limited to the restoration or restoration of works and historical buildings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - The role of Mirza Mohammad Akhbari in the ups and downs of the Akhbari school during the period of Fath Ali Shah (complete revised revision file)
Elham Amiri Gholam Hossein Zargari Negad sina foroozeshAbstractThe victory of the fundamentalist scholars over the Akhbaris was one of the most important internal developments of Shiism in the Qajar period, which was always accompanied by political and intellectual consequences. The third wave of the news movement was start MoreAbstractThe victory of the fundamentalist scholars over the Akhbaris was one of the most important internal developments of Shiism in the Qajar period, which was always accompanied by political and intellectual consequences. The third wave of the news movement was started by Mirza Mohammad Akhbari. Akhbaris were permanently defeated by the fundamentalists forever. Since then, the fundamentalists have taken over the religious and political leadership of the Shiite community. Therefore, the main issue of this research, considering the position of Mirza Mohammad Akhbari in this stage of the Akhbari movement, is his role in the rise and fall of the Akhbari school during the reign of Fath Ali Shah Qajar. The theoretical framework of this research is based on the view that the reading of religion and religious sources has been formed in different periods and this has led to the emergence of different religious tendencies within the Shiite community. The findings of this study show that Mir Mohammad Akhbari approached the court of Fath Ali Shah Qajar and promoted newsmaking by relying on the power of the Shah and riding on the wave of his emotions have caused concern among fundamentalist jurists. we know that Mirza Mohammad, his sharply prophetic and anti-fundamentalist beliefs, tended to some kind of ideas related to foreign sciences, and perhaps these matters and their intellectual and religious consequences were also influential in the decision of the fundamentalists to oppose him;Keywords: Fath Ali Shah Qajar, Akhbari, Akhbari Scholars, Mirza Mohammad Akhbari Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - The Impact of Women's Organizations and Associations on Promoting the Status of Women in Qajar Society
Fatemeh Mahbob AliAsghar Davoudi Hamid saeedijavadiDuring the Qajar period, women in traditional and patriarchal societies had the lowest level of social, economic, cultural and political rights. Factors such as the Constitutional Revolution and the spread of feminist ideas as a result of the expansion of Iran-West rela MoreDuring the Qajar period, women in traditional and patriarchal societies had the lowest level of social, economic, cultural and political rights. Factors such as the Constitutional Revolution and the spread of feminist ideas as a result of the expansion of Iran-West relations led some intellectual and progressive women to think about the realization of women's rights in this traditional and religious environment. To this end, women established several educational and civic institutions, such as girls' schools and women's associations and publications, to educate women and work for their rights. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of women's associations and organizations in promoting the status of women in Qajar society. To this end, the question arises that what effect did women's associations and organizations have on the promotion of the status of women in the Qajar period? The hypothesis is that these associations and organizations improved the social and political status of women at this time by raising awareness, changing attitudes and identifying women. The research shows that these associations have increased the awareness, change the attitude and demand of a large number of women by establishing several girls' schools, holding meetings and gatherings, establishing a magazine and raising awareness among women and have provided the conditions and Introduction for their entry into the community. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and the data are collected in a library method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - The Impact of Women's Associations and Organizations on Promoting the Status of Women in Qajar Society
Fateme Mahbob Aliasghar davoodi Hamid Saeedi Javadisocial, economic, cultural and political rights. Factors such as the Constitutional Revolution and the spread of feminist ideas as a result of the expansion of Iran-West relations led some intellectual and progressive women to think about the realization of women's righ Moresocial, economic, cultural and political rights. Factors such as the Constitutional Revolution and the spread of feminist ideas as a result of the expansion of Iran-West relations led some intellectual and progressive women to think about the realization of women's rights in this traditional and religious environment. To this end, women established several educational and civic institutions, such as girls' schools and women's associations and publications, to educate women and work for their rights. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of women's associations and organizations in promoting the status of women in Qajar society. To this end, the question arises that what effect did women's associations and organizations have on the promotion of the status of women in the Qajar period? The hypothesis is that these associations and organizations improved the social and political status of women at this time by raising awareness, changing attitudes and identifying women. The research shows that these associations have increased the awareness, change the attitude and demand of a large number of women by establishing several girls' schools, holding meetings and gatherings, establishing a magazine and raising awareness among women and have provided the conditions and Introduction for their entry into the community. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and the data are collected in a library method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - The Impact of Women's Organizations and Associations on Promoting the Status of Women in Society (Qajar )
Fatemeh Mahboob AliAsghar Davoudi Hamid saeedijavadiDuring the Qajar period, women in a traditional and patriarchal society had the least amount of social, economic, cultural and political rights. Factors such as the constitutional revolution and the expansion of relations between Iran and the West caused some intellectu MoreDuring the Qajar period, women in a traditional and patriarchal society had the least amount of social, economic, cultural and political rights. Factors such as the constitutional revolution and the expansion of relations between Iran and the West caused some intellectual and progressive women to think of asserting women's rights in this traditional and religious environment. For this purpose, women started to establish educational and civic institutions such as girls' schools, associations and women's publications in order to inform women and work for their rights. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of women's associations in promoting the status of women in Qajar society. To this end, the question arises that what effect did women's associations have on the promotion of the status of women in the Qajar period? The current research has proposed the hypothesis that these associations improved the social and political status of women through the development of awareness, change of attitude and giving identity to women. The results of the research show that these associations, by establishing several girls' schools, creating meetings and gatherings, and establishing a publication, have increased the number of literates, increased awareness, changed the attitude and demands of a large number of women, and have provided the prerequisites and conditions for their entry into society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - popular beliefe of the of the people during the Qajar period with an emphasis health and medical folk beliefs
Leila Amraee amir akbari omid sepehri rad رجبعلی وثوقی مطلقFalk medicine a mixture of superstition and false beliefs and sometimes signs of traditional medicine.that mostly deals with folk belifes and superstitions and has never been expressed in an experimental or philosophical school in a coherent way.the en counter of tradit MoreFalk medicine a mixture of superstition and false beliefs and sometimes signs of traditional medicine.that mostly deals with folk belifes and superstitions and has never been expressed in an experimental or philosophical school in a coherent way.the en counter of traditional Iranian medicinewith modern western methods caused extensive changes in its previous process. The dominant method of medicine in the society of the Qajar era was traditional medicin but this method of medicine with all its briliant historyin the past has been popularized mix with some superstitious beliefs There was a stagnation in the work of doctors and modern medicine surpassed traditional medicine due to the of culturaleducational and the penetration of the superiority of modern medicine.this reserch using a descriptive-analytical method and using documents and library sources aime to investigate the factors that created the basis for the presence of existence these doctors in the Iranian society during the Qajar era the place of folk beliefs in maintaining health as well as their treatment methods.ignorance poverty and misery the miserable life that most of the people of the Qajar era faced the restrictions and neglect of women in society and family life and polygamy and many other reasons caused the change in beliefs and opinions.the people will be harmed and the tendency towards superstitions will increase to get rid of the problems that plagued them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - The role of Tehran newspapers since 1299 coup in Reza Shah's rise to power
Mohammadreza Asadpoor Saadatloo ali biqdeli Seyyed Mohammad SaghafinejadAbstractDue to the fact that news papers have the feature of informingthey are of interest.Newspapers are the heart beat of public opinion. The importance of newspapers is such that pillar called it the Force democracy. The role of newspapers in increasing the level of MoreAbstractDue to the fact that news papers have the feature of informingthey are of interest.Newspapers are the heart beat of public opinion. The importance of newspapers is such that pillar called it the Force democracy. The role of newspapers in increasing the level of political awareness of the Qajar period, especially regarding the constitution, is of particular importance. Due to the fact that Tehran's numerous newspapers were more influential due to the political centrality of this city, its importance is increased. The role of newspapers can be seen in all the events that happened until the coup 1299 and after that. A role that, although mentioned in historical sources, should be independently investigated. In this article, the role of pro- and anti- newspapers and clasic left will be mentioned.Between 1299 and 1304, the pro-Reza Shah press promoted her actions and expressed Ahmad Shah's weaknesses, finally these events led to the change of the monarchy from Qajar to Pahlavi.What has been the role of Tehran news papers since the1299coup in reza shahs rise to power? Keywords: Qajar, newspapers of Tehran, 1299 coup, change of kingdom, Rezashah. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - A Study of Reasons of Establishment of Ottoman Empire Political Agency in Boushehr Port
Abbas AshoorinejadFollowing England and Netherland Ottoman Empire was the third international power which opened its political agency in BoushehrPort entitled "Shahbandari" in 1871 AD/1288 AH. This verifies the exceptional significance of BoushehrPort and Persian Gulf waterway in regiona MoreFollowing England and Netherland Ottoman Empire was the third international power which opened its political agency in BoushehrPort entitled "Shahbandari" in 1871 AD/1288 AH. This verifies the exceptional significance of BoushehrPort and Persian Gulf waterway in regional and international relations throughout the second half of the 19th and the beginning of 20th centuries. The Ottomans established their political agency for some reasons: firstly, BoushehrPort which was close to the strategic Persian Gulf waterway had a significant role from ancient times in international politics and business also in transiting goods to hinterland India and the ArabiaPeninsula. Secondly, the English as the most important international rival of the Ottomans had peculiar influence on South of Iran, Boushehr, and Persian Gulf. The presence of the Ottomans would az a rule limit the activities of the old rival. Thirdly, the anti-English feeling of the people in the southern Iran, especially in Boushehr was so high that Ottomans, united with Germany, could practically benefit from this feeling of people against England on the threshold of First World War. This article tries to study the afore-mentioned issues on the basis of first-hand documents and records, some of which being still unpublished. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - The investigation of Iran`s Foreign Indebtedness in the Era of Mozaffaradin Shah
mosayeb abbasiThe studies carried out on Iran`s economic condition in Naseraddin Shah`s era show that the King and Statesmen could not save the country from financial crisis and fund shortage not using practical and scientific strategies. Consequently, in order to finance the require MoreThe studies carried out on Iran`s economic condition in Naseraddin Shah`s era show that the King and Statesmen could not save the country from financial crisis and fund shortage not using practical and scientific strategies. Consequently, in order to finance the required money, they petitioned for foreign loans. After Naseraddin Shah`s assassination, Mozaffaradin Shah came to power and this catastrophic heritage put the old king into trouble. The inability in increasing income through proper management and short return financial resources and not allowing knowledgeable statesmen to do financial reforms rose foreign indebtedness as Iran`s socio- economic and political conditions in Mozaffaradin Shah`s era were more critical than before. The purpose of this study is to analyze Iran`s foreign indebtedness in this era and its effect on the country. The study shows that Mozaffaadin Shah and his Statesmen run the country more poorly than the previous ones. Engaged in England`s tricks, nation`s protest and elite and journalists` criticism, they borrowed variously from Russia and England to spend on unnecessary allocations. Accordingly, a very poor and endangered country was given to Mashrote. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - A survey of policies of Qajar government against Bakhtiary tribe
ghaffar PorbakhtiarOne of the most important tribes of Iran were Bakhtiari as the source of events and changes namely in contemporary history of Iran and also, the movements of Bakhtiary were emphasized. Their role in Qajar era was of great importance. The great motivation of Bakhtiary tr MoreOne of the most important tribes of Iran were Bakhtiari as the source of events and changes namely in contemporary history of Iran and also, the movements of Bakhtiary were emphasized. Their role in Qajar era was of great importance. The great motivation of Bakhtiary tribe and its chiefs to achieve power and their fighting against oppression and cruelty of national and local rulers of Qajar were considerable factors. To control Bakhtiary and management of affairs, some policies were taken as making the chiefs of tribes as obedient, dispute, getting tax, ransom, providing a part of military forces of government from Bakhtiary tribe and the policies taken by Qajar kings against Bakhtiary were successful. The internal structure of Bakhtiary tribe as the internal logic of tribe, distinction, separation and lack of communicative-verbal action as cultural elements of Bakhtiary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Medicine in Qajar Iran Based on Western Travelers Itineraries
mohammad tayebi hamid kavyaniBased on western travellersitineraries, Iranian physicians of 19th century all diseases, medications and nourishments into four groups of Sanguine, Choleric, Melancholic and Phlegmatic and superstition was ruling over the realm of disease causes and their treatment. The MoreBased on western travellersitineraries, Iranian physicians of 19th century all diseases, medications and nourishments into four groups of Sanguine, Choleric, Melancholic and Phlegmatic and superstition was ruling over the realm of disease causes and their treatment. They thought that magic and charm could be of more benefit in disease prevention than clever care. However, setting aside the unaware and untrained pseudo-physicians, it is to be noted that there were physicians all around Qajar Iran who had been attending to scientific methods of medicine education and had gone so much further than their own time but lack of supervision over physicians’ activities, unaccounted entry of greedy people into the realm of medicine, and disappearance of specialization in treatment led the medicine science to superstition and being unscientific and left the scientific medicine in a weak and helpless position. The superstitious and reactionary ideas about Iranian medicine and treatment methods are cited in this research to show the general condition of Iranian physicians and medicine during Qajar era so that we could find out the why and how of regression in medicine and treatment methods of Iranian during the said era and its lagging behind the modern medicine. Therefore, through a comparative method and comparing the existing sources this research aimed to reflect the reality of medicine in Qajar Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - A speculation over Timortash’, a minster of Royal Courts during Reza Shah, political behaviour and the end of his currier
usef motevaliFormation of Pahlavi dynasty was the result of efforts a number of Smart administrators during the Reza Shah who by managing the critical condition of Iran and by help of foreigner governments could provide a ground for the fall of Qajar and the formation of Pahla MoreFormation of Pahlavi dynasty was the result of efforts a number of Smart administrators during the Reza Shah who by managing the critical condition of Iran and by help of foreigner governments could provide a ground for the fall of Qajar and the formation of Pahlavi dynasty. Abdol-Hossian Sadr-e Azam Korasani known as Timortash was one those smart administrators in this period. He together with two other admistrators, Ali Akbar Davar and Nasrollah Firouz played an important role on rise of Reza Khan and formation of Pahlavi dynasty. It was probably because of his effort that he was later appointed as the minster of Royal Court and became the second powerful man in Iran after Reza Shah. Because of strong position of Timoretash in early of Reza Shah rule, the appointment of any Prime Minesters, Minsters, MPs, Provincial governors and... was nearly impossible without his consent. However, in middle of Reza Shah Rule anything was changed. In this period not only he lost all of his political influence and power, but also he lost his life as well. In this research and based off on contemporary documents and sources from Qajar and pahlavi it has been tried to examine the process of Timoretash raising to power, his political currier and end of his life by using historical research method Manuscript profile -
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92 - Sistan Sekouhe Castle and its historical role in East events during Qajar Era
