Formation of Flexibility Creators in Aristocratic Houses Based on the Gender Discourse Evolutions of the Qajar Era (Case Study: Qazvin Aristocratic Houses)

Subject Areas : Life Space Journal

Mahdokht Kiaee ¹ , Hossein Soltanzadeh ² , Maryam Armaghan ³ , Ali Akbar Heidari ⁴

1 - Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.
2 - Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Corresponding Author.
3 - Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.
4 - Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Technical Engineering, Yasooj University, Yasooj, Iran.

Received: 2020-11-16 Accepted : 2021-02-23 Published : 2021-04-21

Keywords: Qajar Era, Gender Discourse, Flexibility Creators, Qazvin Houses,

Abstract :

The one hundred and thirty-year history of the Qajar Dynasty (from 1794 to 1925) was associated with significant cultural changes in which internal and external factors played a key role. During this era, Iran established a relationship with a modern Western world that did not exist before. This relationship, which began in Dar al-Saltanah of Tabriz and was influenced by the modernist movements of Abbas Mirza (1789-1833), reached its peak in the Nasseri era. Numerous presence of European men and women in Iran, traveling and sending of a number of Iranians (mostly of the aristocratic families) abroad to study, and the three important trips of Naser al-Din Shah can be considered the fields in which Iran had cultural relations with the West. This connection between Iran and Europe and the acquaintance and comparison of common Iranian and European cultures gradually led to the creation of a critical discourse on some common mores in Iran and the common relations between Iranian men and women are in the category of such cultures. The relationships between men and women at the beginning of the Qajar era were based on the same ancient method. Moreover, based on the relationship between the same genders with each other and due to its influence, some activity and spatial systems were also organized with strong boundaries between men and women. Inside, women spent time together without a man. In the late nineteenth century, with the arrival of the modernity discourse in Iran, which considered the interaction between men and women to be normal, Iranians realized that some sexual acts and the love of an adult man for a man, which was common in Iran, were considered baseness in morality by the Europeans. This revision of the new cultural relations between men and women has also entered into the field of houses and transformed the activity and spatial systems influenced by this culture. In addition, at the root of these activity and spatial systems and the changes that have taken place in them, there is also flexibility, that seems to meet some of the needs of residents at different times. In fact, it is these needs that the ability of potential changes at the root of the activity and spatial systems of houses emerges and becomes actual, in order to meet them; In the present study, this reason for the occurrence of flexibility is called the creator of flexibility. The present research aims to study the transformation of flexibility generators based on the evolution of gender discourse (cultural relations between men and women) in Qajar aristocratic houses. Therefore, the main question of the study is : How were the flexibility creators of aristocratic houses formed based on the evolutions of gender discourse in the middle of the Qajar era? This study is qualitative, descriptive-analytical research which was carried out using historical analysis and a phenomenological research method. In the first step, the reflection of gender discourse evolutions in the aristocratic houses of the Qajar era is discussed and then, the flexibility creators based on the characteristics of the aristocratic houses are identified and analyzed using reliable historical books and sources. Next,  using a phenomenological research method, the evolutions of flexibility creators are investigated in six aristocratic houses in Qazvin, as case studies, using the results of in-depth interviews with the residents of these houses and reliable historical sources. The results show that those activity and spatial systems which had flexibility creators (potential for change) before the evolution of gender discourse have maintained their function after this era as well. In other words, the needs of the residents of the Qajar aristocratic houses remained unsatisfied even with the changes in the relations between men and women in the middle of that era, and these changes, at least in the Qajar era, could not make a clear change in the residents' needs. It also seems that gender discourse evolutions have made the activity and spatial systems of houses more limited, but such a limitation has not undermined their flexibility creators. In other words, it can be concluded that the evolution of gender discourse has covered the flexibility creators in pre- and post-Nasseri's houses.

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