maryam ebrahimiFrom ancient times, the rulers and the people of Sistan , at relatively flat plain proceeded to build high walls and large castles For defense against their enemies attacks and surviving of their lives and properties. In building these castles and wall they have used th MoreFrom ancient times, the rulers and the people of Sistan , at relatively flat plain proceeded to build high walls and large castles For defense against their enemies attacks and surviving of their lives and properties. In building these castles and wall they have used the folk arts and materials. Sekouheh Castle is one of the most important fortresses. its basic building blocks was for Afshariye and Zand era and later، it was developed in Qajar era because of being chosen as Sistan capital city. Sekouhe castle Art and architecture is the fusion of of the Safavid and Qajar era .Also it is the symbol of the Islamic Iranian native traditions At a time when Iran's eastern areas prone to interference or threats and expansionist actions of Russians and the British government .Rulers and the people of this region gently perform and recover their national Iranian identity ,Especially at the time of Naser adin Shah, after a period of political fragmentation, its importance is more visible. This article has a historical approach. It is library-based research based on historical written sources and oral history which is written as descriptive analysis method. Manuscript profile -
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93 - Iran'sentryinto theglobal marketand its impact oncraftsinthe secondhalf of theQajar Period. Case Study:Qaenatprovince
omid spehri rad ali aramjoWith thewideentering ofIran to theglobal marketin the second halfof Qajars government (1264-1344 A.H), social and economic spheres of the country have been Changed.Craftsas wellastheeconomicfieldthiswas no exception.present article, also review the status of provincial MoreWith thewideentering ofIran to theglobal marketin the second halfof Qajars government (1264-1344 A.H), social and economic spheres of the country have been Changed.Craftsas wellastheeconomicfieldthiswas no exception.present article, also review the status of provincial crafts ofQaenat in the second half of Qajar rule and the influence of the large influx of this province on the global market,hasexamined.According to findingsof thisresearch, in thisperiod many of Qaenats crafts, mainly due to lack ofcompetitionwith Westerncheap goods, graduallydestroyed.However, theproduction and trade ofCarpetsdue tothe growinginterest inthe global market, hasconsiderablyincreased.Whilethis industryin terms ofquality,sufferedsignificant damage.Althoughithasreceived little attentioninstudies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Afghanistan and Iran from continuity to discontinuity
yusef motevaliLand which has called Afghanistan, had common history with Iran For various reasons such as climate, geographic, culture and religious .The northern and western parts of this country had comprehensive alliance with Iran until the fall MoreLand which has called Afghanistan, had common history with Iran For various reasons such as climate, geographic, culture and religious .The northern and western parts of this country had comprehensive alliance with Iran until the fall of Nader Shah Afshar, but after his death and his territory Analyze was steps into the way of discontinuity from Iran. However, Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founder of the independent Afghan government did not set themselves apart from Iran, but Statistics developments in the region, especially the British colonial policy provided the complete rupture areas to the governments of eastern regions of Khorasan. Revision of this rupture from power of the hierarchy of the job Barack and Sdvzayy to the Treaty of Paris and the separation of Herat is the subject of the present article, which codify with using historical research and cite to some of Iranians and Afghanis resources. Manuscript profile -
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95 - Historical sociology approach in Iran at the last 200 years
reza ali mohseniDevelopment and progress of each country is influenced by its structures and functions. political , cultural, legal and religious foundations are the main origin of society. The efficiency of main foundations and structures of a society indicate not only characteristics MoreDevelopment and progress of each country is influenced by its structures and functions. political , cultural, legal and religious foundations are the main origin of society. The efficiency of main foundations and structures of a society indicate not only characteristics, properties and content of structures of a nation, but also is a basis for development and progress of that country as well. On the other hand, the present status of each society mostly turns toward the status of its foundations and structures in the past. This article has studied the structural aspects of Iran in the last 200 years with a historical sociological approach. In study of these aspects, economical, political , cultural , educational , legal and religious structures have been focused in particular. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Iran's foreign borrowing in the Nasereldin Shah era
mosayeb abbasiSocial issues, economic and cultural principles of civilization that the country is a scientific necessity than Unfortunately, history scholars, under the themes of economic, societal. The economic functions of government programs and the Qajar period before it has a un MoreSocial issues, economic and cultural principles of civilization that the country is a scientific necessity than Unfortunately, history scholars, under the themes of economic, societal. The economic functions of government programs and the Qajar period before it has a unique feature.Because competition for land resources of the Russian and British governments of Iran and influence on international relations, economic and political conditions in the country is placed. Economic performance of governments in the Qajar "foreign debt" is critically important. This article focuses on questions of foreign borrowing in the Shah's era. Research findings indicate that the use of field dependence on foreign borrowing and the debt has more and resources to improve people's lives has not taken effect. Manuscript profile -
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97 - Religious schools in Yazd at the age of the Zand and Qajar
asghar zarnegar jamal abediyanThe Islamic Republic of Iran and the collapse of the Sasani system of public education, and was out of the monopoly of certain classes. The Yazd of city Iranian is similar in many religious schools were established. Monuments and historical information on schools in Yaz MoreThe Islamic Republic of Iran and the collapse of the Sasani system of public education, and was out of the monopoly of certain classes. The Yazd of city Iranian is similar in many religious schools were established. Monuments and historical information on schools in Yazd Al-Boyeh onwards is available from the government. The establishment and expansion of religious schools in Yazd Rule outseries has been on Al-Muzaffar. During the Safavieh rule with regard to both religion and politics being established to promote the religious Shiite religious schools and Omara Safavieh kings were considered, and schools were built big and strong. Establishment of religious schools in Yazd mid Qajar rule continued. The main work of scholars and clerics and preachers of religious education in schools and advocate for the expansion of Islam and Shiite jurisprudence. Important school of religious sciences, because in Yazd, Mosalla school of Safavieh period, the period Afsharieh Khan school and school Zandieh the prince of the Qajar period of time since the establishment of lasting several years, these schools train scholars of religious science have paid Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - The representation of Islam factor in the historical reports of Qajar era.
mohsen khaliliHistory means research on events that at a certain time have been taken into account, observed and kept in mind by researchers and has built a structure of the story about same events. Reality is greater than history and in terms of number exceeds it highly. This leads MoreHistory means research on events that at a certain time have been taken into account, observed and kept in mind by researchers and has built a structure of the story about same events. Reality is greater than history and in terms of number exceeds it highly. This leads into identity generating. In this sense, identity is a criterion that historical event can be studied based on it. As we speak of identity as a process, indeed, we have spoke of the continuity of phenomenon having become historical in response to the questions of a people, group, ethno or nation about his past. With reviewing eight historical works, writer has sought to study the factor of Islamic identity in historical reports of Qajar era Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Interactions of JewishMinorityofYazdwithMuslimsintheQajar Period
hamidreza shams esfandiari naser jadidi fezzolahi boshasbgosheHistory of Qajar due tointernal and externalreasonsatdomestic and internationallevel,was evident to a variety of political, social, cultural and religiousevents that have occurred at eachdecadeandits particular point in this era, and has stronglyaffected the lifecontext MoreHistory of Qajar due tointernal and externalreasonsatdomestic and internationallevel,was evident to a variety of political, social, cultural and religiousevents that have occurred at eachdecadeandits particular point in this era, and has stronglyaffected the lifecontext ofthe above-mentionedareas andevenhistorical-ancientphysicallife (situation and thestyle ofbuildings construction). In the meantime, investigation of the interaction situation ofIranian people and the intended area, i.e. Yazd in whichowners ofdifferent religionshavelivedin, in place, seemsinteresting and suchinteractionsandsometimes contradictions were associated withups and downs. This article is in fact a scientific-research attemptin line with thehistoricalandcross-sectionalinvestigationyetdocumentary andanalytical which resulted in a scientific-historic findingin the amount, kind and way of relationships and interactions ofmajorityof Yazd community-theShia Muslims– with a group ofreligious minorities of Yazdcommunityin the Qajar period, i.e. the accommodated Iranian Jewish. The writerassumes that, in different fields, especially areas of commercial, economic cultural, social, religion, etc. many interactions, contradictions, and communications is made betweenthe Jewishminority with ShiaMuslimsresiding in Yazdduring the mentioned period, most of which indicatethecoexistentrelationshipsbetweenthem.The present studyis descriptive-analyticandcollectionofmaterials is in library method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - An Analysis of Islamiyah, Experience of Resistance Economics in Iran during the Qajar Period (1278-1289)
maryam heyekResistance economy as the main strategy was to withdraw from economic pressures. One of the aspects of production and consumption of goods is internal resistance economy. This Mqalh to answer the question of what factors in our historical experience in the Qajar period MoreResistance economy as the main strategy was to withdraw from economic pressures. One of the aspects of production and consumption of goods is internal resistance economy. This Mqalh to answer the question of what factors in our historical experience in the Qajar period to culminate in "domestic production and consumption of goods" was effective? To answer this question important factors in strengthening the national production at the company's activity Islamiyah, based on "qualitative content analysis" is checked. According to local patterns of successful role in promoting social issues, the result of unity and cooperation of various factors affecting the company's success Islamiyah including merchant capital, the spiritual and intellectual pen, noting that in the current situation, creating a strong economy and based on be local, not out of reach. The results indicated the necessity of enjoying the backing of nationalist sentiment and religious beliefs to realize the current situation is the strength of the economy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Examining Three Historical Documents regarding the Trade of Women during the Qajar Period in Northern Khurasan
maghsoodali sadeghi bijan parvanIn the history of Iran and during the time of the Qajar dynasty, one of the phenomena that threatened the social immunity of the Iranian society was the trade of women from the low classes of society. This was done for a number of reasons, namely inability to pay off ta MoreIn the history of Iran and during the time of the Qajar dynasty, one of the phenomena that threatened the social immunity of the Iranian society was the trade of women from the low classes of society. This was done for a number of reasons, namely inability to pay off taxes, extreme poverty, and the lack of immunity for the Iranian society. At times, this took place while the authorities being indifferent and while at others, it was done with their aid and assistance. There were many causes that led to this situation or exacerbated it. In my opinion, the growing role of the government was arguably the most important of all, because governmental authorities and officials more and more took part in this type of trade. My focus in this paper will be examining three historical documents regarding the trading of women in the northern region of Khurasan. The following documents are considered official documents preserved by the Foreign Affairs Ministry of our country regarding the Qajar period, and this is the first time that they are being observed and examined publicly. The lack of social justice and rights of citizens of Iran during this period will become clear as we examine these documents. The manifestation of this issue in northern Khurasan is only a small sample of the unjust situation that existed regarding this issue during those times throughout the whole country; an issue that is referred to as human trafficking or the trade of humans in this day and age. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Investigation of Shipping in Qajar Periods and its Impact on Trade, Based on Content of the newspaper “Kolkata Habl al-Matin”
shirin sharifi golamhossein zargarinegad sina forozeshTransportation is always considered, in all times and in all places, an important factor affecting the trade. This factor and its related elements have had a specific importance when evaluating issues of business and the merchants in Qajar period. Undoubtedly, one of th MoreTransportation is always considered, in all times and in all places, an important factor affecting the trade. This factor and its related elements have had a specific importance when evaluating issues of business and the merchants in Qajar period. Undoubtedly, one of the most important and effective component in the backwardness of Iran's trade was the unsuitable situation of the transportation during Qajar period. The findings of this study have showed, according to the witnesses, there were few main roads in Iran not comparable with countries dealing them. The attack to the caravans by the tribes, lawbreakers and thefts were the very important concerns for businessmen. Sometimes the relative security had been made by the compassionate and worthy rulers but it was not sustainable. Communications equipment, such as post and telegraph was incompatible and the businessmen were in trouble in many cases. The competitive activities of some states such as Great Britain and Russia, in this regard especially the railway, should not be ignored. The aim of the present study is to explain the inhibiting factors of the transportation in the roads and their impacts on the trade during Qajar period using the descriptive/ analytic method based on the contents of the newspaper “Kolkata Habl al-Matin”. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - A brief introuduction to the book " JahanNamayehJadid", and it's contribution to the iranians recognition about European countries
abbas hashemzadehTranslation is an important tool which helps researchers to recognize historical and geographical aspects of various nations and countries. At the time of Qajar dynasty, some Iranians began to translate various European books and literature under the supervi MoreTranslation is an important tool which helps researchers to recognize historical and geographical aspects of various nations and countries. At the time of Qajar dynasty, some Iranians began to translate various European books and literature under the supervision of the professionalists. Translating this outstanding works played an important role in improving the understanding of Europe for the Iranian people. One of the brilliant achievements of this era was Compiling a book entitled "JahanNamayehJadid", compiled from translating of European historical and geographical books after Amir kabir′s assignment as Ambassador inArzanat. Arroum. The latterimprovedIranian recognition about European countries. In this article, we attempt to explain the contribution of this book to the awareness among the Iranians. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - “Darolfonoon” a new view to the world of knowledge
yosef motavalli haghighiDarolfonoon is irans first public school that was manged in accordance with European style. And was established by mirza taghee khan amir kabir. This school started its educational activitie sin rabialaval fifth in 1286 h/ 1851 a.d. The students were registrated ther MoreDarolfonoon is irans first public school that was manged in accordance with European style. And was established by mirza taghee khan amir kabir. This school started its educational activitie sin rabialaval fifth in 1286 h/ 1851 a.d. The students were registrated there for seven courses as follow: cavalry, infantry, artillery, engineering, medicine, and pharmacy. The teachers who were teaching there werefrom European countries. At the beginning every course had been lasted for sevenyears, but later, itreduced to four years . at this school practical teaching was as importantas theorical teaching, and equipments sueh as laboratory , pressing bouse, and library were all in serve of teaching at the beginning naseraldin was wery gondof about school activities, but gradually when liberal ideas were growing there, he became regardless to it. In spite of its earlier progresses. Darolfonoon couldnot get to its general schedules because of numerous reasons, but at least could to open anew window toward knowledye world. For Iranians. And also caused a number of them became familiar with Europe xientific gains, and reformist ideas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Fathali Shah Qajar's religious policy towards the Sunnis in Iran
عباس سرافرازی محمد کاویانی یگانهThe historical sources of Qajar era have made a devout image of Fathali Shah، the second Qajarid monarch. His rule over the world's largest Shia country on one hand and Iran's being neighbored by Sunni States on the other hand makes his religious policy towards the Sunn MoreThe historical sources of Qajar era have made a devout image of Fathali Shah، the second Qajarid monarch. His rule over the world's largest Shia country on one hand and Iran's being neighbored by Sunni States on the other hand makes his religious policy towards the Sunnis of great importance which is the goal of this research. Historical sources show that the strategic policy of the Qajar kings including Fathali Shah towards the Sunnis is based on minimal confrontation، religious tolerance and attempting to realize Islamic unity which can be called "an interactive policy". Examples such as religious freedom، social security، the absence of narratives about military conflict with the Sunnis، trying to incline the Sunnis of marginal regions to the central government، the penetration of Sunni Sufi scholars into the royal court and the relations of the Sunnis with Shia statesmen and scholars support this idea. Possible influence of the Infallible Imams’ narrations urging the Shiites to coexist with the non-Shiites، absence of political or religious challenges from the Sunnis، the subsidence of radical anti-Sunnism among the Shiites، the prevail of the school of Mujtahidin and the gradual disappearance of Akhbari school among Shia scholars، the threat of Western colonialism and the necessity of Islamic alliance and preventing the Sunnis of marginal regions from immigrating or joining the rival Sunni neighbors of the Qajar government are the most important reasons of adopting such a policy. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data gathering method is a desk study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Evaluation of the influential components of western architectural culture in the modern era on the physical and decorative structure of the Qajar period gardens of Shiraz.
fatemeh nekooeimehr hossein soltanzadeh shervin mirshahzadehDuring the Qajar period, due to Iran's relationship with other countries and the changes that occurred in the cultural and political fields, differences were also created in the thoughts, trends and styles of Iranian art and architecture. These effects, which were mostl MoreDuring the Qajar period, due to Iran's relationship with other countries and the changes that occurred in the cultural and political fields, differences were also created in the thoughts, trends and styles of Iranian art and architecture. These effects, which were mostly seen in the residential buildings of the nobility, have occurred in all the building components from the body to the decorations. This influence was to such an extent that at the end of the Nasrid period, the architectural style of the buildings was a fusion of the traditional architecture of Iran and the West. Therefore, the question is raised, what components of western culture and architecture have influenced the physical and decorative structure of the Qajar period garden mansion in Shiraz? Therefore, in the conducted research, it is tried to investigate the influence of Western architectural art and culture on them by examining the physical and decorative features of the Qajar era gardens in Shiraz city. The combined research design used in this research is the type of alignment design and convergent model. In the qualitative part, a case study Chaharbagh mansions related to the Qajar era in Shiraz city (Eram Bagh mansion, Afifabad Bagh mansion, Narenjestan Qavam Bagh mansion and Manshibashi Bagh mansion) has been done. The relevant data were collected through the researcher's visit and observation of the structures and the registration physical and decorative features in accordance with the research question. The analysis the findings showed that in decoration component, the results qualitative and quantitative findings support each other and show that the elements of western architecture are widely used in the decorative components of these buildings. At the same time, regarding the physical component, although the qualitative findings show the significant presence of western elements in the physical architecture of these buildings, according to the respondents, western architectural elements were seen to some extent in the volume composition and elements of these buildings, but they do not have a strong presence the body of the buildings compared to the decoration components. .As mentioned earlier, the art and architecture of the Qajar era, affected by the currents modernism and the changes and developments of modernism and westernism, took on a new shape and color, and the achievements the modern era can be clearly seen in the buildings and mansions this era. to be Although the Qajar architecture is derived from the traditional architecture of Iran, especially the architecture of the Safavid and Zandiya eras, but at the end of the Qajar era, the elements western architecture can be seen in all parts of the building, especially in the appearance of the building and decorations. Even the use of new materials that were used in Europe were also used abundantly in the buildings of this period.As seen in the theoretical foundations of the research, the art and architecture of the Qajar era was influenced by the art and architecture of the West and European countries, and the trends of the modernity and developments that were the results of the Western modernity era entered Iran in different ways during this period. The art and architecture of this era had an impact. These effects can be seen in the aristocratic houses and mansions built in the big cities of Iran such as Shiraz. In this research, the effects of western art and architecture were investigated in two areas, physical and decorative, in four mansions of Bagh Eshrafi in Shiraz city. First, it was found that physical factors such as extroversion, columns, capitals, and long and wide porches are among the western elements in the examined buildings, but almost all the decorative elements in the buildings are influenced by western art and architecture. They are combined with Iranian decorations.Therefore, according to the examination of the studied samples and the issues raised, it can be said about the influence of Western art and architecture on the architecture of the Qajar period mansions that the mansions built in the city of Shiraz during the Qajar era can be the most He observed the influence of western patterns, especially in the decoration of buildings, and it was such that the closer to the end of this era, the buildings were more oriented towards western architecture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Formation of Flexibility Creators in Aristocratic Houses Based on the Gender Discourse Evolutions of the Qajar Era (Case Study: Qazvin Aristocratic Houses)
Mahdokht Kiaee Hossein Soltanzadeh Maryam Armaghan Ali Akbar HeidariThe one hundred and thirty-year history of the Qajar Dynasty (from 1794 to 1925) was associated with significant cultural changes in which internal and external factors played a key role. During this era, Iran established a relationship with a modern Western world that MoreThe one hundred and thirty-year history of the Qajar Dynasty (from 1794 to 1925) was associated with significant cultural changes in which internal and external factors played a key role. During this era, Iran established a relationship with a modern Western world that did not exist before. This relationship, which began in Dar al-Saltanah of Tabriz and was influenced by the modernist movements of Abbas Mirza (1789-1833), reached its peak in the Nasseri era. Numerous presence of European men and women in Iran, traveling and sending of a number of Iranians (mostly of the aristocratic families) abroad to study, and the three important trips of Naser al-Din Shah can be considered the fields in which Iran had cultural relations with the West. This connection between Iran and Europe and the acquaintance and comparison of common Iranian and European cultures gradually led to the creation of a critical discourse on some common mores in Iran and the common relations between Iranian men and women are in the category of such cultures. The relationships between men and women at the beginning of the Qajar era were based on the same ancient method. Moreover, based on the relationship between the same genders with each other and due to its influence, some activity and spatial systems were also organized with strong boundaries between men and women. Inside, women spent time together without a man. In the late nineteenth century, with the arrival of the modernity discourse in Iran, which considered the interaction between men and women to be normal, Iranians realized that some sexual acts and the love of an adult man for a man, which was common in Iran, were considered baseness in morality by the Europeans. This revision of the new cultural relations between men and women has also entered into the field of houses and transformed the activity and spatial systems influenced by this culture. In addition, at the root of these activity and spatial systems and the changes that have taken place in them, there is also flexibility, that seems to meet some of the needs of residents at different times. In fact, it is these needs that the ability of potential changes at the root of the activity and spatial systems of houses emerges and becomes actual, in order to meet them; In the present study, this reason for the occurrence of flexibility is called the creator of flexibility. The present research aims to study the transformation of flexibility generators based on the evolution of gender discourse (cultural relations between men and women) in Qajar aristocratic houses. Therefore, the main question of the study is : How were the flexibility creators of aristocratic houses formed based on the evolutions of gender discourse in the middle of the Qajar era? This study is qualitative, descriptive-analytical research which was carried out using historical analysis and a phenomenological research method. In the first step, the reflection of gender discourse evolutions in the aristocratic houses of the Qajar era is discussed and then, the flexibility creators based on the characteristics of the aristocratic houses are identified and analyzed using reliable historical books and sources. Next, using a phenomenological research method, the evolutions of flexibility creators are investigated in six aristocratic houses in Qazvin, as case studies, using the results of in-depth interviews with the residents of these houses and reliable historical sources. The results show that those activity and spatial systems which had flexibility creators (potential for change) before the evolution of gender discourse have maintained their function after this era as well. In other words, the needs of the residents of the Qajar aristocratic houses remained unsatisfied even with the changes in the relations between men and women in the middle of that era, and these changes, at least in the Qajar era, could not make a clear change in the residents' needs. It also seems that gender discourse evolutions have made the activity and spatial systems of houses more limited, but such a limitation has not undermined their flexibility creators. In other words, it can be concluded that the evolution of gender discourse has covered the flexibility creators in pre- and post-Nasseri's houses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Study of Components Reading in the Individual-Collective Space of the Courtyard in Traditional House (Historical Houses of Central Iran in the Qajar and Safavid Eras)
Hosna VarmaghaniThe body of each architectural work is made up of specific Components, the way in which these Components are organized and compounded affects the special relationships that flow between the main and secondary spaces inside the building. The Component is the determining MoreThe body of each architectural work is made up of specific Components, the way in which these Components are organized and compounded affects the special relationships that flow between the main and secondary spaces inside the building. The Component is the determining part in a material or spiritual being that includes all the physical beings of the building, its environment, and also the concepts that lead to the determination of the social identity of the building; and its study in an analytical circle is the way and procedure of recognizing the architectural space. The yard has a special place and necessity in the spatial structure of Iranian housing and has been of great importance in terms of climate, function, cultural and social relations. The Iranian courtyard as a place of manifestation of values that arose from culture, society and the environment and its components reflected the tastes of users, expresses a variety of values that define their identity and cultural characteristics and affect their individuality to the extent of intellectual and taste determinations. The courtyard was the center of common activities of the people of the house, which reduced the distance between the individual functions of the courtyard by defining places to sit through the beds by the pond, opening the doors of the rooms to the courtyard, furnishing and diversifying and continuing the use of porches. Using descriptive-analytical, historical, and phenomenological interpretive methods and relying on historical evidences, the present study examines the characteristics and aspects of Components in the traditional courtyard and argues for its individual-collective identity. In the meantime, it examines the historical houses of Central Iran in the Qajar and Safavid eras. The research questions are: 1. what are the characteristics and aspects of each Component in the courtyards of historic houses? 2. How can the individual-collective identity of a courtyard in a traditional house be argued on the basis of historical evidence? The research method is descriptive-analytical, historical, and phenomenological interpretation and is based on the fact that the required data were identified from historical books, biographies and travelogues and valid historical documents. Then, based on these data, the Components in the courtyard were explored; and it was determined that each of the Components in the courtyards of historic houses have which characteristics and aspects. The individual-collective identity of the traditional courtyard was also argued on the basis of historical evidence. In reviewing the results and analyzing the research findings, two points are considered; one is the application of the results in today's society and the other is the generalization of the findings to the whole society and public culture. Examining the components in the yards of the studied houses also reveals two points. First, the physical-spatial features of the yard, which in this study are included in the physical component, while meeting the functional needs, create other branches of cultural, social, ritual, natural components and recreation and pleasure environment. Second, the physical structure of the yard, which can be examined in two hard and soft layers of the building and fixed, semi- fixed and temporary elements; has provided the possibility of performing various functions in cultural, social, ritual and recreational contexts by forming common or separate realms and has led to the emergence of individual-collective identity in the traditional courtyard. What is important is the compatibility and cohesion of the components in the open-semi-open spatial structure of the courtyard areas in the historical houses of Central Iran, which provides the possibility of individual / collective behaviors. Findings show that the physical Component, while meeting the functional needs, creates other cultural, social, ritual, natural and pleasure Components Which has made it possible to perform a variety of functions by forming common or separate territories; that has led to the emergence of individual-collective identity in the traditional courtyard. What is important is the compatibility and cohesion of the Components in the open-semi-open spatial structure of the courtyard areas in the historical houses of Central Iran, which provides the possibility of individual / collective behaviors. The characteristics and dimensions of the Components discussed in this article will pave the way for future research in the analysis of the coherence aspects of other shape patterns of houses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Sociological study of Qajar literature with emphasis on Qaanis parishan
Mina teymouri khosroshahp Jalil Amirpour daryani Naser naseriLiterary works, reflect the thoughts, way of life and circumstances of any nation and show social realities artistically. The Qajar period, due to its social and political ups and downs, has always been the focus of attention of many scholars. Due to the constitutional MoreLiterary works, reflect the thoughts, way of life and circumstances of any nation and show social realities artistically. The Qajar period, due to its social and political ups and downs, has always been the focus of attention of many scholars. Due to the constitutional revolution, this era is divided into two periods, the present study covers the interval between the years (1223-1270). Although social issues are not reflected in this period as much as in the following; Therefore, the purpose of this study is to study the sociology of Qajar literature with emphasis on Qaani disturbances. The present study uses descriptive-analytical method and library and documentary study to examine the sociological themes of Qaani. The results of documentary studies show that issues such as poverty, bribery, theft, begging, intoxication and flattery, flattery and pretending to be disturbed by Qaani have been considered; However, due to the eulogy of this court poet, it is not possible to criticize the unhealthy situation of the society in a tangible way, and in the form of an anecdote, there are references to social problems and dilemmas Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Political sociology of political developments of the Qajar government from the point of view of Vilfredo Pareto's elite circulation theory
Ghasem Gol hoseini Manije Kazemi Shahrazad Sasanpour Daud EbrahimpourThe main goal of the present study was to analyze political sociological developments of the Qajar government from the point of view of Vilfredo Pareto's elite circulation theory. In this article, the following research questions are investigated: How can the political MoreThe main goal of the present study was to analyze political sociological developments of the Qajar government from the point of view of Vilfredo Pareto's elite circulation theory. In this article, the following research questions are investigated: How can the political developments of the Qajar dynasty be analyzed from the point of view of Vilfredo Pareto's elite circulation theory? What was the role of the elites in creating the changes of the Qajar period? The research method was practical in terms of purpose, and in terms of data collection, it was qualitative in a documentary and library style, and data collection tools were slips and note-taking. Pareto introduces the circulation of elites in the history of societies as a necessary and natural factor in the direction of progress. The political sociological analysis of the political developments of the Qajar regime showed that the lack of circulation of elites in the society of the Qajar era caused the imbalance of the political system and the appropriate response to political and social developments, in addition to proving the inefficiency of the official elites, it paved the way for entering new elites in the political domain. With the fall of the tsarist government in Russia, the Qajar government, which relied on the political structure of tribal kings, suffered social disintegration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Genealogy of the Bases of National Identity in Nationalistic Historiography of Qajar and Constitutional Periods
Mohammad Ali Alizadeh Ali Mohammad TarafdariThe rise of nationalistic historiography in Qajar and Constitutional Periods is one of the most important factors in formatting modern national identity in contemporary Iran. History and historiography are undoubtedly two of the most important manifestations of the pres MoreThe rise of nationalistic historiography in Qajar and Constitutional Periods is one of the most important factors in formatting modern national identity in contemporary Iran. History and historiography are undoubtedly two of the most important manifestations of the presence and appearance of cultural nationalism. From the time when nationalism, as a modern ideology was introduced in Iran in the 19th century, the bulk of Iranian cultural questions, including historiography and the kind of approach to the past, were influenced by this ideology. Therefore, a new type of historiography and rewriting of the past appeared among the intellectuals of the Qajar and Constitutional periods, on the bases of which Iranian historiographers began to rethinking history of Iran from a nationalistic view, and especially, they tried to revive and to glorify Iran's greatness and magnificence in ancient times to revival national pride in the hearts of the Iranian nation. As a consequence of the emergence of this view-point, history and historiography were gradually turned into means to lay the foundation of a type of national identity among Iranian people on the basis of ancient times. This tendency was greatly intensified among Iranian intellectuals after victory of Constitutional Revolution. The historiographers of this period were, in particular, greatly affected by nationalistic attitudes in the study of the activities of Iran’s ancient kings to reinforcement Iranians’ ancient identity. This process, which now is called Archaism, had a great effect in introducing the ancient times of Iran as the main basic for Iranians’ real and national identity. The aim of the present paper is to investigate and scrutinized the extent of the effects of the ideology of nationalism on historiography and historiographers' attitude of this period on the bases of the main historical and literal sources of the same era, and the role of nationalistic historiographies on the development of nationalist views in Iranian history writing among Iranian intellectuals and the contemporary political and cultural men of this period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Investigating the reasons for the inefficiency of the market and guilds in the developments of the first Pahlavi period (1320)
lila sarveyas sina froozesh reaz Shabanisamghabadi Gholamhossein ZargarinejadThe present study seeks to investigate the reasons for the inefficiency of the market and guilds in the developments of the first Pahlavi period (1320). From this perspective, after expanding the conceptual space the subject, it will examine role and function guilds. Ac MoreThe present study seeks to investigate the reasons for the inefficiency of the market and guilds in the developments of the first Pahlavi period (1320). From this perspective, after expanding the conceptual space the subject, it will examine role and function guilds. According to the thematic documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical data collection method in this research is a library. The findings of the research indicate that the markets and guilds, due to foreign influence, the expansion and publication of newspapers, their role and function has gone beyond the purely economic and commercial spheres has taken on a political and social aspect.This issue has fundamentally changed the structure and nature of guilds and bazaars and has taken them out of the status of a class and turned it into a class for itself. This issue has affected the bazaars and guilds on developments formation of the tobacco movement, the Chamber of Commerce, the Constitutional Revolution, the National Assembly and the formation of the National Bank so that the bazaars have a positive impact on the course of events and developments up to this time. But after the constitution until 1320, due the lack of unity within the group, the weakness of trade union and class consciousness and the coming to power of Reza Shah and the formation of government and class imbalance and tendency to land ownership, bazaars and guilds became inefficient and could not cope with political developments. Have positive social and economic effects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - A study of Yazd educational system in the Qajar period
ahmad babayi Soheila Torabi Farsani Mohammad Hasan MirhosainiAbstract:The purpose of this article is to study and analyze the developments and backgrounds of the formation of the new educational system and schools in the Qajar period. By choosing the historical period of "Qajar" as the source and beginning of the changes in the n MoreAbstract:The purpose of this article is to study and analyze the developments and backgrounds of the formation of the new educational system and schools in the Qajar period. By choosing the historical period of "Qajar" as the source and beginning of the changes in the new educational system in Yazd, the present study has tried to analyze and explain the "contexts, content and process of educational developments in Yazd" with a descriptive and analytical approach. According to studies, teaching in a new style began in the middle of the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar with the initiative of religious missionaries in Yazd. Subsequently, religious minorities such as Zoroastrians, Jews, merchants, and dignitaries established new-style schools and established the growth and dynamism of the city's education system. However, this process faced many obstacles and obstacles. However, the traditional methods of education, namely schools of religious sciences and schools in Yazd, continued for decades after the constitution. In the process of changes in the educational system and the formation of new education in Yazd, factors such as global developments and domestic developments in the country, the characteristics of Yazd multicultural society due to religious minorities, Qajar tendency towards education and new educational styles (from the middle of Qajar), The establishment of new schools such as Dar al-Fonun, etc., local newspapers, Zoroastrian merchants, the Constitutional Revolution and the establishment of schools by minorities and religious missionaries, etc. have been effective. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Investigating Women’s Covering and Hijab in Qajar Dynasty Reflecting upon the Works of Foreign Tourists of That Period (From Agha Mohammed Khan Kingdom to Mozafar-edin Shah Period)
Mohammad Reza Alam sakineh DonyariQajar dynasty is a historical period in which women had a particular type of hijab. Women always had a different position in the society from the ancient times up to Qajar dynasty. This particular position of women became even more prominent during Qajar dynasty. In thi MoreQajar dynasty is a historical period in which women had a particular type of hijab. Women always had a different position in the society from the ancient times up to Qajar dynasty. This particular position of women became even more prominent during Qajar dynasty. In this period, women always had hijab and wore chador with a mask over their face when they were present in the society. This study aims to investigate the social status of Iranian women including those in religious minorities – Armenians and Zoroastrians – from the kingdom of Agha Mohammed Khan toMozafar-edin Shah period reflecting upon the works of foreign tourists of that time. The main question raised here is how the foreign tourists narrated Iranian women’s, including those in religious minorities’, hijab. Having employed a descriptive-analytical methodology and the library resources, the findings of the present study show that the type of women’s hijab depended on their social class. The court or other rich women had more luxurious covering compared to ordinary women and there were some differences in their type of sewing, color, and jewelry. The women of religious minorities also had different coverings based on their religious beliefs. Armenian women often wore red and yellow, filigreed dresses and white chadors. They also wore masks over their mouths. Zoroastrian women had chadors and colorful headbands. Their clothes were mainly in silk and decorated with jewelry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - The role of balance politics and the third force in the history of Iran
saeed jahangiri Maryam KhaleghinezhadIn Iran during the Qajar and Pahlavi eras, one of the key words for understanding their foreign policy is undoubtedly the concept of "third force". And our main purpose in this article is to examine the role of the third force in the foreign policy strategy of Iran in t MoreIn Iran during the Qajar and Pahlavi eras, one of the key words for understanding their foreign policy is undoubtedly the concept of "third force". And our main purpose in this article is to examine the role of the third force in the foreign policy strategy of Iran in the two Qajar and Pahlavi periods. During the Qajar and Pahlavi eras, domestic and foreign agents of the structure and the agent underwent fundamental changes, and the mutual influence of the structure and the agent in the structure of the international system caused Iran to face tensions and challenges, and in Iran constantly, always It has caused the need for a third force in the international and even domestic arena during the Qajar and Pahlavi eras. Therefore, the present article tries to answer the question with a descriptive-analytical method, why Iran's foreign policy in the two periods of Qajar and Pahlavi has tended towards the third force? In response to this question, this hypothesis has been presented: From the point of view of Iranian officials in the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, the third force could have played a balancing role in Iran's foreign policy and moderated the Russian and British threats. In this study, based on the theory of threat balance, the role of the third force in Iran's foreign policy has been investigated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - The Role of Tribes in not Shaping the Civil Society in Qajar Era
Bahman Abdollahi ozan sofla Masomeh garadagi Sharzad Sasanpur Davod EsfahanianAbstract The tribes and nomads have always composed major part of the population in Iran and directly or indirectly have had roles in politics and government as the Iran society was a traditional, tribal one and this became more remarkable and important as the Qajars st MoreAbstract The tribes and nomads have always composed major part of the population in Iran and directly or indirectly have had roles in politics and government as the Iran society was a traditional, tribal one and this became more remarkable and important as the Qajars stepped onto the power and one of these fields is the issue of civil society, Therefore the current article which is to study the role of the tribes in not shaping the civil society in Qajar era will study the two issue of tribes and nomads and their roles in the field of civil society after developing the conceptual atmosphere of the subject of the research. According to the topical documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptional - analytical and the the data gathering method was a library one. The findings of the research indicates that first, the changes in Iranian society and the movement to a civil society like what happened in West needed the frame-works. The radical traditionalism has decreased the speed of these changes. The constitutionalism revolution speeded these changes which was not compatible with Iranian Society, for this reason was ended in failour and only a formal structure was resulted out of what was expected. Second. Qajarid was a tribal ruling and each state was governed by a prince and and there was no solidarity in the state and the tribal ruling was one of the reason for not shaping the civil society in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - The Law of Qajar Periodism and its Impact on Political and Social Situation in Iran(Constitutional Revolution)
ghorbanali najafi andarvar amirteymour rafiei mohammadkarim yosef jamaliAbstract:The reign of the Qajar kings began after the victory of Ahmad Muhammad Khan over Zand rulers and other claimants of government. The relations of power and relations prevailing in the Qajar political system were based on political power. As such, Qajar's rise to MoreAbstract:The reign of the Qajar kings began after the victory of Ahmad Muhammad Khan over Zand rulers and other claimants of government. The relations of power and relations prevailing in the Qajar political system were based on political power. As such, Qajar's rise to power must be seen as a kind of shift in power within Iran's provincial structure. The basic basis of the political power of the Qajar government, as in other periods of Iranian history, was based on tribal structure and the tribes and tribes possessed the real power of the state. In such a structure, the king of God was the shadow of God on earth and the center of political decisions. This status and characteristic of the king's extraterrestrial power led to the concentration of power, law-abiding, despotism, and authoritarianism, resulting in political underdevelopment. The conditional revolution took place in response to the king's extraterrestrial and heavenly power, but failed with the emergence of minor tyranny. In this research, we are trying to study the Qajar method, how to build the inheritance power and the absence of legal institutions in the Qajar era and its role on the political and social situation of Iran until the Constitutional era. The purpose is practical and, in the nature of research, descriptive and analytical, the data and findings are. The method of gathering data is viewing and reading through a library and archive of documents as well as searching the Internet and virtual networks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - A Reflection on Ahmad Ahsai's Influence on the Qajar Politicai Historey in the First Quarter of the 19th Century
javad abbasi kangevari amirteymour rafiei Reza Shabani SamghabadiAbstractAt a time when the war between major European powers over the seizure of resources of Asian and African countries had also made Iran the scene of these conflicts, and given the Iranians' lack of readiness to enter new and clever battles, important evidence such MoreAbstractAt a time when the war between major European powers over the seizure of resources of Asian and African countries had also made Iran the scene of these conflicts, and given the Iranians' lack of readiness to enter new and clever battles, important evidence such as: Mehdi Ali Khan's success in engaging Fath Ali Shah with Afghans, France's five-month honeymoon with Iran from Finckenstein to Tilsit, the fictitious brawl between the Indian company representatives and the British Foreign Office (James - Minto) in front of Fathali Shah, and the deceptive thirty-month trip of Abul Hassan Khan Ilchi and James Morier to London, and frequent and full of deception ceasefire recommendations of Russia to Iran throughout the two-phase wars and etc., are irrefutable evidence of the Iranians getting politically played and deceived. Under these circumstances, the arrival of a new school of thought in Iran called Sheikhia headed by Ahmad Ahsaie’s , had devastating effects on the Iranian Political Historey during this period, including courtiers, religious schools, and the general public. Using library research, this paper focuses on a corner of this issue, that so far has not been discussed in detail, due to the gravity of the effects of the issues on each other. Manuscript profile -
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119 - The Survey and analysis of Alinaghi Naeini’s Ma Asar Al-Sadriya treatise with emphasizing on Mirza Aqakhan Noori’s,the second chief minister of Naseri era, eulogy in it
shahla moghaddam seyyed mahyar shariatpanahi seyyed hosain reais al sadatThe Qajar dynasty and the position of the chief minister in the political structure of contemporary Iran is of particular importance, and the fifty years of Nasser-al-Din Shah’s reign is one of the most significant features of this period. Mirza Aqa Khan Nuri was MoreThe Qajar dynasty and the position of the chief minister in the political structure of contemporary Iran is of particular importance, and the fifty years of Nasser-al-Din Shah’s reign is one of the most significant features of this period. Mirza Aqa Khan Nuri was the second chief minister in Nasseriyeh era, whose character and political actions have become the target of accusations and mostly negative judgments. Unlike the negative judgments against him, Mirza Alinaghi Naeini, one of the writers and politicians of Qajar period, defended him in the short essay of Ma Asar Al-Sadriya. The purpose of this analytical-descriptive essay is to criticize and analyze this thesis and then to demonstrate its consistency or conflict with other historical documents. The findings of this research reveals that some of Naeini’s defenses of Mirza Aqa Khan Nuri are sometimes fundamentally contradictory with other historical sources. This essay attempts to criticize and analyze Ma Asar Al-Sadriya treatise on Mirza Aqa Khan Noori's eulogy. Manuscript profile -
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120 - The evolution of the historical geography of Amol from the beginning of Islam to the end of the Qajar era, relying on archaeological evidence and written historical sources
Maryam Bathaie Mohammad Esmaeil Esmaeili Jelodar mohammad mortezayiAbstractAmol is one of the old and important cities of Tabaristan from pre-Islamic to the present day, which has played a key role in the political, economic and cultural relations of northern Iran due to its location and communication roads and geographical location. A MoreAbstractAmol is one of the old and important cities of Tabaristan from pre-Islamic to the present day, which has played a key role in the political, economic and cultural relations of northern Iran due to its location and communication roads and geographical location. Although written sources provide valuable information about the city, many questions remain about the impact of historical and political events on development and changes in different periods. In response to these questions, the authors decided to use written sources to determine and analyze the process of its formation and developments. The subject of this study is the historical geography of Amol from the beginning of Islam to the end of the Qajar period. The aim of this study was to identify and investigate the developments through reviewing the recorded texts of historians and tourists. The main question raised is what are the influential events after the arrival of Islam in Amol and what parts of the written historical geography include. The present article has documents, documents and texts from the beginning of Islam to the end of the Qajar era. The research method of this paper is historical-descriptive-comparative. One of the most important results obtained is the arrival of Islam in 30 AH, ups and downs to the Mongol and Timur attacks, the geographical and religious importance in the Safavid period, the center of trade and construction of war equipment in the Afshariyeh and Zandieh periods and the special place in the Qajar period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Review of women's educational demands in the Qajar period based on "Habalamatin Kolkata newspaper"
shirin sharifiThis article explains the reasons and motivations of knowledgeable and pioneering women of the Qajar era in order to make themselve enjoy the modern education. The women's need for education and training in a new and non-traditional style was a prerequisite for all thei MoreThis article explains the reasons and motivations of knowledgeable and pioneering women of the Qajar era in order to make themselve enjoy the modern education. The women's need for education and training in a new and non-traditional style was a prerequisite for all their desires, because without an effective education, their other desires would not be possible to be fulfilled. The findings show that reasons such as: the emergence of competent women to raise children, equalization with men, the right to vote, promotion of the family value, and the acquisition of rights and competencies formed their intellectual framework in justifying the patriarchal society of that time.The demands voices of women, and even men alike, were reflected in an atmosphere that was the inheritor of traditional cultures, religious readings and practices mixed with prejudice and self-thinking of its performers, that made the realization of this dream difficult. The women's community has set its expectations in the role of mother and wife from a long-term strategic perspective, and has left the idea of its independent individuality to the women of the future. The main source in this research is the texts of Habalamatiin Kolkata newspaper. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Constitutionalism (Mashrooteh) and dual writing of continuity or interruption
SODABEH DASTI TORK soheila torabi farsani naser jadidiSince traditional counseling is ancient in Iran and mainly emphasizes on how to maintain or gain power. Examining this issue during the constitutional period, which is mainly the main issue of reducing the power of the Shah, is of particular importance. The purpose of t MoreSince traditional counseling is ancient in Iran and mainly emphasizes on how to maintain or gain power. Examining this issue during the constitutional period, which is mainly the main issue of reducing the power of the Shah, is of particular importance. The purpose of this article is to examine the writing of advice during the constitutional period, and the main question is whether, despite the desire to limit the power of the Shah, the basic axes of writing advice have changed? In this article, we examine two treatises that are from the memoirs of the constitutional era: one is the treatise of Shariat Mozaffari from the Queen of Historians and the other is a treatise on the definition of the formation of a civilized nation by Hussein bin Mahmoud. Mousavi and their elements are compared to ancient periods in Iran. The results of this study indicate that the main purpose of the constitutional period consultations is to find final and practical solutions to get out of a situation that is considered deplorable. The insights of these letters of recommendation also indicate a kind of dichotomy in the transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy. In this duality are found both elements of ancient counseling and doctrinal tendencies towards the king and the monarchy. This research has been prepared and compiled in a descriptive-analytical method based on consulting sources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - The Real Position of Dowlatshah in Politics of Qajar Iran
javad abbasi kangevari amirteymour rafiei Reza Shabani SamghabadiThe Real Position of Dowlatshah in the Politics of Qajar IranIn the first quarter of the 19th century, a series of important, consequential events in Iran paved the way for the presence and influence of European superpowers in the country and numerous political, militar MoreThe Real Position of Dowlatshah in the Politics of Qajar IranIn the first quarter of the 19th century, a series of important, consequential events in Iran paved the way for the presence and influence of European superpowers in the country and numerous political, military, and security challenges. Although the political atmosphere was in favor of the heir apparent, Fath-Ali Shah favored his senior son, Dowlatshah, in such a time of turmoil and instability and delegated to him the duty of rectification of important national matters. Dowlatshah achieved great success in his endeavors and despite the unresting attempts of historians to paint a bleak and distorted picture of the man, even with his mysterious death, at a time when he was on the verge of conquering Baqdad, Dowlatshah and his achievements have indelibly and undeniably marked the pages of Iran`s history. Dowlatshah was never known for who he really was. The current research, which is a first in its intent and data processing, aims to explain in detail the influence of foreign powers and their agents in the country in distorting the reputation of Dowlatshah, and his rightful and dignified status and character, by investigating and bringing to light certain historical facts and identification of certain suspicious agents close to him who harbored malicious intentions in their minds and perhaps killed him.The method used in this research is historical (deductive) with a descriptive-analytical approach toward the editing and compilation of the study.Keywords: Dawlatshah, Ahsaei, Qajar Wars.Qajar Princes. England Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - The secret of the failure of the Azerbaijan State Association during the Iranian constitutional movement
saeed atashbar manizheh Sadri seyed mahmoud sadat Monirh kazemirashedPurpose: Investigating the causes of the failure of the Azerbaijan State Association in the constitutional era. Method and Research: This article tries to study the causes of failure of the Azerbaijan State Association in the constitutional era by descriptive-analytical MorePurpose: Investigating the causes of the failure of the Azerbaijan State Association in the constitutional era. Method and Research: This article tries to study the causes of failure of the Azerbaijan State Association in the constitutional era by descriptive-analytical method.Research Findings: One of the most important achievements of the Iranian constitutional movement is the formation of state and provincial associations. These associations played a significant role in the developments of the constitutional era, and as the main protectors of the constitutional movement and the National Assembly, they acted in a way that provoked the anger and hatred of the supporters of tyranny against them. In the same way, in the last months of the life of the first term parliament, a sharp reaction was formed in the associations and especially in the Tabriz association, which was called the Holy National Association; Which led to the extinction of all associations in the coming days of the assemblies. The present article intends to advance the discussion and provide a proper answer to the fundamental question of finding the causes of the failure of the Azerbaijan State Association in the developments of the constitutional era. Keywords: Qajar Dynasty; Constitutional Movement; Tabriz Association; Association Failure; Dissolution. Manuscript profile -
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125 - Religious legitimacy in the Qajar era, its components and consequences in the era of Naser al-Din Shah
freydoun jaafari reza shabanisamghabadi Gholamhossein ZargarinejadStudying the developments of the Qajar period and the rule of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar indicates the interaction, conflict and tension between the government institution and the religious scholars. The reason for this problem should be found in the concern of religious l MoreStudying the developments of the Qajar period and the rule of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar indicates the interaction, conflict and tension between the government institution and the religious scholars. The reason for this problem should be found in the concern of religious legitimacy of the Qajar kings, the importance of the existence of a political system in order to ensure the security of the society, and the association of the Qajar kings with the religious culture that dominates the Iranian society. This research aims to answer this question with a descriptive and analytical method, relying on archival documents and library data. The hypothesis that is proposed in this direction indicates that one of the main levers of the legitimacy of the government in Iran during the Islamic period was the accompaniment of the political structure with the religious ideas ruling the society and its support. The Qajar kings tried to show their compatibility with the cultural environment by adopting micro and macro policies and cover the lacks in the numerous sources of religious legitimacy with their attention to this aspect of legitimacy. Examining Naseruddin Shah's approach to religion and religious scholars shows that he has not only moved with the cultural environment of the society to gain religious legitimacy, but at times he has also taken extremes in this way, which itself has consequences in the political environment. and had a social community. His religious policy varied from measures such as granting titles and government jobs to holding religious shows. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - An analysis of the performance of Shiite scholars in the protection of religion in the era of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar
mohammadreza bagherizadehgan naser bageribidehendi ali aghanooriAbstractThe word Shiism is the only word that throughout history has been associated with missionaries, scholars and authorities who have caused the rise and spread of this religion with dynamism and insight in every age.Shiite scholars are the flag bearers of religion MoreAbstractThe word Shiism is the only word that throughout history has been associated with missionaries, scholars and authorities who have caused the rise and spread of this religion with dynamism and insight in every age.Shiite scholars are the flag bearers of religion and culture and have spared no effort to protect its sanctity. The social functions of the ulema have been very fruitful against the selfishness of the tyrant rulers, especially the Qajar sultans, as well as against the two colonial governments of Russia and Britain. They were able to maintain the religious, political, livelihood and economy of Iran to the best of their ability during the fifty-year rule of Nasser al-Din Shah (1264-1313 AH), which was the culmination of concessions to the colonial and looting states of Russia and Britain.Finally, the results of this research provide the audience with the position of scholars such as Ayatollah Kani, Mirza Shirazi, Miraz Mohammad Hassan Ashtiani, Haj Mirza Javad Agha Tabrizi, Agha Seyyed Ali Akbar Fal Asiri, etc., who were able to take a conscious action taken from the Qur'an, Sunnah , Wisdom and consensus to protect religion, acquaints. Manuscript profile -
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127 - the Functions of the Azerbaijan State Association in the Age of Constitution, According to the Tabriz Association Newspaper and newly found documents
saeed atashbar manizheh Sadri seyed mahmoud sadat Monirh kazemirashedThe Azerbaijan State Association, which was initially established solely for supervising the elections of the National Parliament, gradually got such an influence that became the sole authority of litigation of the Azerbaijan people, and because people referred to it di MoreThe Azerbaijan State Association, which was initially established solely for supervising the elections of the National Parliament, gradually got such an influence that became the sole authority of litigation of the Azerbaijan people, and because people referred to it directly in every affair, It was accepted by different groups of people. The association was largely subject to the opinions and demands of the people and tended to involve the people in the work and inform them of the decisions made. Accordingly, he took steps to eliminate the abusive customs and establish a schools with new meditation and establish a municipality and order, supervise government affairs and the like. In fact, the members of the Azerbaijan State Association were responsibly accountable to the people who, with the establishment of constitutionalism and given their prominent role in it, demanded fundamental changes and considered themselves entitled to be present and observer in various currents. Manuscript profile -
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128 - The role of Armenians in the peasant movement in Gilan during the Qajar period With an emphasis on constitutionalist ideas
Reza Refahi Taleghani Javad HERAVI Gholamhossein ZargarinejadAbstractDuring the constitutional era, several peasant movements took place in some parts of the country. The land of Gilan was one of the areas where the peasants were seriously involved in the peasant movement against the lords, almost throughout the region. During th MoreAbstractDuring the constitutional era, several peasant movements took place in some parts of the country. The land of Gilan was one of the areas where the peasants were seriously involved in the peasant movement against the lords, almost throughout the region. During the movement, the peasants took various measures to fight against the lords and benefited from the support of groups and political parties such as the civil society, the Abbasi Association and the Social Democrats of Gilan. How is the idea of constitutionalism evaluated? The hypothesis of the present study is: It seems that Armenians have played an effective role in the peasant movement of Gilan during the Qajar era by emphasizing constitutionalist ideas. The method of research in this article will be historical (inductive) and the method of collecting documentary and library information is In this way, the content will be described and analyzed. The main findings of the above study indicate that: Peasants during various stages of the movement, such as non-payment of property, quarrels and conflicts with landlords and their eviction from villages, and the formation of rural associations in this regard, the two parties Hu Nchak and Dashnak Armenians in the war The cities of Tabriz and Rasht actively and significantly influenced the Iranian constitution in two main ways: military and intellectual-cultural. Manuscript profile -
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129 - Dispute between Iran and the Ottomans over border points
Bahram Afrasiaby zin abad Monireh kazemi rashed Manouchehr samadivand Masomeh GharadaghiUncertain state of borders between the two countries, clashes between border tribes from the border of Azerbaijan to Khuzestan and the support of Iranian princes to some of their chiefs, the issue of citizenship of some border tribes and the problems caused by their sum MoreUncertain state of borders between the two countries, clashes between border tribes from the border of Azerbaijan to Khuzestan and the support of Iranian princes to some of their chiefs, the issue of citizenship of some border tribes and the problems caused by their summer and winter, Iranian and Ottoman refugees, violent and insulting Ottoman behavior With Iranian pilgrims, Iranian-Ottoman trade issues, the ambiguous political situation in Kurdistan, and Kurdish issues, which are considered major issues in the region. Kurdish tribes sometimes caused chaos and unrest in the border areas. The Iranian Kurds were all at war with the Ottoman Kurds, killing travelers passing through their territory and looting their property. The Ottoman government also always had major problems with the Kurds of its country. In the nineteenth century, with the beginning of the weakening period of the Ottomans, we witnessed numerous Kurdish uprisings against the Ottoman government. The interference of the Russian and British governments in the relations between Iran and the Ottoman Empire was also influential, in the form of an alliance with one government against the other. Manuscript profile -
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130 - An Introduction to the Religious Beliefs and Politics of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
Javad Noorian Amir Teymour Rafiei hamid reza safakishThe religious beliefs of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar can be discussed regarding his religious policy. A kind of religious belief seems to be apparent and recognizable in his behavior and actions so that he, as the king of a Shiite country, tried to show that he is the guar MoreThe religious beliefs of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar can be discussed regarding his religious policy. A kind of religious belief seems to be apparent and recognizable in his behavior and actions so that he, as the king of a Shiite country, tried to show that he is the guardian of the Shiite religion. Generally, the rule of Agha Mohammad Khan is mostly referred to as a military and violent rule. Historical resources have further described his immeasurable military campaigns and bloodshed. In the meantime, the study of his religious spirits and beliefs has been completely neglected. The purpose of this research was to investigate the religious beliefs of Agha Mohammad Khan and his approach in dealing with Shiite scholars. This research is conducted through a descriptive-analytical method using library resources. The results showed that as the founder of the Qajar dynasty, he was completely religious and loyal to the principles of Shiism by his heart regardless of hypocrisy. On the other hand, while respecting Shiite scholars, he did not allow them to involve in political affairs very much and used them occasionally. Manuscript profile -
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131 - Western border provinces in the Qajar period
Bahram Afrasiaby zin abad Monirh kazemirashed Manouchehr samadivand Masomeh GaradagiQajar Iran was far from the scene of European politics. The western regions of Iran in the Qajar period witnessed complex conflicts and Fath Ali Shah was sensitive to the administration of the province of Azerbaijan and was important in various ways, including proximity MoreQajar Iran was far from the scene of European politics. The western regions of Iran in the Qajar period witnessed complex conflicts and Fath Ali Shah was sensitive to the administration of the province of Azerbaijan and was important in various ways, including proximity to Russia and therefore became the residence of the Crown Prince. Azerbaijan was the border between the Tsarist and Ottoman governments of Russia. Findings show that due to its strategic position, Iran has become a hotbed of competition for powerful states and important parts of Iran were separated from the country as a result of treaties and economic and trade privileges were transferred to these states that maintained their trade and commercial interests. Land disputes are one of the most important differences between neighboring governments and the limitation of productivity of existing facilities and the lack of a series of registered and trusted laws between states and their non-binding to tactical and exclusive promises in specific time conditions as well as ease of integration. Ethnic and linguistic differences between neighboring and border areas have always led to years of conflict between states. The extent to which governments are able to manage their internal affairs in an integrated manner was one of the factors that encouraged some countries ready to start tensions. Manuscript profile -
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132 - Renewal of competition between Osuli and Akhbari at the beginning of the Qajar period
Elham Amiri Gholamhossein Zargarinejad Sina ForoozeshRenewal of competition between Usuliyan and akhbarians at the beginning of the Qajar periodAbstractDisagreement between the two schools of jurisprudence, Akhbari and Usuli, before the end of the 12th century AH, the series of challenges between the two schools in the 13 MoreRenewal of competition between Usuliyan and akhbarians at the beginning of the Qajar periodAbstractDisagreement between the two schools of jurisprudence, Akhbari and Usuli, before the end of the 12th century AH, the series of challenges between the two schools in the 13th century begins again. In this process, the relative and causal connections between the fundamentalist clerics led to the strengthening of the mujtahids and their unity against the views of the Akhbari clerics. With the advent of Mirza Mohammad Astarabadi (in the thirteenth century AH and during the Qajar period), a new round of intensification of the confrontation between akhbarian and fundamentalist scholars took place. discussions about both fundamentalist and akhbarian ideas in the Qajar period had various political and religious consequences, especially in the field of incitement related to the clerical apparatus in spreading the ideas of ijtihad and imitation, strengthening the institution of authority and influence of the clergy among the Tuido people and confronting The government, part of the fundamentalists clergy, appeared to enlightenment and new ideas and to welcome some manifestations of modernity. Political developments in the region, including the Iran-Russia wars, were the cause of rivalry between the fundamentalists and the Akhbaris. This article tries to follow the existing similarities between religious scholars about the causes of akhbarian tendencies among the clergy of the Qajar era and to examine the renewed competition between these two sects in the field of intra-organizational developments of the clergy.Keywords: Akhbari, Ijtihad, Astarabadi, Clergy, Qajar era Manuscript profile -
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133 - Investigating the role of Ahmad Shah's political personality in the fall of the Qajar dynasty
hamzeh hoseiniThe political psychology of Ahmad Shah Qajar, in whose time the Qajar dynasty was extinct and a new period began in Iran with the establishment of the Pahlavi government, is very useful for understanding the political developments of this period. This article tries to a MoreThe political psychology of Ahmad Shah Qajar, in whose time the Qajar dynasty was extinct and a new period began in Iran with the establishment of the Pahlavi government, is very useful for understanding the political developments of this period. This article tries to answer the question of what role did the political personality of Ahmad Shah play in the fall of the Qajar government with the descriptive-analytical method and with the help of Karen Horne's theory? The findings of this study show that Ahmad Shah Qajar was a character mixed with fear and despair, which manifested itself in fear of the history of his father and ancestors, fear of foreign powers, fear of internal opponents, and fear of rumors and propaganda. This fear, which was formed in his personality since his childhood due to internal and external sad factors, caused him fear and despair towards his leadership and was also given to him so that he could not take decisive measures with courage and resourcefulness to deal with Sardar Sepe and other domestic and foreign opponents, and finally, by leaving Keshu and not returning, he contributed to the downfall of Qajar. Manuscript profile -
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134 - The evolution of the concept of national identity in the Qajar era
Kianoosh Afshari Hamed Ameri Golestani Bahram Yousefi Shiva JalalpoorIran, as one of the oldest countries in the world, has long had a kind of national identity and "nation" and this can be seen in the continuation of the name "Iran". The three building blocks of Iranian national identity are "being Iranian", "religion" and in the new er MoreIran, as one of the oldest countries in the world, has long had a kind of national identity and "nation" and this can be seen in the continuation of the name "Iran". The three building blocks of Iranian national identity are "being Iranian", "religion" and in the new era "modernity". The two ancient layers of Iranian national identity have long been more or less compatible with each other, and have and still have many overlapping elements. With the acquaintance of Iranians with the new world, it caused new awareness in this field and this awareness caused a change in this identity. Therefore, the main question of this research is how this change in the components of national identity was formed in the Qajar (pre-constitutional) era? This descriptive-analytical study has concluded that "archeology", "rewriting", "redefining the homeland" and "redefining the nation" and "shaping the idea of nationalism (in its modern sense)" are the most important components of the "new Iranian identity system". Manuscript profile -
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135 - Differences and changes in the official Qajar history of history from Fath Ali Shah to Nasir al-Din Shah
Shahla Mansouri Ghavamabadi Soheila Torabi Farasani Faizollah Boussof CornerOfficial historiography texts in the Qajar period have changed due to political and socialchanges and connections with the West, and a familiarity with the historical works of theWest, and created new insights in historiography. During this period, two types ofhistoric MoreOfficial historiography texts in the Qajar period have changed due to political and socialchanges and connections with the West, and a familiarity with the historical works of theWest, and created new insights in historiography. During this period, two types ofhistoric studies with different approaches to the official historians Was used. Thebeginning of the Qajar period until the end of Muhammad Shah's period and the earlyperiod of the Nazarene period was more or less traditional in traditional historiography,and in the middle of the Nazari period, some changes were made in the history of history.Considering the necessity of the historiography of this period and the importance of thebooks written by the historians, this paper examines this Two types of officialhistoriography look at and answer the question: What differences can be observed in thehistoriography of this period?The method of this historical research is descriptive-analytic, based on library studiesand archival documents. Manuscript profile -
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136 - A case study about social crises of Mozafari 's era described in Merat Al-vagaea Mozafari
Shahla mansori Soheila torabi farsani feisollah boushasb gosheAbstractThe crise that shook the country from the Nazarite era ,due to the lack ofattention to reforms and modernization in the structure of government,increased in the period of hardship and made the government messy. Thefinancial system of the state collapsed and the MoreAbstractThe crise that shook the country from the Nazarite era ,due to the lack ofattention to reforms and modernization in the structure of government,increased in the period of hardship and made the government messy. Thefinancial system of the state collapsed and the economic pressure on thepeople doubled ,causing insurrection and social crises throughout the state.Malek Al-Mukherin,one of the official historians of Mozafari 's court in MeratAl-Dawkh, has well described all the riots and crises.This article tries to use the descriptive –analytical method to examine the kindof official historian's look at people's protests and revolts and the level ofattention and attention to people and their problems. He is trying to answerthe following question: What was the kind of view of Abdul Hussein KhanSehpehr as official historian for the riots and social protests? Manuscript profile -
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137 - The political function of the pulpit ( menbar ) in confronting the proponents and opponents of the constitutional ( Mashrooteh ) period Community Verified icon
shahrbanoo delbariThe political function of the pulpit is one of the multiple functions of the Shiite pulpits, which has been the source of action and reaction during the constitutional period to inform and stage the people, to stage a public uprising and to demand social justice.Hence, MoreThe political function of the pulpit is one of the multiple functions of the Shiite pulpits, which has been the source of action and reaction during the constitutional period to inform and stage the people, to stage a public uprising and to demand social justice.Hence, the authors try to answer the question, "What were the causes and factors of the political function of the pulpit of the proponents and opponents of the constitution?" Test the hypothesis that the pulpit media in the constitutional period (both proponents and opponents) of elements such as the sanctity of the pulpit as a behavioral symbol of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), the social influence of the clergy and preachers, the spread of Shiite rites and rituals, expressing the needs of society and Other factors have been exploited and the political efficiency of the revolutionary pulpits, as the main factor of the popular movement and uprising until the establishment of the National Assembly, has been significant and undeniable. Proponents and opponents of the constitution from the beginning of the constitutional movement to the end of the Qajar period through the pulpit attracted a wide range of society and took different positions, the causes, factors and some of its effects will be discussed in detail in this article. This article has been written in an analytical-descriptive manner based on various historical sources and available documents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - The Role of the Civil Organizations of the Capital's Guilds in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution
Ali Mostejab aldavh Tahereh Azimzadeh Tehrani hadi KhanikiThe guilds participated in the struggles of the Constitutional Revolution along with other social and political activists. Research on the perpetrators of the Constitutional Revolution has focused on the role and position of clerics, intellectuals and businessmen, and t MoreThe guilds participated in the struggles of the Constitutional Revolution along with other social and political activists. Research on the perpetrators of the Constitutional Revolution has focused on the role and position of clerics, intellectuals and businessmen, and the role of the guild institution has not received much attention. Recognizing this role is necessary to analyze the causes of the emergence and victory of the Iranian Constitution . In the charter of the first elections to the National Assembly, six social strata, including the guilds, had the right to be elected, and 53% of the seats in the capital were allocated to the guilds. Did they reach a position where they alone had more seats in parliament than the other five major social classes? It is hypothesized that the guilds had a large and influential presence during the constitutional revolution and because of their organization, they had institutional cohesion and were organized and coordinated, so they played a key role in the victory of the constitution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - The manifestation of the formation of historical Qajar houses based on social relations with a look at the biological context of the neighborhoods
Fateme Meisami Maryam Qasemi Mohsen Afshari Mortaza NouraeiThe living structure of historical neighborhoods is influenced by the complex social interactions among the residents of the neighborhood and their relationships with the surrounding neighborhoods.These relationships have hierarchies, which with their effect on the body MoreThe living structure of historical neighborhoods is influenced by the complex social interactions among the residents of the neighborhood and their relationships with the surrounding neighborhoods.These relationships have hierarchies, which with their effect on the body of the neighborhood cause the creation of certain centers in the neighborhood as places of social interactions in different strata of society, politically (prominent squares of the city), economically (four hundred bazaars), religiously (grand mosques). , educational (theological schools) and even cases of dispute resolution (Diwan Khanah and Vakalat Khanah). These centers were established in three macro scales and at the city level to the middle scale of the neighborhood such as the neighborhood center and the micro scale of passages and houses.This broad classification shows archetypes hidden in historical contexts in social interactions and social dynamics. Therefore, this research seeks to answer the question, "What are the symmetrical physical structures with social interactions on the scale of Hakim neighborhood and its passages and historical houses left during the Qajar era?". This broad classification shows archetypes hidden in historical contexts in social interactions and social dynamics. The analyzes performed based on the qualitative approach and interpretative-historical paradigm on the historical context of Hakim neighborhood show the existence of physical structures indicative of social interactions at different scales at the neighborhood and extra-neighborhood level. On a small scale (diwan khaneh and vakalat khaneh), on a medium scale (main passages), on a local scale (mosques, tekkehs, schools, bazaar and bazaarche) and on a trans-neighbourhood scale (big mosques of the city and main squares of the city). The structures of social interactions are visible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Moderate prose in the first half of the Qajar period
Ghahreman ShiriAlthough the beginning of the Qajar rule evokes the literature of return and its end is reminiscent of clear, political and simple constitutional poetry and prose, in general, the prose of the Qajar period can be called moderate prose; That is, a prose that mixes parts MoreAlthough the beginning of the Qajar rule evokes the literature of return and its end is reminiscent of clear, political and simple constitutional poetry and prose, in general, the prose of the Qajar period can be called moderate prose; That is, a prose that mixes parts of the characteristics of the past prose with parts of the characteristics of the simple and spoken language of the Qajar period. What emerges from this mixing and combination is a different way of writing that has adapted the composition and symmetry of propositions and literary and ironic phrases from artificial and rhythmic prose, and has taken the simplicity of phrases and verbs, frankness, and spoken interpretations from prose and everyday language. . Along with a regressive trend in prose writing that includes historical historians such as Mohammad Sadegh Nami, Mohammad Taghi Sepehar and Reza Qoli Khan Hedayat, there are two relatively strong trends that combine imitation with innovation. First, it is an important part of the historiography in the Qajar period, that is, writers such as Badainagar, Khaqatnagar, Mirza Razi Tabrizi, Mahmoud Mirza Qajar and Zain al-Abidin Shirvani, who made the approach to prose between the creator and the sender and combining it with phrases from the language of the time the goal of their writings. have given; And the second is the transformation of the construction writings of the previous artefact by Qaim Maqam and Fadel Khan Grossi into moderate, flexible and artistic writings and mixing it with poems, proverbs and speech interpretations, the final outcome of all these activities leads to the simple, clear and analytical prose of the Naseri period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Intelligibility evaluation of houses in Dezful city in Qajar and Pahlavi periods using UCL Depthmap software
naser ghaneifar Hasan Rezaei vahid ahmadiWhat is identified in the attitude toward the house is the visual and perceptual structure that is formed for the audience. Intending to evaluate the level of visual clarity in Dezful houses during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, this article tries to analyze the course MoreWhat is identified in the attitude toward the house is the visual and perceptual structure that is formed for the audience. Intending to evaluate the level of visual clarity in Dezful houses during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, this article tries to analyze the course of its developments and answers the question of What was the evolution of visual clarity in Dezful houses during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods? The present research was conducted using a combined method, based on the quantitative data obtained from the Depthmap software and the analysis of these data using the method of logical reasoning. The case samples included 20 houses, which were selected purposefully, considering the lack of physical interventions, from among the houses of Dezful in the Qajar and Pahlavi periods. The results of the research show that the houses of the Pahlavi period have a higher level of Connectivity compared to the Qajar period. Also, in the Qajar period, houses with one yard are more integrated than houses with two and three yards, and according to this, the houses of the Pahlavi period are considered more integrated than the houses of the Qajar period. The results of the research on visual clarity indicate that this criterion has a lower level in the Qajar period than in the Pahlavi period Therefore, by passing from the Qajar period to the Pahlavi period, the amount of Intelligibility in the houses has increased, and it has made the houses of the Pahlavi period more legible and more visually clear than the Qajar houses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - The evolution of historical houses of Tabriz metropolis from the perspective of Visual Perception (case example of houses in Qajar period of Tabriz)
Fatemeh Mohammadiyan ali azar asadolah shafizadeIntroduction:.The Qajar period houses of Tabriz are considered to be the most beautiful historical houses of Tabriz. The aesthetics of these houses is not only formal and outward, but a mass of semantic and functional aesthetics is hidden behind the appearance of these MoreIntroduction:.The Qajar period houses of Tabriz are considered to be the most beautiful historical houses of Tabriz. The aesthetics of these houses is not only formal and outward, but a mass of semantic and functional aesthetics is hidden behind the appearance of these houses. Research aim: Explanation and investigation of the influential components in the functional aesthetics of the historical houses of Tabriz in the Qajar periodMethodology: Descriptive-analytical method with qualitative method using interviews was used. In this research, there are two types of statistical population. 1- The houses of the Qajar period of Tabriz, which have been selected from among the 14 famous Qajar houses of Tabriz. 1- There are 135 professors and experts in the field of architecture and historical heritage of Tabriz, of which 16 were randomly selected. To analyze the house in relation to the aesthetics of the interpretive-historical method, and to interview in a semi-structured way with experts from the professors and experts of Tabriz in the fields related to the architecture of this house, the interviews were conducted using audio recorders. The voice of the respondents was coded using the "MaxQodia" qualitative data analysis software with the help of a computer.Studied Areas: The area under study is the city of TabrizResult: It is concluded that the aesthetic factors have been manifested in the context of the body and the function of harmony with local custom and culture, local materials and attention to the needs of all family members and flexibility, and the evolution of the historical houses of Tabriz in the direction of aesthetics (functional, functional) ) Is.Conclusion: The findings of the research showed that the aesthetics of Qajar houses is manifested in a functional, physical, formal, structural and functional-social way and in the relationship with nature. The most important manifestations of this period appear in the form of three styles and periods of purely performance (without paying attention to aesthetics), imitative aesthetics and aesthetics along with functional aesthetics Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Jobs of Beiranvand tribe in Qajar and Pahlavi period based on hunting and hunting
Esmaeil SepahvandIn the Qajar and Pahlavi eras, the tribes and nomads of Iran, both rural and nomadic, in addition to livestock and brief agricultural affairs, many of them at that time when it was difficult to live, to other occupations such as looting and plundering caravans, They als MoreIn the Qajar and Pahlavi eras, the tribes and nomads of Iran, both rural and nomadic, in addition to livestock and brief agricultural affairs, many of them at that time when it was difficult to live, to other occupations such as looting and plundering caravans, They also paid for militarism, hunting, and so on. Hunting was one of the occupations that human beings have been doing on this planet since the beginning of their lives and it continued in the vast land of Iran from ancient times to the Pahlavi era because there were plenty of halal meat animals in Iran. Among the tribes and clans of the country who were particularly skilled in hunting and hunting to feed themselves and their families, we can mention people from the great Beiranvand tribe, many of whom live for their livelihood or for their stomachs and covenants. Their families were busy selling their prey or their skins to make a living in the era in question. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - The role of modern information tools in Qajar era in Tabriz
mosa majidy elnaz SardariniaIn this study we try to show a part of initiative and creative power in the field of information in Tabriz during the contemporary history of Iran; that is an example to being pioneer and history making of Tabrizians in the field of thought, knowledge and culture. The e MoreIn this study we try to show a part of initiative and creative power in the field of information in Tabriz during the contemporary history of Iran; that is an example to being pioneer and history making of Tabrizians in the field of thought, knowledge and culture. The extent of these creations and innovations is very spread and consists of literature and art, education, science and technology, anticolonization and antidespotic movements but in this article we try to have a summary view at the transitions and transformations in the fields of information, literature, education and their effects on the changes of society. In addition to establishment of print industry of Iran in Tabriz, foreign books have been translated into Farsi for the first time in this city, so this city is the pioneer of translation, modern composition or simple writing have been tought by Talebov, one of the son worthy of this city. We owe authority of the first encyclopedia in the Islamic world, writing the first novel, children literature, national journalism to pioneer and powerful humans raised from Tabriz. Several facts have caused to appear these changes, like increasing foreign relationships and traveling to European and neighbor countries. And also, meeting new industries and technologies, translation of published works in this fields, elite and pioneer people’s birth in Iranian society are the presence of sending students to European countries. To be in the way of Silk Road, being neighbor with Ottoman, Russia and European countries, traveling foreign merchants and politicians, and also living Crown Prince in this city have made Tabriz to one of the most important Iranian cities in contemporary history of Iran. And we can say that in this period of history especially in recent two centuries, this proud city is not only a usual city, but also a museum of epics. And, it is pioneer in several political, social, artistical, literary and scientific fields, and finally the entrance of modern information tools in the city led to awaken the Iranians and to Constitution Movement (Mashroote). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - The Effect of Women's Publications on Promoting the Position of Women in Qajar Period
Fatemeh Mahboob علی اصغر داودی Hamid Saeedi Javadi -
Open Access Article
146 - Comparison of Cultural, Symbolic, Social and Economic Capitals of the Clergy in the Safavid and Qajar Periods
Reza Nou doost Mohammad Reza Mayeli -
Open Access Article
147 - Social functions of the Khaksari method in the Safavid and Qajar periods
zahra ebrahimiThe khaksariyeh method, which gained strength in Iran from the Safavid period onwards, was the source of many social developments in this period and after that, and interacted with various institutions of the society. The members of this Shiite method contribute to the MoreThe khaksariyeh method, which gained strength in Iran from the Safavid period onwards, was the source of many social developments in this period and after that, and interacted with various institutions of the society. The members of this Shiite method contribute to the promotion of Shiite culture by chanting and chanting prayers, and oppose the Shiite movements (such as Babbitt). While promoting tolerance and non-violence ethics among the people, they strengthened the relationship between Iranian nations and preserved and transmitted their important cultural heritages with tools such as poetry, calligraphy, music, painting, and veil reading.By writing practical and mystical treatises (such as fatutnamehs), in addition to literary activity, they tried to institutionalize mystical ethics among guilds and professionals and present Sufism in their form.Khaksariyyah consider themselves Twelver Shia. In their texts, they mention Shiite imams with respect and appeal to them. Therefore, he should be considered among the strengtheners of the tradition of invocation, a tradition that has often been objected to by Shia opponents.Key words: Khaksariyyah, Safavid Sufism, Qajar Sufism, Asnaf, Ahl Fatut Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - The affairs of the jurist and the guardianship of the jurist in the eyes of Sheikh Ja'far Kashif al-Ghatta
Muhammad Ma'refatPolitical thought has always been in the field of Islamic government jurisprudence and Islamic jurists, including Kashif al-Ghatta, have dealt with it in various sections of jurisprudence. In addition to his scientific status and social status, the era of Kashif al-Ghat MorePolitical thought has always been in the field of Islamic government jurisprudence and Islamic jurists, including Kashif al-Ghatta, have dealt with it in various sections of jurisprudence. In addition to his scientific status and social status, the era of Kashif al-Ghatta has been influential in the formation and influence of his political thought. Among the powers and duties of the jurist in the age of absence from the point of view of Kashif al-Ghatta, is to take charge of jihad, establish and implement limits, the position of fall, the appointment of a judge and Shaykh al-Islam, and the guardianship of khums and zakat. On the basis of these matters, in the field of domestic policy to ward off the danger of the Akhbaris, and in the field of foreign policy, he ordered jihad and the permission to form the IRGC to Fath Ali Shah Qajar and made him his deputy. According to the principle of non-guardianship, he believes that creatures are equal in worship and no one has true dominion except God; Therefore, commands and prohibitions should be issued only by God or someone appointed by Him. His theoretical foundations in the book Kashf al-Ghatta 'and his practical life in the implementation of the social laws of Islam, indicate the acceptance of the general guardianship of the jurisprudent for the general deputy of the Imam, ie the comprehensive Mujtahid. This work, in addition to examining some historical currents and the practical life of Kashif al-Ghatta, is based on the description and analysis of his political views, using his written works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Tileworks of Houses of Shiraz in the Qajar Era: A Mythological Study
Effat-alsadat Afzal Tousi Golnaz Selahi Ladan SelahiThe art of Qajar era has many unique features and characteristics regarding to materials, subjects and execution techniques. One of the notable art products of Qajar period is the tileworks used in private and semi-private sites of palaces and houses of&n MoreThe art of Qajar era has many unique features and characteristics regarding to materials, subjects and execution techniques. One of the notable art products of Qajar period is the tileworks used in private and semi-private sites of palaces and houses of aristocrats; the use of these tiles peaked especially in the Nasseri era. These tiles reflect the interests and tastes of the people of this period; regarding to themes, execution techniques and depicting the subjects, the tiles show special characteristics. They refer to the simultaneous presence of Iranian, Islamic and western elements in this period. To understand this, we need to know the concept of "archi-myth" and the functions of the myths in the semantic space of art and culture of Qajar era. After explaining the concept of archi-myth, the present article, first, tries to study the dominant myths in the Qajar's art and culture based on the tiles used in the houses of Shiraz; and then some of these tiles are analyzed. The main purpose of the research is to study the visual documents that explain the contemporary theory of archi-myth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Analysis of Ideological power in the Qajar era from the perspective of Michael Mann's sources of social power
farid sadatsharifi Keramatollah Rasekh alireza khoddami majidreza karimiThe aim of this study is to examine ideological power in the Qajar era as part of Michael Mann's quadruple social power approach. Michael Mann distinguishes four sources of power: political, ideological, military and economic. The art of the research is Historical and i MoreThe aim of this study is to examine ideological power in the Qajar era as part of Michael Mann's quadruple social power approach. Michael Mann distinguishes four sources of power: political, ideological, military and economic. The art of the research is Historical and its method are documentary which is carried out with Michael Mann's analytical method and measuring the sources of social power with four indicators of power. The four sources of power and consequently the social impact of these sources of power, namely the court, the clergy, the chiefs of the tribes and nomads and the merchants, were in close and constant contact with one another.The results of the research show that clergy, as the representative of ideological power, came into conflict and overlapped with other sources of social power, such as the court and merchants, both in order to control and regulate the sphere of activity and implementation of religious rites and common interests. Confrontation and overlap between the court and the clergy, in financial, political and security support from the court and the legitimacy of part of the clergy and the clergy and the merchants was in the social support of the merchants by the clergy and the financial support of the merchants. The end result of the overlap, followed by the cooperation of the social agents of the two sources of economic and ideological power, the merchants and the clergy, in opposition to political power, led to the Constitutional Revolution and the tobacco movement. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - Representation of power in the production of the social urban space Tabriz of the constitutional era and the first Pahlavi
shahab adamnavasi Atusa Moderi Varaz Christian MoradiThe concept of urban space is always facing many complications. An important part of urban spaces are public spaces. Confronting space as a commodity, government intervention and government programs have led to the monopoly of public spaces. The purpose of this research MoreThe concept of urban space is always facing many complications. An important part of urban spaces are public spaces. Confronting space as a commodity, government intervention and government programs have led to the monopoly of public spaces. The purpose of this research is to understand the process of production of public spaces in the city through power relations. For this purpose, power conflicts in the political, cultural-social and economic environment of Tabriz were investigated in two periods and sources such as documents and texts, maps and historical photos were used. The methodology of this study is in two stages, in the first stage, determining the indicators based on the ANT network technique and theoretical coding of the texts and documents of each course, and in the second stage, the analysis of these indicators is based on the power mechanism techniques, and finally, determining the power technology. Two discontinuities in this period, what is obtained from this research is that in the late Qajar and first Pahlavi, contrary to what is expected from a civil society, most of the spatial representations, apart from the constitution, instead of involving all people And the activists in the process of space production have been dominated by the rulers. However, due to the network nature of power, the resistances produced by other actors in the form of semiotic production and social production have been able to intervene in the process of space production to some extent and assert their right to urban spaces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - Typo-Morphology of social and cultural architecture of Qajar houses in Nobar neighborhood of Tabriz
Sara Pourmokhtar Mohammadreza Pakdelfard, Hasan Sattari SarbangholiThe historical context in the cities of Iran are rich treasures that are explored in various dimensions based on scientific analysis and can reveal their hidden aspects. One of these dimensions explored are historical houses. In different historical periods, houses are MoreThe historical context in the cities of Iran are rich treasures that are explored in various dimensions based on scientific analysis and can reveal their hidden aspects. One of these dimensions explored are historical houses. In different historical periods, houses are the most important scale of living in cities. Also, before they were a physical unit, they were a social, cultural and historical unit that took on a body affected by this characteristic. In this research, from the social and cultural aspect, the typology of the architecture of the Qajar houses in Nobar neighborhood of Tabriz has been discussed. The research method is historical interpretation and the means of collecting information is in the form of library, documents and historical texts and based on content analysis. After examining the structural changes of the society, the architecture of Qajar houses has been analyzed from the two dimensions of the cultural structure and the social structure in the spatial elements of the entrance, courtyard and internal spaces and accesses in the architectural body of the examples. The results of the research indicate how to create a specific architectural structure based on indicators such as cultural, social, economic, political and religious beliefs, according to which a single structure has been formed from the physical and functional aspects of Qajar houses in Nobar neighborhood of Tabriz. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - Investigating the Originality Aspects of the Decorations Used in Qajar Houses and Examining Its Effect on The Cultural Value of These Places (Case study: the houses of Imam Juma, Vosough al-Dawla and Mostofi al-Mamalik)
Amir hossein Zakerzadeh aniseh ghorbani niaPlaces clearly have values, one of which is cultural values. The decorative methods of Qajar houses had pure structural values with a realistic content in its own time. Not enough study has been carried out on the factors affecting the cultural value of these places, de MorePlaces clearly have values, one of which is cultural values. The decorative methods of Qajar houses had pure structural values with a realistic content in its own time. Not enough study has been carried out on the factors affecting the cultural value of these places, despite the great value of houses in the Qajar period. The purpose of this study was to investigate the aspects of the originality of Qajar period house decorations and their role in the cultural values of this valuable heritage. The present study is a descriptive-analytical survey. The research area is the houses of Imam Jomeh, Vosough Al-Dawlah and Mostofi Al-Mamalek in Tehran. Statistical population of research is visitors of selected houses and the sample size is 384 people. Data were collected by library and field method (researcher-made questionnaire) and analyzed using factor analysis and regression methods. The results showed that the special characteristics of the decoration of the architecture of the houses under study are carving, tiling, plastering, painting, brickwork, trainings, Mogharnas, mirror work, lambing, sash and knitting, sash and wooden masonry. aspects of the originality of the decorations used in these houses; are original, exceptional, referential and influential originality. Influential originality with a coefficient of 0.466, the most important aspect of originality and referential, exceptional and original originalities are in the next priorities, respectively. In general, it can be concluded that the cultural values of Qajar houses in Tehran have been influenced by the characteristic features and originality of the decorations used in these places. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - The Search for "Self" and "Other" Inside the Adventures of Haji Baba'i Esfahani
Javad Mavizchi seyed khodayar mortazaviThe “self" and "other" are hostile interpretation that in political and intercultural studies lead to the separation between different communities and identities. In Laclau E and Mouff C's Discourse theory, this concept has been interpreted by specific constraints MoreThe “self" and "other" are hostile interpretation that in political and intercultural studies lead to the separation between different communities and identities. In Laclau E and Mouff C's Discourse theory, this concept has been interpreted by specific constraints, as the engines that drive a discourse, they show the inevitability of the function of resistance and hostility. The search for these two concepts in James Morier's novel is a central theme of this article. Especially that according to the author's oriental viewpoint of Iranian society (external look), this book points to considerable contexts in judging and culturing an alien image of Iranian culture and relationships.In this article, after defining and interpreting of "self" and "other", the position and importance of "The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Isfahan" are mentioned as an entry on study of Iranian political and social morals and ethics. After discussing these two topics, the different sides and proportions of "self" and "other" were extracted from the book and according to discursive approach, some of the exaggerations and attributions of this allegorical-fantasy story were evaluated by the actions and morals of the Iranians of the Qajar era. The results that explain intensification of some "self" and "other" and deepening hostile relationships in the form of this book, Representing these contradictions, while pointing to gap in cross-cultural understanding, has emphasized the need to cross over the concepts in the book and more accuracy in readout. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - A Comparative Study of the Impact of Cultural Changes on the Privacy at the Entrance of the Traditional Houses in the Qajar (Case: Traditional Houses of Qazvin)
farzaneh alimohamadi mohamadreza bemaian maedeh pourfath alahOne of the most important beliefs in the past was the home’s privacy and especially women hijab; that consider in the most private buildings such as homes. Entrance has been one of the most important parts of the house that considers the privacy of homes, hierarch MoreOne of the most important beliefs in the past was the home’s privacy and especially women hijab; that consider in the most private buildings such as homes. Entrance has been one of the most important parts of the house that considers the privacy of homes, hierarchy of entry was being done through a “Hashti” (vestibule), “Dallan” (hall), yard and “miandar” to the rooms that was the most private parts of the home. In this article Interpretive- historical method is the main method for research. Therefore, using library research tools, privacy problem studied in Entrance architecture of Iranian traditional houses. The field studies have been done on ten Iranian historical housesto retaining the entrance space privacy in entrance designing. finally five samples have been introduced as evidence in article. The results of this study shows that significant changes had happened in the entering to house that the most important features of them are; Removing some elements of confidentiality in entrance. Placement and construction of houses in the main street, which was not existed before the Qajar. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - The House Decorations of Qajar Period and its Effect on Creating a Sense of Place (Case Study of the Houses of Mushir al-Dawla, Mu'tamun al-Atiba 'and Alam-al-Saltanah)
Amir hossein Zakerzadeh aniseh ghorbani niaThe historical houses of the Qajar period can be considered the valuable treasures of the history of ‎Iranian architecture. The splendor of Iranian architecture depends on its decorations, which are not ‎ineffective in creating a sense of place. Therefore, ident MoreThe historical houses of the Qajar period can be considered the valuable treasures of the history of ‎Iranian architecture. The splendor of Iranian architecture depends on its decorations, which are not ‎ineffective in creating a sense of place. Therefore, identifying the factors that affect the sense of place ‎is necessary and inevitable for it to improve. Hence, this study aimed to identify and explain the ‎decorations used in Qajar period houses and its effect on creating a sense of place in these houses by ‎descriptive-analytical method, and so a survey was conducted in Qajar period houses located in 12th ‎and 11th districts of Tehran. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The ‎collected data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis and regression. The results showed that ‎the architectural decorations of these houses; Bedding, brickwork, tiling, woodworking, sash and ‎sash weaving, metal decorations, mosaics and laminating. These decorations had a positive and ‎significant effect on the identity of the place with a coefficient (0.544), belonging to the place with a ‎coefficient (0.497), dependence on the place with a coefficient (0.286), and creating a sense of place ‎in these houses Has been effective (p <0.01). Therefore, it can be concluded that the decorations used ‎in these houses has played an important role in creating a sense of place in these houses by affecting ‎the identity, belonging and dependence on the place in the audience. Recognition of these factors in ‎heritage spaces is a way to preserve architecture.‎ Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - An Investigation of Underdeveloped Iran in the Qajar Era From the point of view of the conceptual model of the soft government of Myrdal
zahra aryakian aliakbar amini ahoura rahbar asghar keivan hosseiniIn this paper, using the descriptive-analytical method and the method of documentary collection, it is attempted to delineate the underdeveloped Iran in the Qajar era with respect to the role of government policy and characteristics from the viewpoint of Myrdal. How can MoreIn this paper, using the descriptive-analytical method and the method of documentary collection, it is attempted to delineate the underdeveloped Iran in the Qajar era with respect to the role of government policy and characteristics from the viewpoint of Myrdal. How can Iran's underdevelopment in the Qajar era be explained by the role and peculiarities of the soft government from Myrdal's point of view? Findings indicate that the Iranian society in the Qajar era, which coincided with industrial development in the West, was increasingly exposed to the outside and the aforementioned developments, while at the same time having many problems within it, most notably Referring to the arbitrary rule of kings, the failure to enforce the rule of law in the country, the disobedience of powerful community groups including the Qajar dynasty, landlord aristocrats, tribal elders and merchants of existing laws and regulations, as well as widespread bureaucratic corruption. The soft government of Myrdal is in the political structure of Iran, which led to the Qajar era Lack the ability to enforce law, control internal affairs, and compel various groups to enforce state laws and regulations, as well as to take serious action to root out corruption at various levels and thus impede the development and implementation of modernization programs in the country. Let this era be created. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - Solutions to reduce energy consumption and design compatible with the climate in Hamedan city based on the architecture of traditional houses of the Qajar period
Alireza Noorian Sara ZohariToday, the energy crisis and environmental pollution have become one of the major challenges in the world. One of the ways to reduce environmental pollution is to model native architecture and its solutions in accordance with the climate. The present article deals with MoreToday, the energy crisis and environmental pollution have become one of the major challenges in the world. One of the ways to reduce environmental pollution is to model native architecture and its solutions in accordance with the climate. The present article deals with the physical system of native housing in the climatic context and how the special climate of this region affects the external body and spatial organization planning of housing. The purpose of this research is to find out the climatic solutions used in these houses and to explain them in the form of climatic design components in Hamadan city. For this purpose, the question is raised, how effective is the shape of Hamedan's traditional houses on the use of renewable energy? The research method is analytical-descriptive along with case study and simulation. Examining 30 examples of native houses in Hamedan shows that there are similar patterns in most of them. First, these patterns are explained, and then, in order to check the compatibility of these elements and methods with the region's climate, three examples of traditional houses in Hamedan city, which include one example of each type, were selected and designed by Design Builder software in terms of The body and the response rate to the climate are analyzed. Examining the components of ventilation, light, energy loss and the need for cooling and heating shows that the architecture of traditional houses in Hamadan in terms of form, orientation, level of openings, proportions of the yard and many other things are largely in accordance with the climate of the region. has it. In the following, the climatic patterns in the houses are extracted and design instructions are presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - Reasons for simplifying Persian prose in the second half of the Qajar period
قهرمان شیریThe advice of governments in all periods is usually simplistic; but in the second half of the Qajar period, since both the kings themselves were writers and were directly involved in correspondence, they became a model of simplification in practice. The spread of journa MoreThe advice of governments in all periods is usually simplistic; but in the second half of the Qajar period, since both the kings themselves were writers and were directly involved in correspondence, they became a model of simplification in practice. The spread of journalism and telegraph, and memoirs and sermons and travelogues and critical essays and the spread of translation and fiction were important phenomena that made simplification a common pattern in the second half of the Qajar period. The coexistence and accompaniment of a large number of intellectuals, educated people, religious scholars and groups of bazaars and urban masses in the field of political, cultural and literary struggle, brought the thoughts and language of these groups closer to each other and formed a simple and clear language and expression. It became Analytical- Interpretive, reasoned, and devoid of the literary and complex aspects of prose. Undoubtedly, the connection with Europe and the expansion of worldview and the transformation of intellectual sensitivities and the influence of their books and newspapers and acceptance of change in all phenomena and its spread, change in literature and writing can be factors influencing the simplicity of prose and poetry in this period. On the other hand, a number of internal factors were involved in this simplicity, some of which are: facing an illiterate and illiterate audience and the development of various sciences, and accelerating political developments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - A Lost Caravanserai from the Qajar Period: Miānjūb Caravanserai
Siavash DoroodianThe purpose of this article is to find the location, characteristics and reasons for the disappearance of Miyanjoob Caravanserai. This building was located in the middle of the road that connected the capital to the western regions of the country during the Qajar period MoreThe purpose of this article is to find the location, characteristics and reasons for the disappearance of Miyanjoob Caravanserai. This building was located in the middle of the road that connected the capital to the western regions of the country during the Qajar period. Historical-analytical research method has been used to find out the condition and characteristics of this building. In this method, by examining the historical sources of the Qajar period, the possibility of the existence of this caravanserai in the assumed place between Tehran and Karaj has been investigated, and according to the historical documents, the hypothesis has been proven. This study shows that the building was located in the vicinity of the current Wardvard and was called Mianjoob due to its location next to the stream that goes from the Karaj River to Tehran. The findings of this research also determine the reason for naming, the name and characteristics of the owner of the building, and the reason for the destruction of the building. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - An anthropological study of the traditional occupations of Dalak and Mashata in the Qajar era society
Vahid RashidvashProfession and job, customs, habits and beliefs, way of thinking and mental characteristics related to themselves. Studying and researching in this regard is beneficial in the general condition of the people from the point of view of sociology and anthropology. This art MoreProfession and job, customs, habits and beliefs, way of thinking and mental characteristics related to themselves. Studying and researching in this regard is beneficial in the general condition of the people from the point of view of sociology and anthropology. This article deals with the research about jobs that were more important in the Qajar era society in daily life, but today, due to the inventions and progress of science and the increase of information, they are not effective.The working method in this research is documentary and library. Malinowski's functionalism and Louis-Strauss's structural functional approach have also been used. The findings of this research indicate that the background, history and relations of Mashata and Delaki profession owners with the social strata on the one hand and on the other hand due to the close relationship of people with these occupations, manners, customs and rituals have been established in this space. which represents a part of the culture and past of the people of this land. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Examining and analyzing parables in Qaim Magham Farahani's poems
Ameneh Bidarian Ali Mohammad moazzeniProverbs are expressions that existed orally among people in the past, and later writers, poets and elders of every age put them in written form. The reason for the commonness of such features is brevity, weight and desirable tone, historical and fictional roots based o MoreProverbs are expressions that existed orally among people in the past, and later writers, poets and elders of every age put them in written form. The reason for the commonness of such features is brevity, weight and desirable tone, historical and fictional roots based on experiences, etc. The purpose of the present research was to describe and explain the parables in the poems of Qaim Maqam Farahani, to introduce and introduce this literary, political and social personality and to know more about his poetry and thought. He uses Persian proverbs as a weapon in political campaigns. Unlike his contemporaries who do not mention the events of their time. In most of his poems, he talks about the events of the day. The current research was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the investigation and analysis of the use of proverbs in Qaim Maqam's poems show that Qaim Maqam referred to common proverbs. Since the poet found the ode more appropriate to express his intentions; Therefore, the most presence of proverbs and proverbs in the Diwan of Qaim Maqam poems was observed in the form of odes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - Political sociology of political developments of the Qajar government from the point of view of Vilfredo Pareto's elite circulation theory
Ghasem Gol hoseini Manije Kazemi SHAHRZAD sasanpour Davood EbrahimpoorThe main goal of the present study was to analyze political sociological developments of the Qajar government from the point of view of Vilfredo Pareto's elite circulation theory. In this article, the following research questions are investigated: How can the political MoreThe main goal of the present study was to analyze political sociological developments of the Qajar government from the point of view of Vilfredo Pareto's elite circulation theory. In this article, the following research questions are investigated: How can the political developments of the Qajar dynasty be analyzed from the point of view of Vilfredo Pareto's elite circulation theory? What was the role of the elites in creating the changes of the Qajar period? The research method was practical in terms of purpose, and in terms of data collection, it was qualitative in a documentary and library style, and aslo data collection tools were slips and note-taking. Pareto introduces the circulation of elites in the history of societies as a necessary and natural factor in the direction of progress. The political sociological analysis of the political developments of the Qajar regime showed that, lack of circulation of elites in the society of the Qajar era caused the imbalance of the political system and the inappropriate response to political and social developments, in addition to proving the inefficiency of the official elites, it stopped entering new elites in the political domain. With the fall of the tsarist government in Russia, the Qajar government, which relied on the political structure of tribal kings, suffered social disintegration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - The narrative of national identity and its components in the epic poetries of Qajar period
hamed mehrad Mohammad Jafar YahaghiAbstractBeing under the shadow of Shahnameh, epics composed after this masterpiece had seldom been received by scholars. This negligence regarding the literature of Qajar period is quite evident. Drastic political, social, and cultural changes occurred in th MoreAbstractBeing under the shadow of Shahnameh, epics composed after this masterpiece had seldom been received by scholars. This negligence regarding the literature of Qajar period is quite evident. Drastic political, social, and cultural changes occurred in this period that were very influential in formation of the future incidents namely the creation of a new style and specific manner in composing epics. Towards the end of this era, as far as traditional stylistics is concerned coincides with the advent of school of literary return and regarding social changes it is contemporary with the constitution movement we are faced with the appearance of a genre of historical poetry which are composed following the example of Shahnameh, yet they are not mere imitation since in form and content made innovations to the point that the concept of identity the composers had in mind differ in perspective with that in Shahnameh. This research looks into selective works in view of the above factors. It seems that the narrative identity in epics of this period is an ideological concept submissive to the ruling powers and its meaning changes according to the changes made in the constitutions held by the patrons of these works. These poetries are on one hand a place where intellectual ideas encounter religious beliefs and on the other hand are the meeting place of nationalistic dialogues with patriotic inclinations. By selecting and merging parts of history realistic or mythological in favor of their patrons these epics transform historiography into literary narrative. This research has been conducted by library and analytic method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - Introducing and analyzing the epic poem of the War of Khorasan; a historical epic poem following the the style of shahnameh in the Qajar period
hamed mehradAbstract Following the style of Shahnameh, the War of Khorasan poem is an historical epic belonging to the second half of the thirteenth century composed by an unknown poet whose pseudonym is Mohtaj. Using the Moteghareb mode, he versified the events r MoreAbstract Following the style of Shahnameh, the War of Khorasan poem is an historical epic belonging to the second half of the thirteenth century composed by an unknown poet whose pseudonym is Mohtaj. Using the Moteghareb mode, he versified the events related to Salar’s uprising which began in Khorasan in the reign of Naseredin Shah Qajar and involved the central estate. This article first introduces and studies this work, then by analyzing its textual and meta textual features show that in order to explain the concepts which form the Persian identity in the Qajar period and the eras leading to the contemporary era alongside the exaggerated ancient outlook which is solely due to the influence of the dominant discouse over the Qajar period is more familiar, one can pay attention to the new Persian identity through the examination of the epic poems belonging to the recent periods, a subject often neglected in contemporary cultural studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - Semiotics of Head Motifs in the Historical Context of Tehran Based on Chandler Codes
Sara Sadat Miri Firoozeh Sheibani RezvaniThe aim of this research is to identify visual characteristics in the motifs of three selected fronts of Foroozesh Street, Molavi Street and Vakil Al-Tajjar Street in the historical context of Tehran, which has been less studied. The reason for choosing these three head MoreThe aim of this research is to identify visual characteristics in the motifs of three selected fronts of Foroozesh Street, Molavi Street and Vakil Al-Tajjar Street in the historical context of Tehran, which has been less studied. The reason for choosing these three heads among similar cases was the capacity to analyze their motifs from the perspective of Daniel Chandler's codes. This research is qualitative and based on data obtained from library information and observation of case examples that describes and analyzes motifs based on Daniel Chandler's semiotic opinions. The results of the analysis are as follows: From the point of view of social codes, it shows the integrated style of cultural exchange between the rulers of Qajar and the West. From the point of view of the textual ciphers, brickwork, tilework motifs are explained in the visual text of Islamic elements, Khatai, birds and written verses. In interpretative codes of visual elements, it explains the royal authority as well as the importance of living in the shadow of faith in the One Lord and the fruits of faith of a Muslim person. Perceptual codes are interpreted based on the similarity of the elements in the motifs of the three heads. Finally, from codes of perception, it shows the orientation of the leader's and the audience's thinking about the natural elements of the garden in a symbolic and abstract way. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - Conspiracy to Kill the Prophet and Sahīfah Mal’ūnah: A Study on Validation of a Narrative in Late Shīīte Sources
Siavash DoroodianThe purpose of this article is to find the location, characteristics and reasons for the disappearance of Miyanjoob Caravanserai. This building was located in the middle of the road that connected the capital to the western regions of the country during the Qajar period MoreThe purpose of this article is to find the location, characteristics and reasons for the disappearance of Miyanjoob Caravanserai. This building was located in the middle of the road that connected the capital to the western regions of the country during the Qajar period. Historical-analytical research method has been used to find out the condition and characteristics of this building. In this method, by examining the historical sources of the Qajar period, the possibility of the existence of this caravanserai in the assumed place between Tehran and Karaj has been investigated, and according to the historical documents, the hypothesis has been proven. This study shows that the building was located in the vicinity of the current Wardvard and was called Mianjoob due to its location next to the stream that goes from the Karaj River to Tehran. The findings of this research also determine the reason for naming, the name and characteristics of the owner of the building, and the reason for the destruction of the building. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - A Study on Iran’s Societal Backward in the Q§j§rs Era According to “Tarbiat” Newspaper
Abdullah Motevali Mohammad Hassan Beigi: Newspapers played an irreplaceable role in changing the approach of Iranian society during the Qajar era. In the process leading to the formation of the Constitutional Movement within Iran, several newspapers were published. Some of them, regardless of their political More: Newspapers played an irreplaceable role in changing the approach of Iranian society during the Qajar era. In the process leading to the formation of the Constitutional Movement within Iran, several newspapers were published. Some of them, regardless of their political stance, pursued a pathological approach to the general issues of society. The Tarbiat newspaper was one of the most important and stable of these newspapers. For nearly nine years, it sought to root out the elements and factors of societal stagnation, offering practical solutions to exit from those unpleasant conditions. The identification of the factors of societal backwardness and the proposed models of the newspaper for structural reform in the society of the Qajars formed the main issue of this article. Therefore, the present research seeks to answer this fundamental question: What are the main factors of the backward of Iranian society in the Qajar period from the perspective of the Tarbiat newspaper? And what models does the newspaper propose to get out of this situation? The results of the study show that the newspaper’s emphasis is more on cultural weaknesses and inability to expand up-to-date knowledge. Accordingly, the newspaper’s proposed system is more focused on increasing the scientific capacity of society and also the radical treatment of this disorder. Of course, from this perspective, the reform of the educational and training system is considered as the main priorities. In addition to this, the reform process will be fruitless without considering the reconstruction of the moral system of society Manuscript profile
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